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• 1. [Article] Explorations Northwestward & Hudson's Bay Company regime

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Explorations Northwestward & Hudson's Bay Company regime Author: Young, Frederick George, 1858-1929, Dye, Eva Emery, 1855-1947 Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Explorations Northwestward & Hudson's Bay Company regime Author: Young, Frederick George, 1858-1929, Dye, Eva Emery, 1855-1947 Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 2. [Article] The conquest of the great Northwest; being the story of the adventurers of England known as the Hudson's Bay Company. New pages in the history of the Canadian northwest and western states

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The conquest of the great Northwest; being the story of the adventurers of England known as the Hudson's Bay Company. New pages in the history of the Canadian northwest and western states Author: Laut, Agnes C. (Agnes Christina), 1871-1936 Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: The conquest of the great Northwest; being the story of the adventurers of England known as the Hudson's Bay Company. New pages in the history of the Canadian northwest and western states Author: Laut, Agnes C. (Agnes Christina), 1871-1936 Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 3. [Article] The Old Oregon-California pack trail

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Old Oregon-California pack trail Author: Munford, James Kenneth Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: The Old Oregon-California pack trail Author: Munford, James Kenneth Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 4. [Article] Ku on the Columbia : Hawaiian laborers in the Pacific Northwest fur industry

  Archaeological investigations can reveal persistent traditions of ethnic groups. Hawaiians were employed in the fur trade of the Columbia River from 1810 through 1850. The Hudson's Bay Company employed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ku on the Columbia : Hawaiian laborers in the Pacific Northwest fur industry Author: Rogers, Donnell J. Archaeological investigations can reveal persistent traditions of ethnic groups. Hawaiians were employed in the fur trade of the Columbia River from 1810 through 1850. The Hudson's Bay Company employed them at Ft. Vancouver, Washington from 1825 through the end of this period. Data from the excavations of the servant's village at Ft. Vancouver are compared with the built environment of contact period Hawaii. Similarity of structural remains suggests a persistence of tradition among the Hawaiian employees of the Hudson's Bay Company. Title: Ku on the Columbia : Hawaiian laborers in the Pacific Northwest fur industry Author: Rogers, Donnell J. Archaeological investigations can reveal persistent traditions of ethnic groups. Hawaiians were employed in the fur trade of the Columbia River from 1810 through 1850. The Hudson's Bay Company employed them at Ft. Vancouver, Washington from 1825 through the end of this period. Data from the excavations of the servant's village at Ft. Vancouver are compared with the built environment of contact period Hawaii. Similarity of structural remains suggests a persistence of tradition among the Hawaiian employees of the Hudson's Bay Company. Close

• 5. [Article] Chiefs & Change in the Oregon Country: Indian Relations at Fort Nez Perces, 1818-1855

  Vol.2. Companion volume to Chiefs & Chief Traders. c 1993

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chiefs & Change in the Oregon Country: Indian Relations at Fort Nez Perces, 1818-1855 Author: Stern, Theodore Vol.2. Companion volume to Chiefs & Chief Traders. c 1993 Title: Chiefs & Change in the Oregon Country: Indian Relations at Fort Nez Perces, 1818-1855 Author: Stern, Theodore Vol.2. Companion volume to Chiefs & Chief Traders. c 1993 Close

• 6. [Article] Champoeg, a perspective of a frontier community in Oregon, 1830-1861

  Champoeg, located along the Willamette River, developed as a transportation center for both river and overland travel and as a shipping point for agricultural products. Retired employees of the Hudson's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Champoeg, a perspective of a frontier community in Oregon, 1830-1861 Author: Speulda-Drews, Lou Ann Champoeg, located along the Willamette River, developed as a transportation center for both river and overland travel and as a shipping point for agricultural products. Retired employees of the Hudson's Bay Company were the first to settle in the area, in the 1830s. American settlers began arriving in large numbers in the mid-1840s. A flood in 1861 destroyed the town and efforts to rebuild were minimally successful. The research problem concerns adapting a frontier model developed for East Coast sites and applying it to a West Coast site. The data base used was the archaeological collection recovered from the townsite of Champoeg as well as land records and historical documentation. Adaptation of the frontier model included reorganizing the artifact classification system and retabulation of the model parameters. Champoeg reflects the adjusted frontier pattern suggesting that the model is a useful indicator of a frontier material culture. Title: Champoeg, a perspective of a frontier community in Oregon, 1830-1861 Author: Speulda-Drews, Lou Ann Champoeg, located along the Willamette River, developed as a transportation center for both river and overland travel and as a shipping point for agricultural products. Retired employees of the Hudson's Bay Company were the first to settle in the area, in the 1830s. American settlers began arriving in large numbers in the mid-1840s. A flood in 1861 destroyed the town and efforts to rebuild were minimally successful. The research problem concerns adapting a frontier model developed for East Coast sites and applying it to a West Coast site. The data base used was the archaeological collection recovered from the townsite of Champoeg as well as land records and historical documentation. Adaptation of the frontier model included reorganizing the artifact classification system and retabulation of the model parameters. Champoeg reflects the adjusted frontier pattern suggesting that the model is a useful indicator of a frontier material culture. Close

