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• 1. [Article] Assessing ecological integrity across jurisdictions and scales

  This paper is the product of a series of workshops that occurred between 2011 and 2014. They were hosted by the Institute for Natural Resources - Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, U.S. Geological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing ecological integrity across jurisdictions and scales Author: Kagan, James S., Vickerman, Sara This paper is the product of a series of workshops that occurred between 2011 and 2014. They were hosted by the Institute for Natural Resources - Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Defenders of Wildlife, and NatureServe, and attended by a wide variety of staff from resource agencies, non-profit organizations, universities and the private sector. Many of the participants reviewed and/or contributed to the content of the paper. Final editing decisions were made by the primary authors and do not necessarily reflect unanimous agreement from all parties. Title: Assessing ecological integrity across jurisdictions and scales Author: Kagan, James S., Vickerman, Sara This paper is the product of a series of workshops that occurred between 2011 and 2014. They were hosted by the Institute for Natural Resources - Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Defenders of Wildlife, and NatureServe, and attended by a wide variety of staff from resource agencies, non-profit organizations, universities and the private sector. Many of the participants reviewed and/or contributed to the content of the paper. Final editing decisions were made by the primary authors and do not necessarily reflect unanimous agreement from all parties. Close

• 2. [Article] Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species Author: Severson, John P., Maestas, Jeremy D., Reese, Kerry P., Hagen, Christian A., Baruch-Mordo, Sharon, Kiesecker, Joseph M., Naugle, David E., Falkowski, Michael J., Evans, Jeffrey S. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biological-conservation/. Title: Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species Author: Severson, John P., Maestas, Jeremy D., Reese, Kerry P., Hagen, Christian A., Baruch-Mordo, Sharon, Kiesecker, Joseph M., Naugle, David E., Falkowski, Michael J., Evans, Jeffrey S. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biological-conservation/. Close

• 3. [Article] Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species Author: Severson, John P., Maestas, Jeremy D., Reese, Kerry P., Falkowski, Michael J., Baruch-Mordo, Sharon, Evans, Jeffrey S., Naugle, David E., Hagen, Christian A., Kiesecker, Joseph M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biological-conservation/ Title: Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species Author: Severson, John P., Maestas, Jeremy D., Reese, Kerry P., Falkowski, Michael J., Baruch-Mordo, Sharon, Evans, Jeffrey S., Naugle, David E., Hagen, Christian A., Kiesecker, Joseph M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biological-conservation/ Close

• 4. [Article] Educating Pacific Northwest Campers on the Risk of Spreading Invasive Forest Pests through Firewood: Developing a Mental Model

  2011

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Educating Pacific Northwest Campers on the Risk of Spreading Invasive Forest Pests through Firewood: Developing a Mental Model Author: Runberg, Damon 2011 Title: Educating Pacific Northwest Campers on the Risk of Spreading Invasive Forest Pests through Firewood: Developing a Mental Model Author: Runberg, Damon 2011 Close

• 5. [Article] An Evaluation of the Efficiency of Minnow Traps for Estimating the Abundance of Minnows in Desert Spring Systems

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Evaluation of the Efficiency of Minnow Traps for Estimating the Abundance of Minnows in Desert Spring Systems Author: Scheerer, Paul D., Peterson, James T., Clements, Shaun To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.Vd3cREZSWPE Title: An Evaluation of the Efficiency of Minnow Traps for Estimating the Abundance of Minnows in Desert Spring Systems Author: Scheerer, Paul D., Peterson, James T., Clements, Shaun To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.Vd3cREZSWPE Close

• 6. [Article] Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA

  Correction: We discovered two typos and a change in a sentence needed in our published manuscript. Regarding the typos: timber estimates in Section 2 of the NWFP’s Long-Term Objectives should have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA Author: DellaSala, Dominick A., Baker, Rowan, Heiken, Doug, Nelson, S. Kim, et al. Correction: We discovered two typos and a change in a sentence needed in our published manuscript. Regarding the typos: timber estimates in Section 2 of the NWFP’s Long-Term Objectives should have been 2.34 million cubic meters annually instead of 234 million cubic meters annually and ~1.78 million cubic meters instead of 178 million cubic meters annually. The statement regarding murrelet populations—“Trends were downward (but not significant) in other NWFP states” should be deleted in this paper [1]. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by these changes. Title: Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA Author: DellaSala, Dominick A., Baker, Rowan, Heiken, Doug, Nelson, S. Kim, et al. Correction: We discovered two typos and a change in a sentence needed in our published manuscript. Regarding the typos: timber estimates in Section 2 of the NWFP’s Long-Term Objectives should have been 2.34 million cubic meters annually instead of 234 million cubic meters annually and ~1.78 million cubic meters instead of 178 million cubic meters annually. The statement regarding murrelet populations—“Trends were downward (but not significant) in other NWFP states” should be deleted in this paper [1]. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by these changes. Close

• 7. [Article] Rapid endangered species assessment : a novel approach to improve extinction risk assessments in poorly known species

  The number of endangered species is rapidly increasing while paucity of adequate information and resources delays establishment of conservation actions. The IUCN’s listing system is insufficient to determine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rapid endangered species assessment : a novel approach to improve extinction risk assessments in poorly known species Author: Bianchi, Carlos A. The number of endangered species is rapidly increasing while paucity of adequate information and resources delays establishment of conservation actions. The IUCN’s listing system is insufficient to determine conservation priorities and many species lack information even to be evaluated (i.e., “data deficient”). Here I proposed and tested the Rapid Endangered Species Assessment approach, combining methods including distribution modeling, landscape/habitat availability analysis and an evaluation of population spatial structure to improve information about species of concern and make future extinction risk assessments more attainable. I used the Pfrimer’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura pfrimeri) an endemic Brazilian species, as a case study. I modeled and validated the potential distribution of the species, known to occur in association with the tropical dry forests in central Brazil, using the Maxent method. The model predicted potential occurrence in three regions in central Brazil. Field surveys used to validate model found the species at 17 sites, all located in the dry forests of the Paranã River Basin. Modeling results set boundaries for the analysis of loss and fragmentation of the species’ habitat. Satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques were used to estimate deforestation trends over a large spatiotemporal scale (31 years). Results indicated a 66.3% decrease in forest extent, average annual deforestation rate of 2.1% and significant increase in fragmentation, suggesting that these forests may disappear in less than 20 years if current deforestation rates persist. The habitat availability analysis set boundaries for the investigation of spatial arrangement of local populations of Pfrimer’s Parakeets, which was carried out by collecting information on abundance, densities estimates, species home range, and habitat use. Twenty individuals were monitored with radio transmitters and home range estimates averaged between 195.7 ha (fixed kernel) and 261.8 ha (minimum convex polygons). Habitat use was estimated with behavioral observations of birds flying through a mosaic of forests and pastures. I found no evidence that the species used open areas farther than 300m from the forest edge. Systematic line transects and observations of parakeets per time effort produced estimates of population densities at 11.7 individuals/km2; indicating strong variation in abundance indices among areas, suggesting a population decline. The Rapid Endangered Species Assessment represents a broad and integrative approach carried out over a short term and was successfully used to produce relevant data about a poorly known species. Thus, I propose the use of this approach as a minimally ideal yet scientifically viable method to generate information for extinction risk assessment of species. Title: Rapid endangered species assessment : a novel approach to improve extinction risk assessments in poorly known species Author: Bianchi, Carlos A. The number of endangered species is rapidly increasing while paucity of adequate information and resources delays establishment of conservation actions. The IUCN’s listing system is insufficient to determine conservation priorities and many species lack information even to be evaluated (i.e., “data deficient”). Here I proposed and tested the Rapid Endangered Species Assessment approach, combining methods including distribution modeling, landscape/habitat availability analysis and an evaluation of population spatial structure to improve information about species of concern and make future extinction risk assessments more attainable. I used the Pfrimer’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura pfrimeri) an endemic Brazilian species, as a case study. I modeled and validated the potential distribution of the species, known to occur in association with the tropical dry forests in central Brazil, using the Maxent method. The model predicted potential occurrence in three regions in central Brazil. Field surveys used to validate model found the species at 17 sites, all located in the dry forests of the Paranã River Basin. Modeling results set boundaries for the analysis of loss and fragmentation of the species’ habitat. Satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques were used to estimate deforestation trends over a large spatiotemporal scale (31 years). Results indicated a 66.3% decrease in forest extent, average annual deforestation rate of 2.1% and significant increase in fragmentation, suggesting that these forests may disappear in less than 20 years if current deforestation rates persist. The habitat availability analysis set boundaries for the investigation of spatial arrangement of local populations of Pfrimer’s Parakeets, which was carried out by collecting information on abundance, densities estimates, species home range, and habitat use. Twenty individuals were monitored with radio transmitters and home range estimates averaged between 195.7 ha (fixed kernel) and 261.8 ha (minimum convex polygons). Habitat use was estimated with behavioral observations of birds flying through a mosaic of forests and pastures. I found no evidence that the species used open areas farther than 300m from the forest edge. Systematic line transects and observations of parakeets per time effort produced estimates of population densities at 11.7 individuals/km2; indicating strong variation in abundance indices among areas, suggesting a population decline. The Rapid Endangered Species Assessment represents a broad and integrative approach carried out over a short term and was successfully used to produce relevant data about a poorly known species. Thus, I propose the use of this approach as a minimally ideal yet scientifically viable method to generate information for extinction risk assessment of species. Close

• 8. [Article] Recovering Aquatic Species at Risk: The valuation of management actions for incorporation into policy decisions

  The complex nature of policy decisions related to fisheries management actions undertaken for marine species protection results in policy makers frequently facing conflicting positions. For many management ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovering Aquatic Species at Risk: The valuation of management actions for incorporation into policy decisions Author: Forbes, Keldi, Boxall, Peter C., Solano Rivera, Catalina, Adamowicz, Vic The complex nature of policy decisions related to fisheries management actions undertaken for marine species protection results in policy makers frequently facing conflicting positions. For many management actions in Canada, a socio-economic impact assessment must be completed; this assessment estimates the impacts on the Canadian population. Two species-specific studies addressing the management of a Pacific Rockfish species and a Lake Sturgeon population were conducted for with the intent of estimating values for use in future analyses. Using conditional logit and latent class models, welfare measures were calculated for management actions related to each species; additionally, the impact of species’ characteristics, the protection program costs, and the demographic characteristics of the survey respondents were addressed. Title: Recovering Aquatic Species at Risk: The valuation of management actions for incorporation into policy decisions Author: Forbes, Keldi, Boxall, Peter C., Solano Rivera, Catalina, Adamowicz, Vic The complex nature of policy decisions related to fisheries management actions undertaken for marine species protection results in policy makers frequently facing conflicting positions. For many management actions in Canada, a socio-economic impact assessment must be completed; this assessment estimates the impacts on the Canadian population. Two species-specific studies addressing the management of a Pacific Rockfish species and a Lake Sturgeon population were conducted for with the intent of estimating values for use in future analyses. Using conditional logit and latent class models, welfare measures were calculated for management actions related to each species; additionally, the impact of species’ characteristics, the protection program costs, and the demographic characteristics of the survey respondents were addressed. Close

