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• 1. [Article] Partnership for Coastal Watersheds: Action Plan

  This document is a companion to the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds State of the Watersheds assessment (also accessible from the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds web site) which is a summation of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds: Action Plan Author: Cornu, Craig E., Joyce, Bessie E., Souder, Jon This document is a companion to the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds State of the Watersheds assessment (also accessible from the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds web site) which is a summation of newly collected and existing data which describe the environmental and socioeconomic conditions in the South Slough and Coastal Frontal watersheds. Title: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds: Action Plan Author: Cornu, Craig E., Joyce, Bessie E., Souder, Jon This document is a companion to the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds State of the Watersheds assessment (also accessible from the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds web site) which is a summation of newly collected and existing data which describe the environmental and socioeconomic conditions in the South Slough and Coastal Frontal watersheds. Close

• 2. [Article] Guano and Thousand-Virgin Sub-basins Watershed Assessment

  The Guano and Thousand-Virgin Sub-basins occupy over 1.8 million acres in Harney and Lake Counties in Oregon. The portions of the sub-basins in Nevada are not assessed in this document. Harney County Watershed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guano and Thousand-Virgin Sub-basins Watershed Assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council The Guano and Thousand-Virgin Sub-basins occupy over 1.8 million acres in Harney and Lake Counties in Oregon. The portions of the sub-basins in Nevada are not assessed in this document. Harney County Watershed Council (HCWC) watershed assessments focus on summarizing data from existing research, resource inventories, and management plans. This assessment emphasizes the geologic history of the Guano and Thousand-Virgin Sub-basins to give report users the benefit of understanding factors, that have shaped the land we now see. Title: Guano and Thousand-Virgin Sub-basins Watershed Assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council The Guano and Thousand-Virgin Sub-basins occupy over 1.8 million acres in Harney and Lake Counties in Oregon. The portions of the sub-basins in Nevada are not assessed in this document. Harney County Watershed Council (HCWC) watershed assessments focus on summarizing data from existing research, resource inventories, and management plans. This assessment emphasizes the geologic history of the Guano and Thousand-Virgin Sub-basins to give report users the benefit of understanding factors, that have shaped the land we now see. Close

• 3. [Article] Middle Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The Middle Cow Creek Watershed Assessment process has been contributed to by a group of local landowners. The group met fifteen times to review data about their watershed going into the document and portions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Kincaid, Heidi The Middle Cow Creek Watershed Assessment process has been contributed to by a group of local landowners. The group met fifteen times to review data about their watershed going into the document and portions of the watershed assessment. Members of the Middle Cow Creek landowner group represented private landowners, private industrial timber companies, rural residents, the City of Glendale, the Bureau of Land Management Medford District (BLM), the Oregon Department of Forestry, the UBWC, and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). Title: Middle Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Kincaid, Heidi The Middle Cow Creek Watershed Assessment process has been contributed to by a group of local landowners. The group met fifteen times to review data about their watershed going into the document and portions of the watershed assessment. Members of the Middle Cow Creek landowner group represented private landowners, private industrial timber companies, rural residents, the City of Glendale, the Bureau of Land Management Medford District (BLM), the Oregon Department of Forestry, the UBWC, and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). Close

• 4. [Article] Deer Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The Deer Creek Watershed Assessment process has been followed by a group of local landowners. The organization of this document was constructed as a combination of the informational needs of the Deer Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deer Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Kincaid, Heidi The Deer Creek Watershed Assessment process has been followed by a group of local landowners. The organization of this document was constructed as a combination of the informational needs of the Deer Creek landowners and the framework of the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual. The group has met twelve times to review the data going into the document, followed by three meetings to review the assessment and develop the action plan. Members of the Deer Creek landowner group represented sheep ranches, cattle ranches, industry within Deer Creek, the City of Roseburg, private industrial timber companies, city residents, rural residents, the UBWC, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), the Douglas Soil and Water Conservation District (DSWCD), and the Douglas Small Woodlands Association. Title: Deer Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Kincaid, Heidi The Deer Creek Watershed Assessment process has been followed by a group of local landowners. The organization of this document was constructed as a combination of the informational needs of the Deer Creek landowners and the framework of the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual. The group has met twelve times to review the data going into the document, followed by three meetings to review the assessment and develop the action plan. Members of the Deer Creek landowner group represented sheep ranches, cattle ranches, industry within Deer Creek, the City of Roseburg, private industrial timber companies, city residents, rural residents, the UBWC, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), the Douglas Soil and Water Conservation District (DSWCD), and the Douglas Small Woodlands Association. Close

• 5. [Article] Miami River watershed assessment : final report

  The purpose of this watershed assessment is to inventory and characterize watershed conditions of the Miami River watershed and to provide recommendations that address the issues of water quality, fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Miami River watershed assessment : final report Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Sullivan, Timothy J., White, Shawn, Snyder, Kai U., Raymond, Richard B., Binder, Susan K., Bischoff, Joseph M. The purpose of this watershed assessment is to inventory and characterize watershed conditions of the Miami River watershed and to provide recommendations that address the issues of water quality, fisheries and fish habitat, and watershed hydrology. This assessment was conducted by reviewing and synthesizing existing data sets and some new data collected by the watershed council, following the guidelines outlined in the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB) watershed assessment manual (WPN 1999). Title: Miami River watershed assessment : final report Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Sullivan, Timothy J., White, Shawn, Snyder, Kai U., Raymond, Richard B., Binder, Susan K., Bischoff, Joseph M. The purpose of this watershed assessment is to inventory and characterize watershed conditions of the Miami River watershed and to provide recommendations that address the issues of water quality, fisheries and fish habitat, and watershed hydrology. This assessment was conducted by reviewing and synthesizing existing data sets and some new data collected by the watershed council, following the guidelines outlined in the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board (OWEB) watershed assessment manual (WPN 1999). Close

• 6. [Article] Lower South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Lower South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 7. [Article] Lower Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Lower Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 8. [Article] Myrtle Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Myrtle Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Draft Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Myrtle Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Draft Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 9. [Article] West Fork Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership, and current land uses. Information in section 1.2 was compiled from the Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: West Fork Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership, and current land uses. Information in section 1.2 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: West Fork Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership, and current land uses. Information in section 1.2 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 10. [Article] Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed assessment and action plan Author: DeVore, Matt B., Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in Sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual, the Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Analysis, and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis. Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed assessment and action plan Author: DeVore, Matt B., Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in Sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual, the Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Analysis, and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis. Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 11. [Article] Wilson River Watershed Assessment : final report

  The purpose of this watershed assessment is to provide an inventory and characterization of watershed conditions in the Wilson River watershed and to provide recommendations that address the issues of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wilson River Watershed Assessment : final report Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Kai, Snyder U., Sullivan, Timothy J., White, Shawn, Raymond, Richard B., Binder, Susan K., Bischoff, Joseph M. The purpose of this watershed assessment is to provide an inventory and characterization of watershed conditions in the Wilson River watershed and to provide recommendations that address the issues of water quality, fisheries and fish habitat, and watershed hydrology. Title: Wilson River Watershed Assessment : final report Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Kai, Snyder U., Sullivan, Timothy J., White, Shawn, Raymond, Richard B., Binder, Susan K., Bischoff, Joseph M. The purpose of this watershed assessment is to provide an inventory and characterization of watershed conditions in the Wilson River watershed and to provide recommendations that address the issues of water quality, fisheries and fish habitat, and watershed hydrology. Close

• 12. [Article] Jordan/Alder Watershed Assessment

  The Jordan/Alder Watershed is a 2,459-acre watershed located in southwest Oregon immediately west of Canyonville in Douglas County. This watershed--a portion of the O'Shea Creek HUC6, or sixth-field watershed--lies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jordan/Alder Watershed Assessment Author: Barnes and Associates Inc. The Jordan/Alder Watershed is a 2,459-acre watershed located in southwest Oregon immediately west of Canyonville in Douglas County. This watershed--a portion of the O'Shea Creek HUC6, or sixth-field watershed--lies within the bounds of the South Umpqua River HUC5, or fifth-field watershed. Jordan Creek is a tributary to the South Umpqua River immediately downstream of the City of Canyonville, while Alder Creek is a tributary of Jordan Creek. The South Umpqua River bounds the watershed on the north. Title: Jordan/Alder Watershed Assessment Author: Barnes and Associates Inc. The Jordan/Alder Watershed is a 2,459-acre watershed located in southwest Oregon immediately west of Canyonville in Douglas County. This watershed--a portion of the O'Shea Creek HUC6, or sixth-field watershed--lies within the bounds of the South Umpqua River HUC5, or fifth-field watershed. Jordan Creek is a tributary to the South Umpqua River immediately downstream of the City of Canyonville, while Alder Creek is a tributary of Jordan Creek. The South Umpqua River bounds the watershed on the north. Close

• 13. [Article] Donner und Blitzen sub-basin watershed assessment

  Pages 61,63,65,67,69,71,73,75,77,79,81,94, and 95 were all unnumbered blank pages in document.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Donner und Blitzen sub-basin watershed assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council Pages 61,63,65,67,69,71,73,75,77,79,81,94, and 95 were all unnumbered blank pages in document. Title: Donner und Blitzen sub-basin watershed assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council Pages 61,63,65,67,69,71,73,75,77,79,81,94, and 95 were all unnumbered blank pages in document. Close

• 14. [Article] Harney-Malheur Lakes sub-basin watershed assessment

  Page 18 and 38 are blank pages in document.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Harney-Malheur Lakes sub-basin watershed assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council Page 18 and 38 are blank pages in document. Title: Harney-Malheur Lakes sub-basin watershed assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council Page 18 and 38 are blank pages in document. Close

• 15. [Article] Silver Creek subbasin watershed assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Silver Creek subbasin watershed assessment Author: Street, Pamela, Harney County Watershed Council Title: Silver Creek subbasin watershed assessment Author: Street, Pamela, Harney County Watershed Council Close

• 16. [Article] Alvord Lake sub-basin watershed assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alvord Lake sub-basin watershed assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council Title: Alvord Lake sub-basin watershed assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council Close

• 17. [Article] State of the South Slough and Coastal Frontal watersheds

  This State of the Watersheds assessment is a summary of newly collected and existing data which describe the environmental and socioeconomic conditions in Coos Bay’s South Slough and Coastal Frontal watersheds. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: State of the South Slough and Coastal Frontal watersheds Author: Cornu, Craig E., Hamilton, Judy, Souder, Jon This State of the Watersheds assessment is a summary of newly collected and existing data which describe the environmental and socioeconomic conditions in Coos Bay’s South Slough and Coastal Frontal watersheds. This is the first attempt to compile these data into a summary report. The assessment, also accessible online (www.partnershipforcoastalwatersheds.org), is intended to be updated periodically to give our community a dynamic resource with which to track the health of our community and watersheds over time. Title: State of the South Slough and Coastal Frontal watersheds Author: Cornu, Craig E., Hamilton, Judy, Souder, Jon This State of the Watersheds assessment is a summary of newly collected and existing data which describe the environmental and socioeconomic conditions in Coos Bay’s South Slough and Coastal Frontal watersheds. This is the first attempt to compile these data into a summary report. The assessment, also accessible online (www.partnershipforcoastalwatersheds.org), is intended to be updated periodically to give our community a dynamic resource with which to track the health of our community and watersheds over time. Close

• 18. [Article] Necanicum River watershed assessment

  In this watershed assessment, the authors of the report summarized current conditions and data gaps within the Necanicum River watershed to help to identify how current and past resource management is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Necanicum River watershed assessment Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Sullivan, Timothy J., Snyder, Kai U., Raymond, Richard B., Gilbert, Erin H., Moore, Deian L. In this watershed assessment, the authors of the report summarized current conditions and data gaps within the Necanicum River watershed to help to identify how current and past resource management is impacting aquatic resources. Title: Necanicum River watershed assessment Author: E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Sullivan, Timothy J., Snyder, Kai U., Raymond, Richard B., Gilbert, Erin H., Moore, Deian L. In this watershed assessment, the authors of the report summarized current conditions and data gaps within the Necanicum River watershed to help to identify how current and past resource management is impacting aquatic resources. Close

• 19. [Article] Calapooya Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calapooya Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Calapooya Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Calapooya Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Calapooya Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 20. [Article] Middle South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the following sources: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Middle South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the following sources: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 21. [Article] Upper Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Upper Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 22. [Article] Lower North Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower North Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Calapooya Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Lower North Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Calapooya Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 23. [Article] South Umpqua River Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: South Umpqua River Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), the Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (Draft) (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002) and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: South Umpqua River Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), the Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (Draft) (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002) and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 24. [Article] Nehalem River watershed assessment

  Watershed assessment is a process for evaluating how well a watershed is working. The purpose of this assessment was to determine how natural and human-induced changes have impacted the sustainability ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nehalem River watershed assessment Author: Maser, Jospeh, Johnson, Jill Watershed assessment is a process for evaluating how well a watershed is working. The purpose of this assessment was to determine how natural and human-induced changes have impacted the sustainability of salmon populations in the Nehalem River Watershed. Both historical and current information is included regarding the watershed’s ability to produce clean water and healthy salmon habitat. The assessment was prepared for the Upper and Lower Nehalem River Watershed Councils. It will be a baseline for developing and prioritizing potential restoration projects in terms of fish habitat. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used for much of the analysis and has been provided to the watershed councils. Title: Nehalem River watershed assessment Author: Maser, Jospeh, Johnson, Jill Watershed assessment is a process for evaluating how well a watershed is working. The purpose of this assessment was to determine how natural and human-induced changes have impacted the sustainability of salmon populations in the Nehalem River Watershed. Both historical and current information is included regarding the watershed’s ability to produce clean water and healthy salmon habitat. The assessment was prepared for the Upper and Lower Nehalem River Watershed Councils. It will be a baseline for developing and prioritizing potential restoration projects in terms of fish habitat. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used for much of the analysis and has been provided to the watershed councils. Close

• 25. [Article] NNWC Action Plan

  The purpose of this Management and Action Plan is to help guide the Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council (Council) in accomplishing three main goals: To provide opportunities for watershed-related education ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: NNWC Action Plan Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council The purpose of this Management and Action Plan is to help guide the Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council (Council) in accomplishing three main goals: To provide opportunities for watershed-related education to the people who live, work, and recreate in the watershed To update the Nestucca/Neskowin Watershed Assessment (May 1998). To protect and enhance the health of the watershed based on updates to the Nestucca-Neskowin Watershed Assessment, monitoring and research. Title: NNWC Action Plan Author: Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council The purpose of this Management and Action Plan is to help guide the Nestucca-Neskowin Watersheds Council (Council) in accomplishing three main goals: To provide opportunities for watershed-related education to the people who live, work, and recreate in the watershed To update the Nestucca/Neskowin Watershed Assessment (May 1998). To protect and enhance the health of the watershed based on updates to the Nestucca-Neskowin Watershed Assessment, monitoring and research. Close

• 26. [Article] Integrating Climate Adaptation Planning and Watershed Assessments to Improve Community-Engaged Watershed Management: A Case Study from the Klamath Basin, Oregon

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating Climate Adaptation Planning and Watershed Assessments to Improve Community-Engaged Watershed Management: A Case Study from the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Vynne, Stacy, Rosenthal, Ethan, Fisk, Terry, Bierly, Ken, Addington, Greg, Jackson, Nathan Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Integrating Climate Adaptation Planning and Watershed Assessments to Improve Community-Engaged Watershed Management: A Case Study from the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Vynne, Stacy, Rosenthal, Ethan, Fisk, Terry, Bierly, Ken, Addington, Greg, Jackson, Nathan Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 27. [Article] BLM addendum for Lower North Umpqua Watershed assessment : fifth field watershed

  Within the Lower North Umpqua watershed, BLM has acquired approximately 6,600 acres of land specifically to manage habitat to enhance the Columbian White-tailed Deer (CWTD). This area is called the North ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: BLM addendum for Lower North Umpqua Watershed assessment : fifth field watershed Author: U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management Within the Lower North Umpqua watershed, BLM has acquired approximately 6,600 acres of land specifically to manage habitat to enhance the Columbian White-tailed Deer (CWTD). This area is called the North Bank Habitat Management Area (NBHMA) and will be managed as described in the NBHMA Environmental Impact Statement. The BLM also manages an additional 5,780 acres for multiple use objectives. These lands are mostly scattered in the headwater region in the north and northwest of the watershed. Within the next five to ten years, it is likely that the Swiftwater Field Manager will need to be involved in some aspect of decision-making on those 5,780 acres with the following general areas. These areas have been used to help guide the key questions, the information to answer those questions, and the resulting management opportunities. A major assumption in the development of these key questions is that the Roseburg District Resource Management Plan (RMP) has given some prescriptive measures through the landscape land use allocations. Because the RMP sets standards and guidelines on each land use allocation and the kinds of activities that can occur in those land uses, this watershed assessment seeks to provide information to guide decision making within those overarching planning parameters. Title: BLM addendum for Lower North Umpqua Watershed assessment : fifth field watershed Author: U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management Within the Lower North Umpqua watershed, BLM has acquired approximately 6,600 acres of land specifically to manage habitat to enhance the Columbian White-tailed Deer (CWTD). This area is called the North Bank Habitat Management Area (NBHMA) and will be managed as described in the NBHMA Environmental Impact Statement. The BLM also manages an additional 5,780 acres for multiple use objectives. These lands are mostly scattered in the headwater region in the north and northwest of the watershed. Within the next five to ten years, it is likely that the Swiftwater Field Manager will need to be involved in some aspect of decision-making on those 5,780 acres with the following general areas. These areas have been used to help guide the key questions, the information to answer those questions, and the resulting management opportunities. A major assumption in the development of these key questions is that the Roseburg District Resource Management Plan (RMP) has given some prescriptive measures through the landscape land use allocations. Because the RMP sets standards and guidelines on each land use allocation and the kinds of activities that can occur in those land uses, this watershed assessment seeks to provide information to guide decision making within those overarching planning parameters. Close

• 28. [Article] Partnership for Coastal Watersheds Steering Committee: Phase 2 Strategy

  Partnership for Coastal Watersheds (PCW) Phase 2 projects are aligned with the following three objectives to be pursued in parallel: Coos Estuary Inventory Project, Coos Estuary Monitoring Tools, and Phase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds Steering Committee: Phase 2 Strategy Author: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds Partnership for Coastal Watersheds (PCW) Phase 2 projects are aligned with the following three objectives to be pursued in parallel: Coos Estuary Inventory Project, Coos Estuary Monitoring Tools, and Phase 1 PCW Action Plan Implementation, Partnership for Coastal Watersheds, [2012]. Title: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds Steering Committee: Phase 2 Strategy Author: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds Partnership for Coastal Watersheds (PCW) Phase 2 projects are aligned with the following three objectives to be pursued in parallel: Coos Estuary Inventory Project, Coos Estuary Monitoring Tools, and Phase 1 PCW Action Plan Implementation, Partnership for Coastal Watersheds, [2012]. Close

• 29. [Article] Coos Estuary Inventory Project: Key project development components, example uses, and data validity

  The Coos Estuary Inventory Project, an in-depth assessment of environmental and socio-economic status and trends, is part of Phase 2 of the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds. The project began in January ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coos Estuary Inventory Project: Key project development components, example uses, and data validity Author: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds The Coos Estuary Inventory Project, an in-depth assessment of environmental and socio-economic status and trends, is part of Phase 2 of the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds. The project began in January 2013 and is focused on the larger Coos estuary and its direct tributaries. • , Title: Coos Estuary Inventory Project: Key project development components, example uses, and data validity Author: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds The Coos Estuary Inventory Project, an in-depth assessment of environmental and socio-economic status and trends, is part of Phase 2 of the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds. The project began in January 2013 and is focused on the larger Coos estuary and its direct tributaries. • , Close

• 30. [Article] The Partnership for Coastal Watersheds collaboration compact

  Unsigned document

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Partnership for Coastal Watersheds collaboration compact Author: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds Unsigned document Title: The Partnership for Coastal Watersheds collaboration compact Author: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds Unsigned document Close

• 31. [Article] Trask Watershed assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trask Watershed assessment Author: Follansbee, Bruce Title: Trask Watershed assessment Author: Follansbee, Bruce Close

• 32. [Article] Kilchis watershed analysis

  This analysis was performed for two reasons: 1) the KWG needed a way to focus and synthesize the results of applied research on the condition and trends of natural resources, and the factors affecting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kilchis watershed analysis Author: Follansbee, Bruce, Stark, Ann This analysis was performed for two reasons: 1) the KWG needed a way to focus and synthesize the results of applied research on the condition and trends of natural resources, and the factors affecting those resources; and 2) a detailed watershed analysis was needed to supplement watershed assessments planned for the region. Title: Kilchis watershed analysis Author: Follansbee, Bruce, Stark, Ann This analysis was performed for two reasons: 1) the KWG needed a way to focus and synthesize the results of applied research on the condition and trends of natural resources, and the factors affecting those resources; and 2) a detailed watershed analysis was needed to supplement watershed assessments planned for the region. Close

