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• 1. [Article] Nesting ecology of mallards in the Willamette Valley of Oregon

  Although widely studied in many portions of North America, little is known about the specific habitat requirements of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) during the breeding season in western Oregon. I ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nesting ecology of mallards in the Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: Rickerson, Eric V. Although widely studied in many portions of North America, little is known about the specific habitat requirements of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) during the breeding season in western Oregon. I radio-marked 72 female mallards in the Willamette Valley of Oregon in March-April 1995-96 to document wetland habitat selection during pre-nesting and nesting phases, nesting cover selection, nesting and female success rates, nesting chronology, and survival of females during the pre-nesting and nesting periods. Wetland habitat selection was higher for seasonal riverine and permanent lacustrine habitats during the pre-nesting and nesting periods. Uncultivated upland and wetland habitat nesting sites with a strong cover component had a higher selection ranking compared to agricultural cropland and ash-cottonwood riparian. The reproductive period was 107 days beginning in early-March and concluding in late-June with the peak of nest attempts occurring around May 9. Nesting effort was low with 38.4% of females failing to attempts at least one nest. Nest survival probabilities ranged from 0.106 in 1995 to 0.216 in 1996 with a pooled estimate of 0.186 (95% C.I.=0.122-0.298). Mammalian predation accounted for 84% of nest failures. Overall female success was 40.5% and differed between first year (SY) and second year and older females (ASY). Female survival probabilities ranged from 0.5 11 in 1995 to 0.733 in 1996, with a pooled estimate of 0.668 (95% C.I.=0.5370.842). Title: Nesting ecology of mallards in the Willamette Valley of Oregon Author: Rickerson, Eric V. Although widely studied in many portions of North America, little is known about the specific habitat requirements of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) during the breeding season in western Oregon. I radio-marked 72 female mallards in the Willamette Valley of Oregon in March-April 1995-96 to document wetland habitat selection during pre-nesting and nesting phases, nesting cover selection, nesting and female success rates, nesting chronology, and survival of females during the pre-nesting and nesting periods. Wetland habitat selection was higher for seasonal riverine and permanent lacustrine habitats during the pre-nesting and nesting periods. Uncultivated upland and wetland habitat nesting sites with a strong cover component had a higher selection ranking compared to agricultural cropland and ash-cottonwood riparian. The reproductive period was 107 days beginning in early-March and concluding in late-June with the peak of nest attempts occurring around May 9. Nesting effort was low with 38.4% of females failing to attempts at least one nest. Nest survival probabilities ranged from 0.106 in 1995 to 0.216 in 1996 with a pooled estimate of 0.186 (95% C.I.=0.122-0.298). Mammalian predation accounted for 84% of nest failures. Overall female success was 40.5% and differed between first year (SY) and second year and older females (ASY). Female survival probabilities ranged from 0.5 11 in 1995 to 0.733 in 1996, with a pooled estimate of 0.668 (95% C.I.=0.5370.842). Close

• 2. [Article] Floodplain emergent wetlands as rearing habitat for fishes and the implications for wetland enhancement

  Seasonal emergent wetlands in the Pacific Northwest have not been regarded traditionally as fish rearing habitat, despite access to such habitat when river flows overtop riverbanks and connect to the floodplain. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain emergent wetlands as rearing habitat for fishes and the implications for wetland enhancement Author: Henning, Julie A. Seasonal emergent wetlands in the Pacific Northwest have not been regarded traditionally as fish rearing habitat, despite access to such habitat when river flows overtop riverbanks and connect to the floodplain. As a result, restoration and enhancement projects to remediate for the loss of such wetland habitat are being implemented for waterfowl and other wildlife with little consideration for fishes such as juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). The objectives of this study were to examine the degree to which fish utilize emergent wetlands and to determine the influence of wetland enhancement on fish communities in the Chehalis River floodplain. Furthermore, I quantified the influence of enhanced wetlands on juvenile coho salmon. A minimum of 18 fish species utilized floodplain wetlands, and the most abundant were three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi). Both enhanced and unenhanced emergent wetlands had higher abundances of nongame native fishes than oxbow habitats. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was the dominant salmonid at all sites and enhanced wetlands had significantly higher abundances of yearling coho salmon than unenhanced wetlands. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased in emergent wetlands throughout the season and were near lethal limits for juvenile salmon by June each year. Survival of fishes utilizing emergent wetlands was dependent on movement to the river before water quality decreased and/or the wetland became isolated and stranding occurred. Emigration patterns suggested that coho salmon yearling and young-of-the-year emigrated as habitat conditions declined. This was further supported by the results of the experimental release of yearling coho salmon. Yearling coho salmon benefited from rearing in enhanced wetland habitats where their growth and survival were comparable to studies of juvenile coho off-channel habitats. Title: Floodplain emergent wetlands as rearing habitat for fishes and the implications for wetland enhancement Author: Henning, Julie A. Seasonal emergent wetlands in the Pacific Northwest have not been regarded traditionally as fish rearing habitat, despite access to such habitat when river flows overtop riverbanks and connect to the floodplain. As a result, restoration and enhancement projects to remediate for the loss of such wetland habitat are being implemented for waterfowl and other wildlife with little consideration for fishes such as juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). The objectives of this study were to examine the degree to which fish utilize emergent wetlands and to determine the influence of wetland enhancement on fish communities in the Chehalis River floodplain. Furthermore, I quantified the influence of enhanced wetlands on juvenile coho salmon. A minimum of 18 fish species utilized floodplain wetlands, and the most abundant were three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi). Both enhanced and unenhanced emergent wetlands had higher abundances of nongame native fishes than oxbow habitats. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was the dominant salmonid at all sites and enhanced wetlands had significantly higher abundances of yearling coho salmon than unenhanced wetlands. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased in emergent wetlands throughout the season and were near lethal limits for juvenile salmon by June each year. Survival of fishes utilizing emergent wetlands was dependent on movement to the river before water quality decreased and/or the wetland became isolated and stranding occurred. Emigration patterns suggested that coho salmon yearling and young-of-the-year emigrated as habitat conditions declined. This was further supported by the results of the experimental release of yearling coho salmon. Yearling coho salmon benefited from rearing in enhanced wetland habitats where their growth and survival were comparable to studies of juvenile coho off-channel habitats. Close

• 3. [Article] Food abundance and energetic carrying capacity for wintering waterfowl in the Great Salt Lake wetlands

  Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, is surrounded by 191,884 hectares of wetlands. These wetlands provide critical habitat for hundreds of thousands of breeding, migrating and wintering waterfowl each year. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food abundance and energetic carrying capacity for wintering waterfowl in the Great Salt Lake wetlands Author: Johnson, Amber Marie Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, is surrounded by 191,884 hectares of wetlands. These wetlands provide critical habitat for hundreds of thousands of breeding, migrating and wintering waterfowl each year. As the human population around GSL increases, government officials have proposed to divert more water from the Jordan, Ogden, and Bear Rivers to meet municipal demands. Freshwater diversions from the rivers that supply the wetlands will likely decrease the amount of wetland habitat available to waterfowl. To justify current and future water allocation for wetlands around the GSL, managers must quantify the value of these habitats to migratory wetland birds, and one measure of habitat quality is food abundance. However, food abundance in the GSL wetlands is unknown. In this study, I quantified food abundance in managed and unmanaged wetland areas along the east side of the GSL. Managed wetlands included state, federal, and private lands contained within levees and actively managed as waterfowl habitat. I defined unmanaged wetlands as those shallow water areas outside levees impacted by freshwater flows from the Jordan, Bear, and Ogden Rivers and from managed wetlands. Unmanaged wetlands are under no specific management regime and are under the greatest threat by proposed water diversions because they are currently not protected under Utah water laws. I used multi-stage and simple random sampling to quantify food abundance in managed and unmanaged wetland. Sampling in managed wetlands occurred during September 2005-2006 (n = 12) and unmanaged wetlands during 2006 (n = 3) before the majority of waterfowl arrive on fall migration. I estimated the biomass of seeds, tubers, invertebrates, and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Mean tuber and invertebrate biomass was similar between managed and unmanaged wetlands in 2006 (ps > 0.09); however, leafy biomass was 37% higher in unmanaged wetlands (t = 2.47, p = 0.015) and seed biomass was 65% higher in managed wetlands (t = 5.06, p <0.001). I then used biomass estimates to calculate energetic carrying capacity of both managed and unmanaged wetland habitats and determine the effects of possible water diversions from unmanaged wetlands on migratory waterfowl. I used information on daily bird energy needs, biomass estimates, and true metabolizable energy of each food type to estimate duck carrying capacity in habitats dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation. I separated ducks into three guilds based on food habits and feeding methods (dabblers, divers and grazers). The unit of comparison for energetic carrying capacity was Duck Use Day (DUD), defined as the amount of energy needed to support one duck for one day. Carrying capacity was higher in managed vs. unmanaged habitats for all three duck foraging guilds. If unmanaged wetlands decline by 80%, I estimated that duck carrying capacity would decrease 34% for grazers, 20% for divers, and 14% for dabblers. Results from this research provide a quantitative value to both managed and unmanaged wetlands surrounding the GSL to wintering waterfowl and provide guidance for the future conservation, restoration and maintenance of hundreds of thousands of hectares of critical wetland habitat. Title: Food abundance and energetic carrying capacity for wintering waterfowl in the Great Salt Lake wetlands Author: Johnson, Amber Marie Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, is surrounded by 191,884 hectares of wetlands. These wetlands provide critical habitat for hundreds of thousands of breeding, migrating and wintering waterfowl each year. As the human population around GSL increases, government officials have proposed to divert more water from the Jordan, Ogden, and Bear Rivers to meet municipal demands. Freshwater diversions from the rivers that supply the wetlands will likely decrease the amount of wetland habitat available to waterfowl. To justify current and future water allocation for wetlands around the GSL, managers must quantify the value of these habitats to migratory wetland birds, and one measure of habitat quality is food abundance. However, food abundance in the GSL wetlands is unknown. In this study, I quantified food abundance in managed and unmanaged wetland areas along the east side of the GSL. Managed wetlands included state, federal, and private lands contained within levees and actively managed as waterfowl habitat. I defined unmanaged wetlands as those shallow water areas outside levees impacted by freshwater flows from the Jordan, Bear, and Ogden Rivers and from managed wetlands. Unmanaged wetlands are under no specific management regime and are under the greatest threat by proposed water diversions because they are currently not protected under Utah water laws. I used multi-stage and simple random sampling to quantify food abundance in managed and unmanaged wetland. Sampling in managed wetlands occurred during September 2005-2006 (n = 12) and unmanaged wetlands during 2006 (n = 3) before the majority of waterfowl arrive on fall migration. I estimated the biomass of seeds, tubers, invertebrates, and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Mean tuber and invertebrate biomass was similar between managed and unmanaged wetlands in 2006 (ps > 0.09); however, leafy biomass was 37% higher in unmanaged wetlands (t = 2.47, p = 0.015) and seed biomass was 65% higher in managed wetlands (t = 5.06, p <0.001). I then used biomass estimates to calculate energetic carrying capacity of both managed and unmanaged wetland habitats and determine the effects of possible water diversions from unmanaged wetlands on migratory waterfowl. I used information on daily bird energy needs, biomass estimates, and true metabolizable energy of each food type to estimate duck carrying capacity in habitats dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation. I separated ducks into three guilds based on food habits and feeding methods (dabblers, divers and grazers). The unit of comparison for energetic carrying capacity was Duck Use Day (DUD), defined as the amount of energy needed to support one duck for one day. Carrying capacity was higher in managed vs. unmanaged habitats for all three duck foraging guilds. If unmanaged wetlands decline by 80%, I estimated that duck carrying capacity would decrease 34% for grazers, 20% for divers, and 14% for dabblers. Results from this research provide a quantitative value to both managed and unmanaged wetlands surrounding the GSL to wintering waterfowl and provide guidance for the future conservation, restoration and maintenance of hundreds of thousands of hectares of critical wetland habitat. Close

• 4. [Article] Areal distribution, change, and restoration potential of wetlands within the lower Columbia River riparian zone, 1948-1991

  The lower Columbia River (LCR) riparian zone is rich in habitat diversity. However, the natural beauty and species diversity along the river have increasingly become affected by human activity. This study ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Areal distribution, change, and restoration potential of wetlands within the lower Columbia River riparian zone, 1948-1991 Author: Allen, Tracy Hunter The lower Columbia River (LCR) riparian zone is rich in habitat diversity. However, the natural beauty and species diversity along the river have increasingly become affected by human activity. This study quantifies the areal extent and degree of wetlands change and associated causes along the LCR over the past 44 years. This research examines the distribution of wetland types and their patterns of change, developing regional models which rank areas most conducive to potential wetland recovery or restoration efforts. The length of the study area totals 234 river kilometers, from the mouth of the Columbia River to Bonneville Dam. The width includes the active channel and an approximately three-kilometer swath on either side of the river. Aerial photography was the primary means for interpreting historical extent of wetlands, using five photo dates (1948, 1961, 1973, 1983, and 1991), based upon their time interval, coverage, and photo quality. For each photo throughout the entire study site, land uses and wetland habitats greater than one hectare were identified and classified. Each classified polygon was digitized and spatially analyzed using a Geographic Information System. This study indicates that wetland habitats which were once contiguously draped upon the linear features of the river are decreasing in size and becoming fragmented. There have been both increases and decreases in specific wetland habitat areas which vary by river reach, even though wetlands have diminished overall. The estuarine section of the LCR experienced a 25% net decrease in wetland area between 1948 and 1991, while the riverine tidal section fostered a 1% increase. The riverine lower perennial section sustained the greatest loss of wetlands, which decreased by 37%. Causes for wetland losses in the estuarine section were largely related to in-water activities, such as channelization, while the causes for declines in the riverine lower perennial section were correlated with rapid urbanization. Wetland increases in the riverine tidal section were generally influenced by significant growth in palustrine and forested wetlands associated with the establishment of wildlife refuges and the incremental increase of upstream flood storage capacity. This research provides a template for identifying degraded or displaced wetlands. Through the use of a GIS, each historical wetland was ranked in either low, moderate, or high categories for restoration potential. GIS technology permits focused, sequentially-refined queries to identify potential restoration or recovery sites. In the estuarine section, 74 historical wetland sites were ranked high for restoration potential, while in the riverine tidal and riverine lower perennial sections, there were 178 and 105, respectively. Overall, these sites represent only 25% of the area occupied by wetlands in 1948. While this study advocates restoration potential, restoration is not a surrogate for responsible ecosystem-wide stewardship of the riparian zone. Restoration will not succeed unless degrading factors are mitigated or eliminated. Title: Areal distribution, change, and restoration potential of wetlands within the lower Columbia River riparian zone, 1948-1991 Author: Allen, Tracy Hunter The lower Columbia River (LCR) riparian zone is rich in habitat diversity. However, the natural beauty and species diversity along the river have increasingly become affected by human activity. This study quantifies the areal extent and degree of wetlands change and associated causes along the LCR over the past 44 years. This research examines the distribution of wetland types and their patterns of change, developing regional models which rank areas most conducive to potential wetland recovery or restoration efforts. The length of the study area totals 234 river kilometers, from the mouth of the Columbia River to Bonneville Dam. The width includes the active channel and an approximately three-kilometer swath on either side of the river. Aerial photography was the primary means for interpreting historical extent of wetlands, using five photo dates (1948, 1961, 1973, 1983, and 1991), based upon their time interval, coverage, and photo quality. For each photo throughout the entire study site, land uses and wetland habitats greater than one hectare were identified and classified. Each classified polygon was digitized and spatially analyzed using a Geographic Information System. This study indicates that wetland habitats which were once contiguously draped upon the linear features of the river are decreasing in size and becoming fragmented. There have been both increases and decreases in specific wetland habitat areas which vary by river reach, even though wetlands have diminished overall. The estuarine section of the LCR experienced a 25% net decrease in wetland area between 1948 and 1991, while the riverine tidal section fostered a 1% increase. The riverine lower perennial section sustained the greatest loss of wetlands, which decreased by 37%. Causes for wetland losses in the estuarine section were largely related to in-water activities, such as channelization, while the causes for declines in the riverine lower perennial section were correlated with rapid urbanization. Wetland increases in the riverine tidal section were generally influenced by significant growth in palustrine and forested wetlands associated with the establishment of wildlife refuges and the incremental increase of upstream flood storage capacity. This research provides a template for identifying degraded or displaced wetlands. Through the use of a GIS, each historical wetland was ranked in either low, moderate, or high categories for restoration potential. GIS technology permits focused, sequentially-refined queries to identify potential restoration or recovery sites. In the estuarine section, 74 historical wetland sites were ranked high for restoration potential, while in the riverine tidal and riverine lower perennial sections, there were 178 and 105, respectively. Overall, these sites represent only 25% of the area occupied by wetlands in 1948. While this study advocates restoration potential, restoration is not a surrogate for responsible ecosystem-wide stewardship of the riparian zone. Restoration will not succeed unless degrading factors are mitigated or eliminated. Close

• 5. [Article] Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge : environmental assessment

  "The Service is proposing to establish the Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge by initially accepting a donation of 46 acres of salt marsh, acquiring up to 793 acres of land, and cooperatively ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge : environmental assessment Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Region 1, Harrison, Ben "The Service is proposing to establish the Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge by initially accepting a donation of 46 acres of salt marsh, acquiring up to 793 acres of land, and cooperatively managing 1,060 acres of tidelands with the State of Oregon... The primary need for the Service acquisition is to preserve diverse coastal wetland habitats and upland buffers for a variety of waterfowl, shorebirds, marine mammals, endangered species, raptors, songbirds, anadromous and resident fish, and other wildlife." (p.2) The report describes the area and discusses potential issues. It includes maps, an aerial photograph, and a species list. Title: Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge : environmental assessment Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Region 1, Harrison, Ben "The Service is proposing to establish the Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge by initially accepting a donation of 46 acres of salt marsh, acquiring up to 793 acres of land, and cooperatively managing 1,060 acres of tidelands with the State of Oregon... The primary need for the Service acquisition is to preserve diverse coastal wetland habitats and upland buffers for a variety of waterfowl, shorebirds, marine mammals, endangered species, raptors, songbirds, anadromous and resident fish, and other wildlife." (p.2) The report describes the area and discusses potential issues. It includes maps, an aerial photograph, and a species list. Close

• 6. [Article] Multiscale relationships of wintering birds with riparian and wetland habitat in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Relatively little is known about wintering bird communities in lowlands of the Pacific Northwest, yet, the condition of winter habitats potentially can pose a major constraint on bird populations. I initiated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiscale relationships of wintering birds with riparian and wetland habitat in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Adamus, Paul R. Relatively little is known about wintering bird communities in lowlands of the Pacific Northwest, yet, the condition of winter habitats potentially can pose a major constraint on bird populations. I initiated a study to determine: (1) Which avian species use lowland riparian and wetland habitats in the Willamette Valley during winter, and with what intraseasonal regularity? (2) To what extent are these species associated - individually and collectively - with landscape and site-scale habitat variables? (3) To what extent are these species associated - individually and collectively - with particular landscape vs. site-scale variables? (4) How are the apparent associations affected by survey procedures and data analysis methods? Two survey procedures (area counts and point counts) in 1995 and 1996 found 104 species during 10 visits to 142 riparian and wetland sites. Area counts mainly surveyed waterbirds and raptors; point counts surveyed passerines. From area counts, mean richness ranged 0 toll species among sites and 1 to 5 species among weeks at an average site; mean number of individuals ranged 0 to 1016 among sites and from 6 to 199 among weeks at an average site. From point counts, richness ranged 1 to 6 species both among sites and among weeks at an average site. Mean number of individuals ranged 0 to 1016 per site and 6 to 199 among weeks at an average site. I individually examined 64 species to identify relative degree of association with site-scale and landscape variables. Winter Wren, Bewick's Wren, Hutton's Vireo, and Varied Thrush were significantly associated with woody cover at one or more spatial scales. Passerine abundance was greatest at sites with slowflowing water. Richness was associated with soil inundation category, peaking at intermediate frequencies and interacting with canopy cover and wooded patch extent. Richness of non-passerines was greater where standing water occupied >6% of the landscape nearest the site. Conclusions for many species and community metrics were sensitive to choice of survey methods, variables, measurement procedures, and statistical analysis tests. Ratings generated by OFWAM, a general tool for categorizing overall wetland habitat quality, did not significantly parallel measured richness and abundance of wintering birds. Title: Multiscale relationships of wintering birds with riparian and wetland habitat in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Adamus, Paul R. Relatively little is known about wintering bird communities in lowlands of the Pacific Northwest, yet, the condition of winter habitats potentially can pose a major constraint on bird populations. I initiated a study to determine: (1) Which avian species use lowland riparian and wetland habitats in the Willamette Valley during winter, and with what intraseasonal regularity? (2) To what extent are these species associated - individually and collectively - with landscape and site-scale habitat variables? (3) To what extent are these species associated - individually and collectively - with particular landscape vs. site-scale variables? (4) How are the apparent associations affected by survey procedures and data analysis methods? Two survey procedures (area counts and point counts) in 1995 and 1996 found 104 species during 10 visits to 142 riparian and wetland sites. Area counts mainly surveyed waterbirds and raptors; point counts surveyed passerines. From area counts, mean richness ranged 0 toll species among sites and 1 to 5 species among weeks at an average site; mean number of individuals ranged 0 to 1016 among sites and from 6 to 199 among weeks at an average site. From point counts, richness ranged 1 to 6 species both among sites and among weeks at an average site. Mean number of individuals ranged 0 to 1016 per site and 6 to 199 among weeks at an average site. I individually examined 64 species to identify relative degree of association with site-scale and landscape variables. Winter Wren, Bewick's Wren, Hutton's Vireo, and Varied Thrush were significantly associated with woody cover at one or more spatial scales. Passerine abundance was greatest at sites with slowflowing water. Richness was associated with soil inundation category, peaking at intermediate frequencies and interacting with canopy cover and wooded patch extent. Richness of non-passerines was greater where standing water occupied >6% of the landscape nearest the site. Conclusions for many species and community metrics were sensitive to choice of survey methods, variables, measurement procedures, and statistical analysis tests. Ratings generated by OFWAM, a general tool for categorizing overall wetland habitat quality, did not significantly parallel measured richness and abundance of wintering birds. Close

• 7. [Article] The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Close

• 8. [Article] Hawaiian duck (Anas wyvilliana) behavior and response to wetland habitat management at Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge on Kaua'i

  The endangered Hawaiian Duck (koloa maoli; Anas wyvilliana), a non-migratory and island-endemic species, experienced a significant population decline during the twentieth century due to factors such as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hawaiian duck (Anas wyvilliana) behavior and response to wetland habitat management at Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge on Kaua'i Author: Malachowski, Christopher P. The endangered Hawaiian Duck (koloa maoli; Anas wyvilliana), a non-migratory and island-endemic species, experienced a significant population decline during the twentieth century due to factors such as habitat loss, overharvest, introduced mammalian predators, and hybridization with introduced feral Mallards (A. platyrhynchos). A key objective for Hawaiian Duck recovery is to establish a protected and managed network of wetland habitats; however, development of effective habitat management plans is stymied by the lack of information on patterns of habitat use in relation to fundamental resource requirements. Furthermore, many generalizations regarding dabbling duck behavior and resource requirements that guide seasonal wetland management objectives in North America may not apply to tropical regions and island systems. In this thesis, I compare the behavioral repertoire of the Hawaiian Duck with closely related island-endemic waterfowl and migratory North American Anas, I investigate the behavioral response of Hawaiian Ducks to wetland habitat management and taro cultivation, and I examine the effects of environmental, climatic, temporal, and social factors on the activity budgets of Hawaiian Ducks. I conducted instantaneous focal sampling (n = 984 observation sessions; 328.8 hr) throughout the annual cycle from September 2010 to August 2011 at managed wetlands and taro lo'i within Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Kaua'i. I documented 73 specific Hawaiian Duck behaviors in eight broad behavior categories including foraging, maintenance, resting, locomotion, alert, courtship, and intraspecific and interspecific agonistic interactions. I found that the behavioral repertoire of the Hawaiian Duck was similar to that of the Mallard; however, subtle variations in the form and linkage of certain courtship displays, such as nod-swimming, were observed. Additionally, male Hawaiian Ducks were occasionally associated with brood-rearing females (11% of brood observations), and this behavior appeared to be a male strategy whereby females received little perceived benefit , but males may have potentially garnered additional breeding attempts or maintained pair-bonds for subsequent breeding seasons. After accounting for sex, pair status, month, and time of day, the diurnal behavioral activities of Hawaiian Ducks differed between managed wetlands and taro habitats (F₆,₉₆₀ = 30.3, P < 0.001). Hawaiian Ducks utilized taro predominantly for resting (44%), maintenance (21%), and foraging (15%), while birds used managed wetlands for a variety of activities, including foraging (11%), maintenance (28%), resting (27%), and locomotion (22%). Social activities, particularly courtship, occurred more frequently in managed wetlands than in taro (H₁ = 11.9, P < 0.001). In managed wetlands, birds foraged slightly more with increasing cover of Cyperus spp. (r = 0.18, P < 0.001) and Fimbristylis littoralis (r = 0.17, P < 0.01) and decreasing cover of Urochloa mutica (r = -0.15, P < 0.01) and wetland vegetation height (r = -0.22, P < 0.001). Within taro habitat, the behavioral activities of Hawaiian Ducks differed significantly between birds in lo'i and on dikes (F₆,₄₆₈ = 142.8, P < 0.001); birds utilized lo‘i dikes for resting (60%) and maintenance activities (21%), whereas birds entered lo‘i primarily to forage (45%). The activity budget of Hawaiian Ducks was strongly influenced by time of day (F₁₈,₂₇₁₅.₇₈ = 6.4, P < 0.001), and birds spent more time engaged in active behaviors (i.e., foraging, locomotion, and alert) and less time resting during early morning and evening than during late morning and afternoon. While strong seasonal shifts in most behavioral patterns were not detected, males allocated more time to courting (1.1 vs. 0.3%; H1 = 6.92, P = 0.009) and mate-guarding (0.5 vs. <0.1%; H₁ = 9.83, P = 0.002) in managed wetlands between November and March than the remainder of the year. The effects of sex (F₆,₉₆₀ = 6.06, P < 0.001) and social status (F₆,₆₈₂ = 6.69, P < 0.001) on activity budgets were also significant. Females spent more time foraging (18 vs. 12%) and less time in alert, locomotor, and social behaviors than males. Paired birds allocated more time to aggression towards conspecifics, mate-guarding, and courtship, and within taro lo‘i, paired birds foraged more and rested less than unpaired birds. Overall, Hawaiian Duck allocated diurnal activity budgets differently in managed and cultivated wetland habitat at Hanalei NWR, suggesting that both systems may play an important role in fulfilling fundamental daily and seasonal resource requirements. The increased range of activities and foraging tactics used in managed wetlands may indicate the greater habitat diversity (e.g., vegetation structure, patchiness, plant species richness, range of water depths) provided by seasonal wetlands. In general, Hawaiian Duck allocated less time to diurnal foraging than North American Anas, such Mallard and Mottled Duck (A. fulvigula), suggesting that Hawaiian Duck may have lower daily and seasonal energy demands, have access to higher quality diet, or allot more time to nocturnal foraging activities. Also, unlike many North American migratory waterfowl that demonstrate significant behavioral plasticity in adjusting activity budgets to meet seasonal energy demands associated with breeding, molting, wintering, and migration, Hawaiian Duck did not exhibit a strong seasonal shift in most behaviors which may reflect their non-migratory nature and asynchronous life history cycle. Title: Hawaiian duck (Anas wyvilliana) behavior and response to wetland habitat management at Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge on Kaua'i Author: Malachowski, Christopher P. The endangered Hawaiian Duck (koloa maoli; Anas wyvilliana), a non-migratory and island-endemic species, experienced a significant population decline during the twentieth century due to factors such as habitat loss, overharvest, introduced mammalian predators, and hybridization with introduced feral Mallards (A. platyrhynchos). A key objective for Hawaiian Duck recovery is to establish a protected and managed network of wetland habitats; however, development of effective habitat management plans is stymied by the lack of information on patterns of habitat use in relation to fundamental resource requirements. Furthermore, many generalizations regarding dabbling duck behavior and resource requirements that guide seasonal wetland management objectives in North America may not apply to tropical regions and island systems. In this thesis, I compare the behavioral repertoire of the Hawaiian Duck with closely related island-endemic waterfowl and migratory North American Anas, I investigate the behavioral response of Hawaiian Ducks to wetland habitat management and taro cultivation, and I examine the effects of environmental, climatic, temporal, and social factors on the activity budgets of Hawaiian Ducks. I conducted instantaneous focal sampling (n = 984 observation sessions; 328.8 hr) throughout the annual cycle from September 2010 to August 2011 at managed wetlands and taro lo'i within Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Kaua'i. I documented 73 specific Hawaiian Duck behaviors in eight broad behavior categories including foraging, maintenance, resting, locomotion, alert, courtship, and intraspecific and interspecific agonistic interactions. I found that the behavioral repertoire of the Hawaiian Duck was similar to that of the Mallard; however, subtle variations in the form and linkage of certain courtship displays, such as nod-swimming, were observed. Additionally, male Hawaiian Ducks were occasionally associated with brood-rearing females (11% of brood observations), and this behavior appeared to be a male strategy whereby females received little perceived benefit , but males may have potentially garnered additional breeding attempts or maintained pair-bonds for subsequent breeding seasons. After accounting for sex, pair status, month, and time of day, the diurnal behavioral activities of Hawaiian Ducks differed between managed wetlands and taro habitats (F₆,₉₆₀ = 30.3, P < 0.001). Hawaiian Ducks utilized taro predominantly for resting (44%), maintenance (21%), and foraging (15%), while birds used managed wetlands for a variety of activities, including foraging (11%), maintenance (28%), resting (27%), and locomotion (22%). Social activities, particularly courtship, occurred more frequently in managed wetlands than in taro (H₁ = 11.9, P < 0.001). In managed wetlands, birds foraged slightly more with increasing cover of Cyperus spp. (r = 0.18, P < 0.001) and Fimbristylis littoralis (r = 0.17, P < 0.01) and decreasing cover of Urochloa mutica (r = -0.15, P < 0.01) and wetland vegetation height (r = -0.22, P < 0.001). Within taro habitat, the behavioral activities of Hawaiian Ducks differed significantly between birds in lo'i and on dikes (F₆,₄₆₈ = 142.8, P < 0.001); birds utilized lo‘i dikes for resting (60%) and maintenance activities (21%), whereas birds entered lo‘i primarily to forage (45%). The activity budget of Hawaiian Ducks was strongly influenced by time of day (F₁₈,₂₇₁₅.₇₈ = 6.4, P < 0.001), and birds spent more time engaged in active behaviors (i.e., foraging, locomotion, and alert) and less time resting during early morning and evening than during late morning and afternoon. While strong seasonal shifts in most behavioral patterns were not detected, males allocated more time to courting (1.1 vs. 0.3%; H1 = 6.92, P = 0.009) and mate-guarding (0.5 vs. <0.1%; H₁ = 9.83, P = 0.002) in managed wetlands between November and March than the remainder of the year. The effects of sex (F₆,₉₆₀ = 6.06, P < 0.001) and social status (F₆,₆₈₂ = 6.69, P < 0.001) on activity budgets were also significant. Females spent more time foraging (18 vs. 12%) and less time in alert, locomotor, and social behaviors than males. Paired birds allocated more time to aggression towards conspecifics, mate-guarding, and courtship, and within taro lo‘i, paired birds foraged more and rested less than unpaired birds. Overall, Hawaiian Duck allocated diurnal activity budgets differently in managed and cultivated wetland habitat at Hanalei NWR, suggesting that both systems may play an important role in fulfilling fundamental daily and seasonal resource requirements. The increased range of activities and foraging tactics used in managed wetlands may indicate the greater habitat diversity (e.g., vegetation structure, patchiness, plant species richness, range of water depths) provided by seasonal wetlands. In general, Hawaiian Duck allocated less time to diurnal foraging than North American Anas, such Mallard and Mottled Duck (A. fulvigula), suggesting that Hawaiian Duck may have lower daily and seasonal energy demands, have access to higher quality diet, or allot more time to nocturnal foraging activities. Also, unlike many North American migratory waterfowl that demonstrate significant behavioral plasticity in adjusting activity budgets to meet seasonal energy demands associated with breeding, molting, wintering, and migration, Hawaiian Duck did not exhibit a strong seasonal shift in most behaviors which may reflect their non-migratory nature and asynchronous life history cycle. Close

