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• 1. [Article] Stability of International Fisheries Agreements: Implications of Non-Market Benefits and the Country of Origin

  Salmon is an anadromous species that during its feeding and spawning migrations is sought after catch for commercial and recreational fisheries. The management of salmon fisheries is complicated by the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stability of International Fisheries Agreements: Implications of Non-Market Benefits and the Country of Origin Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile, Laukkanen, Marita, Lindroos, Marko, Romakkaniemi, Atso, Nieminen, Emmi, Parkkila, Katja, Pintassilgo, Pedro, Pulkkinen, Henni Salmon is an anadromous species that during its feeding and spawning migrations is sought after catch for commercial and recreational fisheries. The management of salmon fisheries is complicated by the combination of mixed and single stock fisheries. Thus, the country of origin has sovereign control over harvest of a salmon stock only at the last steps of the gauntlet. This paper addresses the stability of an international fisheries agreement on the Baltic salmon. This setting is modeled through a coalition game in the partition function form with four asymmetric players. Countries payoffs depend both on commercial fishery’s profits and net benefits from recreational harvest. Moreover, the country of origin must ensure that each of the salmon stocks achieve or maintain a sustainable size. The economic sub-model is calibrated using commercial fisheries statistics and existing non-market valuation studies. The underlying population dynamics model accounts for 15 salmon stocks and it is used in the actual stock assessment. The results indicate that by considering economic aspects of recreational fisheries it is possible to stabilize the grand coalition. However, the cooperative strategies of the grand coalition do not ensure biologically sound harvesting of all salmon stocks. Title: Stability of International Fisheries Agreements: Implications of Non-Market Benefits and the Country of Origin Author: Levontin, Polina, Kulmala, Soile, Laukkanen, Marita, Lindroos, Marko, Romakkaniemi, Atso, Nieminen, Emmi, Parkkila, Katja, Pintassilgo, Pedro, Pulkkinen, Henni Salmon is an anadromous species that during its feeding and spawning migrations is sought after catch for commercial and recreational fisheries. The management of salmon fisheries is complicated by the combination of mixed and single stock fisheries. Thus, the country of origin has sovereign control over harvest of a salmon stock only at the last steps of the gauntlet. This paper addresses the stability of an international fisheries agreement on the Baltic salmon. This setting is modeled through a coalition game in the partition function form with four asymmetric players. Countries payoffs depend both on commercial fishery’s profits and net benefits from recreational harvest. Moreover, the country of origin must ensure that each of the salmon stocks achieve or maintain a sustainable size. The economic sub-model is calibrated using commercial fisheries statistics and existing non-market valuation studies. The underlying population dynamics model accounts for 15 salmon stocks and it is used in the actual stock assessment. The results indicate that by considering economic aspects of recreational fisheries it is possible to stabilize the grand coalition. However, the cooperative strategies of the grand coalition do not ensure biologically sound harvesting of all salmon stocks. Close

• 2. [Article] Ecological and evolutionary patterns of freshwater maturation in Pacific and Atlantic salmonines

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological and evolutionary patterns of freshwater maturation in Pacific and Atlantic salmonines Author: Ohms, Haley A., Sloat, Matthew R., et al., Dunham, Jason B., Fraser, Dylan J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11160. Title: Ecological and evolutionary patterns of freshwater maturation in Pacific and Atlantic salmonines Author: Ohms, Haley A., Sloat, Matthew R., et al., Dunham, Jason B., Fraser, Dylan J. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11160. Close

• 3. [Article] The Economics of Conservation Targeting Strategies

  This is an abbreviated version of a paper published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82 #2, pages 400-413.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economics of Conservation Targeting Strategies Author: Boggess, William G., Wu, JunJie, Adams, Richard M. Year: 2001 This is an abbreviated version of a paper published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82 #2, pages 400-413. Title: The Economics of Conservation Targeting Strategies Author: Boggess, William G., Wu, JunJie, Adams, Richard M. Year: 2001 This is an abbreviated version of a paper published in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82 #2, pages 400-413. Close

• 4. [Article] Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA

  A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Zielinski, Christopher A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since 1996. The PRB complex, starting at river kilometer (Rkm) 103, blocks the further upstream migration of anadromous salmonids into upper river basin waters. Part of the process for evaluating the passage plan was the development of a Fish Health Management Program. The program is, in part, designed to minimize and communicate the magnitude of risk associated with passing serious fish pathogens upstream of the PRB until evaluation of the fish passage effort confirms that the reestablishment of anadromous fish species can be successful. With the goal of minimizing the risk of passing serious fish pathogens along with evaluating the magnitude of risk, several potential pathogens of concern were identified. At the forefront of concern is the fish pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis which is responsible for whirling disease in salmonids. Annual, or at least periodic, introduction of M. cerebralis into the lower DRB has occurred since at least 1984 as a result of infected stray adult salmonids spawning and dying there. These are primarily hatchery summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and to a lesser extent spring Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), from the Snake River system. Because of its' potential to cause significant mortality, the risk associated with M. cerebralis establishment in the DRB needed to be addressed. The risk of the parasite being transmitted and established upstream of the PRB with the renewal of fish passage at the PRB, and the potential for M. cerebralis to affect survival of reintroduced anadromous fish species required investigation. To evaluate these potential risks, we conducted multi-year studies (1998-2007) that informed a risk-assessment model. Tailored specifically for M. cerebralis, this model was used to identify key characteristics that will influence pathways of M. cerebralis introduction, the potential for establishment, and the consequences of establishment. The three steps involved in the risk assessment model are the release, exposure and consequence assessments. Using this model we evaluated the probability of introduction and establishment of M. cerebralis in the lower Deschutes River Basin (DRB) as well as in waters above the PRB with future passage of anadromous fish. The current study gives evidence that M. cerebralis is established in the lower DRB. The current study also gives evidence not all areas of the DRB can be classified as having the same likelihood for establishment and the potential impact the parasite poses will not be identical from one location to another. It is clear, however, that M. cerebralis could become established above the PRB if infected fish carry the myxospore into these waters. Title: Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Zielinski, Christopher A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since 1996. The PRB complex, starting at river kilometer (Rkm) 103, blocks the further upstream migration of anadromous salmonids into upper river basin waters. Part of the process for evaluating the passage plan was the development of a Fish Health Management Program. The program is, in part, designed to minimize and communicate the magnitude of risk associated with passing serious fish pathogens upstream of the PRB until evaluation of the fish passage effort confirms that the reestablishment of anadromous fish species can be successful. With the goal of minimizing the risk of passing serious fish pathogens along with evaluating the magnitude of risk, several potential pathogens of concern were identified. At the forefront of concern is the fish pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis which is responsible for whirling disease in salmonids. Annual, or at least periodic, introduction of M. cerebralis into the lower DRB has occurred since at least 1984 as a result of infected stray adult salmonids spawning and dying there. These are primarily hatchery summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and to a lesser extent spring Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), from the Snake River system. Because of its' potential to cause significant mortality, the risk associated with M. cerebralis establishment in the DRB needed to be addressed. The risk of the parasite being transmitted and established upstream of the PRB with the renewal of fish passage at the PRB, and the potential for M. cerebralis to affect survival of reintroduced anadromous fish species required investigation. To evaluate these potential risks, we conducted multi-year studies (1998-2007) that informed a risk-assessment model. Tailored specifically for M. cerebralis, this model was used to identify key characteristics that will influence pathways of M. cerebralis introduction, the potential for establishment, and the consequences of establishment. The three steps involved in the risk assessment model are the release, exposure and consequence assessments. Using this model we evaluated the probability of introduction and establishment of M. cerebralis in the lower Deschutes River Basin (DRB) as well as in waters above the PRB with future passage of anadromous fish. The current study gives evidence that M. cerebralis is established in the lower DRB. The current study also gives evidence not all areas of the DRB can be classified as having the same likelihood for establishment and the potential impact the parasite poses will not be identical from one location to another. It is clear, however, that M. cerebralis could become established above the PRB if infected fish carry the myxospore into these waters. Close

