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• 1. [Article] Does Large-Scale offshore Aquaculture Farming in Western Australia Make Economic Sense? the Case of Yellowtail Kingfish

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does Large-Scale offshore Aquaculture Farming in Western Australia Make Economic Sense? the Case of Yellowtail Kingfish Author: McLeod, Paul, McElroy, Seamus Abstract only. Title: Does Large-Scale offshore Aquaculture Farming in Western Australia Make Economic Sense? the Case of Yellowtail Kingfish Author: McLeod, Paul, McElroy, Seamus Abstract only. Close

• 2. [Article] Cultural evolution and small-scale farming

  Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural evolution and small-scale farming Author: Caday, Peter P. Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose gross sales are less than $100,000, and with large-scale farmers whose sales are more than $100,000. Arguments from cultural and historical sources are cited to show that in fact only two cultural traditions may be distinguished: family farmers and industrial farmers. Furthermore, these two traditions represent contemporary examples of specific and general trends in cultural evolution. The small-scale or family farm tradition is examined at length, based on results from the 1978 Small Farm Project interviews in Polk County, Oregon, and on the author's subsequent survey in 1985, as well as other published sources. The salient features of the small-scale farming lifeway, including its perceived strengths and weaknesses, is presented and recommendations are advanced for ways in which small farm communities may be helped to survive or even thrive in the presence of apparent dominance by large-scale, industrial farms. Title: Cultural evolution and small-scale farming Author: Caday, Peter P. Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose gross sales are less than $100,000, and with large-scale farmers whose sales are more than $100,000. Arguments from cultural and historical sources are cited to show that in fact only two cultural traditions may be distinguished: family farmers and industrial farmers. Furthermore, these two traditions represent contemporary examples of specific and general trends in cultural evolution. The small-scale or family farm tradition is examined at length, based on results from the 1978 Small Farm Project interviews in Polk County, Oregon, and on the author's subsequent survey in 1985, as well as other published sources. The salient features of the small-scale farming lifeway, including its perceived strengths and weaknesses, is presented and recommendations are advanced for ways in which small farm communities may be helped to survive or even thrive in the presence of apparent dominance by large-scale, industrial farms. Close

• 3. [Article] Are Middlemen Really Exploitative? Empirical Evidence from the Sun-Dried Fish Market in Southwest, Nigeria

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Are Middlemen Really Exploitative? Empirical Evidence from the Sun-Dried Fish Market in Southwest, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, T. E., Okunmadewa, F. Y. Research Paper Title: Are Middlemen Really Exploitative? Empirical Evidence from the Sun-Dried Fish Market in Southwest, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, T. E., Okunmadewa, F. Y. Research Paper Close

• 4. [Article] Economic considerations in marketing Oregon grain : factors affecting Columbia Basin producers