• 33. [Article] Community vision for the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds region: South Slough and the Coastal Frontal Sub-Basins of the Coos Watershed

  The Partnership Steering Committee has developed a set of vision statements or desired conditions for the future of the project area (20-25 years). The community vision describes desired future conditions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community vision for the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds region: South Slough and the Coastal Frontal Sub-Basins of the Coos Watershed Author: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds The Partnership Steering Committee has developed a set of vision statements or desired conditions for the future of the project area (20-25 years). The community vision describes desired future conditions we want to see in 20 years in our quality of life, environment and economy. We will work toward attaining the community vision because we are proud of where we live and are protective of the high quality of life we enjoy and maintain here for ourselves and for future generations. Title: Community vision for the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds region: South Slough and the Coastal Frontal Sub-Basins of the Coos Watershed Author: Partnership for Coastal Watersheds The Partnership Steering Committee has developed a set of vision statements or desired conditions for the future of the project area (20-25 years). The community vision describes desired future conditions we want to see in 20 years in our quality of life, environment and economy. We will work toward attaining the community vision because we are proud of where we live and are protective of the high quality of life we enjoy and maintain here for ourselves and for future generations. Close

• 34. [Article] Willamette Basin rivers and streams assessment

  This report was written as a resource for water quality managers, watershed councils, municipalities and citizens to help understand the status of watershed conditions in the Willamette Basin. Our interpretations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette Basin rivers and streams assessment Author: Leferink, Robin, Mulvey, Michael, Borisenko, Aaron This report was written as a resource for water quality managers, watershed councils, municipalities and citizens to help understand the status of watershed conditions in the Willamette Basin. Our interpretations are based on chemical, physical and biological indicators at three different spatial scales: the basin scale, the subbasin scale and by land use categories. The data in this report were collected at randomly selected locations. Like a political poll, these locations represent the population of rivers and streams as a whole. It is not appropriate to interpret the information on an individual site basis. However, individual site data may be used for other purposes, such as indicating when water quality standards or other benchmarks are not met. Title: Willamette Basin rivers and streams assessment Author: Leferink, Robin, Mulvey, Michael, Borisenko, Aaron This report was written as a resource for water quality managers, watershed councils, municipalities and citizens to help understand the status of watershed conditions in the Willamette Basin. Our interpretations are based on chemical, physical and biological indicators at three different spatial scales: the basin scale, the subbasin scale and by land use categories. The data in this report were collected at randomly selected locations. Like a political poll, these locations represent the population of rivers and streams as a whole. It is not appropriate to interpret the information on an individual site basis. However, individual site data may be used for other purposes, such as indicating when water quality standards or other benchmarks are not met. Close

• 35. [Article] Supplemental and updated information to decision record for the Lower Spencer Creek Watershed environmental assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supplemental and updated information to decision record for the Lower Spencer Creek Watershed environmental assessment Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Supplemental and updated information to decision record for the Lower Spencer Creek Watershed environmental assessment Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 36. [Article] Collaboration situation assessment report on the feasibility of creating a stakeholder group and collaborative process for the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds

  Coos Watershed Association (CoosWA) and the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (SSNERR) are interested in forming a community stakeholder group as the foundation of the Partnership for Coastal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collaboration situation assessment report on the feasibility of creating a stakeholder group and collaborative process for the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds Author: McCabe, Timothy M. Coos Watershed Association (CoosWA) and the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (SSNERR) are interested in forming a community stakeholder group as the foundation of the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds project. CoosWA and SSNERR have engaged Oregon Consensus to conduct a neutral assessment of issues related to the convening of a collaborative process for the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds. The goals of this assessment were to determine what issues are of primary concern to the stakeholders, and whether or not there is support in the Coos Bay community for a collaborative process related to this project. This assessment included a series of interviews with interested parties including representatives of significant landowners within the watersheds, Tribes, commercial fisheries, economic development and conservation interests, county government, non-profit community organizations, and other interested individuals and groups. Interviews were qualitative in nature and were conducted using open ended questions to engage interviewees in a conversation that helped identify issues and interests that are important to interviewees regarding current and potential future conditions of the watersheds. Title: Collaboration situation assessment report on the feasibility of creating a stakeholder group and collaborative process for the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds Author: McCabe, Timothy M. Coos Watershed Association (CoosWA) and the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (SSNERR) are interested in forming a community stakeholder group as the foundation of the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds project. CoosWA and SSNERR have engaged Oregon Consensus to conduct a neutral assessment of issues related to the convening of a collaborative process for the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds. The goals of this assessment were to determine what issues are of primary concern to the stakeholders, and whether or not there is support in the Coos Bay community for a collaborative process related to this project. This assessment included a series of interviews with interested parties including representatives of significant landowners within the watersheds, Tribes, commercial fisheries, economic development and conservation interests, county government, non-profit community organizations, and other interested individuals and groups. Interviews were qualitative in nature and were conducted using open ended questions to engage interviewees in a conversation that helped identify issues and interests that are important to interviewees regarding current and potential future conditions of the watersheds. Close

• 37. [Article] The Partnership for Coastal Watersheds: A progress report

  This report assesses the progress of the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds (PCW) Project from its inception through the summer of 2012. First, the PCW is described and PCW meeting activities are discussed. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Partnership for Coastal Watersheds: A progress report Author: Elkins Watson, Julie, Walker, Gregg, Russo Kelly, Miriah This report assesses the progress of the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds (PCW) Project from its inception through the summer of 2012. First, the PCW is described and PCW meeting activities are discussed. Following this foundation information, the report describes its assessment methods and presents the results of those methods. The report concludes with a presentation of observations and recommendations. During the Winter of 2009/2010 the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (SSNERR) and the Coos Watershed Association (CWA) invited local landowners, technical advisors, and interested individuals and organizations to join them on a new approach to managing coastal watersheds. CWA and SSNERR leaders envisioned a partnership that would focus on the 35,155 acre area of the South Slough watershed and several small watersheds that drain to the Pacific Ocean between Cape Arago and Bullards Beach (the coastal frontal watersheds) in Southwestern Oregon. The PCW, the conveners hoped, could provide local communities (such as Charleston and Coos Bay) with a way to anticipate and respond to the local effects of climate and land use changes (Coos Watershed Association). Title: The Partnership for Coastal Watersheds: A progress report Author: Elkins Watson, Julie, Walker, Gregg, Russo Kelly, Miriah This report assesses the progress of the Partnership for Coastal Watersheds (PCW) Project from its inception through the summer of 2012. First, the PCW is described and PCW meeting activities are discussed. Following this foundation information, the report describes its assessment methods and presents the results of those methods. The report concludes with a presentation of observations and recommendations. During the Winter of 2009/2010 the South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (SSNERR) and the Coos Watershed Association (CWA) invited local landowners, technical advisors, and interested individuals and organizations to join them on a new approach to managing coastal watersheds. CWA and SSNERR leaders envisioned a partnership that would focus on the 35,155 acre area of the South Slough watershed and several small watersheds that drain to the Pacific Ocean between Cape Arago and Bullards Beach (the coastal frontal watersheds) in Southwestern Oregon. The PCW, the conveners hoped, could provide local communities (such as Charleston and Coos Bay) with a way to anticipate and respond to the local effects of climate and land use changes (Coos Watershed Association). Close

• 38. [Article] MidCoast sixth field watershed assessment : final report

  The study area for this assessment is composed of the Alsea, Salmon, Siletz, Yachats, and Yaquina River watersheds and those watersheds that drain directly to the ocean between Cascade Head and Cape Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MidCoast sixth field watershed assessment : final report Author: Garono, Ralph J., Brophy, Laura The study area for this assessment is composed of the Alsea, Salmon, Siletz, Yachats, and Yaquina River watersheds and those watersheds that drain directly to the ocean between Cascade Head and Cape Creek at Heceta Head (Ocean Tributaries). Wherever possible, 1:24,000 uniform scale geographic information system (GIS) data that covered the entire study area were used in this assessment. Goals of this study include, (1) a summary of current conditions for each 6th field watershed; and (2) recommendations for monitoring and management actions for prioritized 6th field watersheds. Title: MidCoast sixth field watershed assessment : final report Author: Garono, Ralph J., Brophy, Laura The study area for this assessment is composed of the Alsea, Salmon, Siletz, Yachats, and Yaquina River watersheds and those watersheds that drain directly to the ocean between Cascade Head and Cape Creek at Heceta Head (Ocean Tributaries). Wherever possible, 1:24,000 uniform scale geographic information system (GIS) data that covered the entire study area were used in this assessment. Goals of this study include, (1) a summary of current conditions for each 6th field watershed; and (2) recommendations for monitoring and management actions for prioritized 6th field watersheds. Close

• 39. [Article] A landscape-scale watershed assessment method to support fish passage restoration in Puget Sound, Washington State: An analysis for the Fish Barrier Removal Board

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A landscape-scale watershed assessment method to support fish passage restoration in Puget Sound, Washington State: An analysis for the Fish Barrier Removal Board Author: Zweifel, Justin C. Graduation date: 2016 Title: A landscape-scale watershed assessment method to support fish passage restoration in Puget Sound, Washington State: An analysis for the Fish Barrier Removal Board Author: Zweifel, Justin C. Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 40. [Article] Supplemental information to decision record for the Lower Spencer Creek Watershed environmental assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supplemental information to decision record for the Lower Spencer Creek Watershed environmental assessment Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Supplemental information to decision record for the Lower Spencer Creek Watershed environmental assessment Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 41. [Article] Tiller Region assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the Tiller Region in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the region. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tiller Region assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the Tiller Region in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the region. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (Draft) (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases and staff: the USDA Forest Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Tiller Region assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the Tiller Region in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the region. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (Draft) (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases and staff: the USDA Forest Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 42. [Article] The utility of a decision-support model to assess watershed condition for salmon recovery

  Many contemporary fisheries and wildlife issues are complex, messy, and divisive. Most share a set of common characteristics including a lack of comprehensive scientific information, a limited understanding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The utility of a decision-support model to assess watershed condition for salmon recovery Author: Mintkeski, Tyler G. Many contemporary fisheries and wildlife issues are complex, messy, and divisive. Most share a set of common characteristics including a lack of comprehensive scientific information, a limited understanding of biological processes, a scarcity of agency staff, time, money, and a tendency for differences over policy preferences to end up as debates over scientific information. When pressured to provide policy relevant science to decision makers, agency scientists are often left with no choice but to rely on some form of expert opinion. Information based on expert opinion may be valuable, but to be most useful in decision making, it must be perceived as being accurate, transparent, and calibrated by some measure of uncertainty. Formal methods of eliciting and using expert opinion are becoming more common in fisheries and wildlife management. Decision-support models are one such method but are still fairly new and untested for fish and wildlife problems. Using Oregon's Coastal Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) as a case study, the usefulness of Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) to assess watershed condition for coho salmon recovery was examined. To create the model, expert opinion was elicited using a formal Delphi process. We found that the Delphi technique is relatively inefficient and impractical for eliciting expert opinion on such topics as complex as watershed condition. We also identified ways that normative science can influence the consensus building process. Once our decision-support model was constructed we determined that it was not particularly useful for assessing watershed condition for coho salmon at the population level due to the lack of data. Data for all of the road parameters in the knowledge base were either nonexistent, or not available because they are privately owned or require extensive GIS analysis. In this case study we evaluated the tradeoffs of these formal methods: improving credibility and transparency came at the cost of time and procedural efficiency. Formal methods of eliciting and applying expert opinion for assessments are no panacea. Managers and decision makers will need to weigh these pros and cons on a case by case basis when contemplating whether these tools will add appreciable value to their assessments. Title: The utility of a decision-support model to assess watershed condition for salmon recovery Author: Mintkeski, Tyler G. Many contemporary fisheries and wildlife issues are complex, messy, and divisive. Most share a set of common characteristics including a lack of comprehensive scientific information, a limited understanding of biological processes, a scarcity of agency staff, time, money, and a tendency for differences over policy preferences to end up as debates over scientific information. When pressured to provide policy relevant science to decision makers, agency scientists are often left with no choice but to rely on some form of expert opinion. Information based on expert opinion may be valuable, but to be most useful in decision making, it must be perceived as being accurate, transparent, and calibrated by some measure of uncertainty. Formal methods of eliciting and using expert opinion are becoming more common in fisheries and wildlife management. Decision-support models are one such method but are still fairly new and untested for fish and wildlife problems. Using Oregon's Coastal Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) as a case study, the usefulness of Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) to assess watershed condition for coho salmon recovery was examined. To create the model, expert opinion was elicited using a formal Delphi process. We found that the Delphi technique is relatively inefficient and impractical for eliciting expert opinion on such topics as complex as watershed condition. We also identified ways that normative science can influence the consensus building process. Once our decision-support model was constructed we determined that it was not particularly useful for assessing watershed condition for coho salmon at the population level due to the lack of data. Data for all of the road parameters in the knowledge base were either nonexistent, or not available because they are privately owned or require extensive GIS analysis. In this case study we evaluated the tradeoffs of these formal methods: improving credibility and transparency came at the cost of time and procedural efficiency. Formal methods of eliciting and applying expert opinion for assessments are no panacea. Managers and decision makers will need to weigh these pros and cons on a case by case basis when contemplating whether these tools will add appreciable value to their assessments. Close

• 43. [Article] Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan

  There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Close

• 44. [Article] Watershed stewardship needs assessment policy issues

  Results from a 1999 survey of watershed councils, soil and water conservation districts, and friends groups. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -123.769586; East Bounding Coordinate: -121.631074; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed stewardship needs assessment policy issues Author: Willamette Restoration Initiative Results from a 1999 survey of watershed councils, soil and water conservation districts, and friends groups. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -123.769586; East Bounding Coordinate: -121.631074; North Bounding Coordinate: 45.941295; South Bounding Coordinate: 43.350360. Title: Watershed stewardship needs assessment policy issues Author: Willamette Restoration Initiative Results from a 1999 survey of watershed councils, soil and water conservation districts, and friends groups. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -123.769586; East Bounding Coordinate: -121.631074; North Bounding Coordinate: 45.941295; South Bounding Coordinate: 43.350360. Close

• 45. [Article] Stream Temperature Modeling for Marys River Watershed

  High water temperatures in rivers have detrimental effects on riverine water quality and ecology. In this study, two river temperature models, within the agricultural watershed model Soil and Water Assessment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream Temperature Modeling for Marys River Watershed Author: Mustafa, Mamoon High water temperatures in rivers have detrimental effects on riverine water quality and ecology. In this study, two river temperature models, within the agricultural watershed model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), were investigated for their ability to simulate water temperatures accurately throughout the year. The original temperature model within SWAT uses a linear approach to estimate stream temperature based on air temperature and does not account for hydrological components for calculating stream temperature. Recently, a new stream temperature model for SWAT was developed that combines meteorological with hydrological components such as lateral flow, snowmelt, groundwater flow and surface runoff. The model also uses three elements for the stream temperature calculations – specifically, within a sub-basin (temperature and flow rate), upstream of sub-basin (temperature and incoming flow), and air-water temperature heat exchange transfer. The goal of this research was to improve the recently developed temperature model further by incorporating different types of heat exchange sources, in addition to air-water heat transfer. The edited model was tested for Marys River, a west tributary of the Willamette River in Oregon. The output from the edited model was then compared with observed stream temperatures, for different spatial locations within the watershed to assess the model efficiency. The results showed a good agreement for forested region compared to Ficklin’s default model with RMSE of both models matching. However, there were over predictions and more noise in predicting stream temperature for agricultural region within the watershed in which resulted in higher RMSE for edited model. Title: Stream Temperature Modeling for Marys River Watershed Author: Mustafa, Mamoon High water temperatures in rivers have detrimental effects on riverine water quality and ecology. In this study, two river temperature models, within the agricultural watershed model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), were investigated for their ability to simulate water temperatures accurately throughout the year. The original temperature model within SWAT uses a linear approach to estimate stream temperature based on air temperature and does not account for hydrological components for calculating stream temperature. Recently, a new stream temperature model for SWAT was developed that combines meteorological with hydrological components such as lateral flow, snowmelt, groundwater flow and surface runoff. The model also uses three elements for the stream temperature calculations – specifically, within a sub-basin (temperature and flow rate), upstream of sub-basin (temperature and incoming flow), and air-water temperature heat exchange transfer. The goal of this research was to improve the recently developed temperature model further by incorporating different types of heat exchange sources, in addition to air-water heat transfer. The edited model was tested for Marys River, a west tributary of the Willamette River in Oregon. The output from the edited model was then compared with observed stream temperatures, for different spatial locations within the watershed to assess the model efficiency. The results showed a good agreement for forested region compared to Ficklin’s default model with RMSE of both models matching. However, there were over predictions and more noise in predicting stream temperature for agricultural region within the watershed in which resulted in higher RMSE for edited model. Close

• 46. [Article] Essays on land use regulation

  This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and regulation. The first paper focuses on the environmental impacts of land use and their implications for the design on water quality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Essays on land use regulation Author: Hascic, Ivan This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and regulation. The first paper focuses on the environmental impacts of land use and their implications for the design on water quality trading policies. The second and third papers address local land use regulations and their impact on land values and land use patterns. The first paper provides a national-scale, watershed-level assessment of land use impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems in the United States. The results suggest that the level of conventional water pollution in a watershed is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to intensive agriculture and urban development, while the level of toxic water pollution is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to transportation and mining. Implications of the results for the design and implementation of water quality trading policies are discussed. The second paper develops an empirical framework to conduct an exploratory analysis of effects of land use regulations on land values and land use patterns in a GIS-based landscape near Eugene, Oregon. All the land use regulations considered in this study, including exclusive farm use zoning, forest zoning, urban growth boundary designation, residential density zoning, commercial zoning, and industrial zoning, are found to affect land value and use both inside and outside of the designated zones. While there are many issues this framework does not address, preliminary results indicate that regulations (except commercial zoning) tend to increase the value of land outside the designated zones, but reduce the value of land inside the designated zones. The framework is applied to measure the reduction in value due to regulations vs. the value of individual exemptions at the parcel level to illuminate the controversy surrounding Oregon's Measure 37. The reductions in value due to regulations are found to be considerably smaller than the values of individual exemptions for almost all regulations contested in the Measure 37 claims. The third paper evaluates the efficiency of the current system of land use regulation, analyzes the possible changes to the regulatory structure, and studies the role of spatial and temporal interaction among neighboring land uses. Title: Essays on land use regulation Author: Hascic, Ivan This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and regulation. The first paper focuses on the environmental impacts of land use and their implications for the design on water quality trading policies. The second and third papers address local land use regulations and their impact on land values and land use patterns. The first paper provides a national-scale, watershed-level assessment of land use impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems in the United States. The results suggest that the level of conventional water pollution in a watershed is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to intensive agriculture and urban development, while the level of toxic water pollution is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to transportation and mining. Implications of the results for the design and implementation of water quality trading policies are discussed. The second paper develops an empirical framework to conduct an exploratory analysis of effects of land use regulations on land values and land use patterns in a GIS-based landscape near Eugene, Oregon. All the land use regulations considered in this study, including exclusive farm use zoning, forest zoning, urban growth boundary designation, residential density zoning, commercial zoning, and industrial zoning, are found to affect land value and use both inside and outside of the designated zones. While there are many issues this framework does not address, preliminary results indicate that regulations (except commercial zoning) tend to increase the value of land outside the designated zones, but reduce the value of land inside the designated zones. The framework is applied to measure the reduction in value due to regulations vs. the value of individual exemptions at the parcel level to illuminate the controversy surrounding Oregon's Measure 37. The reductions in value due to regulations are found to be considerably smaller than the values of individual exemptions for almost all regulations contested in the Measure 37 claims. The third paper evaluates the efficiency of the current system of land use regulation, analyzes the possible changes to the regulatory structure, and studies the role of spatial and temporal interaction among neighboring land uses. Close

• 47. [Article] Relationships between stream discharge and cutthroat trout abundance at multiple scales in managed headwater basins of western Oregon