• 9. [Article] Habitat associations and life histories of odonata in riverine wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  This thesis explored the distributions and life histories of dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of the riverine wetlands of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon, USA. Odonate species distributions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat associations and life histories of odonata in riverine wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Beatty, Christopher D. This thesis explored the distributions and life histories of dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of the riverine wetlands of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon, USA. Odonate species distributions were characterized over two seasons in the autumn of 2000 and the spring of 2001-at twenty-seven wetlands located throughout the valley. Distributions of nymphs and adults were compared with wetland habitat conditions that may affect odonate diversity. Odonate nymph and adult distributions were analyzed through Hierarchical Agglomerative cluster analysis (HA). HA identified discrete clusters of sites based on the distributions of species in the genera Aeshna, Erythemis, Lestes, Libellula, Pachydiplax, Sympetrum and Tramea. To identify habitat associations with odonate species, nymph and adult data were analyzed by Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS). NMS revealed that odonate distributions are associated with site hydrology, water depth and temperature, the presence of large emergent plants (e.g. Typha latifolia), the presence of fish, and surrounding landcover. These data will provide guidance for wetland managers in the use of odonates as indicators of wetland health. To further examine the relationship between odonate species and their wetland habitats, quantitative life history data for the 27 odonate species were analyzed to determine functional associations between species attributes and the environments in which they are found. Oviposition location, presence of a resting egg, over-wintering life stage, nymphal foraging strategy and adult flight season were subjected to NMS, to determine biological similarities between species occupying particular locations. Life history patterns correlated strongly with hydrology. Analysis of sites by odonate species ricimess found a relationship between richness and site hydrology, but failed to explain the distribution of several species associated with wetlands that dry during part of the year. We conclude from our results that species-level life history data are essential for explaining odonate distributions. We determined that the presence of odonate species in a wetland is indicative of habitat condition, that analysis of odonate distributions at the species level is necessary to understand habitat associations, and that analysis of life-history attributes provides a functional understanding of odonate distributions that measurements of species richness or the distributions of generaor families alone cannot explain. Title: Habitat associations and life histories of odonata in riverine wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Beatty, Christopher D. This thesis explored the distributions and life histories of dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of the riverine wetlands of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon, USA. Odonate species distributions were characterized over two seasons in the autumn of 2000 and the spring of 2001-at twenty-seven wetlands located throughout the valley. Distributions of nymphs and adults were compared with wetland habitat conditions that may affect odonate diversity. Odonate nymph and adult distributions were analyzed through Hierarchical Agglomerative cluster analysis (HA). HA identified discrete clusters of sites based on the distributions of species in the genera Aeshna, Erythemis, Lestes, Libellula, Pachydiplax, Sympetrum and Tramea. To identify habitat associations with odonate species, nymph and adult data were analyzed by Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS). NMS revealed that odonate distributions are associated with site hydrology, water depth and temperature, the presence of large emergent plants (e.g. Typha latifolia), the presence of fish, and surrounding landcover. These data will provide guidance for wetland managers in the use of odonates as indicators of wetland health. To further examine the relationship between odonate species and their wetland habitats, quantitative life history data for the 27 odonate species were analyzed to determine functional associations between species attributes and the environments in which they are found. Oviposition location, presence of a resting egg, over-wintering life stage, nymphal foraging strategy and adult flight season were subjected to NMS, to determine biological similarities between species occupying particular locations. Life history patterns correlated strongly with hydrology. Analysis of sites by odonate species ricimess found a relationship between richness and site hydrology, but failed to explain the distribution of several species associated with wetlands that dry during part of the year. We conclude from our results that species-level life history data are essential for explaining odonate distributions. We determined that the presence of odonate species in a wetland is indicative of habitat condition, that analysis of odonate distributions at the species level is necessary to understand habitat associations, and that analysis of life-history attributes provides a functional understanding of odonate distributions that measurements of species richness or the distributions of generaor families alone cannot explain. Close

• 10. [Article] Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion

  The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette River chinook salmon and Lower Columbia river chinook salmon or destroy, or adversely modify proposed critical habitat. Title: Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette River chinook salmon and Lower Columbia river chinook salmon or destroy, or adversely modify proposed critical habitat. Close

• 11. [Article] Floodplain user guide.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain user guide.pdf Author: Defenders of Wildlife Title: Floodplain user guide.pdf Author: Defenders of Wildlife Close

• 12. [Article] Floodplain_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected.xlsx

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected.xlsx Author: Defenders of Wildlife Title: Floodplain_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected.xlsx Author: Defenders of Wildlife Close

• 13. [Article] The Nehalem Estuary

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Nehalem Estuary Title: The Nehalem Estuary Close

• 14. [Article] Determination of Trade-offs between Wetland Ecosystem Services in an Agricultural Landscape

  Wetland restoration mitigates effects of agricultural development on water quality, flooding, and habitat loss. Multi-objective optimization for wetland locations and sizes has not included objective functions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of Trade-offs between Wetland Ecosystem Services in an Agricultural Landscape Author: Garrison, Stacey L. Wetland restoration mitigates effects of agricultural development on water quality, flooding, and habitat loss. Multi-objective optimization for wetland locations and sizes has not included objective functions for water quality, hydrology, and habitat in unison, limiting analysis of trade-offs among these ecosystem services. This study establishes two methods to improve the accuracy of simulating wetland restoration with an optimization-simulation framework for analysis of trade-offs: identification of wetland type and constraining wetland and drainage area configurations to potential field-scale wetlands in the study area. Determination of a wetland habitat type used characteristics of the Hydrogeomorphic Method, and this type was utilized in a land-use/land-cover simulation linked to a species-habitat model. Multi-objective optimization identified optimal wetlands and drainage areas. These wetlands demonstrated redundancy among treatment ecosystem services. Modifying wetlands and drainage areas from the optimally-identified values caused shifts to the trade-off relationships. The habitat objective function conflicted with the treatment objective functions, but at low levels of confidence, demonstrating the necessity to incorporate all the objective function types together into a multi-objective optimization. The methods to increase accurate representation from this study can be incorporated into future studies to improve understanding of wetland ecosystem service processes for land-use planning. Title: Determination of Trade-offs between Wetland Ecosystem Services in an Agricultural Landscape Author: Garrison, Stacey L. Wetland restoration mitigates effects of agricultural development on water quality, flooding, and habitat loss. Multi-objective optimization for wetland locations and sizes has not included objective functions for water quality, hydrology, and habitat in unison, limiting analysis of trade-offs among these ecosystem services. This study establishes two methods to improve the accuracy of simulating wetland restoration with an optimization-simulation framework for analysis of trade-offs: identification of wetland type and constraining wetland and drainage area configurations to potential field-scale wetlands in the study area. Determination of a wetland habitat type used characteristics of the Hydrogeomorphic Method, and this type was utilized in a land-use/land-cover simulation linked to a species-habitat model. Multi-objective optimization identified optimal wetlands and drainage areas. These wetlands demonstrated redundancy among treatment ecosystem services. Modifying wetlands and drainage areas from the optimally-identified values caused shifts to the trade-off relationships. The habitat objective function conflicted with the treatment objective functions, but at low levels of confidence, demonstrating the necessity to incorporate all the objective function types together into a multi-objective optimization. The methods to increase accurate representation from this study can be incorporated into future studies to improve understanding of wetland ecosystem service processes for land-use planning. Close

• 15. [Article] Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries

  This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries Author: Brophy, Laura This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI wetland classification for tidal wetlands. Study included emergent, scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands but excluded other tidal wetland habitat classes. Title: Recommended NWI revisions and GIS layer development for tidal wetlands of the Yaquina and Alsea River Estuaries Author: Brophy, Laura This project report provides a GIS map to accompany the 1999 tidal wetland prioritization in these estuaries. updates information on major changes at 1999 study sites, and recommends revisions to the NWI wetland classification for tidal wetlands. Study included emergent, scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands but excluded other tidal wetland habitat classes. Close

• 16. [Article] Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012 Author: Fickas, Kate C., Yang, Zhiqiang, Cohen, Warren B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer. The published article can be found at: https://link.springer.com/journal/11273 Title: Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012 Author: Fickas, Kate C., Yang, Zhiqiang, Cohen, Warren B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer. The published article can be found at: https://link.springer.com/journal/11273 Close

• 17. [Article] Juvenile Salmonid Use of Freshwater Emergent Wetlands in the Floodplain and Its Implications for Conservation Management

  A recent trend of enhancing freshwater emergent wetlands for waterfowl and other wildlife has raised concern about the effects of such measures on juvenile salmonids. We undertook this study to quantify ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Juvenile Salmonid Use of Freshwater Emergent Wetlands in the Floodplain and Its Implications for Conservation Management Author: Gresswell, Robert E., Fleming, Ian A., Henning, Julie A. A recent trend of enhancing freshwater emergent wetlands for waterfowl and other wildlife has raised concern about the effects of such measures on juvenile salmonids. We undertook this study to quantify the degree and extent of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. utilization of enhanced and unenhanced emergent wetlands within the floodplain of the lower Chehalis River, Washington, and to determine the fate of the salmon using them. Enhanced emergent wetlands contained water control structures that provided an outlet for fish emigration and a longer hydroperiod for rearing than unenhanced wetlands. Age-0 and age-1 coho salmon O. kisutch were the most common salmonid at all sites, enhanced wetlands having significantly higher age-1 abundance than unenhanced wetlands that were a similar distance from the main-stem river. Yearling coho salmon benefited from rearing in two enhanced wetland habitats, where their specific growth rate and minimum estimates of survival (1.43%/d by weight and 30%; 1.37%/d and 57%) were comparable to those in other side-channel rearing studies. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased in emergent wetlands throughout the season and approached the limits lethal to juvenile salmon by May or June each year. Emigration patterns suggested that age-0 and age-1 coho salmon emigrated as habitat conditions declined. This observation was further supported by the results of an experimental release of coho salmon. Survival of fish utilizing emergent wetlands was dependent on movement to the river before water quality decreased or stranding occurred from wetland desiccation. Thus, our results suggest that enhancing freshwater wetlands via water control structures can benefit juvenile salmonids, at least in the short term, by providing conditions for greater growth, survival, and emigration. Title: Juvenile Salmonid Use of Freshwater Emergent Wetlands in the Floodplain and Its Implications for Conservation Management Author: Gresswell, Robert E., Fleming, Ian A., Henning, Julie A. A recent trend of enhancing freshwater emergent wetlands for waterfowl and other wildlife has raised concern about the effects of such measures on juvenile salmonids. We undertook this study to quantify the degree and extent of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. utilization of enhanced and unenhanced emergent wetlands within the floodplain of the lower Chehalis River, Washington, and to determine the fate of the salmon using them. Enhanced emergent wetlands contained water control structures that provided an outlet for fish emigration and a longer hydroperiod for rearing than unenhanced wetlands. Age-0 and age-1 coho salmon O. kisutch were the most common salmonid at all sites, enhanced wetlands having significantly higher age-1 abundance than unenhanced wetlands that were a similar distance from the main-stem river. Yearling coho salmon benefited from rearing in two enhanced wetland habitats, where their specific growth rate and minimum estimates of survival (1.43%/d by weight and 30%; 1.37%/d and 57%) were comparable to those in other side-channel rearing studies. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased in emergent wetlands throughout the season and approached the limits lethal to juvenile salmon by May or June each year. Emigration patterns suggested that age-0 and age-1 coho salmon emigrated as habitat conditions declined. This observation was further supported by the results of an experimental release of coho salmon. Survival of fish utilizing emergent wetlands was dependent on movement to the river before water quality decreased or stranding occurred from wetland desiccation. Thus, our results suggest that enhancing freshwater wetlands via water control structures can benefit juvenile salmonids, at least in the short term, by providing conditions for greater growth, survival, and emigration. Close

• 18. [Article] Design and construction of demonstration/research wetlands for treatment of dairy farm wastewater

  "EPA 600/R-93/105"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design and construction of demonstration/research wetlands for treatment of dairy farm wastewater Author: Gamroth, M. J. (Michael J.), Moore, James A. (James Allan), 1939- "EPA 600/R-93/105" Title: Design and construction of demonstration/research wetlands for treatment of dairy farm wastewater Author: Gamroth, M. J. (Michael J.), Moore, James A. (James Allan), 1939- "EPA 600/R-93/105" Close

• 19. [Article] Grazing management for riparian-wetland areas

  This document presents information from various land managers and researchers to guide livestock management in riparian areas using their unique responsiveness to accomplish management objectives. Riparian ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grazing management for riparian-wetland areas Author: Swanson, Sherman, Kinch, Gene, United States. Forest Service, National Applied Resource Sciences Center (U.S.), Borman, Michael M., Elsbernd, Van, Leonard, Steve (Stephen G.) This document presents information from various land managers and researchers to guide livestock management in riparian areas using their unique responsiveness to accomplish management objectives. Riparian areas, as interfaces between the aquatic and upland components of the ecosystem comprise mosaics of landforms, communities, and environments within the larger landscape. The structure and processes of riparian areas, more than any other ecosystem, are influenced by their connectivity to adjacent ecosystems. An ecosystem perspective provides an ecological basis for evaluating current grazing practices and other land uses, identifying riparian management objectives, and developing future management alternatives. Title: Grazing management for riparian-wetland areas Author: Swanson, Sherman, Kinch, Gene, United States. Forest Service, National Applied Resource Sciences Center (U.S.), Borman, Michael M., Elsbernd, Van, Leonard, Steve (Stephen G.) This document presents information from various land managers and researchers to guide livestock management in riparian areas using their unique responsiveness to accomplish management objectives. Riparian areas, as interfaces between the aquatic and upland components of the ecosystem comprise mosaics of landforms, communities, and environments within the larger landscape. The structure and processes of riparian areas, more than any other ecosystem, are influenced by their connectivity to adjacent ecosystems. An ecosystem perspective provides an ecological basis for evaluating current grazing practices and other land uses, identifying riparian management objectives, and developing future management alternatives. Close

• 20. [Article] Pacific Northwest Estuarine Wetland Restoration Information Gaps Survey.

  In March 2007, Craig Cornu (South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve), with the assistance of Laura Brophy (Green Point Consulting/Estuary Technical Group, Institute for Applied Ecology), John ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pacific Northwest Estuarine Wetland Restoration Information Gaps Survey. Author: South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve In March 2007, Craig Cornu (South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve), with the assistance of Laura Brophy (Green Point Consulting/Estuary Technical Group, Institute for Applied Ecology), John Bragg (South Slough NERR) and Derek Sowers (former South Slough NERR), developed the Pacific Northwest Estuarine Wetland Restoration Information Gaps Survey using the on-line format provided by SurveyMonkey.com. The goals of the survey were to: 1) provide an end-user “reality check” with respect to the tidal wetland habitats selected for the development of a reference conditions database for Oregon tidal wetlands (Brophy et al. 2011); and 2) provide the basis for discussions about adaptive approaches to estuarine wetland restoration in the Pacific Northwest at an estuarine wetland restoration advisory group meeting convened at the South Slough NERR in July 2007. The survey was distributed via e-mail on April 3, 2007 to 50 restoration scientists, planners, and practitioners from government agencies, and non-profit, consulting, and academic organizations including watershed associations. The response rate for the survey was 62% (31 respondents). In general, the survey respondents identified priority tidal wetland habitat classes for restoration in Oregon: high and low emergent marsh and scrub shrub and forested swamps. Other survey highlights included: Scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands and tidally-influenced freshwater floodplains were the habitats most often mentioned (35% of respondents) when asked which habitat classes are not being restored but should be. Unvegetated tidal flats were the second most commonly mentioned habitat class (10% of respondents). Most respondents undertake effectiveness monitoring as a part of their restoration projects (80%). When asked why they do not conduct effectiveness monitoring (or do not collect as much information as they would like), the overwhelming response was lack of funding. 80% indicated general lack of funding for monitoring, and 52% responded that funders require monitoring but do not provide adequate funding. No respondents (0%) chose administrative constraints or lack of monitoring guidance as obstacles to effectiveness monitoring. Most respondents (70%) report that they conduct monitoring for additional reasons besides evaluation of project effectiveness. The reason given by most respondents (55%) was to contribute to the science of habitat restoration (e.g., evaluate various restoration treatments; answer specific ecological or physical process-based questions). Specific research questions and hypotheses being addressed by respondents are listed in the report. When asked whether they use reference sites as part of project monitoring, most respondents (76%) answered that they did. When asked if they were able to find reference sites from which they could collect useful data, most said they could (70%), but the comments indicated some concern over the appropriateness of the reference sites being used, as well as the need for high quality reference condition datasets. When asked whether and how they would use long term reference condition data sets if such data were made available, an overwhelming number of respondents indicated that they would use them for evaluating restoration projects (93%), designing restoration projects (80%), and evaluating adaptive management options (80%). Finally, the survey asked respondents in four separate questions to articulate their top “burning questions,” which, if answered, would help them improve coastal habitat restoration prioritization, design, implementation, and evaluation. Their responses are listed in the report and became the basis for discussion at the 2007 estuarine wetland restoration advisory group workshop at South Slough NERR. Brophy, L.S., C.E. Cornu, P.R. Adamus, J.A. Christy, A. Gray, L. Huang, M.A. MacClellan, J.A. Doumbia, and R.L. Tully. 2011. New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Prepared for the Cooperative Institute for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Technology (CICEET). 198pp. Title: Pacific Northwest Estuarine Wetland Restoration Information Gaps Survey. Author: South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve In March 2007, Craig Cornu (South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve), with the assistance of Laura Brophy (Green Point Consulting/Estuary Technical Group, Institute for Applied Ecology), John Bragg (South Slough NERR) and Derek Sowers (former South Slough NERR), developed the Pacific Northwest Estuarine Wetland Restoration Information Gaps Survey using the on-line format provided by SurveyMonkey.com. The goals of the survey were to: 1) provide an end-user “reality check” with respect to the tidal wetland habitats selected for the development of a reference conditions database for Oregon tidal wetlands (Brophy et al. 2011); and 2) provide the basis for discussions about adaptive approaches to estuarine wetland restoration in the Pacific Northwest at an estuarine wetland restoration advisory group meeting convened at the South Slough NERR in July 2007. The survey was distributed via e-mail on April 3, 2007 to 50 restoration scientists, planners, and practitioners from government agencies, and non-profit, consulting, and academic organizations including watershed associations. The response rate for the survey was 62% (31 respondents). In general, the survey respondents identified priority tidal wetland habitat classes for restoration in Oregon: high and low emergent marsh and scrub shrub and forested swamps. Other survey highlights included: Scrub-shrub and forested tidal wetlands and tidally-influenced freshwater floodplains were the habitats most often mentioned (35% of respondents) when asked which habitat classes are not being restored but should be. Unvegetated tidal flats were the second most commonly mentioned habitat class (10% of respondents). Most respondents undertake effectiveness monitoring as a part of their restoration projects (80%). When asked why they do not conduct effectiveness monitoring (or do not collect as much information as they would like), the overwhelming response was lack of funding. 80% indicated general lack of funding for monitoring, and 52% responded that funders require monitoring but do not provide adequate funding. No respondents (0%) chose administrative constraints or lack of monitoring guidance as obstacles to effectiveness monitoring. Most respondents (70%) report that they conduct monitoring for additional reasons besides evaluation of project effectiveness. The reason given by most respondents (55%) was to contribute to the science of habitat restoration (e.g., evaluate various restoration treatments; answer specific ecological or physical process-based questions). Specific research questions and hypotheses being addressed by respondents are listed in the report. When asked whether they use reference sites as part of project monitoring, most respondents (76%) answered that they did. When asked if they were able to find reference sites from which they could collect useful data, most said they could (70%), but the comments indicated some concern over the appropriateness of the reference sites being used, as well as the need for high quality reference condition datasets. When asked whether and how they would use long term reference condition data sets if such data were made available, an overwhelming number of respondents indicated that they would use them for evaluating restoration projects (93%), designing restoration projects (80%), and evaluating adaptive management options (80%). Finally, the survey asked respondents in four separate questions to articulate their top “burning questions,” which, if answered, would help them improve coastal habitat restoration prioritization, design, implementation, and evaluation. Their responses are listed in the report and became the basis for discussion at the 2007 estuarine wetland restoration advisory group workshop at South Slough NERR. Brophy, L.S., C.E. Cornu, P.R. Adamus, J.A. Christy, A. Gray, L. Huang, M.A. MacClellan, J.A. Doumbia, and R.L. Tully. 2011. New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Prepared for the Cooperative Institute for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Technology (CICEET). 198pp. Close

• 21. [Article] An edaphic study of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum water garden, Coast Fork of the Willamette River

  Wetlands are widely identified as providing important and fundamental processes valuable for maintaining ecosystem health and diversity. Located in the southern Willamette Valley, the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An edaphic study of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum water garden, Coast Fork of the Willamette River Author: Bergen, Cameron Francis Wetlands are widely identified as providing important and fundamental processes valuable for maintaining ecosystem health and diversity. Located in the southern Willamette Valley, the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum contains some valuable remaining wetland habitat along the Coast Fork of the Willamette River. One goal of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum is "to promote conservation, research, and awareness of ecology". To reach this goal, the Arboretum has identified the importance of maintenance and enhancement activities for onsite native habitats, including riparian and wetland habitats. Before restoration or enhancement activities can begin, it is essential to develop an understanding of current environmental conditions. The purpose of this research was to document both the characteristics and distribution of hydric soils and the hydrology, and to provide insight into the patterns and processes associated with a floodplain wetland. In this study, transect sampling of edaphic features was used to identify the distribution of hydric soils and the hydrologic nature of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum Water Garden. Soil morphological data for particle size, matrix colors and redox features were evaluated and compared with observations of ground water hydrology, river hydrology and precipitation. Five stratigraphic units were identified underlying the Water Garden. A basalt Bedrock unit underlies the uplands associated with Mt. Pisgah and extends at least part way beneath the floodplain. The Clay unit was formed above the Bedrock unit, with some degree of encroachment onto the floodplain. Below 153 m are floodplain sediments, cobbles at depth, then a sand layer and silty clay loam at the surface. The Cobble unit overlaps the Bedrock unit at its base and is most likely Pleistocene age alluvium. The Sand unit is of Holocene age and is found only in the abandoned thalweg, tapering off laterally in both directions across the ancient channels. Draped above this all and slightly overlapping the upland Bedrock and Clay units, is the SiCL unit. The SiCL unit represents Holocene age alluvium, fine material deposited by slow moving water and overbank deposition. The Water Garden soils reflect this mosaic of parent materials on a complex slope. Water Garden soils sometimes met saturation requirements for hydric soils, but they did not always meet hydric soil indicator requirements. The hydrological data suggest that the soils in depressional areas of the Water Garden occupy a zone where water is exchanged between saturated sediments surrounding the channel of the Coast Fork and the channel itself. The hydrology of depressional areas with both ponded surface water and near surface saturation was principally the result of hyporheic upwelling. The soils in these depressional areas tended to form redox concentrations that met hydric soil indicator criteria. Hillslope soils in concave footslope positions exhibited hydrology indicating two separate zones of saturation, one near surface, the other at depth, related to infiltration and accumulation of precipitation. Few redoximorphic features were observed in hillslope soils, and the one hydric soil indicator that was used at these locations did not require redox. Accurate and detailed delineation of hydric soils on this landscape and clear determination of dominant sources of saturation provided an improved understanding of the complex nature of the Water Garden wetland. Results of this study show that hydric soils occupy both depressional and hillslope positions within the Water Garden. Delineation of a soil as hydric or non hydric was facilitated by the use of hydric soil indicator criteria, morphology and hydrology. This analysis provides the managers of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum with an accurate representation of where hydric soils currently exist and the respective sources of saturation. With this information, managers are better equipped to develop restoration and enhancement options that better reflect the current environmental conditions in the Water Garden. Title: An edaphic study of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum water garden, Coast Fork of the Willamette River Author: Bergen, Cameron Francis Wetlands are widely identified as providing important and fundamental processes valuable for maintaining ecosystem health and diversity. Located in the southern Willamette Valley, the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum contains some valuable remaining wetland habitat along the Coast Fork of the Willamette River. One goal of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum is "to promote conservation, research, and awareness of ecology". To reach this goal, the Arboretum has identified the importance of maintenance and enhancement activities for onsite native habitats, including riparian and wetland habitats. Before restoration or enhancement activities can begin, it is essential to develop an understanding of current environmental conditions. The purpose of this research was to document both the characteristics and distribution of hydric soils and the hydrology, and to provide insight into the patterns and processes associated with a floodplain wetland. In this study, transect sampling of edaphic features was used to identify the distribution of hydric soils and the hydrologic nature of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum Water Garden. Soil morphological data for particle size, matrix colors and redox features were evaluated and compared with observations of ground water hydrology, river hydrology and precipitation. Five stratigraphic units were identified underlying the Water Garden. A basalt Bedrock unit underlies the uplands associated with Mt. Pisgah and extends at least part way beneath the floodplain. The Clay unit was formed above the Bedrock unit, with some degree of encroachment onto the floodplain. Below 153 m are floodplain sediments, cobbles at depth, then a sand layer and silty clay loam at the surface. The Cobble unit overlaps the Bedrock unit at its base and is most likely Pleistocene age alluvium. The Sand unit is of Holocene age and is found only in the abandoned thalweg, tapering off laterally in both directions across the ancient channels. Draped above this all and slightly overlapping the upland Bedrock and Clay units, is the SiCL unit. The SiCL unit represents Holocene age alluvium, fine material deposited by slow moving water and overbank deposition. The Water Garden soils reflect this mosaic of parent materials on a complex slope. Water Garden soils sometimes met saturation requirements for hydric soils, but they did not always meet hydric soil indicator requirements. The hydrological data suggest that the soils in depressional areas of the Water Garden occupy a zone where water is exchanged between saturated sediments surrounding the channel of the Coast Fork and the channel itself. The hydrology of depressional areas with both ponded surface water and near surface saturation was principally the result of hyporheic upwelling. The soils in these depressional areas tended to form redox concentrations that met hydric soil indicator criteria. Hillslope soils in concave footslope positions exhibited hydrology indicating two separate zones of saturation, one near surface, the other at depth, related to infiltration and accumulation of precipitation. Few redoximorphic features were observed in hillslope soils, and the one hydric soil indicator that was used at these locations did not require redox. Accurate and detailed delineation of hydric soils on this landscape and clear determination of dominant sources of saturation provided an improved understanding of the complex nature of the Water Garden wetland. Results of this study show that hydric soils occupy both depressional and hillslope positions within the Water Garden. Delineation of a soil as hydric or non hydric was facilitated by the use of hydric soil indicator criteria, morphology and hydrology. This analysis provides the managers of the Mt. Pisgah Arboretum with an accurate representation of where hydric soils currently exist and the respective sources of saturation. With this information, managers are better equipped to develop restoration and enhancement options that better reflect the current environmental conditions in the Water Garden. Close