• 7. [Article] Peavy Arboretum : an archaeological and historical investigation of a Willamette Valley landscape

  This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Peavy Arboretum : an archaeological and historical investigation of a Willamette Valley landscape Author: Hylton, Lindon B. This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied the transformation of the landscape from an oak savannah in the mid-nineteenth century to a dense Douglas-fir forest in the early twentieth century. Culturally, the inhabitants of this period included late-prehistoric native people, Euro-American based fur industry personnel, and Euro-American settlers. As a student of history and archaeology, I have used a combination of methods and sources for this study including surface surveys for cultural materials and features, archaeological excavations and analysis, and documented materials. Knowledge gained as a result of surveys and excavations are studied within the context of other Willamette Valley archaeology, and likewise, documented materials concerning this landscape and its historic features and people are compared against larger patterns in the history of the American West. Geographically, the study area was in a fortunate position to witness cultural events. Located along the edge of the foothills of the Willamette Valley, its many desirable features attracted both native people and the first white settlers. The study area was also located along a main route of travel that was used by natives, fur company personnel, travelers, and Euro-American settlers. The section of trail has been a part of regional travel routes known at different times as the Hudson's Bay Company Trail, the California Trail, the Southern Route (Scott-Applegate Trail), and the Territorial Road. The objective of this thesis was to see what kind of information could be retrieved for a given landscape using a variety of methods practiced in history and archaeology. I believe such a multi-disciplinary approach allowed me to be more flexible and open to all pertinent sources of information. This type of investigation also provided an example of the type of work that could be done professionally when determining the cultural significance of a property. My fascination with the study of landscapes and their cultural features was also influential in my selection of a thesis topic. Title: Peavy Arboretum : an archaeological and historical investigation of a Willamette Valley landscape Author: Hylton, Lindon B. This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied the transformation of the landscape from an oak savannah in the mid-nineteenth century to a dense Douglas-fir forest in the early twentieth century. Culturally, the inhabitants of this period included late-prehistoric native people, Euro-American based fur industry personnel, and Euro-American settlers. As a student of history and archaeology, I have used a combination of methods and sources for this study including surface surveys for cultural materials and features, archaeological excavations and analysis, and documented materials. Knowledge gained as a result of surveys and excavations are studied within the context of other Willamette Valley archaeology, and likewise, documented materials concerning this landscape and its historic features and people are compared against larger patterns in the history of the American West. Geographically, the study area was in a fortunate position to witness cultural events. Located along the edge of the foothills of the Willamette Valley, its many desirable features attracted both native people and the first white settlers. The study area was also located along a main route of travel that was used by natives, fur company personnel, travelers, and Euro-American settlers. The section of trail has been a part of regional travel routes known at different times as the Hudson's Bay Company Trail, the California Trail, the Southern Route (Scott-Applegate Trail), and the Territorial Road. The objective of this thesis was to see what kind of information could be retrieved for a given landscape using a variety of methods practiced in history and archaeology. I believe such a multi-disciplinary approach allowed me to be more flexible and open to all pertinent sources of information. This type of investigation also provided an example of the type of work that could be done professionally when determining the cultural significance of a property. My fascination with the study of landscapes and their cultural features was also influential in my selection of a thesis topic. Close

• 8. [Article] Patterns from the past : exploring gender and ethnicity through historical archaeology among fur trade families in the Willamette Valley of Oregon