  Relationships between resident cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and six hydrologic indices were investigated using correlation analysis in two experimental headwater catchments in the foothills ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships between stream discharge and cutthroat trout abundance at multiple scales in managed headwater basins of western Oregon Author: Owens, Hazel L. Relationships between resident cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and six hydrologic indices were investigated using correlation analysis in two experimental headwater catchments in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. This investigation was to determine if characteristics of discharge explained inter-annual variability in trout abundance. Eight years of continuous discharge and annual abundance data collected from two contiguous watersheds from the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study were used for this study. Density-discharge relationships were identified separately in the watershed actively managed for timber harvest and in the control watershed. Correlation was determined at multiple stream segments and at the watershed scale to assess the roles of spatial scale and network location on the detectability of density-discharge relationships. A method for improving the spatial coupling of density and discharge measurements within the stream network was also investigated. No correlations (r ≤ ǀ0.50ǀ) between hydrologic indices and age-1+ trout density in either watershed were found. Two hydrologic indices were related to the density of age-0 trout: maximum annual discharge (r = 0.780) in the control watershed and Q90 summer discharge (r = 0.697) in the treated watershed. The correlation between the density of age-0 trout and each of these two indices were similar across individual stream segments, but variability in the magnitude of the correlation suggests that network location plays a key role in facilitating processes that link density and discharge. Variability in the magnitude of the correlation across stream segments also influenced the detectability and interpretability of relationships observed at the extent of a watershed and at the extent of a stream segment. These results indicate that researchers interested in understanding the dynamics of cutthroat trout abundance should consider the effects of discharge on inter-annual variability in abundance of different age classes and the role of network location on the detectability of relationships. Title: Relationships between stream discharge and cutthroat trout abundance at multiple scales in managed headwater basins of western Oregon Author: Owens, Hazel L. Relationships between resident cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and six hydrologic indices were investigated using correlation analysis in two experimental headwater catchments in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. This investigation was to determine if characteristics of discharge explained inter-annual variability in trout abundance. Eight years of continuous discharge and annual abundance data collected from two contiguous watersheds from the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study were used for this study. Density-discharge relationships were identified separately in the watershed actively managed for timber harvest and in the control watershed. Correlation was determined at multiple stream segments and at the watershed scale to assess the roles of spatial scale and network location on the detectability of density-discharge relationships. A method for improving the spatial coupling of density and discharge measurements within the stream network was also investigated. No correlations (r ≤ ǀ0.50ǀ) between hydrologic indices and age-1+ trout density in either watershed were found. Two hydrologic indices were related to the density of age-0 trout: maximum annual discharge (r = 0.780) in the control watershed and Q90 summer discharge (r = 0.697) in the treated watershed. The correlation between the density of age-0 trout and each of these two indices were similar across individual stream segments, but variability in the magnitude of the correlation suggests that network location plays a key role in facilitating processes that link density and discharge. Variability in the magnitude of the correlation across stream segments also influenced the detectability and interpretability of relationships observed at the extent of a watershed and at the extent of a stream segment. These results indicate that researchers interested in understanding the dynamics of cutthroat trout abundance should consider the effects of discharge on inter-annual variability in abundance of different age classes and the role of network location on the detectability of relationships. Close

• 48. [Article] Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) for Individual Tree Stem Location, Height, and Biomass Measurements

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by MDPI and can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) for Individual Tree Stem Location, Height, and Biomass Measurements Author: Edson, Curtis, Wing, Michael G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by MDPI and can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing. Title: Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) for Individual Tree Stem Location, Height, and Biomass Measurements Author: Edson, Curtis, Wing, Michael G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by MDPI and can be found at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing. Close

• 49. [Article] An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds

  The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds Author: Habron, Geoffrey Bryan The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes. The core theoretical concepts consist of adaptive management, adoption-diffusion, symbolic interactionism, community-based conservation, spatial analysis and watershed management. The CAWM framework is applied to the Calapooya Creek, Deer Creek and Myrtle Creek watersheds within the Umpqua River Basin in Southwestern Oregon. The goal of the research is to facilitate effective watershed restoration outcomes grounded in a solid understanding of social and ecological dynamics. Applying the CAWM framework provides the basis to determine the kinds of conservation practices to implement, the locations in which to implement them and the kinds of programs to stimulate their adoption. Therefore, the dissertation objectives are to: 1) identify agricultural landowner participation in watershed conservation projects; 2) assess the spatial distribution of watershed projects; 3) determine the characteristics of participating and non-participating landowners; and 4) determine the sociocultural, ecological and geographic constraints to adaptive watershed management. Data were collected during 1997-1998 using agricultural landowner interviews, a mail landowner survey and observations of the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council. Landowners' worldviews consist of independence, the importance of private property rights, aversion toward government interference and a belief in environmental resilience. Landowners implement upland conservation practices such as off-stream livestock water developments and rotational grazing more often than riparian fencing, riparian tree planting and installing fish screens on instream irrigation diversions. The key factors in adoption of conservation practices include the use of irrigation, shared management decisions with a spouse, a belief in scientific experimentation and discussion of conservation with others. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems indicate that a suite of conservation practices is needed to achieve a network of large, connected patches throughout the watersheds. Title: An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds Author: Habron, Geoffrey Bryan The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes. The core theoretical concepts consist of adaptive management, adoption-diffusion, symbolic interactionism, community-based conservation, spatial analysis and watershed management. The CAWM framework is applied to the Calapooya Creek, Deer Creek and Myrtle Creek watersheds within the Umpqua River Basin in Southwestern Oregon. The goal of the research is to facilitate effective watershed restoration outcomes grounded in a solid understanding of social and ecological dynamics. Applying the CAWM framework provides the basis to determine the kinds of conservation practices to implement, the locations in which to implement them and the kinds of programs to stimulate their adoption. Therefore, the dissertation objectives are to: 1) identify agricultural landowner participation in watershed conservation projects; 2) assess the spatial distribution of watershed projects; 3) determine the characteristics of participating and non-participating landowners; and 4) determine the sociocultural, ecological and geographic constraints to adaptive watershed management. Data were collected during 1997-1998 using agricultural landowner interviews, a mail landowner survey and observations of the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council. Landowners' worldviews consist of independence, the importance of private property rights, aversion toward government interference and a belief in environmental resilience. Landowners implement upland conservation practices such as off-stream livestock water developments and rotational grazing more often than riparian fencing, riparian tree planting and installing fish screens on instream irrigation diversions. The key factors in adoption of conservation practices include the use of irrigation, shared management decisions with a spouse, a belief in scientific experimentation and discussion of conservation with others. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems indicate that a suite of conservation practices is needed to achieve a network of large, connected patches throughout the watersheds. Close

• 50. [Article] Probabilistic assessment of wildfire hazard and municipal watershed exposure

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/natural+hazards/journal/11069. To the best ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Probabilistic assessment of wildfire hazard and municipal watershed exposure Author: Thompson, Matthew P., Marcille, Kate, Calkin, David E., Scott, Joe, Helmbrecht, Don This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/natural+hazards/journal/11069. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Probabilistic assessment of wildfire hazard and municipal watershed exposure Author: Thompson, Matthew P., Marcille, Kate, Calkin, David E., Scott, Joe, Helmbrecht, Don This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/natural+hazards/journal/11069. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 51. [Article] Inter-annual variability of net primary productivity across multiple spatial scales in the western Oregon Cascades : methods of estimation and examination of spatial coherence

  Quantifying and modeling processes involved in the global carbon cycle is important to evaluate the temporal and spatial variability of these processes and understand the effect of this variability on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Inter-annual variability of net primary productivity across multiple spatial scales in the western Oregon Cascades : methods of estimation and examination of spatial coherence Author: Woolley, Travis J. Quantifying and modeling processes involved in the global carbon cycle is important to evaluate the temporal and spatial variability of these processes and understand the effect of this variability on future response to changing climate and land use patterns. Biomass accumulation and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) are large components of ecosystem carbon exchange with the atmosphere and thus are the focus of many modeling efforts. When scaling estimates of NPP temporally from days to years and spatially from square meters to landscapes and regions the spatial coherence of these processes through time must be taken into account. Spatial coherence is the degree to which pairs of sites across space are synchronous (i.e., correlated) through time with respect to a given process or variable. In this thesis I determined the spatial coherence of a major component of NPP, tree bole productivity (NPP[subscript B]), and examine how it influences scaling and our ability to predict NPP and forecast change of this flux. In Chapter 2 I developed and tested a method modeling radial tree increment growth from sub-sampled trees and estimating annual site-level biomass accumulation that allows quantification of the uncertainty in these estimates. Results demonstrated that a simple model using the mean and standard deviation of growth increments underestimated bole biomass increment in all three age classes examined by 1% at the largest sample sizes and up to 15% at the smallest sample sizes. The long term average NPP[subscript B] and inter-annual variability were also underestimated by as much as 10% and 22%, respectively. Stratification of trees by size in sampling and modeling methods increased accuracy and precision of estimates markedly. The precision of both models was sufficient to detect patterns of inter-annual variability. To estimate bole biomass accumulation with acceptable levels of accuracy and precision our results suggest sampling at least 64 trees per site, although one site required a sample size of more than 100 trees. In Chapter 3 I compared year to year variability of NPP for tree boles (NPP[subscript B]) for two adjacent small watersheds (second-growth and old-growth) in the western Cascades of Oregon using the methods developed in Chapter 2. Spatial coherence of NPP[subscript B] within and between watersheds was assessed using multivariate analysis techniques. NPP[subscript B] was found to be less coherent between watersheds than within watersheds, indicating decreased spatial coherence with differences in age class and increased spatial scale. However, a larger degree of spatial coherence existed within the old-growth watershed compared to the second-growth watershed, which may be a result of the smaller degree of variation in environmental characteristics in the former watershed. Within a watershed, potential annual direct incident radiation and heat load were more strongly associated with the variation of NPP[subscript B] than climate. Climatic factors correlated with the temporal variation of annual NPP[subscript B] varied between the two watersheds. Results suggest that inter-annual variability and spatial coherence of forest productivity is a result of both internal (e.g., environment and stand dynamics) and external (climate) factors. An unexpected conclusion was that spatial coherence was not consistent and changed through time. Therefore, the coherence of sites over time is not a simple relationship. Instead the patterns of spatial coherence exhibit complex behaviors that have implications for scaling estimates of productivity. This result also indicates that a correlation coefficient alone may not capture the complexity of change through time across space. In Chapter 4 I estimated year to year variation of NPP[subscript B] for eleven sites of varying age, elevation, moisture, and species composition in the Western Cascades of Oregon. Spatial coherence of tree growth within sites and NPP[subscript B] between sites was assessed using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r). Results suggest that spatial coherence is highly variable between sites (r=-O.18 to 0.92). The second-growth sites exhibited the greatest temporal variability of annual NPP[subscript B] due to the large accumulation of biomass during stand initiation, but old-growth sites exhibited the greatest variation of coherence of NPP[subscript B] between sites. In some years all sites behaved similarly, but for other years some sites were synchronous while others were not. As growth of individual trees and NPP[subscript B] at the site scale increased, inter-annual variability of those variables increased. Climate in part affected annual NPP[subscript B], but intrinsic factors and spatial proximity also affected the coherence between sites in this landscape. Title: Inter-annual variability of net primary productivity across multiple spatial scales in the western Oregon Cascades : methods of estimation and examination of spatial coherence Author: Woolley, Travis J. Quantifying and modeling processes involved in the global carbon cycle is important to evaluate the temporal and spatial variability of these processes and understand the effect of this variability on future response to changing climate and land use patterns. Biomass accumulation and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) are large components of ecosystem carbon exchange with the atmosphere and thus are the focus of many modeling efforts. When scaling estimates of NPP temporally from days to years and spatially from square meters to landscapes and regions the spatial coherence of these processes through time must be taken into account. Spatial coherence is the degree to which pairs of sites across space are synchronous (i.e., correlated) through time with respect to a given process or variable. In this thesis I determined the spatial coherence of a major component of NPP, tree bole productivity (NPP[subscript B]), and examine how it influences scaling and our ability to predict NPP and forecast change of this flux. In Chapter 2 I developed and tested a method modeling radial tree increment growth from sub-sampled trees and estimating annual site-level biomass accumulation that allows quantification of the uncertainty in these estimates. Results demonstrated that a simple model using the mean and standard deviation of growth increments underestimated bole biomass increment in all three age classes examined by 1% at the largest sample sizes and up to 15% at the smallest sample sizes. The long term average NPP[subscript B] and inter-annual variability were also underestimated by as much as 10% and 22%, respectively. Stratification of trees by size in sampling and modeling methods increased accuracy and precision of estimates markedly. The precision of both models was sufficient to detect patterns of inter-annual variability. To estimate bole biomass accumulation with acceptable levels of accuracy and precision our results suggest sampling at least 64 trees per site, although one site required a sample size of more than 100 trees. In Chapter 3 I compared year to year variability of NPP for tree boles (NPP[subscript B]) for two adjacent small watersheds (second-growth and old-growth) in the western Cascades of Oregon using the methods developed in Chapter 2. Spatial coherence of NPP[subscript B] within and between watersheds was assessed using multivariate analysis techniques. NPP[subscript B] was found to be less coherent between watersheds than within watersheds, indicating decreased spatial coherence with differences in age class and increased spatial scale. However, a larger degree of spatial coherence existed within the old-growth watershed compared to the second-growth watershed, which may be a result of the smaller degree of variation in environmental characteristics in the former watershed. Within a watershed, potential annual direct incident radiation and heat load were more strongly associated with the variation of NPP[subscript B] than climate. Climatic factors correlated with the temporal variation of annual NPP[subscript B] varied between the two watersheds. Results suggest that inter-annual variability and spatial coherence of forest productivity is a result of both internal (e.g., environment and stand dynamics) and external (climate) factors. An unexpected conclusion was that spatial coherence was not consistent and changed through time. Therefore, the coherence of sites over time is not a simple relationship. Instead the patterns of spatial coherence exhibit complex behaviors that have implications for scaling estimates of productivity. This result also indicates that a correlation coefficient alone may not capture the complexity of change through time across space. In Chapter 4 I estimated year to year variation of NPP[subscript B] for eleven sites of varying age, elevation, moisture, and species composition in the Western Cascades of Oregon. Spatial coherence of tree growth within sites and NPP[subscript B] between sites was assessed using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient (r). Results suggest that spatial coherence is highly variable between sites (r=-O.18 to 0.92). The second-growth sites exhibited the greatest temporal variability of annual NPP[subscript B] due to the large accumulation of biomass during stand initiation, but old-growth sites exhibited the greatest variation of coherence of NPP[subscript B] between sites. In some years all sites behaved similarly, but for other years some sites were synchronous while others were not. As growth of individual trees and NPP[subscript B] at the site scale increased, inter-annual variability of those variables increased. Climate in part affected annual NPP[subscript B], but intrinsic factors and spatial proximity also affected the coherence between sites in this landscape. Close

• 52. [Article] Downstream Warming and Headwater Acidity May Diminish Coldwater Habitat in Southern Appalachian Mountain Streams

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Downstream Warming and Headwater Acidity May Diminish Coldwater Habitat in Southern Appalachian Mountain Streams Author: Sullivan, T. J., McDonnell, T. C., et al., Sloat, M. R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Downstream Warming and Headwater Acidity May Diminish Coldwater Habitat in Southern Appalachian Mountain Streams Author: Sullivan, T. J., McDonnell, T. C., et al., Sloat, M. R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 53. [Article] Assessing cumulative influences of watershed-scale landuses on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) abundance

  The West Eugene Wetlands, Eugene, Oregon, which provide habitat for number of endemic and endangered plant species, are currently threatened by a Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) invasion. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing cumulative influences of watershed-scale landuses on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) abundance Author: Inahara, Satomi The West Eugene Wetlands, Eugene, Oregon, which provide habitat for number of endemic and endangered plant species, are currently threatened by a Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) invasion. This study addresses the hypothesis that Phalaris spread can be explained in part by using watershed-scale landuse patterns as surrogates of the water quality and hydrologic regime in the associated watersheds. A multiple regression model was constructed to test the effects of watershed-scale landuses on Phalaris abundance. The spatially referenced landuse attributes were estimated using accumulated inverse-squared flow path distances between each wetland and cells in a grid-based representation of landuse/cover data in a Geographic Information System. The locally measured physical and biological characteristics of wetlands were also incorporated into the model to adjust for site differences. Bias in the estimated parametric coefficients were found to be negligible using 1,000 iterations of a bootstrap re-sampling technique. Bias-corrected-and-accelerated intervals also supported the significance of these estimates. The inferential model, consisting of the percentage open water cover in the wetlands, an indicator of highly disturbed site and watershed-scale urban and forest landuses, explained 67 percent variation of Phalaris abundance. There was convincing evidence that the cumulative watershed-scale landuse patterns affected Phalaris abundance (p-value < 0.001; extra-sum-of-squares F-test). In particular, urbanization was strongly associated with greater Phalaris abundance (p-value = 0.00001, two-sided t-test). The effects of watershed-scale landuse appeared to be persistent in the inside of the wetland edges. Implications for wetland management were discussed. Alternative restoration strategy addressing plant diversity was also proposed. Title: Assessing cumulative influences of watershed-scale landuses on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) abundance Author: Inahara, Satomi The West Eugene Wetlands, Eugene, Oregon, which provide habitat for number of endemic and endangered plant species, are currently threatened by a Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) invasion. This study addresses the hypothesis that Phalaris spread can be explained in part by using watershed-scale landuse patterns as surrogates of the water quality and hydrologic regime in the associated watersheds. A multiple regression model was constructed to test the effects of watershed-scale landuses on Phalaris abundance. The spatially referenced landuse attributes were estimated using accumulated inverse-squared flow path distances between each wetland and cells in a grid-based representation of landuse/cover data in a Geographic Information System. The locally measured physical and biological characteristics of wetlands were also incorporated into the model to adjust for site differences. Bias in the estimated parametric coefficients were found to be negligible using 1,000 iterations of a bootstrap re-sampling technique. Bias-corrected-and-accelerated intervals also supported the significance of these estimates. The inferential model, consisting of the percentage open water cover in the wetlands, an indicator of highly disturbed site and watershed-scale urban and forest landuses, explained 67 percent variation of Phalaris abundance. There was convincing evidence that the cumulative watershed-scale landuse patterns affected Phalaris abundance (p-value < 0.001; extra-sum-of-squares F-test). In particular, urbanization was strongly associated with greater Phalaris abundance (p-value = 0.00001, two-sided t-test). The effects of watershed-scale landuse appeared to be persistent in the inside of the wetland edges. Implications for wetland management were discussed. Alternative restoration strategy addressing plant diversity was also proposed. Close

• 54. [Article] Development of a hydrologic model to explore impacts of climate change on water resources in the Big Wood Basin, Idaho