  Wheat is the primary field crop in Oregon. Selection of time of sale is one of the most important marketing problems facing grain producers. The objectives of the study deal with economic considerations involved ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic considerations in marketing Oregon grain : factors affecting Columbia Basin producers Author: Wood, George E. Wheat is the primary field crop in Oregon. Selection of time of sale is one of the most important marketing problems facing grain producers. The objectives of the study deal with economic considerations involved in a wheat producer's marketing process including factors motivating the time of sale, price analysis, availability and use of market information, the role of country grain handlers, and the use of marketing alternatives to improve net income. The study area consisted of wheat-fallow farms in the Columbia Basin in north central Oregon. Included are specialized wheat units in Umatilla, Gilliam, Morrow, Sherman, and Wasco Counties. Data were obtained through a mail survey of a selected sample of farms and through personal interviews with country elevator managers. The most frequently used alternatives for marketing wheat are selling the grain all at one time (34 percent), selling at more than one time (23 percent), and placing all or part of the wheat under government loan (43 percent). The time of marketing wheat varied from year to year for 70 percent of the growers. Eighty-five percent of the growers who varied the time of sale did so to sell at a better price. Barley sales were much more concentrated in the late summer and early fall months than were wheat sales. Wheat is held longer than barley before selling because of greater fluctuations of wheat prices during the marketing year. The months were ranked from high to low according to an adjusted seasonal price index. Grower estimates of the high and low months of wheat and barley prices ranged throughout the adjusted seasonal price index. Growers have a greater awareness of the months of low prices than the months of high prices for both wheat and barley. In basing their selling decision growers place more importance on unofficial market information than on official reports. Grain handlers, newsletters, magazines, and past experience were the most important unofficial information sources. The weekly grain market report issued at Portland was the most important official source of market information. Even though farmers have ready access to general market and price information, they expressed a need for more specific information on the demand and supply outlook in foreign countries and government grain marketing operations. Country elevator managers stressed the point they do not offer advice on when to market. They only present the market information they have available, and all marketing decisions rest with the grower. The price growers receive equals coastal price minus transportation, wheat commission, and elevator charges. Characteristics of a producer's marketing environment are price uncertainty, scarcity of relevant market information, and the oligopsonistic market structure a producer faces in the sale of his grain. The following marketing plan was profitable from 1955-56 through 1964-65. If the domestic cash price minus the effective support rate for wheat is greater than or equal to $0.10 per bushel during August then August sale of the grain is recommended. If the difference is less than $0.10 per bushel, the sale is made in November or December. The net income received from using this alternative for marketing wheat is $0.035 per bushel more than a straight August sale and more than $0.015 per bushel greater than a straight November or December sale. Barley sales in October and November during the same time period returned about $1.25 per ton more than an August sale. All calculations include storage charges and the opportunity cost of not having sold the grain in August, freeing the producer's capital for other uses. Title: Economic considerations in marketing Oregon grain : factors affecting Columbia Basin producers Author: Wood, George E. Wheat is the primary field crop in Oregon. Selection of time of sale is one of the most important marketing problems facing grain producers. The objectives of the study deal with economic considerations involved in a wheat producer's marketing process including factors motivating the time of sale, price analysis, availability and use of market information, the role of country grain handlers, and the use of marketing alternatives to improve net income. The study area consisted of wheat-fallow farms in the Columbia Basin in north central Oregon. Included are specialized wheat units in Umatilla, Gilliam, Morrow, Sherman, and Wasco Counties. Data were obtained through a mail survey of a selected sample of farms and through personal interviews with country elevator managers. The most frequently used alternatives for marketing wheat are selling the grain all at one time (34 percent), selling at more than one time (23 percent), and placing all or part of the wheat under government loan (43 percent). The time of marketing wheat varied from year to year for 70 percent of the growers. Eighty-five percent of the growers who varied the time of sale did so to sell at a better price. Barley sales were much more concentrated in the late summer and early fall months than were wheat sales. Wheat is held longer than barley before selling because of greater fluctuations of wheat prices during the marketing year. The months were ranked from high to low according to an adjusted seasonal price index. Grower estimates of the high and low months of wheat and barley prices ranged throughout the adjusted seasonal price index. Growers have a greater awareness of the months of low prices than the months of high prices for both wheat and barley. In basing their selling decision growers place more importance on unofficial market information than on official reports. Grain handlers, newsletters, magazines, and past experience were the most important unofficial information sources. The weekly grain market report issued at Portland was the most important official source of market information. Even though farmers have ready access to general market and price information, they expressed a need for more specific information on the demand and supply outlook in foreign countries and government grain marketing operations. Country elevator managers stressed the point they do not offer advice on when to market. They only present the market information they have available, and all marketing decisions rest with the grower. The price growers receive equals coastal price minus transportation, wheat commission, and elevator charges. Characteristics of a producer's marketing environment are price uncertainty, scarcity of relevant market information, and the oligopsonistic market structure a producer faces in the sale of his grain. The following marketing plan was profitable from 1955-56 through 1964-65. If the domestic cash price minus the effective support rate for wheat is greater than or equal to $0.10 per bushel during August then August sale of the grain is recommended. If the difference is less than $0.10 per bushel, the sale is made in November or December. The net income received from using this alternative for marketing wheat is $0.035 per bushel more than a straight August sale and more than $0.015 per bushel greater than a straight November or December sale. Barley sales in October and November during the same time period returned about $1.25 per ton more than an August sale. All calculations include storage charges and the opportunity cost of not having sold the grain in August, freeing the producer's capital for other uses. Close

• 5. [Article] Oregon agricultural commodities : farm values and processed values

  Published July 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon agricultural commodities : farm values and processed values Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Miles, Stanley, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published July 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon agricultural commodities : farm values and processed values Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Miles, Stanley, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published July 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 6. [Article] The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69

  Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69 Author: Crowley, William D. Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified in recent years, particularly in those agricultural areas situated near urban centers and recreational areas. The main thrust of the study was directed toward determining the relationship between net real estate income per acre and sale price pier acres of properties in selected agricultural areas of Oregon. Three areas, ostensibly called agricultural areas, were selected for analysis. The areas, as classified, included a basic agricultural production area (dry land grain area in northcentral Oregon), an urban-recreation influenced area (Douglas County in southwestern Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Umpqua National Forest on the east) and an urban influenced area (Marion County in the populous and productive Willamette Valley in northwestern Oregon). In addition to determining the influence of net real estate income on property prices, the influence of other property characteristics on property prices was analyzed in each area. The other property characteristics included: year of sale, number of acres in sale, assessed value of buildings per acre, miles to nearest paved road, and miles to nearest town of at least 1,000 population. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the influence of particular property characteristics on sale price per acre. The same six-variable model was used in each area to test whether partial regression coefficient values on corresponding variables differed significantly among areas. Overlapping of 95 percent confidence intervals around corresponding partial regression coefficient values among areas was observed for all independent variables except net real estate income per acre. The income variable was an important determinant of sale price per acre only for grain area and Douglas County sales. However, the partial regression coefficient value of 49.71 in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County implies an approximate 2.0 percent capitalization rate compared to a coefficient value of 17.11 and a 5.8 percent implied capitalization rate in the grain area. Year of sale was an important influence on sale price per acre in areas influenced more strongly by nonagricultural influences, i.e., Douglas and Marion Counties, as evidenced both by the level of significance of the coefficient value and the value of the coefficient in each of these areas. The annual rate of property price appreciation at the mean was 14.3 percent in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County and 12.1 percent in urban influenced Marion County. While not significantly different from zero, the rate of price change was slightly negative in the grain area. Conclusions from the study were (1) that there is a significant difference in the influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of properties among selected agricultural areas of Oregon, (2) that the nature and degree of relationship between prices oi property sales analyzed and property characteristics of these sales varied considerably within each agricultural area selected for analysis, but especially in the urban-recreation and urban influenced areas, and (3) that in spite of relatively low mean rates of return in all three areas studied, a disparity between the farm use value and current market value of land was found to exist only in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County. Implication of these results are that variously influenced agricultural areas do exist, and that motives for and sources of satisfaction from ownership of property in agricultural areas vary within and among areas. Title: The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69 Author: Crowley, William D. Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified in recent years, particularly in those agricultural areas situated near urban centers and recreational areas. The main thrust of the study was directed toward determining the relationship between net real estate income per acre and sale price pier acres of properties in selected agricultural areas of Oregon. Three areas, ostensibly called agricultural areas, were selected for analysis. The areas, as classified, included a basic agricultural production area (dry land grain area in northcentral Oregon), an urban-recreation influenced area (Douglas County in southwestern Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Umpqua National Forest on the east) and an urban influenced area (Marion County in the populous and productive Willamette Valley in northwestern Oregon). In addition to determining the influence of net real estate income on property prices, the influence of other property characteristics on property prices was analyzed in each area. The other property characteristics included: year of sale, number of acres in sale, assessed value of buildings per acre, miles to nearest paved road, and miles to nearest town of at least 1,000 population. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the influence of particular property characteristics on sale price per acre. The same six-variable model was used in each area to test whether partial regression coefficient values on corresponding variables differed significantly among areas. Overlapping of 95 percent confidence intervals around corresponding partial regression coefficient values among areas was observed for all independent variables except net real estate income per acre. The income variable was an important determinant of sale price per acre only for grain area and Douglas County sales. However, the partial regression coefficient value of 49.71 in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County implies an approximate 2.0 percent capitalization rate compared to a coefficient value of 17.11 and a 5.8 percent implied capitalization rate in the grain area. Year of sale was an important influence on sale price per acre in areas influenced more strongly by nonagricultural influences, i.e., Douglas and Marion Counties, as evidenced both by the level of significance of the coefficient value and the value of the coefficient in each of these areas. The annual rate of property price appreciation at the mean was 14.3 percent in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County and 12.1 percent in urban influenced Marion County. While not significantly different from zero, the rate of price change was slightly negative in the grain area. Conclusions from the study were (1) that there is a significant difference in the influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of properties among selected agricultural areas of Oregon, (2) that the nature and degree of relationship between prices oi property sales analyzed and property characteristics of these sales varied considerably within each agricultural area selected for analysis, but especially in the urban-recreation and urban influenced areas, and (3) that in spite of relatively low mean rates of return in all three areas studied, a disparity between the farm use value and current market value of land was found to exist only in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County. Implication of these results are that variously influenced agricultural areas do exist, and that motives for and sources of satisfaction from ownership of property in agricultural areas vary within and among areas. Close

• 7. [Article] Cost and Returns of Extensive Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) in Disease-Affected Area: A Farm Ownerships Comparison

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cost and Returns of Extensive Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) in Disease-Affected Area: A Farm Ownerships Comparison Author: Nazmul Alam, S. M. Abstract only. Title: Cost and Returns of Extensive Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) in Disease-Affected Area: A Farm Ownerships Comparison Author: Nazmul Alam, S. M. Abstract only. Close

• 8. [Article] Internationalization Processes in the Salmon Farming Industry

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Internationalization Processes in the Salmon Farming Industry Author: Iversen, Audun Research Paper Title: Internationalization Processes in the Salmon Farming Industry Author: Iversen, Audun Research Paper Close

• 9. [Article] Economics of sewerage feed multivarietal fish farming in West Bengal

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economics of sewerage feed multivarietal fish farming in West Bengal Author: Lahiri, Debabrata Research Paper Title: Economics of sewerage feed multivarietal fish farming in West Bengal Author: Lahiri, Debabrata Research Paper Close

• 10. [Article] Descriptive epidemiology of consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, Oregon, 2011-2016

  Consumption of raw dairy products has been linked to diseases such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli and Listeria. Current retail sale of raw milk in Oregon is limited to disease-free goat or sheep ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Descriptive epidemiology of consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, Oregon, 2011-2016 Author: Pearson, Kaitlyn Consumption of raw dairy products has been linked to diseases such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli and Listeria. Current retail sale of raw milk in Oregon is limited to disease-free goat or sheep milk. Raw cow milk is legally for sale on farms with less than three cows. Consumers have various perceived benefits of raw milk consumption including but not limited to: Better taste, increased nutritional value and the presence of beneficial bacteria. Title: Descriptive epidemiology of consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, Oregon, 2011-2016 Author: Pearson, Kaitlyn Consumption of raw dairy products has been linked to diseases such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli and Listeria. Current retail sale of raw milk in Oregon is limited to disease-free goat or sheep milk. Raw cow milk is legally for sale on farms with less than three cows. Consumers have various perceived benefits of raw milk consumption including but not limited to: Better taste, increased nutritional value and the presence of beneficial bacteria. Close

• 11. [Article] Oregon farms generate buying power : $176 million first step beyond the farm gate

  Published May 1958. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon farms generate buying power : $176 million first step beyond the farm gate Author: Korzan, Gerald E. (Gerald Earl), Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Published May 1958. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon farms generate buying power : $176 million first step beyond the farm gate Author: Korzan, Gerald E. (Gerald Earl), Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Published May 1958. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 12. [Article] An economic analysis of land prices of mountainous grazing land in eastern Oregon