• 5. [Article] Environmental variables as predictors of fish assemblages in the Tillamook Basin, Oregon

  The Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins of the Tillamook Bay watershed (Oregon Coast Range) have differences in geology and land use history and, therefore, varied environmental conditions that could affect ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental variables as predictors of fish assemblages in the Tillamook Basin, Oregon Author: Rose, Cathleen E. The Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins of the Tillamook Bay watershed (Oregon Coast Range) have differences in geology and land use history and, therefore, varied environmental conditions that could affect fish assemblages. Fifty-two randomly selected wadeable stream reaches in these two subbasins were surveyed for stream habitat and fish assemblage composition during two summer field seasons. Data collected were used to identify environmental variables most associated with fish assemblages, determine major predictors of fish species relative abundance, and test for any differences in fish assemblages between the Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins and among three stream orders. Eleven fish species were encountered, including four salmonid species (Oncorhynchus spp.) and five species of sculpin (Cottus spp.). For three sites visited twice in both field seasons, variability in fish assemblages and environmental measurements between sample years and between early and late-summer visits to sites was low. Fish assemblages differed between the two subbasins. The assemblages in the Kilchis subbasin contained higher proportions of trout species, while the Tillamook subbasin assemblages contained higher proportions of sculpin species. A breakdown of fish assemblages by stream order showed that different fish species dominated the assemblages in different sized streams. With data from both subbasins combined, trout species composed a smaller proportion of the fish assemblages in larger streams, and sculpin species composition also varied with stream order. Results from non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations indicated that substrate type, stream gradient, and variables related to stream size were the most highly correlated to fish species relative abundances. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the usefulness of an uncorrelated subset of the environmental variables as predictors of relative abundance of the six most common fish species. The environmental variables were good predictors of relative abundance for some species, but were less successful in predicting abundances of entirely anadromous species. These results provide valuable insight into fish-habitat relationships using a fish assemblage perspective and incorporating species, such as sculpins, for which there is little existing information. There has been recent interest in quantifying the effects of human land use on stream fish, and these data can be used in future studies to explore potential links between important environmental variables and land use practices. Title: Environmental variables as predictors of fish assemblages in the Tillamook Basin, Oregon Author: Rose, Cathleen E. The Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins of the Tillamook Bay watershed (Oregon Coast Range) have differences in geology and land use history and, therefore, varied environmental conditions that could affect fish assemblages. Fifty-two randomly selected wadeable stream reaches in these two subbasins were surveyed for stream habitat and fish assemblage composition during two summer field seasons. Data collected were used to identify environmental variables most associated with fish assemblages, determine major predictors of fish species relative abundance, and test for any differences in fish assemblages between the Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins and among three stream orders. Eleven fish species were encountered, including four salmonid species (Oncorhynchus spp.) and five species of sculpin (Cottus spp.). For three sites visited twice in both field seasons, variability in fish assemblages and environmental measurements between sample years and between early and late-summer visits to sites was low. Fish assemblages differed between the two subbasins. The assemblages in the Kilchis subbasin contained higher proportions of trout species, while the Tillamook subbasin assemblages contained higher proportions of sculpin species. A breakdown of fish assemblages by stream order showed that different fish species dominated the assemblages in different sized streams. With data from both subbasins combined, trout species composed a smaller proportion of the fish assemblages in larger streams, and sculpin species composition also varied with stream order. Results from non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations indicated that substrate type, stream gradient, and variables related to stream size were the most highly correlated to fish species relative abundances. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the usefulness of an uncorrelated subset of the environmental variables as predictors of relative abundance of the six most common fish species. The environmental variables were good predictors of relative abundance for some species, but were less successful in predicting abundances of entirely anadromous species. These results provide valuable insight into fish-habitat relationships using a fish assemblage perspective and incorporating species, such as sculpins, for which there is little existing information. There has been recent interest in quantifying the effects of human land use on stream fish, and these data can be used in future studies to explore potential links between important environmental variables and land use practices. Close

• 6. [Article] Distribution of fishes and their relationships to environments in selected coastal streams, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon

  This study was an investigation to determine the distribution, abundance and general food habits of salmonids and non-game fishes residing in several selected coastal streams, Douglas and Coos Counties, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of fishes and their relationships to environments in selected coastal streams, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon Author: Duke, Stephen D'Wayne This study was an investigation to determine the distribution, abundance and general food habits of salmonids and non-game fishes residing in several selected coastal streams, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon. The physical conditions that characterize the various stream habitat types were monitored and the influence of physical conditions on the distribution and abundance of fish was investigated. Study of fish distribution began fall 1979 and continued through summer 1980. Biological and ecological monitoring was undertaken at eleven permanent study sites on four occasions during the summer period of decreasing flow. Population size of each species and several environmental characteristics were measured during these occasions. The study streams were characterized by good populations of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (rainbow) trout (Salmo gairdneri), demonstrating the importance of these streams as rearing areas for anadromous species. Reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) were the most abundant and widespread non-game fish collected during this study. Insects were the principal prey organisms in the diets of all species studied, with Ephemeroptera and Diptera larvae the major components. There was also considerable overlap in the diets. Coho salmon and steelhead trout were most versatile in acceptance of foods, taking 19 and 15 of the separate categories tabulated. The benthic fishes, speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), reticulate and riffle sculpin (Cottus gulosus) were more restricted in diet, taking 12, 7 and 14 food types respectively. Diversity of habitat within the various study streams was attributable not only to geological and climatic factors, but disturbances by fire, erosion, activity of beaver and logging. Mostly such disturbances are deleterious, though in at least one instance effects of disturbances were beneficial. Beaver ponds created excellent rearing pools for coho salmon in one stream. Instream distribution of fishes appears to be mainly a function of habitat selection. Coho salmon were found in loose schools throughout pools in areas where short pools alternated with riffles. Steelhead and cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) were found most often associated with instream cover. The reticulate and riffle sculpin, both of which are benthic and cryptic and select the same kind of cover, were usually associated in gravelly riffles. Speckled dace were common throughout large streams and almost always in the vicinity of adequate cover. Redside shiners (Richardsonius balteatus) were associated with pool like environments and were excluded from upstream areas with increasing gradient and shallow pools. Limitations on populations of salmonid fishes in the study streams are probably associated with lack of adequate summer flow, lack of instream cover, siltation of gravel and rubble bottoms and departure from an approximate 1:1 pool to riffle ratio. Title: Distribution of fishes and their relationships to environments in selected coastal streams, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon Author: Duke, Stephen D'Wayne This study was an investigation to determine the distribution, abundance and general food habits of salmonids and non-game fishes residing in several selected coastal streams, Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon. The physical conditions that characterize the various stream habitat types were monitored and the influence of physical conditions on the distribution and abundance of fish was investigated. Study of fish distribution began fall 1979 and continued through summer 1980. Biological and ecological monitoring was undertaken at eleven permanent study sites on four occasions during the summer period of decreasing flow. Population size of each species and several environmental characteristics were measured during these occasions. The study streams were characterized by good populations of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (rainbow) trout (Salmo gairdneri), demonstrating the importance of these streams as rearing areas for anadromous species. Reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) were the most abundant and widespread non-game fish collected during this study. Insects were the principal prey organisms in the diets of all species studied, with Ephemeroptera and Diptera larvae the major components. There was also considerable overlap in the diets. Coho salmon and steelhead trout were most versatile in acceptance of foods, taking 19 and 15 of the separate categories tabulated. The benthic fishes, speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), reticulate and riffle sculpin (Cottus gulosus) were more restricted in diet, taking 12, 7 and 14 food types respectively. Diversity of habitat within the various study streams was attributable not only to geological and climatic factors, but disturbances by fire, erosion, activity of beaver and logging. Mostly such disturbances are deleterious, though in at least one instance effects of disturbances were beneficial. Beaver ponds created excellent rearing pools for coho salmon in one stream. Instream distribution of fishes appears to be mainly a function of habitat selection. Coho salmon were found in loose schools throughout pools in areas where short pools alternated with riffles. Steelhead and cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) were found most often associated with instream cover. The reticulate and riffle sculpin, both of which are benthic and cryptic and select the same kind of cover, were usually associated in gravelly riffles. Speckled dace were common throughout large streams and almost always in the vicinity of adequate cover. Redside shiners (Richardsonius balteatus) were associated with pool like environments and were excluded from upstream areas with increasing gradient and shallow pools. Limitations on populations of salmonid fishes in the study streams are probably associated with lack of adequate summer flow, lack of instream cover, siltation of gravel and rubble bottoms and departure from an approximate 1:1 pool to riffle ratio. Close

• 7. [Article] An economic analysis of alternative water allocations and habitat investments for anadromous fish production, John Day Basin, Oregon

  This thesis focuses on the economic efficiency of alternative habitat, streamfiow, and land use allocations within a major drainage of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, productivity of present habitat and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of alternative water allocations and habitat investments for anadromous fish production, John Day Basin, Oregon Author: Cerda, Arcadio Alberto This thesis focuses on the economic efficiency of alternative habitat, streamfiow, and land use allocations within a major drainage of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, productivity of present habitat and streamfiow conditions is evaluated with respect to anadromous fish species (chinook salmon and steelhead trout) in the John Day River Basin, a high-desert system in the Pacific Northwest. Alternative water allocations and fish habitat enhancements to improve anadromous fish productivity are also examined. This biophysical information is combined with economics concepts to evaluate comparative benefits and economic efficiency of selected technically feasible habitat/streamflow alternatives. The John Day River Basin is used as a case study because it provides one of the most significant runs of wild summer steelhead trout and spring chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin. Specific categories of alternative enhancements included water transfers to instream flow, habitat vegetation improvements, and habitat structural measures. The benefits of changes in fish numbers are valued through the travel cost method. Costs of habitat investments are derived from a synthesis of cost data for similar investments for the region. For most lower-reach stream sections, benefits of habitat investments/streamflow alternatives do not equal costs. However, changes in water allocations and habitat do appear economically efficient to some upper reaches. The main results suggest that economic efficiency varies greatly within the system, indicating the need for site-specific proposals for streamfiow or habitat alterations within this or similar high desert streams. In addition to providing preliminary estimates of the economic efficency of streamfiow and habitat investments, this thesis serves as a methodological template for future integrated bioeconomic evaluations of water and fishery management issues. Title: An economic analysis of alternative water allocations and habitat investments for anadromous fish production, John Day Basin, Oregon Author: Cerda, Arcadio Alberto This thesis focuses on the economic efficiency of alternative habitat, streamfiow, and land use allocations within a major drainage of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, productivity of present habitat and streamfiow conditions is evaluated with respect to anadromous fish species (chinook salmon and steelhead trout) in the John Day River Basin, a high-desert system in the Pacific Northwest. Alternative water allocations and fish habitat enhancements to improve anadromous fish productivity are also examined. This biophysical information is combined with economics concepts to evaluate comparative benefits and economic efficiency of selected technically feasible habitat/streamflow alternatives. The John Day River Basin is used as a case study because it provides one of the most significant runs of wild summer steelhead trout and spring chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin. Specific categories of alternative enhancements included water transfers to instream flow, habitat vegetation improvements, and habitat structural measures. The benefits of changes in fish numbers are valued through the travel cost method. Costs of habitat investments are derived from a synthesis of cost data for similar investments for the region. For most lower-reach stream sections, benefits of habitat investments/streamflow alternatives do not equal costs. However, changes in water allocations and habitat do appear economically efficient to some upper reaches. The main results suggest that economic efficiency varies greatly within the system, indicating the need for site-specific proposals for streamfiow or habitat alterations within this or similar high desert streams. In addition to providing preliminary estimates of the economic efficency of streamfiow and habitat investments, this thesis serves as a methodological template for future integrated bioeconomic evaluations of water and fishery management issues. Close