• 22. [Article] Songbirds as sentinels of mercury in terrestrial habitats of eastern North America

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Songbirds as sentinels of mercury in terrestrial habitats of eastern North America Author: Adams, Evan M., Evers, David C., et al., Jackson, Allyson K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10646. Title: Songbirds as sentinels of mercury in terrestrial habitats of eastern North America Author: Adams, Evan M., Evers, David C., et al., Jackson, Allyson K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10646. Close

• 23. [Article] Studies of plant establishment limitations in wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies of plant establishment limitations in wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Title: Studies of plant establishment limitations in wetlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station Close

• 24. [Article] Effects of grass seed agriculture on aquatic invertebrate communities in seasonal wetlands of the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon

  An estimated 99% of native wet prairie has been lost in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, but a large number of seasonal wetlands remain on private lands dedicated to grass seed production within the historical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of grass seed agriculture on aquatic invertebrate communities in seasonal wetlands of the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Wyss, Lance A. An estimated 99% of native wet prairie has been lost in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, but a large number of seasonal wetlands remain on private lands dedicated to grass seed production within the historical wet prairie landscape. Because agriculture is known to alter physical and chemical wetland conditions, I investigated if aquatic invertebrate communities differed among annual grass seed farmed wetlands, perennial grass seed farmed wetlands, and native wet prairie. I sampled 30 southern Willamette Valley wetlands (n = 10 in each land use category) in spring of 2009 and resampled 28 in spring of 2010 that are hydrogeomorphically classified as Flats. Invertebrate community composition in native wet prairie differed from farmed wetlands (A-stats = 0.37, P < 0.001). Specifically, taxa richness (26.2 ± 1.2 in 2009 and 27.4 ± 1.0 in 2010) and diversity (3.0 ± 0.1 in 2009 and 3.1 ± 0.1 in 2010) were higher. From Indicator Species Analysis, taxa representative of wet prairie included a flightless beetle (Apteraliplus parvulus), a cladoceran (Dumontia oregonensis), an isopod (Caecidotea sp.), Calanoida copepods, and Lymnaeidae snails. Invertebrate density (individuals/m²) did not differ among land-use groups, but biomass (mg/m²) in perennial grass wetlands was greater than annual grass wetlands both years. Biomass in perennial grass farmed wetlands was also higher than native wet prairie in 2009 and similar in 2010. Wetland invertebrate composition was strongly associated with reduced vegetation cover and increases in water turbidity and conductivity with farmed sites having lower cover and higher turbidity and conductivity. These findings suggest grass seed farming practices such as soil tillage and field leveling have affects on invertebrate communities by lowering diversity and richness and altering community composition. However, farmed seasonal wetlands still provide habitat for aquatic invertebrates, contribute to the region's biodiversity, and are substantial food resources for wildlife. This grass seed agricultural landscape is an important seasonal wetland habitat and needs to be incorporated into regional conservation plans. Title: Effects of grass seed agriculture on aquatic invertebrate communities in seasonal wetlands of the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Wyss, Lance A. An estimated 99% of native wet prairie has been lost in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, but a large number of seasonal wetlands remain on private lands dedicated to grass seed production within the historical wet prairie landscape. Because agriculture is known to alter physical and chemical wetland conditions, I investigated if aquatic invertebrate communities differed among annual grass seed farmed wetlands, perennial grass seed farmed wetlands, and native wet prairie. I sampled 30 southern Willamette Valley wetlands (n = 10 in each land use category) in spring of 2009 and resampled 28 in spring of 2010 that are hydrogeomorphically classified as Flats. Invertebrate community composition in native wet prairie differed from farmed wetlands (A-stats = 0.37, P < 0.001). Specifically, taxa richness (26.2 ± 1.2 in 2009 and 27.4 ± 1.0 in 2010) and diversity (3.0 ± 0.1 in 2009 and 3.1 ± 0.1 in 2010) were higher. From Indicator Species Analysis, taxa representative of wet prairie included a flightless beetle (Apteraliplus parvulus), a cladoceran (Dumontia oregonensis), an isopod (Caecidotea sp.), Calanoida copepods, and Lymnaeidae snails. Invertebrate density (individuals/m²) did not differ among land-use groups, but biomass (mg/m²) in perennial grass wetlands was greater than annual grass wetlands both years. Biomass in perennial grass farmed wetlands was also higher than native wet prairie in 2009 and similar in 2010. Wetland invertebrate composition was strongly associated with reduced vegetation cover and increases in water turbidity and conductivity with farmed sites having lower cover and higher turbidity and conductivity. These findings suggest grass seed farming practices such as soil tillage and field leveling have affects on invertebrate communities by lowering diversity and richness and altering community composition. However, farmed seasonal wetlands still provide habitat for aquatic invertebrates, contribute to the region's biodiversity, and are substantial food resources for wildlife. This grass seed agricultural landscape is an important seasonal wetland habitat and needs to be incorporated into regional conservation plans. Close

• 25. [Article] Floodplain Habitat Metric: User’s Guide

  The metric is encompassed in two documents, this Floodplain Habitat Metric User’s Guide and a Floodplain Habitat Calculator.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain Habitat Metric: User’s Guide Author: Defenders of Wildlife The metric is encompassed in two documents, this Floodplain Habitat Metric User’s Guide and a Floodplain Habitat Calculator. Title: Floodplain Habitat Metric: User’s Guide Author: Defenders of Wildlife The metric is encompassed in two documents, this Floodplain Habitat Metric User’s Guide and a Floodplain Habitat Calculator. Close

• 26. [Article] Clover Creek restoration

  This project included 8 miles of fencing, 18 stock water tanks, 10 acres of riparian planting, 1 hardened crossing and 1 culvert crossing. Six landowners participated in the project.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clover Creek restoration Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This project included 8 miles of fencing, 18 stock water tanks, 10 acres of riparian planting, 1 hardened crossing and 1 culvert crossing. Six landowners participated in the project. Title: Clover Creek restoration Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This project included 8 miles of fencing, 18 stock water tanks, 10 acres of riparian planting, 1 hardened crossing and 1 culvert crossing. Six landowners participated in the project. Close

• 27. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 28. [Article] Biennial report--The Oregon Plan for salmon and watersheds 2003-2005 synopsis

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biennial report--The Oregon Plan for salmon and watersheds 2003-2005 synopsis Author: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Title: Biennial report--The Oregon Plan for salmon and watersheds 2003-2005 synopsis Author: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Close

• 29. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 30. [Article] Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl

  The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl Author: Evans-Peters, Graham, R. The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and values. Few studies have evaluated the WRP, which limits our understanding of its impact on wildlife populations. I assessed the biological value of seasonal wetlands on WRP easements in the Willamette Valley (WV) and Lower Columbia River Valley (LCRV) of western Oregon and southwest Washington by comparing plant communities and waterfowl food production (i.e. seed biomass) to publicly managed wetlands that served as reference conditions. Estimating waterfowl food resources is used to evaluate habitat quality, restoration, management, and developing habitat specific conservation plans for wintering waterfowl. The most common technique to estimate the portion of seed in wetland soils is to collect and process soil cores, yet there is variability in the depth of cores collected because it is unknown how deep dabbling ducks can extract food from the substrate. Furthermore, recent food abundance studies have not partitioned food estimates by location within wetlands (i.e. above or below ground), which has implications for understanding food availability for ducks. I sampled 23 wetlands for each wetland type in fall 2008 and 2009. I determined the proportion of seeds above versus below ground and the vertical distribution of seed biomass within the soil profile by partitioning samples in 26 wetlands in 2008. There was significantly more seed biomass above ground (72%, 362 ± 50.8 kg/ha) than below (28%, 141 ± 18.5 kg/ha). Seed biomass also varied by soil depth layer with greater biomass in 0-2 cm than both 2-5 and 5-10 cm layers. The majority of seed biomass within the soil was in was in the top 5 cm of the soil profile (75%). I detected 113 plant genera/species and the total mean percent cover of all plant species was 49% native, 38% introduced, 13% bare ground, and 3% unknown. Plant communities differed between study regions but not by wetland type. Twenty-nine species differed by region with more annuals being indicative of the WV and perennial species in the LCRV. Overall, the mean seed biomass estimate was 505 ± 59 kg/ha. Seed biomass was similar between wetland type and study region; however, WRP wetlands in the WV produced more seed (560 ± 114 kg/ha) than those in the LCRV (188 ± 43 kg/ha). Lower seed production in the LCRV WRP sites was attributed to a dominance of perennial species, predominantly Phalaris arundinacea that produced low seed yields relative to annual plants. My results indicate most seed was near the soil surface with only 36 kg/ha in the 5-10 cm layer, providing evidence that most seed is available to foraging dabbling ducks. Reference sites and WV WRP seasonal wetlands produced seed biomass that was similar to managed wetlands in other major waterfowl wintering areas in the United States. Therefore, WRP is capable of mitigating wetland loss and contributing to the regional goals of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. However, WRP and reference seasonal wetlands are only providing 10% and 3.5% of dabbling ducks energetic demands in the WV and LCRV respectively due to a lack of habitat. Depending on whether the current landscape is meeting current dabbling duck energetic demands, this suggests either a need for more habitat, which is most feasible through restoration on private lands, or protecting other existing wetland habitats. Title: Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl Author: Evans-Peters, Graham, R. The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and values. Few studies have evaluated the WRP, which limits our understanding of its impact on wildlife populations. I assessed the biological value of seasonal wetlands on WRP easements in the Willamette Valley (WV) and Lower Columbia River Valley (LCRV) of western Oregon and southwest Washington by comparing plant communities and waterfowl food production (i.e. seed biomass) to publicly managed wetlands that served as reference conditions. Estimating waterfowl food resources is used to evaluate habitat quality, restoration, management, and developing habitat specific conservation plans for wintering waterfowl. The most common technique to estimate the portion of seed in wetland soils is to collect and process soil cores, yet there is variability in the depth of cores collected because it is unknown how deep dabbling ducks can extract food from the substrate. Furthermore, recent food abundance studies have not partitioned food estimates by location within wetlands (i.e. above or below ground), which has implications for understanding food availability for ducks. I sampled 23 wetlands for each wetland type in fall 2008 and 2009. I determined the proportion of seeds above versus below ground and the vertical distribution of seed biomass within the soil profile by partitioning samples in 26 wetlands in 2008. There was significantly more seed biomass above ground (72%, 362 ± 50.8 kg/ha) than below (28%, 141 ± 18.5 kg/ha). Seed biomass also varied by soil depth layer with greater biomass in 0-2 cm than both 2-5 and 5-10 cm layers. The majority of seed biomass within the soil was in was in the top 5 cm of the soil profile (75%). I detected 113 plant genera/species and the total mean percent cover of all plant species was 49% native, 38% introduced, 13% bare ground, and 3% unknown. Plant communities differed between study regions but not by wetland type. Twenty-nine species differed by region with more annuals being indicative of the WV and perennial species in the LCRV. Overall, the mean seed biomass estimate was 505 ± 59 kg/ha. Seed biomass was similar between wetland type and study region; however, WRP wetlands in the WV produced more seed (560 ± 114 kg/ha) than those in the LCRV (188 ± 43 kg/ha). Lower seed production in the LCRV WRP sites was attributed to a dominance of perennial species, predominantly Phalaris arundinacea that produced low seed yields relative to annual plants. My results indicate most seed was near the soil surface with only 36 kg/ha in the 5-10 cm layer, providing evidence that most seed is available to foraging dabbling ducks. Reference sites and WV WRP seasonal wetlands produced seed biomass that was similar to managed wetlands in other major waterfowl wintering areas in the United States. Therefore, WRP is capable of mitigating wetland loss and contributing to the regional goals of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. However, WRP and reference seasonal wetlands are only providing 10% and 3.5% of dabbling ducks energetic demands in the WV and LCRV respectively due to a lack of habitat. Depending on whether the current landscape is meeting current dabbling duck energetic demands, this suggests either a need for more habitat, which is most feasible through restoration on private lands, or protecting other existing wetland habitats. Close

• 31. [Article] Native wetland, riparian, and upland plant communities and their biota in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  As part of the Willamette Basin Geographic Initiative Program, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded The Nature Conservancy of Oregon to inventory, classify, and map native wetland and riparian ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native wetland, riparian, and upland plant communities and their biota in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Alverson, Edward R., VanderSchaaf, Dick, Kagan, James S., Christy, John A., Titus, John H. As part of the Willamette Basin Geographic Initiative Program, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded The Nature Conservancy of Oregon to inventory, classify, and map native wetland and riparian plant communities and their threatened biota in the Willamette Valley. Between October 1994 and September 1996, we evaluated 172 wetland and riparian sites throughout the Willamette Valley. A site is a stream or river reach or wetland area that was inventoried at one to many locations. Of these sites, 21 are high-quality remnants important for future protection and restoration efforts. We identified 153 natural communities as occurring in native wetland and riparian habitats, of which 101 are new to the plant community classification of the Oregon Natural Heritage Program. Twenty-six species of rare animals and 23 species of rare plants occur in the Willamette Valley. Thirty-two species of rare plants and animals appear to be directly dependent on wetland and riparian communities in the Willamette Valley, and twenty-two species are dependent on upland communities in the Willamette Valley. Mapping of presettlement vegetation in the Willamette Valley indicates that 456,119 hectares (1,127,071 ac) of wetland and riparian habitat have been lost overall, with 12 communities impacted in particular. As for uplands, 732,432 hectares (1,809,841 ac) of habitat have been lost overall, with 7 natural communities impacted in particular. We recommend local citizen involvement, land purchases and restoration as means of protecting and restoring remnant ecosystems and their biota in the Willamette Valley. Title: Native wetland, riparian, and upland plant communities and their biota in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Alverson, Edward R., VanderSchaaf, Dick, Kagan, James S., Christy, John A., Titus, John H. As part of the Willamette Basin Geographic Initiative Program, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded The Nature Conservancy of Oregon to inventory, classify, and map native wetland and riparian plant communities and their threatened biota in the Willamette Valley. Between October 1994 and September 1996, we evaluated 172 wetland and riparian sites throughout the Willamette Valley. A site is a stream or river reach or wetland area that was inventoried at one to many locations. Of these sites, 21 are high-quality remnants important for future protection and restoration efforts. We identified 153 natural communities as occurring in native wetland and riparian habitats, of which 101 are new to the plant community classification of the Oregon Natural Heritage Program. Twenty-six species of rare animals and 23 species of rare plants occur in the Willamette Valley. Thirty-two species of rare plants and animals appear to be directly dependent on wetland and riparian communities in the Willamette Valley, and twenty-two species are dependent on upland communities in the Willamette Valley. Mapping of presettlement vegetation in the Willamette Valley indicates that 456,119 hectares (1,127,071 ac) of wetland and riparian habitat have been lost overall, with 12 communities impacted in particular. As for uplands, 732,432 hectares (1,809,841 ac) of habitat have been lost overall, with 7 natural communities impacted in particular. We recommend local citizen involvement, land purchases and restoration as means of protecting and restoring remnant ecosystems and their biota in the Willamette Valley. Close

• 32. [Article] The application of geographic information systems for delineation and classification of tidal wetlands for resource management of Oregon’s coastal watersheds

  Resource managers of Oregon’s tidal wetlands require an improved GIS layer for management of existing tidal wetland habitat and areas considered for tidal wetland restoration. A reconnaissance project ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The application of geographic information systems for delineation and classification of tidal wetlands for resource management of Oregon’s coastal watersheds Author: Scranton, Russell W. Resource managers of Oregon’s tidal wetlands require an improved GIS layer for management of existing tidal wetland habitat and areas considered for tidal wetland restoration. A reconnaissance project was initiated, such that interpretations of remote sensing data, the National Wetland Inventory, Oregon Estuary Plan Book and additional management tools were used to create a “tidal wetland” in an ArcGIS Geodatabase, for Oregon’s coastal estuaries, excluding the Columbia River. With an improved hydrologic delineation of tidal waters and channels this data set classifies existing tidal wetlands for future resource management use based on the Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classification (adopted nationally and by the State of Oregon) and for habitat classification based on the Oregon Estuary Plan Book classification system. The classification “restoration consideration areas” was developed for lands where restoration of tidal circulation might be geotechnically feasible pending further investigations. Additional groundwork and validation of the data set classification’s is recommended before this interpretation is used as an official reference for resource management. In addition to wetland classification this project was partly developed to provide a GIS base layer, which when combined with supplementary data sets, would enhance the ability of resource mangers and citizens to prioritize tidal wetland restoration efforts and evaluate the ecological integrity of an individual tidal wetlands or an entire estuarine complex. A simple spatial analysis of this data set’s classification system by watershed and comparison to the Oregon State of the Environment Report 2000 (SER) shows improvements to total existing tidal marsh habitat. It also shows that the SER underestimated the total habitat lost due to anthropogenic alteration based on information and techniques available for their assessment. Additional development of the data set may enhance management of Goals 16 and 17 of Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals Guidelines, aid in management of non-point source pollution and the designation Critical Habitat and restoration priorities for the endangered Coastal Coho. Resource managers and citizens will be able to view and interpret this data set and supporting documentation at the OSU Library or in part online at the Oregon Coastal Atlas (www.coastalatlas.net). Title: The application of geographic information systems for delineation and classification of tidal wetlands for resource management of Oregon’s coastal watersheds Author: Scranton, Russell W. Resource managers of Oregon’s tidal wetlands require an improved GIS layer for management of existing tidal wetland habitat and areas considered for tidal wetland restoration. A reconnaissance project was initiated, such that interpretations of remote sensing data, the National Wetland Inventory, Oregon Estuary Plan Book and additional management tools were used to create a “tidal wetland” in an ArcGIS Geodatabase, for Oregon’s coastal estuaries, excluding the Columbia River. With an improved hydrologic delineation of tidal waters and channels this data set classifies existing tidal wetlands for future resource management use based on the Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classification (adopted nationally and by the State of Oregon) and for habitat classification based on the Oregon Estuary Plan Book classification system. The classification “restoration consideration areas” was developed for lands where restoration of tidal circulation might be geotechnically feasible pending further investigations. Additional groundwork and validation of the data set classification’s is recommended before this interpretation is used as an official reference for resource management. In addition to wetland classification this project was partly developed to provide a GIS base layer, which when combined with supplementary data sets, would enhance the ability of resource mangers and citizens to prioritize tidal wetland restoration efforts and evaluate the ecological integrity of an individual tidal wetlands or an entire estuarine complex. A simple spatial analysis of this data set’s classification system by watershed and comparison to the Oregon State of the Environment Report 2000 (SER) shows improvements to total existing tidal marsh habitat. It also shows that the SER underestimated the total habitat lost due to anthropogenic alteration based on information and techniques available for their assessment. Additional development of the data set may enhance management of Goals 16 and 17 of Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals Guidelines, aid in management of non-point source pollution and the designation Critical Habitat and restoration priorities for the endangered Coastal Coho. Resource managers and citizens will be able to view and interpret this data set and supporting documentation at the OSU Library or in part online at the Oregon Coastal Atlas (www.coastalatlas.net). Close

• 33. [Article] Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 34. [Article] Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 35. [Article] Water quality effects of hyporheic processing

  "PB2000-107420."

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water quality effects of hyporheic processing Author: Wigington, P.J., Landers, Dixon, Fernald, Alexander "PB2000-107420." Title: Water quality effects of hyporheic processing Author: Wigington, P.J., Landers, Dixon, Fernald, Alexander "PB2000-107420." Close

• 36. [Article] Coho salmon : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coho salmon : life in the watershed Author: Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program, Oregon Coastal Watershed Enhancement Project Title: Coho salmon : life in the watershed Author: Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program, Oregon Coastal Watershed Enhancement Project Close

• 37. [Article] South Fork Alsea watershed analysis

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: South Fork Alsea watershed analysis Title: South Fork Alsea watershed analysis Close

• 38. [Article] Ecology of female northern pintails during winter in the San Joaquin Valley, California

  I radio-tagged 191 Hatch-Year (HY) and After-Hatch-Year (AHY) female northern pintails (Anas acuta) in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California and studied their movements, habitat use and survival during ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology of female northern pintails during winter in the San Joaquin Valley, California Author: Fleskes, Joseph P. I radio-tagged 191 Hatch-Year (HY) and After-Hatch-Year (AHY) female northern pintails (Anas acuta) in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California and studied their movements, habitat use and survival during August March, 1991-94. Overall, 94.3% wintered in central California; the highest percentage left during the 1991 drought. Tulare Basin and Mendota Wildlife Area (WA) pintails moved to the Grassland Ecological Area (EA) vicinity when hunting began. Of those wintering in central California, 83% went to the Sacramento Valley, most during December. AHY pintails tended to leave earliest but the effect of age varied with body condition. Loss of Tulare Basin habitat has contributed to the late-winter decline of pintails throughout the SJV. Local distribution and movements differed most among seasons, day and night periods and shoot and nonshoot days. Overall, 64% of the day and 85% of the night locations in the Grassland EA vicinity were on private wetlands. Habitat availability and use varied greatly among SJV areas and during the winter. Pintails selected shallow and avoided deepwater habitats. Swamp timothy wetlands were the most abundant and most highly selected habitat in Grassland EA and Mendota WA. In Tulare Basin, preirrigated fields were the most abundant and selected habitat during PREHUNT, but managed wetlands were most abundant and selected thereafter. Selection of watergrass wetlands during night was low in the Grassland EA vicinity but high in Mendota WA. In Tulare Basin, pintails selected preirrigated fallow and safflower fields; selection of barley-wheat fields varied greatly. The exodus of most pintails from the SJV during December implies that preferred late-winter habitats were lacking. Winter survival was lower for HY (0.67) than AHY (0.76) pintails. Survival was similar to Louisiana and Suisun Marsh but lower than in the Sacramento Valley. Hunting caused 83%, avian predators 7.6%, collisions 1%, and disease or other non-hunting factors 8.7% of the mortalities. Hunting mortality was related to fall body condition for HY but not AHY pintails. The retrieval rate for shot radio-tagged pintails was 80.3%. This study indicates that inter-related factors influenced female pintail ecology during winter in California but availability of productive habitat was especially important. Title: Ecology of female northern pintails during winter in the San Joaquin Valley, California Author: Fleskes, Joseph P. I radio-tagged 191 Hatch-Year (HY) and After-Hatch-Year (AHY) female northern pintails (Anas acuta) in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California and studied their movements, habitat use and survival during August March, 1991-94. Overall, 94.3% wintered in central California; the highest percentage left during the 1991 drought. Tulare Basin and Mendota Wildlife Area (WA) pintails moved to the Grassland Ecological Area (EA) vicinity when hunting began. Of those wintering in central California, 83% went to the Sacramento Valley, most during December. AHY pintails tended to leave earliest but the effect of age varied with body condition. Loss of Tulare Basin habitat has contributed to the late-winter decline of pintails throughout the SJV. Local distribution and movements differed most among seasons, day and night periods and shoot and nonshoot days. Overall, 64% of the day and 85% of the night locations in the Grassland EA vicinity were on private wetlands. Habitat availability and use varied greatly among SJV areas and during the winter. Pintails selected shallow and avoided deepwater habitats. Swamp timothy wetlands were the most abundant and most highly selected habitat in Grassland EA and Mendota WA. In Tulare Basin, preirrigated fields were the most abundant and selected habitat during PREHUNT, but managed wetlands were most abundant and selected thereafter. Selection of watergrass wetlands during night was low in the Grassland EA vicinity but high in Mendota WA. In Tulare Basin, pintails selected preirrigated fallow and safflower fields; selection of barley-wheat fields varied greatly. The exodus of most pintails from the SJV during December implies that preferred late-winter habitats were lacking. Winter survival was lower for HY (0.67) than AHY (0.76) pintails. Survival was similar to Louisiana and Suisun Marsh but lower than in the Sacramento Valley. Hunting caused 83%, avian predators 7.6%, collisions 1%, and disease or other non-hunting factors 8.7% of the mortalities. Hunting mortality was related to fall body condition for HY but not AHY pintails. The retrieval rate for shot radio-tagged pintails was 80.3%. This study indicates that inter-related factors influenced female pintail ecology during winter in California but availability of productive habitat was especially important. Close

• 39. [Article] Vegetation characterization of three contrasting riparian areas : Williamette Valley, Oregon

  Much of the native riparian vegetation of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, has been replaced with agricultural crops or invasive non-native plant species. Detailed information about current Willamette Valley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation characterization of three contrasting riparian areas : Williamette Valley, Oregon Author: McAllister, Lynne S., Dwire, Kathleen A., Griffith, Stephen M. Much of the native riparian vegetation of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, has been replaced with agricultural crops or invasive non-native plant species. Detailed information about current Willamette Valley riparian vegetation is generally lacking. Plant specie composition data are useful in a variety of applications, including condition assessment, environmental monitoring and restoration planning. The objective of this study was to characterize the vegetation of three contrasting riparian sites occurring in the Willamette Valley. W determined plant species composition and abundance at a non-cultivated herbaceous site and a cultivated site, both located along Lake Creek, an intermittent stream, and at a forested site located along the Calapooia River, a perennial stream. All sites were adjacent to intensively-managed perennial ryegrass seed production fields. Crop agriculture strongly encroached on the Lake Creek sites, whereas the Calapooia site had received little encroachment from agricultural coversion. At Lake Creek, we inventoried 32 species at the non-cultivated herbaceous site and 18 species at the cultivated site, most of which were non-native. The cultivated site was dominated by wetland-adapted species in the area closest to the creek where perennial ryegrass was absent. Approximately half of the species at the non-cultivated herbaceous site were facultative upland species, and the site was dominated by introduced pasture grasses. In contrast, the 53 species inventoried at the forested site were mostly native and wetland-adapted. The forested site was dominated by Poplus balsamifera ssp, trichocarap T. & G., Pseudotsuga menziessii (Mirbel) Franco, and Acer macrophyllum Pursh, with extensive shrub and herbaceous strata. Results show a range of vegetative conditions found in riparian areas of the Willamette Valley and reflect the influence of differing hydrologic regimes and agricultural impacts. Title: Vegetation characterization of three contrasting riparian areas : Williamette Valley, Oregon Author: McAllister, Lynne S., Dwire, Kathleen A., Griffith, Stephen M. Much of the native riparian vegetation of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, has been replaced with agricultural crops or invasive non-native plant species. Detailed information about current Willamette Valley riparian vegetation is generally lacking. Plant specie composition data are useful in a variety of applications, including condition assessment, environmental monitoring and restoration planning. The objective of this study was to characterize the vegetation of three contrasting riparian sites occurring in the Willamette Valley. W determined plant species composition and abundance at a non-cultivated herbaceous site and a cultivated site, both located along Lake Creek, an intermittent stream, and at a forested site located along the Calapooia River, a perennial stream. All sites were adjacent to intensively-managed perennial ryegrass seed production fields. Crop agriculture strongly encroached on the Lake Creek sites, whereas the Calapooia site had received little encroachment from agricultural coversion. At Lake Creek, we inventoried 32 species at the non-cultivated herbaceous site and 18 species at the cultivated site, most of which were non-native. The cultivated site was dominated by wetland-adapted species in the area closest to the creek where perennial ryegrass was absent. Approximately half of the species at the non-cultivated herbaceous site were facultative upland species, and the site was dominated by introduced pasture grasses. In contrast, the 53 species inventoried at the forested site were mostly native and wetland-adapted. The forested site was dominated by Poplus balsamifera ssp, trichocarap T. & G., Pseudotsuga menziessii (Mirbel) Franco, and Acer macrophyllum Pursh, with extensive shrub and herbaceous strata. Results show a range of vegetative conditions found in riparian areas of the Willamette Valley and reflect the influence of differing hydrologic regimes and agricultural impacts. Close