  In the Western United States where 50-70% of annual precipitation comes in the form of winter snowfall, water supplies may be particularly sensitive to a warming climate. We worked with a network of stakeholders ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a hydrologic model to explore impacts of climate change on water resources in the Big Wood Basin, Idaho Author: Inouye, Allison Marshall In the Western United States where 50-70% of annual precipitation comes in the form of winter snowfall, water supplies may be particularly sensitive to a warming climate. We worked with a network of stakeholders in the Big Wood Basin, Idaho, to explore how climate change may affect water resources and identify strategies that may help mitigate the impacts. The 8,300 square kilometer region in central Idaho contains a mixture of public and private land ownership, a diversity of landcover ranging from steep forested headwaters to expansive desert shrublands to a concentrated area of urban development that has experienced a quadrupling of population since the 1970s. With nearly 60% of precipitation falling as winter snow, stakeholders expressed concern regarding the vulnerability of the quantity and timing of seasonal snowpack as well as surface water supplies used primarily for agricultural irrigation under projected climate change. Here, we achieve two objectives. The first is the development of a hydrologic model to represent the dynamics of the surface water system in the Big Wood Basin. We use the semi-distributed model Envision-Flow to represent surface water hydrology, reservoir operations, and agricultural irrigation. We calibrated the model using a multi-criteria objective function that considered three metrics related to streamflow and one metric related to snow water equivalent. The model achieved higher an efficiency of 0.74 for the main stem of the Big Wood River and 0.50 for the Camas Creek tributary during the validation period. The second objective is an analysis of the Big Wood Basin hydrology under alternative future climate scenarios. We forced the calibrated model with three downscaled CMIP5 climate model inputs representing a range of possible future conditions over the period 2010-2070. The climate models simulate an increase in basin average annual air temperature ranging from 1.6-5.7oC in the 2060s compared to the 1980-2009 average. The climate models show less of a clear trend regarding precipitation but in general, one model simulates precipitation patterns similar to historic, one is slightly wetter than historic, and one is slightly drier than historic by the mid-21st century. Under these future climate scenarios, the depth of April 1 SWE may decline by as much as 92% in the 2060s compared to the historic average. Mid to high elevations exhibit the largest reductions in SWE. Simulated streamflows show a shift in timing, with peak flows occurring up to three weeks earlier and center of timing from two to seven weeks earlier in the 2050-2069 period compared to the historic period. Reduced peak flows of 14-70% were simulated by mid-century. The simulated total annual streamflow, though, fell within the historic interquartile range for most years in the future period. These and other metrics considered suggest that the surface water hydrology of the Big Wood Basin is likely to be impacted by climate change. If the natural water storage provided by the annual snowpack is reduced and timing of streamflows shifts, water resource use and management may need to change in the future. This work provides a foundation from which to explore alternative management scenarios. The approach used here can be transferred to other watersheds to further assess how water resources may be affected by climate change. Title: Development of a hydrologic model to explore impacts of climate change on water resources in the Big Wood Basin, Idaho Author: Inouye, Allison Marshall In the Western United States where 50-70% of annual precipitation comes in the form of winter snowfall, water supplies may be particularly sensitive to a warming climate. We worked with a network of stakeholders in the Big Wood Basin, Idaho, to explore how climate change may affect water resources and identify strategies that may help mitigate the impacts. The 8,300 square kilometer region in central Idaho contains a mixture of public and private land ownership, a diversity of landcover ranging from steep forested headwaters to expansive desert shrublands to a concentrated area of urban development that has experienced a quadrupling of population since the 1970s. With nearly 60% of precipitation falling as winter snow, stakeholders expressed concern regarding the vulnerability of the quantity and timing of seasonal snowpack as well as surface water supplies used primarily for agricultural irrigation under projected climate change. Here, we achieve two objectives. The first is the development of a hydrologic model to represent the dynamics of the surface water system in the Big Wood Basin. We use the semi-distributed model Envision-Flow to represent surface water hydrology, reservoir operations, and agricultural irrigation. We calibrated the model using a multi-criteria objective function that considered three metrics related to streamflow and one metric related to snow water equivalent. The model achieved higher an efficiency of 0.74 for the main stem of the Big Wood River and 0.50 for the Camas Creek tributary during the validation period. The second objective is an analysis of the Big Wood Basin hydrology under alternative future climate scenarios. We forced the calibrated model with three downscaled CMIP5 climate model inputs representing a range of possible future conditions over the period 2010-2070. The climate models simulate an increase in basin average annual air temperature ranging from 1.6-5.7oC in the 2060s compared to the 1980-2009 average. The climate models show less of a clear trend regarding precipitation but in general, one model simulates precipitation patterns similar to historic, one is slightly wetter than historic, and one is slightly drier than historic by the mid-21st century. Under these future climate scenarios, the depth of April 1 SWE may decline by as much as 92% in the 2060s compared to the historic average. Mid to high elevations exhibit the largest reductions in SWE. Simulated streamflows show a shift in timing, with peak flows occurring up to three weeks earlier and center of timing from two to seven weeks earlier in the 2050-2069 period compared to the historic period. Reduced peak flows of 14-70% were simulated by mid-century. The simulated total annual streamflow, though, fell within the historic interquartile range for most years in the future period. These and other metrics considered suggest that the surface water hydrology of the Big Wood Basin is likely to be impacted by climate change. If the natural water storage provided by the annual snowpack is reduced and timing of streamflows shifts, water resource use and management may need to change in the future. This work provides a foundation from which to explore alternative management scenarios. The approach used here can be transferred to other watersheds to further assess how water resources may be affected by climate change. Close

• 55. [Article] The application of spatial data analysis and visualization in the development of landscape indicators to assess stream conditions

  The main theme of this research is the application of geographic techniques in a study involving environmental monitoring and analysis of the associations between landscape and in-stream characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The application of spatial data analysis and visualization in the development of landscape indicators to assess stream conditions Author: Buckley, Aileen R. The main theme of this research is the application of geographic techniques in a study involving environmental monitoring and analysis of the associations between landscape and in-stream characteristics in the Pacific Northwest. The geographic techniques used in this study include (1) geographic information systems (GIS) coupled with statistical analysis and (2) geographic visualization. The study area comprised 44 stream sampling sites and their respective watersheds in the Willamette River Basin of western Oregon. The first paper in this dissertation is a literature review of scientific visualization relative to the field of geography. Integrating more traditional techniques of cartographic lineage with new methods of geographic visualization, this chapter introduces terminology related to geographic visualization as well as a variety of methods for the visualization of multivariate spatial data. The second paper describes the use of scientific visualization to generate a composite indicator of landscape stress (i.e., a robust metric that represents multiple integrated characteristics of landscape disturbance). Through a unique approach, the power of the human visual system was used to synthesize multiple attributes of the landscape in mean ranks of watershed stress. Participants in this study were consistently able to distinguish between sites, and they were generally in agreement on how to rank sites. The final paper describes the more traditional "lumped landscape" approach to indicator development and examines inherent scale properties of spatial data that may affect the generation of landscape indicators as well as the outcomes of statistical and GIS analyses in which they are used. In this study, grain (the finest level of resolution), extent (the area under consideration), and level of generalization in classification were systematically manipulated to determine effects of varying spatial scale properties on the generation of landscape metrics. Resolution of the data sets and differences between sites accounted for most of the variation in the landscape indicators generated. Together these three papers describe and demonstrate the important role that geographic techniques, in particular GIS coupled with statistical analysis and visualization can play in better understanding our environment. Title: The application of spatial data analysis and visualization in the development of landscape indicators to assess stream conditions Author: Buckley, Aileen R. The main theme of this research is the application of geographic techniques in a study involving environmental monitoring and analysis of the associations between landscape and in-stream characteristics in the Pacific Northwest. The geographic techniques used in this study include (1) geographic information systems (GIS) coupled with statistical analysis and (2) geographic visualization. The study area comprised 44 stream sampling sites and their respective watersheds in the Willamette River Basin of western Oregon. The first paper in this dissertation is a literature review of scientific visualization relative to the field of geography. Integrating more traditional techniques of cartographic lineage with new methods of geographic visualization, this chapter introduces terminology related to geographic visualization as well as a variety of methods for the visualization of multivariate spatial data. The second paper describes the use of scientific visualization to generate a composite indicator of landscape stress (i.e., a robust metric that represents multiple integrated characteristics of landscape disturbance). Through a unique approach, the power of the human visual system was used to synthesize multiple attributes of the landscape in mean ranks of watershed stress. Participants in this study were consistently able to distinguish between sites, and they were generally in agreement on how to rank sites. The final paper describes the more traditional "lumped landscape" approach to indicator development and examines inherent scale properties of spatial data that may affect the generation of landscape indicators as well as the outcomes of statistical and GIS analyses in which they are used. In this study, grain (the finest level of resolution), extent (the area under consideration), and level of generalization in classification were systematically manipulated to determine effects of varying spatial scale properties on the generation of landscape metrics. Resolution of the data sets and differences between sites accounted for most of the variation in the landscape indicators generated. Together these three papers describe and demonstrate the important role that geographic techniques, in particular GIS coupled with statistical analysis and visualization can play in better understanding our environment. Close

• 56. [Article] Uncertainty in forest road hydrologic modeling and catchment scale assessment of forest road sediment yield

  The goal of this study was to advance methods for assessment of forest road hydrologic response and sediment yield at a catchment scale. This research looked at the effect of soil depth estimation on the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Uncertainty in forest road hydrologic modeling and catchment scale assessment of forest road sediment yield Author: Surfleet, Christopher G. The goal of this study was to advance methods for assessment of forest road hydrologic response and sediment yield at a catchment scale. This research looked at the effect of soil depth estimation on the Distributive Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM), assessed the uncertainty and accuracy of hydrologic modeling of forest roads by DHSVM, and evaluated the use of road runoff and sediment sampling for catchment scale road sediment estimates. The influence of soil depth estimation on DHSVM varied by spatial scale and hydrologic process modeled. Soil depth measurement improved DHSVM simulated streamflow and road ditchflow for the rising limb of the hydrograph with no improvements during baseflow. For site specific or small scale modeling a deterministic soil depth model fit to field measurements was best. For larger scale simulations of streamflow mean soil depth provided as good or better estimates. Considerable uncertainty in estimates of road hydrologic response was observed from DHSVM. DHSVM over predicted individual road discharges. As the spatial scale and temporal scale was increased the uncertainty in DHSVM results decreased. This suggests that model structures chosen for DHSVM would be better determined with internal catchment data, at smaller scales. The GLUE assessment showed that change detection analysis with DHSVM will be limited to sites or scales of the catchment that behavioral model structures can be identified. From this research it was determined that only the catchment scale simulations and a few individual road locations could be used for change detection. The storm runoff volumes and peak flows from road ditchflow had linear relationships with storm sediment load. These relationships had to be developed by classes of road locations and types in an intensively managed forest due to variability in road design, hydrologic response, and road use. Sediment from roads estimated from field measurements used with SEDMODL2 or WARSEM provided substantially lower estimates than without field measured adjustments. The use of road runoff for sediment estimation provided even lower catchment scale sediment results. DHSVM simulated road runoff for sediment estimation provided catchment scale results similar to the sediment yield estimated from observed road runoff. Title: Uncertainty in forest road hydrologic modeling and catchment scale assessment of forest road sediment yield Author: Surfleet, Christopher G. The goal of this study was to advance methods for assessment of forest road hydrologic response and sediment yield at a catchment scale. This research looked at the effect of soil depth estimation on the Distributive Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM), assessed the uncertainty and accuracy of hydrologic modeling of forest roads by DHSVM, and evaluated the use of road runoff and sediment sampling for catchment scale road sediment estimates. The influence of soil depth estimation on DHSVM varied by spatial scale and hydrologic process modeled. Soil depth measurement improved DHSVM simulated streamflow and road ditchflow for the rising limb of the hydrograph with no improvements during baseflow. For site specific or small scale modeling a deterministic soil depth model fit to field measurements was best. For larger scale simulations of streamflow mean soil depth provided as good or better estimates. Considerable uncertainty in estimates of road hydrologic response was observed from DHSVM. DHSVM over predicted individual road discharges. As the spatial scale and temporal scale was increased the uncertainty in DHSVM results decreased. This suggests that model structures chosen for DHSVM would be better determined with internal catchment data, at smaller scales. The GLUE assessment showed that change detection analysis with DHSVM will be limited to sites or scales of the catchment that behavioral model structures can be identified. From this research it was determined that only the catchment scale simulations and a few individual road locations could be used for change detection. The storm runoff volumes and peak flows from road ditchflow had linear relationships with storm sediment load. These relationships had to be developed by classes of road locations and types in an intensively managed forest due to variability in road design, hydrologic response, and road use. Sediment from roads estimated from field measurements used with SEDMODL2 or WARSEM provided substantially lower estimates than without field measured adjustments. The use of road runoff for sediment estimation provided even lower catchment scale sediment results. DHSVM simulated road runoff for sediment estimation provided catchment scale results similar to the sediment yield estimated from observed road runoff. Close

• 57. [Article] Multiscale assessment of thermal patterns and the distribution of chinook salmon in the John Day River Basin, Oregon

  This study examined the distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel unit, reach, and basin-wide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiscale assessment of thermal patterns and the distribution of chinook salmon in the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Torgersen, Christian E. This study examined the distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel unit, reach, and basin-wide spatial scales in both a wilderness stream and a disturbed stream in the John Day River basin in northeastern Oregon. Thermal remote sensing of holding and spawning reaches in the upper subbasins of the North Fork and Middle Fork John Day River provided spatially continuous maps of stream temperature. Multiscale associations between salmon and cool-water areas were assessed by overlaying thermal imagery with fish locations mapped during distributional surveys. Chinook salmon were distributed non-uniformly throughout each study area, indicating that salmon selected certain reaches within each subbasin. The coldest reaches available to salmon within the Middle Fork study areas were low gradient, unconstrained reaches where the cooling influence of groundwater flow was the most apparent. In the Middle Fork, the stream currently managed for grazing and timber harvest, water temperature differences were typically 1-2°C within riffle-pool sequences and 3-4°C among reaches. The reach level association between salmon distribution and stream temperature patterns at channel unit and reach level spatial scales was strongest in the warmest study reach, the Middle Fork, and weakest in the coldest study reach, the North Fork. Pools were the preferred habitat for adult spring chinook in both subbasins; however, riffles were used more in the North Fork, the coldest subbasin. This study identified the problems and also the benefits associated with stream temperature patchiness, or discontinuity, both in currently disturbed and in recovering riverine ecosystems. Connectivity among system components in aquatic ecosystems is generally considered necessary for maintaining long-term ecological health. However, it is heterogeneity in the landscape/hydrogeologic template that creates refuge patches in disturbed stream ecosystems, such as those in the John Day River basin. Our observations of thermal refugia occurring at multiple spatial scales, particularly in the Middle Fork John Day River, indicate that, although discontinuity may be an ecological warning sign, refuge patches in streams should also be viewed as expressions of restoration potential because they are functioning remnants of a once continuous, intact hydrologic system. Title: Multiscale assessment of thermal patterns and the distribution of chinook salmon in the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Torgersen, Christian E. This study examined the distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel unit, reach, and basin-wide spatial scales in both a wilderness stream and a disturbed stream in the John Day River basin in northeastern Oregon. Thermal remote sensing of holding and spawning reaches in the upper subbasins of the North Fork and Middle Fork John Day River provided spatially continuous maps of stream temperature. Multiscale associations between salmon and cool-water areas were assessed by overlaying thermal imagery with fish locations mapped during distributional surveys. Chinook salmon were distributed non-uniformly throughout each study area, indicating that salmon selected certain reaches within each subbasin. The coldest reaches available to salmon within the Middle Fork study areas were low gradient, unconstrained reaches where the cooling influence of groundwater flow was the most apparent. In the Middle Fork, the stream currently managed for grazing and timber harvest, water temperature differences were typically 1-2°C within riffle-pool sequences and 3-4°C among reaches. The reach level association between salmon distribution and stream temperature patterns at channel unit and reach level spatial scales was strongest in the warmest study reach, the Middle Fork, and weakest in the coldest study reach, the North Fork. Pools were the preferred habitat for adult spring chinook in both subbasins; however, riffles were used more in the North Fork, the coldest subbasin. This study identified the problems and also the benefits associated with stream temperature patchiness, or discontinuity, both in currently disturbed and in recovering riverine ecosystems. Connectivity among system components in aquatic ecosystems is generally considered necessary for maintaining long-term ecological health. However, it is heterogeneity in the landscape/hydrogeologic template that creates refuge patches in disturbed stream ecosystems, such as those in the John Day River basin. Our observations of thermal refugia occurring at multiple spatial scales, particularly in the Middle Fork John Day River, indicate that, although discontinuity may be an ecological warning sign, refuge patches in streams should also be viewed as expressions of restoration potential because they are functioning remnants of a once continuous, intact hydrologic system. Close

• 58. [Article] Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon

  First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Arsan, E. Leyla First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain west. Recent development of risk assessment models used to assess the likelihood and consequences of exotic parasite introduction, have strengthened the process of science-based decision-making in aquatic animal health. In the case of M. cerebralis, it is necessary to use a risk assessment model with two unique segments that clearly address the distinct life stages and respective hosts of the parasite separately. The studies described examine the probability of M. cerebralis introduction and establishment for two regions: the state of Alaska, and the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The Alaska risk assessment was based on the assumption that the parasite did not already occur in the state. However, in the process of validating this assumption, we documented the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the parasite in the state. The pathogen was identified in hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Anchorage area. Although this is the first detection of the parasite in Alaska, clinical whirling disease has never been documented in the state. To qualitatively assess the risk of further spread of M. cerebralis in Alaska, four potential routes of dissemination were examined: movement of fish by humans, natural dispersal (via migratory birds and stray anadromous salmon), recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. This research indicates the most likely pathway for M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish. In the Willamette River basin, Oregon, introduction of M. cerebralis has already occurred, though establishment appears limited to a single private hatchery. Introduction in this region was considered the most likely to occur as a result of human movements of fish. Straying anadromous salmonids were also assessed and were present in higher numbers than predicted. However, they were not infected with the parasite, and thus the probability for introduction by this route is low. The probability of introduction of the parasite varies throughout the Willamette River basin. Areas with the highest probability for M. cerebralis introduction were identified as the Clackamas and Santiam River subbasins. The Clackamas River has already experienced an introduction of the parasite, has the largest concentration of hatcheries (state, federal, and private), has a popular sport fishery, and is the closest major tributary to the enormous piscivorous bird-populations in the Columbia River estuary. The Santiam subbasin has a popular sport fishery, received the highest number of stray fish in the Willamette River basin, and has the second largest concentration of hatcheries in the Willamette River basin. Unique from introduction, establishment of the parasite is dependent upon several environmental and biological factors including: water temperatures, spatial/temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the parasite’s invertebrate host, Tubifex tubifex. The distribution, genetic composition and susceptibility of T. tubifex, were considered the most important factor in the ability of M. cerebralis to establish in both systems. Surveys of oligochaete populations were conducted in both study regions. In Alaska, T. tubifex was not detected from the southeast region and the apparent lack of appropriate tubificid hosts may prevent establishment in that part of the state. However, 4 lineages (I, III, IV, and VI) of the species were identified from southcentral Alaska. Lineage IV has not been previously been described in North America and its susceptibility to M. cerebralis was unknown. When lineage IV T. tubifex and 3 mixed-lineage (I, III, IV and VI) groups were exposed to M. cerebralis, only lineage III became infected under our experimental conditions. Thus, if the parasite were dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in southcentral Alaska, although detrimental effects on fish populations may be reduced as a result of the presence of non-susceptible lineages of T. tubifex. The probability of further establishment in this area is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the proximity to the known area of infection make conditions particularly appropriate. Similar to findings in Alaska, the Willamette River basin, Oregon also supports populations of susceptible T. tubifex. If the pathogen were introduced, probability of establishment is high in certain areas of the basin as all conditions are appropriate for propagation of the parasite life cycle. Tributaries to the mainstem Willamette River have the highest probability of establishment as these areas have the greatest numbers of susceptible T. tubifex. However, the abundance of resistant strains of T. tubifex could mitigate the effects of M. cerebralis if introduced. Management recommendations to reduce the likelihood of parasite dissemination are similar for Oregon and Alaska since human movement of fish and angler activities were considered the most likely routes of introduction for both regions. Based on this research, steps should also be taken to limit human movement of fish, whether by restricting carcass planting for stream enrichment in Oregon, or by prohibiting use of fish heads as bait in southcentral Alaska. The states should also allot resources to angler education and awareness of the effects of angler activity and recreation on dispersal of M. cerebralis. This could be done using a combination of brochures and signage at boat ramps describing how to prevent spread of aquatic nuisance species. Title: Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Arsan, E. Leyla First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain west. Recent development of risk assessment models used to assess the likelihood and consequences of exotic parasite introduction, have strengthened the process of science-based decision-making in aquatic animal health. In the case of M. cerebralis, it is necessary to use a risk assessment model with two unique segments that clearly address the distinct life stages and respective hosts of the parasite separately. The studies described examine the probability of M. cerebralis introduction and establishment for two regions: the state of Alaska, and the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The Alaska risk assessment was based on the assumption that the parasite did not already occur in the state. However, in the process of validating this assumption, we documented the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the parasite in the state. The pathogen was identified in hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Anchorage area. Although this is the first detection of the parasite in Alaska, clinical whirling disease has never been documented in the state. To qualitatively assess the risk of further spread of M. cerebralis in Alaska, four potential routes of dissemination were examined: movement of fish by humans, natural dispersal (via migratory birds and stray anadromous salmon), recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. This research indicates the most likely pathway for M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish. In the Willamette River basin, Oregon, introduction of M. cerebralis has already occurred, though establishment appears limited to a single private hatchery. Introduction in this region was considered the most likely to occur as a result of human movements of fish. Straying anadromous salmonids were also assessed and were present in higher numbers than predicted. However, they were not infected with the parasite, and thus the probability for introduction by this route is low. The probability of introduction of the parasite varies throughout the Willamette River basin. Areas with the highest probability for M. cerebralis introduction were identified as the Clackamas and Santiam River subbasins. The Clackamas River has already experienced an introduction of the parasite, has the largest concentration of hatcheries (state, federal, and private), has a popular sport fishery, and is the closest major tributary to the enormous piscivorous bird-populations in the Columbia River estuary. The Santiam subbasin has a popular sport fishery, received the highest number of stray fish in the Willamette River basin, and has the second largest concentration of hatcheries in the Willamette River basin. Unique from introduction, establishment of the parasite is dependent upon several environmental and biological factors including: water temperatures, spatial/temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the parasite’s invertebrate host, Tubifex tubifex. The distribution, genetic composition and susceptibility of T. tubifex, were considered the most important factor in the ability of M. cerebralis to establish in both systems. Surveys of oligochaete populations were conducted in both study regions. In Alaska, T. tubifex was not detected from the southeast region and the apparent lack of appropriate tubificid hosts may prevent establishment in that part of the state. However, 4 lineages (I, III, IV, and VI) of the species were identified from southcentral Alaska. Lineage IV has not been previously been described in North America and its susceptibility to M. cerebralis was unknown. When lineage IV T. tubifex and 3 mixed-lineage (I, III, IV and VI) groups were exposed to M. cerebralis, only lineage III became infected under our experimental conditions. Thus, if the parasite were dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in southcentral Alaska, although detrimental effects on fish populations may be reduced as a result of the presence of non-susceptible lineages of T. tubifex. The probability of further establishment in this area is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the proximity to the known area of infection make conditions particularly appropriate. Similar to findings in Alaska, the Willamette River basin, Oregon also supports populations of susceptible T. tubifex. If the pathogen were introduced, probability of establishment is high in certain areas of the basin as all conditions are appropriate for propagation of the parasite life cycle. Tributaries to the mainstem Willamette River have the highest probability of establishment as these areas have the greatest numbers of susceptible T. tubifex. However, the abundance of resistant strains of T. tubifex could mitigate the effects of M. cerebralis if introduced. Management recommendations to reduce the likelihood of parasite dissemination are similar for Oregon and Alaska since human movement of fish and angler activities were considered the most likely routes of introduction for both regions. Based on this research, steps should also be taken to limit human movement of fish, whether by restricting carcass planting for stream enrichment in Oregon, or by prohibiting use of fish heads as bait in southcentral Alaska. The states should also allot resources to angler education and awareness of the effects of angler activity and recreation on dispersal of M. cerebralis. This could be done using a combination of brochures and signage at boat ramps describing how to prevent spread of aquatic nuisance species. Close