  This thesis examines archaeological material in order to explore gender and ethnicity issues concerning fur trade era families from a settlement in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Ethnohistorical information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns from the past : exploring gender and ethnicity through historical archaeology among fur trade families in the Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: McAleer, Carolyn Patricia This thesis examines archaeological material in order to explore gender and ethnicity issues concerning fur trade era families from a settlement in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Ethnohistorical information consisting of traders journals and travelers observations, as well as documentation from the Hudson's Bay Company, Catholic church records, and genealogical information helped support and guide this research. By using historical information as well as archaeological material, this research attempted to interpret possible ethnic markers and gender relationships between husbands and wives among five fur trade era families. Families of mixed ethnicity, including French Canadian, Native, Metis and American, settled the valley after 1828 bringing with them objects and activities characteristic of their way of life. Retired fur trade trappers, of French Canadian and American decent, married either Metis or Native women. Of 53 identified families, four French Canadian/Native families have been chosen for this project, as well as one American settler, and his Native wife. Little is known about how these women interacted within their families or whether they maintained certain characteristics of their Native culture. It was hoped that these unique cultural dynamics might become evident through an analysis of the ceramic assemblages from these sites. Due to the extensive nature of the archaeological collections, and time constraints related to this thesis, only ceramics have been examined. Information concerning the cultural characteristics of these Native cultures was included along with family biographical information and a history of the fur trade culture. This background information was then examined in reference to the ceramic analysis. All data associated with ceramic characteristics was placed into an Excel file. The information was processed using frequency charts, and examined for the presence and/or absence of certain ceramics, specifically looking at variations in color and pattern. These data were then compared to information compiled by Judith Sanders Chapman (1993) in regards to the Harriet D. Munnick Archaeological Collection, another French Prairie ceramic collection. This analysis identified few differences in pattern and color specifically among transfer-printed ceramics, however, other types of ceramics were analyzed. No ethnic markers were identifiable when the historical material was examined against the ceramic analysis, suggesting that perhaps these Native and Metis women did not make consumer choices based on ethnicity, or that their ethnicity or cultural affiliations were incorrectly established. There was also insufficient evidence supporting the hypothesis that these women actually made consumer purchases at all or even traded for ceramics. However, this study does contribute to the sparse body of knowledge that we have on French Prairie and the family and cultural dynamics that guided this group of settlers. It also suggests that any future study concerning ethnicity or tribal affiliation, may be difficult due to the multi-cultural atmosphere of the period. Title: Patterns from the past : exploring gender and ethnicity through historical archaeology among fur trade families in the Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: McAleer, Carolyn Patricia This thesis examines archaeological material in order to explore gender and ethnicity issues concerning fur trade era families from a settlement in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Ethnohistorical information consisting of traders journals and travelers observations, as well as documentation from the Hudson's Bay Company, Catholic church records, and genealogical information helped support and guide this research. By using historical information as well as archaeological material, this research attempted to interpret possible ethnic markers and gender relationships between husbands and wives among five fur trade era families. Families of mixed ethnicity, including French Canadian, Native, Metis and American, settled the valley after 1828 bringing with them objects and activities characteristic of their way of life. Retired fur trade trappers, of French Canadian and American decent, married either Metis or Native women. Of 53 identified families, four French Canadian/Native families have been chosen for this project, as well as one American settler, and his Native wife. Little is known about how these women interacted within their families or whether they maintained certain characteristics of their Native culture. It was hoped that these unique cultural dynamics might become evident through an analysis of the ceramic assemblages from these sites. Due to the extensive nature of the archaeological collections, and time constraints related to this thesis, only ceramics have been examined. Information concerning the cultural characteristics of these Native cultures was included along with family biographical information and a history of the fur trade culture. This background information was then examined in reference to the ceramic analysis. All data associated with ceramic characteristics was placed into an Excel file. The information was processed using frequency charts, and examined for the presence and/or absence of certain ceramics, specifically looking at variations in color and pattern. These data were then compared to information compiled by Judith Sanders Chapman (1993) in regards to the Harriet D. Munnick Archaeological Collection, another French Prairie ceramic collection. This analysis identified few differences in pattern and color specifically among transfer-printed ceramics, however, other types of ceramics were analyzed. No ethnic markers were identifiable when the historical material was examined against the ceramic analysis, suggesting that perhaps these Native and Metis women did not make consumer choices based on ethnicity, or that their ethnicity or cultural affiliations were incorrectly established. There was also insufficient evidence supporting the hypothesis that these women actually made consumer purchases at all or even traded for ceramics. However, this study does contribute to the sparse body of knowledge that we have on French Prairie and the family and cultural dynamics that guided this group of settlers. It also suggests that any future study concerning ethnicity or tribal affiliation, may be difficult due to the multi-cultural atmosphere of the period. Close