• 9. [Article] Illinois Valley timber sustainability assessment

  The Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) has developed a pragmatic, integrative assessment of forest restoration need and opportunity for federal forests in the Rogue Basin. This assessment, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Illinois Valley timber sustainability assessment Author: Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) The Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) has developed a pragmatic, integrative assessment of forest restoration need and opportunity for federal forests in the Rogue Basin. This assessment, and the cohesive strategy for forest restoration on which it is based, can help inform forest planning, generate recommendations to land managers, strengthen public support for forest restoration, and improve project efficiency and effectiveness. Goals for the cohesive restoration strategy: • Restore and maintain a diverse mosaic of healthy, resilient forests; • Protect and conserve habitat for species at risk; • Reduce the risk of severe fire to forests and communities; and • Generate products, employment, and economic activity through restoration. This report evaluates timber supply within a two-hour haul distance of the Rough & Ready mill site in the Illinois Valley. By identifying collaboratively supported, restoration-based timber volume, its findings can inform potential new mill investments. A complementary assessment, described in Chapter 2, outlines the contours of social support for federal forest restoration in southwest Oregon. Title: Illinois Valley timber sustainability assessment Author: Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) The Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) has developed a pragmatic, integrative assessment of forest restoration need and opportunity for federal forests in the Rogue Basin. This assessment, and the cohesive strategy for forest restoration on which it is based, can help inform forest planning, generate recommendations to land managers, strengthen public support for forest restoration, and improve project efficiency and effectiveness. Goals for the cohesive restoration strategy: • Restore and maintain a diverse mosaic of healthy, resilient forests; • Protect and conserve habitat for species at risk; • Reduce the risk of severe fire to forests and communities; and • Generate products, employment, and economic activity through restoration. This report evaluates timber supply within a two-hour haul distance of the Rough & Ready mill site in the Illinois Valley. By identifying collaboratively supported, restoration-based timber volume, its findings can inform potential new mill investments. A complementary assessment, described in Chapter 2, outlines the contours of social support for federal forest restoration in southwest Oregon. Close

• 10. [Article] Comparative hazard assessment for protected species in a fire-prone landscape

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative hazard assessment for protected species in a fire-prone landscape Author: Mealey, Stephen P., Roloff, Gary J., Bailey, John D. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Title: Comparative hazard assessment for protected species in a fire-prone landscape Author: Mealey, Stephen P., Roloff, Gary J., Bailey, John D. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Close

• 11. [Article] A Multivariate Poisson Approach to Estimating Target Catch and Bycatch Production

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Multivariate Poisson Approach to Estimating Target Catch and Bycatch Production Author: Stohs, Stephen, Hilger, James Abstract only. Title: A Multivariate Poisson Approach to Estimating Target Catch and Bycatch Production Author: Stohs, Stephen, Hilger, James Abstract only. Close

• 12. [Article] The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey

  The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey Author: Close, David A., Li, Hiram W., Fitzpatrick, Martin S. The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, who elevated the issue and initiated research to restore its populations, at least in the Columbia Basin. They regard Pacific lamprey as a highly valued resource and as a result ksuyas (lamprey) has become one of their cultural icons. Ksuyas are harvested to this day as a subsistence food by various tribes along the Pacific coast and are highly regarded for their cultural value. Interestingly, our review suggests that the Pacific lamprey plays an important role in the food web, may have acted as a buffer for salmon from predators, and may have been an important source of marine nutrients to oligotrophic watersheds. This is very different from the Euro- American perception that lampreys are pests. We suggest that cultural biases affected management policies. Title: The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey Author: Close, David A., Li, Hiram W., Fitzpatrick, Martin S. The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, who elevated the issue and initiated research to restore its populations, at least in the Columbia Basin. They regard Pacific lamprey as a highly valued resource and as a result ksuyas (lamprey) has become one of their cultural icons. Ksuyas are harvested to this day as a subsistence food by various tribes along the Pacific coast and are highly regarded for their cultural value. Interestingly, our review suggests that the Pacific lamprey plays an important role in the food web, may have acted as a buffer for salmon from predators, and may have been an important source of marine nutrients to oligotrophic watersheds. This is very different from the Euro- American perception that lampreys are pests. We suggest that cultural biases affected management policies. Close

• 13. [Article] Greater Sage-Grouse Umbrella CCAA for Wyoming Ranch Management: a Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances for Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus

  Prior to settlement in the 19th century, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter referred to as ‘sage-grouse’) inhabited 13 western States and three Canadian provinces, and their potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Greater Sage-Grouse Umbrella CCAA for Wyoming Ranch Management: a Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances for Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus Author: Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Department of Agriculture, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Forest Service, Wyoming Governor’s Office Prior to settlement in the 19th century, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter referred to as ‘sage-grouse’) inhabited 13 western States and three Canadian provinces, and their potential habitat covered over 1,200,483 square kilometers (km) (463,509 square miles (mi)). Sage-grouse have declined across their range due to a variety of causes and now occur in 11 States and two Canadian provinces. Many factors played a role in reducing sage-grouse from a once abundant, broadly distributed species, but the primary threat is loss of habitat due to increased surface disturbance and general fragmentation of the landscape. These concerns were identified in the 2005 Endangered Species Act (ESA) listing finding and remain so, but with more intensity and on a larger scale today. In the 2010 listing finding, additional concerns were identified as threats, including an increase in the use of sagebrush habitat for renewable energy such as wind power, and the spread of West Nile Virus (WNv). In anticipation of a final listing decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the Wyoming Governor’s Office (WGO) requested assistance from the FWS in developing a sage-grouse strategy for ranch management activities that could offer private landowners assurances their livestock operations could continue in the event the species was listed under the ESA. The WGO and FWS in conjunction with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the U.S Forest Service (USFS), the Wyoming Department of Agriculture (WDA), Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), and the Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts have developed this umbrella Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances (CCAA). A CCAA is a voluntary agreement whereby private landowners agree to manage their lands to remove or reduce threats to species at risk of being listed under the ESA. In return for managing their lands to the benefit of species at risk, these landowners receive assurances against additional regulatory requirements should that species ever be listed under the ESA. Under a CCAA, the FWS will issue enrolled landowners Enhancement of Survival (EOS) permits pursuant to section 10(a)(1)(A) of the ESA for a period of 20 years. Since the agreement is voluntary, the landowner can end it at any point, although in doing so they would give up any assurances, and the EOS permit would terminate. FWS will issue EOS permits to participating landowners contingent on development of a site-specific individual sage-grouse conservation plan consistent with this umbrella CCAA. This umbrella CCAA includes:  A general description of responsibilities of all involved participating agencies and landowners, and the area covered under the umbrella CCAA;  Background, status and general threats to sage-grouse, and conservation measures needed to remove or reduce those identified threats;  Expected benefits of prescribed actions in relation to the five threat factors the FWS is required to evaluate when considering a species for listing; and  Level of take likely to occur from activities on enrolled lands, assurances, monitoring, and annual reporting. Title: Greater Sage-Grouse Umbrella CCAA for Wyoming Ranch Management: a Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances for Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus Author: Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Department of Agriculture, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Forest Service, Wyoming Governor’s Office Prior to settlement in the 19th century, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter referred to as ‘sage-grouse’) inhabited 13 western States and three Canadian provinces, and their potential habitat covered over 1,200,483 square kilometers (km) (463,509 square miles (mi)). Sage-grouse have declined across their range due to a variety of causes and now occur in 11 States and two Canadian provinces. Many factors played a role in reducing sage-grouse from a once abundant, broadly distributed species, but the primary threat is loss of habitat due to increased surface disturbance and general fragmentation of the landscape. These concerns were identified in the 2005 Endangered Species Act (ESA) listing finding and remain so, but with more intensity and on a larger scale today. In the 2010 listing finding, additional concerns were identified as threats, including an increase in the use of sagebrush habitat for renewable energy such as wind power, and the spread of West Nile Virus (WNv). In anticipation of a final listing decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the Wyoming Governor’s Office (WGO) requested assistance from the FWS in developing a sage-grouse strategy for ranch management activities that could offer private landowners assurances their livestock operations could continue in the event the species was listed under the ESA. The WGO and FWS in conjunction with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the U.S Forest Service (USFS), the Wyoming Department of Agriculture (WDA), Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), and the Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts have developed this umbrella Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances (CCAA). A CCAA is a voluntary agreement whereby private landowners agree to manage their lands to remove or reduce threats to species at risk of being listed under the ESA. In return for managing their lands to the benefit of species at risk, these landowners receive assurances against additional regulatory requirements should that species ever be listed under the ESA. Under a CCAA, the FWS will issue enrolled landowners Enhancement of Survival (EOS) permits pursuant to section 10(a)(1)(A) of the ESA for a period of 20 years. Since the agreement is voluntary, the landowner can end it at any point, although in doing so they would give up any assurances, and the EOS permit would terminate. FWS will issue EOS permits to participating landowners contingent on development of a site-specific individual sage-grouse conservation plan consistent with this umbrella CCAA. This umbrella CCAA includes:  A general description of responsibilities of all involved participating agencies and landowners, and the area covered under the umbrella CCAA;  Background, status and general threats to sage-grouse, and conservation measures needed to remove or reduce those identified threats;  Expected benefits of prescribed actions in relation to the five threat factors the FWS is required to evaluate when considering a species for listing; and  Level of take likely to occur from activities on enrolled lands, assurances, monitoring, and annual reporting. Close

• 14. [Article] A Kalman Filter Approach to Estimating Marine Turtle Incidental Take Risk

  A principle U.S. fisheries management concern is ensuring compliance with Endangered Species Act requirements to limit incidental takes of listed species to levels which do not result in potential jeopardy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Kalman Filter Approach to Estimating Marine Turtle Incidental Take Risk Author: Stohs, Stephen, Kvamsdal, Sturla A principle U.S. fisheries management concern is ensuring compliance with Endangered Species Act requirements to limit incidental takes of listed species to levels which do not result in potential jeopardy to existing population stocks. Part of the risk assessment process involves an analysis of historic takes (bycatch) of ESA-listed species relative to fishing effort. Sample bycatch per unit of effort (BPUE) ratios are used to gauge the take risk to ESA-listed species posed by future fishing effort. The rare-event nature of protected species takes complicates the interpretation of sample BPUE ratios. For illustration, a total of 23 leatherback turtles were incidentally taken by fishermen in the California-Oregon drift gillnet fishery from the 1990 through 2006 fishing seasons in 7733 sets of fishing effort, with from 0 to 5 leatherback takes per season over the entire period. Should one conclude the incidental take risk was significantly higher during the season with 5 leatherback turtle takes than in seasons with 0 takes? To address this and related inference problems, we specify a state space model which describes the pattern of observed takes as a Poisson process conditional on the level of fishing effort. A time-varying Poisson rate parameter, expressed as BPUE, measures the time-varying level of take risk. A Kalman filter for Poisson processes is used to estimate the intertemporal variation in take risk from California-Oregon drift gillnet fishery observer data. A key question regards attributing the observed pattern of takes to randomness which drives fluctuations in observed takes versus intertemporal variation in the level of take risk. Title: A Kalman Filter Approach to Estimating Marine Turtle Incidental Take Risk Author: Stohs, Stephen, Kvamsdal, Sturla A principle U.S. fisheries management concern is ensuring compliance with Endangered Species Act requirements to limit incidental takes of listed species to levels which do not result in potential jeopardy to existing population stocks. Part of the risk assessment process involves an analysis of historic takes (bycatch) of ESA-listed species relative to fishing effort. Sample bycatch per unit of effort (BPUE) ratios are used to gauge the take risk to ESA-listed species posed by future fishing effort. The rare-event nature of protected species takes complicates the interpretation of sample BPUE ratios. For illustration, a total of 23 leatherback turtles were incidentally taken by fishermen in the California-Oregon drift gillnet fishery from the 1990 through 2006 fishing seasons in 7733 sets of fishing effort, with from 0 to 5 leatherback takes per season over the entire period. Should one conclude the incidental take risk was significantly higher during the season with 5 leatherback turtle takes than in seasons with 0 takes? To address this and related inference problems, we specify a state space model which describes the pattern of observed takes as a Poisson process conditional on the level of fishing effort. A time-varying Poisson rate parameter, expressed as BPUE, measures the time-varying level of take risk. A Kalman filter for Poisson processes is used to estimate the intertemporal variation in take risk from California-Oregon drift gillnet fishery observer data. A key question regards attributing the observed pattern of takes to randomness which drives fluctuations in observed takes versus intertemporal variation in the level of take risk. Close