• 40. [Article] Spatial and temporal movement patterns of wintering Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Avian movement behavior provides insight on patterns of regional and local fidelity, habitat and resource requirements, the scale at which individuals perceive the landscape, and the relative influence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and temporal movement patterns of wintering Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Sanzenbacher, Peter M. Avian movement behavior provides insight on patterns of regional and local fidelity, habitat and resource requirements, the scale at which individuals perceive the landscape, and the relative influence of the spatial array of resources. Shorebirds (suborder: Charadrii) are a diverse and mobile group of wetland associated species. Large numbers of shorebirds utilize seasonally flooded wetland habitats in the Willamette Valley of northwest Oregon; however, there is little information on fidelity and movements of birds in the region or at other inland sites. Thus, we quantified winter fidelity and movement patterns of radio-tagged Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley in 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. Prior to field telemetry, we evaluated use of a leg-loop harness design for attachment of radio-transmitters. Comparisons between captive Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) fitted with a harness package and a control group indicated no significant differences in behavior. In addition, observations of wild Killdeer and Dunlin indicated prolonged harness retention and no adverse effects on behavior. Therefore, we determined that the modified harness design was a suitable method for attachment of transmitters to shorebirds. Monitoring of radio-tagged Dunlin and Killdeer indicated interspecific differences in regional fidelity and residency patterns. Dunlin exhibited a high degree of regional fidelity and in most cases remained within the Valley for the duration of the winter. In contrast, Killdeer departed the study area throughout the winter and the population segment monitored was composed of winter residents (63%), winter transients (26%) and year-round resident breeders (11%). Dunlin were highly mobile with frequent movements up to 30 km from roost sites. Among seasons, Dunlin differed significantly in distance traveled, mean distance from capture site, and home range size. All were greatest during late winter. In comparison, the scale of Killdeer movements was much smaller, with no seasonal differences in movements. Results also suggested that resident Killdeer were more sedentary than migrants during the winter months. At a local scale, individuals of both species occurred predominantly in agricultural habitats and exhibited low degrees of fidelity to specific fields, with the exception that Dunlin frequently returned to certain roost sites. On a daily basis, movements of both Dunlin and Killdeer were most pronounced during crepuscular periods. Findings provide insight on the fidelity and winter movements of shorebirds, as well provide insight as to the functional connectivity of shorebird habitats in the Willamette Valley. Title: Spatial and temporal movement patterns of wintering Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Sanzenbacher, Peter M. Avian movement behavior provides insight on patterns of regional and local fidelity, habitat and resource requirements, the scale at which individuals perceive the landscape, and the relative influence of the spatial array of resources. Shorebirds (suborder: Charadrii) are a diverse and mobile group of wetland associated species. Large numbers of shorebirds utilize seasonally flooded wetland habitats in the Willamette Valley of northwest Oregon; however, there is little information on fidelity and movements of birds in the region or at other inland sites. Thus, we quantified winter fidelity and movement patterns of radio-tagged Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) in the Willamette Valley in 1998-1999 and 1999-2000. Prior to field telemetry, we evaluated use of a leg-loop harness design for attachment of radio-transmitters. Comparisons between captive Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) fitted with a harness package and a control group indicated no significant differences in behavior. In addition, observations of wild Killdeer and Dunlin indicated prolonged harness retention and no adverse effects on behavior. Therefore, we determined that the modified harness design was a suitable method for attachment of transmitters to shorebirds. Monitoring of radio-tagged Dunlin and Killdeer indicated interspecific differences in regional fidelity and residency patterns. Dunlin exhibited a high degree of regional fidelity and in most cases remained within the Valley for the duration of the winter. In contrast, Killdeer departed the study area throughout the winter and the population segment monitored was composed of winter residents (63%), winter transients (26%) and year-round resident breeders (11%). Dunlin were highly mobile with frequent movements up to 30 km from roost sites. Among seasons, Dunlin differed significantly in distance traveled, mean distance from capture site, and home range size. All were greatest during late winter. In comparison, the scale of Killdeer movements was much smaller, with no seasonal differences in movements. Results also suggested that resident Killdeer were more sedentary than migrants during the winter months. At a local scale, individuals of both species occurred predominantly in agricultural habitats and exhibited low degrees of fidelity to specific fields, with the exception that Dunlin frequently returned to certain roost sites. On a daily basis, movements of both Dunlin and Killdeer were most pronounced during crepuscular periods. Findings provide insight on the fidelity and winter movements of shorebirds, as well provide insight as to the functional connectivity of shorebird habitats in the Willamette Valley. Close

• 41. [Article] EWEB’s Vision: Payments for Ecosystem Services through a Voluntary Incentives Program; An Innovative, Incentive-Based Approach for Preserving Water Quality in the McKenzie River Watershed

  EWEB envisions the development of an investment mechanism that makes payments for ecosystem services (PES) as a way to maintain and improve water quality within the McKenzie River Watershed, Eugene’s sole ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: EWEB’s Vision: Payments for Ecosystem Services through a Voluntary Incentives Program; An Innovative, Incentive-Based Approach for Preserving Water Quality in the McKenzie River Watershed Author: Lurie, Sue, Toth, Nancy, Morgenstern, Karl, Duncan, Sally, Fishler, Hillary, Bennett, Drew EWEB envisions the development of an investment mechanism that makes payments for ecosystem services (PES) as a way to maintain and improve water quality within the McKenzie River Watershed, Eugene’s sole source of drinking water. The public name for this concept is the Voluntary Incentives Program. Under the envisioned Voluntary Incentives Program (VIP), EWEB will provide annual dividend payments to landowners for the valuable services their properties provide including water filtration and purification. These dividends recognize the value of the natural capital provided by these lands and their downstream benefits to the residents of Eugene. A fund with sustainable financing will be established to support the dividend payments and the infrastructure necessary to operate the Voluntary Incentives Program. Financing will come from a variety of sources but could be initially endowed through existing water funds (under existing rate structure) or another utility funding mechanism. Additional possible financing sources other than EWEB include corporations, a voter approved bond measure, development impact fees, and state and federal mitigation programs. EWEB will establish a stewardship boundary identifying riparian forests and floodplains that are eligible to enroll in the VIP. Participation is open to private landowners, local governments, and non-profit organizations that own land within the designated boundary. Based on EWEB’s preliminary analysis, an estimated 6,500 acres of riparian and floodplain areas along the McKenzie and major tributaries are eligible to enroll. Land within the stewardship boundary will need to meet a threshold in order to receive payments. This threshold will be determined by adapting existing riparian forest and wetland habitat standards and definitions from NRCS, USFS, Defenders of Wildlife and other entities to establish the criteria for participation in the VIP. Appropriate infrastructure is essential to implement and run the incentives program: critical tasks include managing the fund, making payments to VIP participants, assessing the quality of land enrolled, negotiating agreements, monitoring properties and verifying compliance, and educating and communicating with the community. The VIP will rely upon a coalition of existing organizations, which will form a watershed investment district (WID), to provide this critical infrastructure, without which successful implementation of the VIP is highly unlikely. Title: EWEB’s Vision: Payments for Ecosystem Services through a Voluntary Incentives Program; An Innovative, Incentive-Based Approach for Preserving Water Quality in the McKenzie River Watershed Author: Lurie, Sue, Toth, Nancy, Morgenstern, Karl, Duncan, Sally, Fishler, Hillary, Bennett, Drew EWEB envisions the development of an investment mechanism that makes payments for ecosystem services (PES) as a way to maintain and improve water quality within the McKenzie River Watershed, Eugene’s sole source of drinking water. The public name for this concept is the Voluntary Incentives Program. Under the envisioned Voluntary Incentives Program (VIP), EWEB will provide annual dividend payments to landowners for the valuable services their properties provide including water filtration and purification. These dividends recognize the value of the natural capital provided by these lands and their downstream benefits to the residents of Eugene. A fund with sustainable financing will be established to support the dividend payments and the infrastructure necessary to operate the Voluntary Incentives Program. Financing will come from a variety of sources but could be initially endowed through existing water funds (under existing rate structure) or another utility funding mechanism. Additional possible financing sources other than EWEB include corporations, a voter approved bond measure, development impact fees, and state and federal mitigation programs. EWEB will establish a stewardship boundary identifying riparian forests and floodplains that are eligible to enroll in the VIP. Participation is open to private landowners, local governments, and non-profit organizations that own land within the designated boundary. Based on EWEB’s preliminary analysis, an estimated 6,500 acres of riparian and floodplain areas along the McKenzie and major tributaries are eligible to enroll. Land within the stewardship boundary will need to meet a threshold in order to receive payments. This threshold will be determined by adapting existing riparian forest and wetland habitat standards and definitions from NRCS, USFS, Defenders of Wildlife and other entities to establish the criteria for participation in the VIP. Appropriate infrastructure is essential to implement and run the incentives program: critical tasks include managing the fund, making payments to VIP participants, assessing the quality of land enrolled, negotiating agreements, monitoring properties and verifying compliance, and educating and communicating with the community. The VIP will rely upon a coalition of existing organizations, which will form a watershed investment district (WID), to provide this critical infrastructure, without which successful implementation of the VIP is highly unlikely. Close

• 42. [Article] Understanding natural wetlands

  Published January 1991. Reviewed December 2014. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extensi...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding natural wetlands Author: Moore, James A. (James Allan), 1939-, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Smith, Dawn Published January 1991. Reviewed December 2014. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Understanding natural wetlands Author: Moore, James A. (James Allan), 1939-, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Smith, Dawn Published January 1991. Reviewed December 2014. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 43. [Article] Riparian and wetland vegetation of central and eastern Oregon

  The structure and components of riparian areas influence the rate, amount, and timing of water, nutrients, organic debris, and inorganic materials that enter streams and rivers. The energy of floodwaters ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian and wetland vegetation of central and eastern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Kovalchik, Bernard L., Kerr, Marie Jeannette James, 1968-, Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Crowe, Elizabeth A. (Elizabeth Ann), 1963- The structure and components of riparian areas influence the rate, amount, and timing of water, nutrients, organic debris, and inorganic materials that enter streams and rivers. The energy of floodwaters and their ultimate volume, timing and erosive power is influenced by the soils, vegetation and geomorphology of fluvial surfaces within valley bottoms. Decades of intensive use of riparian areas and other wetlands in central and eastern Oregon have caused substantial degradation of their ecological structure, composition and function. Rehabilitation, restoration and monitoring of wetland ecosystems is currently a high priority for many land management agencies and landowners. In order to improve conditions in these habitats, an understanding of wetland ecosystems is necessary. Title: Riparian and wetland vegetation of central and eastern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Kovalchik, Bernard L., Kerr, Marie Jeannette James, 1968-, Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, Crowe, Elizabeth A. (Elizabeth Ann), 1963- The structure and components of riparian areas influence the rate, amount, and timing of water, nutrients, organic debris, and inorganic materials that enter streams and rivers. The energy of floodwaters and their ultimate volume, timing and erosive power is influenced by the soils, vegetation and geomorphology of fluvial surfaces within valley bottoms. Decades of intensive use of riparian areas and other wetlands in central and eastern Oregon have caused substantial degradation of their ecological structure, composition and function. Rehabilitation, restoration and monitoring of wetland ecosystems is currently a high priority for many land management agencies and landowners. In order to improve conditions in these habitats, an understanding of wetland ecosystems is necessary. Close

• 44. [Article] Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring

  The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Close

• 45. [Article] Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County Author: U.S. Federal Highway Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region Title: Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County Author: U.S. Federal Highway Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region Close

• 46. [Article] Patterns in responses of an amphibian assemblage to wetland restoration

  Wetland restoration success in attaining wildlife conservation goals can be confounded by the presence of multiple biological invaders. Wetland management activities typically target invasive plants, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns in responses of an amphibian assemblage to wetland restoration Author: Rowe, Jennifer C. Wetland restoration success in attaining wildlife conservation goals can be confounded by the presence of multiple biological invaders. Wetland management activities typically target invasive plants, but bottom-up responses of higher trophic levels in novel communities are difficult to predict. We surveyed plant and amphibian assemblages at 26 sites enrolled in the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon to determine the relative importance of plant management, non-native species presence, and surrounding landscape for amphibians across multiple life history stages. Explanatory variables negatively associated with native anuran counts included percent invasive plant cover, invasive bullfrog counts, non-native fish presence, and area of urban land cover. In addition, native anurans were positively associated with WRP site age, suggesting that the benefits of restored wetlands may increase over time. Although invasive plant management provided indirect benefits to native amphibians, the most effective way to enhance native amphibian populations may be through eliminating the strong top-down forces exerted by non-native vertebrates. We also explored the impact of restoration activities on predator/prey dynamics by analyzing bullfrog diet contents. We sampled vegetation and analyzed bullfrog diet contents from 10 WRP wetlands categorized by management intensity and hydrology to determine whether prey consumption patterns (abundance, richness, and % large prey), diet breadth, and dietary community (based on taxonomic and prey size composition) differed among wetlands categorized by management regime and hydroperiod. We found disparities in the diet breadth with respect to wetland categories, with bullfrogs consuming a disproportionate abundance of few prey orders at actively managed sites. Diet breadth could have been influenced by frequent applications of restoration treatments, as invertebrate species richness and abundance is often negatively linked to habitat disturbance. Dietary taxonomic composition also differed between wetland groups, but prey size composition did not. Instead, prey size was strongly influenced by site-level vegetation covariates; large-bodied prey consumption was positively associated with plant species richness. However, diet dry mass was highest in wetlands with high invasive plant cover, suggesting that other factors, such as foraging activity rates, should be considered to fully understand how bullfrogs meet energy demands in managed wetlands. Variation in native and invasive amphibian responses to wetland restoration efforts may provide important information on how habitat structure and composition influence trophic dynamics. Given that the outcomes of plant control on wildlife may not follow planned trajectories in invasive-dominated systems, this research addresses the need for a community approach to assessments of restoration success. Title: Patterns in responses of an amphibian assemblage to wetland restoration Author: Rowe, Jennifer C. Wetland restoration success in attaining wildlife conservation goals can be confounded by the presence of multiple biological invaders. Wetland management activities typically target invasive plants, but bottom-up responses of higher trophic levels in novel communities are difficult to predict. We surveyed plant and amphibian assemblages at 26 sites enrolled in the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon to determine the relative importance of plant management, non-native species presence, and surrounding landscape for amphibians across multiple life history stages. Explanatory variables negatively associated with native anuran counts included percent invasive plant cover, invasive bullfrog counts, non-native fish presence, and area of urban land cover. In addition, native anurans were positively associated with WRP site age, suggesting that the benefits of restored wetlands may increase over time. Although invasive plant management provided indirect benefits to native amphibians, the most effective way to enhance native amphibian populations may be through eliminating the strong top-down forces exerted by non-native vertebrates. We also explored the impact of restoration activities on predator/prey dynamics by analyzing bullfrog diet contents. We sampled vegetation and analyzed bullfrog diet contents from 10 WRP wetlands categorized by management intensity and hydrology to determine whether prey consumption patterns (abundance, richness, and % large prey), diet breadth, and dietary community (based on taxonomic and prey size composition) differed among wetlands categorized by management regime and hydroperiod. We found disparities in the diet breadth with respect to wetland categories, with bullfrogs consuming a disproportionate abundance of few prey orders at actively managed sites. Diet breadth could have been influenced by frequent applications of restoration treatments, as invertebrate species richness and abundance is often negatively linked to habitat disturbance. Dietary taxonomic composition also differed between wetland groups, but prey size composition did not. Instead, prey size was strongly influenced by site-level vegetation covariates; large-bodied prey consumption was positively associated with plant species richness. However, diet dry mass was highest in wetlands with high invasive plant cover, suggesting that other factors, such as foraging activity rates, should be considered to fully understand how bullfrogs meet energy demands in managed wetlands. Variation in native and invasive amphibian responses to wetland restoration efforts may provide important information on how habitat structure and composition influence trophic dynamics. Given that the outcomes of plant control on wildlife may not follow planned trajectories in invasive-dominated systems, this research addresses the need for a community approach to assessments of restoration success. Close

• 47. [Article] Restoring the Columbia River Estuary : Chinook Salmon Recovery and Invasive Species Management

  As highlighted in this study, shallow-water habitats and the prey they provide are important for juvenile salmon in the Columbia River estuary, but the spread of invasive species and large-scale changes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoring the Columbia River Estuary : Chinook Salmon Recovery and Invasive Species Management Author: Klopfenstein, Rachael As highlighted in this study, shallow-water habitats and the prey they provide are important for juvenile salmon in the Columbia River estuary, but the spread of invasive species and large-scale changes to the estuary influence how these habitats are utilized. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) (“PHAR” hereafter) is a highly invasive aquatic plant species that affects a number of emergent wetland habitats in the upper Columbia River estuary, and is of concern to those trying to restore important shallow-water habitats for juvenile salmon. The presence of PHAR undoubtedly reduces plant diversity, but this study seeked to elucidate how PHAR affects juvenile Chinook Salmon rearing success relative to natural emergent vegetation. The study further evaluated the importance of wetland-deriver prey to juveniles found in shallow-water habitats along a habitat gradient (i.e., back-water channel, confluence, and main stem). We conducted research at a floodplain wetland restoration site in the tidal-fluvial portion of the estuary, where a water control structure is used to manage water levels and the spread of PHAR. The goal of the research was to compare two microhabitats within the floodplain: areas dominated by PHAR and areas dominated by natural emergent vegetation. Using hatchery-raised juvenile Chinook salmon, we designed a series of feeding experiments in artificial enclosures to determine whether invasive PHAR and natural emergent vegetation provide similar foraging and growth opportunities for juvenile salmon. We further identified differences in physical and biological parameters of each habitat (e.g., temperature, dissolved oxygen, and invertebrate community) and examined feeding characteristics (e.g., diet composition and modeled growth rates) for juveniles through a stomach content analysis. Additionally, we conducted beach seining and diet analysis for fish collected along a habitat gradient and compared the diet composition and modeled growth rates between the sample areas. In the floodplain wetland, invertebrate prey compositions from the 2015-2016 (March- June) fallout and emergence traps were similar, but prey abundances and diversity varied seasonally. Across both years, for emergence traps, the average total density (per m²) of invertebrates in the natural vegetation and in PHAR was 154±18 m² and 225±34 m², respectively, and for the fallout traps was 664±95 m² and 662±64 m², respectively. Salmon diets were mostly similar, and a large proportion of diets in both habitats were made up of Copepoda/Cladocera (60-98% composition by biomass). Growth during the net pen experiment differed significantly between the two vegetation types (Kruskal-Wallis: p<0.001), with fish growing more in the natural emergent vegetation. In 2015, juveniles grew an average 6.4 mm FL in the natural emergent vegetation, compared to 4.7 mm FL in PHAR, and consumed fewer Copepoda/Cladocera and more Diptera over the 10 days. In 2016, juveniles grew an average 9.2 mm FL in the natural emergent vegetation compared to 7.6 mm FL in PHAR. In 2016, fish from both habitats consumed a higher abundance of Copepoda/Cladocera and grew more, despite poor water quality conditions at the site. Of the subyearlings (n=170) and yearlings (n=14) collected in habitats adjacent to the floodplain wetland, 48% were of known hatchery origin. Modeled potential growth rates for subyearlings were similar on average between February and May in the back channel, confluence, and main stem, ranging from 0.067–0.07 g/g/d, but the rates varied seasonally. Growth potential was higher in the back channel habitat earlier in the sampling season (February-March), as the modeled daily growth rates were 0.08 g/g/d compared to 0.06 g/g/d in the main stem. All fish collected prior to May were relatively small and unclipped, highlighting the seasonal benefits of shallow-water habitats to support a variety of life-history traits. When comparing modeled growth rates of the juveniles reared at the floodplain wetland compared to the in adjacent habitats, estimates from the floodplain wetland were higher across all months. Restoration of shallow-water habitats is important for the overall health of the estuary, but the effects of large-scale ecosystem changes (e.g., flow regulation and spread invasive species) on salmon recovery and estuary-management decisions are uncertain. For example, water control structures to limit the spread of PHAR also reduce fish access to floodplain habitats, and fewer high-flow events further limit fish access and may facilitate the spread of invasive species. PHAR has been shown to reduce overall plant diversity and, as observed in this study, may provide habitat that is less suitable to juvenile Chinook Salmon. The high density of important prey for salmon found at the site, regardless of the presence of PHAR, and high potential growth measured at the site, emphasize the importance of restoring shallow-water habitats that are accessible to juvenile Chinook Salmon in the upper estuary. Title: Restoring the Columbia River Estuary : Chinook Salmon Recovery and Invasive Species Management Author: Klopfenstein, Rachael As highlighted in this study, shallow-water habitats and the prey they provide are important for juvenile salmon in the Columbia River estuary, but the spread of invasive species and large-scale changes to the estuary influence how these habitats are utilized. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) (“PHAR” hereafter) is a highly invasive aquatic plant species that affects a number of emergent wetland habitats in the upper Columbia River estuary, and is of concern to those trying to restore important shallow-water habitats for juvenile salmon. The presence of PHAR undoubtedly reduces plant diversity, but this study seeked to elucidate how PHAR affects juvenile Chinook Salmon rearing success relative to natural emergent vegetation. The study further evaluated the importance of wetland-deriver prey to juveniles found in shallow-water habitats along a habitat gradient (i.e., back-water channel, confluence, and main stem). We conducted research at a floodplain wetland restoration site in the tidal-fluvial portion of the estuary, where a water control structure is used to manage water levels and the spread of PHAR. The goal of the research was to compare two microhabitats within the floodplain: areas dominated by PHAR and areas dominated by natural emergent vegetation. Using hatchery-raised juvenile Chinook salmon, we designed a series of feeding experiments in artificial enclosures to determine whether invasive PHAR and natural emergent vegetation provide similar foraging and growth opportunities for juvenile salmon. We further identified differences in physical and biological parameters of each habitat (e.g., temperature, dissolved oxygen, and invertebrate community) and examined feeding characteristics (e.g., diet composition and modeled growth rates) for juveniles through a stomach content analysis. Additionally, we conducted beach seining and diet analysis for fish collected along a habitat gradient and compared the diet composition and modeled growth rates between the sample areas. In the floodplain wetland, invertebrate prey compositions from the 2015-2016 (March- June) fallout and emergence traps were similar, but prey abundances and diversity varied seasonally. Across both years, for emergence traps, the average total density (per m²) of invertebrates in the natural vegetation and in PHAR was 154±18 m² and 225±34 m², respectively, and for the fallout traps was 664±95 m² and 662±64 m², respectively. Salmon diets were mostly similar, and a large proportion of diets in both habitats were made up of Copepoda/Cladocera (60-98% composition by biomass). Growth during the net pen experiment differed significantly between the two vegetation types (Kruskal-Wallis: p<0.001), with fish growing more in the natural emergent vegetation. In 2015, juveniles grew an average 6.4 mm FL in the natural emergent vegetation, compared to 4.7 mm FL in PHAR, and consumed fewer Copepoda/Cladocera and more Diptera over the 10 days. In 2016, juveniles grew an average 9.2 mm FL in the natural emergent vegetation compared to 7.6 mm FL in PHAR. In 2016, fish from both habitats consumed a higher abundance of Copepoda/Cladocera and grew more, despite poor water quality conditions at the site. Of the subyearlings (n=170) and yearlings (n=14) collected in habitats adjacent to the floodplain wetland, 48% were of known hatchery origin. Modeled potential growth rates for subyearlings were similar on average between February and May in the back channel, confluence, and main stem, ranging from 0.067–0.07 g/g/d, but the rates varied seasonally. Growth potential was higher in the back channel habitat earlier in the sampling season (February-March), as the modeled daily growth rates were 0.08 g/g/d compared to 0.06 g/g/d in the main stem. All fish collected prior to May were relatively small and unclipped, highlighting the seasonal benefits of shallow-water habitats to support a variety of life-history traits. When comparing modeled growth rates of the juveniles reared at the floodplain wetland compared to the in adjacent habitats, estimates from the floodplain wetland were higher across all months. Restoration of shallow-water habitats is important for the overall health of the estuary, but the effects of large-scale ecosystem changes (e.g., flow regulation and spread invasive species) on salmon recovery and estuary-management decisions are uncertain. For example, water control structures to limit the spread of PHAR also reduce fish access to floodplain habitats, and fewer high-flow events further limit fish access and may facilitate the spread of invasive species. PHAR has been shown to reduce overall plant diversity and, as observed in this study, may provide habitat that is less suitable to juvenile Chinook Salmon. The high density of important prey for salmon found at the site, regardless of the presence of PHAR, and high potential growth measured at the site, emphasize the importance of restoring shallow-water habitats that are accessible to juvenile Chinook Salmon in the upper estuary. Close

• 48. [Article] Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon

  Report by Portland State University's Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC), part of the Oregon University System's Institute for Natural Resources

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Report by Portland State University's Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC), part of the Oregon University System's Institute for Natural Resources Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Report by Portland State University's Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC), part of the Oregon University System's Institute for Natural Resources Close

• 49. [Article] Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters

  We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters Author: Robison, E. George, Seeliger, Curt, Levine, Paul, Peck, David V., Kaufmann, Phillip R. We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison (in PB99-139156). We provide guidance for calculating measures or indices of stream size and gradient, sinuosity, substrate size and stability, habitat complexity and cover, woody debris size and abundance, residual pool dimensions and frequency, riparian vegetation cover and structure, anthropogenic disturbances, and channel-riparian interaction. We evaluated sampling precision of field habitat survey methods employed by EMAP in several hundred streams in Oregon and the Mid-Atlantic region, comparing variance among streams ('signals') with variance between repeat stream visits (measurement 'noise'). The final measure of the utility of a habitat approach is whether it is useful for interpreting controls on biota or impacts of human activity. Title: Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters Author: Robison, E. George, Seeliger, Curt, Levine, Paul, Peck, David V., Kaufmann, Phillip R. We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison (in PB99-139156). We provide guidance for calculating measures or indices of stream size and gradient, sinuosity, substrate size and stability, habitat complexity and cover, woody debris size and abundance, residual pool dimensions and frequency, riparian vegetation cover and structure, anthropogenic disturbances, and channel-riparian interaction. We evaluated sampling precision of field habitat survey methods employed by EMAP in several hundred streams in Oregon and the Mid-Atlantic region, comparing variance among streams ('signals') with variance between repeat stream visits (measurement 'noise'). The final measure of the utility of a habitat approach is whether it is useful for interpreting controls on biota or impacts of human activity. Close

• 50. [Article] Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995

  This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Altman, Bob, Henson, Colleen M., Waite, Ian R., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends of three taxonomic groups--algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish--and, to a lesser degree, other selected semi-aquatic taxa (i.e., taxa frequenting but not living wholly in water), including amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals, (2) the types of aquatic and riparian habitat that support and influence aquatic communities and their biotic constituents, (3) the natural and human-associated impacts on that habitat and associated biological communities, amd (4) the levels of enviroinmental contaminants to which biological communities and specific biota are exposed. The information in this report is intended to aid in the identification of data gaps relative to taxa and geographic areas, and to stimulate collaboration and increase coordination in present and future ecological research in the Willamette Basin. Title: Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Altman, Bob, Henson, Colleen M., Waite, Ian R., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends of three taxonomic groups--algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish--and, to a lesser degree, other selected semi-aquatic taxa (i.e., taxa frequenting but not living wholly in water), including amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals, (2) the types of aquatic and riparian habitat that support and influence aquatic communities and their biotic constituents, (3) the natural and human-associated impacts on that habitat and associated biological communities, amd (4) the levels of enviroinmental contaminants to which biological communities and specific biota are exposed. The information in this report is intended to aid in the identification of data gaps relative to taxa and geographic areas, and to stimulate collaboration and increase coordination in present and future ecological research in the Willamette Basin. Close