• 8. [Article] Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion

  On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Title: Proposed regional general permit for stream restoration : programmatic biological opinion On April 7, 2000, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a request from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (COE) for Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 7 formal consultation for programmatic coverage for a proposed Regional General Permit (RGP) for certain stream restoration activities (habitat restoration using large wood or boulders throughout the State of Oregon) requiring COE approval. The Biological Assessment (BA) provided with the request determined that the proposed activities covered under the RGP would be likely to adversely affect anadromous fish species listed under the ESA (Table 1). Species considered in this Biological Opinion (Opinion) are: Snake River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka); Snake River spring /summer chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Snake River fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Lower Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Snake River steelhead (O. mykiss); Upper Willamette River steelhead (O. mykiss); Middle Columbia River steelhead (O. mykiss); Columbia River chum salmon (O. keta); Lower Columbia River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Willamette River chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); Upper Columbia River spring run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha); S. Oregon/N. California Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch); and Oregon Coast coho salmon (O. kisutch). On April 18, 2000, NMFS received a letter from COE providing additional information on proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. On May 12, 2000, NMFS received an e-mail with further proposed criteria to be included in the RGP. Close

• 9. [Article] Statistical analysis on otolith data of anadromous fishes

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical analysis on otolith data of anadromous fishes Author: Bean, David, Noakes, David L. G., Conrad, Robert, Gao, Yongwen To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Title: Statistical analysis on otolith data of anadromous fishes Author: Bean, David, Noakes, David L. G., Conrad, Robert, Gao, Yongwen To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Close

• 10. [Article] Salmon Abundances and Effects of Harvest: Implications for Rebuilding Stocks of Wild Coho Salmon in Oregon

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon Abundances and Effects of Harvest: Implications for Rebuilding Stocks of Wild Coho Salmon in Oregon Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Title: Salmon Abundances and Effects of Harvest: Implications for Rebuilding Stocks of Wild Coho Salmon in Oregon Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Close

• 11. [Article] Sandy beach surf zones: An alternative nursery habitat for 0-age Chinook salmon

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/estuarine-coasta...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sandy beach surf zones: An alternative nursery habitat for 0-age Chinook salmon Author: Miller, J. A., Marin Jarrin, J. R. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/estuarine-coastal-and-shelf-science/. Title: Sandy beach surf zones: An alternative nursery habitat for 0-age Chinook salmon Author: Miller, J. A., Marin Jarrin, J. R. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/estuarine-coastal-and-shelf-science/. Close

• 12. [Article] Sandy beach surf zones : what is their role in the early life history of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)?