• 15. [Article] Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef

  This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef Author: Merems, Arlene, Appy, Marcus, Romsos, Chris, Weeks, Hal, Fox, David, Amend, Mark This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and a nearly unfished reef off Cape Perpetua. There are over 17,000 angler trips for groundfish out of Depoe Bay annually, many choosing to fish Siletz Reef. In addition, numerous whale watching and sightseeing charter vessels operate in the vicinity of the reef. Cape Perpetua Reef consists of isolated patches of rock, and is too far from Newport (the nearest port) to receive much fishing effort. This examination of the influences of fishing pressure in nearshore rocky habitat complements, and is embedded in, a broader effort to understand the distribution and character of Oregon’s nearshore rocky reefs, and the species that are dependent upon them for habitat. The ODFW Marine Habitat Project has spent the last eight years working in cooperation with scientists and other resource agencies to develop methods for classifying and mapping nearshore rocky reefs habitats off Oregon. Because nearshore reefs are in state waters, Oregon is responsible for managing these living resources and habitats to sustain their long-term use and productivity. To date, eight reefs have been surveyed and mapped with sidescan and/or multibeam bathymetry at a resolution indicative of fish habitat. ODFW has also been developing non-extractive fish survey techniques to describe fish-habitat associations and estimate fish abundance at the habitat and reef scale. The importance of habitat to reef species cannot be over-stated and is now widely accepted in the scientific community and is the focus of major research efforts in other Pacific coastal states. Better understanding of the degree to which harvest influences relative and absolute abundance, combined with species-habitat relationships, is essential for resource managers to exercise their stewardship responsibilities to protect 5 essential habitat, develop population indices for species at risk, and maintain healthy and productive ecological systems. Title: Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef Author: Merems, Arlene, Appy, Marcus, Romsos, Chris, Weeks, Hal, Fox, David, Amend, Mark This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and a nearly unfished reef off Cape Perpetua. There are over 17,000 angler trips for groundfish out of Depoe Bay annually, many choosing to fish Siletz Reef. In addition, numerous whale watching and sightseeing charter vessels operate in the vicinity of the reef. Cape Perpetua Reef consists of isolated patches of rock, and is too far from Newport (the nearest port) to receive much fishing effort. This examination of the influences of fishing pressure in nearshore rocky habitat complements, and is embedded in, a broader effort to understand the distribution and character of Oregon’s nearshore rocky reefs, and the species that are dependent upon them for habitat. The ODFW Marine Habitat Project has spent the last eight years working in cooperation with scientists and other resource agencies to develop methods for classifying and mapping nearshore rocky reefs habitats off Oregon. Because nearshore reefs are in state waters, Oregon is responsible for managing these living resources and habitats to sustain their long-term use and productivity. To date, eight reefs have been surveyed and mapped with sidescan and/or multibeam bathymetry at a resolution indicative of fish habitat. ODFW has also been developing non-extractive fish survey techniques to describe fish-habitat associations and estimate fish abundance at the habitat and reef scale. The importance of habitat to reef species cannot be over-stated and is now widely accepted in the scientific community and is the focus of major research efforts in other Pacific coastal states. Better understanding of the degree to which harvest influences relative and absolute abundance, combined with species-habitat relationships, is essential for resource managers to exercise their stewardship responsibilities to protect 5 essential habitat, develop population indices for species at risk, and maintain healthy and productive ecological systems. Close

• 16. [Article] Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper Author: Nafus, A. M., Davies, K. W., Madsen, M. D., Bates, Jonathan D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267. Title: Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper Author: Nafus, A. M., Davies, K. W., Madsen, M. D., Bates, Jonathan D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267. Close

• 17. [Article] Susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings to Phytophthora ramorum

  Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (D. Don) Endl. is a host for Phytophthora ramorum but it was unclear if the pathogen represents a significant disease risk to this tree species. In this study the susceptibility ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings to Phytophthora ramorum Author: Lucas, Sunny L. Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (D. Don) Endl. is a host for Phytophthora ramorum but it was unclear if the pathogen represents a significant disease risk to this tree species. In this study the susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings and the likelihood of sporulation on redwood were examined. Two methods were used to assess susceptibility. Seedling stems were artificially inoculated and pathogen colonization distance was measured in both main stems and side branches after 8 and 16 weeks. Pathogen colonization distance was usually minimal, rarely exceeding 15 mm from the inoculation site. In two seedlings the pathogen colonized tissue greater than 40 mm from the inoculation site. No seedling mortality was observed. However, small side branches (2.4 mm mean diameter) were often killed. A dose response experiment was conducted to determine the minimum zoospore concentration necessary to cause infection. Seedlings exposed to ≥ 5 x 10³ zoospores/mL became symptomatic. Nonetheless, symptom expression was variable unless seedlings were inoculated with > 1 x 10⁵ zoospores/mL. Sporulation was quantified by determining sporangia density (sporangia/cm²) on detached immature and mature foliage of redwood seedlings, and leaves of California bay (Umbellularia californica). In the first trial, significantly more sporangia/cm² were observed on California bay compared to redwood, but in the second trial, the results were reversed. Sporulation density on attached redwood foliage was also determined. Comparisons were again made between young and mature redwood foliage. In the attached branch experiment, sporangia density was higher than previously observed and no significant difference was found between sporangia/cm² necrotic tissue on young vs. mature redwood branches. Sporulation results and implications of these findings are discussed in relation to sporulation levels reported on other hosts. This study highlights the importance of determining both host susceptibility and the risk of P. ramorum spread from hosts to other uninfected plants. Title: Susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings to Phytophthora ramorum Author: Lucas, Sunny L. Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (D. Don) Endl. is a host for Phytophthora ramorum but it was unclear if the pathogen represents a significant disease risk to this tree species. In this study the susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings and the likelihood of sporulation on redwood were examined. Two methods were used to assess susceptibility. Seedling stems were artificially inoculated and pathogen colonization distance was measured in both main stems and side branches after 8 and 16 weeks. Pathogen colonization distance was usually minimal, rarely exceeding 15 mm from the inoculation site. In two seedlings the pathogen colonized tissue greater than 40 mm from the inoculation site. No seedling mortality was observed. However, small side branches (2.4 mm mean diameter) were often killed. A dose response experiment was conducted to determine the minimum zoospore concentration necessary to cause infection. Seedlings exposed to ≥ 5 x 10³ zoospores/mL became symptomatic. Nonetheless, symptom expression was variable unless seedlings were inoculated with > 1 x 10⁵ zoospores/mL. Sporulation was quantified by determining sporangia density (sporangia/cm²) on detached immature and mature foliage of redwood seedlings, and leaves of California bay (Umbellularia californica). In the first trial, significantly more sporangia/cm² were observed on California bay compared to redwood, but in the second trial, the results were reversed. Sporulation density on attached redwood foliage was also determined. Comparisons were again made between young and mature redwood foliage. In the attached branch experiment, sporangia density was higher than previously observed and no significant difference was found between sporangia/cm² necrotic tissue on young vs. mature redwood branches. Sporulation results and implications of these findings are discussed in relation to sporulation levels reported on other hosts. This study highlights the importance of determining both host susceptibility and the risk of P. ramorum spread from hosts to other uninfected plants. Close

• 18. [Article] Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project

  Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Close

• 19. [Article] Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A.

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Author: Ford, Michael J., et al., Kennedy, Robert E., Beechie, Timothy J., Bartz, Krista K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Author: Ford, Michael J., et al., Kennedy, Robert E., Beechie, Timothy J., Bartz, Krista K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 20. [Article] Overlap of North Pacific albatrosses with the U.S. west coastgroundfish and shrimp fisheries

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Overlap of North Pacific albatrosses with the U.S. west coastgroundfish and shrimp fisheries Author: Ballance, L. T., Jahncke, J., Zamon, J. E., Henry, R. W., Hyrenbach, K. D., Hester, M., Sato, F., Jennings, S. L., Bellman, M. A., Guy, T. J., Roletto, J., Ozaki, K., Geernaert, T. O., Blackie, B. A., Sydeman, W. J., Suryan, R. M., Croll, D. A., Deguchi, T., Melvin, E. F., Kappes, M. A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Overlap of North Pacific albatrosses with the U.S. west coastgroundfish and shrimp fisheries Author: Ballance, L. T., Jahncke, J., Zamon, J. E., Henry, R. W., Hyrenbach, K. D., Hester, M., Sato, F., Jennings, S. L., Bellman, M. A., Guy, T. J., Roletto, J., Ozaki, K., Geernaert, T. O., Blackie, B. A., Sydeman, W. J., Suryan, R. M., Croll, D. A., Deguchi, T., Melvin, E. F., Kappes, M. A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 21. [Article] Patch dynamics of desert fishes in the arid wetlands of western Utah