• 51. [Article] Trask River watershed analysis : final report, August 2003

  Recommendations are provided in this watershed analysis to identify actions and management decisions on the part of BLM that might improve watershed health in the Trask River watershed.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trask River watershed analysis : final report, August 2003 Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Sullivan, Timothy J., Snyder, Kai U., Oregon. Dept. of Forestry, Raymond, Richard B., Gilbert, Erin H., United States. Bureau of Land Management, Moore, Deian L. Recommendations are provided in this watershed analysis to identify actions and management decisions on the part of BLM that might improve watershed health in the Trask River watershed. Title: Trask River watershed analysis : final report, August 2003 Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Sullivan, Timothy J., Snyder, Kai U., Oregon. Dept. of Forestry, Raymond, Richard B., Gilbert, Erin H., United States. Bureau of Land Management, Moore, Deian L. Recommendations are provided in this watershed analysis to identify actions and management decisions on the part of BLM that might improve watershed health in the Trask River watershed. Close

• 52. [Article] Biological Opinion: Formal Section 7 Consultation on the Boulder, Donegam, Rumble/Irish and Upland Road-Related Restoration Projects, the Dumont Creek Instream and Riparian Restoration Project, and Renewal of the North Umpqua Watercraft Operations and Fishing Guide Permits, Umpqua National Forest, Oregon

  The Umpqua National Forest (UNF) submitted June 3, 1999, January 14, 2000, and April 14, 2000 letters requesting consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological Opinion: Formal Section 7 Consultation on the Boulder, Donegam, Rumble/Irish and Upland Road-Related Restoration Projects, the Dumont Creek Instream and Riparian Restoration Project, and Renewal of the North Umpqua Watercraft Operations and Fishing Guide Permits, Umpqua National Forest, Oregon Author: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region The Umpqua National Forest (UNF) submitted June 3, 1999, January 14, 2000, and April 14, 2000 letters requesting consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Biological assessments (BAs) addressing the potential effects to these species accompanied the letters. The BAs describe the environmental baseline and effects of proposed actions on OC coho salmon and its critical habitat and this biological opinion (Opinion) analyzes the proposed actions described in the BAs. The proposed actions would have short-term adverse effects on OC coho salmon and its habitat, but are expected to provide long-term beneficial effects. The OC coho salmon evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) was listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on August 10, 1998 (63 FR 42587). Critical habitat for this species was designated on February 16, 2000 (65 FR 7764). The UNF made the effects determinations in the BAs following procedures described in NMFS (1996). This document serves as NMFS's biological opinion for OC coho salmon. The objective of this Opinion is to determine whether the proposed actions are likely to jeopardize the continued existence of OC coho salmon or destroy or adversely modify designated critical habitat for OC coho salmon. This consultation is undertaken pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the ESA and its implementing regulations, 50 CFR Part 402. Title: Biological Opinion: Formal Section 7 Consultation on the Boulder, Donegam, Rumble/Irish and Upland Road-Related Restoration Projects, the Dumont Creek Instream and Riparian Restoration Project, and Renewal of the North Umpqua Watercraft Operations and Fishing Guide Permits, Umpqua National Forest, Oregon Author: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region The Umpqua National Forest (UNF) submitted June 3, 1999, January 14, 2000, and April 14, 2000 letters requesting consultation for a number of proposed activities that were determined likely to adversely affect Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Biological assessments (BAs) addressing the potential effects to these species accompanied the letters. The BAs describe the environmental baseline and effects of proposed actions on OC coho salmon and its critical habitat and this biological opinion (Opinion) analyzes the proposed actions described in the BAs. The proposed actions would have short-term adverse effects on OC coho salmon and its habitat, but are expected to provide long-term beneficial effects. The OC coho salmon evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) was listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on August 10, 1998 (63 FR 42587). Critical habitat for this species was designated on February 16, 2000 (65 FR 7764). The UNF made the effects determinations in the BAs following procedures described in NMFS (1996). This document serves as NMFS's biological opinion for OC coho salmon. The objective of this Opinion is to determine whether the proposed actions are likely to jeopardize the continued existence of OC coho salmon or destroy or adversely modify designated critical habitat for OC coho salmon. This consultation is undertaken pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the ESA and its implementing regulations, 50 CFR Part 402. Close

• 53. [Article] Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan

  The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan Author: Bollman, Mike, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory., Oregon State University, Stepp, Jennifer, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. ǂb Office of Research and Development, United States. Forest Service, Barker, Jerry R., Bradshaw, Gay, Ringold, Paul L., Cline, Steven Paul, Carson, Ward, Dynamac Corporation, Fiorella, Maria R. The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. The authors consider monitoring design in the context of three interacting constraints: ecological functions, capabilities of technologies, and user needs. The focus is on fine grained remote methods. Comparison between candidate selected monitoring systems provides for an initial formulation of a monitoring design. A series of evaluations of these initial formulations provides for an initial recommendation. With the state's interest in the status of coastal fishes, and the programmatic interest of EPA's Western Ecology Division, the areas selected for study are in the Oregon coastal province and the Willamette basin. Title: Monitoring design for riparian forests in the Pacific Northwest : research plan Author: Bollman, Mike, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory., Oregon State University, Stepp, Jennifer, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. ǂb Office of Research and Development, United States. Forest Service, Barker, Jerry R., Bradshaw, Gay, Ringold, Paul L., Cline, Steven Paul, Carson, Ward, Dynamac Corporation, Fiorella, Maria R. The goal of this project is to recommend a broadly-acceptale efficient and effective methodology for characterizing streamside riparian attributes in forested settings at the site grain for regional monitoring. The authors consider monitoring design in the context of three interacting constraints: ecological functions, capabilities of technologies, and user needs. The focus is on fine grained remote methods. Comparison between candidate selected monitoring systems provides for an initial formulation of a monitoring design. A series of evaluations of these initial formulations provides for an initial recommendation. With the state's interest in the status of coastal fishes, and the programmatic interest of EPA's Western Ecology Division, the areas selected for study are in the Oregon coastal province and the Willamette basin. Close

• 54. [Article] Effect of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley : research plan, June 1997

  Little research has been directed toward determining the status and ecological role of riparian areas in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A research project has been designed to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley : research plan, June 1997 Author: Moser, Thomas J., Schuft, Michael J., Wigington, P.J., Herlihy, Alan T., Van Sickle, John, Kaufmann, Phillip R., McAllister, Lynne S. Little research has been directed toward determining the status and ecological role of riparian areas in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A research project has been designed to contribute to the development and evaluation of alternative future scenarios and to improve the basic understanding of the role of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley. The objectives of the research are: (1) to quantify relationships between riparian attributes at varying spatial scales and stream ecological condition, and (2) to estimate the influence of selected riparian area-agricultural configurations on the indicators of stream ecological condition. To address these objectives, remotely-sensed imagery (aerial photography and thematic mapper satellite imagery) will be used to quantify land cover at multiple spatial scales (i.e., stream reach, stream network, watershed), from which riparian vegetation function, land use stressor, and stream network structure indicators (i.e., potential explanatory variables) are derived for 41 study watersheds. Title: Effect of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley : research plan, June 1997 Author: Moser, Thomas J., Schuft, Michael J., Wigington, P.J., Herlihy, Alan T., Van Sickle, John, Kaufmann, Phillip R., McAllister, Lynne S. Little research has been directed toward determining the status and ecological role of riparian areas in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. A research project has been designed to contribute to the development and evaluation of alternative future scenarios and to improve the basic understanding of the role of riparian areas on the ecological condition of small, perennial streams in agricultural landscapes of the Willamette Valley. The objectives of the research are: (1) to quantify relationships between riparian attributes at varying spatial scales and stream ecological condition, and (2) to estimate the influence of selected riparian area-agricultural configurations on the indicators of stream ecological condition. To address these objectives, remotely-sensed imagery (aerial photography and thematic mapper satellite imagery) will be used to quantify land cover at multiple spatial scales (i.e., stream reach, stream network, watershed), from which riparian vegetation function, land use stressor, and stream network structure indicators (i.e., potential explanatory variables) are derived for 41 study watersheds. Close

• 55. [Article] Seasonal floodplain wetlands as fish habitat in Oregon and Washington

  To begin to understand freshwater seasonal floodplain fish communities in the context of human alteration of the physical system, species introductions and wetland restoration efforts, I studied fish assemblages ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal floodplain wetlands as fish habitat in Oregon and Washington Author: Baker, Cynthia F. To begin to understand freshwater seasonal floodplain fish communities in the context of human alteration of the physical system, species introductions and wetland restoration efforts, I studied fish assemblages in fifteen seasonal floodplain wetlands within four geographic regions (coastal, upper Columbia River estuary, Puget Sound and eastern Oregon/Washington) in the Pacific Northwest from November through June, 2001 to 2006. Temporal patterns of species richness and diversity in fish assemblages were examined within a hierarchical framework of spatial and temporal factors in the context of the dynamic and variable nature of floodplains. At broad regional scales, fish assemblages diverged along a regional climactic gradient from wet, cool coastal sites to drier sites further inland with greater seasonal temperature fluctuations. Even though wetlands provide a dynamic environment for fish, species richness and diversity at most sites were relatively stable over the winter and spring. Community stability may have been due, in part, to the predictable duration of wetland inundation during winter and spring, but also to the presence of species that fulfill life history requirements (spawning, rearing) in wetlands, and the presence of juvenile salmon throughout the winter and spring. Once fish entered wetlands, wholesale movement of species into and out of wetlands did not occur until summer desiccation. Comparison of fish species richness between each wetland and adjacent rivers revealed that only about 60% of species present in the rivers were found in wetlands, indicating floodplain wetlands were not compatible with the biological traits of almost half of the fish species present in adjacent rivers. Functional groups of species utilized wetlands at different times of year, during different developmental stages, for different durations, and movements into and out of wetlands were triggered mostly by changing water levels. Juvenile salmon movements were triggered by water level, temperature, barometric pressure and lunar phase. Juvenile salmon were present at every wetland site. No evidence was found to support that floodplain wetlands are a ‘predator trap’ for juvenile salmon. Further understanding of the ecological value of floodplain systems may be useful to guide efforts to restore these systems to dynamic, self-sustaining levels of ecosystem function. Title: Seasonal floodplain wetlands as fish habitat in Oregon and Washington Author: Baker, Cynthia F. To begin to understand freshwater seasonal floodplain fish communities in the context of human alteration of the physical system, species introductions and wetland restoration efforts, I studied fish assemblages in fifteen seasonal floodplain wetlands within four geographic regions (coastal, upper Columbia River estuary, Puget Sound and eastern Oregon/Washington) in the Pacific Northwest from November through June, 2001 to 2006. Temporal patterns of species richness and diversity in fish assemblages were examined within a hierarchical framework of spatial and temporal factors in the context of the dynamic and variable nature of floodplains. At broad regional scales, fish assemblages diverged along a regional climactic gradient from wet, cool coastal sites to drier sites further inland with greater seasonal temperature fluctuations. Even though wetlands provide a dynamic environment for fish, species richness and diversity at most sites were relatively stable over the winter and spring. Community stability may have been due, in part, to the predictable duration of wetland inundation during winter and spring, but also to the presence of species that fulfill life history requirements (spawning, rearing) in wetlands, and the presence of juvenile salmon throughout the winter and spring. Once fish entered wetlands, wholesale movement of species into and out of wetlands did not occur until summer desiccation. Comparison of fish species richness between each wetland and adjacent rivers revealed that only about 60% of species present in the rivers were found in wetlands, indicating floodplain wetlands were not compatible with the biological traits of almost half of the fish species present in adjacent rivers. Functional groups of species utilized wetlands at different times of year, during different developmental stages, for different durations, and movements into and out of wetlands were triggered mostly by changing water levels. Juvenile salmon movements were triggered by water level, temperature, barometric pressure and lunar phase. Juvenile salmon were present at every wetland site. No evidence was found to support that floodplain wetlands are a ‘predator trap’ for juvenile salmon. Further understanding of the ecological value of floodplain systems may be useful to guide efforts to restore these systems to dynamic, self-sustaining levels of ecosystem function. Close

• 56. [Article] Exploring water habitats

  Published April 2014. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring water habitats Author: Bourdeau, Virginia, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 2014. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Exploring water habitats Author: Bourdeau, Virginia, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 2014. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 57. [Article] Fire ecology and management in plant communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon

  This research assesses prescribed burning as a habitat management technique in wetlands and associated upland communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon. Experimental burns were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fire ecology and management in plant communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon Author: Young, Richard P. This research assesses prescribed burning as a habitat management technique in wetlands and associated upland communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon. Experimental burns were conducted to evaluate fire behavior and effects in wetland and upland habitats, and, fire effects on Cirsium arvense. Wetland plant communities were monotypic stands of emergent macrophytes: Scirpus acutus, Sparganium eurycarpum, Carex atherodes, Juncus balticus, Eleocharis palustris. Upland communities studied included Chrysothamnus nauseosus/Elymus cinereus and Sarcobatus vermiculatus/Distichlis spicata shrub-grasslands and an Elymus triticoides mesic meadow. Burning was conducted during periods of vegetation dormancy. Stepwise multiple regression was used to evaluate the relative influence of various fuel and weather parameters on fire behavior, and, to quantify the relationship of the "best" independent variables to the response variables rate-of-spread (ROS) and flame length. Models incorporating windspeed alone, or in combination with a second variable, account for 50 to 90 percent of the variation in ROS. Successful burns were conducted with a wide range of conditions, provided the surface of fuels were dry and winds were steady. Burning prescriptions and techniques suitable for these fuel types are given. Fire effects on vegetation were measured for two years (Sarcobatus/Distichlis, one year). Vegetation response was largely insensitive to timing of burns within the dormant period. Comparisons with unburned treatments (=non-use) indicate fire significantly alters vegetation structure and community function; however, responses were often species-specific. Aboveground herbage production increased for one to two years in all but winter-burned Sparganium communities. Burning increased shoot density of rhizomatous species. Vigorous postburn sprouting-regrowth of shrubs resulted in rapid replacement of canopy cover and volume. Reproductive effort varied markedly among species and in response to fire. The observed dynamics of organic residues suggest these communities will return to preburn status after three to five years. Dormant season burning reduced relative abundance of Cirsium arvense. Changes in population structure and reproductive success, as well as increased production of associated species, indicate burning may be a useful means of halting Cirsium invasion or spread by maintaining a productive stand of native vegetation. Title: Fire ecology and management in plant communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon Author: Young, Richard P. This research assesses prescribed burning as a habitat management technique in wetlands and associated upland communities of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon. Experimental burns were conducted to evaluate fire behavior and effects in wetland and upland habitats, and, fire effects on Cirsium arvense. Wetland plant communities were monotypic stands of emergent macrophytes: Scirpus acutus, Sparganium eurycarpum, Carex atherodes, Juncus balticus, Eleocharis palustris. Upland communities studied included Chrysothamnus nauseosus/Elymus cinereus and Sarcobatus vermiculatus/Distichlis spicata shrub-grasslands and an Elymus triticoides mesic meadow. Burning was conducted during periods of vegetation dormancy. Stepwise multiple regression was used to evaluate the relative influence of various fuel and weather parameters on fire behavior, and, to quantify the relationship of the "best" independent variables to the response variables rate-of-spread (ROS) and flame length. Models incorporating windspeed alone, or in combination with a second variable, account for 50 to 90 percent of the variation in ROS. Successful burns were conducted with a wide range of conditions, provided the surface of fuels were dry and winds were steady. Burning prescriptions and techniques suitable for these fuel types are given. Fire effects on vegetation were measured for two years (Sarcobatus/Distichlis, one year). Vegetation response was largely insensitive to timing of burns within the dormant period. Comparisons with unburned treatments (=non-use) indicate fire significantly alters vegetation structure and community function; however, responses were often species-specific. Aboveground herbage production increased for one to two years in all but winter-burned Sparganium communities. Burning increased shoot density of rhizomatous species. Vigorous postburn sprouting-regrowth of shrubs resulted in rapid replacement of canopy cover and volume. Reproductive effort varied markedly among species and in response to fire. The observed dynamics of organic residues suggest these communities will return to preburn status after three to five years. Dormant season burning reduced relative abundance of Cirsium arvense. Changes in population structure and reproductive success, as well as increased production of associated species, indicate burning may be a useful means of halting Cirsium invasion or spread by maintaining a productive stand of native vegetation. Close

• 58. [Article] Giant gartersnake spatial ecology in agricultural and constructed wetlands

  The spatial ecology of a species is a vital component of informed management and restoration plans, yet little is known about how animals use restored or constructed habitat. We assessed home ranges, core ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Giant gartersnake spatial ecology in agricultural and constructed wetlands Author: Valcarcel, Patricia M. The spatial ecology of a species is a vital component of informed management and restoration plans, yet little is known about how animals use restored or constructed habitat. We assessed home ranges, core areas, and habitat selection of the federally threatened Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) using rice agricultural habitat and recently constructed wetlands used as conservation banks. Space use patterns were estimated from radio tracking 19 unique adult female snakes over 2 years at a site that is the center of conservation efforts for the species. Home ranges (95% kernel density contour) and core areas (50% kernel density contour) were estimated for size, configuration, and overlap of the home range utilization distributions. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to assess habitat influences on microhabitat use. Contrary to expectations, but consistent across years, we found home ranges in the agricultural habitat were on average 80% smaller and had less variation among individuals than those in the constructed wetlands. Snakes in agricultural habitat also had greater and more uniform home range overlap as indicated by the utilization distribution overlap index. We combined all of the snakes to analyze microhabitat selection and used a matched location-random point design. Vegetation patch edges were used more often than interior locations in patches greater than six meters in diameter. This indicates that habitat complexity is an important consideration for habitat conservation plans. We were unable to detect differences in habitat use based upon vegetation composition at a small spatial scale. Temperature also influences reptile habitat selection, and a thermal description of the three macrohabitats (terrestrial vegetation, emergent vegetation, and open water) at our site showed extreme afternoon temperatures limit the use of terrestrial surface habitat by the Giant Gartersnake. The restricted home ranges observed in the snakes in agriculture suggest we need further investigation into dispersal movements and habitat connectivity to better inform regional conservation planning. Recovery efforts for the Giant Gartersnake, including construction and management of new wetlands, will benefit from greater knowledge of their space use patterns described by our research. Title: Giant gartersnake spatial ecology in agricultural and constructed wetlands Author: Valcarcel, Patricia M. The spatial ecology of a species is a vital component of informed management and restoration plans, yet little is known about how animals use restored or constructed habitat. We assessed home ranges, core areas, and habitat selection of the federally threatened Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) using rice agricultural habitat and recently constructed wetlands used as conservation banks. Space use patterns were estimated from radio tracking 19 unique adult female snakes over 2 years at a site that is the center of conservation efforts for the species. Home ranges (95% kernel density contour) and core areas (50% kernel density contour) were estimated for size, configuration, and overlap of the home range utilization distributions. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to assess habitat influences on microhabitat use. Contrary to expectations, but consistent across years, we found home ranges in the agricultural habitat were on average 80% smaller and had less variation among individuals than those in the constructed wetlands. Snakes in agricultural habitat also had greater and more uniform home range overlap as indicated by the utilization distribution overlap index. We combined all of the snakes to analyze microhabitat selection and used a matched location-random point design. Vegetation patch edges were used more often than interior locations in patches greater than six meters in diameter. This indicates that habitat complexity is an important consideration for habitat conservation plans. We were unable to detect differences in habitat use based upon vegetation composition at a small spatial scale. Temperature also influences reptile habitat selection, and a thermal description of the three macrohabitats (terrestrial vegetation, emergent vegetation, and open water) at our site showed extreme afternoon temperatures limit the use of terrestrial surface habitat by the Giant Gartersnake. The restricted home ranges observed in the snakes in agriculture suggest we need further investigation into dispersal movements and habitat connectivity to better inform regional conservation planning. Recovery efforts for the Giant Gartersnake, including construction and management of new wetlands, will benefit from greater knowledge of their space use patterns described by our research. Close

• 59. [Article] Beaver ecology on the west Copper River Delta, Alaska

  Since the 1964 earthquake and geologic uplift, beavers (Castor canadensis) have expanded their historic range from the inland (outwash plain) Copper River Delta, Alaska to the once tidally influenced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver ecology on the west Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Cooper, Erin E. Since the 1964 earthquake and geologic uplift, beavers (Castor canadensis) have expanded their historic range from the inland (outwash plain) Copper River Delta, Alaska to the once tidally influenced areas of the outer area (uplifted marsh). The uplift presents a unique opportunity to observe beaver expansion, habitat selection and influence on hydrologic structure of a coastal wetland ecosystem after a major disturbance. First, I examined the relationship between the sites of active beaver lodges and associated water and vegetative features (Chapter 2). I hypothesized that active lodge sites would be associated with distinct water features and woody vegetation types in each landscape. I used aerial photographic and ground survey methods to compare sightability and to determine habitat associations. I developed an a priori set of models to determine active beaver lodge occurrence using logistic regression with presence and absence as the response variables and water features and vegetation cover as the dependent variables. My results were similar between survey methods but differed between the two major landscape types. In the uplifted marsh, odds of an active lodge occurrance increased with the presence of former tidal sloughs and an increase in mixed shrub coverage. The odds of an active lodge occurrence increased with the presence of streams and decreased with increasing closed cottonwood-alder-willow coverage in the outwash plain. Post earthquake uplift, beaver now exploit a unique topographic setting through the use and modification of former tidal sloughs and a transitioning mixed shrub vegetation community. Second, I quantified the influence of beaver on the surface water of the West Copper River Delta using remote sensing (Chapter 3). Water features were documented from digitized aerial photographs from 1959, 1974, 1986, 1992/1993, and 1996. My results showed that surface water area in beaver influenced water impoundments increased from 0 to 20% from 1959 to 1996, concurrent with beaver colonization of the uplifted marsh. These results suggest that beavers may have altered the trajectory of wetland change on the West Copper River Delta by raising the water table within open water basins and flooding those areas that would have otherwise drained. Beaver may be used an effective management tool in wetland restoration where key habitat features are available. Title: Beaver ecology on the west Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Cooper, Erin E. Since the 1964 earthquake and geologic uplift, beavers (Castor canadensis) have expanded their historic range from the inland (outwash plain) Copper River Delta, Alaska to the once tidally influenced areas of the outer area (uplifted marsh). The uplift presents a unique opportunity to observe beaver expansion, habitat selection and influence on hydrologic structure of a coastal wetland ecosystem after a major disturbance. First, I examined the relationship between the sites of active beaver lodges and associated water and vegetative features (Chapter 2). I hypothesized that active lodge sites would be associated with distinct water features and woody vegetation types in each landscape. I used aerial photographic and ground survey methods to compare sightability and to determine habitat associations. I developed an a priori set of models to determine active beaver lodge occurrence using logistic regression with presence and absence as the response variables and water features and vegetation cover as the dependent variables. My results were similar between survey methods but differed between the two major landscape types. In the uplifted marsh, odds of an active lodge occurrance increased with the presence of former tidal sloughs and an increase in mixed shrub coverage. The odds of an active lodge occurrence increased with the presence of streams and decreased with increasing closed cottonwood-alder-willow coverage in the outwash plain. Post earthquake uplift, beaver now exploit a unique topographic setting through the use and modification of former tidal sloughs and a transitioning mixed shrub vegetation community. Second, I quantified the influence of beaver on the surface water of the West Copper River Delta using remote sensing (Chapter 3). Water features were documented from digitized aerial photographs from 1959, 1974, 1986, 1992/1993, and 1996. My results showed that surface water area in beaver influenced water impoundments increased from 0 to 20% from 1959 to 1996, concurrent with beaver colonization of the uplifted marsh. These results suggest that beavers may have altered the trajectory of wetland change on the West Copper River Delta by raising the water table within open water basins and flooding those areas that would have otherwise drained. Beaver may be used an effective management tool in wetland restoration where key habitat features are available. Close

• 60. [Article] Growth, residence, and movement of juvenile Chinook salmon within restored and reference estuarine marsh channels in Salmon River, Oregon.

  Tidal wetland channels provide rearing habitat for juvenile Chinook salmon as they emigrate from freshwater habitat and prepare to enter the ocean. Widespread diking and drainage of estuarine marshes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth, residence, and movement of juvenile Chinook salmon within restored and reference estuarine marsh channels in Salmon River, Oregon. Author: Hering, David K. Tidal wetland channels provide rearing habitat for juvenile Chinook salmon as they emigrate from freshwater habitat and prepare to enter the ocean. Widespread diking and drainage of estuarine marshes for agricultural and urban development may have contributed to a decline in salmon abundance in the Pacific Northwest, prompting efforts to restore estuarine salmon habitat in the region. I investigated the growth and residence patterns of age-0 Chinook salmon in two blind tidal channels in the Salmon River estuary, Oregon. One channel drained a natural high salt marsh in “reference” condition, and the other channel was in an adjacent salt marsh, restored to tidal inundation in 1996 after being diked and controlled by a tide gate for thirty five years. Recapture of individually marked fish indicated salmon growth rates were similar in the two channels, though growth rates varied more seasonally in the restored site. Average minimum residence times of individual fish were approximately ten days in each channel, and individual salmon were observed up to 79 and 117 days after initial marking in the reference and restored channels, respectively. To characterize movement of age-0 salmon within tidal channels, I tested the feasibility of stationary Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) detection within a small (approximately 8m wide) tidal channel within the natural marsh system. I found that a stationary PIT detector was an effective tool for monitoring tagged fish movement in a brackish water channel network. Salmon movements in the channel were asymmetrical about high slack tide, with peak movement frequency occurring late during both flood and ebb tide periods. Most movements were in the direction of tidal currents, but 20% of individuals entered the channel against the ebbing tide. Individuals occupied the intertidal channel for a median 4.9 hours and as long as 8.9 hours per tidal cycle, and few were detected moving when water depth was <0.4m. Some individuals used the channel on multiple successive tidal cycles, and others entered intermittently over periods up to 109 days. This research used individual-based fish marking methods to quantify juvenile Chinook salmon behavior and performance within tidal marsh channels, assessing functional equivalence of natural and restored sites and demonstrating the value of such habitats for conservation and restoration of salmon populations. Title: Growth, residence, and movement of juvenile Chinook salmon within restored and reference estuarine marsh channels in Salmon River, Oregon. Author: Hering, David K. Tidal wetland channels provide rearing habitat for juvenile Chinook salmon as they emigrate from freshwater habitat and prepare to enter the ocean. Widespread diking and drainage of estuarine marshes for agricultural and urban development may have contributed to a decline in salmon abundance in the Pacific Northwest, prompting efforts to restore estuarine salmon habitat in the region. I investigated the growth and residence patterns of age-0 Chinook salmon in two blind tidal channels in the Salmon River estuary, Oregon. One channel drained a natural high salt marsh in “reference” condition, and the other channel was in an adjacent salt marsh, restored to tidal inundation in 1996 after being diked and controlled by a tide gate for thirty five years. Recapture of individually marked fish indicated salmon growth rates were similar in the two channels, though growth rates varied more seasonally in the restored site. Average minimum residence times of individual fish were approximately ten days in each channel, and individual salmon were observed up to 79 and 117 days after initial marking in the reference and restored channels, respectively. To characterize movement of age-0 salmon within tidal channels, I tested the feasibility of stationary Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) detection within a small (approximately 8m wide) tidal channel within the natural marsh system. I found that a stationary PIT detector was an effective tool for monitoring tagged fish movement in a brackish water channel network. Salmon movements in the channel were asymmetrical about high slack tide, with peak movement frequency occurring late during both flood and ebb tide periods. Most movements were in the direction of tidal currents, but 20% of individuals entered the channel against the ebbing tide. Individuals occupied the intertidal channel for a median 4.9 hours and as long as 8.9 hours per tidal cycle, and few were detected moving when water depth was <0.4m. Some individuals used the channel on multiple successive tidal cycles, and others entered intermittently over periods up to 109 days. This research used individual-based fish marking methods to quantify juvenile Chinook salmon behavior and performance within tidal marsh channels, assessing functional equivalence of natural and restored sites and demonstrating the value of such habitats for conservation and restoration of salmon populations. Close

• 61. [Article] A Practitioner’s Handbook: Optimizing Conservation and Improving Mitigation Through the Use of Progressive Approaches

  The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 67, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. SPECIAL NOTE: This report IS ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Practitioner’s Handbook: Optimizing Conservation and Improving Mitigation Through the Use of Progressive Approaches Author: NatureServe, Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Institute for Natural Resources, Resources for the Future, Environmental Law Institute The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 67, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. SPECIAL NOTE: This report IS NOT an official publication of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, or The National Academies. Title: A Practitioner’s Handbook: Optimizing Conservation and Improving Mitigation Through the Use of Progressive Approaches Author: NatureServe, Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Institute for Natural Resources, Resources for the Future, Environmental Law Institute The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 67, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. SPECIAL NOTE: This report IS NOT an official publication of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, or The National Academies. Close

• 62. [Article] Fire effects on wetland prairie species: final report

  Project No. 14-48-0001-96749

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fire effects on wetland prairie species: final report Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Project No. 14-48-0001-96749 Title: Fire effects on wetland prairie species: final report Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Project No. 14-48-0001-96749 Close