  Early life stages of many marine and diadromous fish species use sandy beach surf zones, which occur along >50% of the world's marine coastlines. This extensive habitat can provide juvenile fishes with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sandy beach surf zones : what is their role in the early life history of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)? Author: Marin Jarrin, Jose R., 1980- Early life stages of many marine and diadromous fish species use sandy beach surf zones, which occur along >50% of the world's marine coastlines. This extensive habitat can provide juvenile fishes with an abundant supply of potential prey and the ability to hide from predators in its shallow turbid waters. Chinook salmon is an anadromous species that migrates to the ocean during their first (subyearlings) or second (yearlings) year of life. The majority of subyearlings reside in estuaries during their first summer season; however, a small number of juveniles also use surf zones. Early marine residence is considered a critical period for Chinook salmon due to high mortality rates; however the role of surf zones in Chinook salmon life history is unclear. Therefore, I determined the distribution of juvenile Chinook salmon on beaches of the eastern North Pacific, compared the migration and growth patterns observed in surf zones and estuaries, identified the factors that accounted for variation in juvenile surf zone catch, explored the factors that influence growth rate variation in surf zones and estuaries, and modeled how growth rates in these coastal habitats may vary in the near future with predicted changes in climate. The majority (94%) of juveniles were caught in surf zones adjacent to estuaries with trough areas, which are beach sections where sand moved by currents and waves produce a trench-like shape. Surf zone fish were collected in significantly lower numbers than estuarine juveniles but entered brackish/ocean waters at similar sizes. Juveniles in surf zones consumed similar organisms (gammarid amphipods, crustacean larvae and insects) as in estuaries. Furthermore, stomach fullness indices (average = 2% of body weight) and growth rates (average = 0.4 mm day⁻¹) were similar in surf zones and estuaries. At one surf zone, juvenile catch was positively correlated to short-term specific growth rates (14 days prior to capture). A bioenergetics modeling approach indicated that given current conditions, consumption rates accounted for more of the variation in growth than prey energetic content and temperature. Climate models predict future increases in fresh water temperature (1.5 to 5.8°C), sea surface temperature (1.2°C) and wave height (0.75 m) that could influence estuarine and surf zone use. Therefore, I developed a local mixing model based on these predictions to estimate future surf zone and estuarine water temperatures in two of the watersheds studied. Based on these temperature projections and the bioenergetics model, I predicted how juvenile specific growth rates would vary in both habitats. I determined that increases in water temperature in both habitats would reduce specific growth rates by 9 to 40% in surf zones and estuaries if diet composition and consumption rates remain similar to present conditions. To compensate for the decline in growth, juveniles may increase their consumption rates or consume more energetically rich prey, if available. If they are not able to compensate, their size at the end of the season may be reduced, which could reduce their overall survival. These results confirm that a small number of suyearling Chinook salmon use sandy beach surf zones, mostly adjacent to estuary mouths, where they experience growth conditions comparable to estuaries. My findings indicate that, in certain situations, juvenile Chinook salmon surf zone use can be influenced by surf zone growth conditions, while variation in growth rates are themselves most strongly influenced by variation in consumption rates in surf zones and estuaries. Predicted changes in coastal western North American climate will likely modify juvenile growth conditions in the next 50 years, and potentially reduce overall survival. Additional insights into the potential impacts of climate change on juvenile salmon will require estimates of changes in the composition, energetic quality and abundance of prey communities inhabiting coastal environments. Title: Sandy beach surf zones : what is their role in the early life history of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)? Author: Marin Jarrin, Jose R., 1980- Early life stages of many marine and diadromous fish species use sandy beach surf zones, which occur along >50% of the world's marine coastlines. This extensive habitat can provide juvenile fishes with an abundant supply of potential prey and the ability to hide from predators in its shallow turbid waters. Chinook salmon is an anadromous species that migrates to the ocean during their first (subyearlings) or second (yearlings) year of life. The majority of subyearlings reside in estuaries during their first summer season; however, a small number of juveniles also use surf zones. Early marine residence is considered a critical period for Chinook salmon due to high mortality rates; however the role of surf zones in Chinook salmon life history is unclear. Therefore, I determined the distribution of juvenile Chinook salmon on beaches of the eastern North Pacific, compared the migration and growth patterns observed in surf zones and estuaries, identified the factors that accounted for variation in juvenile surf zone catch, explored the factors that influence growth rate variation in surf zones and estuaries, and modeled how growth rates in these coastal habitats may vary in the near future with predicted changes in climate. The majority (94%) of juveniles were caught in surf zones adjacent to estuaries with trough areas, which are beach sections where sand moved by currents and waves produce a trench-like shape. Surf zone fish were collected in significantly lower numbers than estuarine juveniles but entered brackish/ocean waters at similar sizes. Juveniles in surf zones consumed similar organisms (gammarid amphipods, crustacean larvae and insects) as in estuaries. Furthermore, stomach fullness indices (average = 2% of body weight) and growth rates (average = 0.4 mm day⁻¹) were similar in surf zones and estuaries. At one surf zone, juvenile catch was positively correlated to short-term specific growth rates (14 days prior to capture). A bioenergetics modeling approach indicated that given current conditions, consumption rates accounted for more of the variation in growth than prey energetic content and temperature. Climate models predict future increases in fresh water temperature (1.5 to 5.8°C), sea surface temperature (1.2°C) and wave height (0.75 m) that could influence estuarine and surf zone use. Therefore, I developed a local mixing model based on these predictions to estimate future surf zone and estuarine water temperatures in two of the watersheds studied. Based on these temperature projections and the bioenergetics model, I predicted how juvenile specific growth rates would vary in both habitats. I determined that increases in water temperature in both habitats would reduce specific growth rates by 9 to 40% in surf zones and estuaries if diet composition and consumption rates remain similar to present conditions. To compensate for the decline in growth, juveniles may increase their consumption rates or consume more energetically rich prey, if available. If they are not able to compensate, their size at the end of the season may be reduced, which could reduce their overall survival. These results confirm that a small number of suyearling Chinook salmon use sandy beach surf zones, mostly adjacent to estuary mouths, where they experience growth conditions comparable to estuaries. My findings indicate that, in certain situations, juvenile Chinook salmon surf zone use can be influenced by surf zone growth conditions, while variation in growth rates are themselves most strongly influenced by variation in consumption rates in surf zones and estuaries. Predicted changes in coastal western North American climate will likely modify juvenile growth conditions in the next 50 years, and potentially reduce overall survival. Additional insights into the potential impacts of climate change on juvenile salmon will require estimates of changes in the composition, energetic quality and abundance of prey communities inhabiting coastal environments. Close

• 13. [Article] Evaluating "nuisance" beaver relocation as a tool to increase coho salmon habitat in the Alsea Basin of the central Oregon Coast Range