  The conservation of declining desert fish species requires the identification of relations between fish population dynamics and their environments. Dynamic occupancy modeling, an approach that requires ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patch dynamics of desert fishes in the arid wetlands of western Utah Author: Sáenz, Jessica The conservation of declining desert fish species requires the identification of relations between fish population dynamics and their environments. Dynamic occupancy modeling, an approach that requires less information than traditional mark-recapture studies, may help identify important factors affecting population processes and aid desert fish conservation and restoration efforts. I used dynamic multi-season occupancy models for two analyses (multi-state and multi-species) to evaluate the influence of patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water, average patch depth, patch area), grazing damage, species interactions, population differences, patch connectivity and environmental variation (seasonal precipitation and temperature) on the patch dynamics (colonization, persistence, reproduction) of two desert chub species found in Snake Valley, UT. My results indicate that there was the strongest evidence according to model weights that patch dynamics in this system were influenced by patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water and average patch depth), grazing damage, population differences, biotic interactions, and winter precipitation rather than landscape level features such as connectivity. I observed positive effects of patch percent open water and average patch depth on least chub and Utah chub persistence. I also found that grazing damage increased their persistence at the medium damage level but decreased least chub and Utah chub colonization at the high grazing damage level. Least chub and Utah chub colonization varied between the two populations (study areas) with a higher probability of colonization at Bishop Springs than at Gandy Salt Marsh. In addition, I found some evidence that biotic interactions between least chub and Utah chub may be occurring in this system. Least chub were less likely to colonize patches previously occupied by Utah chub but surprisingly there was little evidence that these species interactions affected least chub persistence. Least chub reproduction increased with winter precipitation and was higher at Gandy Salt Marsh than Bishop Springs. The use of dynamic occupancy modeling in desert spring wetland complexes may provide a valuable tool for managers tasked with conserving at-risk desert fish species. Title: Patch dynamics of desert fishes in the arid wetlands of western Utah Author: Sáenz, Jessica The conservation of declining desert fish species requires the identification of relations between fish population dynamics and their environments. Dynamic occupancy modeling, an approach that requires less information than traditional mark-recapture studies, may help identify important factors affecting population processes and aid desert fish conservation and restoration efforts. I used dynamic multi-season occupancy models for two analyses (multi-state and multi-species) to evaluate the influence of patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water, average patch depth, patch area), grazing damage, species interactions, population differences, patch connectivity and environmental variation (seasonal precipitation and temperature) on the patch dynamics (colonization, persistence, reproduction) of two desert chub species found in Snake Valley, UT. My results indicate that there was the strongest evidence according to model weights that patch dynamics in this system were influenced by patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water and average patch depth), grazing damage, population differences, biotic interactions, and winter precipitation rather than landscape level features such as connectivity. I observed positive effects of patch percent open water and average patch depth on least chub and Utah chub persistence. I also found that grazing damage increased their persistence at the medium damage level but decreased least chub and Utah chub colonization at the high grazing damage level. Least chub and Utah chub colonization varied between the two populations (study areas) with a higher probability of colonization at Bishop Springs than at Gandy Salt Marsh. In addition, I found some evidence that biotic interactions between least chub and Utah chub may be occurring in this system. Least chub were less likely to colonize patches previously occupied by Utah chub but surprisingly there was little evidence that these species interactions affected least chub persistence. Least chub reproduction increased with winter precipitation and was higher at Gandy Salt Marsh than Bishop Springs. The use of dynamic occupancy modeling in desert spring wetland complexes may provide a valuable tool for managers tasked with conserving at-risk desert fish species. Close

• 22. [Article] Effects of esfenvalerate on native macroinvertebrates representative of Pacific Northwest streams

  Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of esfenvalerate on native macroinvertebrates representative of Pacific Northwest streams Author: Johnson, Katherine R. Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT taxa) are however, extremely sensitive to insecticide contamination. Given that urban and agricultural use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are increasing, there is concern that aquatic contamination by these compounds may pose a risk to aquatic insect species. The overarching hypothesis of this research is that specific aquatic insect life history attributes may increase their susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, through an exacerbation of toxic effects and/or enhancement of exposure. The goals of this work were (a) to determine if egg morphology affects esfenvalerate sensitivity, (b) to ascertain the impact of dietary exposure to esfenvalerate among different functional feeding groups, (c) to determine the effect of esfenvalerate intoxication on larval caddisfly case maintenance, and (d) to establish the effects of late-stage esfenvalerate exposure on emergence. Four different aquatic insect species were utilized during the course of these studies; Cinygmula reticulata McDonough (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae), Hesperoperla pacifica Banks (Plecoptera: Perlidae), and Brachycentrus americanus Banks (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) were used in the majority of the experiments. Baetis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) egg clutches were utilized as a surrogate for the difficult-to-obtain C. reticulata eggs. Esfenvalerate toxicity testing with aquatic insect eggs indicated that 48h esfenvalerate exposures ranging between 0.07 and 0.5 μg/L caused significant Baetis sp egg mortality. Exposure to lower concentrations immediately preceding hatch resulted in behavioral aberrations in first instar mayflies. The gelatinous clutch structure of caddisfly eggs proved to be the most susceptible egg morphology tested, with significant within-clutch mortality occurring following esfenvalerate exposures of 0.035 μg/L. No toxic effect was observed in H. pacifica eggs exposed to up to 1.0 μg/L esfenvalerate. Esfenvalerate-contaminated food caused adverse effects in both C. reticulata and B. americanus insects, but not in H. pacifica nymphs. A significant decrease in growth was observed in small C. reticulata nymphs reared on 0.05 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae, and a decrease in egg production in final-instar nymphs reared on 0.1 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae. Diet items exposed to esfenvalerate concentrations ranging between 0.5 to 1.0 μg/L induced case-abandonment in fourth-instar B. americanus larvae. None of the aquatic insect species differentiated between esfenvalerate-contaminated and clean food sources during feeding. 48h waterborne exposures of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg/L esfenvalerate also caused fourth-instar larvae to abandon cases, and impaired their ability to rebuild these protective structures. Finally, C. reticulata emergence was disrupted by esfenvalerate exposures ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 μg/L, resulting in significant mortality. B. americanus pupal exposures of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 μg/L esfenvalerate significantly reduced successful adult emergence and resulted in decreased egg weight of emerged females. A comparison of life stage esfenvalerate sensitivities of C. reticulata and B. americanus reveals that analogous life stages did not exhibit the same relative susceptibilities, with final-instar nymphs the most sensitive C. reticulata life stage tested, and egg clutches as the most sensitive B. americanus life stage. Title: Effects of esfenvalerate on native macroinvertebrates representative of Pacific Northwest streams Author: Johnson, Katherine R. Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT taxa) are however, extremely sensitive to insecticide contamination. Given that urban and agricultural use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are increasing, there is concern that aquatic contamination by these compounds may pose a risk to aquatic insect species. The overarching hypothesis of this research is that specific aquatic insect life history attributes may increase their susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, through an exacerbation of toxic effects and/or enhancement of exposure. The goals of this work were (a) to determine if egg morphology affects esfenvalerate sensitivity, (b) to ascertain the impact of dietary exposure to esfenvalerate among different functional feeding groups, (c) to determine the effect of esfenvalerate intoxication on larval caddisfly case maintenance, and (d) to establish the effects of late-stage esfenvalerate exposure on emergence. Four different aquatic insect species were utilized during the course of these studies; Cinygmula reticulata McDonough (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae), Hesperoperla pacifica Banks (Plecoptera: Perlidae), and Brachycentrus americanus Banks (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) were used in the majority of the experiments. Baetis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) egg clutches were utilized as a surrogate for the difficult-to-obtain C. reticulata eggs. Esfenvalerate toxicity testing with aquatic insect eggs indicated that 48h esfenvalerate exposures ranging between 0.07 and 0.5 μg/L caused significant Baetis sp egg mortality. Exposure to lower concentrations immediately preceding hatch resulted in behavioral aberrations in first instar mayflies. The gelatinous clutch structure of caddisfly eggs proved to be the most susceptible egg morphology tested, with significant within-clutch mortality occurring following esfenvalerate exposures of 0.035 μg/L. No toxic effect was observed in H. pacifica eggs exposed to up to 1.0 μg/L esfenvalerate. Esfenvalerate-contaminated food caused adverse effects in both C. reticulata and B. americanus insects, but not in H. pacifica nymphs. A significant decrease in growth was observed in small C. reticulata nymphs reared on 0.05 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae, and a decrease in egg production in final-instar nymphs reared on 0.1 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae. Diet items exposed to esfenvalerate concentrations ranging between 0.5 to 1.0 μg/L induced case-abandonment in fourth-instar B. americanus larvae. None of the aquatic insect species differentiated between esfenvalerate-contaminated and clean food sources during feeding. 48h waterborne exposures of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg/L esfenvalerate also caused fourth-instar larvae to abandon cases, and impaired their ability to rebuild these protective structures. Finally, C. reticulata emergence was disrupted by esfenvalerate exposures ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 μg/L, resulting in significant mortality. B. americanus pupal exposures of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 μg/L esfenvalerate significantly reduced successful adult emergence and resulted in decreased egg weight of emerged females. A comparison of life stage esfenvalerate sensitivities of C. reticulata and B. americanus reveals that analogous life stages did not exhibit the same relative susceptibilities, with final-instar nymphs the most sensitive C. reticulata life stage tested, and egg clutches as the most sensitive B. americanus life stage. Close

• 23. [Article] Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon.

  Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Author: Cline, Brittany B. Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely recognized that events in different stages of the annual cycle have important implications for processes in avian ecology, evolution, and conservation, challenges associated with quantifying migratory connectivity frequently constrain annual-cycle approaches to the study of avian movement. The majority of cross-seasonal movement studies have been conducted to either (1) establish linkages between geographically distinct wintering, breeding and migratory stopover locations; or (2) assess site fidelity and movement within fractions of the annual cycle (i.e. individual seasons). Far fewer studies employ annual-cycle approaches to investigate how local and regional movement patterns of individuals change seasonally within an area of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Within western Oregon’s Willamette Valley in 2007, I quantified the intra- and inter-seasonal movement patterns, fidelity (regional/local), and migratory strategies of 37 radio-marked Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) to elucidate residency status in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Available evidence indicated the potential for a variety of possible migratory behaviors for this relatively understudied migratory species; results revealed that the group monitored constituted winter residents (74%), winter transients (14%), summer residents (9%), and one year-round resident breeder (3%). Findings indicated a lack of connectivity between populations captured during winter and summer, scant evidence of partial migration (one year-round resident), as well as the first documentation of between-season fidelity of snipe to the region (return of winter resident in subsequent fall). Spring migration chronology of radio-marked winter residents indicated a strong sex differential in timing of migration, with males departing an average of 9.68 days earlier than females (20.11 days including winter transients). In contrast, fall migration patterns were suggestive of inverse chronology (females departing before males). Male-biased winter sex ratios were consistent with observed latitudinal clines for other nonbreeding shorebird populations. The protracted spring migration periods resulted in gradual dispersal consistent with energy minimization migration strategies. Across seasons, the extent of movements and use of multiple wetland sites suggested that snipe were capable of exploratory movements, but more regularly perceived local and fine-scale segments of the landscape as connected. There were no differences in the areal extent of individual home-ranges, number of sites visited, individual mobility, or distances detected from capture sites by individual sex (or interaction of sex × season). However, movements differed significantly by season and residency, with individuals exhibiting contracted movements during late winter, and most expansive movements during precipitation-limited periods (late spring, summer, fall 2007). Mean home-range size was 3.52 ± 0.93 km2 (100% MCP) and 1.57 ± 0.42 km2 (95% fixed kernel), and did not vary by sex; however, home-range varied markedly by season (range 100% MCP = 1.04 – 7.56 km2). Overall results indicated variable fidelity patterns (e.g., prolonged periods of within-season residency, transient behavior, between-season fidelity, partial migration), which were indicative of a complex regional population structure. Wilson’s Snipe demonstrated striking differences in movement patterns, vagility and local site fidelity across seasons in the Willamette Valley, while previous studies of shorebird movement and habitat use in the region focused solely on winter and precipitation-copious periods. Furthermore, by highlighting the seasonal changes in snipe movement metrics, this study provides the first cross-seasonal profile of a shorebird species’ space-use in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Results provide insight on the regional and local fidelity and movement patterns of shorebirds in a spatiotemporally dynamic wetland landscape, across multiple seasons. Furthermore, findings indicate that single-season approaches to wetland management in the region present the risk of mischaracterizing species’ spatial requirements, and highlight the need to consider: (1) cross-seasonal effects, and (2) inter-specific differences in shorebird life histories when developing regional wetland conservation plans. Title: Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Author: Cline, Brittany B. Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely recognized that events in different stages of the annual cycle have important implications for processes in avian ecology, evolution, and conservation, challenges associated with quantifying migratory connectivity frequently constrain annual-cycle approaches to the study of avian movement. The majority of cross-seasonal movement studies have been conducted to either (1) establish linkages between geographically distinct wintering, breeding and migratory stopover locations; or (2) assess site fidelity and movement within fractions of the annual cycle (i.e. individual seasons). Far fewer studies employ annual-cycle approaches to investigate how local and regional movement patterns of individuals change seasonally within an area of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Within western Oregon’s Willamette Valley in 2007, I quantified the intra- and inter-seasonal movement patterns, fidelity (regional/local), and migratory strategies of 37 radio-marked Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) to elucidate residency status in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Available evidence indicated the potential for a variety of possible migratory behaviors for this relatively understudied migratory species; results revealed that the group monitored constituted winter residents (74%), winter transients (14%), summer residents (9%), and one year-round resident breeder (3%). Findings indicated a lack of connectivity between populations captured during winter and summer, scant evidence of partial migration (one year-round resident), as well as the first documentation of between-season fidelity of snipe to the region (return of winter resident in subsequent fall). Spring migration chronology of radio-marked winter residents indicated a strong sex differential in timing of migration, with males departing an average of 9.68 days earlier than females (20.11 days including winter transients). In contrast, fall migration patterns were suggestive of inverse chronology (females departing before males). Male-biased winter sex ratios were consistent with observed latitudinal clines for other nonbreeding shorebird populations. The protracted spring migration periods resulted in gradual dispersal consistent with energy minimization migration strategies. Across seasons, the extent of movements and use of multiple wetland sites suggested that snipe were capable of exploratory movements, but more regularly perceived local and fine-scale segments of the landscape as connected. There were no differences in the areal extent of individual home-ranges, number of sites visited, individual mobility, or distances detected from capture sites by individual sex (or interaction of sex × season). However, movements differed significantly by season and residency, with individuals exhibiting contracted movements during late winter, and most expansive movements during precipitation-limited periods (late spring, summer, fall 2007). Mean home-range size was 3.52 ± 0.93 km2 (100% MCP) and 1.57 ± 0.42 km2 (95% fixed kernel), and did not vary by sex; however, home-range varied markedly by season (range 100% MCP = 1.04 – 7.56 km2). Overall results indicated variable fidelity patterns (e.g., prolonged periods of within-season residency, transient behavior, between-season fidelity, partial migration), which were indicative of a complex regional population structure. Wilson’s Snipe demonstrated striking differences in movement patterns, vagility and local site fidelity across seasons in the Willamette Valley, while previous studies of shorebird movement and habitat use in the region focused solely on winter and precipitation-copious periods. Furthermore, by highlighting the seasonal changes in snipe movement metrics, this study provides the first cross-seasonal profile of a shorebird species’ space-use in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Results provide insight on the regional and local fidelity and movement patterns of shorebirds in a spatiotemporally dynamic wetland landscape, across multiple seasons. Furthermore, findings indicate that single-season approaches to wetland management in the region present the risk of mischaracterizing species’ spatial requirements, and highlight the need to consider: (1) cross-seasonal effects, and (2) inter-specific differences in shorebird life histories when developing regional wetland conservation plans. Close