• 9. [Article] Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment

  The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment Author: Chapman, Judith Sanders The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists with necessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the form and function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of the mission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishing their task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. They built shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the new environment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionary duties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presence of the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon country was significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region. Title: Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment Author: Chapman, Judith Sanders The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists with necessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the form and function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of the mission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishing their task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. They built shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the new environment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionary duties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presence of the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon country was significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region. Close

• 10. [Article] Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment

  The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment Author: Weber, Mary K. (Mary Kathryn) The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists with necessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the form and function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of the mission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishing their task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. They built shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the new environment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionary duties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presence of the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon country was significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region. Title: Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment Author: Weber, Mary K. (Mary Kathryn) The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists with necessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the form and function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of the mission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishing their task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. They built shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the new environment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionary duties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presence of the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon country was significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region. Close

• 11. [Article] Calcium carbonate saturation states in the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Labrador Sea

  Ocean acidification is predicted to occur first in polar oceans. We investigated the saturation state of waters with respect to calcite (Wcal) and aragonite (Warg) in six sections along an Arctic outflow ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calcium carbonate saturation states in the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Labrador Sea Author: Petrie, Biran, Azetsu-Scott, Kumiko, Starr, Michel, Hamilton, James, Falkner, Kelly, Prinsenberg, Simon, Lee, Craig, Yeats, Philip, Clarke, Allyn, Jones, E. Peter Ocean acidification is predicted to occur first in polar oceans. We investigated the saturation state of waters with respect to calcite (Wcal) and aragonite (Warg) in six sections along an Arctic outflow pathway through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and into the northwestern Atlantic using dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity measurements from 2003 to 2005. The study area, a key region connecting the Arctic and the North Atlantic, includes Smith Sound, Barrow Strait, Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Hudson Strait, and the Labrador Sea. The average Warg in the Arctic outflow was 1.18 ± 0.17 in Barrow Strait and 1.31 ± 0.14 in Smith Sound, with areas where Warg < 1. The Arctic outflow through the CAA has a high content of Pacific waters, which have a low saturation state. These waters can be traced along the western Baffin Bay to Davis Strait. South of Davis Strait, this outflow is modified by mixing with slope and offshore waters of Atlantic origin and with the outflow from Hudson Strait. Despite the mixing, low saturation state water can still be identified on the southern Labrador Shelf. The aragonite saturation horizon is found at ∼150 m in Barrow Strait; at 200 m in Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and Hudson Strait; and at 2300 m in the Labrador Sea. This study provides baseline data of the saturation states for the waters of the CAA and the northwest Atlantic. It also illustrates the downstream evolution of low saturation state Arctic outflow in the northwest Atlantic. Title: Calcium carbonate saturation states in the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Labrador Sea Author: Petrie, Biran, Azetsu-Scott, Kumiko, Starr, Michel, Hamilton, James, Falkner, Kelly, Prinsenberg, Simon, Lee, Craig, Yeats, Philip, Clarke, Allyn, Jones, E. Peter Ocean acidification is predicted to occur first in polar oceans. We investigated the saturation state of waters with respect to calcite (Wcal) and aragonite (Warg) in six sections along an Arctic outflow pathway through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and into the northwestern Atlantic using dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity measurements from 2003 to 2005. The study area, a key region connecting the Arctic and the North Atlantic, includes Smith Sound, Barrow Strait, Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Hudson Strait, and the Labrador Sea. The average Warg in the Arctic outflow was 1.18 ± 0.17 in Barrow Strait and 1.31 ± 0.14 in Smith Sound, with areas where Warg < 1. The Arctic outflow through the CAA has a high content of Pacific waters, which have a low saturation state. These waters can be traced along the western Baffin Bay to Davis Strait. South of Davis Strait, this outflow is modified by mixing with slope and offshore waters of Atlantic origin and with the outflow from Hudson Strait. Despite the mixing, low saturation state water can still be identified on the southern Labrador Shelf. The aragonite saturation horizon is found at ∼150 m in Barrow Strait; at 200 m in Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and Hudson Strait; and at 2300 m in the Labrador Sea. This study provides baseline data of the saturation states for the waters of the CAA and the northwest Atlantic. It also illustrates the downstream evolution of low saturation state Arctic outflow in the northwest Atlantic. Close