  Many stakeholders involved with stream restoration in the Pacific Northwest have discussed the potential benefits of using beaver dam construction activities (Castor canadensis) as a management tool to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating "nuisance" beaver relocation as a tool to increase coho salmon habitat in the Alsea Basin of the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Petro, Vanessa M. Many stakeholders involved with stream restoration in the Pacific Northwest have discussed the potential benefits of using beaver dam construction activities (Castor canadensis) as a management tool to improve degraded stream habitat for anadromous salmon species. In addition, there has been growing interest in using nuisance beavers, primarily controlled by lethal methods, to alleviate human-wildlife conflict issues and subsequently improve Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) rearing habitat. To understand the efficacy of using beavers as a stream restoration tool, I studied the movement, survival, and dam construction of nuisance beavers relocated to the Alsea Basin of the Oregon Coast Range. I trapped and transported 38 individuals to the nine release sites where dams constructed by beavers would benefit coho salmon productivity. All adult and sub-adult beavers were equipped with tail-mount transmitters. Beavers moved an average of 3.3 ± 0.2 (SE) stream km from release sites. The maximum distance moved from a release site was 29.2 stream km. Post-release movements did not differ significantly by age or sex. All radio-tagged individuals dispersed from their release sites. Survival 16 weeks post-release was 47%. Twelve of the radio-tagged beavers died within 90 days of release. Three cause-specific sources of mortality were identified including predation, natural causes, and human related. Mountain lions (Puma concolor) were responsible for the majority of predation based mortalities. Of the 38 nuisance beavers relocated, only five individuals contributed to the nine dams constructed post-release. Six of these dams were built by one male: female pair. All dams constructed by relocated beavers were ephemeral. In addition to monitoring post-release beaver responses, I also assessed the utility of pre-existing models to identify release site locations. Thus, I explored dam habitat relationships of extant and relocated colonies throughout the Alsea Basin. I determined the utility of locally developed spatial models was reasonable. Analysis revealed primary pool habitat and valley floor width variables as strong indicators of beaver dam sites. I conclude beaver relocation as a tool for stream restoration in the Alsea Basin may not offer an effective solution to lethal control measures and coho habitat enhancement due to low survival rates, unwanted movement and establishment outside of suitable release sites, and lack of dam construction. Title: Evaluating "nuisance" beaver relocation as a tool to increase coho salmon habitat in the Alsea Basin of the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Petro, Vanessa M. Many stakeholders involved with stream restoration in the Pacific Northwest have discussed the potential benefits of using beaver dam construction activities (Castor canadensis) as a management tool to improve degraded stream habitat for anadromous salmon species. In addition, there has been growing interest in using nuisance beavers, primarily controlled by lethal methods, to alleviate human-wildlife conflict issues and subsequently improve Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) rearing habitat. To understand the efficacy of using beavers as a stream restoration tool, I studied the movement, survival, and dam construction of nuisance beavers relocated to the Alsea Basin of the Oregon Coast Range. I trapped and transported 38 individuals to the nine release sites where dams constructed by beavers would benefit coho salmon productivity. All adult and sub-adult beavers were equipped with tail-mount transmitters. Beavers moved an average of 3.3 ± 0.2 (SE) stream km from release sites. The maximum distance moved from a release site was 29.2 stream km. Post-release movements did not differ significantly by age or sex. All radio-tagged individuals dispersed from their release sites. Survival 16 weeks post-release was 47%. Twelve of the radio-tagged beavers died within 90 days of release. Three cause-specific sources of mortality were identified including predation, natural causes, and human related. Mountain lions (Puma concolor) were responsible for the majority of predation based mortalities. Of the 38 nuisance beavers relocated, only five individuals contributed to the nine dams constructed post-release. Six of these dams were built by one male: female pair. All dams constructed by relocated beavers were ephemeral. In addition to monitoring post-release beaver responses, I also assessed the utility of pre-existing models to identify release site locations. Thus, I explored dam habitat relationships of extant and relocated colonies throughout the Alsea Basin. I determined the utility of locally developed spatial models was reasonable. Analysis revealed primary pool habitat and valley floor width variables as strong indicators of beaver dam sites. I conclude beaver relocation as a tool for stream restoration in the Alsea Basin may not offer an effective solution to lethal control measures and coho habitat enhancement due to low survival rates, unwanted movement and establishment outside of suitable release sites, and lack of dam construction. Close

• 14. [Article] Policy Patterns across Riverscapes : Riparian Land Standards in the Oregon Coast Range

  Land management policies are ideas about nature projected onto the landscape. Culminations of social, economic, and scientific influences, these policies create standards affecting the function of ecological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Policy Patterns across Riverscapes : Riparian Land Standards in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Boisjolie, Brett A. Land management policies are ideas about nature projected onto the landscape. Culminations of social, economic, and scientific influences, these policies create standards affecting the function of ecological systems. In the case of riparian lands in the Oregon Coast Range, policy requirements vary considerably across federal, state, and private land ownerships. Protective measures, such as the adoption of fixed buffer widths for maintaining vegetation, are intended to preserve natural processes important to instream habitat and water quality. However, the "policy landscape" of variable management standards can result in a fragmented approach to policy protection. This fragmentation complicates recovery efforts for threatened anadromous fish species such as coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), which require connectivity in suitable habitat segments throughout the river network. Taking a riverscape perspective, this study evaluates how aquatic protections vary across the river and its valley. To explore the patterns created from variable standard, the study first delineates categories of riparian management standards in the Oregon Coast Range. Using a geographic information system (GIS), these standards are mapped across the river networks of this region. The extent of each policy category is quantified in stream kilometers in order to evaluate policy efforts within and across the riverscapes of the Oregon Coast Range. A model of intrinsic potential for coho salmon habitat is used to identify the policy standards in stream reaches where flow, valley constraint, and channel gradient are appropriate for coho salmon habitat. A second model of the stream network (hydrography) is developed to evaluate how differences in stream delineation can influence policy patterns. Results indicate that riparian lands of the Oregon Coast Range are protected by variable standards for land management, including buffer widths that range from 0 to ~152m. In streams important to coho salmon, a lower proportion of the stream network was found to be protected by policy standards compared to the watershed and ESU scale. A lack of stream data central to policy application (fish use, stream flow duration, mean annual flow, water use) complicated our ability to attribute stream segments with specific land management requirements. The choice of hydrographic data was also found to influence the proportional extent of policies within riverscapes. This framework for assessing the spatial distribution of policies can provide insights for future studies of riverscape systems. Title: Policy Patterns across Riverscapes : Riparian Land Standards in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Boisjolie, Brett A. Land management policies are ideas about nature projected onto the landscape. Culminations of social, economic, and scientific influences, these policies create standards affecting the function of ecological systems. In the case of riparian lands in the Oregon Coast Range, policy requirements vary considerably across federal, state, and private land ownerships. Protective measures, such as the adoption of fixed buffer widths for maintaining vegetation, are intended to preserve natural processes important to instream habitat and water quality. However, the "policy landscape" of variable management standards can result in a fragmented approach to policy protection. This fragmentation complicates recovery efforts for threatened anadromous fish species such as coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), which require connectivity in suitable habitat segments throughout the river network. Taking a riverscape perspective, this study evaluates how aquatic protections vary across the river and its valley. To explore the patterns created from variable standard, the study first delineates categories of riparian management standards in the Oregon Coast Range. Using a geographic information system (GIS), these standards are mapped across the river networks of this region. The extent of each policy category is quantified in stream kilometers in order to evaluate policy efforts within and across the riverscapes of the Oregon Coast Range. A model of intrinsic potential for coho salmon habitat is used to identify the policy standards in stream reaches where flow, valley constraint, and channel gradient are appropriate for coho salmon habitat. A second model of the stream network (hydrography) is developed to evaluate how differences in stream delineation can influence policy patterns. Results indicate that riparian lands of the Oregon Coast Range are protected by variable standards for land management, including buffer widths that range from 0 to ~152m. In streams important to coho salmon, a lower proportion of the stream network was found to be protected by policy standards compared to the watershed and ESU scale. A lack of stream data central to policy application (fish use, stream flow duration, mean annual flow, water use) complicated our ability to attribute stream segments with specific land management requirements. The choice of hydrographic data was also found to influence the proportional extent of policies within riverscapes. This framework for assessing the spatial distribution of policies can provide insights for future studies of riverscape systems. Close

