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• 1. [Article] Retirement-age migration to and from Oregon : who is still on the Oregon Trail?

  Oregon, much like the nation, has historically had a paradoxical relationship to migration. Oregon is famous for the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Oregon Trail. It is, and always has been, greatly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Retirement-age migration to and from Oregon : who is still on the Oregon Trail? Author: Gagnier, Cliff R. Oregon, much like the nation, has historically had a paradoxical relationship to migration. Oregon is famous for the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Oregon Trail. It is, and always has been, greatly affected and inspired by interstate migration yet each successive generation has been less than welcoming to further migration. Today, Oregon is a desirable destination for retirement-aged migrants for its scenic beauty and mild seasons. This essay will use census data from 2000 to describe the characteristics associated with retirement-age migrants to Oregon. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is used to compare retirement-aged Oregon in-migrants with Oregon non-movers, Oregon out-migrants and non-movers and out-migrants of the states from which in-migrants to Oregon originated. In three cases, the characteristics effecting the decision to migrate are determined by comparing a migrant group population with its respective non-mover population. This essay is a useful tool for those seeking to understand the characteristics important to retirement-age migration to Oregon as well as the factors influencing the migration decision. Title: Retirement-age migration to and from Oregon : who is still on the Oregon Trail? Author: Gagnier, Cliff R. Oregon, much like the nation, has historically had a paradoxical relationship to migration. Oregon is famous for the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Oregon Trail. It is, and always has been, greatly affected and inspired by interstate migration yet each successive generation has been less than welcoming to further migration. Today, Oregon is a desirable destination for retirement-aged migrants for its scenic beauty and mild seasons. This essay will use census data from 2000 to describe the characteristics associated with retirement-age migrants to Oregon. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is used to compare retirement-aged Oregon in-migrants with Oregon non-movers, Oregon out-migrants and non-movers and out-migrants of the states from which in-migrants to Oregon originated. In three cases, the characteristics effecting the decision to migrate are determined by comparing a migrant group population with its respective non-mover population. This essay is a useful tool for those seeking to understand the characteristics important to retirement-age migration to Oregon as well as the factors influencing the migration decision. Close

• 2. [Article] Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles

  Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles is broken into three parts: methodology, history of migration and gender roles, and in Mexico, the examination ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles Author: Richards, Rosalie A. Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles is broken into three parts: methodology, history of migration and gender roles, and in Mexico, the examination of interviews from mothers in San Miguel de Allende. Methodology explores the various ways historian collect oral histories. I focus my research on ten historians’ works that study the challenges with collecting oral history. The history of migration and gender roles is titled “Women in Transition: A Study of Migration History, Sending Communities, and Women’s Gender Roles in Mexico.” This studies a brief history of migration beginning with the Bracero Program of 1942. Following the history, I analyze women’s roles within sending communities. Sending communities are part of the transnational community, where the people in the communities either migrate or remain at home while family members leave to find work. The last part is titled “Women in Both Worlds.” This section concentrates on the women who migrate to the United States and their expected role as a woman in the household. The final section is titled “The Women of San Miguel de Allende.” The section spotlights the ten interviews from mothers at the non-profit organization, Casa de los Angeles. This section brings together the women’s stories of migration, family, and life at Casa de los Angeles. Title: Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles Author: Richards, Rosalie A. Women in Transition: The Mexican Family, Migration, and the Mothers of Casa de los Angeles is broken into three parts: methodology, history of migration and gender roles, and in Mexico, the examination of interviews from mothers in San Miguel de Allende. Methodology explores the various ways historian collect oral histories. I focus my research on ten historians’ works that study the challenges with collecting oral history. The history of migration and gender roles is titled “Women in Transition: A Study of Migration History, Sending Communities, and Women’s Gender Roles in Mexico.” This studies a brief history of migration beginning with the Bracero Program of 1942. Following the history, I analyze women’s roles within sending communities. Sending communities are part of the transnational community, where the people in the communities either migrate or remain at home while family members leave to find work. The last part is titled “Women in Both Worlds.” This section concentrates on the women who migrate to the United States and their expected role as a woman in the household. The final section is titled “The Women of San Miguel de Allende.” The section spotlights the ten interviews from mothers at the non-profit organization, Casa de los Angeles. This section brings together the women’s stories of migration, family, and life at Casa de los Angeles. Close

• 3. [Article] Exploring Sri-Lankan women's migration experiences in L.A. county : three stories, three lives

  The recognition that women are not in a fixed position but are dynamic and active in any of the processes of migration and post-migration adjustment helps us to see the complexity of women's participation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring Sri-Lankan women's migration experiences in L.A. county : three stories, three lives Author: Gunewardena, Sriyanthi Lorna Antoinette The recognition that women are not in a fixed position but are dynamic and active in any of the processes of migration and post-migration adjustment helps us to see the complexity of women's participation in migration. Using life history interviews, three Sri-Lankan womens' migration experiences are examined for the ways in which personal networks were utilized in various phases of the migration process and how social and human capital was transformed in the post-migration adjustment process. Though in some instances the data did not fully support Boyd's (1989) predictions of the ways in which personal networks affect migration, overall, both Boyd's and Kopijn's (1998) statements that social capital is transmitted and transformed in the migration process are supported. The analysis indicates that all three women were successful in their post migration adjustment in that they were able to retain a strong sense of identity while adopting new practices in the United States. Title: Exploring Sri-Lankan women's migration experiences in L.A. county : three stories, three lives Author: Gunewardena, Sriyanthi Lorna Antoinette The recognition that women are not in a fixed position but are dynamic and active in any of the processes of migration and post-migration adjustment helps us to see the complexity of women's participation in migration. Using life history interviews, three Sri-Lankan womens' migration experiences are examined for the ways in which personal networks were utilized in various phases of the migration process and how social and human capital was transformed in the post-migration adjustment process. Though in some instances the data did not fully support Boyd's (1989) predictions of the ways in which personal networks affect migration, overall, both Boyd's and Kopijn's (1998) statements that social capital is transmitted and transformed in the migration process are supported. The analysis indicates that all three women were successful in their post migration adjustment in that they were able to retain a strong sense of identity while adopting new practices in the United States. Close

• 4. [Article] Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities?

  Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities? Author: Wall, Conor Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, natural amenities, distance to urban areas, and community size, in determining net migration rates for small Oregon communities for the 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 time periods. Estimates of age-specific migration rates for Oregon incorporated places show markedly different patterns for small communities, with such places experiencing severe outmigration among 20-to-24 year-olds, but adding population in older age groups. Regression analysis of net migration in Oregon communities with 1289 people or fewer shows that natural amenities, particularly low rainfall and proximity to open water, are primary drivers of community-specific migration rates. The effects of labor markets and distance to urban centers are found to wane, particularly for working-age migrants, in the 2000-2010 period, with the size of a community becoming a more important determinant of its net migration rate. Access to services, such as grocery stores, however, is found to significantly boost net migration rates and to mitigate the tendency for very small places to suffer net outmigration. Title: Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities? Author: Wall, Conor Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, natural amenities, distance to urban areas, and community size, in determining net migration rates for small Oregon communities for the 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 time periods. Estimates of age-specific migration rates for Oregon incorporated places show markedly different patterns for small communities, with such places experiencing severe outmigration among 20-to-24 year-olds, but adding population in older age groups. Regression analysis of net migration in Oregon communities with 1289 people or fewer shows that natural amenities, particularly low rainfall and proximity to open water, are primary drivers of community-specific migration rates. The effects of labor markets and distance to urban centers are found to wane, particularly for working-age migrants, in the 2000-2010 period, with the size of a community becoming a more important determinant of its net migration rate. Access to services, such as grocery stores, however, is found to significantly boost net migration rates and to mitigate the tendency for very small places to suffer net outmigration. Close

• 5. [Article] Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico

  Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico Author: Vasquez Caballero, Smit Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial intermediaries, making it possible for households to overcome credit constraints in their capability to attain the transition from small-scale, self-sufficient agriculture, to a market oriented production. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of migration on farm and non-farm income at a household level. Using a simultaneous equation model and data from a rural household survey from Mexico, I have tested the hypothesis that neither remittances nor migration have an effect on farm and non-farm income. The econometric findings suggest that the loss of labor to migration has a significant direct negative effect on non-farm income but the direct effect on farm income is not statistically significant. However, there is evidence that remittances have a significant positive effect on both income sources, so that migration has an indirect effect that might compensate for the loss of labor. Title: Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico Author: Vasquez Caballero, Smit Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial intermediaries, making it possible for households to overcome credit constraints in their capability to attain the transition from small-scale, self-sufficient agriculture, to a market oriented production. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of migration on farm and non-farm income at a household level. Using a simultaneous equation model and data from a rural household survey from Mexico, I have tested the hypothesis that neither remittances nor migration have an effect on farm and non-farm income. The econometric findings suggest that the loss of labor to migration has a significant direct negative effect on non-farm income but the direct effect on farm income is not statistically significant. However, there is evidence that remittances have a significant positive effect on both income sources, so that migration has an indirect effect that might compensate for the loss of labor. Close

• 6. [Article] Migration and economic change in timber-reliant counties : an econometric analysis

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Migration and economic change in timber-reliant counties : an econometric analysis Author: Owen, Linda P. Title: Migration and economic change in timber-reliant counties : an econometric analysis Author: Owen, Linda P. Close