• 24. [Article] Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids

  Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Close

• 25. [Article] All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters

  Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Close

• 26. [Article] Bycatch Risk Pools for the US West Coast Groundfish Fishery

  Abstract only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bycatch Risk Pools for the US West Coast Groundfish Fishery Author: Jannot, Jason, Holland, Daniel Abstract only Title: Bycatch Risk Pools for the US West Coast Groundfish Fishery Author: Jannot, Jason, Holland, Daniel Abstract only Close

• 27. [Article] Habitat quality and assessing risks to avian biodiversity

  Models that assess the risk to biodiversity from landscape change can help communities prioritize planning decisions. Accurate representation of the ecology and life history traits of species is necessary. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat quality and assessing risks to avian biodiversity Author: Barczak, Mary J. Models that assess the risk to biodiversity from landscape change can help communities prioritize planning decisions. Accurate representation of the ecology and life history traits of species is necessary. This study introduces the use of habitat quality in a biodiversity risk model to determine the significance of habitat quality when predicting risks to biodiversity due to landscape change. The difference between residential and forest habitats in terms of habitat quality for breeding birds was used to test the significance of habitat quality to the risk model. Relative habitat quality was estimated from population densities for 62 bird species associated with both forest and residential habitats. The effect of habitat quality was tested using two possible future landscapes: Buildout and Spine. Predicted risk for the 62 bird species due to landscape change increased by 74% in the Buildout Landscape and 31% in the Spine Landscape when habitat quality was considered. The life history traits of species most at risk were compared to the traits of species that benefited from the landscape change. Life history traits considered included foraging strategy, nest type and placement, migratory status, and area sensitivity. Species at high risk included ground nesters, foliage and tree trunk gleaners, neotropical migrants, and area sensitive species. Title: Habitat quality and assessing risks to avian biodiversity Author: Barczak, Mary J. Models that assess the risk to biodiversity from landscape change can help communities prioritize planning decisions. Accurate representation of the ecology and life history traits of species is necessary. This study introduces the use of habitat quality in a biodiversity risk model to determine the significance of habitat quality when predicting risks to biodiversity due to landscape change. The difference between residential and forest habitats in terms of habitat quality for breeding birds was used to test the significance of habitat quality to the risk model. Relative habitat quality was estimated from population densities for 62 bird species associated with both forest and residential habitats. The effect of habitat quality was tested using two possible future landscapes: Buildout and Spine. Predicted risk for the 62 bird species due to landscape change increased by 74% in the Buildout Landscape and 31% in the Spine Landscape when habitat quality was considered. The life history traits of species most at risk were compared to the traits of species that benefited from the landscape change. Life history traits considered included foraging strategy, nest type and placement, migratory status, and area sensitivity. Species at high risk included ground nesters, foliage and tree trunk gleaners, neotropical migrants, and area sensitive species. Close

• 28. [Article] Evolving Bycatch Risk in the Pacific Groundfish Trawl IFQ

  Catches of several potential choke species in the Pacific groundfish IFQ are highly uncertain and tend to be concentrated while quota is broadly distributed. An analysis prior to implementation of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evolving Bycatch Risk in the Pacific Groundfish Trawl IFQ Author: Holland, Dan Catches of several potential choke species in the Pacific groundfish IFQ are highly uncertain and tend to be concentrated while quota is broadly distributed. An analysis prior to implementation of the IFQ suggested substantial risk of individual vessels accidentally exceeding quota allocations for several rockfish species and Pacific halibut. Many fishermen lacked confidence that they would be able to acquire quota on the market to cover incidental catch and consequently joined risk pools to mitigate this risk. I update the analysis of bycatch risk using tow level catch data since implementation of the IFQ. The analysis indicates that expected catch rates of most choke species have declined suggesting more effective bycatch avoidance behavior. However, there remains a significant risk that vessels’ catch of some choke species can be several times median quota allocations, in part because many vessels have increased catch and effort by leasing quota pounds, but quota share ownership has remained distributed. The results underscore the importance of an efficient quota market to redistribute quota to match realized catches, but a recent analysis suggests that the quota market is not distributing quota effectively and is subject to high transactions costs.  This provides and explanation for the persistence of risk pools despite the fact that aggregate catches of overfished rockfish species and Pacific halibut have remained well below total quotas.   Title: Evolving Bycatch Risk in the Pacific Groundfish Trawl IFQ Author: Holland, Dan Catches of several potential choke species in the Pacific groundfish IFQ are highly uncertain and tend to be concentrated while quota is broadly distributed. An analysis prior to implementation of the IFQ suggested substantial risk of individual vessels accidentally exceeding quota allocations for several rockfish species and Pacific halibut. Many fishermen lacked confidence that they would be able to acquire quota on the market to cover incidental catch and consequently joined risk pools to mitigate this risk. I update the analysis of bycatch risk using tow level catch data since implementation of the IFQ. The analysis indicates that expected catch rates of most choke species have declined suggesting more effective bycatch avoidance behavior. However, there remains a significant risk that vessels’ catch of some choke species can be several times median quota allocations, in part because many vessels have increased catch and effort by leasing quota pounds, but quota share ownership has remained distributed. The results underscore the importance of an efficient quota market to redistribute quota to match realized catches, but a recent analysis suggests that the quota market is not distributing quota effectively and is subject to high transactions costs.  This provides and explanation for the persistence of risk pools despite the fact that aggregate catches of overfished rockfish species and Pacific halibut have remained well below total quotas.   Close

• 29. [Article] Balancing Efficiency and Risk with Flexible Catch Balancing Policies

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Balancing Efficiency and Risk with Flexible Catch Balancing Policies Author: Herrera, Guillermo E., Holland, Dan Research Paper Title: Balancing Efficiency and Risk with Flexible Catch Balancing Policies Author: Herrera, Guillermo E., Holland, Dan Research Paper Close

• 30. [Article] Divergent anti-predator strategies and risk allocation in juveniles of three North Pacific flatfishes

  Frequent or lengthy predation risk can cause one of two modifications of prey feeding behavior: 1) postponement of feeding to less risky periods, or 2) resumption of feeding behavior despite persistent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Divergent anti-predator strategies and risk allocation in juveniles of three North Pacific flatfishes Author: Boersma, Kate S. Frequent or lengthy predation risk can cause one of two modifications of prey feeding behavior: 1) postponement of feeding to less risky periods, or 2) resumption of feeding behavior despite persistent risk. North Pacific flatfishes exhibit both of these responses when confronted with temporal variation in risk, and this experimental series demonstrates that the particular response reflects species-specific behavioral strategies. Two laboratory experiments were conducted with juvenile English sole (Parophrys vetulus), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), which inhabit the same nurseries in Alaska as juveniles but have been shown to exhibit different levels of risk aversion. One experiment explored the effects of variation in risk exposure frequency on the tradeoff between feeding and anti-predator behaviors. A second experiment examined temporal allocation of feeding across three light levels to determine if fish responded to risk differently in environments simulating dusk. Both experiments revealed significant effects of behavioral strategy on responses to temporal patterns of risk. English sole fully recovered feeding behaviors with increasing frequency of predator encounters and did not modify their risk response as light level decreased. Rock sole did not resume feeding behavior as risk frequency increased, however they relaxed anti-predator behavior under low light conditions. Halibut demonstrated intermediate responses, exhibiting limited recovery of feeding with increasing risk frequency, and they modified their risk response in a low light environment. These trends suggest that divergent behavioral strategies not only affect how organisms respond to risk in the short term but also impact how temporal variation in risk is incorporated into the behavioral decision-making process. Title: Divergent anti-predator strategies and risk allocation in juveniles of three North Pacific flatfishes Author: Boersma, Kate S. Frequent or lengthy predation risk can cause one of two modifications of prey feeding behavior: 1) postponement of feeding to less risky periods, or 2) resumption of feeding behavior despite persistent risk. North Pacific flatfishes exhibit both of these responses when confronted with temporal variation in risk, and this experimental series demonstrates that the particular response reflects species-specific behavioral strategies. Two laboratory experiments were conducted with juvenile English sole (Parophrys vetulus), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), which inhabit the same nurseries in Alaska as juveniles but have been shown to exhibit different levels of risk aversion. One experiment explored the effects of variation in risk exposure frequency on the tradeoff between feeding and anti-predator behaviors. A second experiment examined temporal allocation of feeding across three light levels to determine if fish responded to risk differently in environments simulating dusk. Both experiments revealed significant effects of behavioral strategy on responses to temporal patterns of risk. English sole fully recovered feeding behaviors with increasing frequency of predator encounters and did not modify their risk response as light level decreased. Rock sole did not resume feeding behavior as risk frequency increased, however they relaxed anti-predator behavior under low light conditions. Halibut demonstrated intermediate responses, exhibiting limited recovery of feeding with increasing risk frequency, and they modified their risk response in a low light environment. These trends suggest that divergent behavioral strategies not only affect how organisms respond to risk in the short term but also impact how temporal variation in risk is incorporated into the behavioral decision-making process. Close

• 31. [Article] Fishing location choices in Oregon trawl fisheries : are fishermen risk-averse or risk-prone?