• 59. [Article] Culvert assessment

  The Lower Nehalem Watershed Council utilized information from several sources to identify culverts in the watershed that are most likely to block migration of Coho. Our approach builds upon the GIS data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Culvert assessment The Lower Nehalem Watershed Council utilized information from several sources to identify culverts in the watershed that are most likely to block migration of Coho. Our approach builds upon the GIS data layers provided by Portland State as part of their assessment of the watershed. Additional data layers were obtained from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Coastal Landscape Analysis Modeling Study (CLAMS). Title: Culvert assessment The Lower Nehalem Watershed Council utilized information from several sources to identify culverts in the watershed that are most likely to block migration of Coho. Our approach builds upon the GIS data layers provided by Portland State as part of their assessment of the watershed. Additional data layers were obtained from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Coastal Landscape Analysis Modeling Study (CLAMS). Close

• 60. [Article] Silvies sub-basin assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Silvies sub-basin assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council, Maupin, Erin Title: Silvies sub-basin assessment Author: Harney County Watershed Council, Maupin, Erin Close

• 61. [Article] Biennial report : Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds : 2003-2005 : Vol. 2

  The 2003-2005 Biennial Report Volume 2 is an executive summary of Oregon's assessment of the Oregon Coastal Coho Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU). The assessment provides a detailed analysis that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biennial report : Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds : 2003-2005 : Vol. 2 Author: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds The 2003-2005 Biennial Report Volume 2 is an executive summary of Oregon's assessment of the Oregon Coastal Coho Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU). The assessment provides a detailed analysis that will inform the pending federal decision on whether to list coho as "threatened" under the Endangered Species Act. Sections of Volume 2 are available for download as Adobe Acrobat files from this page. If you would like to obtain a hard copy of the manual, please contact OWEB at 503-986-0178. The complete Assessment documents can be viewed at http://nrimp.dfw.state.or.us/OregonPlan/ Title: Biennial report : Oregon plan for salmon and watersheds : 2003-2005 : Vol. 2 Author: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds The 2003-2005 Biennial Report Volume 2 is an executive summary of Oregon's assessment of the Oregon Coastal Coho Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU). The assessment provides a detailed analysis that will inform the pending federal decision on whether to list coho as "threatened" under the Endangered Species Act. Sections of Volume 2 are available for download as Adobe Acrobat files from this page. If you would like to obtain a hard copy of the manual, please contact OWEB at 503-986-0178. The complete Assessment documents can be viewed at http://nrimp.dfw.state.or.us/OregonPlan/ Close

• 62. [Article] Results of storm sampling in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : review draft

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Results of storm sampling in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : review draft Author: Sullivan, Timothy J., Vache, Kellie B., Bischoff, Joseph M. Title: Results of storm sampling in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : review draft Author: Sullivan, Timothy J., Vache, Kellie B., Bischoff, Joseph M. Close

• 63. [Article] McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000

  This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000 Author: Thrailkil, Jim This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist of prioritization and planning for projects; project management and implementation; procurement of funding for long-term support of the Council; and watershed education/outreach program for residents and local schools. Key accomplishments in the area of project planning include coordinating: monthly Council and executive committee meetings; staffing the Upper Willamette Spring Chinook Working Group; staffing the water quality technical committee; and guiding education and stewardship projects. Key accomplishments in the area of project management include the completion of the McKenzie-Willamette Confluence Assessment; securing funds for project planning in the confluence area; near completion of the BPA funded McKenzie sub-basin assessment; development of a framework for a McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy; an evaluation of Council’s monitoring programs - ambient water quality, storm-event water quality, Tier III water quality, and macroinvertebrate monitoring. The Council, in cooperation with the McKenzie River Cooperative, completed habitat enhancements in the Gate Creek and Deer Creek sub-watersheds. This partnership recently submitted Bring Back the Natives grant for initiation of projects in other McKenzie tributaries. The Council will also be working with a local business to develop a river-side riparian enhancement and native landscaping project on the lodge grounds. This will serve as a demonstration project for blending fish and wildlife habitat concerns with maintaining grounds for business opportunities. Accomplishments in the area of procurement of funding included developing the FY2000 Scope of Work and budget for approval by the Council and BPA; providing quarterly budget and work program progress reports to the Council; and securing additional funding from Council partner organizations and foundations. Highlights in the area of watershed education/outreach include the MWC’s lead role in convening the Watershed Education Network for teachers as part of its educational mission; production of newsletters and brochures; and coordination of media coverage of watershed-related issues. MWC completed all tasks outlined in the FY2000 Scope of Work with the following staff: Watershed Coordinator (1.0 FTE), Project Coordinator (.25 FTE), and Education Coordinator (0.5 FTE). Coordination of these activities by MWC improves resource stewardship and protects fish and wildlife habitat through increased collaboration among Federal, state, and local government agencies, and landowners within the watershed. Increasing awareness and expanding knowledge affects behavior positively and promotes attitudes that encourage watershed stewardship. During Fiscal Year 2001, MWC intends to focus on an Implementation Strategy based on the McKenzie sub-basin assessment results; implementation of projects recommended from the McKenzie-Willamette confluence assessment; and increasing its presence at the local level through contact with watershed residents and groups. Title: McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000 Author: Thrailkil, Jim This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist of prioritization and planning for projects; project management and implementation; procurement of funding for long-term support of the Council; and watershed education/outreach program for residents and local schools. Key accomplishments in the area of project planning include coordinating: monthly Council and executive committee meetings; staffing the Upper Willamette Spring Chinook Working Group; staffing the water quality technical committee; and guiding education and stewardship projects. Key accomplishments in the area of project management include the completion of the McKenzie-Willamette Confluence Assessment; securing funds for project planning in the confluence area; near completion of the BPA funded McKenzie sub-basin assessment; development of a framework for a McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy; an evaluation of Council’s monitoring programs - ambient water quality, storm-event water quality, Tier III water quality, and macroinvertebrate monitoring. The Council, in cooperation with the McKenzie River Cooperative, completed habitat enhancements in the Gate Creek and Deer Creek sub-watersheds. This partnership recently submitted Bring Back the Natives grant for initiation of projects in other McKenzie tributaries. The Council will also be working with a local business to develop a river-side riparian enhancement and native landscaping project on the lodge grounds. This will serve as a demonstration project for blending fish and wildlife habitat concerns with maintaining grounds for business opportunities. Accomplishments in the area of procurement of funding included developing the FY2000 Scope of Work and budget for approval by the Council and BPA; providing quarterly budget and work program progress reports to the Council; and securing additional funding from Council partner organizations and foundations. Highlights in the area of watershed education/outreach include the MWC’s lead role in convening the Watershed Education Network for teachers as part of its educational mission; production of newsletters and brochures; and coordination of media coverage of watershed-related issues. MWC completed all tasks outlined in the FY2000 Scope of Work with the following staff: Watershed Coordinator (1.0 FTE), Project Coordinator (.25 FTE), and Education Coordinator (0.5 FTE). Coordination of these activities by MWC improves resource stewardship and protects fish and wildlife habitat through increased collaboration among Federal, state, and local government agencies, and landowners within the watershed. Increasing awareness and expanding knowledge affects behavior positively and promotes attitudes that encourage watershed stewardship. During Fiscal Year 2001, MWC intends to focus on an Implementation Strategy based on the McKenzie sub-basin assessment results; implementation of projects recommended from the McKenzie-Willamette confluence assessment; and increasing its presence at the local level through contact with watershed residents and groups. Close

• 64. [Article] Assessment of Water Quality Monitoring in Oregon’s Estuaries: Case Study of a Watershed Council Volunteer Monitoring Program

  This project examined a watershed council sponsored volunteer estuary water quality monitoring program, from initial implementation to program status five years later. In addition, literature research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of Water Quality Monitoring in Oregon’s Estuaries: Case Study of a Watershed Council Volunteer Monitoring Program Author: Kolkemo, Emily This project examined a watershed council sponsored volunteer estuary water quality monitoring program, from initial implementation to program status five years later. In addition, literature research and interviews with estuarine experts were conducted in an attempt to devise strategies to strengthen estuary water quality monitoring programs within the state of Oregon. I assisted in the implementation of the volunteer water quality monitoring program for a watershed council, then reviewed the current status of the program five years later. Based upon this assessment, I found that the initial goals of the program had been met, but I also found that the program had been altered. While the goals of the program have stayed relatively the same, the way in which they are met has been changed to meet new objectives. This adaptive management approach has allowed integration of the program within many watershed council activities, from educational endeavors to expanded monitoring within the upper watershed. Volunteers, from schoolchildren to adults, have been instrumental in collecting scientifically credible data, and the program has been an effective tool to educate people of all ages about estuarine and water quality issues. While this particular program has been successful over the long term, the estuarine component of the program has been de-emphasized. The reduced emphasis on the estuary may be due in part on limited funding for monitoring, and the difficulty associated with assessing restoration needs (a major activity of watershed councils) based on estuarine water quality. Overall, a more coordinated approach needs to be taken with estuary water quality monitoring in Oregon. While many different groups, such as watershed councils, should and can conduct actual field monitoring activities, implementation and oversight should be coordinated through state, federal, tribal, private, and nonprofit entities that have an interest and role in Oregon’s estuaries. Title: Assessment of Water Quality Monitoring in Oregon’s Estuaries: Case Study of a Watershed Council Volunteer Monitoring Program Author: Kolkemo, Emily This project examined a watershed council sponsored volunteer estuary water quality monitoring program, from initial implementation to program status five years later. In addition, literature research and interviews with estuarine experts were conducted in an attempt to devise strategies to strengthen estuary water quality monitoring programs within the state of Oregon. I assisted in the implementation of the volunteer water quality monitoring program for a watershed council, then reviewed the current status of the program five years later. Based upon this assessment, I found that the initial goals of the program had been met, but I also found that the program had been altered. While the goals of the program have stayed relatively the same, the way in which they are met has been changed to meet new objectives. This adaptive management approach has allowed integration of the program within many watershed council activities, from educational endeavors to expanded monitoring within the upper watershed. Volunteers, from schoolchildren to adults, have been instrumental in collecting scientifically credible data, and the program has been an effective tool to educate people of all ages about estuarine and water quality issues. While this particular program has been successful over the long term, the estuarine component of the program has been de-emphasized. The reduced emphasis on the estuary may be due in part on limited funding for monitoring, and the difficulty associated with assessing restoration needs (a major activity of watershed councils) based on estuarine water quality. Overall, a more coordinated approach needs to be taken with estuary water quality monitoring in Oregon. While many different groups, such as watershed councils, should and can conduct actual field monitoring activities, implementation and oversight should be coordinated through state, federal, tribal, private, and nonprofit entities that have an interest and role in Oregon’s estuaries. Close

• 65. [Article] The influence of contemporary forest management on stream nutrient concentrations in an industrialized forest in the Oregon Cascades

  The increased demand for wood and fiber from a continually shrinking land base has resulted in the use of intensively managed forest plantations. The concentration of timber production on the most suitable ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of contemporary forest management on stream nutrient concentrations in an industrialized forest in the Oregon Cascades Author: Meininger, William Scott The increased demand for wood and fiber from a continually shrinking land base has resulted in the use of intensively managed forest plantations. The concentration of timber production on the most suitable sites allows the world's demand for forest products to be met on less land and enable native forests to be conserved. Because much of the water flowing in rivers in the U.S. originates as precipitation in forests, there is a justified concern about the impacts of forest management on water quality. Nutrient concentrations were measured in eight streams from October 2002 to September 2011 to assess nutrient response to contemporary forest practices at the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study in the Oregon Cascades. This period of time included a two-year pre-treatment calibration between control and treatment watersheds, a fertilization treatment of both basins in October 2004, and a post-treatment period from 2005 to 2011. A treatment schedule comprised of two temporally explicit harvest entries was used to assess the effects of clearcutting at the non-fish-bearing headwater scale and the fish-bearing watershed scale. Stream water samples were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate, chloride, and silicon as well as specific conductance, pH, and alkalinity. Programmable water samplers were used to take water samples during fall freshets in November 2009 to assess the stream water discharge versus NO₃ + NO₂ concentration relationship. All treatment watersheds showed a statistically significant increase in NO₃ + NO₂ concentrations after clearcutting (p < 0.001). The slope of the streambed through the disturbance was a stronger predictor of the magnitude of the response than was the magnitude of disturbance. Ammonia and organic nitrogen displayed notable increases after harvest treatment, but these increases were attributed to increases in the control watersheds. Phosphorus showed a response to timber harvest in one headwater stream. The remaining nutrients showed a small decrease in the control and treatment watersheds for the period after harvest. There was some evidence to suggest that the addition of urea nitrogen to both basins may have caused an increase in in-stream biota uptake of these nutrients. The storm response results showed that NO₃ + NO₂ concentrations in stream water increase with discharge during small storms that occur after periods of negligible precipitation. Concentrations of NO₃ + NO₂ observed during the calibration period were similar to concentrations observed in an old-growth forest in the H.J. Andrews, suggesting that nutrient processing within the Hinkle Creek watershed had returned to levels that existed prior to its initial harvest sixty years ago. This finding helps to assess long-term impacts of shorter rotation timber harvest of regenerated Douglas-fir stands characteristic of industrialized timber harvest in Oregon. Title: The influence of contemporary forest management on stream nutrient concentrations in an industrialized forest in the Oregon Cascades Author: Meininger, William Scott The increased demand for wood and fiber from a continually shrinking land base has resulted in the use of intensively managed forest plantations. The concentration of timber production on the most suitable sites allows the world's demand for forest products to be met on less land and enable native forests to be conserved. Because much of the water flowing in rivers in the U.S. originates as precipitation in forests, there is a justified concern about the impacts of forest management on water quality. Nutrient concentrations were measured in eight streams from October 2002 to September 2011 to assess nutrient response to contemporary forest practices at the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study in the Oregon Cascades. This period of time included a two-year pre-treatment calibration between control and treatment watersheds, a fertilization treatment of both basins in October 2004, and a post-treatment period from 2005 to 2011. A treatment schedule comprised of two temporally explicit harvest entries was used to assess the effects of clearcutting at the non-fish-bearing headwater scale and the fish-bearing watershed scale. Stream water samples were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate, chloride, and silicon as well as specific conductance, pH, and alkalinity. Programmable water samplers were used to take water samples during fall freshets in November 2009 to assess the stream water discharge versus NO₃ + NO₂ concentration relationship. All treatment watersheds showed a statistically significant increase in NO₃ + NO₂ concentrations after clearcutting (p < 0.001). The slope of the streambed through the disturbance was a stronger predictor of the magnitude of the response than was the magnitude of disturbance. Ammonia and organic nitrogen displayed notable increases after harvest treatment, but these increases were attributed to increases in the control watersheds. Phosphorus showed a response to timber harvest in one headwater stream. The remaining nutrients showed a small decrease in the control and treatment watersheds for the period after harvest. There was some evidence to suggest that the addition of urea nitrogen to both basins may have caused an increase in in-stream biota uptake of these nutrients. The storm response results showed that NO₃ + NO₂ concentrations in stream water increase with discharge during small storms that occur after periods of negligible precipitation. Concentrations of NO₃ + NO₂ observed during the calibration period were similar to concentrations observed in an old-growth forest in the H.J. Andrews, suggesting that nutrient processing within the Hinkle Creek watershed had returned to levels that existed prior to its initial harvest sixty years ago. This finding helps to assess long-term impacts of shorter rotation timber harvest of regenerated Douglas-fir stands characteristic of industrialized timber harvest in Oregon. Close

• 66. [Article] Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon

  This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bio-Surveys, LLC, Sialis Company This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary of Devil’s Lake, a lake of natural origin that opens into the Pacific Ocean at the northern edge of Lincoln City, OR. The goal of the restoration effort has been to identify the dominant processes and habitat characteristics that currently limit the production of Coho salmon smolts in the basin, and to develop a prioritized list of actions (“prescriptions”) for removing the limitations in ways that normalize landscape and stream channel function. Restoration and assessment protocols used in developing the plan are described in “Midcoast Limiting Factors Analysis, A Method for Assessing 6th field subbasins for Restoration”, available at www.midcoastwatershedcouncil.org/GIS or by contacting the Midcoast Watersheds Council. Please refer to this document for detailed information on assessment, nomenclature, prioritization rationale and methodology. Title: Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bio-Surveys, LLC, Sialis Company This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary of Devil’s Lake, a lake of natural origin that opens into the Pacific Ocean at the northern edge of Lincoln City, OR. The goal of the restoration effort has been to identify the dominant processes and habitat characteristics that currently limit the production of Coho salmon smolts in the basin, and to develop a prioritized list of actions (“prescriptions”) for removing the limitations in ways that normalize landscape and stream channel function. Restoration and assessment protocols used in developing the plan are described in “Midcoast Limiting Factors Analysis, A Method for Assessing 6th field subbasins for Restoration”, available at www.midcoastwatershedcouncil.org/GIS or by contacting the Midcoast Watersheds Council. Please refer to this document for detailed information on assessment, nomenclature, prioritization rationale and methodology. Close

• 67. [Article] OWEB coastal storm assessment project : final report

  The purpose of this report is to characterize the December 2007 storm and long-term storm variability along the Oregon and Washington coast, present the results of a rapid assessment of randomly selected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OWEB coastal storm assessment project : final report Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Marine Resource Management Program, Oregon Sea Grant The purpose of this report is to characterize the December 2007 storm and long-term storm variability along the Oregon and Washington coast, present the results of a rapid assessment of randomly selected OWEB restoration projects (restoration activities including large wood placement, fish passage, and riparian planting), and based on the characterization and field assessment provide an assessment of the robustness of OWEB restoration practices relative to the December 2007 storm. Title: OWEB coastal storm assessment project : final report Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Marine Resource Management Program, Oregon Sea Grant The purpose of this report is to characterize the December 2007 storm and long-term storm variability along the Oregon and Washington coast, present the results of a rapid assessment of randomly selected OWEB restoration projects (restoration activities including large wood placement, fish passage, and riparian planting), and based on the characterization and field assessment provide an assessment of the robustness of OWEB restoration practices relative to the December 2007 storm. Close

• 68. [Article] Utility of a needs assessment as an initial outreach tool: a case study of recovery planning for the threatened Oregon Coast Coho Salmon

  Outreach is a key element in natural resource public participation processes in order to create an engaging, thoughtful, and productive environment for citizen involved decision-making. This project examined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utility of a needs assessment as an initial outreach tool: a case study of recovery planning for the threatened Oregon Coast Coho Salmon Author: Lohrman, Bridgette A. Outreach is a key element in natural resource public participation processes in order to create an engaging, thoughtful, and productive environment for citizen involved decision-making. This project examined the utility of a needs assessment as an initial outreach tool within the context of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries (NOAA Fisheries) recovery planning for the Threatened Oregon Coast coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). I conducted an informational needs assessment of the Oregon watershed councils which reside within the area of the listed coho salmon evolutionarily significant unit. Through the use of the needs assessment, I was able to ascertain the informational needs of the watershed council coordinators regarding coho salmon topics, identify the resources coordinators use for this information, understand their usage of web sites, and learn their preferred mechanism of communication for recovery planning information. From collecting this information, I provide recommendations to NOAA Fisheries for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of their recovery planning outreach strategies and discuss the utility of the needs assessment as a tool for outreach personnel. Title: Utility of a needs assessment as an initial outreach tool: a case study of recovery planning for the threatened Oregon Coast Coho Salmon Author: Lohrman, Bridgette A. Outreach is a key element in natural resource public participation processes in order to create an engaging, thoughtful, and productive environment for citizen involved decision-making. This project examined the utility of a needs assessment as an initial outreach tool within the context of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries (NOAA Fisheries) recovery planning for the Threatened Oregon Coast coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). I conducted an informational needs assessment of the Oregon watershed councils which reside within the area of the listed coho salmon evolutionarily significant unit. Through the use of the needs assessment, I was able to ascertain the informational needs of the watershed council coordinators regarding coho salmon topics, identify the resources coordinators use for this information, understand their usage of web sites, and learn their preferred mechanism of communication for recovery planning information. From collecting this information, I provide recommendations to NOAA Fisheries for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of their recovery planning outreach strategies and discuss the utility of the needs assessment as a tool for outreach personnel. Close