• 15. [Article] The influence of sex, migration distance, and latitude on expression of anadromy in Oncorhynchus mykiss

  The evolution and maintenance of multiple phenotypes within populations is an interesting evolutionary and ecological question, and is becoming increasingly important for the restoration and conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of sex, migration distance, and latitude on expression of anadromy in Oncorhynchus mykiss Author: Ohms, Haley The evolution and maintenance of multiple phenotypes within populations is an interesting evolutionary and ecological question, and is becoming increasingly important for the restoration and conservation of partially migratory species. In particular, why individuals adopt a particular phenotype has been the focus of numerous research efforts. In the partially migratory species Oncorhynchys mykiss (commonly known as steelhead and rainbow trout), I found that sex plays a strong role in whether an individual adopts an anadromous or resident life history. I observed a higher frequency of females adopting the anadromous tactic throughout the species range, and I attributed this to the relationship between body size and reproductive success in females that is not present in males. I did not observe differences in female bias along gradients of latitude or migration distance, and I hypothesize that while the frequency of tactics among populations may change along these gradients, either the change is equal between males and females, or an interaction of latitude and migration distance may control changes. I did not observe a corresponding male bias in the one resident population I sampled, and suggest that this is the result of a high frequency of residents in that population. I propose that sex ratios could be a valuable metric for measuring frequency of life-history tactics in populations and could facilitate the investigation into the controls of life-history tactics across broad scales. Title: The influence of sex, migration distance, and latitude on expression of anadromy in Oncorhynchus mykiss Author: Ohms, Haley The evolution and maintenance of multiple phenotypes within populations is an interesting evolutionary and ecological question, and is becoming increasingly important for the restoration and conservation of partially migratory species. In particular, why individuals adopt a particular phenotype has been the focus of numerous research efforts. In the partially migratory species Oncorhynchys mykiss (commonly known as steelhead and rainbow trout), I found that sex plays a strong role in whether an individual adopts an anadromous or resident life history. I observed a higher frequency of females adopting the anadromous tactic throughout the species range, and I attributed this to the relationship between body size and reproductive success in females that is not present in males. I did not observe differences in female bias along gradients of latitude or migration distance, and I hypothesize that while the frequency of tactics among populations may change along these gradients, either the change is equal between males and females, or an interaction of latitude and migration distance may control changes. I did not observe a corresponding male bias in the one resident population I sampled, and suggest that this is the result of a high frequency of residents in that population. I propose that sex ratios could be a valuable metric for measuring frequency of life-history tactics in populations and could facilitate the investigation into the controls of life-history tactics across broad scales. Close

• 16. [Article] The Umpqua River study : a joint report

  The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Umpqua River study : a joint report Author: Oregon. State Game Commission, Oregon. Fish Commission The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass and sturgeon. The winter steelhead, striped bass, and shad runs appear to be maintaining themselves. The runs of the other species appear to be in various stages of depletion. Major factors which have contributed to this depletion are: overfishing by the commercial fishery and more recently the sport fishery; and barriers such as log jams, "splash" damns, mill dam and hydroelectric developments. Other factors which may be of importance are: predation; unscreened gravity water diversions; water removal by pumping for irrigation, industrial, and municipal use; and fluctuations in water levels due to meterological conditions. The total run of spring chinook salmon into the Umpqua River in 1946 was estimated to be 4,400 fish of which approximately 935 were jacks. (fish under 20 inches). The fishing mortality of shad of commercial size, in the 1946 Umpqua River run, was estimated to be 50 percent. The total catch of the various species of salmon by the commercial and sport fisheries in 1946 were as follows: Under a proper management program, an average sustained yield of several times in the 1946 catches may be expected. During 1946, anglers spent at least $292,700 in this area while fishing for salmon and trout in the Umpqua River. The capital investment was estimated to be $2,402,500. The commercial fishery products of salmon steelhead, shad, striped bass, pilchards, and crabs taken from the Umpqua River in 1946 had a wholesale valur of $652,400. The capital investment was not determined. Title: The Umpqua River study : a joint report Author: Oregon. State Game Commission, Oregon. Fish Commission The species of anadromous fish entering the Umpqua River are: chinook salmon (spring, summer, and fall runs), silver salmon, steelhead trout (summer and winter runs), cutthroat trout, shad, striped bass and sturgeon. The winter steelhead, striped bass, and shad runs appear to be maintaining themselves. The runs of the other species appear to be in various stages of depletion. Major factors which have contributed to this depletion are: overfishing by the commercial fishery and more recently the sport fishery; and barriers such as log jams, "splash" damns, mill dam and hydroelectric developments. Other factors which may be of importance are: predation; unscreened gravity water diversions; water removal by pumping for irrigation, industrial, and municipal use; and fluctuations in water levels due to meterological conditions. The total run of spring chinook salmon into the Umpqua River in 1946 was estimated to be 4,400 fish of which approximately 935 were jacks. (fish under 20 inches). The fishing mortality of shad of commercial size, in the 1946 Umpqua River run, was estimated to be 50 percent. The total catch of the various species of salmon by the commercial and sport fisheries in 1946 were as follows: Under a proper management program, an average sustained yield of several times in the 1946 catches may be expected. During 1946, anglers spent at least $292,700 in this area while fishing for salmon and trout in the Umpqua River. The capital investment was estimated to be $2,402,500. The commercial fishery products of salmon steelhead, shad, striped bass, pilchards, and crabs taken from the Umpqua River in 1946 had a wholesale valur of $652,400. The capital investment was not determined. Close

• 17. [Article] Aspects of the early life history of juvenile salmonids in the Dungeness River Estuary