• 12. [Article] Routing of western Canadian Plains runoff during the 8.2 ka cold event

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Routing of western Canadian Plains runoff during the 8.2 ka cold event Author: Carlson, Anders E., Klinkhammer, Gary P., Clark, Peter U., 1956-, Haley, Brian A. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Routing of western Canadian Plains runoff during the 8.2 ka cold event Author: Carlson, Anders E., Klinkhammer, Gary P., Clark, Peter U., 1956-, Haley, Brian A. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 13. [Article] Pacific Spruce Corporation and subsidiaries : C.D. Johnson Lumber Company, Manary Logging Company, Pacific Spruce Northern Railway Co. : an illustrated story reprinted from the Lumber World Review

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pacific Spruce Corporation and subsidiaries : C.D. Johnson Lumber Company, Manary Logging Company, Pacific Spruce Northern Railway Co. : an illustrated story reprinted from the Lumber World Review Author: Johnson, Bolling Arthur Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Pacific Spruce Corporation and subsidiaries : C.D. Johnson Lumber Company, Manary Logging Company, Pacific Spruce Northern Railway Co. : an illustrated story reprinted from the Lumber World Review Author: Johnson, Bolling Arthur Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 14. [Article] Estuary development with implications for management : a case study of Northwest Natural Gas Company's liquified natural gas (LNG) project at Yaquina Bay, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estuary development with implications for management : a case study of Northwest Natural Gas Company's liquified natural gas (LNG) project at Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: Good, James W. Title: Estuary development with implications for management : a case study of Northwest Natural Gas Company's liquified natural gas (LNG) project at Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: Good, James W. Close

• 15. [Article] Subtidal Salinity and Velocity in the Hudson River Estuary: Observations and Modeling

  A tidally and cross-sectionally averaged model based on the temporal evolution of the quasi-steady Hansen and Rattray equations is applied to simulate the salinity distribution and vertical exchange flow ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Subtidal Salinity and Velocity in the Hudson River Estuary: Observations and Modeling Author: Ralston, David K., Lerczak, James A., Geyer, W. Rockwell A tidally and cross-sectionally averaged model based on the temporal evolution of the quasi-steady Hansen and Rattray equations is applied to simulate the salinity distribution and vertical exchange flow along the Hudson River estuary. The model achieves high skill at hindcasting salinity and residual velocity variation during a 110-day period in 2004 covering a wide range of river discharges and tidal forcing. The approach is based on an existing model framework that has been modified to improve model skill relative to observations. The external forcing has been modified to capture meteorological time-scale variability in salinity, stratification, and residual velocity due to sea level fluctuations at the open boundary and along-estuary wind stress. To reflect changes in vertical mixing due to stratification, the vertical mixing coefficients have been modified to use the bottom boundary layer height rather than the water depth as an effective mixing length scale. The boundary layer parameterization depends on the tidal amplitude and the local baroclinic pressure gradient through the longitudinal Richardson number, and improves the model response to spring–neap variability in tidal amplitude during periods of high river discharge. Finally, steady-state model solutions are evaluated for both the Hudson River and northern San Francisco Bay over a range of forcing conditions. Agreement between the model and scaling of equilibrium salinity intrusions lends confidence that the approach is transferable to other estuaries, despite significant differences in bathymetry. Discrepancies between the model results and observations at high river discharge are indicative of limits at which the formulation begins to fail, and where an alternative approach that captures two-layer dynamics would be more appropriate. Title: Subtidal Salinity and Velocity in the Hudson River Estuary: Observations and Modeling Author: Ralston, David K., Lerczak, James A., Geyer, W. Rockwell A tidally and cross-sectionally averaged model based on the temporal evolution of the quasi-steady Hansen and Rattray equations is applied to simulate the salinity distribution and vertical exchange flow along the Hudson River estuary. The model achieves high skill at hindcasting salinity and residual velocity variation during a 110-day period in 2004 covering a wide range of river discharges and tidal forcing. The approach is based on an existing model framework that has been modified to improve model skill relative to observations. The external forcing has been modified to capture meteorological time-scale variability in salinity, stratification, and residual velocity due to sea level fluctuations at the open boundary and along-estuary wind stress. To reflect changes in vertical mixing due to stratification, the vertical mixing coefficients have been modified to use the bottom boundary layer height rather than the water depth as an effective mixing length scale. The boundary layer parameterization depends on the tidal amplitude and the local baroclinic pressure gradient through the longitudinal Richardson number, and improves the model response to spring–neap variability in tidal amplitude during periods of high river discharge. Finally, steady-state model solutions are evaluated for both the Hudson River and northern San Francisco Bay over a range of forcing conditions. Agreement between the model and scaling of equilibrium salinity intrusions lends confidence that the approach is transferable to other estuaries, despite significant differences in bathymetry. Discrepancies between the model results and observations at high river discharge are indicative of limits at which the formulation begins to fail, and where an alternative approach that captures two-layer dynamics would be more appropriate. Close