• 63. [Article] Bird community patterns of spring-seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands in the Sacramento Valley, California

  Freshwater wetlands in the Sacramento Valley provide breeding, wintering, foraging and stopover habitat for migratory and resident birds. With a loss of 95% of historic freshwater wetlands, the restoration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bird community patterns of spring-seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands in the Sacramento Valley, California Author: Harris, P. Dawn Freshwater wetlands in the Sacramento Valley provide breeding, wintering, foraging and stopover habitat for migratory and resident birds. With a loss of 95% of historic freshwater wetlands, the restoration of wetlands on private land could provide important habitat for birds. Documentation and monitoring of bird use on previously restored wetlands is needed to improve and guide wetland restoration on private lands in the Sacramento Valley. Bird communities of two types of privately owned, restored wetlands: spring-seasonal and semi-permanent, were compared in the Sacramento Valley of California during the spring and summer of 1998 and 1999. Abundance and richness of bird communities were analyzed by species and according to two assemblage groups based on wetland dependency and general taxonomy. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling was used to determine if different wetlands contained similar bird communities. Overlays were used to determine relationships between bird communities in ordination space and the environmental variables wetland type, wetland size, season, water depth, surrounding land use and six habitat variables. Both spring-seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands attracted diverse bird communities, but bird community structure differed between spring-seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands. Species richness and abundance were greatest on semi-permanent wetlands. Wetland obligate species, nonwetland species, waterfowl and water birds were more abundant on semi-permanent than on spring-seasonal wetlands. Shorebirds were most abundant on spring-seasonal wetlands. The bird community changed over the season in response to migration patterns. Bird communities also differed according to water depth and wetland size. Wetland obligate and nonwetland species were more abundant on wetlands with trees. Planting trees or pole cuttings is an easy and economical way to facilitate maturation of a restored wetland. For greater biodiversity, wetland restorations in the Sacramento Valley should not promote one type of restoration over the other so long as a reliable source of water is available. Title: Bird community patterns of spring-seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands in the Sacramento Valley, California Author: Harris, P. Dawn Freshwater wetlands in the Sacramento Valley provide breeding, wintering, foraging and stopover habitat for migratory and resident birds. With a loss of 95% of historic freshwater wetlands, the restoration of wetlands on private land could provide important habitat for birds. Documentation and monitoring of bird use on previously restored wetlands is needed to improve and guide wetland restoration on private lands in the Sacramento Valley. Bird communities of two types of privately owned, restored wetlands: spring-seasonal and semi-permanent, were compared in the Sacramento Valley of California during the spring and summer of 1998 and 1999. Abundance and richness of bird communities were analyzed by species and according to two assemblage groups based on wetland dependency and general taxonomy. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling was used to determine if different wetlands contained similar bird communities. Overlays were used to determine relationships between bird communities in ordination space and the environmental variables wetland type, wetland size, season, water depth, surrounding land use and six habitat variables. Both spring-seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands attracted diverse bird communities, but bird community structure differed between spring-seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands. Species richness and abundance were greatest on semi-permanent wetlands. Wetland obligate species, nonwetland species, waterfowl and water birds were more abundant on semi-permanent than on spring-seasonal wetlands. Shorebirds were most abundant on spring-seasonal wetlands. The bird community changed over the season in response to migration patterns. Bird communities also differed according to water depth and wetland size. Wetland obligate and nonwetland species were more abundant on wetlands with trees. Planting trees or pole cuttings is an easy and economical way to facilitate maturation of a restored wetland. For greater biodiversity, wetland restorations in the Sacramento Valley should not promote one type of restoration over the other so long as a reliable source of water is available. Close

• 64. [Article] Valuing urban wetlands : a property pricing approach

  Wetlands play an important role in our social and economic well being. Many services wetlands provide, such as wildlife habitat, recreation, and aesthetics, are collective goods. Because these services ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Valuing urban wetlands : a property pricing approach Author: Mahan, Brent L Wetlands play an important role in our social and economic well being. Many services wetlands provide, such as wildlife habitat, recreation, and aesthetics, are collective goods. Because these services are not represented in a market, an over supply of wetlands converted to other uses and an under supply of protected wetlands may result. In order to improve wetland resource allocation decisions, nonmarket valuation techniques can be used to estimate the economic value of wetland attributes that represent collective goods. Using the hedonic property pricing approach, this study estimates the value of wetland environmental amenities in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Detailed residential housing and wetland data are used to relate the sales price of a residential property to the structural characteristics of the property, neighborhood attributes in which the property is located, and amenity values of wetlands and other environmental characteristics. The measures of primary interest are distance to four different wetland types (open water, emergent vegetation, scrub shrub, and forested). Other environmental variables evaluated include size of nearest wetland and proximity to parks, lakes, streams, and rivers. The results of the hedonic price function analysis indicate that wetlands influence the value of residential property and that the degree of influence varies by wetland type. The results also show that wetlands influence property values differently than other amenity generating features such as parks, lakes, rivers, and streams. The results concerning the influence on price of proximity to specific wetland types were mixed. For some wetlands, proximity had a positive effect on sales price, while for others, proximity had either a negative relationship or no effect. The estimated marginal implicit prices on wetland proximity were sensitive to the function form used. In addition to estimating the hedonic price functions, second-stage regression analysis was used to estimate the willingness-to-pay function for wetland size. Example welfare effects are computed using the estimated willingness-to-pay function. The estimated willingness-to-pay function appears reasonable based on the expectation that residents have a small, but significant, positive willingness to pay larger wetlands. Title: Valuing urban wetlands : a property pricing approach Author: Mahan, Brent L Wetlands play an important role in our social and economic well being. Many services wetlands provide, such as wildlife habitat, recreation, and aesthetics, are collective goods. Because these services are not represented in a market, an over supply of wetlands converted to other uses and an under supply of protected wetlands may result. In order to improve wetland resource allocation decisions, nonmarket valuation techniques can be used to estimate the economic value of wetland attributes that represent collective goods. Using the hedonic property pricing approach, this study estimates the value of wetland environmental amenities in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Detailed residential housing and wetland data are used to relate the sales price of a residential property to the structural characteristics of the property, neighborhood attributes in which the property is located, and amenity values of wetlands and other environmental characteristics. The measures of primary interest are distance to four different wetland types (open water, emergent vegetation, scrub shrub, and forested). Other environmental variables evaluated include size of nearest wetland and proximity to parks, lakes, streams, and rivers. The results of the hedonic price function analysis indicate that wetlands influence the value of residential property and that the degree of influence varies by wetland type. The results also show that wetlands influence property values differently than other amenity generating features such as parks, lakes, rivers, and streams. The results concerning the influence on price of proximity to specific wetland types were mixed. For some wetlands, proximity had a positive effect on sales price, while for others, proximity had either a negative relationship or no effect. The estimated marginal implicit prices on wetland proximity were sensitive to the function form used. In addition to estimating the hedonic price functions, second-stage regression analysis was used to estimate the willingness-to-pay function for wetland size. Example welfare effects are computed using the estimated willingness-to-pay function. The estimated willingness-to-pay function appears reasonable based on the expectation that residents have a small, but significant, positive willingness to pay larger wetlands. Close

• 65. [Article] Value assessment of Jackson-Frazier Wetland, Benton County, Oregon : a case study

  A growing realization that wetlands are potentially valuable resources has recently stimulated efforts towards their protection. While a foundation for wetland management exists, decision makers still ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Value assessment of Jackson-Frazier Wetland, Benton County, Oregon : a case study Author: Marshall, John L. (John Lee), 1952- A growing realization that wetlands are potentially valuable resources has recently stimulated efforts towards their protection. While a foundation for wetland management exists, decision makers still lack adequate tools for addressing issues of wetland preservation vs. development. Wetland preservation values are often neglected in traditional market analyses and in the decision making process. This research uses a wetlands assessment methodology that addresses non-market wetland values in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. The Jackson-Frazier Wetland, north of the Corvallis city limits, is used as a case study for assessment. The Larson Model, a tested assessment model for eastern Massachusetts wetlands, is applied to the Jackson-Frazier Wetland. The model is modified to increase its reproducibility in wetlands classification, accommodate regional differences in the study area, and account for recent information on wetland classification and value assessment. The Jackson-Frazier Wetland qualifies as a high priority site for further assessment under four of eleven criteria: 1. rare plants, 2. visually prominent plants, 3. availability of information, and 4. rare habitat types. The wetland received an adjusted wildlife habitat score of 89 percent (good to excellent) and an adjusted visual-cultural score of 66 percent (moderately good). The wildlife habitat score reflects a complex habitat mosaic spread over a sizable area supporting a diverse and relatively abundant fauna. The visual-cultural score reflects a visually complex landscape dominated by vegetation. The diversity of wetland types, the complex interspersion of wetland classes and subclasses, and the proximity of the wetland to educational institutions combine to offer a variety of visual, educational, and passive recreational opportunities. However, the lack of navigable water bodies, the lack of nearby visually prominent landforms, urban noise, and urban encroachment limit the number and quality of visual-cultural opportunities. The wetland was assessed for its downstream flood mitigation capability under two models with two respective adjusted flood mitigation scores of 967 and 69%. The second score is judged to be more consistent with findings of the Corvallis Drainage Master Plan suggesting the Jackson- Frazier site mitigates floods associated with "common" storm events (e.g., 12% return frequency). Neither flood assessment addresses flooding from the Willamette River during a 100 yearflood. In a separate economic analysis, publicly acquired nonwetland wildlife habitat and visual-cultural areas are used as gauge sites to provide a minimum monetary estimate of preservation values of the Jackson-Frazier Wetland. The derived figure of $ 2,022/acre is compared with several appraised market values of the wetland using preservation value/alternative use value ratios. Ratios greater than one indicate preservation values are greater than alternative use values. Borderline ratios are weighted towards preservation values due to the non-wetland character of the gauge sites. The greatest utility of the applied model is to display traditionally intangible wetland preservation values. This display of values should be considered by resource managers and decision makers in conjunction with a variety of other decision making tools. The validity of a given assessment is directly related to the assumptions and subsequent criteria used. Perceptions of validity are highly influenced by the degree of societal acceptance and use. Title: Value assessment of Jackson-Frazier Wetland, Benton County, Oregon : a case study Author: Marshall, John L. (John Lee), 1952- A growing realization that wetlands are potentially valuable resources has recently stimulated efforts towards their protection. While a foundation for wetland management exists, decision makers still lack adequate tools for addressing issues of wetland preservation vs. development. Wetland preservation values are often neglected in traditional market analyses and in the decision making process. This research uses a wetlands assessment methodology that addresses non-market wetland values in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. The Jackson-Frazier Wetland, north of the Corvallis city limits, is used as a case study for assessment. The Larson Model, a tested assessment model for eastern Massachusetts wetlands, is applied to the Jackson-Frazier Wetland. The model is modified to increase its reproducibility in wetlands classification, accommodate regional differences in the study area, and account for recent information on wetland classification and value assessment. The Jackson-Frazier Wetland qualifies as a high priority site for further assessment under four of eleven criteria: 1. rare plants, 2. visually prominent plants, 3. availability of information, and 4. rare habitat types. The wetland received an adjusted wildlife habitat score of 89 percent (good to excellent) and an adjusted visual-cultural score of 66 percent (moderately good). The wildlife habitat score reflects a complex habitat mosaic spread over a sizable area supporting a diverse and relatively abundant fauna. The visual-cultural score reflects a visually complex landscape dominated by vegetation. The diversity of wetland types, the complex interspersion of wetland classes and subclasses, and the proximity of the wetland to educational institutions combine to offer a variety of visual, educational, and passive recreational opportunities. However, the lack of navigable water bodies, the lack of nearby visually prominent landforms, urban noise, and urban encroachment limit the number and quality of visual-cultural opportunities. The wetland was assessed for its downstream flood mitigation capability under two models with two respective adjusted flood mitigation scores of 967 and 69%. The second score is judged to be more consistent with findings of the Corvallis Drainage Master Plan suggesting the Jackson- Frazier site mitigates floods associated with "common" storm events (e.g., 12% return frequency). Neither flood assessment addresses flooding from the Willamette River during a 100 yearflood. In a separate economic analysis, publicly acquired nonwetland wildlife habitat and visual-cultural areas are used as gauge sites to provide a minimum monetary estimate of preservation values of the Jackson-Frazier Wetland. The derived figure of $ 2,022/acre is compared with several appraised market values of the wetland using preservation value/alternative use value ratios. Ratios greater than one indicate preservation values are greater than alternative use values. Borderline ratios are weighted towards preservation values due to the non-wetland character of the gauge sites. The greatest utility of the applied model is to display traditionally intangible wetland preservation values. This display of values should be considered by resource managers and decision makers in conjunction with a variety of other decision making tools. The validity of a given assessment is directly related to the assumptions and subsequent criteria used. Perceptions of validity are highly influenced by the degree of societal acceptance and use. Close

• 66. [Article] Oregon's wetland regulatory framework : a synthesis of approaches

  This paper will address Oregon's ability to regulate and manage its wetland resources as a means for protecting and enhancing salmon habitat. After identifying the importance of wetland environments the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's wetland regulatory framework : a synthesis of approaches Author: Wirth, Julie A. This paper will address Oregon's ability to regulate and manage its wetland resources as a means for protecting and enhancing salmon habitat. After identifying the importance of wetland environments the paper will look into OWRF to assess its effectiveness. Ultimately the paper will conclude that OWRF's design is an effective one due to the presence of multiple implementation tools available as a result of the use of both a top-down and bottom-up approach to policy implementation. Title: Oregon's wetland regulatory framework : a synthesis of approaches Author: Wirth, Julie A. This paper will address Oregon's ability to regulate and manage its wetland resources as a means for protecting and enhancing salmon habitat. After identifying the importance of wetland environments the paper will look into OWRF to assess its effectiveness. Ultimately the paper will conclude that OWRF's design is an effective one due to the presence of multiple implementation tools available as a result of the use of both a top-down and bottom-up approach to policy implementation. Close

• 67. [Article] Spatial heterogeneity, meta-analysis and spatial dependence : three essays on environmental valuation and spatial land management decisions

  This dissertation consists of three essays that collectively address the importance of accounting for spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence of environmental assets and natural resources in policy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial heterogeneity, meta-analysis and spatial dependence : three essays on environmental valuation and spatial land management decisions Author: Bu, Meidan This dissertation consists of three essays that collectively address the importance of accounting for spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence of environmental assets and natural resources in policy making. The first essay examines the value of different wetland ecosystem services using an expanded meta-dataset of valuation studies in North America. The purpose of this essay is to explore the sources of variation in wetland values from valuation methodology, ecosystem functions, and site-specific geographic, demographic and socio-economic characteristics. This essay used panel random effect models stratified "by study", "by state" and "by wetland site" to address the issues of correlation between wetland value estimates. Results indicated that wetland welfare measures reported by the same study and in the same wetland site are correlated. By comparing regression results and conclusions from this study with two internationally scoped meta-analysis studies, this essay found that the wetland valuation literature is not robust to regional characteristics, and wetland welfare estimates are sensitive to geographic extent. The second essay extends the first essay to investigate spatial spillover effects of wetland welfare estimates in North America. The primary purpose of the essay is to explore whether wetland values are correlated across space and what determines the correlation. The goal is accomplished by incorporating spatial econometric methods into the meta-analysis framework. The essay constructed three spatial weight matrices based on threshold distances, the ecological similarity and the economic similarity of wetland sites in the metadata. Results indicate that spatial proximity is an important predictor of wetland values regardless of wetland type and function. In part this is captured through shared contexts including resource availability and market characteristics. However, similar ecological and economic profiles are insufficient to capture shared values when transferring value estimates across spatial areas. Results from this study also raised questions on whether ecological functions and economic markets are sufficient for improving international transfers when studies are beyond geographic thresholds. The third essay incorporates spatial econometric models into a stochastic optimization framework to explore the consequences of ignoring the spatial linkage of management units in land management outcomes. The integrated framework combines an economic decision model, a spatial fire simulation model, a spotted owl population prediction model to maximize the expected post-fire and post-treatment NSO population under a budget constraint. Results from this essay inform us that ignoring spatial habitat connections leads to an underestimate of the fuel treatment disturbance and an over-estimate of the expected post-fire and post-treatment NSO population. However, the negative externality of habitat conversions depends on the degree of habitat connections. Additionally, the amount of total treatment area depends on the degree of habitat connections. The optimization outcome suggests less fuel treatment for a landscape with a higher degree of habitat connections. Moreover, the optimization outcome informs us that the spatial configuration of fuel treatment matters for the NSO population protection. Ignoring the spatial habitat connections leads to a fragmented treatment pattern and fails to protect the core NSO habitat from treatment disturbances. Title: Spatial heterogeneity, meta-analysis and spatial dependence : three essays on environmental valuation and spatial land management decisions Author: Bu, Meidan This dissertation consists of three essays that collectively address the importance of accounting for spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence of environmental assets and natural resources in policy making. The first essay examines the value of different wetland ecosystem services using an expanded meta-dataset of valuation studies in North America. The purpose of this essay is to explore the sources of variation in wetland values from valuation methodology, ecosystem functions, and site-specific geographic, demographic and socio-economic characteristics. This essay used panel random effect models stratified "by study", "by state" and "by wetland site" to address the issues of correlation between wetland value estimates. Results indicated that wetland welfare measures reported by the same study and in the same wetland site are correlated. By comparing regression results and conclusions from this study with two internationally scoped meta-analysis studies, this essay found that the wetland valuation literature is not robust to regional characteristics, and wetland welfare estimates are sensitive to geographic extent. The second essay extends the first essay to investigate spatial spillover effects of wetland welfare estimates in North America. The primary purpose of the essay is to explore whether wetland values are correlated across space and what determines the correlation. The goal is accomplished by incorporating spatial econometric methods into the meta-analysis framework. The essay constructed three spatial weight matrices based on threshold distances, the ecological similarity and the economic similarity of wetland sites in the metadata. Results indicate that spatial proximity is an important predictor of wetland values regardless of wetland type and function. In part this is captured through shared contexts including resource availability and market characteristics. However, similar ecological and economic profiles are insufficient to capture shared values when transferring value estimates across spatial areas. Results from this study also raised questions on whether ecological functions and economic markets are sufficient for improving international transfers when studies are beyond geographic thresholds. The third essay incorporates spatial econometric models into a stochastic optimization framework to explore the consequences of ignoring the spatial linkage of management units in land management outcomes. The integrated framework combines an economic decision model, a spatial fire simulation model, a spotted owl population prediction model to maximize the expected post-fire and post-treatment NSO population under a budget constraint. Results from this essay inform us that ignoring spatial habitat connections leads to an underestimate of the fuel treatment disturbance and an over-estimate of the expected post-fire and post-treatment NSO population. However, the negative externality of habitat conversions depends on the degree of habitat connections. Additionally, the amount of total treatment area depends on the degree of habitat connections. The optimization outcome suggests less fuel treatment for a landscape with a higher degree of habitat connections. Moreover, the optimization outcome informs us that the spatial configuration of fuel treatment matters for the NSO population protection. Ignoring the spatial habitat connections leads to a fragmented treatment pattern and fails to protect the core NSO habitat from treatment disturbances. Close

• 68. [Article] Identifying potential wetland restoration sites for estuary-wide restoration planning in Oregon: a pilot project in the Coos Estuary

  Oregon's estuaries have been significantly altered by human activity, so that many former tidal wetlands no longer provide the functions, such as fish and wildlife habitat, erosion protection from storms, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identifying potential wetland restoration sites for estuary-wide restoration planning in Oregon: a pilot project in the Coos Estuary Author: Fuss, J. David Oregon's estuaries have been significantly altered by human activity, so that many former tidal wetlands no longer provide the functions, such as fish and wildlife habitat, erosion protection from storms, and water quality maintenance, that preserve the integrity of estuarine ecosystems. Oregon has been a leader in wetland protection and has used ecological restoration in the pursuit of its goal of "no net loss" of wetlands. Local mitigation site inventories serve as the primary planning instrument for restoration in many estuaries. Recent emphasis has been placed on non-regulatory wetland restoration, but there is little information about sites for non-regulatory restoration. While wetland mitigation planning has traditionally been site-specific with the interests of development in mind, there is a growing need for landscape-scale restoration planning, encompassing both mitigation and non-regulatory restoration, that focuses on ecological values. The goal of this project is to develop and demonstrate a landscape-scale geographic information system-based methodology for (1) identifying and (2) screening potential estuary wetland restoration sites with updated, ecological information. This work builds on other efforts and is designed to guide forthcoming projects to identify potential wetland restoration sites all along the Oregon coast. This pilot project resulted in a GIS database consisting of 89 potential wetland restoration sites for the Coos estuary. The database may be searched to yield possible site choices for specific mitigation or non-regulatory restoration projects. By creating the Coos estuary database, a methodology was developed for identifying potential wetland restoration sites and establishing a supporting GIS database. By employing this report's methodology, local groups can plan a vision of the restored conditions of the estuary. Title: Identifying potential wetland restoration sites for estuary-wide restoration planning in Oregon: a pilot project in the Coos Estuary Author: Fuss, J. David Oregon's estuaries have been significantly altered by human activity, so that many former tidal wetlands no longer provide the functions, such as fish and wildlife habitat, erosion protection from storms, and water quality maintenance, that preserve the integrity of estuarine ecosystems. Oregon has been a leader in wetland protection and has used ecological restoration in the pursuit of its goal of "no net loss" of wetlands. Local mitigation site inventories serve as the primary planning instrument for restoration in many estuaries. Recent emphasis has been placed on non-regulatory wetland restoration, but there is little information about sites for non-regulatory restoration. While wetland mitigation planning has traditionally been site-specific with the interests of development in mind, there is a growing need for landscape-scale restoration planning, encompassing both mitigation and non-regulatory restoration, that focuses on ecological values. The goal of this project is to develop and demonstrate a landscape-scale geographic information system-based methodology for (1) identifying and (2) screening potential estuary wetland restoration sites with updated, ecological information. This work builds on other efforts and is designed to guide forthcoming projects to identify potential wetland restoration sites all along the Oregon coast. This pilot project resulted in a GIS database consisting of 89 potential wetland restoration sites for the Coos estuary. The database may be searched to yield possible site choices for specific mitigation or non-regulatory restoration projects. By creating the Coos estuary database, a methodology was developed for identifying potential wetland restoration sites and establishing a supporting GIS database. By employing this report's methodology, local groups can plan a vision of the restored conditions of the estuary. Close

• 69. [Article] The stratigraphy, hydrology, and redoximorphic character of the Jackson-Frazier wetland

  Transitional areas between upland and aquatic habitats, commonly known as wetland, were once viewed as unproductive areas and were drained for farming or pasture. Wetlands are now accepted as significant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The stratigraphy, hydrology, and redoximorphic character of the Jackson-Frazier wetland Author: D'Amore, David V. Transitional areas between upland and aquatic habitats, commonly known as wetland, were once viewed as unproductive areas and were drained for farming or pasture. Wetlands are now accepted as significant ecological resources, and their protection is a mandate of federal, state, and local land managers. Due to the diversity of wetland areas, the appropriate assessment of wetland resources cannot be accomplished without long term monitoring of wetland functions. Knowledge of the duration of saturation and associated anaerobic conditions of soils in wetlands is critical to correctly classify and assess wetland areas. Soil, hydrological, and biogeochemical characteristics of the soils of the Jackson-Frazier wetland were observed from October 1992 through March 1994. Weekly observations of water levels and redox potential at depths of 25, 50, and 100 cm were made in order to characterize the degree and duration of saturation and the anaerobic conditions in the soil over time. Permanently installed piezometers measured free water in the soil and indicated the presence of two separated water tables from the onset of the rainy season in October until February when the entire soil profile became saturated with free water. Platinum electrodes measured redox potential in the soil and indicated anaerobic conditions for ten months during the first season of observation and through March of the second season. Anaerobic conditions were considered to be achieved when Fe⁺³ was reduced to Fe⁺² at a potential of 200 millivolts. The highly reducing conditions correspond to periods of soil saturation indicated by piezometers. Concentrations of iron and manganese observed in soil profiles correspond to conditions of prolonged saturation and reduction confirmed by monitoring. A soil stratigraphic study done with auger holes revealed a recent alluvial deposit of montmorrillonitic clay overlying lacustrine silts identified as the Irish Bend Member of the Willamette Formation. The clay deposit overlying the surface of the wetland acts as an aquitard and creates extensive surface ponding, which maintains the saturated habitat required for wetland vegetation. The subsurface hydrology is controlled by water flowing through the Irish Bend silts which results in saturation of the soils from below. Biogeochemical transformations of iron and manganese due to suboxic and anaerobic conditions are controlled by this type of soil saturation in the Jackson-Frazier wetland. Title: The stratigraphy, hydrology, and redoximorphic character of the Jackson-Frazier wetland Author: D'Amore, David V. Transitional areas between upland and aquatic habitats, commonly known as wetland, were once viewed as unproductive areas and were drained for farming or pasture. Wetlands are now accepted as significant ecological resources, and their protection is a mandate of federal, state, and local land managers. Due to the diversity of wetland areas, the appropriate assessment of wetland resources cannot be accomplished without long term monitoring of wetland functions. Knowledge of the duration of saturation and associated anaerobic conditions of soils in wetlands is critical to correctly classify and assess wetland areas. Soil, hydrological, and biogeochemical characteristics of the soils of the Jackson-Frazier wetland were observed from October 1992 through March 1994. Weekly observations of water levels and redox potential at depths of 25, 50, and 100 cm were made in order to characterize the degree and duration of saturation and the anaerobic conditions in the soil over time. Permanently installed piezometers measured free water in the soil and indicated the presence of two separated water tables from the onset of the rainy season in October until February when the entire soil profile became saturated with free water. Platinum electrodes measured redox potential in the soil and indicated anaerobic conditions for ten months during the first season of observation and through March of the second season. Anaerobic conditions were considered to be achieved when Fe⁺³ was reduced to Fe⁺² at a potential of 200 millivolts. The highly reducing conditions correspond to periods of soil saturation indicated by piezometers. Concentrations of iron and manganese observed in soil profiles correspond to conditions of prolonged saturation and reduction confirmed by monitoring. A soil stratigraphic study done with auger holes revealed a recent alluvial deposit of montmorrillonitic clay overlying lacustrine silts identified as the Irish Bend Member of the Willamette Formation. The clay deposit overlying the surface of the wetland acts as an aquitard and creates extensive surface ponding, which maintains the saturated habitat required for wetland vegetation. The subsurface hydrology is controlled by water flowing through the Irish Bend silts which results in saturation of the soils from below. Biogeochemical transformations of iron and manganese due to suboxic and anaerobic conditions are controlled by this type of soil saturation in the Jackson-Frazier wetland. Close

• 70. [Article] Marine wetland boundary definition : evaluation of methodology

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marine wetland boundary definition : evaluation of methodology Author: Sanville, William, Taylor, Alan, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Eilers, H. Peter Title: Marine wetland boundary definition : evaluation of methodology Author: Sanville, William, Taylor, Alan, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Eilers, H. Peter Close

• 71. [Article] Multiobjective Optimization of Wetlands for Attaining Flood, Water Quality and Bird Habitat Benefits

  A significant number of historically existing wetlands that naturally stored rainwater and attenuated flood peaks have now been drained and employed as new farming areas. Beyond the water quality and flow ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiobjective Optimization of Wetlands for Attaining Flood, Water Quality and Bird Habitat Benefits Author: Noa-Yarasca, Efrain A significant number of historically existing wetlands that naturally stored rainwater and attenuated flood peaks have now been drained and employed as new farming areas. Beyond the water quality and flow problem, this has resulted in loss of natural habitats of diverse ecological species. Restoring wetlands have hence been proposed as a potential conservation strategy to help attenuate many of these problems. In this study a spatial, multi-objective optimization study of new potential wetlands was carried out to achieve biodiversity improvements in addition to flood reduction benefits and water quality improvements. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate flow and water quality, and the USGS GAP tool was used to estimate impacts on ecological habitats. Although this study is focused on four types of bird species, as a surrogate of biodiversity across the study site (Big Creek Watershed in southwestern Indiana), the methodology can be applied to other species and regions. The study helped assess redundancies as well as trade-offs between the flooding, water quality, and habitat objective functions. Additionally, the methodology helped assess critical locations that help improve multiple goals. Title: Multiobjective Optimization of Wetlands for Attaining Flood, Water Quality and Bird Habitat Benefits Author: Noa-Yarasca, Efrain A significant number of historically existing wetlands that naturally stored rainwater and attenuated flood peaks have now been drained and employed as new farming areas. Beyond the water quality and flow problem, this has resulted in loss of natural habitats of diverse ecological species. Restoring wetlands have hence been proposed as a potential conservation strategy to help attenuate many of these problems. In this study a spatial, multi-objective optimization study of new potential wetlands was carried out to achieve biodiversity improvements in addition to flood reduction benefits and water quality improvements. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate flow and water quality, and the USGS GAP tool was used to estimate impacts on ecological habitats. Although this study is focused on four types of bird species, as a surrogate of biodiversity across the study site (Big Creek Watershed in southwestern Indiana), the methodology can be applied to other species and regions. The study helped assess redundancies as well as trade-offs between the flooding, water quality, and habitat objective functions. Additionally, the methodology helped assess critical locations that help improve multiple goals. Close