  The decline of many Pacific salmon stocks has stimulated interest in the early life history and habitat requirements of juvenile salmon. Although estuarine habitat associations of juvenile salmon have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aspects of the early life history of juvenile salmonids in the Dungeness River Estuary Author: Sather, Nichole K. The decline of many Pacific salmon stocks has stimulated interest in the early life history and habitat requirements of juvenile salmon. Although estuarine habitat associations of juvenile salmon have been investigated in many coastal areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean, until recently, little was known about juvenile salmonid ecology within the Straits of Juan de Fuca. During the Spring/Summer outmigration period in 2006 and 2007, I examined the early life history of the five species of anadromous salmon in the Dungeness River estuary on the north Olympic Peninsula, Washington. I sampled multiple spatial scales within several habitat types to characterize salmon distribution and habitat use. My results presented in this thesis are segregated into two components: 1) tidal marsh ecology of juvenile salmonids in the Dungeness River estuary, and 2) the landscape-scale distribution of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness River estuary. I examined the population of juvenile salmonids within blind tidal sloughs near the vicinity of the Dungeness River delta. Salmonids were present within the tidal marshes throughout the entire outmigration period (e.g., March through July). Juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were the most abundant salmonid species within the marshes. Based on the temporal distribution and size structure of juvenile Chinook salmon in the estuary I identified at least four life history types: 1) a fry strategy included a large pulse of fish emigrating from the river at a small size (e.g., 35-45mm FL) during late winter and early spring months; 2) the second group of fish was the least abundant group emigrating from the river from April through mid May at sizes ranging from 50-75mm FL; 3) the third group of migrants entered the estuary between from late spring through the summer months at larger sizes than the initial groups (e.g., 60-90mm FL); and 4) the final group of Chinook salmon included a stream-type yearling strategy. In addition to the four life history strategies identified for Chinook salmon, I detected at least three groups of chum salmon migrating into the estuary. These groups were distinguished by their size and timing of migration and are further described according to different rearing strategies. The distribution of juvenile salmonids was most strongly influenced by the degree of connectivity (i.e., distance) between the tidal marshes and the mouth of the Dungeness River. Habitat complexity and opportunity also governed the distribution of juvenile salmonids within the tidal marshes. I also sampled three regions of the estuary with a beach seine to investigate the nearshore distribution of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness River estuary: the delta face, inner Bay, and outer Bay. Among the three regions, species composition was highly variable between 2006 and 2007. The most common salmonids encountered within the beach seine sites included Chinook salmon, chum salmon (O. kisutch), and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha). The relative abundance of salmonids was highest near the delta face and lowest within the outer bay area. The landscape-scale distribution and habitat use of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness River estuary is largely influenced by ecosystem connectivity, but is also linked to biotic characteristics of the fish (e.g., life history type and fish size). Although the Dungeness includes hydrogeomorphic characteristics (e.g., steep river gradient, composition of sand spits in the estuary) unique to other Pacific Northwest watersheds, this system produces a variety of life history types comparable to other estuaries. Understanding the mechanisms that drive the distribution of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness will supply local resource managers with a baseline with which to establish ecosystem restoration goals. Title: Aspects of the early life history of juvenile salmonids in the Dungeness River Estuary Author: Sather, Nichole K. The decline of many Pacific salmon stocks has stimulated interest in the early life history and habitat requirements of juvenile salmon. Although estuarine habitat associations of juvenile salmon have been investigated in many coastal areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean, until recently, little was known about juvenile salmonid ecology within the Straits of Juan de Fuca. During the Spring/Summer outmigration period in 2006 and 2007, I examined the early life history of the five species of anadromous salmon in the Dungeness River estuary on the north Olympic Peninsula, Washington. I sampled multiple spatial scales within several habitat types to characterize salmon distribution and habitat use. My results presented in this thesis are segregated into two components: 1) tidal marsh ecology of juvenile salmonids in the Dungeness River estuary, and 2) the landscape-scale distribution of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness River estuary. I examined the population of juvenile salmonids within blind tidal sloughs near the vicinity of the Dungeness River delta. Salmonids were present within the tidal marshes throughout the entire outmigration period (e.g., March through July). Juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were the most abundant salmonid species within the marshes. Based on the temporal distribution and size structure of juvenile Chinook salmon in the estuary I identified at least four life history types: 1) a fry strategy included a large pulse of fish emigrating from the river at a small size (e.g., 35-45mm FL) during late winter and early spring months; 2) the second group of fish was the least abundant group emigrating from the river from April through mid May at sizes ranging from 50-75mm FL; 3) the third group of migrants entered the estuary between from late spring through the summer months at larger sizes than the initial groups (e.g., 60-90mm FL); and 4) the final group of Chinook salmon included a stream-type yearling strategy. In addition to the four life history strategies identified for Chinook salmon, I detected at least three groups of chum salmon migrating into the estuary. These groups were distinguished by their size and timing of migration and are further described according to different rearing strategies. The distribution of juvenile salmonids was most strongly influenced by the degree of connectivity (i.e., distance) between the tidal marshes and the mouth of the Dungeness River. Habitat complexity and opportunity also governed the distribution of juvenile salmonids within the tidal marshes. I also sampled three regions of the estuary with a beach seine to investigate the nearshore distribution of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness River estuary: the delta face, inner Bay, and outer Bay. Among the three regions, species composition was highly variable between 2006 and 2007. The most common salmonids encountered within the beach seine sites included Chinook salmon, chum salmon (O. kisutch), and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha). The relative abundance of salmonids was highest near the delta face and lowest within the outer bay area. The landscape-scale distribution and habitat use of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness River estuary is largely influenced by ecosystem connectivity, but is also linked to biotic characteristics of the fish (e.g., life history type and fish size). Although the Dungeness includes hydrogeomorphic characteristics (e.g., steep river gradient, composition of sand spits in the estuary) unique to other Pacific Northwest watersheds, this system produces a variety of life history types comparable to other estuaries. Understanding the mechanisms that drive the distribution of juvenile salmonids within the Dungeness will supply local resource managers with a baseline with which to establish ecosystem restoration goals. Close

• 18. [Article] The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries

  The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Close

• 19. [Article] Fish Inves 1947 pt 1.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish Inves 1947 pt 1.pdf Author: Oregon. State Game Commission Title: Fish Inves 1947 pt 1.pdf Author: Oregon. State Game Commission Close

• 20. [Article] Fish Invest 1946 pt 2.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish Invest 1946 pt 2.pdf Author: Oregon. State Game Commission Title: Fish Invest 1946 pt 2.pdf Author: Oregon. State Game Commission Close