• 7. [Article] Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo

  The mechanism(s) involved with intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo was investigated. Twenty-four gilts on Days 6, 9 and 12 of gestation (Day 0 = 1st day of estrus) were utilized to examine the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo Author: Pope, William Frederick The mechanism(s) involved with intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo was investigated. Twenty-four gilts on Days 6, 9 and 12 of gestation (Day 0 = 1st day of estrus) were utilized to examine the relationship between myometrial activity and intrauterine migration. On Day 2, embryos were flushed from one oviduct and transferred to the opposite oviduct. Myometrial contractility increased concomitant with embryo migration through the uterus (day x side interaction, P<.10). Uterine flushings contained a short-acting component that mimicked, in part, the stimulatory influence(s) of the porcine embryo on myometrial activity. Furthermore, only flushings from the uterine segment containing the Day 12 embryos could overcome the inhibitory effects of indomethacin (P<.01) on myometrial activity. The porcine embryo coincubated with myometrial strips could not directly stimulate myometrial activity. The role of estradio1-17β (E₂) and histamine in migration of the porcine embryo was examined. The involvement of E₂ in embryo migration was examined by observing the distribution of silastic beads impregnated with cholesterol (five gilts) or E₂ (five gilts) on Day 12 of the estrous cycle (after 5 days in utero). Beads impregnated with E₂ migrated further (P<.05) than those impregnated with cholesterol. Twenty additional gilts and sows were assigned to four groups (n = 5) and were used to determine if histamine was involved with intrauterine migration. Cromolyn sodium (an inhibitor of histamine release) treatment when administered on Day 6 restricted (P<.05) Day 10 embryos to the tip of the uterine horn but Day 12 embryos had gained the ability to overcome this restriction. Injection of histamine concomitantly with cromolyn sodium restored migration of Day 10 embryos. Day 5 and 7 porcine embryos recovered from 24 donors were compared for migration and survival ability in 16 nonpregnant Day 6 recipients. The percentage of Day 5 and 7 embryos surviving the transfer procedures (Day 11) did not differ. However, by midgestation (Day 60) more Day 7 (P<.001) than Day 5 embryos had survived. Migration of the embryos may be of importance because the distance between adjacent fetuses was significantly correlated with fetal weight (r = .47, P<.01). Title: Intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo Author: Pope, William Frederick The mechanism(s) involved with intrauterine migration of the porcine embryo was investigated. Twenty-four gilts on Days 6, 9 and 12 of gestation (Day 0 = 1st day of estrus) were utilized to examine the relationship between myometrial activity and intrauterine migration. On Day 2, embryos were flushed from one oviduct and transferred to the opposite oviduct. Myometrial contractility increased concomitant with embryo migration through the uterus (day x side interaction, P<.10). Uterine flushings contained a short-acting component that mimicked, in part, the stimulatory influence(s) of the porcine embryo on myometrial activity. Furthermore, only flushings from the uterine segment containing the Day 12 embryos could overcome the inhibitory effects of indomethacin (P<.01) on myometrial activity. The porcine embryo coincubated with myometrial strips could not directly stimulate myometrial activity. The role of estradio1-17β (E₂) and histamine in migration of the porcine embryo was examined. The involvement of E₂ in embryo migration was examined by observing the distribution of silastic beads impregnated with cholesterol (five gilts) or E₂ (five gilts) on Day 12 of the estrous cycle (after 5 days in utero). Beads impregnated with E₂ migrated further (P<.05) than those impregnated with cholesterol. Twenty additional gilts and sows were assigned to four groups (n = 5) and were used to determine if histamine was involved with intrauterine migration. Cromolyn sodium (an inhibitor of histamine release) treatment when administered on Day 6 restricted (P<.05) Day 10 embryos to the tip of the uterine horn but Day 12 embryos had gained the ability to overcome this restriction. Injection of histamine concomitantly with cromolyn sodium restored migration of Day 10 embryos. Day 5 and 7 porcine embryos recovered from 24 donors were compared for migration and survival ability in 16 nonpregnant Day 6 recipients. The percentage of Day 5 and 7 embryos surviving the transfer procedures (Day 11) did not differ. However, by midgestation (Day 60) more Day 7 (P<.001) than Day 5 embryos had survived. Migration of the embryos may be of importance because the distance between adjacent fetuses was significantly correlated with fetal weight (r = .47, P<.01). Close

• 8. [Article] Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A.

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by [publisher] and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/publications/e/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Schreck, Carl B., Clemens, Benjamin J., Mesa, Matthew G., Young, Douglas A., Magie, Robert J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by [publisher] and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/publications/e/. Title: Pre-spawning migration of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus, in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Schreck, Carl B., Clemens, Benjamin J., Mesa, Matthew G., Young, Douglas A., Magie, Robert J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by [publisher] and can be found at: http://www.springerlink.com/publications/e/. Close

• 9. [Article] A characterization of autumn nocturnal migration detected by weather surveillance radars in the northeastern USA

  Data associated with this paper have been deposited in Dryad: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061dryad.17209

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A characterization of autumn nocturnal migration detected by weather surveillance radars in the northeastern USA Author: Farnsworth, Andrew, Hochachka, Wesley M., Kelling, Steve, Irvine, Jed, Geevarghese, Jeffrey, Van Doren, Benjamin M., Sheldon, Daniel, Winner, Kevin Data associated with this paper have been deposited in Dryad: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061dryad.17209 Title: A characterization of autumn nocturnal migration detected by weather surveillance radars in the northeastern USA Author: Farnsworth, Andrew, Hochachka, Wesley M., Kelling, Steve, Irvine, Jed, Geevarghese, Jeffrey, Van Doren, Benjamin M., Sheldon, Daniel, Winner, Kevin Data associated with this paper have been deposited in Dryad: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061dryad.17209 Close

• 10. [Article] Beyond dichotomous life histories in partially migrating populations: cessation of anadromy in a long-lived fish

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond dichotomous life histories in partially migrating populations: cessation of anadromy in a long-lived fish Author: Miller, Jessica A., Bond, Morgan H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol Title: Beyond dichotomous life histories in partially migrating populations: cessation of anadromy in a long-lived fish Author: Miller, Jessica A., Bond, Morgan H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol Close