  The "unusual" behavior of agricultural land prices is the subject of considerable debate and controversy and is the object of this research. There is little doubt that land prices have been increasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of land prices of mountainous grazing land in eastern Oregon Author: Winter, John R. The "unusual" behavior of agricultural land prices is the subject of considerable debate and controversy and is the object of this research. There is little doubt that land prices have been increasing steadily since 1959 and dramatically throughout the decade of the 1970's. However, there is widespread disagreement among economists, appraisers, and other interested parties as to the causes of the dramatic increases in land prices. Net agricultural income is undoubtedly an important factor in the agricultural land market. Yet, land prices have continued to increase in the face of steady and even declining net incomes. Other factors often considered as exerting considerable influences are inflation, pressures from an increasing population, incentives to attain economies of size through ranch enlargement, and capitalization of government farm program "payments" into land values. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that exert significant influence on agricultural grazing land sale prices in two Eastern Oregon counties and to assess the impact of changes in these factors on the selling price of grazing land. A single equation linear regression model is used to identify the factors that have a significant impact on the price of grazing land. The variables determined to be positively correlated to the price of grazing land are the productivity of the land, the price of feeder cattle, inflation, and the assessed value of real property included in the land sales. The price of hay is negatively correlated with the price of grazing land. The inclusion of public land (USFS and BLM) grazing privileges in the sale was found to have no significant effect on the price of grazing land. In addition, purchases for the purpose of ranch enlargement are occurring at lower prices than purchases for ranch establishment. The major limitations of this study are the restrictions placed on the sales that are analyzed and the problem of standardizing a measure of land productivity. The first limitation is defensible given the stated objectives of the study and the need to limit the analysis to a roughly homogeneous class of land sales. The latter limitation prohibits generalization of the results to other areas without appropriate standardization of the measure of land productivity. Title: An economic analysis of land prices of mountainous grazing land in eastern Oregon Author: Winter, John R. The "unusual" behavior of agricultural land prices is the subject of considerable debate and controversy and is the object of this research. There is little doubt that land prices have been increasing steadily since 1959 and dramatically throughout the decade of the 1970's. However, there is widespread disagreement among economists, appraisers, and other interested parties as to the causes of the dramatic increases in land prices. Net agricultural income is undoubtedly an important factor in the agricultural land market. Yet, land prices have continued to increase in the face of steady and even declining net incomes. Other factors often considered as exerting considerable influences are inflation, pressures from an increasing population, incentives to attain economies of size through ranch enlargement, and capitalization of government farm program "payments" into land values. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that exert significant influence on agricultural grazing land sale prices in two Eastern Oregon counties and to assess the impact of changes in these factors on the selling price of grazing land. A single equation linear regression model is used to identify the factors that have a significant impact on the price of grazing land. The variables determined to be positively correlated to the price of grazing land are the productivity of the land, the price of feeder cattle, inflation, and the assessed value of real property included in the land sales. The price of hay is negatively correlated with the price of grazing land. The inclusion of public land (USFS and BLM) grazing privileges in the sale was found to have no significant effect on the price of grazing land. In addition, purchases for the purpose of ranch enlargement are occurring at lower prices than purchases for ranch establishment. The major limitations of this study are the restrictions placed on the sales that are analyzed and the problem of standardizing a measure of land productivity. The first limitation is defensible given the stated objectives of the study and the need to limit the analysis to a roughly homogeneous class of land sales. The latter limitation prohibits generalization of the results to other areas without appropriate standardization of the measure of land productivity. Close