  Despite the fact that fishing is an inherently uncertain business, risk has rarely been formally recognized in fisheries science or management. Few fishery management plans include any form of risk assessment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishing location choices in Oregon trawl fisheries : are fishermen risk-averse or risk-prone? Author: Trisak, Jiraporn Despite the fact that fishing is an inherently uncertain business, risk has rarely been formally recognized in fisheries science or management. Few fishery management plans include any form of risk assessment and those that do focus on minimizing risk caused by uncertainty associated with markets and environmental conditions. Fishermen's attitudes towards risk, whether they are risk-neutral, risk-averse, or risk-prone, have rarely been considered. Although fishermen's attitudes towards risk have been shown in theory to have an impact on fish populations, none of the previous investigations precisely identified whether fishermen are risk-neutral, risk-averse, or risk-prone. This research attempted to identify fishermen's attitudes towards risk from an analysis of their decisions about where to fish. The research applied risk-sensitive foraging theory to an analysis of data from the Oregon trawl fishery for 1991. The data were provided by the Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. One file contained tow-by-tow information for each fishing trip on landings by species, time spent fishing, type of gear, and fishing locations. A corresponding file contained trip-by-trip information on landings and price by species. The two data files were screened for inconsistencies and then classified into small homogeneous categories based on port, fishing gear, fishing area, and boat size. Various variance-discounting models were fitted to each category to determine fishermen's attitudes toward risk. The models describe the expected utility of fishing at a given distance from port as a linear function of the mean, variance, and third moment of the dollar value per hour of the retained catch. The unknown parameters were estimated from the data using logistic regression techniques. The results of the analysis indicated that in two of fifteen categories the fishermen were risk-averse, and in four categories they were risk-neutral. However, for the remaining nine categories the results were inconclusive and in some cases the fishermen's choice of fishing locations appeared illogical. Instead of preferring fishing grounds that generated higher profits, it appeared that fishermen actively avoided such grounds. The inconclusive and sometimes illogical results may have been due to inappropriate assumptions about the data and about the factors motivating fishermen's decisions. Additionally, there might have been some factors that could have affected the analysis which this research overlooked. For example, this research only accounted for monetary rewards, but fishermen may have preferences other than revenues and costs that influence their choice of fishing grounds. Title: Fishing location choices in Oregon trawl fisheries : are fishermen risk-averse or risk-prone? Author: Trisak, Jiraporn Despite the fact that fishing is an inherently uncertain business, risk has rarely been formally recognized in fisheries science or management. Few fishery management plans include any form of risk assessment and those that do focus on minimizing risk caused by uncertainty associated with markets and environmental conditions. Fishermen's attitudes towards risk, whether they are risk-neutral, risk-averse, or risk-prone, have rarely been considered. Although fishermen's attitudes towards risk have been shown in theory to have an impact on fish populations, none of the previous investigations precisely identified whether fishermen are risk-neutral, risk-averse, or risk-prone. This research attempted to identify fishermen's attitudes towards risk from an analysis of their decisions about where to fish. The research applied risk-sensitive foraging theory to an analysis of data from the Oregon trawl fishery for 1991. The data were provided by the Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. One file contained tow-by-tow information for each fishing trip on landings by species, time spent fishing, type of gear, and fishing locations. A corresponding file contained trip-by-trip information on landings and price by species. The two data files were screened for inconsistencies and then classified into small homogeneous categories based on port, fishing gear, fishing area, and boat size. Various variance-discounting models were fitted to each category to determine fishermen's attitudes toward risk. The models describe the expected utility of fishing at a given distance from port as a linear function of the mean, variance, and third moment of the dollar value per hour of the retained catch. The unknown parameters were estimated from the data using logistic regression techniques. The results of the analysis indicated that in two of fifteen categories the fishermen were risk-averse, and in four categories they were risk-neutral. However, for the remaining nine categories the results were inconclusive and in some cases the fishermen's choice of fishing locations appeared illogical. Instead of preferring fishing grounds that generated higher profits, it appeared that fishermen actively avoided such grounds. The inconclusive and sometimes illogical results may have been due to inappropriate assumptions about the data and about the factors motivating fishermen's decisions. Additionally, there might have been some factors that could have affected the analysis which this research overlooked. For example, this research only accounted for monetary rewards, but fishermen may have preferences other than revenues and costs that influence their choice of fishing grounds. Close

• 32. [Article] Risk Assessment of the Mediterranean Seabass and Seabream industry in Greece: A Stochastic Simulation Approach Based on insurance Claims

  The Mediterranean finfish aquaculture is strongly represented from the successful industrial development of the mass production of the Mediterranean seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Spaurus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk Assessment of the Mediterranean Seabass and Seabream industry in Greece: A Stochastic Simulation Approach Based on insurance Claims Author: Tzovenis, Ioannis, Sorgeloos, Patrick, Viaene, Jacques, Theodorou, John A., Kotsonis, Antonios The Mediterranean finfish aquaculture is strongly represented from the successful industrial development of the mass production of the Mediterranean seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Spaurus aurata), with Greece as the major producer country, contributing with approximately 57% of the global farmed production of both species. Despite the difficulty to obtain information from the private and public sector about the aquaculture insurance claims, the analysis of insurance data is necessary to develop a risk management strategy of the industry. The aim of the present work is to identify the major risks affecting the seabass/seabream aquaculture by examining qualitative and quantitative insurance claims from the early developmental stage (mid-80s) up to the maturation of the Greek sector (2000). A risk assessment based on scenario quantification and Monte Carlo Simulation with the ZHA WORKS 4.2 QUANT software is used to reveal percentile statistics of 1 Year/Worst out of x Years aggregate loss and thus to "harden" the basis for decision taking. The use of the past insurance experience provides forecasting trends for risk avoidance in the future and contributes to a strategy development for the sustainability of the sector. Title: Risk Assessment of the Mediterranean Seabass and Seabream industry in Greece: A Stochastic Simulation Approach Based on insurance Claims Author: Tzovenis, Ioannis, Sorgeloos, Patrick, Viaene, Jacques, Theodorou, John A., Kotsonis, Antonios The Mediterranean finfish aquaculture is strongly represented from the successful industrial development of the mass production of the Mediterranean seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Spaurus aurata), with Greece as the major producer country, contributing with approximately 57% of the global farmed production of both species. Despite the difficulty to obtain information from the private and public sector about the aquaculture insurance claims, the analysis of insurance data is necessary to develop a risk management strategy of the industry. The aim of the present work is to identify the major risks affecting the seabass/seabream aquaculture by examining qualitative and quantitative insurance claims from the early developmental stage (mid-80s) up to the maturation of the Greek sector (2000). A risk assessment based on scenario quantification and Monte Carlo Simulation with the ZHA WORKS 4.2 QUANT software is used to reveal percentile statistics of 1 Year/Worst out of x Years aggregate loss and thus to "harden" the basis for decision taking. The use of the past insurance experience provides forecasting trends for risk avoidance in the future and contributes to a strategy development for the sustainability of the sector. Close

• 33. [Article] Risk of Exposure to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Increases with the Density of Northern Cardinals

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk of Exposure to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Increases with the Density of Northern Cardinals Author: Vander Kelen, Patrick, McClure, Christopher J. W., Lusk, John, Stark, Lillian M., Hill, Geoffrey E., Armstrong, Keith, Hunt, Brenda, Hernandez, Jose, Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D., Hoover, Victor, Jinright, Joseph, Unnasch, Thomas R., Sickerman, Stephen, Estep, Laura K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Title: Risk of Exposure to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Increases with the Density of Northern Cardinals Author: Vander Kelen, Patrick, McClure, Christopher J. W., Lusk, John, Stark, Lillian M., Hill, Geoffrey E., Armstrong, Keith, Hunt, Brenda, Hernandez, Jose, Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D., Hoover, Victor, Jinright, Joseph, Unnasch, Thomas R., Sickerman, Stephen, Estep, Laura K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Close

• 34. [Article] Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?

  We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems? Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to examine the cascading effects of carnivore–herbivore interactions on woody browse species, as well as ecological responses involving riparian functions, beaver (Castor canadensis) populations, and general food webs. Our results indicate that predation risk may have profound effects on the structure of ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity. Our conclusions are based on theory involving trophic cascades, predation risk, and optimal foraging; on the research literature; and on our own recent studies in Yellowstone National Park. Additional research is needed to understand how the lethal effects of predation interact with its nonlethal effects to structure ecosystems. Title: Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems? Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to examine the cascading effects of carnivore–herbivore interactions on woody browse species, as well as ecological responses involving riparian functions, beaver (Castor canadensis) populations, and general food webs. Our results indicate that predation risk may have profound effects on the structure of ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity. Our conclusions are based on theory involving trophic cascades, predation risk, and optimal foraging; on the research literature; and on our own recent studies in Yellowstone National Park. Additional research is needed to understand how the lethal effects of predation interact with its nonlethal effects to structure ecosystems. Close

• 35. [Article] A Quantitative Approach to Determine Cardiovascular and Neurodevelopment Risks and Benfits from Methylmercury and Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Fish Consumed in  the Columbia River Basin

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Quantitative Approach to Determine Cardiovascular and Neurodevelopment Risks and Benfits from Methylmercury and Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Fish Consumed in  the Columbia River Basin Author: Kile, Molly, Cusack, Leanne, Harper, Barbara, Harding, Anna, Stone, Dave Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: A Quantitative Approach to Determine Cardiovascular and Neurodevelopment Risks and Benfits from Methylmercury and Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Fish Consumed in  the Columbia River Basin Author: Kile, Molly, Cusack, Leanne, Harper, Barbara, Harding, Anna, Stone, Dave Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 36. [Article] Is Risk on Fishing Quotas Homogeneously Distributed among EU Member-States?