• 16. [Article] Investigation of proposed dredging operations in Yaquina Bay near the ship turning basin

  Gives an Oregon Fish Commission shellfish biologist's response to a request by the C.D. Johnson Lumber Company to dredge in Yaquina Bay. Hand-drawn map shows the proposed location for disposal of dredging ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of proposed dredging operations in Yaquina Bay near the ship turning basin Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Gives an Oregon Fish Commission shellfish biologist's response to a request by the C.D. Johnson Lumber Company to dredge in Yaquina Bay. Hand-drawn map shows the proposed location for disposal of dredging spoils. Includes the public notice issued by the Army Corps of Engineers. Title: Investigation of proposed dredging operations in Yaquina Bay near the ship turning basin Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Gives an Oregon Fish Commission shellfish biologist's response to a request by the C.D. Johnson Lumber Company to dredge in Yaquina Bay. Hand-drawn map shows the proposed location for disposal of dredging spoils. Includes the public notice issued by the Army Corps of Engineers. Close

• 17. [Article] Investigation of proposed work project by the Yaquina Dock and Dredge Co. in Yaquina Bay near Newport, Oregon

  Yaquina Dock and Dredge Company had applied for a permit to construct a dike, bulkheads, a groin and to dredge at Sally's Bend in Yaquina Bay. The Fish Commission investigated to ascertain the effects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of proposed work project by the Yaquina Dock and Dredge Co. in Yaquina Bay near Newport, Oregon Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Yaquina Dock and Dredge Company had applied for a permit to construct a dike, bulkheads, a groin and to dredge at Sally's Bend in Yaquina Bay. The Fish Commission investigated to ascertain the effects of the work on natural resources. Includes a public notice from the Army Corps of Engineers. Title: Investigation of proposed work project by the Yaquina Dock and Dredge Co. in Yaquina Bay near Newport, Oregon Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Yaquina Dock and Dredge Company had applied for a permit to construct a dike, bulkheads, a groin and to dredge at Sally's Bend in Yaquina Bay. The Fish Commission investigated to ascertain the effects of the work on natural resources. Includes a public notice from the Army Corps of Engineers. Close

• 18. [Article] Investigation of proposed dike construction in Coos Bay at Eastside, Coos County, Oregon

  Reports on an investigation of a proposal by the Evans Products Company of Coos Bay to construct a dike in the bay. Investigators found negligible quantities of the Eastern soft-shell clam, and therefore ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of proposed dike construction in Coos Bay at Eastside, Coos County, Oregon Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon. Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Reports on an investigation of a proposal by the Evans Products Company of Coos Bay to construct a dike in the bay. Investigators found negligible quantities of the Eastern soft-shell clam, and therefore did not oppose the proposed dredging and construction. Includes a hand-drawn map and a survey report. Title: Investigation of proposed dike construction in Coos Bay at Eastside, Coos County, Oregon Author: Marriage, Lowell D., Oregon. Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Reports on an investigation of a proposal by the Evans Products Company of Coos Bay to construct a dike in the bay. Investigators found negligible quantities of the Eastern soft-shell clam, and therefore did not oppose the proposed dredging and construction. Includes a hand-drawn map and a survey report. Close

• 19. [Article] Brachiopod paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and biostratigraphy in the upper Middle Devonian of Eastern North America : an ecofacies model for the Appalachian, Michigan, and Illinois Basins