• 69. [Article] Analysis of land use/land cover and the frequency of bankfull flow in selected salmon habitat recovery streams in the Pacific Northwest using GIS

  Bankfull discharge is an important indicator of streamfiow and affects physical instream habitat. Geographic Information Systems (G IS), hydrologic modeling, and statistical analysis were utilized to assess ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of land use/land cover and the frequency of bankfull flow in selected salmon habitat recovery streams in the Pacific Northwest using GIS Author: Whelan, Franziska Bankfull discharge is an important indicator of streamfiow and affects physical instream habitat. Geographic Information Systems (G IS), hydrologic modeling, and statistical analysis were utilized to assess the relationship of bankfull discharge recurrence intervals and land use / land cover watershed wide and for stream adjacent buffers and bands of varying widths. Land use I land cover was determined for watersheds and stream adjacent zones along salmon habitat recovery streams in 71 large Pacific Northwest watersheds. Watersheds were defined using an integrated methodology for watershed delineation relying on the ArcView Spatial Analyst Hydrologic Modeling extension. Databases include field collected data, gaging station data, USGS land use / land cover data, USGS digital elevation models, a stream network coverage, and supplemental data. Data were analyzed using ArcView, ArcView Spatial Analyst with the Hydrologic Modeling extension, Arclnfo, and S-PLUS. Land use alterations at the watershed scale were found to affect the frequency of critical streamfiow events. Bankfull flow occurs more frequently in watersheds with high percentages of agricultural or urban land use. This study recommends land use / land cover assessment at the watershed scale to be an important consideration in river restoration and other stream management efforts. Stream adjacent land use / land cover is significantly correlated to bankfull discharge recurrence interval and corresponding flood risk. This dissertation, therefore, proposes two new analytical techniques that evaluate spatial patterns of land use / land cover and their influences on flood risk for large watersheds. The Critical Zone Management Model presented in this study is designed to aid land managers in the assessment of flood risk for large watersheds. A Land Use Runoff index (LUR-index) suggests stream corridor sensitive zones should be larger than presently delineated in land and watershed planning. Land use I land cover within this sensitive zone is strongly correlated to streamfiow. This research may further be used for future watershed management considerations, and flood risk prediction studies Title: Analysis of land use/land cover and the frequency of bankfull flow in selected salmon habitat recovery streams in the Pacific Northwest using GIS Author: Whelan, Franziska Bankfull discharge is an important indicator of streamfiow and affects physical instream habitat. Geographic Information Systems (G IS), hydrologic modeling, and statistical analysis were utilized to assess the relationship of bankfull discharge recurrence intervals and land use / land cover watershed wide and for stream adjacent buffers and bands of varying widths. Land use I land cover was determined for watersheds and stream adjacent zones along salmon habitat recovery streams in 71 large Pacific Northwest watersheds. Watersheds were defined using an integrated methodology for watershed delineation relying on the ArcView Spatial Analyst Hydrologic Modeling extension. Databases include field collected data, gaging station data, USGS land use / land cover data, USGS digital elevation models, a stream network coverage, and supplemental data. Data were analyzed using ArcView, ArcView Spatial Analyst with the Hydrologic Modeling extension, Arclnfo, and S-PLUS. Land use alterations at the watershed scale were found to affect the frequency of critical streamfiow events. Bankfull flow occurs more frequently in watersheds with high percentages of agricultural or urban land use. This study recommends land use / land cover assessment at the watershed scale to be an important consideration in river restoration and other stream management efforts. Stream adjacent land use / land cover is significantly correlated to bankfull discharge recurrence interval and corresponding flood risk. This dissertation, therefore, proposes two new analytical techniques that evaluate spatial patterns of land use / land cover and their influences on flood risk for large watersheds. The Critical Zone Management Model presented in this study is designed to aid land managers in the assessment of flood risk for large watersheds. A Land Use Runoff index (LUR-index) suggests stream corridor sensitive zones should be larger than presently delineated in land and watershed planning. Land use I land cover within this sensitive zone is strongly correlated to streamfiow. This research may further be used for future watershed management considerations, and flood risk prediction studies Close

• 70. [Article] Biennial report--The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds 2001-2003

  This is the fourth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The first three reports focused on people – their stories and their efforts to restore watershed health and recover listed fish species. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biennial report--The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds 2001-2003 Author: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds This is the fourth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The first three reports focused on people – their stories and their efforts to restore watershed health and recover listed fish species. While these earlier reports contained what little information was available regarding the quantitative aspects of Oregon Plan work and investments, this document is quite different. This document provides the first template for a detailed account, on basin and statewide scales, of numbers, kinds, locations and values of work and investments related to watershed restoration, water quality enhancements, and fish recovery. This first effort to meet the Oregon Legislature’s charge to OWEB to assess ongoing Oregon Plan implementation efforts represents a huge step forward – a summary of place-based accomplishments, investments, restoration issues, and challenges. It also lays the groundwork for more precisely defined restoration and investment priorities for each basin based on broad community and technical agreement. Future reports will be presented in the context of these agreed upon priorities, and we hope will provide continuity for judging Oregon’s progress in this important endeavor we call The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Thanks are due to the many Oregonians who have helped provide information, time, and support developing this report – and to all those who have supported the Oregon Plan. Title: Biennial report--The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds 2001-2003 Author: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds This is the fourth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The first three reports focused on people – their stories and their efforts to restore watershed health and recover listed fish species. While these earlier reports contained what little information was available regarding the quantitative aspects of Oregon Plan work and investments, this document is quite different. This document provides the first template for a detailed account, on basin and statewide scales, of numbers, kinds, locations and values of work and investments related to watershed restoration, water quality enhancements, and fish recovery. This first effort to meet the Oregon Legislature’s charge to OWEB to assess ongoing Oregon Plan implementation efforts represents a huge step forward – a summary of place-based accomplishments, investments, restoration issues, and challenges. It also lays the groundwork for more precisely defined restoration and investment priorities for each basin based on broad community and technical agreement. Future reports will be presented in the context of these agreed upon priorities, and we hope will provide continuity for judging Oregon’s progress in this important endeavor we call The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Thanks are due to the many Oregonians who have helped provide information, time, and support developing this report – and to all those who have supported the Oregon Plan. Close

• 71. [Article] Modeling climate, vegetation, and water balance at landscape to regional scales

  The general objective of this study was to develop models and datasets that would significantly advance our ability to assess the current and future effects of global change on the biosphere. The focus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling climate, vegetation, and water balance at landscape to regional scales Author: Daly, Christopher The general objective of this study was to develop models and datasets that would significantly advance our ability to assess the current and future effects of global change on the biosphere. The focus was in two areas: (1) preparing environmental datasets at regional to small watershed scales; and (2) developing models to simulate the interactions of climate, hydrology and vegetation distribution at the small watershed/landscape scale. The PRISM modeling system, a method for mapping monthly precipitation over complex terrain, was presented and evaluated. PRISM (Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) brings a unique combination of climatological and statistical concepts to the mapping of orographic (terrain-induced) precipitation, and is very useful in preparing gridded precipitation datasets. Using PRISM and other tools, gridded climate, vegetation, and soils datasets were developed for the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, a small basin in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. The datasets were prepared at a 200-m pixel resolution, and consisted of monthly total precipitation, and mean monthly temperature, vapor pressure, and wind speed for the calendar years 1984, 1985, and 1986. The general methods used in developing these datasets are applicable to other mountainous watersheds in which elevation is the primary determinant of the spatial variability in climatic parameters. The Reynolds Creek datasets were then used in the development of a spatially explicit, hydrology/vegetation distribution model for use in small- to medium-size watersheds. The model was a hybrid of the MAPSS (Mapped Atmosphere Plant-Soil-System) biogeographical model and the Wigmosta hydrology-vegetation model. The intent was to assess the potential for reconfiguring MAPSS, originally developed at a continental scale, to simulate the three-dimensional processes that dominate vegetation and hydrologic patterns at the watershed/landscape scale. The hybrid model, termed MAPSS-W (MAPSS-Watershed), performed well in simulating daily fluctuations in snowpack, basin discharge, and leaf area of non-woody vegetation. Title: Modeling climate, vegetation, and water balance at landscape to regional scales Author: Daly, Christopher The general objective of this study was to develop models and datasets that would significantly advance our ability to assess the current and future effects of global change on the biosphere. The focus was in two areas: (1) preparing environmental datasets at regional to small watershed scales; and (2) developing models to simulate the interactions of climate, hydrology and vegetation distribution at the small watershed/landscape scale. The PRISM modeling system, a method for mapping monthly precipitation over complex terrain, was presented and evaluated. PRISM (Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) brings a unique combination of climatological and statistical concepts to the mapping of orographic (terrain-induced) precipitation, and is very useful in preparing gridded precipitation datasets. Using PRISM and other tools, gridded climate, vegetation, and soils datasets were developed for the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, a small basin in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. The datasets were prepared at a 200-m pixel resolution, and consisted of monthly total precipitation, and mean monthly temperature, vapor pressure, and wind speed for the calendar years 1984, 1985, and 1986. The general methods used in developing these datasets are applicable to other mountainous watersheds in which elevation is the primary determinant of the spatial variability in climatic parameters. The Reynolds Creek datasets were then used in the development of a spatially explicit, hydrology/vegetation distribution model for use in small- to medium-size watersheds. The model was a hybrid of the MAPSS (Mapped Atmosphere Plant-Soil-System) biogeographical model and the Wigmosta hydrology-vegetation model. The intent was to assess the potential for reconfiguring MAPSS, originally developed at a continental scale, to simulate the three-dimensional processes that dominate vegetation and hydrologic patterns at the watershed/landscape scale. The hybrid model, termed MAPSS-W (MAPSS-Watershed), performed well in simulating daily fluctuations in snowpack, basin discharge, and leaf area of non-woody vegetation. Close

• 72. [Article] USDA report on water and related land resources, Powder Drainage Basin, Oregon : based on a cooperative survey by the State Water Resources Board of Oregon and the United States Department of Agriculture : report

  This report presents information concerning the water and related land resources of the Powder Drainage Basin. Its purpose is (1) to provide information on the past and present uses of water and related ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: USDA report on water and related land resources, Powder Drainage Basin, Oregon : based on a cooperative survey by the State Water Resources Board of Oregon and the United States Department of Agriculture : report Author: USDA Field Advisory Committee, USDA Oregon River Basin Survey Party, United States. Forest Service, United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, United States. Soil Conservation Service, Oregon. State Water Resources Board This report presents information concerning the water and related land resources of the Powder Drainage Basin. Its purpose is (1) to provide information on the past and present uses of water and related land resources; (2) to supply the production data from the use of these resources; (3) to assess the magnitude of water-related problems such as erosion, flooding, and drainage; (4) to indicate the probable direction of future use of water and land for agriculture and forestry in comparison to competing uses; and (5) to outline a general program for water and land resource management as a background for future detailed study and planning. Title: USDA report on water and related land resources, Powder Drainage Basin, Oregon : based on a cooperative survey by the State Water Resources Board of Oregon and the United States Department of Agriculture : report Author: USDA Field Advisory Committee, USDA Oregon River Basin Survey Party, United States. Forest Service, United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, United States. Soil Conservation Service, Oregon. State Water Resources Board This report presents information concerning the water and related land resources of the Powder Drainage Basin. Its purpose is (1) to provide information on the past and present uses of water and related land resources; (2) to supply the production data from the use of these resources; (3) to assess the magnitude of water-related problems such as erosion, flooding, and drainage; (4) to indicate the probable direction of future use of water and land for agriculture and forestry in comparison to competing uses; and (5) to outline a general program for water and land resource management as a background for future detailed study and planning. Close

• 73. [Article] Relationships, communication, and power in Willamette Valley watershed councils : toward building resilient collaborative pathways

  The purpose of this research is to investigate how stakeholders involved in collaborative watershed groups in Oregon work with each other to form ideas and take action. Most collaboration efforts include ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships, communication, and power in Willamette Valley watershed councils : toward building resilient collaborative pathways Author: Myhre, Andrea L. The purpose of this research is to investigate how stakeholders involved in collaborative watershed groups in Oregon work with each other to form ideas and take action. Most collaboration efforts include encouraging a high level of trust with a great value placed on relationships and partners, being open and flexible, and involving multiple parties who share power, which is very different from traditional command-and- control approaches to environmental problems. Collaboration is currently a popular tool in environmental management but some criticize that it allows for more control over resources by interest groups or that these efforts are simply another layer of government bureaucracy. I studied the process of the collaborative approach in four watershed councils in the Willamette Basin, specifically focusing on collaboration concepts of relationship building, open communication, and shared power, as well as how they might be related to each other. I felt that watershed councils were probably not practicing collaboration due to variables such as stakeholders' value differences, political ecology dynamics in the watershed, or organizational issues which did not support collaboration components. The methodology I used to explore these questions primarily involved a systems approach and included cultural anthropology techniques in social network analysis, participant observation, and interviewing. However, because these concepts each involved a number of elements, I utilized a number of different quantitative analysis and mapping methods to help me see other possible trends that supported or redirected themes I drew from my data. To better understand power and centrality issues, I constructed sociograms based on communication patterns between collaborators as well as a power-index for each member of the project. I also researched background information related to the political ecology of each watershed to better understand outside influences that might be affecting the way collaboration concepts were being practiced by councils. Results suggested that collaboration is widely understood and appreciated by project and watershed council participants, who also trusted the councils to address their ideas and concerns. Collaboration does lead to relationship-building between participants across interest groups, especially between professionals and other citizen stakeholders. Previous relationships between landowners are important in helping to recruit participants and facilitate communication from council leadership to members. Project leaders tend to be government officials because of their position and knowledge. Also, relationships between stakeholders and agency employees are key to the initial development of projects, likely for the same reason. However, agency participants seem to play a position of acting as project facilitator instead of project director, helping to support collaboration concepts. In cases where collaboration concepts are not being practiced, other levels of influences such as social conditions or organizational problems are disrupting this balance. Comparing adaptive cycle and panarchy models - which center on system properties of capital, connectedness, and resilience - to collaboration concepts, which involve similar ideas, is helpful in assessing why collaboration is not working and how these situations can be remedied. Relationships between different levels of adaptive cycles affecting the watersheds can support or derail collaboration in councils. If the human community in the watershed is in turmoil, more energy in the form of strong councils may be needed to overcome this negative state. Watershed councils and their partners, such as OWEB, need to invest in effective organizational management strategies in order to maintain flexible connectedness, or a strong adaptive organizational structure in the councils. Agencies can also play a critical role by assigning and training staff to act as technical advisors and project facilitators, so that councils can focus on building the capacity of their organizations. Title: Relationships, communication, and power in Willamette Valley watershed councils : toward building resilient collaborative pathways Author: Myhre, Andrea L. The purpose of this research is to investigate how stakeholders involved in collaborative watershed groups in Oregon work with each other to form ideas and take action. Most collaboration efforts include encouraging a high level of trust with a great value placed on relationships and partners, being open and flexible, and involving multiple parties who share power, which is very different from traditional command-and- control approaches to environmental problems. Collaboration is currently a popular tool in environmental management but some criticize that it allows for more control over resources by interest groups or that these efforts are simply another layer of government bureaucracy. I studied the process of the collaborative approach in four watershed councils in the Willamette Basin, specifically focusing on collaboration concepts of relationship building, open communication, and shared power, as well as how they might be related to each other. I felt that watershed councils were probably not practicing collaboration due to variables such as stakeholders' value differences, political ecology dynamics in the watershed, or organizational issues which did not support collaboration components. The methodology I used to explore these questions primarily involved a systems approach and included cultural anthropology techniques in social network analysis, participant observation, and interviewing. However, because these concepts each involved a number of elements, I utilized a number of different quantitative analysis and mapping methods to help me see other possible trends that supported or redirected themes I drew from my data. To better understand power and centrality issues, I constructed sociograms based on communication patterns between collaborators as well as a power-index for each member of the project. I also researched background information related to the political ecology of each watershed to better understand outside influences that might be affecting the way collaboration concepts were being practiced by councils. Results suggested that collaboration is widely understood and appreciated by project and watershed council participants, who also trusted the councils to address their ideas and concerns. Collaboration does lead to relationship-building between participants across interest groups, especially between professionals and other citizen stakeholders. Previous relationships between landowners are important in helping to recruit participants and facilitate communication from council leadership to members. Project leaders tend to be government officials because of their position and knowledge. Also, relationships between stakeholders and agency employees are key to the initial development of projects, likely for the same reason. However, agency participants seem to play a position of acting as project facilitator instead of project director, helping to support collaboration concepts. In cases where collaboration concepts are not being practiced, other levels of influences such as social conditions or organizational problems are disrupting this balance. Comparing adaptive cycle and panarchy models - which center on system properties of capital, connectedness, and resilience - to collaboration concepts, which involve similar ideas, is helpful in assessing why collaboration is not working and how these situations can be remedied. Relationships between different levels of adaptive cycles affecting the watersheds can support or derail collaboration in councils. If the human community in the watershed is in turmoil, more energy in the form of strong councils may be needed to overcome this negative state. Watershed councils and their partners, such as OWEB, need to invest in effective organizational management strategies in order to maintain flexible connectedness, or a strong adaptive organizational structure in the councils. Agencies can also play a critical role by assigning and training staff to act as technical advisors and project facilitators, so that councils can focus on building the capacity of their organizations. Close

• 74. [Article] Assessing the Current State of Transboundary Cooperation in the International Columbia River Basin

  The Columbia River Treaty (CRT) is often used as an example of how treaties can work to normalize, regulate, and improve the cooperative management of shared water resources between basin countries. Few ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the Current State of Transboundary Cooperation in the International Columbia River Basin Author: Timboe, Ingrid A. The Columbia River Treaty (CRT) is often used as an example of how treaties can work to normalize, regulate, and improve the cooperative management of shared water resources between basin countries. Few would argue that, in its limited mandate to regulate hydropower generation and flood risk management for downstream communities, the CRT has been anything but a success. However, there are many aspects of water resource management, including water quality, aquatic species, and indigenous peoples' rights and responsibilities that are left unaddressed by the Treaty. These issues are of increasing importance to managers and stakeholders in river basins around the world. This paper asks, in the absence of a formal agreement governing these issues, are the United States and Canada coordinating the broader management of the Columbia River and its international tributaries? If so, around which water resource issues do they collaborate and at what level? If not, do these gaps in co-management negatively affect the basin? In order to assess the current state of transboundary water cooperation between the United States and Canada within the basin, 50 transboundary initiatives were identified and categorized into management categories including: ecosystem function, fish passage & habitat, climate change, invasive species or toxics management, and energy. Interviews were then conducted with 34 natural resource managers throughout the international basin on their work with these initiatives, specifically addressing areas where they are, and are not, collaborating at this time. The interviews revealed that, while there is a great deal of collaborative work being done, it appears largely fragmented and restricted to sub-basin activities. International, basin-wide cooperation, outside of treaty obligations under the CRT, appears limited at this time. This thesis contends that there is a need for these sub-basin activities to be networked with one another, either through the Treaty, or through an inclusive, legitimate, and transparent river basin organization. Title: Assessing the Current State of Transboundary Cooperation in the International Columbia River Basin Author: Timboe, Ingrid A. The Columbia River Treaty (CRT) is often used as an example of how treaties can work to normalize, regulate, and improve the cooperative management of shared water resources between basin countries. Few would argue that, in its limited mandate to regulate hydropower generation and flood risk management for downstream communities, the CRT has been anything but a success. However, there are many aspects of water resource management, including water quality, aquatic species, and indigenous peoples' rights and responsibilities that are left unaddressed by the Treaty. These issues are of increasing importance to managers and stakeholders in river basins around the world. This paper asks, in the absence of a formal agreement governing these issues, are the United States and Canada coordinating the broader management of the Columbia River and its international tributaries? If so, around which water resource issues do they collaborate and at what level? If not, do these gaps in co-management negatively affect the basin? In order to assess the current state of transboundary water cooperation between the United States and Canada within the basin, 50 transboundary initiatives were identified and categorized into management categories including: ecosystem function, fish passage & habitat, climate change, invasive species or toxics management, and energy. Interviews were then conducted with 34 natural resource managers throughout the international basin on their work with these initiatives, specifically addressing areas where they are, and are not, collaborating at this time. The interviews revealed that, while there is a great deal of collaborative work being done, it appears largely fragmented and restricted to sub-basin activities. International, basin-wide cooperation, outside of treaty obligations under the CRT, appears limited at this time. This thesis contends that there is a need for these sub-basin activities to be networked with one another, either through the Treaty, or through an inclusive, legitimate, and transparent river basin organization. Close