• 72. [Article] Tidal wetland prioritization for the Smith River Watershed: Umpqua River Estuary of Oregon

  Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Coastal Program - Newport Field Office.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tidal wetland prioritization for the Smith River Watershed: Umpqua River Estuary of Oregon Author: Brophy, Laura, So, Khemarith Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Coastal Program - Newport Field Office. Title: Tidal wetland prioritization for the Smith River Watershed: Umpqua River Estuary of Oregon Author: Brophy, Laura, So, Khemarith Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Coastal Program - Newport Field Office. Close

• 73. [Article] Ecology of breeding mallards : nest parasitism; brood survival; and habitat utilization

  In 1976 and 1977 I examined three broad problems associated with the recruitment of young mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota. The three problems studied were: the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology of breeding mallards : nest parasitism; brood survival; and habitat utilization Author: Talent, Larry Gene In 1976 and 1977 I examined three broad problems associated with the recruitment of young mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota. The three problems studied were: the effects of interspecific nest parasitism on production; the chronology and magnitude of total-brood loss during the brood-rearing period; and, mobility, home range, and habitat utilization of broods. Nest parasitism occurred only in mallard nests that were in marsh habitat. Of 24 active mallard nests located in marsh habitat during 1976, 46% were parasitized. Forty-two percent were parasitized by redheads, Aythya americana, and 8% by ruddy ducks, Oxyura jamaicensis. Only three mallard nests were found in marsh habitat in 1977, presumably because of a severe drought, and none were parasitized. Nest parasitism by redheads or ruddy ducks did not significantly decrease mallard nest success (P>0.05). Parasitism by redheads reduced mallard clutch-size by about 1.5 eggs; parasitism by ruddy ducks had no significant effect on mallard clutch-size. In successful nests, nest parasitism by redheads significantly reduced mallard egg success (P<0.05), primarily through host egg displacement. Due to a small sample size, the effect nest parasitism by. ruddy ducks had on mallard egg success was not determined. Nest parasitism by redheads could potentially reduce the number of mallards produced in the Prairie Pothole Region during some years. Survival of mallard broods was estimated from data obtained from 25 radio-marked broods monitored during 1976 and 1977. Radio-equipped mallard hens fledged at least one duckling in 44% of broods initially hatched in 1976 and 55% in 1977. Combined brood survival for 1976 and 1977 was 48%. Eighty-five percent of the loss of entire broods occurred within the first two weeks after hatching and all losses occurred in wetlands. Few ducklings and no broods were lost during overland travel. The primary predators on ducklings in wetlands were mink, Mustela vison. Mallard broods were quite mobile during the first few weeks after hatching, but mobility varied greatly between 1976 and 1977. Of 16 broods monitored in 1976, 12 made major overland moves among wetlands and utilized from 2 to 10 different wetlands during the brood-rearing period. In 1977 only 2 of 9 radio-marked broods made major habitat shifts. The reason for the difference in brood mobility between 1976 and 1977 appeared to be related to drought conditions. The area of the corrected 'home range of radio-marked broods increased rapidly until broods were about one week old; by two weeks the home range of most broods was stable. Cumulative home ranges varied among broods but averaged 11.0±4.7 ha (mean±SD). Broods used only a small portion of the home range in any one week period. Generally, the home range of a brood on a particular wetland ranged in size from 4 to 6 ha. Habitats utilized by broods varied greatly between 1976 and 1977. In 1976, when many types of wetlands contained water, mallard hens with broods demonstrated a significant preference for whitetop ponds, but rejection was indicated for other types of seasonal wetlands. In 1976 overall use of semipermanent wetlands was significantly less than expected; but in 1977, when drought conditions prevailed on the study area, semipermanent wetlands were used by mallard broods directly in proportion to their availability. Mallard hens with broods used brood-rearing areas with high standing crops of benthic invertebrates. Title: Ecology of breeding mallards : nest parasitism; brood survival; and habitat utilization Author: Talent, Larry Gene In 1976 and 1977 I examined three broad problems associated with the recruitment of young mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota. The three problems studied were: the effects of interspecific nest parasitism on production; the chronology and magnitude of total-brood loss during the brood-rearing period; and, mobility, home range, and habitat utilization of broods. Nest parasitism occurred only in mallard nests that were in marsh habitat. Of 24 active mallard nests located in marsh habitat during 1976, 46% were parasitized. Forty-two percent were parasitized by redheads, Aythya americana, and 8% by ruddy ducks, Oxyura jamaicensis. Only three mallard nests were found in marsh habitat in 1977, presumably because of a severe drought, and none were parasitized. Nest parasitism by redheads or ruddy ducks did not significantly decrease mallard nest success (P>0.05). Parasitism by redheads reduced mallard clutch-size by about 1.5 eggs; parasitism by ruddy ducks had no significant effect on mallard clutch-size. In successful nests, nest parasitism by redheads significantly reduced mallard egg success (P<0.05), primarily through host egg displacement. Due to a small sample size, the effect nest parasitism by. ruddy ducks had on mallard egg success was not determined. Nest parasitism by redheads could potentially reduce the number of mallards produced in the Prairie Pothole Region during some years. Survival of mallard broods was estimated from data obtained from 25 radio-marked broods monitored during 1976 and 1977. Radio-equipped mallard hens fledged at least one duckling in 44% of broods initially hatched in 1976 and 55% in 1977. Combined brood survival for 1976 and 1977 was 48%. Eighty-five percent of the loss of entire broods occurred within the first two weeks after hatching and all losses occurred in wetlands. Few ducklings and no broods were lost during overland travel. The primary predators on ducklings in wetlands were mink, Mustela vison. Mallard broods were quite mobile during the first few weeks after hatching, but mobility varied greatly between 1976 and 1977. Of 16 broods monitored in 1976, 12 made major overland moves among wetlands and utilized from 2 to 10 different wetlands during the brood-rearing period. In 1977 only 2 of 9 radio-marked broods made major habitat shifts. The reason for the difference in brood mobility between 1976 and 1977 appeared to be related to drought conditions. The area of the corrected 'home range of radio-marked broods increased rapidly until broods were about one week old; by two weeks the home range of most broods was stable. Cumulative home ranges varied among broods but averaged 11.0±4.7 ha (mean±SD). Broods used only a small portion of the home range in any one week period. Generally, the home range of a brood on a particular wetland ranged in size from 4 to 6 ha. Habitats utilized by broods varied greatly between 1976 and 1977. In 1976, when many types of wetlands contained water, mallard hens with broods demonstrated a significant preference for whitetop ponds, but rejection was indicated for other types of seasonal wetlands. In 1976 overall use of semipermanent wetlands was significantly less than expected; but in 1977, when drought conditions prevailed on the study area, semipermanent wetlands were used by mallard broods directly in proportion to their availability. Mallard hens with broods used brood-rearing areas with high standing crops of benthic invertebrates. Close

• 74. [Article] 00 OR Wetlands Ref Site Data Intro Page(1).pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 00 OR Wetlands Ref Site Data Intro Page(1).pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Doumbia, Julie, Cornu, Craig Title: 00 OR Wetlands Ref Site Data Intro Page(1).pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Doumbia, Julie, Cornu, Craig Close

• 75. [Article] 10 Carbon Content in Oregon Tidal Wetland Soils.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 10 Carbon Content in Oregon Tidal Wetland Soils.pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Cornu, Craig, Tully, Rebecca, Doumbia, Julie, Huang, Lijuan Title: 10 Carbon Content in Oregon Tidal Wetland Soils.pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Cornu, Craig, Tully, Rebecca, Doumbia, Julie, Huang, Lijuan Close

• 76. [Article] New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report.

  Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig, MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Huang, Lijuan, Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig, MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Huang, Lijuan, Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Close

• 77. [Article] New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report.

  Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Title: New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Author: MacClellan, Megan, Gray, Ayesha, Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Doumbia, Julie Final amended report and data on ecological and physical characteristics at five high-quality “least disturbed” tidal wetland sites in four Oregon estuaries. Suggested citation: "Brophy, Laura; Cornu, Craig; Adamus, Paul R.; Christy, John A.; Gray, Ayesha; Huang, Lijuan; MacClellan, Megan; Doumbia, Julie; Tully, Rebecca (2011): New Tools for Tidal Wetland Restoration: Development of a Reference Conditions Database and a Temperature Sensor Method for Detecting Tidal Inundation in Least-disturbed Tidal Wetlands of Oregon, USA. Amended Final Report. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9VD6WC0." Close

• 78. [Article] Detecting changes in a wetland : using multi-spectral and temporal Landsat in the Upper Noun Valley Drainage Basin-Cameroon

  Since the early 1980s, satellite imagery has been commonly used to detect change in wetlands. The overall objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Detecting changes in a wetland : using multi-spectral and temporal Landsat in the Upper Noun Valley Drainage Basin-Cameroon Author: Ndzeidze, Stephen Koghan Since the early 1980s, satellite imagery has been commonly used to detect change in wetlands. The overall objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to determine the extent of change of the wetland area and of other land use and land cover classes in the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1973 to 2007. Specific objectives were 1) to map land cover and related land use practices within the wetland and surrounding areas of the drainage basin using the supervised maximum likelihood algorithm classification method; 2) to map land use and land cover classes by seasons in order to determine human-induced pressure on the wetland area and the drainage basin using available Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ imagery; 3) to utilize GIS in confirming and finalizing the land use and land cover classes and delimitation of the Upper Noun drainage basin by incorporating auxiliary data such as settlements and hydrology. The Upper Noun drainage basin is an important wetland that lies within the western high plateau of Cameroon where it supports a wide range of wildlife. The study defines twelve different land cover and land use classes that are grouped into four major categories. The first category is the humid floodplain class that makes up the wetland area, including the floodplain lake (1973), the reservoir, the permanent and seasonally flooded prairies, and irrigated farmlands. The second category consists of the agropastoral classes which are made of upland grazing areas and mixed farming areas. The third category is the montane and semi montane forest zone at elevations above 1,500 - 3,000 m. The fourth category is comprised of major settlements, and settlements with enclosures and openfields. This study is an example of an application of spatio-temporal data in assessing the close relationship existing between humans and their environment. This is a Sub Saharan African community that has a long history of direct dependence on the available resources for its daily livelihood. A detailed physical and historical background is presented to provide a context for spatio-temporal variation discovered through change detection using Landsat imagery without ground truth data. The data analysis reveals considerable change within the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1978 to 2002. Within the wetland area in the floodplain, the reservoir shows evidence of large fluctuations in area since the construction of the Bamendjin dam in 1975. Within the reservoir area, an acute siltation has been observed since 1988 and is increasing in area. A significant drop in area of permanent and seasonally flooded prairies was observed. Irrigated farmland areas also show downward trends from 1988 to 2002. Concerning the agropastoral landscape, the upland grazing areas showed a general drop in area, while the mixed farming area increased from 1978 to 2002. The montane forest also decreased in area; however, it appeared to have recovered slightly in 2002 following the successful implementation of the Kilum/Ijim community forest management project. Settlement also showed some expansion in area as a result of growth of most enclosures and openfields to larger villages and major settlements. This study thus provides base data for monitoring human impacts on the Upper Noun drainage basin and its natural habitats, especially within and around the wetland. Title: Detecting changes in a wetland : using multi-spectral and temporal Landsat in the Upper Noun Valley Drainage Basin-Cameroon Author: Ndzeidze, Stephen Koghan Since the early 1980s, satellite imagery has been commonly used to detect change in wetlands. The overall objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to determine the extent of change of the wetland area and of other land use and land cover classes in the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1973 to 2007. Specific objectives were 1) to map land cover and related land use practices within the wetland and surrounding areas of the drainage basin using the supervised maximum likelihood algorithm classification method; 2) to map land use and land cover classes by seasons in order to determine human-induced pressure on the wetland area and the drainage basin using available Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ imagery; 3) to utilize GIS in confirming and finalizing the land use and land cover classes and delimitation of the Upper Noun drainage basin by incorporating auxiliary data such as settlements and hydrology. The Upper Noun drainage basin is an important wetland that lies within the western high plateau of Cameroon where it supports a wide range of wildlife. The study defines twelve different land cover and land use classes that are grouped into four major categories. The first category is the humid floodplain class that makes up the wetland area, including the floodplain lake (1973), the reservoir, the permanent and seasonally flooded prairies, and irrigated farmlands. The second category consists of the agropastoral classes which are made of upland grazing areas and mixed farming areas. The third category is the montane and semi montane forest zone at elevations above 1,500 - 3,000 m. The fourth category is comprised of major settlements, and settlements with enclosures and openfields. This study is an example of an application of spatio-temporal data in assessing the close relationship existing between humans and their environment. This is a Sub Saharan African community that has a long history of direct dependence on the available resources for its daily livelihood. A detailed physical and historical background is presented to provide a context for spatio-temporal variation discovered through change detection using Landsat imagery without ground truth data. The data analysis reveals considerable change within the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1978 to 2002. Within the wetland area in the floodplain, the reservoir shows evidence of large fluctuations in area since the construction of the Bamendjin dam in 1975. Within the reservoir area, an acute siltation has been observed since 1988 and is increasing in area. A significant drop in area of permanent and seasonally flooded prairies was observed. Irrigated farmland areas also show downward trends from 1988 to 2002. Concerning the agropastoral landscape, the upland grazing areas showed a general drop in area, while the mixed farming area increased from 1978 to 2002. The montane forest also decreased in area; however, it appeared to have recovered slightly in 2002 following the successful implementation of the Kilum/Ijim community forest management project. Settlement also showed some expansion in area as a result of growth of most enclosures and openfields to larger villages and major settlements. This study thus provides base data for monitoring human impacts on the Upper Noun drainage basin and its natural habitats, especially within and around the wetland. Close

• 79. [Article] Yaquina and Alsea River Basins Estuarine Wetland Site Prioritization Project : final report

  This project, commissioned in 1998, is part of the MidCoast Watersheds Council's efforts to better understand the status and condition of the area's natural resources and to work with interested landowners ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yaquina and Alsea River Basins Estuarine Wetland Site Prioritization Project : final report Author: Brophy, Laura This project, commissioned in 1998, is part of the MidCoast Watersheds Council's efforts to better understand the status and condition of the area's natural resources and to work with interested landowners to enhance and protect important areas. Title: Yaquina and Alsea River Basins Estuarine Wetland Site Prioritization Project : final report Author: Brophy, Laura This project, commissioned in 1998, is part of the MidCoast Watersheds Council's efforts to better understand the status and condition of the area's natural resources and to work with interested landowners to enhance and protect important areas. Close

• 80. [Article] Tidal wetland prioritization for the Siuslaw River Estuary

  Prepared for Siuslaw Watershed Council, Mapleton, Oregon. Funded by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's Non-Point Source Pollution 319 Grant Program.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tidal wetland prioritization for the Siuslaw River Estuary Author: Brophy, Laura Prepared for Siuslaw Watershed Council, Mapleton, Oregon. Funded by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's Non-Point Source Pollution 319 Grant Program. Title: Tidal wetland prioritization for the Siuslaw River Estuary Author: Brophy, Laura Prepared for Siuslaw Watershed Council, Mapleton, Oregon. Funded by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's Non-Point Source Pollution 319 Grant Program. Close

• 81. [Article] Impacts of Wetland Restoration Efforts on an Amphibian Assemblage in a Multi-invader Community

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/13157.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of Wetland Restoration Efforts on an Amphibian Assemblage in a Multi-invader Community Author: Garcia, Tiffany S., Rowe, Jennifer C. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/13157. Title: Impacts of Wetland Restoration Efforts on an Amphibian Assemblage in a Multi-invader Community Author: Garcia, Tiffany S., Rowe, Jennifer C. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/13157. Close

• 82. [Article] Influence of wetland landscape structure of shorebirds wintering in an agricultural valley

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of wetland landscape structure of shorebirds wintering in an agricultural valley Author: Taft, Oriane Williams Title: Influence of wetland landscape structure of shorebirds wintering in an agricultural valley Author: Taft, Oriane Williams Close

• 83. [Article] Tidal wetland prioritization for the Umpqua River Estuary

  Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Coastal Program - Newport Field Office.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tidal wetland prioritization for the Umpqua River Estuary Author: Brophy, Laura, So, Khemarith Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Coastal Program - Newport Field Office. Title: Tidal wetland prioritization for the Umpqua River Estuary Author: Brophy, Laura, So, Khemarith Prepared for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Coastal Program - Newport Field Office. Close

• 84. [Article] Assessing cumulative influences of watershed-scale landuses on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) abundance

  The West Eugene Wetlands, Eugene, Oregon, which provide habitat for number of endemic and endangered plant species, are currently threatened by a Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) invasion. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing cumulative influences of watershed-scale landuses on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) abundance Author: Inahara, Satomi The West Eugene Wetlands, Eugene, Oregon, which provide habitat for number of endemic and endangered plant species, are currently threatened by a Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) invasion. This study addresses the hypothesis that Phalaris spread can be explained in part by using watershed-scale landuse patterns as surrogates of the water quality and hydrologic regime in the associated watersheds. A multiple regression model was constructed to test the effects of watershed-scale landuses on Phalaris abundance. The spatially referenced landuse attributes were estimated using accumulated inverse-squared flow path distances between each wetland and cells in a grid-based representation of landuse/cover data in a Geographic Information System. The locally measured physical and biological characteristics of wetlands were also incorporated into the model to adjust for site differences. Bias in the estimated parametric coefficients were found to be negligible using 1,000 iterations of a bootstrap re-sampling technique. Bias-corrected-and-accelerated intervals also supported the significance of these estimates. The inferential model, consisting of the percentage open water cover in the wetlands, an indicator of highly disturbed site and watershed-scale urban and forest landuses, explained 67 percent variation of Phalaris abundance. There was convincing evidence that the cumulative watershed-scale landuse patterns affected Phalaris abundance (p-value < 0.001; extra-sum-of-squares F-test). In particular, urbanization was strongly associated with greater Phalaris abundance (p-value = 0.00001, two-sided t-test). The effects of watershed-scale landuse appeared to be persistent in the inside of the wetland edges. Implications for wetland management were discussed. Alternative restoration strategy addressing plant diversity was also proposed. Title: Assessing cumulative influences of watershed-scale landuses on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) abundance Author: Inahara, Satomi The West Eugene Wetlands, Eugene, Oregon, which provide habitat for number of endemic and endangered plant species, are currently threatened by a Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) invasion. This study addresses the hypothesis that Phalaris spread can be explained in part by using watershed-scale landuse patterns as surrogates of the water quality and hydrologic regime in the associated watersheds. A multiple regression model was constructed to test the effects of watershed-scale landuses on Phalaris abundance. The spatially referenced landuse attributes were estimated using accumulated inverse-squared flow path distances between each wetland and cells in a grid-based representation of landuse/cover data in a Geographic Information System. The locally measured physical and biological characteristics of wetlands were also incorporated into the model to adjust for site differences. Bias in the estimated parametric coefficients were found to be negligible using 1,000 iterations of a bootstrap re-sampling technique. Bias-corrected-and-accelerated intervals also supported the significance of these estimates. The inferential model, consisting of the percentage open water cover in the wetlands, an indicator of highly disturbed site and watershed-scale urban and forest landuses, explained 67 percent variation of Phalaris abundance. There was convincing evidence that the cumulative watershed-scale landuse patterns affected Phalaris abundance (p-value < 0.001; extra-sum-of-squares F-test). In particular, urbanization was strongly associated with greater Phalaris abundance (p-value = 0.00001, two-sided t-test). The effects of watershed-scale landuse appeared to be persistent in the inside of the wetland edges. Implications for wetland management were discussed. Alternative restoration strategy addressing plant diversity was also proposed. Close

• 85. [Article] Habitat use, movements, and behavior of postbreeding female canvasbacks in Manitoba

  The habitat use, movements, and behavioral energetics of unsuccessfully breeding female canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) were examined during the preflightless period in southern Manitoba during 1989-90. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat use, movements, and behavior of postbreeding female canvasbacks in Manitoba Author: Devries, James H. The habitat use, movements, and behavioral energetics of unsuccessfully breeding female canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) were examined during the preflightless period in southern Manitoba during 1989-90. Following breeding attempts, unsuccessful females generally expanded their home range on the breeding area, remained there for up to one month, preferentially used large semipermanent and permanent wetlands, and were gregarious. Nocturnal shifts in habitat use were apparent and may be an adaptation to avoid predation by mink. Unsuccessful females depart the breeding area to participate in a moult migration of up to 300 km independent of the departure of males. Wetlands approximately 40 km north of the breeding area appear to serve as staging wetlands for the moult migration. Both Swan Lake and Dauphin Lake in central Manitoba appear to be important moulting waters for unsuccessful females. Time spent on the breeding area and on staging wetlands may be required to replenish fat reserves for the moult migration, the moult itself, and upcoming fall migration. During the preflightless period, females spend approximately 40% of their diurnal energy budget feeding and their daily energy expenditure is approximately 1200-1300 kJ. The cost of the moult migration from the breeding area to Swan Lake is estimated to be between 1700 and 3100 kJ requiring between 40 and 80 g of stored body fat. This study underscores the importance of breeding, staging and moulting habitats to female canvasback populations in Manitoba. Title: Habitat use, movements, and behavior of postbreeding female canvasbacks in Manitoba Author: Devries, James H. The habitat use, movements, and behavioral energetics of unsuccessfully breeding female canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) were examined during the preflightless period in southern Manitoba during 1989-90. Following breeding attempts, unsuccessful females generally expanded their home range on the breeding area, remained there for up to one month, preferentially used large semipermanent and permanent wetlands, and were gregarious. Nocturnal shifts in habitat use were apparent and may be an adaptation to avoid predation by mink. Unsuccessful females depart the breeding area to participate in a moult migration of up to 300 km independent of the departure of males. Wetlands approximately 40 km north of the breeding area appear to serve as staging wetlands for the moult migration. Both Swan Lake and Dauphin Lake in central Manitoba appear to be important moulting waters for unsuccessful females. Time spent on the breeding area and on staging wetlands may be required to replenish fat reserves for the moult migration, the moult itself, and upcoming fall migration. During the preflightless period, females spend approximately 40% of their diurnal energy budget feeding and their daily energy expenditure is approximately 1200-1300 kJ. The cost of the moult migration from the breeding area to Swan Lake is estimated to be between 1700 and 3100 kJ requiring between 40 and 80 g of stored body fat. This study underscores the importance of breeding, staging and moulting habitats to female canvasback populations in Manitoba. Close

• 86. [Article] Evaluation of techniques of monitor wetland hydrology and macroinvertebrate community characteristics

  The lack of cost-effective, reliable sampling methods for many wetland characteristics hinders efforts to describe the structural and functional properties of wetlands. This study evaluated techniques ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of techniques of monitor wetland hydrology and macroinvertebrate community characteristics Author: Harenda, Mary G. The lack of cost-effective, reliable sampling methods for many wetland characteristics hinders efforts to describe the structural and functional properties of wetlands. This study evaluated techniques for sampling the subsurface hydrology and invertebrates of freshwater wetlands. The depth of rusting on mild steel rods was compared with water well measurements to determine the reliability of rust depth as a predictor of subsurface water levels. An emergence trap and a benthic coring device were compared to determine the utility of each for sampling the invertebrate fauna of a wetland. Accuracy of the rods in estimating different water table measurements (average, lowest, most recent) and comparability of rod data (within sets of five rods) were investigated for different reference points on the rods, residence times, and wetland soils. The effect of the presence of vegetation in a soil low in organic matter on rod accuracy also was evaluated. The depth of lowest formation of a rust band on the rods predicted average and most recent water table depths in peat soil (r² for regressions of rust band depth on water table depth ranged from 0.71-0.95). Estimates of average water table depths were most precise for peat soil. Accuracy and precision were considerably lower in sand and clay soils, but significant relationships (P < 0.10) between depth of rust band formation and water table depth were found for all soils (r² values for sand and clay ranged from 0.13-0.55). The presence of vegetation had no effect on rod accuracy in the sand soil. Differences in rod performance between residence times were not apparent. However, a rod residence time of 4-6 weeks is recommended to balance the time necessary for adequate rust formation on the rods and to minimize the chance of exposure to large changes in water levels. A decrease in water table depth of approximately 40 cm in one month in the clay wetland caused a month lag time in rust formation. Differences in depth of rust band formation between the five rods within replicate sets were greatest for rods from clay (mean SD = ±7.9 cm). Variability of rust band measurements within replicate sets was lower in peat (mean SD = ±2.3 cm) and sand (mean SD = ±2.6 cm). The results indicated that the rusty rod technique has serious limitations and should be applied only in situations where the use of standard methods must be restricted. Emergence traps and a benthic coring device were used to sample the invertebrates of a freshwater, emergent wetland during late spring and summer, 1989. The fauna captured by each technique, disparities between the techniques in sampling certain taxa, and factors potentially affecting abundance estimates were examined. In addition, the efficiency of each technique, expressed as the number of samples required to achieve a desired level of precision, in estimating mean abundances of the dominant invertebrate group, the Chironomidae, was evaluated. Total and monthly estimates of insect family richness were higher for continuous sampling of emergence than for monthly core samples of the benthos. Emergence traps also caught a greater variety of the insect taxa inhabiting the wetland. The precision and efficiency of each technique in estimating abundances of the dominant group, the Chironomidae, varied between months and habitats (open water; vegetation). The variation was most likely due to the natural spatial and temporal variations inherent in invertebrate populations. The number of samples required (n[subscript r]) to estimate mean Chironomidae abundances for the entire summer, June-September, to a precision of D= 0.20 (equivalent to a standard error equal to 20% of the mean), varied between techniques. Fewer sampling stations would have been required to estimate mean adult abundances using emergence traps than would have been required for estimates of larval abundances using benthic core samples. Large numbers of benthic cores (27-208 individual cores per habitat) would have generally been required for both monthly and seasonal estimates of non-insect invertebrate abundances. Labor costs for processing emergence samples were about 30% of those for benthic samples. Subsampling of dominant groups in the emergence samples would have further reduced costs. Frequent sampling throughout a season, with several different techniques, is required to completely characterize the invertebrate community of a wetland. This study compared two quantitative techniques for sampling wetland insects. Continuous sampling with emergence traps provided higher estimates of insect family richness and more precise estimates of Chironomidae abundances at a lower cost per sample than monthly core samples of the benthos. Title: Evaluation of techniques of monitor wetland hydrology and macroinvertebrate community characteristics Author: Harenda, Mary G. The lack of cost-effective, reliable sampling methods for many wetland characteristics hinders efforts to describe the structural and functional properties of wetlands. This study evaluated techniques for sampling the subsurface hydrology and invertebrates of freshwater wetlands. The depth of rusting on mild steel rods was compared with water well measurements to determine the reliability of rust depth as a predictor of subsurface water levels. An emergence trap and a benthic coring device were compared to determine the utility of each for sampling the invertebrate fauna of a wetland. Accuracy of the rods in estimating different water table measurements (average, lowest, most recent) and comparability of rod data (within sets of five rods) were investigated for different reference points on the rods, residence times, and wetland soils. The effect of the presence of vegetation in a soil low in organic matter on rod accuracy also was evaluated. The depth of lowest formation of a rust band on the rods predicted average and most recent water table depths in peat soil (r² for regressions of rust band depth on water table depth ranged from 0.71-0.95). Estimates of average water table depths were most precise for peat soil. Accuracy and precision were considerably lower in sand and clay soils, but significant relationships (P < 0.10) between depth of rust band formation and water table depth were found for all soils (r² values for sand and clay ranged from 0.13-0.55). The presence of vegetation had no effect on rod accuracy in the sand soil. Differences in rod performance between residence times were not apparent. However, a rod residence time of 4-6 weeks is recommended to balance the time necessary for adequate rust formation on the rods and to minimize the chance of exposure to large changes in water levels. A decrease in water table depth of approximately 40 cm in one month in the clay wetland caused a month lag time in rust formation. Differences in depth of rust band formation between the five rods within replicate sets were greatest for rods from clay (mean SD = ±7.9 cm). Variability of rust band measurements within replicate sets was lower in peat (mean SD = ±2.3 cm) and sand (mean SD = ±2.6 cm). The results indicated that the rusty rod technique has serious limitations and should be applied only in situations where the use of standard methods must be restricted. Emergence traps and a benthic coring device were used to sample the invertebrates of a freshwater, emergent wetland during late spring and summer, 1989. The fauna captured by each technique, disparities between the techniques in sampling certain taxa, and factors potentially affecting abundance estimates were examined. In addition, the efficiency of each technique, expressed as the number of samples required to achieve a desired level of precision, in estimating mean abundances of the dominant invertebrate group, the Chironomidae, was evaluated. Total and monthly estimates of insect family richness were higher for continuous sampling of emergence than for monthly core samples of the benthos. Emergence traps also caught a greater variety of the insect taxa inhabiting the wetland. The precision and efficiency of each technique in estimating abundances of the dominant group, the Chironomidae, varied between months and habitats (open water; vegetation). The variation was most likely due to the natural spatial and temporal variations inherent in invertebrate populations. The number of samples required (n[subscript r]) to estimate mean Chironomidae abundances for the entire summer, June-September, to a precision of D= 0.20 (equivalent to a standard error equal to 20% of the mean), varied between techniques. Fewer sampling stations would have been required to estimate mean adult abundances using emergence traps than would have been required for estimates of larval abundances using benthic core samples. Large numbers of benthic cores (27-208 individual cores per habitat) would have generally been required for both monthly and seasonal estimates of non-insect invertebrate abundances. Labor costs for processing emergence samples were about 30% of those for benthic samples. Subsampling of dominant groups in the emergence samples would have further reduced costs. Frequent sampling throughout a season, with several different techniques, is required to completely characterize the invertebrate community of a wetland. This study compared two quantitative techniques for sampling wetland insects. Continuous sampling with emergence traps provided higher estimates of insect family richness and more precise estimates of Chironomidae abundances at a lower cost per sample than monthly core samples of the benthos. Close