• 11. [Article] The economics of forest-dependent regions

  This dissertation explores two economic phenomena involving forest-dependent areas: wage distribution and migration pattern of individuals. Are forest-dependent rural areas less desirable for workers from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economics of forest-dependent regions Author: Biswas, Smita This dissertation explores two economic phenomena involving forest-dependent areas: wage distribution and migration pattern of individuals. Are forest-dependent rural areas less desirable for workers from the standpoint of labor market returns? Are different skills (e.g. education, experience) rewarded differently in these areas? If there are interregional wage differences, would that influence a working-age individual's migration decision and residential location choice? These questions are examined here with data from Public Use Microdata Survey (PUMS) of the United States 2000 decennial census. I focus my inquiry on the socio-economic characteristics of forest and non forest-dependent areas, the interregional difference in labor market outcomes, and the influence of wage differential and other factors on the migration decisions and residential location choice of working-age individuals. Reduced form log wage equations are estimated for individuals, which incorporate explanatory variables related to both skill factors (such as years of schooling and potential experience) and to non-skill factors (such as minority status) potentially influencing wage. Variations in the interregional wage distribution resulting from differences in skill mix of workers are removed by using a standardized skill distribution. The results indicate that average wages and variation in wage distribution are lower in the forest-dependent areas than other areas. For migration analysis, a Partially Degenerate Nested Logit (PDNL) model is used to model migration decisions and location choice of individuals in the Northwest between 1995 and 2000. Migration decision is modelled as a two stage process: first an individual decides whether to move or stay in his/her original location. Conditional on migration, the individual next chooses his/her destination location from a set of alternative areas. Empirical results indicate that educational attainment and labor market outcomes influence individual's migration decision. Conditional on moving, non-forest dependent areas are more attractive to individuals as residential destinations. Title: The economics of forest-dependent regions Author: Biswas, Smita This dissertation explores two economic phenomena involving forest-dependent areas: wage distribution and migration pattern of individuals. Are forest-dependent rural areas less desirable for workers from the standpoint of labor market returns? Are different skills (e.g. education, experience) rewarded differently in these areas? If there are interregional wage differences, would that influence a working-age individual's migration decision and residential location choice? These questions are examined here with data from Public Use Microdata Survey (PUMS) of the United States 2000 decennial census. I focus my inquiry on the socio-economic characteristics of forest and non forest-dependent areas, the interregional difference in labor market outcomes, and the influence of wage differential and other factors on the migration decisions and residential location choice of working-age individuals. Reduced form log wage equations are estimated for individuals, which incorporate explanatory variables related to both skill factors (such as years of schooling and potential experience) and to non-skill factors (such as minority status) potentially influencing wage. Variations in the interregional wage distribution resulting from differences in skill mix of workers are removed by using a standardized skill distribution. The results indicate that average wages and variation in wage distribution are lower in the forest-dependent areas than other areas. For migration analysis, a Partially Degenerate Nested Logit (PDNL) model is used to model migration decisions and location choice of individuals in the Northwest between 1995 and 2000. Migration decision is modelled as a two stage process: first an individual decides whether to move or stay in his/her original location. Conditional on migration, the individual next chooses his/her destination location from a set of alternative areas. Empirical results indicate that educational attainment and labor market outcomes influence individual's migration decision. Conditional on moving, non-forest dependent areas are more attractive to individuals as residential destinations. Close

• 12. [Article] Internal Migration : The Role of Discrimination and Regionalism in Southern Italians' Self Construction of Identity

  Italian nationalism and an ‘Italian’ identity were constructed during Italy’s unification movement in the mid 1800’s. However, consensus on a national identity is still weak across Italy today. Instead, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Internal Migration : The Role of Discrimination and Regionalism in Southern Italians' Self Construction of Identity Author: Spiese, Caroline E. Italian nationalism and an ‘Italian’ identity were constructed during Italy’s unification movement in the mid 1800’s. However, consensus on a national identity is still weak across Italy today. Instead, a polarization of Northern and Southern regions have contributed to discrimination, institutional racism and exclusion. This thesis demonstrates the multifaceted aspects of regionalism and internal migration, and their effects on Southern Italians’ view of identity, regionalism, and how their position as the ‘other’ contributes to their lived experience. This is supported by historical and political background information on Italy and the Emilia-Romagna region, relevant newspaper articles and political cartoons as well as qualitative fieldwork with Southern Italian migrants living in the northern city of Ferrara. This ethnographic case study highlights the growing global trends of regionalism and migration, in order to discover how migrants shape their regional identities. Title: Internal Migration : The Role of Discrimination and Regionalism in Southern Italians' Self Construction of Identity Author: Spiese, Caroline E. Italian nationalism and an ‘Italian’ identity were constructed during Italy’s unification movement in the mid 1800’s. However, consensus on a national identity is still weak across Italy today. Instead, a polarization of Northern and Southern regions have contributed to discrimination, institutional racism and exclusion. This thesis demonstrates the multifaceted aspects of regionalism and internal migration, and their effects on Southern Italians’ view of identity, regionalism, and how their position as the ‘other’ contributes to their lived experience. This is supported by historical and political background information on Italy and the Emilia-Romagna region, relevant newspaper articles and political cartoons as well as qualitative fieldwork with Southern Italian migrants living in the northern city of Ferrara. This ethnographic case study highlights the growing global trends of regionalism and migration, in order to discover how migrants shape their regional identities. Close

• 13. [Article] Fish or Flight: The Impact of Transferable Permits on the Migration Decisions of Rural Alaskan Salmon Harvesters

  This research incorporates unique household survey data and a discrete shift in fisheries management into a model of migration in order to analyze the drivers of outmigration in rural Alaskan communities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish or Flight: The Impact of Transferable Permits on the Migration Decisions of Rural Alaskan Salmon Harvesters Author: Meredith, Jennifer This research incorporates unique household survey data and a discrete shift in fisheries management into a model of migration in order to analyze the drivers of outmigration in rural Alaskan communities that traditionally depend on fisheries for income. Although there is evidence that a transition to rights-based management decreases the degree of local participation in fisheries as rural residents sell their allocations to outsiders with higher capital endowments, little is known about how these large lump-sum payments affect migration and assets. The implementation of a limited entry permit system in the Alaska salmon fishery allows us to examine how harvesters who reside in rural Alaskan communities respond to such allocations and to test whether these management shifts generate an outflow of migration, potentially undermining the resilience of small communities. A model of migration that integrates fluctuations in fishery returns and transactions within permit markets is tested using individual responses to a household survey conducted with randomly sampled respondents from 10 communities around Bristol Bay.  Although the immediate impact of permit sales on migration appears to be negligible, there is evidence of intergenerational spillovers with descendants being less likely to reside in the region, participate in the fishery, and own durable assets. Title: Fish or Flight: The Impact of Transferable Permits on the Migration Decisions of Rural Alaskan Salmon Harvesters Author: Meredith, Jennifer This research incorporates unique household survey data and a discrete shift in fisheries management into a model of migration in order to analyze the drivers of outmigration in rural Alaskan communities that traditionally depend on fisheries for income. Although there is evidence that a transition to rights-based management decreases the degree of local participation in fisheries as rural residents sell their allocations to outsiders with higher capital endowments, little is known about how these large lump-sum payments affect migration and assets. The implementation of a limited entry permit system in the Alaska salmon fishery allows us to examine how harvesters who reside in rural Alaskan communities respond to such allocations and to test whether these management shifts generate an outflow of migration, potentially undermining the resilience of small communities. A model of migration that integrates fluctuations in fishery returns and transactions within permit markets is tested using individual responses to a household survey conducted with randomly sampled respondents from 10 communities around Bristol Bay.  Although the immediate impact of permit sales on migration appears to be negligible, there is evidence of intergenerational spillovers with descendants being less likely to reside in the region, participate in the fishery, and own durable assets. Close