  Articulate brachiopod communities sensitive to environmental factors, especially depth and distance from shore, are described from the upper Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian and Givetian; Cazenovia, Tioughnioga, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Brachiopod paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and biostratigraphy in the upper Middle Devonian of Eastern North America : an ecofacies model for the Appalachian, Michigan, and Illinois Basins Author: Koch, William Frederick Articulate brachiopod communities sensitive to environmental factors, especially depth and distance from shore, are described from the upper Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian and Givetian; Cazenovia, Tioughnioga, and Taghanic stages of eastern North America) of eastern North America. The Subrensselandia, Cupularostrum, Mediospirifer, Tropidoleptus, Devonochonetes, Mucrospirifer, Atrypid-Strophodontid, Ambocoeliid, Pacificocoelia, Truncalosia, and Camarotoechia Communities are described from the Hamilton Group of the Appalachian and Illinois Basins. The Cupularostrum, Rhipido thyris, Orthospirifer, Tropidoleptus, Mucrospirifer, Elytha, Spinatrypa, Hypothyridina-Ambocoeliid, Rhyssochonetes, and Leiorhynchus Communities are described from the Tully Formation of the Appalachian Basin. The Subrensselaxdia, Stringocephalus, Rhipidothyris, Cupularostrum, Atrypid- Gypidulinid, Devonochonetes, Cyrtina-Athyris, Camarotoechia, and Longispina Communities are described from the sub-Taghanic Traverse Group of the Michigan Basin. The Rensselandia, Chonetid, Pentamerella-Orthospirifer-Cranaena, Spiriferid-Atrypid, Mucrospirifer, Emanuella, and Leiorhynchus Communities are described from the Cedar Valley Formation and correlative strata exclusive of the Appalachian Basin. The Subrensselandia, Tropidoleptus, Mucrospirifer-Pholidostrophia, Atrypid-Gypidulinid, Chonetid-Leptaena, Brevispirifer, Emanuella, and Warrenella Communities are described from the Dundee and Rogers City Formations and correlative strata exclusive of the Appalachian Basin. The evolution of these brachiopod communities is traced from the Emsian through the early Famennian by assigning related communities to Community Groups. The temporal changes in the Community Groups are discussed in terms of the constituent genera and communities, Communities not assigned to Community Groups are also considered. The Leptaena-Schizophoria. Assemblage Zone is defined to include strata correlative with the Union Springs and Cherry Valley Formations of New York. The Fimbrispirifer-Pentagonia Assemblage Zone is defined to include strata correlative with the Centerfield Member of New York. The Rhyssochonetes-Hypothyridina Assemblage Zone is defined to include strata which correlate with the Tully Formation of New York. These assemblage zones are the basis for detailed correlation of the upper Middle Devonian strata of eastern North America. The late Middle Devonian fauna of eastern North America represents a mixture of older Eastern Americas Realm and Old World Realm faunas; many older Eastern Americas Realm stocks died out during the earlier Eifelian. Other Old World Realm genera migrated into the Eastern Americas Realm during transgressions associated with the Leptaena-Schizophoria and Rhyssochonetes-Hypothyridina Assemblage Zones; these genera distinguish these zones from older and younger rocks. The Eastern Americas Realm of the late Middle Devonian is divisible into two subprovinces. The Appohimchi Subprovince occupies the Appalachian and Illinois Basins and the clastic shelf to the east of the Appalachian Basin. The Michigan Basin-Hudson Bay Lowland Subprovince occupies a broad carbonate platform extending from Michigan west to Iowa and north to Hudson Bay. Provinciality between these subprovinces rose from the base of the Cazenovia to a peak at the time of the deposition of the Skaneateles Formation, fell during the Fimbrispirifer-Pentagonia Assemblage Zone, rose during the upper Tioughnioga, and declined sharply during the Taghanic. The Fimbrispirifer-Pentagonia Assemblage Zone is associated with a transgression and change in current patterns which allowed Appohimchi genera to migrate onto the Michigan carbonate platform. Profiles of depositional topography are constructed for several intervals of late Middle Devonian time. Shelf (undathem), slope (clinothem), and basinal (fondathem) deposits are distinguished on these profiles. Chains of communities occur along these profiles. Benthic Assemblages 1 and 2 are on the shelf, Benthic Assemblage 3 ranges from shelf through slope, Benthic Assemblage 4 from slope to basin, and Benthic Assemblage 5 is basinal. Migrations of community chains and shelf margins correspond to transgressions and regressions. Biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data allow tracing of seven transgressive-regressive events over much of eastern