• 13. [Article] The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers

  Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an attempt to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers Author: Hewlett, John P. Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an attempt to better understand the causes of the problem. The costs associated with farm financial stress imply corresponding benefits to be realized by its reduction. Benefits of studying and resolving farm financial stress reach beyond the farms and ranches to many related sectors such as rural communities, agribusinesses, and lending institutions. The specific hypothesis tested in this thesis is as follows: some but not all farms and ranches which have undergone serious financial stress in the early part of the 1980's in Oregon can be assisted in withstanding fluctuations in economic conditions by adopting specific strategies which promote financial stability and profitability. One of the specific objectives of this thesis was to evaluate the level of financial stress for two different agricultural production units in Oregon under differing leverage positions, and macroeconomic conditions. The production units selected for study were a cattle ranch and a wheat farm, based on their relative importance to Oregon. This first objective was satisfied through analysis of a baseline scenario, which was essentially a continuation of current conditions. Debt levels and growth rates were then altered to reflect the desired study conditions. Changing and considering three leverage ratios (20%, 40%, and 70%) and three sets of macroeconomic conditions (baseline, pessimistic, and optimistic) allowed studying of nine alternative situations to the base firm type or a total of 18 alternatives. Analysis of these different alternative production units was accomplished through a deterministic computer-based simulation model. The model simulates the financial structure and performance of a farm business over a transition period of four years with emphasis placed on the financial transactions of the firm. These transactions include purchases and sales of farm assets, financing terms, debt management, cash flows, tax obligations, consumption levels, and growth rates. The computer-based model made necessary calculations of cash flows and changes in financial statements to derive the ratios used for financial analysis over the planning horizon of four years beyond the present input case and is deterministic in the sense that all essential variables are entered by the researcher. Output from this model includes a set of coordinated financial statements for the firm over the planning horizon: a balance sheet, an income statement, statements for changes in net worth, flow of funds statement, and a fund availability report. The model also calculates profitability, liquidity, and solvency ratios used in financial ratio analysis which are provided on a summary sheet. These statements and reports are provided on an annual basis; thus, financial information is provided on yearly changes in financial position over the four year horizon. Another objective of this thesis was to evaluate various policy and management strategies designed to reduce financial stress. This objective was achieved by analysis of various scenarios designed to reduce stress simultaneously with the baseline case, which served for comparison. The specific scenarios considered were: 35% reduction of debt, 35% reduction of interest rates, two year deferral of debt, sales of 35% of total assets with no lease back, sales of 35% of total assets with lease back arrangements, and an infusion of equity capital equal to 35% of total debt. Results from this analysis were intended to show what, if any, courses of action could be pursued by agricultural firm managers and policy makers to reduce farm financial stress. The best test of the ability of these scenarios to reduce financial stress occurred in application to the high leverage wheat farm situations, as these were the cases with the most financial stress. Appropriate programs could be adopted to strengthen the financial position of the farm; in the case of low liquidity, asset sales-lease back; in cases of low solvency, equity infusions; and in circumstances where profitability needs to be enhanced, interest reductions would be the best choice. The results also seemed to suggested that public programs can maintain current levels of financial performance for producers under financial stress but do little to improve those positions. Title: The effect of various management and policy options on the financial stress situation of Oregon grain and cattle producers Author: Hewlett, John P. Agricultural economists have devoted considerable attention to the financial stress situation of agricultural producers. Many studies have been conducted in various regions of the U.S. in an attempt to better understand the causes of the problem. The costs associated with farm financial stress imply corresponding benefits to be realized by its reduction. Benefits of studying and resolving farm financial stress reach beyond the farms and ranches to many related sectors such as rural communities, agribusinesses, and lending institutions. The specific hypothesis tested in this thesis is as follows: some but not all farms and ranches which have undergone serious financial stress in the early part of the 1980's in Oregon can be assisted in withstanding fluctuations in economic conditions by adopting specific strategies which promote financial stability and profitability. One of the specific objectives of this thesis was to evaluate the level of financial stress for two different agricultural production units in Oregon under differing leverage positions, and macroeconomic conditions. The production units selected for study were a cattle ranch and a wheat farm, based on their relative importance to Oregon. This first objective was satisfied through analysis of a baseline scenario, which was essentially a continuation of current conditions. Debt levels and growth rates were then altered to reflect the desired study conditions. Changing and considering three leverage ratios (20%, 40%, and 70%) and three sets of macroeconomic conditions (baseline, pessimistic, and optimistic) allowed studying of nine alternative situations to the base firm type or a total of 18 alternatives. Analysis of these different alternative production units was accomplished through a deterministic computer-based simulation model. The model simulates the financial structure and performance of a farm business over a transition period of four years with emphasis placed on the financial transactions of the firm. These transactions include purchases and sales of farm assets, financing terms, debt management, cash flows, tax obligations, consumption levels, and growth rates. The computer-based model made necessary calculations of cash flows and changes in financial statements to derive the ratios used for financial analysis over the planning horizon of four years beyond the present input case and is deterministic in the sense that all essential variables are entered by the researcher. Output from this model includes a set of coordinated financial statements for the firm over the planning horizon: a balance sheet, an income statement, statements for changes in net worth, flow of funds statement, and a fund availability report. The model also calculates profitability, liquidity, and solvency ratios used in financial ratio analysis which are provided on a summary sheet. These statements and reports are provided on an annual basis; thus, financial information is provided on yearly changes in financial position over the four year horizon. Another objective of this thesis was to evaluate various policy and management strategies designed to reduce financial stress. This objective was achieved by analysis of various scenarios designed to reduce stress simultaneously with the baseline case, which served for comparison. The specific scenarios considered were: 35% reduction of debt, 35% reduction of interest rates, two year deferral of debt, sales of 35% of total assets with no lease back, sales of 35% of total assets with lease back arrangements, and an infusion of equity capital equal to 35% of total debt. Results from this analysis were intended to show what, if any, courses of action could be pursued by agricultural firm managers and policy makers to reduce farm financial stress. The best test of the ability of these scenarios to reduce financial stress occurred in application to the high leverage wheat farm situations, as these were the cases with the most financial stress. Appropriate programs could be adopted to strengthen the financial position of the farm; in the case of low liquidity, asset sales-lease back; in cases of low solvency, equity infusions; and in circumstances where profitability needs to be enhanced, interest reductions would be the best choice. The results also seemed to suggested that public programs can maintain current levels of financial performance for producers under financial stress but do little to improve those positions. Close