• 14. [Article] Migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschian) in the Copper River Delta, Alaska

  Research conducted on humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian in the Copper River Delta, Alaska has revealed a complex life history involving seasonal migrations and the occupation of a variety of freshwater ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschian) in the Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Neilson, Brian J. Research conducted on humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian in the Copper River Delta, Alaska has revealed a complex life history involving seasonal migrations and the occupation of a variety of freshwater and marine habitats including lacustrine, riverine, estuarine, and marine. Forty-five whitefish were tagged with radio transmitters in 2006 and 2007, and another 29 whitefish were tagged with acoustic tags in 2008. In addition, otolith chemistry was used to evaluate marine habitat use of humpback whitefish sampled from McKinley Lake in the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Movements and migration of tagged fish were tracked using biotelemetry techniques from boats, airplanes, and fixed receiver stations throughout the spring, summer, and fall. Sagittal otoliths were extracted from 20 humpback whitefish and a chemical analysis was performed to evaluate levels of Sr:Ca. Biotelemetry and sampling results revealed seasonal migrations where humpback whitefish migrated into McKinley Lake in mid to late spring and left the lake by late summer and early fall. Fish migrated to the Copper River in the fall by traveling down Alaganik Slough and then to the Copper River by traveling through Pete Dahl Cutoff Slough or the Gulf of Alaska. Fish travel up the Copper River presumably to their spawning grounds. Nine tagged fish returned to McKinley Lake in 2007 and four tagged fish in 2008, indicating some fidelity to the summer feeding site. Otolith chemistry detected marine migrations in 45% of the samples. Three migratory behaviors were observed, while some individuals inhabited only freshwater environments, some individuals made single migrations to marine habitats, and other individuals made multiple migrations to marine habitats. Age of whitefish ranged from 2 to 9 years. Analysis of small-scale movement of humpback whitefish in McKinley Lake found movement rates to be significantly higher at dusk compared to night in one sampling period. However, diel movement activity in all other diel periods did not significantly differ, suggesting arrhythmic diel movement. A large portion of the lake was occupied at any given time, but not all areas were used equally. Activity levels, measured by change in zones, were variable between dates and indicated that fish often moved between detection zones. An increase in activity was observed in individuals 48 h prior to migration from the lake. This study provides the first documentation of migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish in the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Results of this study will help inform management of humpback whitefish in order to sustain populations into the future. This information should be considered in land use and species management planning in the Copper River basin including fish passage and harvest regulations. Title: Migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschian) in the Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Neilson, Brian J. Research conducted on humpback whitefish Coregonus pidschian in the Copper River Delta, Alaska has revealed a complex life history involving seasonal migrations and the occupation of a variety of freshwater and marine habitats including lacustrine, riverine, estuarine, and marine. Forty-five whitefish were tagged with radio transmitters in 2006 and 2007, and another 29 whitefish were tagged with acoustic tags in 2008. In addition, otolith chemistry was used to evaluate marine habitat use of humpback whitefish sampled from McKinley Lake in the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Movements and migration of tagged fish were tracked using biotelemetry techniques from boats, airplanes, and fixed receiver stations throughout the spring, summer, and fall. Sagittal otoliths were extracted from 20 humpback whitefish and a chemical analysis was performed to evaluate levels of Sr:Ca. Biotelemetry and sampling results revealed seasonal migrations where humpback whitefish migrated into McKinley Lake in mid to late spring and left the lake by late summer and early fall. Fish migrated to the Copper River in the fall by traveling down Alaganik Slough and then to the Copper River by traveling through Pete Dahl Cutoff Slough or the Gulf of Alaska. Fish travel up the Copper River presumably to their spawning grounds. Nine tagged fish returned to McKinley Lake in 2007 and four tagged fish in 2008, indicating some fidelity to the summer feeding site. Otolith chemistry detected marine migrations in 45% of the samples. Three migratory behaviors were observed, while some individuals inhabited only freshwater environments, some individuals made single migrations to marine habitats, and other individuals made multiple migrations to marine habitats. Age of whitefish ranged from 2 to 9 years. Analysis of small-scale movement of humpback whitefish in McKinley Lake found movement rates to be significantly higher at dusk compared to night in one sampling period. However, diel movement activity in all other diel periods did not significantly differ, suggesting arrhythmic diel movement. A large portion of the lake was occupied at any given time, but not all areas were used equally. Activity levels, measured by change in zones, were variable between dates and indicated that fish often moved between detection zones. An increase in activity was observed in individuals 48 h prior to migration from the lake. This study provides the first documentation of migration, movement, and habitat use of humpback whitefish in the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Results of this study will help inform management of humpback whitefish in order to sustain populations into the future. This information should be considered in land use and species management planning in the Copper River basin including fish passage and harvest regulations. Close

• 15. [Article] The morphological events during the self-reassembly of the sea urchin embryo in culture