• 75. [Article] Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin

  Published May 2002. Reviewed August 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.ore...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Hathaway, Ronald L., Braunworth, William S., Welch, Teresa Published May 2002. Reviewed August 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Hathaway, Ronald L., Braunworth, William S., Welch, Teresa Published May 2002. Reviewed August 2013. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 76. [Article] FINAL Coastal Storm Assessment Jan2009.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: FINAL Coastal Storm Assessment Jan2009.pdf Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Marine Resource Management Program, Oregon Sea Grant Title: FINAL Coastal Storm Assessment Jan2009.pdf Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Marine Resource Management Program, Oregon Sea Grant Close

• 77. [Article] Summary and assessment of toxics data for the Tualatin River

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary and assessment of toxics data for the Tualatin River Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Nelson, Peter O., Khaodhiar, Sutha Title: Summary and assessment of toxics data for the Tualatin River Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Nelson, Peter O., Khaodhiar, Sutha Close

• 78. [Article] Comparing Large-Scale Hydrological Model Predictions with Observed Streamflow in the Pacific Northwest: Effects of Climate and Groundwater

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing Large-Scale Hydrological Model Predictions with Observed Streamflow in the Pacific Northwest: Effects of Climate and Groundwater Author: Mauger, Guillaume S., Arismendi, Ivan, Safeeq, Mohammad, Grant, Gordon E., Lee, Se-Yeun, Hamlet, Alan F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://journals.ametsoc.org/loi/hydr. Title: Comparing Large-Scale Hydrological Model Predictions with Observed Streamflow in the Pacific Northwest: Effects of Climate and Groundwater Author: Mauger, Guillaume S., Arismendi, Ivan, Safeeq, Mohammad, Grant, Gordon E., Lee, Se-Yeun, Hamlet, Alan F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://journals.ametsoc.org/loi/hydr. Close

• 79. [Article] Interactive Genetic Algorithms for watershed planning : an investigation of usability and human-centered design

  Degradation of watersheds is a major concern in areas where adverse climate effects and unsustainable use of the natural resources have caused extensive stresses to watershed systems (e.g., increased floods, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactive Genetic Algorithms for watershed planning : an investigation of usability and human-centered design Author: Piemonti, Adriana Debora Degradation of watersheds is a major concern in areas where adverse climate effects and unsustainable use of the natural resources have caused extensive stresses to watershed systems (e.g., increased floods, increased droughts, worsened in-stream water quality) through the years. While considerable efforts are being made to generate technical solutions that focus on plans of spatially-distributed conservation practices (e.g., Wetlands, Filter Strips, Grassed Waterways, Crop Management practices, etc.) for restoration of existing conditions in the watersheds, adoption and implementation of these solutions require a better understanding of constraints faced by affected stakeholders and decision makers. Participatory modeling and design approaches have, as a result, become popular in the recent past to support a community's engagement during the modeling process and during development of potential scenarios of plans (or, design alternatives). And now, with new and ongoing developments in Web 2.0 technologies, there is an even greater need for research that examines how large number of stakeholders can be engaged in the development of design alternatives via the internet-based, decision support environments. The overarching goal of this research is to investigate how stakeholder participation ("humans") and Interactive Genetic Algorithms ("computer") can be coupled in a web-based watershed decision support system (DSS) called WRESTORE (Watershed REstoration using Spatio Temporal Optimization of REsources- http://wrestore.iupui.edu/), in order to generate user-preferred design alternatives of distributed conservation practices on a watershed landscape. An important component of this goal is to also improve the understanding of how human behavior on the graphical user interface (GUI) of the DSS can be observed and evaluated in real-time, and then learned from to further improve the performance of the underlying search algorithm. Four specific objectives were addressed in this work to accomplish the overall goal: • Objective 1: Observe interactions of multiple users with the GUI of a web-based watershed DSS (WRESTORE, http://wrestore.iupui.edu/) during interactive search experiments, and then use Usability metrics (response times, clicking events and confidence levels) to evaluate the differences and similarities in user behaviors and interactions. • Objective 2: Examine relationships between the type of users (e.g., stakeholders versus surrogates), the Usability metrics, and patterns in the watershed-scale plans of conservation practices generated by the multi-objective Interactive Genetic Algorithm embedded in WRESTORE. • Objective 3: Examine relationships between the type of users, the Usability metrics, and patterns in the user-preferred, sub-basin-scale plans of conservation practices generated by the multi-objective Interactive Genetic Algorithm embedded in WRESTORE. • Objective 4: Develop and test novel human-guided search operators that adaptively learn for patterns in user-preferred alternatives generated by the multi-objective Interactive Genetic Algorithm, and, as a result, improve the convergence rate of the search algorithm for generating design alternatives that conserve these learned patterns. Results show that there is a clear difference on how different types of users interact with the Interactive Optimization system. The observed relationship between confidence levels, time spent on a task, and number of mouse clicking events, indicated that participants who were able to use the WRESTORE GUI to gather more information and had a higher rate of time per number of clicks, tended to increase their levels of self-confidence in their own feedback. Also, when engaging with watershed stakeholders versus non-stakeholders (or, surrogates), 67% of the stakeholder participants steadily increased their average self-confidence levels as they continued to interact with the tool, in contrast to only 29% of surrogate participants who also showed an increase in their self-confidence levels through time. Such usability and confidence level evaluations provide assessments on which participant was potentially generating reliable feedback data for the search algorithm to use. An analysis of design alternatives generated by the individuals in both stakeholder and non-stakeholder groups showed that a majority (67%) of the stakeholder participants found a higher percentage (on and average 52%) of preferred design alternatives via the interactive search process. Also, users who were focused on assessing the suitability of design alternatives for the entire watershed trended to demonstrate a bias for one of the watershed-scale objective functions. In contrast, users, who were focused on assessing the suitability of design alternatives at only a few local sub-basins in the watershed, did not demonstrate any clear bias for any one of the watershed-scale objective functions. Additionally, patterns were observed in the design of decision alternatives generated by the human-centered search process, which further divulged potential user preferences related to the decision space for example, whether a specific participant preferred a certain practice over another, or a certain location over another for a specific practice. Finally, to improve the convergence rates of the Interactive Genetic Algorithm in WRESTORE, we investigated whether observed patterns in decisions (especially, when users were focused on local sub-regions of the watershed) can be used to improve the search for user-desire designs. A novel Interactive Genetic Algorithm with adaptive, human-guided, selection, crossover and mutation operators was proposed. The new algorithm was tested with six types of simulated participants (three deterministic and three probabilistic users) developed from the feedback data of three real participants. Results of search experiments with the novel adaptive IGA operators indicated a faster convergence than the default IGA, for two out of three deterministic simulated users. However, none of the probabilistic user showed a convergence different than the default values. This indicates that while current results indicate promise, there is need for additional research on adaptive, human-guided IGA operators, especially when noisy/stochastic users participate in the search. Additionally, adaptation of search operators have the potential to improve convergence rates when participatory design is done via Interactive Genetic Algorithms. Title: Interactive Genetic Algorithms for watershed planning : an investigation of usability and human-centered design Author: Piemonti, Adriana Debora Degradation of watersheds is a major concern in areas where adverse climate effects and unsustainable use of the natural resources have caused extensive stresses to watershed systems (e.g., increased floods, increased droughts, worsened in-stream water quality) through the years. While considerable efforts are being made to generate technical solutions that focus on plans of spatially-distributed conservation practices (e.g., Wetlands, Filter Strips, Grassed Waterways, Crop Management practices, etc.) for restoration of existing conditions in the watersheds, adoption and implementation of these solutions require a better understanding of constraints faced by affected stakeholders and decision makers. Participatory modeling and design approaches have, as a result, become popular in the recent past to support a community's engagement during the modeling process and during development of potential scenarios of plans (or, design alternatives). And now, with new and ongoing developments in Web 2.0 technologies, there is an even greater need for research that examines how large number of stakeholders can be engaged in the development of design alternatives via the internet-based, decision support environments. The overarching goal of this research is to investigate how stakeholder participation ("humans") and Interactive Genetic Algorithms ("computer") can be coupled in a web-based watershed decision support system (DSS) called WRESTORE (Watershed REstoration using Spatio Temporal Optimization of REsources- http://wrestore.iupui.edu/), in order to generate user-preferred design alternatives of distributed conservation practices on a watershed landscape. An important component of this goal is to also improve the understanding of how human behavior on the graphical user interface (GUI) of the DSS can be observed and evaluated in real-time, and then learned from to further improve the performance of the underlying search algorithm. Four specific objectives were addressed in this work to accomplish the overall goal: • Objective 1: Observe interactions of multiple users with the GUI of a web-based watershed DSS (WRESTORE, http://wrestore.iupui.edu/) during interactive search experiments, and then use Usability metrics (response times, clicking events and confidence levels) to evaluate the differences and similarities in user behaviors and interactions. • Objective 2: Examine relationships between the type of users (e.g., stakeholders versus surrogates), the Usability metrics, and patterns in the watershed-scale plans of conservation practices generated by the multi-objective Interactive Genetic Algorithm embedded in WRESTORE. • Objective 3: Examine relationships between the type of users, the Usability metrics, and patterns in the user-preferred, sub-basin-scale plans of conservation practices generated by the multi-objective Interactive Genetic Algorithm embedded in WRESTORE. • Objective 4: Develop and test novel human-guided search operators that adaptively learn for patterns in user-preferred alternatives generated by the multi-objective Interactive Genetic Algorithm, and, as a result, improve the convergence rate of the search algorithm for generating design alternatives that conserve these learned patterns. Results show that there is a clear difference on how different types of users interact with the Interactive Optimization system. The observed relationship between confidence levels, time spent on a task, and number of mouse clicking events, indicated that participants who were able to use the WRESTORE GUI to gather more information and had a higher rate of time per number of clicks, tended to increase their levels of self-confidence in their own feedback. Also, when engaging with watershed stakeholders versus non-stakeholders (or, surrogates), 67% of the stakeholder participants steadily increased their average self-confidence levels as they continued to interact with the tool, in contrast to only 29% of surrogate participants who also showed an increase in their self-confidence levels through time. Such usability and confidence level evaluations provide assessments on which participant was potentially generating reliable feedback data for the search algorithm to use. An analysis of design alternatives generated by the individuals in both stakeholder and non-stakeholder groups showed that a majority (67%) of the stakeholder participants found a higher percentage (on and average 52%) of preferred design alternatives via the interactive search process. Also, users who were focused on assessing the suitability of design alternatives for the entire watershed trended to demonstrate a bias for one of the watershed-scale objective functions. In contrast, users, who were focused on assessing the suitability of design alternatives at only a few local sub-basins in the watershed, did not demonstrate any clear bias for any one of the watershed-scale objective functions. Additionally, patterns were observed in the design of decision alternatives generated by the human-centered search process, which further divulged potential user preferences related to the decision space for example, whether a specific participant preferred a certain practice over another, or a certain location over another for a specific practice. Finally, to improve the convergence rates of the Interactive Genetic Algorithm in WRESTORE, we investigated whether observed patterns in decisions (especially, when users were focused on local sub-regions of the watershed) can be used to improve the search for user-desire designs. A novel Interactive Genetic Algorithm with adaptive, human-guided, selection, crossover and mutation operators was proposed. The new algorithm was tested with six types of simulated participants (three deterministic and three probabilistic users) developed from the feedback data of three real participants. Results of search experiments with the novel adaptive IGA operators indicated a faster convergence than the default IGA, for two out of three deterministic simulated users. However, none of the probabilistic user showed a convergence different than the default values. This indicates that while current results indicate promise, there is need for additional research on adaptive, human-guided IGA operators, especially when noisy/stochastic users participate in the search. Additionally, adaptation of search operators have the potential to improve convergence rates when participatory design is done via Interactive Genetic Algorithms. Close

• 80. [Article] Stream DOC, nitrate, chloride and SUVA response to land use during winter baseflow conditions in sub-basins of the Willamette River Basin, OR

  To better understand the impact of land use on stream nutrient export, a synoptic sampling of 57 sub-basins within the Willamette River basin was conducted during winter baseflow conditions (February 2009). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream DOC, nitrate, chloride and SUVA response to land use during winter baseflow conditions in sub-basins of the Willamette River Basin, OR Author: Frentress, Jay To better understand the impact of land use on stream nutrient export, a synoptic sampling of 57 sub-basins within the Willamette River basin was conducted during winter baseflow conditions (February 2009). I assessed whether stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻ and specific ultra-violet absorbance (SUVA) values were correlated with individual watershed land use variables: percent urban, agriculture, and forest. Simple linear regression analysis indicated that stream DOC, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻ increased significantly with increasing percent agriculture and urban area in sampled watersheds, and decreased significantly with increasing percent forest. Stream order and watershed area were not significantly related to any stream chemistry variables. Simple linear regression analysis indicated that SUVA, a measure of the aromaticity of DOC, decreased significantly with increasing percent urban area in catchments, but was not significantly related to percent agriculture or urban. Ordination of streams on the basis of their chemistry supported simple linear regression analyses, clustering of streams with low SUVA values and higher DOC, NO₃⁻, and Cl concentrations, which were also largely associated with increasing percent urban, and slightly less associated with increasing percent agriculture. Results indicate that stream nutrient concentrations are strongly influenced by associated land use within the watershed. SUVA results suggest a combination of land use and variable hydrologic flowpaths affects the composition of stream DOC under winter baseflow conditions. Title: Stream DOC, nitrate, chloride and SUVA response to land use during winter baseflow conditions in sub-basins of the Willamette River Basin, OR Author: Frentress, Jay To better understand the impact of land use on stream nutrient export, a synoptic sampling of 57 sub-basins within the Willamette River basin was conducted during winter baseflow conditions (February 2009). I assessed whether stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻ and specific ultra-violet absorbance (SUVA) values were correlated with individual watershed land use variables: percent urban, agriculture, and forest. Simple linear regression analysis indicated that stream DOC, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻ increased significantly with increasing percent agriculture and urban area in sampled watersheds, and decreased significantly with increasing percent forest. Stream order and watershed area were not significantly related to any stream chemistry variables. Simple linear regression analysis indicated that SUVA, a measure of the aromaticity of DOC, decreased significantly with increasing percent urban area in catchments, but was not significantly related to percent agriculture or urban. Ordination of streams on the basis of their chemistry supported simple linear regression analyses, clustering of streams with low SUVA values and higher DOC, NO₃⁻, and Cl concentrations, which were also largely associated with increasing percent urban, and slightly less associated with increasing percent agriculture. Results indicate that stream nutrient concentrations are strongly influenced by associated land use within the watershed. SUVA results suggest a combination of land use and variable hydrologic flowpaths affects the composition of stream DOC under winter baseflow conditions. Close

• 81. [Article] Long-term Ecohydrologic Response to Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Control in Semiarid Watersheds of Central Oregon : A Paired Watershed Study

  Rangelands span over 50% of the globe and approximately 70% of the United States. Although livestock production is an important use of rangelands, the benefits of rangelands are highly diverse. Humans ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-term Ecohydrologic Response to Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Control in Semiarid Watersheds of Central Oregon : A Paired Watershed Study Author: Ray, Grace L. Rangelands span over 50% of the globe and approximately 70% of the United States. Although livestock production is an important use of rangelands, the benefits of rangelands are highly diverse. Humans find intrinsic value in protecting these unique and variable landscapes for wildlife, vegetation, and recreation enthusiasts. Woodland plant encroachment has become a major concern for land management agencies and private landowners across the United States and many rangeland communities worldwide. Studies around the world are characterizing the effect that woody species may have on ecologic and hydrologic function, as well as the potential consequences of prolonged encroachment. This research is an addition to a central Oregon paired watershed study that began in 1993 as way of characterizing ecohydrologic effects of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) removal. The overarching goals of the study presented here were to: 1) Characterize vegetation-soil water interactions at the landscape scale; 2) Analyze long-term soil water and groundwater fluctuations for treated versus untreated watersheds; 3) Asses subsurface flow connections between upland watersheds and a downstream valley. A landscape-scale assessment (2014 - 2015) of shallow soil water content, for to top 12-cm of the soil profile, across both watersheds indicated the treated watershed as having a significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean value of soil water content for three (July, January, and May) out of five measurement periods (July, November 2014 and January, March, May 2015). The untreated watershed was 2% higher in March 2015, and no significant difference was found between the two sites in November 2014. Analysis of the structure of canopy cover (i.e. juniper dominated versus juniper removed) using linear regression models found juniper cover to be correlated with decreasing soil water content for three of five months, with the exception of the wettest months of March and May, when juniper canopy was correlated with increases in soil water content. Soil textural properties were also analyzed as an independent variable in the linear models, and clay content was found to be correlated with increases in soil water content during the three wettest months (January, March, and May) across both watersheds. The long-term (2004 - 2015) analysis of groundwater level and deep soil water content fluctuations showed there to be distinct seasonal and storm-event responses. Groundwater levels in the untreated watershed consistently displayed higher yearly maximum values when compared to the treated, however, groundwater levels in the treated watershed persisted longer into the dry out period. Similar findings were reported in relation to long-term soil water content where the untreated watershed often displayed higher maximum responses but declined back to dry status sooner than the treated watershed. Both watersheds responded to seasonal and storm-event precipitation through soil water content fluctuations in the deep soil profile and through groundwater level fluctuations. Precipitation event responses could be observed on the order of hours for the treated watershed and on the order of days for the untreated. Antecedent soil water content seemed to play a large role in the effectiveness of the storm events. Summer precipitation had little influence on the deeper soil profile and on groundwater response. This may be due to dryer antecedent soil conditions and flashy overland flow. Water content in the top measured soil profile, however, increased and stayed at high levels for up to two weeks following a summer precipitation event which yielded approximately 27 mm of rainfall. Soil water and groundwater response were greatly influenced by winter precipitation events and pre-storm soil water conditions. The hydrologic connectivity of subsurface water flows, through fluctuations in deep soil water and groundwater levels, was found to be an important process in these watersheds. Temporary subsurface hydrologic connections were observed between upland and valley wells as the wet season progressed. This connection was supported by the results of a stable isotope analysis, which indicated that the origin of the water may be the same. This was concluded given the similar values of oxygen-18 found for both the treated and untreated upland sites and for valley groundwater monitoring locations. Large-scale juniper manipulation projects are taking place across the western United States and around the world. Many projects have the objectives of increasing water availability and stream flow to no avail. This research provides baseline data towards understanding the importance of the valuable subsurface water resources in landscapes with limited precipitation availability. Title: Long-term Ecohydrologic Response to Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Control in Semiarid Watersheds of Central Oregon : A Paired Watershed Study Author: Ray, Grace L. Rangelands span over 50% of the globe and approximately 70% of the United States. Although livestock production is an important use of rangelands, the benefits of rangelands are highly diverse. Humans find intrinsic value in protecting these unique and variable landscapes for wildlife, vegetation, and recreation enthusiasts. Woodland plant encroachment has become a major concern for land management agencies and private landowners across the United States and many rangeland communities worldwide. Studies around the world are characterizing the effect that woody species may have on ecologic and hydrologic function, as well as the potential consequences of prolonged encroachment. This research is an addition to a central Oregon paired watershed study that began in 1993 as way of characterizing ecohydrologic effects of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) removal. The overarching goals of the study presented here were to: 1) Characterize vegetation-soil water interactions at the landscape scale; 2) Analyze long-term soil water and groundwater fluctuations for treated versus untreated watersheds; 3) Asses subsurface flow connections between upland watersheds and a downstream valley. A landscape-scale assessment (2014 - 2015) of shallow soil water content, for to top 12-cm of the soil profile, across both watersheds indicated the treated watershed as having a significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean value of soil water content for three (July, January, and May) out of five measurement periods (July, November 2014 and January, March, May 2015). The untreated watershed was 2% higher in March 2015, and no significant difference was found between the two sites in November 2014. Analysis of the structure of canopy cover (i.e. juniper dominated versus juniper removed) using linear regression models found juniper cover to be correlated with decreasing soil water content for three of five months, with the exception of the wettest months of March and May, when juniper canopy was correlated with increases in soil water content. Soil textural properties were also analyzed as an independent variable in the linear models, and clay content was found to be correlated with increases in soil water content during the three wettest months (January, March, and May) across both watersheds. The long-term (2004 - 2015) analysis of groundwater level and deep soil water content fluctuations showed there to be distinct seasonal and storm-event responses. Groundwater levels in the untreated watershed consistently displayed higher yearly maximum values when compared to the treated, however, groundwater levels in the treated watershed persisted longer into the dry out period. Similar findings were reported in relation to long-term soil water content where the untreated watershed often displayed higher maximum responses but declined back to dry status sooner than the treated watershed. Both watersheds responded to seasonal and storm-event precipitation through soil water content fluctuations in the deep soil profile and through groundwater level fluctuations. Precipitation event responses could be observed on the order of hours for the treated watershed and on the order of days for the untreated. Antecedent soil water content seemed to play a large role in the effectiveness of the storm events. Summer precipitation had little influence on the deeper soil profile and on groundwater response. This may be due to dryer antecedent soil conditions and flashy overland flow. Water content in the top measured soil profile, however, increased and stayed at high levels for up to two weeks following a summer precipitation event which yielded approximately 27 mm of rainfall. Soil water and groundwater response were greatly influenced by winter precipitation events and pre-storm soil water conditions. The hydrologic connectivity of subsurface water flows, through fluctuations in deep soil water and groundwater levels, was found to be an important process in these watersheds. Temporary subsurface hydrologic connections were observed between upland and valley wells as the wet season progressed. This connection was supported by the results of a stable isotope analysis, which indicated that the origin of the water may be the same. This was concluded given the similar values of oxygen-18 found for both the treated and untreated upland sites and for valley groundwater monitoring locations. Large-scale juniper manipulation projects are taking place across the western United States and around the world. Many projects have the objectives of increasing water availability and stream flow to no avail. This research provides baseline data towards understanding the importance of the valuable subsurface water resources in landscapes with limited precipitation availability. Close