• 14. [Article] Breaking New Ground: Farmer Perspectives on Organic Transition

  Despite increasing consumer demand for organic food and farm products and double-digit annual sales growth, U.S. organic production is currently flat and unable to meet demand. This report presents findings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breaking New Ground: Farmer Perspectives on Organic Transition Author: Brown, Sarah, Schreiner, Chris, Gwin, Lauren, Stephenson, Garry Despite increasing consumer demand for organic food and farm products and double-digit annual sales growth, U.S. organic production is currently flat and unable to meet demand. This report presents findings from a national survey of farmers about their experiences with organic transition, exploring motivations, obstacles, and desired resources and support related to the transition process. We found significant variation among farms who had successfully transitioned, who were still in process, who have split operations, and who ultimately decided not to pursue organic farming. Farmers in our study echo long-standing concerns about costs, recordkeeping, on-farm production challenges, infrastructure, and access to profitable markets. We offer a set of specific recommendations, observing that there is plenty of work to do by a wide variety of organizations and agencies that specialize in crop research, infrastructure development, market development, and policy development related to the organic sector. The report is a collaboration between Oregon State University’s Center for Small Farms & Community Food Systems and Oregon Tilth, Inc. Title: Breaking New Ground: Farmer Perspectives on Organic Transition Author: Brown, Sarah, Schreiner, Chris, Gwin, Lauren, Stephenson, Garry Despite increasing consumer demand for organic food and farm products and double-digit annual sales growth, U.S. organic production is currently flat and unable to meet demand. This report presents findings from a national survey of farmers about their experiences with organic transition, exploring motivations, obstacles, and desired resources and support related to the transition process. We found significant variation among farms who had successfully transitioned, who were still in process, who have split operations, and who ultimately decided not to pursue organic farming. Farmers in our study echo long-standing concerns about costs, recordkeeping, on-farm production challenges, infrastructure, and access to profitable markets. We offer a set of specific recommendations, observing that there is plenty of work to do by a wide variety of organizations and agencies that specialize in crop research, infrastructure development, market development, and policy development related to the organic sector. The report is a collaboration between Oregon State University’s Center for Small Farms & Community Food Systems and Oregon Tilth, Inc. Close

• 15. [Article] The Effect of Oyster Farm on the Neighboring Housing Value in Rhode Island

  From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Oyster Farm on the Neighboring Housing Value in Rhode Island Author: Uchida, Hiro, Sudhakaran, Pratheesh O., Opaluch, Jim, Puggioni, Gavino From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish aquaculture operations, these operations are sometimes opposed by local communities claiming the devaluation of housing property due to the construction of oyster farm. Since the uproars against the devaluing of housing property is directly affecting the lives of public, it is critically important to study the effect of construction of oyster farm on its value. A difference-in-difference (DoD) model within hedonic price model (HPM) was used to evaluate the effect of oyster farm on property value. We collected the details of the oyster farms operated in Rhode Island from the Coastal Resource Management Council (CRMC). Our housing sales data lists all the housing transactions in Rhode Island between 2000 and 2013. We used a linear mixed model with lot size as unit level fixed effect and city as random effect. The result showed that the DoD coefficient associated with interaction of distance bands and the construction of oyster farm, was statistically insignificant. The statistical insignificance of the coefficients suggests that there is not much change in housing value due to the construction of oyster farm. The analysis shows that houses further away from coastline will reduce the value of the property. One of the caveats of this study is lesser housing transactions since the construction of oyster farm happened in recent years. Title: The Effect of Oyster Farm on the Neighboring Housing Value in Rhode Island Author: Uchida, Hiro, Sudhakaran, Pratheesh O., Opaluch, Jim, Puggioni, Gavino From 2000 onwards, the United States saw an increasing trend for the shellfish aquaculture practices especially along the Northeast coast. Despite the supporting majority of public regarding the shellfish aquaculture operations, these operations are sometimes opposed by local communities claiming the devaluation of housing property due to the construction of oyster farm. Since the uproars against the devaluing of housing property is directly affecting the lives of public, it is critically important to study the effect of construction of oyster farm on its value. A difference-in-difference (DoD) model within hedonic price model (HPM) was used to evaluate the effect of oyster farm on property value. We collected the details of the oyster farms operated in Rhode Island from the Coastal Resource Management Council (CRMC). Our housing sales data lists all the housing transactions in Rhode Island between 2000 and 2013. We used a linear mixed model with lot size as unit level fixed effect and city as random effect. The result showed that the DoD coefficient associated with interaction of distance bands and the construction of oyster farm, was statistically insignificant. The statistical insignificance of the coefficients suggests that there is not much change in housing value due to the construction of oyster farm. The analysis shows that houses further away from coastline will reduce the value of the property. One of the caveats of this study is lesser housing transactions since the construction of oyster farm happened in recent years. Close

• 16. [Article] An analysis of the growth and development of the 'Tangent Grange Oil Company' as a case study