  The gastrula of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was dissociated into single cells. In culture these cells appeared apolar, but reassembled into quasi-normal embryos composed of structures ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The morphological events during the self-reassembly of the sea urchin embryo in culture Author: Hamada, Spencer Hiroshi The gastrula of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was dissociated into single cells. In culture these cells appeared apolar, but reassembled into quasi-normal embryos composed of structures with polarized cells. In this study emphasis was placed on those morphological events coincident with the reestablishment of a polar orientation within the epithelial cells. Using both time-lapse dark-field-phase microscopy and electron microscopy, the major morphological events followed in detail include: (a) the migration of lysosome-like vesicles to specific margins within the epithelial cells; (b) the migration of the epithelial cells during the re-construction of the epithelium: and (c) the reformation of the cell junctions between the epithelial cells. Evidence indicates that: (1) The orientation resulting from the migration of the lysosome-like vesicles is transient and may not determine any lasting polarity of the epithelial cell. The sequential migration of the lysosome-like vesicles first to the epithelial cell to cell interface, then to the basal margin and finally to the apical margin of the epithelial cell was coincident with and apparently in response to the presence of cell debris often trapped at these sites. The Lysosome-like vesicles formed tight clusters along the epithelial cellular margins where phagocytosis of cell debris and resorption of specialized structures occurred. In contrast, the mesenchyme cell had smaller numbers of phagosomes and lysosome-like vesicles and was observed to participate to a more limited degree in phagocytosis and resorption. (2) The orientation resulting from the formation of a leading edge during the migration of the epithelial cell is transient. The sequence of cytological events associated with epithelial cell migration included the formation of: (a) hyaloplasmic blebs along the cell free margin; (b) filopodia and microvilli; and (c) lamellae with a number of lamellipodia at the leading edge. In contrast, the mesenchyme cell formed filopodia on a smaller scale and was observed to participate in migration only to a limited degree. Coincident with the cessation of epithelial cell migration was the enlargement of the lamella between the epithelial cells into a hyaloplasmic sheet which forms the blastocoel wall. Embryonic cells from reassembling aggregates were cultured as monolayers on glass treated with an adhesion enhancing factor derived from the incubation medium. Cords of cells, composed of both epithelial and mesenchyme cells migrate away from the aggregate and leave in their wake clusters of cells. Epithelial cells were found at the leading margins of these cell cords and were observed forming cytoplasmic blebs, filopodia and hyaloplasmic leading edges during the migration of the cell cord. No apparent coordinate orientation was detectable within the epithelial cells of the migrating cell cord or stationary cell cluster. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a role for resorption during epithelial cell migration. (3) Cell contacts formed during reaggregation become more adhesive as development proceeds. The sequence of fine structural events associated with cell contact formation include the formation of (a) a non--junctional cell apposition, which was characterized by parallel apposed membranes; (b) an incipient continuous junction, which was characterized by parallel apposed membranes; and (c) a continuous junction, which was characterized by the presence of an electron dense region both superjacent and subjacent to the plasma membrane at the site of the junction. The cell appositions between premigratory cells were easier to disrupt mechanically than the later forming continuous junctions. The forming continuous junction was first focal in extent and later zonal in girth around the apical margin of the epithelial cell. Concurrent with the formation of the strongly adhesive continuous junction by the lamella was a cessation of epithelial cell migration, followed by an expression of an apical-basal polarity within the epithelial cell. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a role for cell contacts during the coordinated orientation of the epithelia during the formation of the blastocoel wall. Title: The morphological events during the self-reassembly of the sea urchin embryo in culture Author: Hamada, Spencer Hiroshi The gastrula of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was dissociated into single cells. In culture these cells appeared apolar, but reassembled into quasi-normal embryos composed of structures with polarized cells. In this study emphasis was placed on those morphological events coincident with the reestablishment of a polar orientation within the epithelial cells. Using both time-lapse dark-field-phase microscopy and electron microscopy, the major morphological events followed in detail include: (a) the migration of lysosome-like vesicles to specific margins within the epithelial cells; (b) the migration of the epithelial cells during the re-construction of the epithelium: and (c) the reformation of the cell junctions between the epithelial cells. Evidence indicates that: (1) The orientation resulting from the migration of the lysosome-like vesicles is transient and may not determine any lasting polarity of the epithelial cell. The sequential migration of the lysosome-like vesicles first to the epithelial cell to cell interface, then to the basal margin and finally to the apical margin of the epithelial cell was coincident with and apparently in response to the presence of cell debris often trapped at these sites. The Lysosome-like vesicles formed tight clusters along the epithelial cellular margins where phagocytosis of cell debris and resorption of specialized structures occurred. In contrast, the mesenchyme cell had smaller numbers of phagosomes and lysosome-like vesicles and was observed to participate to a more limited degree in phagocytosis and resorption. (2) The orientation resulting from the formation of a leading edge during the migration of the epithelial cell is transient. The sequence of cytological events associated with epithelial cell migration included the formation of: (a) hyaloplasmic blebs along the cell free margin; (b) filopodia and microvilli; and (c) lamellae with a number of lamellipodia at the leading edge. In contrast, the mesenchyme cell formed filopodia on a smaller scale and was observed to participate in migration only to a limited degree. Coincident with the cessation of epithelial cell migration was the enlargement of the lamella between the epithelial cells into a hyaloplasmic sheet which forms the blastocoel wall. Embryonic cells from reassembling aggregates were cultured as monolayers on glass treated with an adhesion enhancing factor derived from the incubation medium. Cords of cells, composed of both epithelial and mesenchyme cells migrate away from the aggregate and leave in their wake clusters of cells. Epithelial cells were found at the leading margins of these cell cords and were observed forming cytoplasmic blebs, filopodia and hyaloplasmic leading edges during the migration of the cell cord. No apparent coordinate orientation was detectable within the epithelial cells of the migrating cell cord or stationary cell cluster. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a role for resorption during epithelial cell migration. (3) Cell contacts formed during reaggregation become more adhesive as development proceeds. The sequence of fine structural events associated with cell contact formation include the formation of (a) a non--junctional cell apposition, which was characterized by parallel apposed membranes; (b) an incipient continuous junction, which was characterized by parallel apposed membranes; and (c) a continuous junction, which was characterized by the presence of an electron dense region both superjacent and subjacent to the plasma membrane at the site of the junction. The cell appositions between premigratory cells were easier to disrupt mechanically than the later forming continuous junctions. The forming continuous junction was first focal in extent and later zonal in girth around the apical margin of the epithelial cell. Concurrent with the formation of the strongly adhesive continuous junction by the lamella was a cessation of epithelial cell migration, followed by an expression of an apical-basal polarity within the epithelial cell. A hypothesis is presented suggesting a role for cell contacts during the coordinated orientation of the epithelia during the formation of the blastocoel wall. Close