• 87. [Article] Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data

  Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples. Title: Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples. Close

• 88. [Article] Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data

  Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Tully, Rebecca Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples. Title: Oregon Tidal Wetland Reference Sites Pilot Project : Soils Data Author: Christy, John A., Brophy, Laura, Cornu, Craig, Tully, Rebecca Soils data for additional tidal wetland sites on the OR coast are intended to be added to this site. These data for 2007 may be updated with additional samples. Close

• 89. [Article] Final report: Predicting field establishment rates from standardized plant traits - Year two of: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management

  Willamette Valley wetland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species (Wilson et al. 1993, Noss et al. 1995, USFWS 2000, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final report: Predicting field establishment rates from standardized plant traits - Year two of: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management Author: Wilson, Mark V., Roberts, Rachel E., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species (Wilson et al. 1993, Noss et al. 1995, USFWS 2000, Schultz et al. 2003). A rigorous program of ecosystem restoration can protect and enhance wetland plants, animals, and services (Pywell and Putwain 1996). The restoration projects of the West Eugene Wetlands Program (WEWP) comprise one of the few large-scale and long-term integrated restoration programs in the world. Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination and growth rates, and reducing competitive pressure from non-native plants (Figure 1). In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of plant establishment data during wetland restoration in the West Eugene Wetlands Program (Wilson 2004). In year two, our objectives were to expand on these results in several important ways: • Generalize these results through the investigation of plant traits (Table 1) that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor (Figure 1). • Systematically compile the results into a trait database. This database includes findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • Testing the effect of habitat variation on the relationship between traits and seedling establishment patterns. Our goal is to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, in this case establishment rates, based on species traits and habitat. These predictions can then be applied as management recommendations, such as which species to sow to maximize native plant abundance at a given site, even if the species have not been field tested. The two components of our project–plant traits and the database–are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations. Title: Final report: Predicting field establishment rates from standardized plant traits - Year two of: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management Author: Wilson, Mark V., Roberts, Rachel E., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species (Wilson et al. 1993, Noss et al. 1995, USFWS 2000, Schultz et al. 2003). A rigorous program of ecosystem restoration can protect and enhance wetland plants, animals, and services (Pywell and Putwain 1996). The restoration projects of the West Eugene Wetlands Program (WEWP) comprise one of the few large-scale and long-term integrated restoration programs in the world. Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination and growth rates, and reducing competitive pressure from non-native plants (Figure 1). In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of plant establishment data during wetland restoration in the West Eugene Wetlands Program (Wilson 2004). In year two, our objectives were to expand on these results in several important ways: • Generalize these results through the investigation of plant traits (Table 1) that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor (Figure 1). • Systematically compile the results into a trait database. This database includes findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • Testing the effect of habitat variation on the relationship between traits and seedling establishment patterns. Our goal is to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, in this case establishment rates, based on species traits and habitat. These predictions can then be applied as management recommendations, such as which species to sow to maximize native plant abundance at a given site, even if the species have not been field tested. The two components of our project–plant traits and the database–are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations. Close

• 90. [Article] Progress report II: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two)

  Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. Because these are dynamic systems, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Progress report II: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. Because these are dynamic systems, subject to ecological succession and invasion by aggressive non-native species, prairies require active management to maintain management goals. This is true of all Willamette Valley prairies, whether intact, degraded, or reestablished. Yet restoration and conservation efforts often lack experimental validation. Our overall objective for this project is to synthesize the scientific information now available relevant to the prairie restoration efforts of the West Eugene Wetlands project and, where there is sufficient support, develop concrete and defensible management recommendations Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination rates, and reducing competitive pressure from nonnative plants. In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of data in the West Eugene Wetlands establishment data set on plant abundance after sowing native species during wetland restoration (Wilson 2004). In year two, we will build and expand on these results in several important ways: • We are generalizing these results through the investigation of plant traits that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor. • We are systematically compiling the results from year one and year two of this project into a public database. We are adding to this database findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • We are considering further the role of microsite variability on seedling establishment patterns. • We are synthesizing these results into scientific conclusions. • We are integrating these results, where there is sufficient support, into concrete and defensible management recommendations Our goal is to develop an ability to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, such as establishment rates, based on knowing species traits, site conditions, and maintenance. These predictions can then be converted into management recommendations, such as which species to sow and which site preparation and maintenance regimes should be followed to maximize native plant abundance and minimize non-native plant abundance at a given site. The two components of our project –plant traits and the database– are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database as a first step in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations Title: Progress report II: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. Because these are dynamic systems, subject to ecological succession and invasion by aggressive non-native species, prairies require active management to maintain management goals. This is true of all Willamette Valley prairies, whether intact, degraded, or reestablished. Yet restoration and conservation efforts often lack experimental validation. Our overall objective for this project is to synthesize the scientific information now available relevant to the prairie restoration efforts of the West Eugene Wetlands project and, where there is sufficient support, develop concrete and defensible management recommendations Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination rates, and reducing competitive pressure from nonnative plants. In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of data in the West Eugene Wetlands establishment data set on plant abundance after sowing native species during wetland restoration (Wilson 2004). In year two, we will build and expand on these results in several important ways: • We are generalizing these results through the investigation of plant traits that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor. • We are systematically compiling the results from year one and year two of this project into a public database. We are adding to this database findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • We are considering further the role of microsite variability on seedling establishment patterns. • We are synthesizing these results into scientific conclusions. • We are integrating these results, where there is sufficient support, into concrete and defensible management recommendations Our goal is to develop an ability to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, such as establishment rates, based on knowing species traits, site conditions, and maintenance. These predictions can then be converted into management recommendations, such as which species to sow and which site preparation and maintenance regimes should be followed to maximize native plant abundance and minimize non-native plant abundance at a given site. The two components of our project –plant traits and the database– are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database as a first step in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations Close

• 91. [Article] Progress report [I]: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two)

  Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. These are dynamic systems, subject ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Progress report [I]: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. These are dynamic systems, subject to ecological succession and invasion by aggressive non-native species, and require active management to maintain management goals. This is true of all Willamette Valley prairies, whether intact, degraded, or reestablished. Yet restoration and conservation efforts often lack experimental validation. Our overall objective is to synthesize the scientific information now available pertinent to the prairie restoration efforts of the West Eugene Wetlands Program (WEWP) and, where there is sufficient support, develop concrete and defensible management recommendations. Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination and growth rates, and reducing competitive pressure from non-native plants (Figure 1). In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of plant establishment data during wetland restoration in the West Eugene Wetlands Program. In year two, we are building and expanding on these results in several important ways: • We are generalizing these results through the investigation of plant traits (Table 1) that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor (Figure 1). • We are systematically compiling the results from year one and year two of this project into a public database. We are adding to this database findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • We are considering further the role of microsite variability on seedling establishment patterns. • We are synthesizing these results into scientific conclusions. • We are integrating these results, where there is sufficient support, into concrete and defensible management recommendations Our goal is to develop an ability to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, such as establishment rates, based on species traits, site conditions, and maintenance. These predictions can then be restated as management recommendations, such as which species to sow and site preparation and maintenance regimes to follow to maximize native plant abundance and minimize non-native plant abundance at a given site. The two components of our project–plant traits and the database–are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database as a first step in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations. Title: Progress report [I]: Restoring prairies: A synthesis of studies on vegetation and invasive species in support of effective management (Year two) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Willamette Valley wetland and upland prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the United States, and provide habitat for many federally listed species. These are dynamic systems, subject to ecological succession and invasion by aggressive non-native species, and require active management to maintain management goals. This is true of all Willamette Valley prairies, whether intact, degraded, or reestablished. Yet restoration and conservation efforts often lack experimental validation. Our overall objective is to synthesize the scientific information now available pertinent to the prairie restoration efforts of the West Eugene Wetlands Program (WEWP) and, where there is sufficient support, develop concrete and defensible management recommendations. Successful ecosystem restoration requires establishing and maintaining native plants. In turn, plant establishment hinges on having suitable environmental conditions, using species with adequate germination and growth rates, and reducing competitive pressure from non-native plants (Figure 1). In year one of this project, we synthesized the wealth of plant establishment data during wetland restoration in the West Eugene Wetlands Program. In year two, we are building and expanding on these results in several important ways: • We are generalizing these results through the investigation of plant traits (Table 1) that consistently correspond to the patterns of establishment and vigor (Figure 1). • We are systematically compiling the results from year one and year two of this project into a public database. We are adding to this database findings from similar ecosystems, both in the Willamette Valley and elsewhere. • We are considering further the role of microsite variability on seedling establishment patterns. • We are synthesizing these results into scientific conclusions. • We are integrating these results, where there is sufficient support, into concrete and defensible management recommendations Our goal is to develop an ability to predict key aspects of prairie restoration performance, such as establishment rates, based on species traits, site conditions, and maintenance. These predictions can then be restated as management recommendations, such as which species to sow and site preparation and maintenance regimes to follow to maximize native plant abundance and minimize non-native plant abundance at a given site. The two components of our project–plant traits and the database–are crucial to this goal. • Without the generalization that traits allow, understanding of wetland restoration increases slowly and expensively, one case study at a time. • The organization of the database will increase the power and efficiency of revealing the relationships between plant traits and plant performance. Perhaps even more important is the role of the database as a first step in developing a Web-based expert system for managers wishing to plan wetland restorations. Close

• 92. [Article] Selenium and trace metal accumulation in detrital-benthic food webs of lotic and lentic wetlands, Utah, USA

  Concentrations of selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) were measured in the water column, sediment and biota, in conjunction with selected physicochemical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selenium and trace metal accumulation in detrital-benthic food webs of lotic and lentic wetlands, Utah, USA Author: Hillwalker, Wendy E. Concentrations of selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) were measured in the water column, sediment and biota, in conjunction with selected physicochemical data, from representative wetland types at a mining site within Salt Lake County, Utah, USA. The selected field sites included Oolitic Pond (lentic) and Lee Creek (lotic), which are moderately contaminated brackish, alkaline aquatic wetlands managed by a copper mining industry. These fishless wetlands are located in a geographic region that poses risk to migratory shorebird populations from dietary Se. A spatial sampling study demonstrated the extent of variation in total Se concentration within the wetlands. With the exception of the sediment compartment, Se concentration did not differ significantly along the 2-mile length of Lee Creek or within the Pond. The differences in sediment total Se concentrations between the Creek East and West segments characterize lower Lee Creek as having two segments distinguished by unique processes that influence the sediment Se accumulation profiles. Se accumulation trends were observed temporally over 3-years (2000 to 2002) and over two seasons (spring and autumn). Total Se body burden in benthic invertebrates was more clearly associated with sediment/detritus Se concentrations than with surface water concentrations. Three invertebrate groups dominated the aquatic invertebrates assemblage in the lotic and lentic benthos; primary consumers (Chironomidae, Diptera), generalist feeders (Hemiptera) and predators (Odonata). The chironomid larvae accumulated 1.3 to 39 times the trace metal concentrations of the Hemiptera or odonate taxa, independent of trace metal type (essential or non-essential) or wetland occupation. Organism-specific factors, such as habitat selection and preferential feeding habits, were proposed to influence benthic invertebrate accumulation profiles by modifying trace metal exposure. Mixed diets, trophic omnivory and the complexity of wetland biogeochemistry limit the power of stable nitrogen fractionation signatures to define benthic food web relationships. Wetland site-specific processes impacted Se accumulating efficiency, with trace metal concentrations from 4 to 7 times greater within the lentic benthic system than the lotic. The fractionation of the natural abundant stable carbon isotopes revealed the importance of sedimentary and detrital organic carbon as dietary sources for the benthic food web. Sediment organic content was not significantly associated with sediment, or invertebrate, Se accumulation profiles. Ecological risk assessments based on sound understanding of metal chemistry and the interactions between the sediment matrix and benthic organisms are necessary to provide tools for environmental management. Title: Selenium and trace metal accumulation in detrital-benthic food webs of lotic and lentic wetlands, Utah, USA Author: Hillwalker, Wendy E. Concentrations of selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) were measured in the water column, sediment and biota, in conjunction with selected physicochemical data, from representative wetland types at a mining site within Salt Lake County, Utah, USA. The selected field sites included Oolitic Pond (lentic) and Lee Creek (lotic), which are moderately contaminated brackish, alkaline aquatic wetlands managed by a copper mining industry. These fishless wetlands are located in a geographic region that poses risk to migratory shorebird populations from dietary Se. A spatial sampling study demonstrated the extent of variation in total Se concentration within the wetlands. With the exception of the sediment compartment, Se concentration did not differ significantly along the 2-mile length of Lee Creek or within the Pond. The differences in sediment total Se concentrations between the Creek East and West segments characterize lower Lee Creek as having two segments distinguished by unique processes that influence the sediment Se accumulation profiles. Se accumulation trends were observed temporally over 3-years (2000 to 2002) and over two seasons (spring and autumn). Total Se body burden in benthic invertebrates was more clearly associated with sediment/detritus Se concentrations than with surface water concentrations. Three invertebrate groups dominated the aquatic invertebrates assemblage in the lotic and lentic benthos; primary consumers (Chironomidae, Diptera), generalist feeders (Hemiptera) and predators (Odonata). The chironomid larvae accumulated 1.3 to 39 times the trace metal concentrations of the Hemiptera or odonate taxa, independent of trace metal type (essential or non-essential) or wetland occupation. Organism-specific factors, such as habitat selection and preferential feeding habits, were proposed to influence benthic invertebrate accumulation profiles by modifying trace metal exposure. Mixed diets, trophic omnivory and the complexity of wetland biogeochemistry limit the power of stable nitrogen fractionation signatures to define benthic food web relationships. Wetland site-specific processes impacted Se accumulating efficiency, with trace metal concentrations from 4 to 7 times greater within the lentic benthic system than the lotic. The fractionation of the natural abundant stable carbon isotopes revealed the importance of sedimentary and detrital organic carbon as dietary sources for the benthic food web. Sediment organic content was not significantly associated with sediment, or invertebrate, Se accumulation profiles. Ecological risk assessments based on sound understanding of metal chemistry and the interactions between the sediment matrix and benthic organisms are necessary to provide tools for environmental management. Close

• 93. [Article] Science to Solutions: Private Lands Vital to Conserving Wet Areas for Sage Grouse Summer Habitat

  In the arid West, life follows water. Habitats near water – streamsides, wet meadows and wetlands — support the greatest variety of animal and plant life, and attract wildlife during their daily and seasonal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Science to Solutions: Private Lands Vital to Conserving Wet Areas for Sage Grouse Summer Habitat Author: Sage Grouse Initiative In the arid West, life follows water. Habitats near water – streamsides, wet meadows and wetlands — support the greatest variety of animal and plant life, and attract wildlife during their daily and seasonal movements. In a water-scarce landscape, these lush habitats are also where people have naturally settled. A recent groundbreaking study reveals a strong link between wet sites, which are essential summer habitat for sage grouse to raise their broods, and the distribution of sage grouse breeding areas or leks. The authors found 85% of leks were clustered within 6 miles of these wet summer habitats. Moreover, although wet habitats cover less than 2% of the western landscape, more than 80% are located on private lands. This study makes it clear that successful sage grouse conservation will greatly depend on cooperative ventures with private landowners, ranchers and farmers to help sustain vital summer habitats. Title: Science to Solutions: Private Lands Vital to Conserving Wet Areas for Sage Grouse Summer Habitat Author: Sage Grouse Initiative In the arid West, life follows water. Habitats near water – streamsides, wet meadows and wetlands — support the greatest variety of animal and plant life, and attract wildlife during their daily and seasonal movements. In a water-scarce landscape, these lush habitats are also where people have naturally settled. A recent groundbreaking study reveals a strong link between wet sites, which are essential summer habitat for sage grouse to raise their broods, and the distribution of sage grouse breeding areas or leks. The authors found 85% of leks were clustered within 6 miles of these wet summer habitats. Moreover, although wet habitats cover less than 2% of the western landscape, more than 80% are located on private lands. This study makes it clear that successful sage grouse conservation will greatly depend on cooperative ventures with private landowners, ranchers and farmers to help sustain vital summer habitats. Close

• 94. [Article] Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon

  Jess Wenick and Chad Karges of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) provided guidance, logistical support, and funding to The Wetlands Conservancy (TWC) for this project. Esther Lev of TWC coordinated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Jess Wenick and Chad Karges of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) provided guidance, logistical support, and funding to The Wetlands Conservancy (TWC) for this project. Esther Lev of TWC coordinated the project and provided guidance as a member of the Ecology Woring Group (EWG). Vegetation sampling was done by Bruce Newhouse, Richard Brainerd, Jess Wenick, and Barry Smith. Title: Wet Meadow Plant Associations, Double O Unit, Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Jess Wenick and Chad Karges of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) provided guidance, logistical support, and funding to The Wetlands Conservancy (TWC) for this project. Esther Lev of TWC coordinated the project and provided guidance as a member of the Ecology Woring Group (EWG). Vegetation sampling was done by Bruce Newhouse, Richard Brainerd, Jess Wenick, and Barry Smith. Close

• 95. [Article] Controlling woody vegetation in wetland prairies, 1994-2001

  Wetland prairies of the Willamette Valley, among the rarest of Oregon’s ecosystems, are threatened by invasion of woody species and non-native pest species. Because fire has been important in maintaining ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Controlling woody vegetation in wetland prairies, 1994-2001 Author: Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Wetland prairies of the Willamette Valley, among the rarest of Oregon’s ecosystems, are threatened by invasion of woody species and non-native pest species. Because fire has been important in maintaining Willamette Valley prairies for at least 1000 years, prescribed burning is a top choice of managers for preventing encroachment of woody species. However, the effects of prescribed burning on present day wetland prairie communities, with their mix of native and non-native species, are not clear. Moreover, because strict governmental requirements for smoke management hinder prescribed burning, natural-area managers are considering alternatives to fire, like mowing and hand-removal of woody plants. The present study explored the ecological interactions of a wetland prairie by experimentally testing the responses of burning, hand-removal of woody species, and mowing with removal of cut material on woody plants and key native and non-native grasses and forbs. We evaluated these perturbations for their effectiveness in meeting management objectives of reducing abundance of woody species, reducing or preventing an increase in abundance of nonnative pest species, and increasing or at least maintaining native species’ abundance. After four treatments periods (1994, 1996, 1998, and 2000) the following patterns emerged: • Woody species Burning and hand-removal of woody plants every two years consistently decreased the cover of woody species, even with a gradual increase in the controls to over double 1994 levels. The change in woody cover after mowing with removal of cut material was not significantly different from that in the control. As woody plant cover decreased, plant mortality increased, indicating that treatments influenced woody plant cover at least partially through changes in survival. • Native herbaceous species None of the treatments had a significant effect after four treatment periods on the proportional change in cover or in number of inflorescences of Deschampsia cespitosa, although the change in number of inflorescences was consistently less than that in the control, including a significant decrease with burning in 1997. As a group, native graminoid species showed no significant differences in flowering response to treatments during any of the four treatment periods. However, burning and mowing consistently promoted flowering of Juncus tenuis. The cover of native forbs as a group was not significantly different from that of the control, with the exception of 1997, where cover increased with burning and hand-removal. Even though native forbs as a group have generally not shown significant differences, individual native forb species have shown positive responses to treatments: Sidalcea cusickii, spp. purpurea, Eriophyllum lanatum, and Sisyrinchium idahoensis. • Non-native herbaceous species Both hand-removal and mowing promoted flowering of non-native graminoids as a group. In contrast, burning maintained levels of flowering of non-native graminoids similar to that of the controls. Cover of non-native forbs as a group showed no significant treatment differences except for 1997, in which significant reductions in cover occurred after burning and hand-removal. The results to date show that prescribed burning is the best option of the three tested management treatments for achieving the restoration goals for native wetland prairies. Because mowing with removal of cut material was ineffective in reducing woody cover and tended to promote non-native herbaceous species, this treatment should be avoided. Title: Controlling woody vegetation in wetland prairies, 1994-2001 Author: Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Wetland prairies of the Willamette Valley, among the rarest of Oregon’s ecosystems, are threatened by invasion of woody species and non-native pest species. Because fire has been important in maintaining Willamette Valley prairies for at least 1000 years, prescribed burning is a top choice of managers for preventing encroachment of woody species. However, the effects of prescribed burning on present day wetland prairie communities, with their mix of native and non-native species, are not clear. Moreover, because strict governmental requirements for smoke management hinder prescribed burning, natural-area managers are considering alternatives to fire, like mowing and hand-removal of woody plants. The present study explored the ecological interactions of a wetland prairie by experimentally testing the responses of burning, hand-removal of woody species, and mowing with removal of cut material on woody plants and key native and non-native grasses and forbs. We evaluated these perturbations for their effectiveness in meeting management objectives of reducing abundance of woody species, reducing or preventing an increase in abundance of nonnative pest species, and increasing or at least maintaining native species’ abundance. After four treatments periods (1994, 1996, 1998, and 2000) the following patterns emerged: • Woody species Burning and hand-removal of woody plants every two years consistently decreased the cover of woody species, even with a gradual increase in the controls to over double 1994 levels. The change in woody cover after mowing with removal of cut material was not significantly different from that in the control. As woody plant cover decreased, plant mortality increased, indicating that treatments influenced woody plant cover at least partially through changes in survival. • Native herbaceous species None of the treatments had a significant effect after four treatment periods on the proportional change in cover or in number of inflorescences of Deschampsia cespitosa, although the change in number of inflorescences was consistently less than that in the control, including a significant decrease with burning in 1997. As a group, native graminoid species showed no significant differences in flowering response to treatments during any of the four treatment periods. However, burning and mowing consistently promoted flowering of Juncus tenuis. The cover of native forbs as a group was not significantly different from that of the control, with the exception of 1997, where cover increased with burning and hand-removal. Even though native forbs as a group have generally not shown significant differences, individual native forb species have shown positive responses to treatments: Sidalcea cusickii, spp. purpurea, Eriophyllum lanatum, and Sisyrinchium idahoensis. • Non-native herbaceous species Both hand-removal and mowing promoted flowering of non-native graminoids as a group. In contrast, burning maintained levels of flowering of non-native graminoids similar to that of the controls. Cover of non-native forbs as a group showed no significant treatment differences except for 1997, in which significant reductions in cover occurred after burning and hand-removal. The results to date show that prescribed burning is the best option of the three tested management treatments for achieving the restoration goals for native wetland prairies. Because mowing with removal of cut material was ineffective in reducing woody cover and tended to promote non-native herbaceous species, this treatment should be avoided. Close

• 96. [Article] Use of wetlands in the Tulare Lake Basin by wintering ducks

  I evaluated the use of various wetlands by wintering ducks in the Tulare Lake Basin (TLB), California, during October 1982 - April 1983 and September 1983 - March 1984. Aerial waterfowl counts of the TLB ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of wetlands in the Tulare Lake Basin by wintering ducks Author: Coe, Holly N. I evaluated the use of various wetlands by wintering ducks in the Tulare Lake Basin (TLB), California, during October 1982 - April 1983 and September 1983 - March 1984. Aerial waterfowl counts of the TLB were used to document spacial use patterns by ducks. Ground surveys on evaporation ponds in the Tulare Lake Drainage District (TLDD) were used to evaluate duck use of specific ponds with varying chemical and biological parameters. During mid-winter, up to 300,000 ducks used the TLB. The most abundant species (northern pintail (Anas acuta), northern shoveler (Anas clvoeata), and green-winged teal (Anas crecca)) were found on freshwater habitats. Ruddy ducks (Oxvura jamaicensis) were the only species to extensively use the evaporation ponds. With the exception of ruddy ducks, the evaporation ponds did not appear to be valuable for feeding areas, but provided sanctuary during the hunting season. The use of evaporation ponds by waterfowl may be heavier in years without the extensive floodwater that was present during this study. Title: Use of wetlands in the Tulare Lake Basin by wintering ducks Author: Coe, Holly N. I evaluated the use of various wetlands by wintering ducks in the Tulare Lake Basin (TLB), California, during October 1982 - April 1983 and September 1983 - March 1984. Aerial waterfowl counts of the TLB were used to document spacial use patterns by ducks. Ground surveys on evaporation ponds in the Tulare Lake Drainage District (TLDD) were used to evaluate duck use of specific ponds with varying chemical and biological parameters. During mid-winter, up to 300,000 ducks used the TLB. The most abundant species (northern pintail (Anas acuta), northern shoveler (Anas clvoeata), and green-winged teal (Anas crecca)) were found on freshwater habitats. Ruddy ducks (Oxvura jamaicensis) were the only species to extensively use the evaporation ponds. With the exception of ruddy ducks, the evaporation ponds did not appear to be valuable for feeding areas, but provided sanctuary during the hunting season. The use of evaporation ponds by waterfowl may be heavier in years without the extensive floodwater that was present during this study. Close

• 97. [Article] Restoring rare native habitats in the Willamette valley

  A landowner's guide for restoring oak woodlands, wetlands, prairies, and bottomland hardwood and riparian forests. HUC: 170900. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -123.769586; East Bounding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoring rare native habitats in the Willamette valley Author: Campbell, Bruce H. A landowner's guide for restoring oak woodlands, wetlands, prairies, and bottomland hardwood and riparian forests. HUC: 170900. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -123.769586; East Bounding Coordinate: -121.631074; North Bounding Coordinate: 45.941295; South Bounding Coordinate: 43.350360. Title: Restoring rare native habitats in the Willamette valley Author: Campbell, Bruce H. A landowner's guide for restoring oak woodlands, wetlands, prairies, and bottomland hardwood and riparian forests. HUC: 170900. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -123.769586; East Bounding Coordinate: -121.631074; North Bounding Coordinate: 45.941295; South Bounding Coordinate: 43.350360. Close

• 98. [Article] 09 Benthic Invertebrates at CICEET Study Sites.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 09 Benthic Invertebrates at CICEET Study Sites.pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Doumbia, Julie, Cornu, Craig Title: 09 Benthic Invertebrates at CICEET Study Sites.pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Doumbia, Julie, Cornu, Craig Close

• 99. [Article] 01 Brophy_Cornu_CICEET_FINAL_complete_30-Aug-2011.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 01 Brophy_Cornu_CICEET_FINAL_complete_30-Aug-2011.pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Doumbia, Julie, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig, Huang, Lijuan Title: 01 Brophy_Cornu_CICEET_FINAL_complete_30-Aug-2011.pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Doumbia, Julie, Tully, Rebecca, Cornu, Craig, Huang, Lijuan Close

• 100. [Article] 02 Brophy-Cornu_UsersGuide_TSM_FINAL_30-Aug-2011.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 02 Brophy-Cornu_UsersGuide_TSM_FINAL_30-Aug-2011.pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Doumbia, Julie, Cornu, Craig Title: 02 Brophy-Cornu_UsersGuide_TSM_FINAL_30-Aug-2011.pdf Author: Christy, John A., Adamus, Paul R., Brophy, Laura, Gray, Ayesha, MacClellan, Megan, Huang, Lijuan, Tully, Rebecca, Doumbia, Julie, Cornu, Craig Close