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is Risk on Fishing Quotas Homogeneously Distributed among EU Member-States? Author: Lopetegui, Itsaso, del Valle, Ikerne Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Is Risk on Fishing Quotas Homogeneously Distributed among EU Member-States? Author: Lopetegui, Itsaso, del Valle, Ikerne Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 37. [Article] Production Risk, Inefficiency, and Sustainability of Pangas Fish Farming: Lessons from the Bangladesh Aquaculture Sector

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production Risk, Inefficiency, and Sustainability of Pangas Fish Farming: Lessons from the Bangladesh Aquaculture Sector Author: Begum, Ratna, Nielsen, Rasmus, Akhtaruzzaman, Khan Md. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Production Risk, Inefficiency, and Sustainability of Pangas Fish Farming: Lessons from the Bangladesh Aquaculture Sector Author: Begum, Ratna, Nielsen, Rasmus, Akhtaruzzaman, Khan Md. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 38. [Article] Species Diversification in Aquaculture: a Global Assessment

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species Diversification in Aquaculture: a Global Assessment Author: Zhou, Xiaowei, Yan, Xue, Cai, Junning Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Species Diversification in Aquaculture: a Global Assessment Author: Zhou, Xiaowei, Yan, Xue, Cai, Junning Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 39. [Article] Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/jo...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission Author: Han, Barbara A., Storfer, Andrew, Blaustein, Andrew R., Searle, Catherine L., Kerby, Jacob L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Title: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission Author: Han, Barbara A., Storfer, Andrew, Blaustein, Andrew R., Searle, Catherine L., Kerby, Jacob L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Close

• 40. [Article] Evaluating the public health risks of methylmercury exposure and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption

  Although fish are a nutritious food source, they also are the main source of methylmercury exposure in U.S. populations. This research examined the risks from methylmercury and benefits from omega-3 fatty ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the public health risks of methylmercury exposure and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption Author: Cusack, Leanne K. Although fish are a nutritious food source, they also are the main source of methylmercury exposure in U.S. populations. This research examined the risks from methylmercury and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption. The first study provided the first region-specific quantitative risk/benefit analysis for nine commonly consumed freshwater fish species in the Columbia River Basin; which is home to many Native American Tribes and subsistence fishermen who consume large quantities of locally caught fish. (Donatuto and Harper 2008; Harper and Harris 2008)(Donatuto and Harper 2008; Harper and Harris 2008) My results showed that mountain whitefish and rainbow trout provided a net benefit for cardiovascular risk and improved infant visual response memory scores across all consumption rates in all subregions in which they were sampled. The second study examined the associations between region of residence, demographic characteristics and total blood mercury concentrations in a nationally representative sample of women of childbearing age, using the 1999-2010 NHANES database. Women who live in the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions have the highest, and women in the Midwest have the lowest, methymercury concentrations in their blood. The third study analyzed intra-and inter-specific variability in selenium: mercury molar ratios in ten species of freshwater fish from the Columbia River Basin to determine the potential application for fish consumption guidelines. Variability in selenium:mercury molar ratios was high within the fish species regardless of fish size. This variability within fish species warrants caution in using selenium:mercury ratios in risk assessment calculations. Overall, this research demonstrates the complexities involved in crafting guidelines that consider both the risks and benefits of fish consumption. Title: Evaluating the public health risks of methylmercury exposure and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption Author: Cusack, Leanne K. Although fish are a nutritious food source, they also are the main source of methylmercury exposure in U.S. populations. This research examined the risks from methylmercury and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption. The first study provided the first region-specific quantitative risk/benefit analysis for nine commonly consumed freshwater fish species in the Columbia River Basin; which is home to many Native American Tribes and subsistence fishermen who consume large quantities of locally caught fish. (Donatuto and Harper 2008; Harper and Harris 2008)(Donatuto and Harper 2008; Harper and Harris 2008) My results showed that mountain whitefish and rainbow trout provided a net benefit for cardiovascular risk and improved infant visual response memory scores across all consumption rates in all subregions in which they were sampled. The second study examined the associations between region of residence, demographic characteristics and total blood mercury concentrations in a nationally representative sample of women of childbearing age, using the 1999-2010 NHANES database. Women who live in the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions have the highest, and women in the Midwest have the lowest, methymercury concentrations in their blood. The third study analyzed intra-and inter-specific variability in selenium: mercury molar ratios in ten species of freshwater fish from the Columbia River Basin to determine the potential application for fish consumption guidelines. Variability in selenium:mercury molar ratios was high within the fish species regardless of fish size. This variability within fish species warrants caution in using selenium:mercury ratios in risk assessment calculations. Overall, this research demonstrates the complexities involved in crafting guidelines that consider both the risks and benefits of fish consumption. Close

• 41. [Article] Cost-efficient management of aquatic invasive species : application to New Zealand mudsnails in the Pacific Northwest

  By affecting the ecological, pecuniary and aesthetic productivity of ecosystems, invasive species (IS) increase production and management costs to business, while straining public agencies' budgets with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cost-efficient management of aquatic invasive species : application to New Zealand mudsnails in the Pacific Northwest Author: Lim, Youngah By affecting the ecological, pecuniary and aesthetic productivity of ecosystems, invasive species (IS) increase production and management costs to business, while straining public agencies' budgets with monitoring, enforcement and management efforts. Understanding invasion pathways or vectors, and identifying costs and benefits of alternative management strategies are critical to public and private decision making in agriculture, natural resource and recreation industries. This study develops an integrated spatial framework to measure IS risk and cost-efficiency of alternative IS management strategies. For a given spatial unit, the framework weighs expected damages, based on measured IS risk, against the cost of alternative management strategies, i.e. spatial cost minimization. The study then applied the spatial cost minimization framework to the case of New Zealand mudsnails, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, (NZMS) in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) using data from a variety of sources. The first stage of the integrated framework is the measurement of NZMS establishment risk, which is estimated as a combination of anthropogenic introduction risk and habitat suitability risk. Since recreational boats are a main vector to disperse NZMS, the normalized boat flows in the PNW states—Idaho, Oregon, and Washington—are used as a proxy for the anthropogenic introduction risk. An environmental niche model then revealed the relationship between environmental features and NZMS presence, i.e. habitat suitability risk. Results suggest that distance, area size, water body concentration, and accessibility are major determinants of PNW recreational boat flows. Environmental characteristics such as elevation, geologic features, precipitation in January, March, and September, as well as the minimum temperature of June, July, and August, and the maximum temperature of June, August, and October are important determinants of PNW's habitat suitability for NZMS. Potential damages arising from NZMS include anglers' utility loss, which is caused by aquatic habitat degradation due to NZMS invasion, and biofouling influence on hydroelectricity plants, drinking water treatment plants, and boats. Because NZMS economic damages and related management cost are not yet fully identified in the literature, damages and management cost of zebra mussels serve as proxies for those of NZMS. Expected damages are then derived as the product of NZMS establishment risk from the first stage and potential damages noted above. Statewide management cost information is compiled from a phone survey of PNW invasive species field managers. Statewide and local management strategies are prevention, early detection and rapid response and its follow-up (EDRR plus) and ex-post management without EDRR. Local strategies additionally include boater decontamination and fish hatchery prevention efforts. Finally, the spatial cost minimization problem evaluates expected damages against the cost of each alternative management strategy (statewide and local). Solutions to this minimization problem, i.e. cost-efficient strategies, are derived for individual spatial units in each of the three PNW states. Reflecting uncertainty in the relationship between NZMS impacts and management, the spatial cost minimization is solved under different scenarios: unconstrained, NZMS damages are a fraction of those of zebra mussels, variation in the effectiveness of statewide and local management strategies, a budget constraint, and targeted NZMS risk level constraint. Results show that statewide prevention, local boater decontamination and fish hatchery prevention are the cost-efficient strategies for managing NZMS in the Pacific Northwest in most cases. Title: Cost-efficient management of aquatic invasive species : application to New Zealand mudsnails in the Pacific Northwest Author: Lim, Youngah By affecting the ecological, pecuniary and aesthetic productivity of ecosystems, invasive species (IS) increase production and management costs to business, while straining public agencies' budgets with monitoring, enforcement and management efforts. Understanding invasion pathways or vectors, and identifying costs and benefits of alternative management strategies are critical to public and private decision making in agriculture, natural resource and recreation industries. This study develops an integrated spatial framework to measure IS risk and cost-efficiency of alternative IS management strategies. For a given spatial unit, the framework weighs expected damages, based on measured IS risk, against the cost of alternative management strategies, i.e. spatial cost minimization. The study then applied the spatial cost minimization framework to the case of New Zealand mudsnails, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, (NZMS) in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) using data from a variety of sources. The first stage of the integrated framework is the measurement of NZMS establishment risk, which is estimated as a combination of anthropogenic introduction risk and habitat suitability risk. Since recreational boats are a main vector to disperse NZMS, the normalized boat flows in the PNW states—Idaho, Oregon, and Washington—are used as a proxy for the anthropogenic introduction risk. An environmental niche model then revealed the relationship between environmental features and NZMS presence, i.e. habitat suitability risk. Results suggest that distance, area size, water body concentration, and accessibility are major determinants of PNW recreational boat flows. Environmental characteristics such as elevation, geologic features, precipitation in January, March, and September, as well as the minimum temperature of June, July, and August, and the maximum temperature of June, August, and October are important determinants of PNW's habitat suitability for NZMS. Potential damages arising from NZMS include anglers' utility loss, which is caused by aquatic habitat degradation due to NZMS invasion, and biofouling influence on hydroelectricity plants, drinking water treatment plants, and boats. Because NZMS economic damages and related management cost are not yet fully identified in the literature, damages and management cost of zebra mussels serve as proxies for those of NZMS. Expected damages are then derived as the product of NZMS establishment risk from the first stage and potential damages noted above. Statewide management cost information is compiled from a phone survey of PNW invasive species field managers. Statewide and local management strategies are prevention, early detection and rapid response and its follow-up (EDRR plus) and ex-post management without EDRR. Local strategies additionally include boater decontamination and fish hatchery prevention efforts. Finally, the spatial cost minimization problem evaluates expected damages against the cost of each alternative management strategy (statewide and local). Solutions to this minimization problem, i.e. cost-efficient strategies, are derived for individual spatial units in each of the three PNW states. Reflecting uncertainty in the relationship between NZMS impacts and management, the spatial cost minimization is solved under different scenarios: unconstrained, NZMS damages are a fraction of those of zebra mussels, variation in the effectiveness of statewide and local management strategies, a budget constraint, and targeted NZMS risk level constraint. Results show that statewide prevention, local boater decontamination and fish hatchery prevention are the cost-efficient strategies for managing NZMS in the Pacific Northwest in most cases. Close

• 42. [Article] Improving ecological risk assessment of pesticides for nontarget terrestrial vertebrates