• 16. [Article] Contribution of subyearling estuarine migrant coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to spawning populations on the southern Oregon coast

  The typical coho salmon life history has been characterized by juvenile fish that spend their entire first year in freshwater habitats before migrating into estuaries as smolts. However, reports of early ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contribution of subyearling estuarine migrant coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to spawning populations on the southern Oregon coast Author: Nordholm, Katherine E. The typical coho salmon life history has been characterized by juvenile fish that spend their entire first year in freshwater habitats before migrating into estuaries as smolts. However, reports of early migrating coho fry (age 0), including migration downstream to estuarine habitats, date back to the 1960s. Until a few years ago, these individuals were considered to be displaced surplus fish with low chances of survival. Recent studies have suggested that subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon could be an alternative life history in coastal populations, but their return as jacks or mature adults needed to be documented for this life history to be considered a viable strategy. The goal of our study was to track the return of spawning coho salmon that had been individually tagged in either estuarine or riverine nursery habitats, and determine return percentages for each life history strategy as well as independently verify the presence of subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon through otolith analysis on spawning populations. We used Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags to identify individual fish as they passed through a series of antennas deployed in two coastal lowland streams on the southern Oregon coast. Percentage return of estuary tagged parr (fish ≥ 60 mm tagged in spring and summer of their first year) was variable between years and streams. For the 2010 return year, subyearling estuarine migrants was 2.5 times higher than stream residents in Palouse Creek. Fork length at estuary entrance was reconstructed for one return year of spawning fish based on otolith Sr:Ca and Br:Ca. Four main life history strategies were identified based on their fork length at time of estuary/ocean entrance: early migrating fry (< 60 mm fork length), early migrating parr (60 - 70 mm fork length), early migrating parr that returned to freshwater before migrating as yearlings ("nomads"), and yearling migrating smolts (> 70 mm fork length). Overall, 30% (Larson Creek) to 42% (Palouse Creek) of the 2009 spawning run was made up of fish that displayed evidence of estuarine residence during their first year. This study confirms that subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon survive to reproductive age and contribute to subsequent generations. The survival of this life history type likely varies between years with changing ocean and stream conditions. It is hypothesized that their life history serves as a "bet hedging" strategy that supports coastal populations in years of poor stream conditions. In the face of rising sea levels, this life history may represent a key to the future viability of coho salmon stocks in coastal watersheds. Title: Contribution of subyearling estuarine migrant coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to spawning populations on the southern Oregon coast Author: Nordholm, Katherine E. The typical coho salmon life history has been characterized by juvenile fish that spend their entire first year in freshwater habitats before migrating into estuaries as smolts. However, reports of early migrating coho fry (age 0), including migration downstream to estuarine habitats, date back to the 1960s. Until a few years ago, these individuals were considered to be displaced surplus fish with low chances of survival. Recent studies have suggested that subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon could be an alternative life history in coastal populations, but their return as jacks or mature adults needed to be documented for this life history to be considered a viable strategy. The goal of our study was to track the return of spawning coho salmon that had been individually tagged in either estuarine or riverine nursery habitats, and determine return percentages for each life history strategy as well as independently verify the presence of subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon through otolith analysis on spawning populations. We used Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags to identify individual fish as they passed through a series of antennas deployed in two coastal lowland streams on the southern Oregon coast. Percentage return of estuary tagged parr (fish ≥ 60 mm tagged in spring and summer of their first year) was variable between years and streams. For the 2010 return year, subyearling estuarine migrants was 2.5 times higher than stream residents in Palouse Creek. Fork length at estuary entrance was reconstructed for one return year of spawning fish based on otolith Sr:Ca and Br:Ca. Four main life history strategies were identified based on their fork length at time of estuary/ocean entrance: early migrating fry (< 60 mm fork length), early migrating parr (60 - 70 mm fork length), early migrating parr that returned to freshwater before migrating as yearlings ("nomads"), and yearling migrating smolts (> 70 mm fork length). Overall, 30% (Larson Creek) to 42% (Palouse Creek) of the 2009 spawning run was made up of fish that displayed evidence of estuarine residence during their first year. This study confirms that subyearling estuarine migrating coho salmon survive to reproductive age and contribute to subsequent generations. The survival of this life history type likely varies between years with changing ocean and stream conditions. It is hypothesized that their life history serves as a "bet hedging" strategy that supports coastal populations in years of poor stream conditions. In the face of rising sea levels, this life history may represent a key to the future viability of coho salmon stocks in coastal watersheds. Close

• 17. [Article] Source of cobalt-60 and migrations of albacore off the west coast of north America

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Source of cobalt-60 and migrations of albacore off the west coast of north America Author: Pearcy, William G., Krygier, Earl E. Title: Source of cobalt-60 and migrations of albacore off the west coast of north America Author: Pearcy, William G., Krygier, Earl E. Close

• 18. [Article] Modeling carbohydrate ballasting by Trichodesmium spp.