North America; these cycles can be used to refine correlations based on other stratigraphic techniques. Title: Brachiopod paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and biostratigraphy in the upper Middle Devonian of Eastern North America : an ecofacies model for the Appalachian, Michigan, and Illinois Basins Author: Koch, William Frederick Articulate brachiopod communities sensitive to environmental factors, especially depth and distance from shore, are described from the upper Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian and Givetian; Cazenovia, Tioughnioga, and Taghanic stages of eastern North America) of eastern North America. The Subrensselandia, Cupularostrum, Mediospirifer, Tropidoleptus, Devonochonetes, Mucrospirifer, Atrypid-Strophodontid, Ambocoeliid, Pacificocoelia, Truncalosia, and Camarotoechia Communities are described from the Hamilton Group of the Appalachian and Illinois Basins. The Cupularostrum, Rhipido thyris, Orthospirifer, Tropidoleptus, Mucrospirifer, Elytha, Spinatrypa, Hypothyridina-Ambocoeliid, Rhyssochonetes, and Leiorhynchus Communities are described from the Tully Formation of the Appalachian Basin. The Subrensselaxdia, Stringocephalus, Rhipidothyris, Cupularostrum, Atrypid- Gypidulinid, Devonochonetes, Cyrtina-Athyris, Camarotoechia, and Longispina Communities are described from the sub-Taghanic Traverse Group of the Michigan Basin. The Rensselandia, Chonetid, Pentamerella-Orthospirifer-Cranaena, Spiriferid-Atrypid, Mucrospirifer, Emanuella, and Leiorhynchus Communities are described from the Cedar Valley Formation and correlative strata exclusive of the Appalachian Basin. The Subrensselandia, Tropidoleptus, Mucrospirifer-Pholidostrophia, Atrypid-Gypidulinid, Chonetid-Leptaena, Brevispirifer, Emanuella, and Warrenella Communities are described from the Dundee and Rogers City Formations and correlative strata exclusive of the Appalachian Basin. The evolution of these brachiopod communities is traced from the Emsian through the early Famennian by assigning related communities to Community Groups. The temporal changes in the Community Groups are discussed in terms of the constituent genera and communities, Communities not assigned to Community Groups are also considered. The Leptaena-Schizophoria. Assemblage Zone is defined to include strata correlative with the Union Springs and Cherry Valley Formations of New York. The Fimbrispirifer-Pentagonia Assemblage Zone is defined to include strata correlative with the Centerfield Member of New York. The Rhyssochonetes-Hypothyridina Assemblage Zone is defined to include strata which correlate with the Tully Formation of New York. These assemblage zones are the basis for detailed correlation of the upper Middle Devonian strata of eastern North America. The late Middle Devonian fauna of eastern North America represents a mixture of older Eastern Americas Realm and Old World Realm faunas; many older Eastern Americas Realm stocks died out during the earlier Eifelian. Other Old World Realm genera migrated into the Eastern Americas Realm during transgressions associated with the Leptaena-Schizophoria and Rhyssochonetes-Hypothyridina Assemblage Zones; these genera distinguish these zones from older and younger rocks. The Eastern Americas Realm of the late Middle Devonian is divisible into two subprovinces. The Appohimchi Subprovince occupies the Appalachian and Illinois Basins and the clastic shelf to the east of the Appalachian Basin. The Michigan Basin-Hudson Bay Lowland Subprovince occupies a broad carbonate platform extending from Michigan west to Iowa and north to Hudson Bay. Provinciality between these subprovinces rose from the base of the Cazenovia to a peak at the time of the deposition of the Skaneateles Formation, fell during the Fimbrispirifer-Pentagonia Assemblage Zone, rose during the upper Tioughnioga, and declined sharply during the Taghanic. The Fimbrispirifer-Pentagonia Assemblage Zone is associated with a transgression and change in current patterns which allowed Appohimchi genera to migrate onto the Michigan carbonate platform. Profiles of depositional topography are constructed for several intervals of late Middle Devonian time. Shelf (undathem), slope (clinothem), and basinal (fondathem) deposits are distinguished on these profiles. Chains of communities occur along these profiles. Benthic Assemblages 1 and 2 are on the shelf, Benthic Assemblage 3 ranges from shelf through slope, Benthic Assemblage 4 from slope to basin, and Benthic Assemblage 5 is basinal. Migrations of community chains and shelf margins correspond to transgressions and regressions. Biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data allow tracing of seven transgressive-regressive events over much of eastern North America; these cycles can be used to refine correlations based on other stratigraphic techniques. Close

• 20. [Article] Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close