  The foundation upon which any cooperative rests is the economic need for it as a business enterprise. The existence of such a need cannot by itself provide the basis for a thriving cooperative. Not only ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the growth and development of the 'Tangent Grange Oil Company' as a case study Author: Maina, Francis Mugoiyo The foundation upon which any cooperative rests is the economic need for it as a business enterprise. The existence of such a need cannot by itself provide the basis for a thriving cooperative. Not only mus.t the need exist, but the members or the promoters must through realistic and diligent investigations establish convincingly that: (1) the particular needs will be better met by cooperative action, (2) enough business and capital will be forthcoming for efficient and economic operations, (3) members as the chief source of business and risk capital, will obtain benefits not otherwise obtainable. This includes goods and services not available in their area or available but at unreasonable prices or inferior quality. The rapid evolution of Grange Oil Company int a financially stable business enterprise is proof of the need and the demand that existed for its services. Agricultural recovery during World War II and the subsequent demand for agricultural products in the postwar years, had a great impact on the growth and development of many cooperatives started during or soon after the great depression in the early 1930's. High agricultural prices relative to non-farm prices, facilitated relatively large net margins and therefore greater capital accumulation. Cooperatives were able to build and to consolidate their net-worth position in readiness for the problems that beset agriculture in the 1950's. In the decade 1952 to 1961, agriculture entered an era of price-cost squeeze. Improvements in farm technology and greater use of commercial fertilizers induced greater farm output. Consequently, prices received by farmers declined 20 percent while prices paid increased 5 percent. Narrowing net margins, caused by generally increasing operating expenses triggered sizeable sales promotion efforts. Increased sales, by virtue of their ability to keep plant overhead costs down, facilitated low per dollar expenses and enabled Grange Oil Company to make substantial savings for its members in the period 1950 to 1959. Sales alone cannot be expected to keep expenses down indefinitely. Other methods of holding down expenses have to be sought. There is a limit to the amount of inventory that present plant facilities can hold. A sales-expenses oriented plant size could prove uneconomic to run for many years. Present and future plant requirements must therefore take into account not only the sales-expenses relationship, but also current economic trends, future business expectations, size of the market and the possible degree of competition. The long run firm plans should provide for expansion when the need arises but the current plant capacity should be related to short run business expectations. The present Grange Oil Company's plant capacity exceeds the ability of the association to increase business volume in the next few years. This problem must be overcome before further expansion is contemplated. This study revealed four important points: (1) The environment in which a cooperative is launched has a great influence on its success; (2) Cooperatives need to broaden their equity capital base. More capital should be raised from members in good years for financing business and plant expansions; (3) Success hinges, among other things, on the ability of the cooperative to keep pace with the changes in the market or the industry which it serves; (4) Good effective and efficient management and employees are vital for successful operations. Title: An analysis of the growth and development of the 'Tangent Grange Oil Company' as a case study Author: Maina, Francis Mugoiyo The foundation upon which any cooperative rests is the economic need for it as a business enterprise. The existence of such a need cannot by itself provide the basis for a thriving cooperative. Not only mus.t the need exist, but the members or the promoters must through realistic and diligent investigations establish convincingly that: (1) the particular needs will be better met by cooperative action, (2) enough business and capital will be forthcoming for efficient and economic operations, (3) members as the chief source of business and risk capital, will obtain benefits not otherwise obtainable. This includes goods and services not available in their area or available but at unreasonable prices or inferior quality. The rapid evolution of Grange Oil Company int a financially stable business enterprise is proof of the need and the demand that existed for its services. Agricultural recovery during World War II and the subsequent demand for agricultural products in the postwar years, had a great impact on the growth and development of many cooperatives started during or soon after the great depression in the early 1930's. High agricultural prices relative to non-farm prices, facilitated relatively large net margins and therefore greater capital accumulation. Cooperatives were able to build and to consolidate their net-worth position in readiness for the problems that beset agriculture in the 1950's. In the decade 1952 to 1961, agriculture entered an era of price-cost squeeze. Improvements in farm technology and greater use of commercial fertilizers induced greater farm output. Consequently, prices received by farmers declined 20 percent while prices paid increased 5 percent. Narrowing net margins, caused by generally increasing operating expenses triggered sizeable sales promotion efforts. Increased sales, by virtue of their ability to keep plant overhead costs down, facilitated low per dollar expenses and enabled Grange Oil Company to make substantial savings for its members in the period 1950 to 1959. Sales alone cannot be expected to keep expenses down indefinitely. Other methods of holding down expenses have to be sought. There is a limit to the amount of inventory that present plant facilities can hold. A sales-expenses oriented plant size could prove uneconomic to run for many years. Present and future plant requirements must therefore take into account not only the sales-expenses relationship, but also current economic trends, future business expectations, size of the market and the possible degree of competition. The long run firm plans should provide for expansion when the need arises but the current plant capacity should be related to short run business expectations. The present Grange Oil Company's plant capacity exceeds the ability of the association to increase business volume in the next few years. This problem must be overcome before further expansion is contemplated. This study revealed four important points: (1) The environment in which a cooperative is launched has a great influence on its success; (2) Cooperatives need to broaden their equity capital base. More capital should be raised from members in good years for financing business and plant expansions; (3) Success hinges, among other things, on the ability of the cooperative to keep pace with the changes in the market or the industry which it serves; (4) Good effective and efficient management and employees are vital for successful operations. Close