  We report the development of a numerical model simulating vertical movement of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. Given a range of physiological parameters derived from the literature, resultant model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling carbohydrate ballasting by Trichodesmium spp. Author: Spitz, Yvette H., Letelier, Ricardo M., White, Angelicque E. We report the development of a numerical model simulating vertical movement of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. Given a range of physiological parameters derived from the literature, resultant model solutions allow us to explore the ecological significance of vertical migration by Trichodesmium colonies in a stratified oligotrophic oceanic system such as the North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG). Whereas the dominant type of model solution results in trapping of the migrating colony at the water surface, the next most frequent type of model solution is consistent with colony migration to the average depth of the phosphocline, followed by return to the upper euphotic zone, a scenario termed P-mining. Given the temporal phasing of these migrations, our results indicate that while Trichodesmium colonies could fulfill their entire P-quota in a single phosphoclinescale migration, the minimal colony size required for such a migration would be approximately 1000 μm in radius. Colonies of this size and larger have been observed in nature. However, neither the frequency of occurrence nor the relative size distributions of natural populations is known. Using published estimates of colony abundance at Station ALOHA (22° 45’ N, 158° 00’W, in the NPSG), we estimate that upward fluxes of P associated with Trichodesmium migration represent as much as 10% of the P-based export flux measured at this site. Inclusion of this simple model into coupled biophysical models should allow for better simulations of the vertical distribution of Trichodesmium biomass and thus improved representations of Trichodesmium productivity. Title: Modeling carbohydrate ballasting by Trichodesmium spp. Author: Spitz, Yvette H., Letelier, Ricardo M., White, Angelicque E. We report the development of a numerical model simulating vertical movement of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. Given a range of physiological parameters derived from the literature, resultant model solutions allow us to explore the ecological significance of vertical migration by Trichodesmium colonies in a stratified oligotrophic oceanic system such as the North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG). Whereas the dominant type of model solution results in trapping of the migrating colony at the water surface, the next most frequent type of model solution is consistent with colony migration to the average depth of the phosphocline, followed by return to the upper euphotic zone, a scenario termed P-mining. Given the temporal phasing of these migrations, our results indicate that while Trichodesmium colonies could fulfill their entire P-quota in a single phosphoclinescale migration, the minimal colony size required for such a migration would be approximately 1000 μm in radius. Colonies of this size and larger have been observed in nature. However, neither the frequency of occurrence nor the relative size distributions of natural populations is known. Using published estimates of colony abundance at Station ALOHA (22° 45’ N, 158° 00’W, in the NPSG), we estimate that upward fluxes of P associated with Trichodesmium migration represent as much as 10% of the P-based export flux measured at this site. Inclusion of this simple model into coupled biophysical models should allow for better simulations of the vertical distribution of Trichodesmium biomass and thus improved representations of Trichodesmium productivity. Close

• 19. [Article] Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America

  Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America Author: Marre, Alexander Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels of educational attainment relative to urban places. Does leaving a rural place for a city offer a pathway out of poverty and to greater income? This dissertation examines these questions with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Four models of household economic outcomes are estimated for three periods: 1979 to 1985, 1985 to 1991, and 1991 to 1997. These models estimate the nonmetropolitan out-migration decision and the following economic outcomes: household poverty, cost-of-housing adjusted household poverty, household income, and cost-of-housing adjusted household income. All four models include an instrumental variable or variables to control for possible endogeneity between the migration decision and economic outcomes. Empirical results indicate that nonmetropolitan out-migration increased poverty risk in the 1979 to 1985 period, yet had no statistically significant effect on any economic outcome during the latter periods. Educational attainment was found to be a significant, in the statistical and economic sense, determinant of economic outcomes. These findings suggest that human capital and other individual and household characteristics explained household poverty risk and income from 1985 to 1997 and that migrating out of nonmetropolitan counties had no effect. The evidence from this study indicates that rural anti-poverty policy should focus on human capital development. It does not support place-based policy. Title: Out-migration, income and poverty in nonmetropolitan America Author: Marre, Alexander Why do rural households leave for urban places? And how does this decision affect their economic well-being? Rural places in the United States have higher poverty and unemployment rates and lower levels of educational attainment relative to urban places. Does leaving a rural place for a city offer a pathway out of poverty and to greater income? This dissertation examines these questions with data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Four models of household economic outcomes are estimated for three periods: 1979 to 1985, 1985 to 1991, and 1991 to 1997. These models estimate the nonmetropolitan out-migration decision and the following economic outcomes: household poverty, cost-of-housing adjusted household poverty, household income, and cost-of-housing adjusted household income. All four models include an instrumental variable or variables to control for possible endogeneity between the migration decision and economic outcomes. Empirical results indicate that nonmetropolitan out-migration increased poverty risk in the 1979 to 1985 period, yet had no statistically significant effect on any economic outcome during the latter periods. Educational attainment was found to be a significant, in the statistical and economic sense, determinant of economic outcomes. These findings suggest that human capital and other individual and household characteristics explained household poverty risk and income from 1985 to 1997 and that migrating out of nonmetropolitan counties had no effect. The evidence from this study indicates that rural anti-poverty policy should focus on human capital development. It does not support place-based policy. Close

• 20. [Article] Passage of juvenile cutthroat trout and steelhead through retrofitted culverts

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Passage of juvenile cutthroat trout and steelhead through retrofitted culverts Author: McEnroe, Jeffrey R. Title: Passage of juvenile cutthroat trout and steelhead through retrofitted culverts Author: McEnroe, Jeffrey R. Close