  The Quotient Method (QM) is used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in ecological risk assessments of pesticides for nontarget organisms. The QM requires several assumptions regarding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving ecological risk assessment of pesticides for nontarget terrestrial vertebrates Author: Wang, Guiming The Quotient Method (QM) is used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in ecological risk assessments of pesticides for nontarget organisms. The QM requires several assumptions regarding exposure and hazards of pesticides to wildlife; several of these assumptions have not been tested. During 1997-99, I conducted three experiments using the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) as a model species to test three assumptions of the QM. The experiments were conducted in 24 0.2-ha fenced vole-proof enclosures. In Experiment 1, I tracked voles using radio-telemetry and found that animals did not move from contaminated to uncontaminated habitat to avoid exposure to a pesticide, thus supporting one assumption of the QM. In Experiment 2, I studied demographic responses of gray-tailed voles and northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to liquid and granular formulations of diazinon. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that quail were more susceptible to granular diazinon than to liquid diazinon because of direct consumption of diazinon granules. Neither formulation of diazinon at 0.55 or 1.55 kg AI/ha adversely affected vole demography. In Experiment 3, I used sprinklers to simulate a 0.25-cm rainfall to test the assumption that the expected environmental concentration (EEC) of a pesticide is estimated immediately after application, and that rainfall does not modify the risk of pesticides to animals. The 0.25-cm rainfall may have reduced the risk of voles to Guthion® 2S either by improving the dry season habitat or by washing more pesticide residues down to the soil and reducing exposure of the animals. This experiment did not support the assumption of the QM that weather would not affect the EEC of pesticides. Last, I used a Ricker model incorporating demographic stochasticity to simulate the 1998 and 1999 vole populations and a single pesticide application at different population sizes. The simulations demonstrate that demographic stochasticity could cause uncertainties in predictions of significant effects of pesticide on voles, especially for small populations. These simulations suggest that ecological risk assessments of pesticides to nontarget wildlife should consider demographic characteristics of wildlife species to minimize the uncertainty of predictions. Title: Improving ecological risk assessment of pesticides for nontarget terrestrial vertebrates Author: Wang, Guiming The Quotient Method (QM) is used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in ecological risk assessments of pesticides for nontarget organisms. The QM requires several assumptions regarding exposure and hazards of pesticides to wildlife; several of these assumptions have not been tested. During 1997-99, I conducted three experiments using the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) as a model species to test three assumptions of the QM. The experiments were conducted in 24 0.2-ha fenced vole-proof enclosures. In Experiment 1, I tracked voles using radio-telemetry and found that animals did not move from contaminated to uncontaminated habitat to avoid exposure to a pesticide, thus supporting one assumption of the QM. In Experiment 2, I studied demographic responses of gray-tailed voles and northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to liquid and granular formulations of diazinon. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that quail were more susceptible to granular diazinon than to liquid diazinon because of direct consumption of diazinon granules. Neither formulation of diazinon at 0.55 or 1.55 kg AI/ha adversely affected vole demography. In Experiment 3, I used sprinklers to simulate a 0.25-cm rainfall to test the assumption that the expected environmental concentration (EEC) of a pesticide is estimated immediately after application, and that rainfall does not modify the risk of pesticides to animals. The 0.25-cm rainfall may have reduced the risk of voles to Guthion® 2S either by improving the dry season habitat or by washing more pesticide residues down to the soil and reducing exposure of the animals. This experiment did not support the assumption of the QM that weather would not affect the EEC of pesticides. Last, I used a Ricker model incorporating demographic stochasticity to simulate the 1998 and 1999 vole populations and a single pesticide application at different population sizes. The simulations demonstrate that demographic stochasticity could cause uncertainties in predictions of significant effects of pesticide on voles, especially for small populations. These simulations suggest that ecological risk assessments of pesticides to nontarget wildlife should consider demographic characteristics of wildlife species to minimize the uncertainty of predictions. Close

• 43. [Article] Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA

  A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Zielinski, Christopher A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since 1996. The PRB complex, starting at river kilometer (Rkm) 103, blocks the further upstream migration of anadromous salmonids into upper river basin waters. Part of the process for evaluating the passage plan was the development of a Fish Health Management Program. The program is, in part, designed to minimize and communicate the magnitude of risk associated with passing serious fish pathogens upstream of the PRB until evaluation of the fish passage effort confirms that the reestablishment of anadromous fish species can be successful. With the goal of minimizing the risk of passing serious fish pathogens along with evaluating the magnitude of risk, several potential pathogens of concern were identified. At the forefront of concern is the fish pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis which is responsible for whirling disease in salmonids. Annual, or at least periodic, introduction of M. cerebralis into the lower DRB has occurred since at least 1984 as a result of infected stray adult salmonids spawning and dying there. These are primarily hatchery summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and to a lesser extent spring Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), from the Snake River system. Because of its' potential to cause significant mortality, the risk associated with M. cerebralis establishment in the DRB needed to be addressed. The risk of the parasite being transmitted and established upstream of the PRB with the renewal of fish passage at the PRB, and the potential for M. cerebralis to affect survival of reintroduced anadromous fish species required investigation. To evaluate these potential risks, we conducted multi-year studies (1998-2007) that informed a risk-assessment model. Tailored specifically for M. cerebralis, this model was used to identify key characteristics that will influence pathways of M. cerebralis introduction, the potential for establishment, and the consequences of establishment. The three steps involved in the risk assessment model are the release, exposure and consequence assessments. Using this model we evaluated the probability of introduction and establishment of M. cerebralis in the lower Deschutes River Basin (DRB) as well as in waters above the PRB with future passage of anadromous fish. The current study gives evidence that M. cerebralis is established in the lower DRB. The current study also gives evidence not all areas of the DRB can be classified as having the same likelihood for establishment and the potential impact the parasite poses will not be identical from one location to another. It is clear, however, that M. cerebralis could become established above the PRB if infected fish carry the myxospore into these waters. Title: Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Zielinski, Christopher A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since 1996. The PRB complex, starting at river kilometer (Rkm) 103, blocks the further upstream migration of anadromous salmonids into upper river basin waters. Part of the process for evaluating the passage plan was the development of a Fish Health Management Program. The program is, in part, designed to minimize and communicate the magnitude of risk associated with passing serious fish pathogens upstream of the PRB until evaluation of the fish passage effort confirms that the reestablishment of anadromous fish species can be successful. With the goal of minimizing the risk of passing serious fish pathogens along with evaluating the magnitude of risk, several potential pathogens of concern were identified. At the forefront of concern is the fish pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis which is responsible for whirling disease in salmonids. Annual, or at least periodic, introduction of M. cerebralis into the lower DRB has occurred since at least 1984 as a result of infected stray adult salmonids spawning and dying there. These are primarily hatchery summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and to a lesser extent spring Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), from the Snake River system. Because of its' potential to cause significant mortality, the risk associated with M. cerebralis establishment in the DRB needed to be addressed. The risk of the parasite being transmitted and established upstream of the PRB with the renewal of fish passage at the PRB, and the potential for M. cerebralis to affect survival of reintroduced anadromous fish species required investigation. To evaluate these potential risks, we conducted multi-year studies (1998-2007) that informed a risk-assessment model. Tailored specifically for M. cerebralis, this model was used to identify key characteristics that will influence pathways of M. cerebralis introduction, the potential for establishment, and the consequences of establishment. The three steps involved in the risk assessment model are the release, exposure and consequence assessments. Using this model we evaluated the probability of introduction and establishment of M. cerebralis in the lower Deschutes River Basin (DRB) as well as in waters above the PRB with future passage of anadromous fish. The current study gives evidence that M. cerebralis is established in the lower DRB. The current study also gives evidence not all areas of the DRB can be classified as having the same likelihood for establishment and the potential impact the parasite poses will not be identical from one location to another. It is clear, however, that M. cerebralis could become established above the PRB if infected fish carry the myxospore into these waters. Close

• 44. [Article] Assessment of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metal contamination of Moroccan marine species

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metal contamination of Moroccan marine species Author: El Hraiki, Abdelaziz Title: Assessment of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metal contamination of Moroccan marine species Author: El Hraiki, Abdelaziz Close

• 45. [Article] Building a Database on Best Management Practices for Pesticide Applications to Aquatic Environments and NOAA Trust Species

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building a Database on Best Management Practices for Pesticide Applications to Aquatic Environments and NOAA Trust Species Author: Gianou, Kelsey, Chan, Samuel, Emanuel, Robert Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Building a Database on Best Management Practices for Pesticide Applications to Aquatic Environments and NOAA Trust Species Author: Gianou, Kelsey, Chan, Samuel, Emanuel, Robert Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 46. [Article] Growth and distributional correlates of behavior in three co-occurring juvenile flatfishes

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and distributional correlates of behavior in three co-occurring juvenile flatfishes Author: Boersma, Kate S., Hurst, Thomas P., Ryer, Clifford H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Growth and distributional correlates of behavior in three co-occurring juvenile flatfishes Author: Boersma, Kate S., Hurst, Thomas P., Ryer, Clifford H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 47. [Article] The Barents Sea red king crab invasion- risky business or good business?

  Abstract only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Barents Sea red king crab invasion- risky business or good business? Author: Falk-Petersen, Jannike Abstract only Title: The Barents Sea red king crab invasion- risky business or good business? Author: Falk-Petersen, Jannike Abstract only Close

• 48. [Article] Markets, Pooling and Insurance for Managing Incidental Catch In Fisheries

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Markets, Pooling and Insurance for Managing Incidental Catch In Fisheries Author: Holland, Dan Abstract only. Title: Markets, Pooling and Insurance for Managing Incidental Catch In Fisheries Author: Holland, Dan Abstract only. Close

• 49. [Article] A survey of scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) occurring on table grapes in South Africa

  Increasing international trade and tourism have led to an increase in the introduction of exotic pests that pose a considerable economic threat to the agro-ecosystems of importing countries. Scale insects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A survey of scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) occurring on table grapes in South Africa Author: Krüger, Kerstin, Saccaggi, Davina L., Millar, Ian M., Walton, Vaughn M. Increasing international trade and tourism have led to an increase in the introduction of exotic pests that pose a considerable economic threat to the agro-ecosystems of importing countries. Scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) may be contaminants of export consignments from the South African deciduous fruit industry to the European Union, Israel, United Kingdom and the United States, for example. Infestations of immature scale insects found on South African fruit destined for export have resulted in increasing rates of rejection of such consignments. To identify the risk posed by scale insect species listed as phytosanitary pests on table grapes to the abovementioned importing countries, a field survey was undertaken in 2004–2005 in vineyards throughout all grape-producing regions in South Africa. Coccoidea species found during the current field survey were Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), Coccus hesperidum L. and Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead). With the exception of Pl. ficus, which has only been collected from Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) and Ficus carica (Moraceae) in South Africa, these species are polyphagous and have a wide host range. None of the scale insect species found to occur in vineyards in South Africa pose a phytosanitary risk to countries where fruit are exported except for Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) and N. viridis that have not been recorded in the USA. All scale insects previously found in vineyards in South Africa are listed and their phytosanitary status discussed. The results of the survey show that the risk of exporting scale insect pests of phytosanitary importance on table grapes from South Africa is limited. Title: A survey of scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) occurring on table grapes in South Africa Author: Krüger, Kerstin, Saccaggi, Davina L., Millar, Ian M., Walton, Vaughn M. Increasing international trade and tourism have led to an increase in the introduction of exotic pests that pose a considerable economic threat to the agro-ecosystems of importing countries. Scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) may be contaminants of export consignments from the South African deciduous fruit industry to the European Union, Israel, United Kingdom and the United States, for example. Infestations of immature scale insects found on South African fruit destined for export have resulted in increasing rates of rejection of such consignments. To identify the risk posed by scale insect species listed as phytosanitary pests on table grapes to the abovementioned importing countries, a field survey was undertaken in 2004–2005 in vineyards throughout all grape-producing regions in South Africa. Coccoidea species found during the current field survey were Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), Coccus hesperidum L. and Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead). With the exception of Pl. ficus, which has only been collected from Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) and Ficus carica (Moraceae) in South Africa, these species are polyphagous and have a wide host range. None of the scale insect species found to occur in vineyards in South Africa pose a phytosanitary risk to countries where fruit are exported except for Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) and N. viridis that have not been recorded in the USA. All scale insects previously found in vineyards in South Africa are listed and their phytosanitary status discussed. The results of the survey show that the risk of exporting scale insect pests of phytosanitary importance on table grapes from South Africa is limited. Close

• 50. [Article] Long-Term Health Effects, Risk Perceptions, and Consumption Patterns for Aquacultured Seafood

  Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-Term Health Effects, Risk Perceptions, and Consumption Patterns for Aquacultured Seafood Author: Uchida, Hirotsugu, Johnston, Roberty, Roheim, Cathy Presentation Title: Long-Term Health Effects, Risk Perceptions, and Consumption Patterns for Aquacultured Seafood Author: Uchida, Hirotsugu, Johnston, Roberty, Roheim, Cathy Presentation Close