• 17. [Article] Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services

  Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services Author: Singh, Ashok K. Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery and consequently changes in farm machinery firms to meet the changing demands of farmers. In general, the research question of interest was: "What are the most effective and efficient ways farm machinery firms might adjust to the changing demands of farmers for used farm machinery and related products and services. The specific purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate farmers' and dealers' attitudes and preferences relative to guarantees on used equipment, farm service centers and information services, 2) to evaluate inconsistencies between farmers and dealer attitudes and preferences, and 3) to evaluate which of selected farm, farmer, dealer, and dealership characteristics may or may not be related to respective attitudes and preferences of farmers and dealers. Farm machinery dealers in Oregon, Washington and Western Idaho were sent questionnaires. Questionnaires were also sent to a sample of all Oregon farmers. The relationships of interest were tested for significance via a computerized contingency analysis. The farmers' attitudes and preferences suggest strongly that gross sales of used equipment could be increased if machinery dealers would provide guarantees more acceptable to farmers. Apparently, smaller farmers in particular might be induced to purchase more used equipment if guarantees were more acceptable to them. Farmers in general indicated a preference for used equipment guarantees that cover all breakdowns for a longer period, with larger farmers preferring guarantees covering only major breakdowns. Farmers were divided as to whether used equipment guarantees should cover all or half the labor costs of repairing breakdowns, but felt more strongly that guarantees should cover all parts costs. They were also divided as to whether the guarantee period should be 30, 60 or 90 days. Dealers, however, strongly preferred guarantees covering 30 days and 1/2 the labor and parts costs. Farmers preferred to have more acceptable guarantees rather than lower prices, which suggests a willingness to pay some price for the added services. Farmers indicated farm service centers would be more convenient for them. Smaller farmers were more inclined than larger farmers to prefer doing business with a farm service center. The study indicates about 2/5 of a service centers' customers would be within 25 miles and 4/5 within 50 miles. Farmers much preferred to have service centers house competing suppliers of products and services, and decidedly felt the service center should be located outside the city limits of towns. Farmers were divided as to whether the service center should be operated as a farmers' cooperative, as independent business or as a combination of both. Three fourths or more of the farmers preferred that farm service centers carry the following products, listed in order of priority, highest priority first: Farm machinery; fertilizer; chemicals; hardware and power tools; tires, batteries and accessories; and feed, followed closely by a preference for a blacksmith and machine shop, and irrigation supplies. Farmers indicated a substantial preference for machinery related information/educational services, with primary preference for material relating to machinery and equipment maintenance, minor engine repairs, equipment leasing and engine tune-ups. The information/ educational services appealed particularly to larger farmers, farmers planning larger machinery expenditures and younger farmers. Title: Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services Author: Singh, Ashok K. Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery and consequently changes in farm machinery firms to meet the changing demands of farmers. In general, the research question of interest was: "What are the most effective and efficient ways farm machinery firms might adjust to the changing demands of farmers for used farm machinery and related products and services. The specific purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate farmers' and dealers' attitudes and preferences relative to guarantees on used equipment, farm service centers and information services, 2) to evaluate inconsistencies between farmers and dealer attitudes and preferences, and 3) to evaluate which of selected farm, farmer, dealer, and dealership characteristics may or may not be related to respective attitudes and preferences of farmers and dealers. Farm machinery dealers in Oregon, Washington and Western Idaho were sent questionnaires. Questionnaires were also sent to a sample of all Oregon farmers. The relationships of interest were tested for significance via a computerized contingency analysis. The farmers' attitudes and preferences suggest strongly that gross sales of used equipment could be increased if machinery dealers would provide guarantees more acceptable to farmers. Apparently, smaller farmers in particular might be induced to purchase more used equipment if guarantees were more acceptable to them. Farmers in general indicated a preference for used equipment guarantees that cover all breakdowns for a longer period, with larger farmers preferring guarantees covering only major breakdowns. Farmers were divided as to whether used equipment guarantees should cover all or half the labor costs of repairing breakdowns, but felt more strongly that guarantees should cover all parts costs. They were also divided as to whether the guarantee period should be 30, 60 or 90 days. Dealers, however, strongly preferred guarantees covering 30 days and 1/2 the labor and parts costs. Farmers preferred to have more acceptable guarantees rather than lower prices, which suggests a willingness to pay some price for the added services. Farmers indicated farm service centers would be more convenient for them. Smaller farmers were more inclined than larger farmers to prefer doing business with a farm service center. The study indicates about 2/5 of a service centers' customers would be within 25 miles and 4/5 within 50 miles. Farmers much preferred to have service centers house competing suppliers of products and services, and decidedly felt the service center should be located outside the city limits of towns. Farmers were divided as to whether the service center should be operated as a farmers' cooperative, as independent business or as a combination of both. Three fourths or more of the farmers preferred that farm service centers carry the following products, listed in order of priority, highest priority first: Farm machinery; fertilizer; chemicals; hardware and power tools; tires, batteries and accessories; and feed, followed closely by a preference for a blacksmith and machine shop, and irrigation supplies. Farmers indicated a substantial preference for machinery related information/educational services, with primary preference for material relating to machinery and equipment maintenance, minor engine repairs, equipment leasing and engine tune-ups. The information/ educational services appealed particularly to larger farmers, farmers planning larger machinery expenditures and younger farmers. Close

• 18. [Article] Marketing management: guidelines for farm level wheat sales decisions

  Published June 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marketing management: guidelines for farm level wheat sales decisions Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Marketing management: guidelines for farm level wheat sales decisions Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 19. [Article] Agriculture in Oregon counties : farm sales and general characteristics

  Published June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture in Oregon counties : farm sales and general characteristics Author: Oregon State University. Cooperative Extension Service Published June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Agriculture in Oregon counties : farm sales and general characteristics Author: Oregon State University. Cooperative Extension Service Published June 1971. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 20. [Article] Potential expansion of fresh market sales as an outlet for Oregon-grown vegetables

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential expansion of fresh market sales as an outlet for Oregon-grown vegetables Author: Gorman, William David Title: Potential expansion of fresh market sales as an outlet for Oregon-grown vegetables Author: Gorman, William David Close