• 82. [Article] Stormwater Solutions for Improving Water Quality: Supporting the Development of the Amazon Creek Initiative

  The Long Tom Watershed Council (LTWC) is a non-profit organization in Eugene, Oregon that serves to protect and enhance watershed health in the Long Tom River Basin. The Amazon Creek Initiative was launched ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stormwater Solutions for Improving Water Quality: Supporting the Development of the Amazon Creek Initiative Author: Larson, Kristen M. The Long Tom Watershed Council (LTWC) is a non-profit organization in Eugene, Oregon that serves to protect and enhance watershed health in the Long Tom River Basin. The Amazon Creek Initiative was launched by the LTWC in 2011 as Oregon’s newest Pesticide Stewardship Partner. Goals of the initiative are to improve water quality and habitat function in Amazon Creek by encouraging voluntary retrofits of low-impact development (LID) and through outreach and education of pollution prevention practices. This internship involved a series of projects in support of the development of the Amazon Creek Initiative. Accomplishments included surface water sampling, stakeholder research, development of communication tools, creation of an LID cost calculator, site visits and assessments of pesticide retailers, and a review of national efforts to train pesticide retail staff in integrated pest management. This work supports the Amazon Creek Initiative as it moves towards implementation and provided diverse learning opportunities in non-profit and watershed council operations, communicating a scientific message, and low-impact development solutions to stormwater management. Title: Stormwater Solutions for Improving Water Quality: Supporting the Development of the Amazon Creek Initiative Author: Larson, Kristen M. The Long Tom Watershed Council (LTWC) is a non-profit organization in Eugene, Oregon that serves to protect and enhance watershed health in the Long Tom River Basin. The Amazon Creek Initiative was launched by the LTWC in 2011 as Oregon’s newest Pesticide Stewardship Partner. Goals of the initiative are to improve water quality and habitat function in Amazon Creek by encouraging voluntary retrofits of low-impact development (LID) and through outreach and education of pollution prevention practices. This internship involved a series of projects in support of the development of the Amazon Creek Initiative. Accomplishments included surface water sampling, stakeholder research, development of communication tools, creation of an LID cost calculator, site visits and assessments of pesticide retailers, and a review of national efforts to train pesticide retail staff in integrated pest management. This work supports the Amazon Creek Initiative as it moves towards implementation and provided diverse learning opportunities in non-profit and watershed council operations, communicating a scientific message, and low-impact development solutions to stormwater management. Close

• 83. [Article] Solutions to Water Resource and Environmental Challenges: Perspectives from the Agricultural Community in the Crooked River Watershed

  This research explores how an agriculture-based community in the Crooked River Watershed of Central Oregon responds to a series of water resource and environmental challenges, some associated with projected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Solutions to Water Resource and Environmental Challenges: Perspectives from the Agricultural Community in the Crooked River Watershed Author: Busick, Brytann This research explores how an agriculture-based community in the Crooked River Watershed of Central Oregon responds to a series of water resource and environmental challenges, some associated with projected climate change, amid increasing pressure to change management practices to better accommodate environmental needs. A key part of this research assesses the collaborative capacity of the community to work together toward solutions to these challenges. This semi-arid watershed is vulnerable to a changing climate, with current climate models predicting significant changes in seasonal flows that will negatively impact existing water and agricultural systems and management practices. In addition, the agriculture community in this area is currently struggling to deal with a multi-year drought situation and is under pressure from regulators and other Central Oregon stakeholders to change their management practices to better accommodate environmental needs. This research addresses the following questions: How is the agricultural community in this area responding to these challenges? What are their ideas for responding to the challenges such that the agriculture community maintains, or even improves, its viability, productiveness, and integrity of its values, while also balancing its needs against societal demand for stronger environmental protection?      Title: Solutions to Water Resource and Environmental Challenges: Perspectives from the Agricultural Community in the Crooked River Watershed Author: Busick, Brytann This research explores how an agriculture-based community in the Crooked River Watershed of Central Oregon responds to a series of water resource and environmental challenges, some associated with projected climate change, amid increasing pressure to change management practices to better accommodate environmental needs. A key part of this research assesses the collaborative capacity of the community to work together toward solutions to these challenges. This semi-arid watershed is vulnerable to a changing climate, with current climate models predicting significant changes in seasonal flows that will negatively impact existing water and agricultural systems and management practices. In addition, the agriculture community in this area is currently struggling to deal with a multi-year drought situation and is under pressure from regulators and other Central Oregon stakeholders to change their management practices to better accommodate environmental needs. This research addresses the following questions: How is the agricultural community in this area responding to these challenges? What are their ideas for responding to the challenges such that the agriculture community maintains, or even improves, its viability, productiveness, and integrity of its values, while also balancing its needs against societal demand for stronger environmental protection?      Close

• 84. [Article] Relating Surface-Water Nutrients in the Pacific Northwest To Watershed Attributes Using the USGS SPARROW Model

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relating Surface-Water Nutrients in the Pacific Northwest To Watershed Attributes Using the USGS SPARROW Model Author: Wise, Daniel, Johnson, Hank Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Relating Surface-Water Nutrients in the Pacific Northwest To Watershed Attributes Using the USGS SPARROW Model Author: Wise, Daniel, Johnson, Hank Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 85. [Article] Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids

  Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Close

• 86. [Article] Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds

  Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds Author: Pickard, Brian R. Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed buffers on streams for federal and private lands based on stream type or size. These buffers can create a series of disjointed riparian protections, as federal lands require buffers that are much larger than private lands. In addition, the fixed buffer approach is neither flexible nor tailored to aquatic ecosystem values. This thesis presents a framework for comprehensively assessing stream networks using site specific watershed features and then suggests riparian conservation strategies that key stream and riparian protection to aquatic ecosystem values. Seven study watersheds were used in this analysis, totaling over 2.5 million acres of forested lands in western Oregon. Employing a set of geospatial tools, called NetMap, streams in each watershed were classified into higher and lower priorities using criteria of intrinsic potential, erosion/debris flow susceptibility, and thermal loading potential. Results demonstrated the inherent variability within and among watersheds based on the geomorphic and ecological processes determined important for selected salmon species. Within each watershed, both federal and non-federal lands had many miles of higher priority fish-bearing and non-fish bearing streams, suggesting the need for comprehensive, holistic watershed conservation strategies. Based on the partitioning of streams into higher and lower priorities, an alternative riparian conservation strategy was then modeled for federal lands that allocate protection on the basis of the ecological context of a stream segment’s potential and particular location while still meeting federal aquatic conservation goals and objectives. Possible increases to the land base for long-term timber production were then identified if this strategy were applied to federal Matrix lands. Results demonstrated that 8-30 percent of the current riparian buffers could be reallocated to the land base for long-term timber production. An additional 26-45 percent of current buffers could be managed simultaneously for both timber production and aquatic ecosystem goals. Results also provided a framework for targeting of conservation and restoration efforts towards higher priority streams within each watershed. As many of the most ecologically important streams were located on non-federal lands, riparian conservation policies focused on streams classified as higher priority on those lands may be needed to protect aquatic species and their environments. Title: Keying forest stream protection to aquatic ecosystem values in multi-ownership watersheds Author: Pickard, Brian R. Forested lands of western Oregon provide aquatic habitat for many fish and riparian dependent species, including a wide variety of salmon species. Current policies set riparian protections using fixed buffers on streams for federal and private lands based on stream type or size. These buffers can create a series of disjointed riparian protections, as federal lands require buffers that are much larger than private lands. In addition, the fixed buffer approach is neither flexible nor tailored to aquatic ecosystem values. This thesis presents a framework for comprehensively assessing stream networks using site specific watershed features and then suggests riparian conservation strategies that key stream and riparian protection to aquatic ecosystem values. Seven study watersheds were used in this analysis, totaling over 2.5 million acres of forested lands in western Oregon. Employing a set of geospatial tools, called NetMap, streams in each watershed were classified into higher and lower priorities using criteria of intrinsic potential, erosion/debris flow susceptibility, and thermal loading potential. Results demonstrated the inherent variability within and among watersheds based on the geomorphic and ecological processes determined important for selected salmon species. Within each watershed, both federal and non-federal lands had many miles of higher priority fish-bearing and non-fish bearing streams, suggesting the need for comprehensive, holistic watershed conservation strategies. Based on the partitioning of streams into higher and lower priorities, an alternative riparian conservation strategy was then modeled for federal lands that allocate protection on the basis of the ecological context of a stream segment’s potential and particular location while still meeting federal aquatic conservation goals and objectives. Possible increases to the land base for long-term timber production were then identified if this strategy were applied to federal Matrix lands. Results demonstrated that 8-30 percent of the current riparian buffers could be reallocated to the land base for long-term timber production. An additional 26-45 percent of current buffers could be managed simultaneously for both timber production and aquatic ecosystem goals. Results also provided a framework for targeting of conservation and restoration efforts towards higher priority streams within each watershed. As many of the most ecologically important streams were located on non-federal lands, riparian conservation policies focused on streams classified as higher priority on those lands may be needed to protect aquatic species and their environments. Close

• 87. [Article] Movement and demography of larval coastal giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) in streams with culverts in the Oregon Coast Range

  Barriers to the movement of aquatic organisms can increase the genetic and spatial isolation of populations and may decrease the viability of these regional populations. Focus on culvert passage issues ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Movement and demography of larval coastal giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) in streams with culverts in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Sagar, Jina P. Barriers to the movement of aquatic organisms can increase the genetic and spatial isolation of populations and may decrease the viability of these regional populations. Focus on culvert passage issues has increased as federal agencies attempt to inventory and replace road-crossing stream culverts that are barriers to the movement of anadromous fish. However, the effect of road-crossing culverts on the movement of other aquatic organisms is not known. The coastal giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) is an important component of headwater stream communities and their movement may be affected by culverts in the larval aquatic stage. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of road-crossing culverts on the movement and survival of larval coastal giant salamanders in the Oregon Coast Range. We conducted a mark-recapture study on larval D. tenebrosus 3rd and 4th order streams to: i) determine culvert use and passage by design type (pipe and arch types) relative to reference stream reaches without culverts; and ii) model larval survival and growth by season, age and culvert presence. We assessed the movement of over 2,000 larval D. tenebrosus in 14 streams and found that larvae were highly sedentary. Mean movement distances did not differ with culvert presence. However, a small portion of larvae (20%) moved sufficient distances to assess culvert passage. Larvae moved less frequently through stream reaches with culverts than stream reaches without culverts, suggesting a barrier effect. There was less upstream movement through pipe culverts than arch culverts. Also, there were lower larval densities in pipe culverts, indicating arch culverts provided more larval habitat. Larval density both inside culverts and in the adjacent stream reaches was associated with the presence of large substrates, which may be important in facilitating larval D. tenebrosus movement through culverts. Stream reaches with culverts were associated with higher levels of fine sediments, however, which may reduce the suitability of near-culvert habitats. Survival estimates indicated high selection pressure early in the larval period. Apparent survival was lower in summer, and for first-year larvae in comparison to second/third-year larvae. Larval survival for both age groups was lower in reaches of stream with culverts although this effect was weak. Culvert effects on movement of coastal giant salamander aquatic larvae indicate they can operate as barriers but their effect on survival remains unclear. Culvert replacements that simulate both the natural stream bed and hydraulic conditions would help provide both habitat and passage opportunities for larval D. tenebrosus. Title: Movement and demography of larval coastal giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) in streams with culverts in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Sagar, Jina P. Barriers to the movement of aquatic organisms can increase the genetic and spatial isolation of populations and may decrease the viability of these regional populations. Focus on culvert passage issues has increased as federal agencies attempt to inventory and replace road-crossing stream culverts that are barriers to the movement of anadromous fish. However, the effect of road-crossing culverts on the movement of other aquatic organisms is not known. The coastal giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) is an important component of headwater stream communities and their movement may be affected by culverts in the larval aquatic stage. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of road-crossing culverts on the movement and survival of larval coastal giant salamanders in the Oregon Coast Range. We conducted a mark-recapture study on larval D. tenebrosus 3rd and 4th order streams to: i) determine culvert use and passage by design type (pipe and arch types) relative to reference stream reaches without culverts; and ii) model larval survival and growth by season, age and culvert presence. We assessed the movement of over 2,000 larval D. tenebrosus in 14 streams and found that larvae were highly sedentary. Mean movement distances did not differ with culvert presence. However, a small portion of larvae (20%) moved sufficient distances to assess culvert passage. Larvae moved less frequently through stream reaches with culverts than stream reaches without culverts, suggesting a barrier effect. There was less upstream movement through pipe culverts than arch culverts. Also, there were lower larval densities in pipe culverts, indicating arch culverts provided more larval habitat. Larval density both inside culverts and in the adjacent stream reaches was associated with the presence of large substrates, which may be important in facilitating larval D. tenebrosus movement through culverts. Stream reaches with culverts were associated with higher levels of fine sediments, however, which may reduce the suitability of near-culvert habitats. Survival estimates indicated high selection pressure early in the larval period. Apparent survival was lower in summer, and for first-year larvae in comparison to second/third-year larvae. Larval survival for both age groups was lower in reaches of stream with culverts although this effect was weak. Culvert effects on movement of coastal giant salamander aquatic larvae indicate they can operate as barriers but their effect on survival remains unclear. Culvert replacements that simulate both the natural stream bed and hydraulic conditions would help provide both habitat and passage opportunities for larval D. tenebrosus. Close

• 88. [Article] Will wetlands restoration plans today still be effective tomorrow? Evaluation of performance of potential wetlands for peak flow reduction in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed, IN

  Global climate change is expected to exaggerate the severity of floods and droughts and increase the frequency of extreme streamflow events in the Midwestern United States. Managing these projected impacts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Will wetlands restoration plans today still be effective tomorrow? Evaluation of performance of potential wetlands for peak flow reduction in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed, IN Author: Walters, Kelli M. Global climate change is expected to exaggerate the severity of floods and droughts and increase the frequency of extreme streamflow events in the Midwestern United States. Managing these projected impacts poses a major challenge for water resources, conservation, and land use management. Wetlands have been considered as a conservation strategy and work to increase the capacity of watersheds by storing runoff upstream. The implementation of wetlands, especially in tile-drained agricultural watersheds, can reduce peak flows and help mitigate the anticipated impacts of climate change. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term performance of wetlands to reduce peak flows in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed in Indiana, as well as to establish a methodology to incorporate climate change into hydrological models to conduct better long-term land management studies and decisions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was forced with bias corrected climate projections from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to evaluate the impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology and the ability of wetlands to reduce peak flows. Long-term monthly streamflow results predicted a slight increase in streamflow in the winter and a slight decrease in the summer from the past (1971-2000) to future (2041-2070) time periods. About half of the climate realizations produced an increase in the Q05 (5% exceedance flow) value and half a decrease, but all predictions agreed that high flow events will increase in frequency in the winter and decrease in the spring and summer. No-flow events, although found to be over-predicted by the hydrological model, showed an increase from the past to the future for all climate realizations. Results from the wetland analysis showed that if all potential wetlands identified in a previous study are installed in the watershed, maximum peak flow reductions of around 20-50 m³/s for the past and future, as well as decreased frequency of extreme events, can be seen. Wetlands proved to be a robust solution for peak flow reduction, producing consistent reductions across all climate projections for both the past and future time periods. Title: Will wetlands restoration plans today still be effective tomorrow? Evaluation of performance of potential wetlands for peak flow reduction in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed, IN Author: Walters, Kelli M. Global climate change is expected to exaggerate the severity of floods and droughts and increase the frequency of extreme streamflow events in the Midwestern United States. Managing these projected impacts poses a major challenge for water resources, conservation, and land use management. Wetlands have been considered as a conservation strategy and work to increase the capacity of watersheds by storing runoff upstream. The implementation of wetlands, especially in tile-drained agricultural watersheds, can reduce peak flows and help mitigate the anticipated impacts of climate change. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term performance of wetlands to reduce peak flows in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed in Indiana, as well as to establish a methodology to incorporate climate change into hydrological models to conduct better long-term land management studies and decisions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was forced with bias corrected climate projections from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to evaluate the impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology and the ability of wetlands to reduce peak flows. Long-term monthly streamflow results predicted a slight increase in streamflow in the winter and a slight decrease in the summer from the past (1971-2000) to future (2041-2070) time periods. About half of the climate realizations produced an increase in the Q05 (5% exceedance flow) value and half a decrease, but all predictions agreed that high flow events will increase in frequency in the winter and decrease in the spring and summer. No-flow events, although found to be over-predicted by the hydrological model, showed an increase from the past to the future for all climate realizations. Results from the wetland analysis showed that if all potential wetlands identified in a previous study are installed in the watershed, maximum peak flow reductions of around 20-50 m³/s for the past and future, as well as decreased frequency of extreme events, can be seen. Wetlands proved to be a robust solution for peak flow reduction, producing consistent reductions across all climate projections for both the past and future time periods. Close

• 89. [Article] Enhancing social-ecological resilience in the Colorado River Basin

  This research presents the Colorado River basin as a social-ecological system. Utilizing event data on cooperative and conflictive interactions over fresh water, the system is decomposed to look for evidence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enhancing social-ecological resilience in the Colorado River Basin Author: Eidem, Nathan T., 1978- This research presents the Colorado River basin as a social-ecological system. Utilizing event data on cooperative and conflictive interactions over fresh water, the system is decomposed to look for evidence of outcomes of resilience enhancement. The Animas-La Plata Project in the upper San Juan basin is presented as a case study, and qualitative methods are used to analyze interactions that led to its construction in order to assess social-ecological outcomes. In the upper San Juan basin, cooperative interactions over fresh water outnumbered conflictive ones. Interactions over water rights and infrastructure were most common, and the most cooperative interactions focused on these issue types. Many of these interactions focused on the Animas-La Plata Project compromise, which ultimately enhances social-ecological resilience in the Colorado River basin. Title: Enhancing social-ecological resilience in the Colorado River Basin Author: Eidem, Nathan T., 1978- This research presents the Colorado River basin as a social-ecological system. Utilizing event data on cooperative and conflictive interactions over fresh water, the system is decomposed to look for evidence of outcomes of resilience enhancement. The Animas-La Plata Project in the upper San Juan basin is presented as a case study, and qualitative methods are used to analyze interactions that led to its construction in order to assess social-ecological outcomes. In the upper San Juan basin, cooperative interactions over fresh water outnumbered conflictive ones. Interactions over water rights and infrastructure were most common, and the most cooperative interactions focused on these issue types. Many of these interactions focused on the Animas-La Plata Project compromise, which ultimately enhances social-ecological resilience in the Colorado River basin. Close

• 90. [Article] Development and evaluation of multiple criteria decision-making approaches to watershed management

  Decision-making in environmental management is complex due to the multiplicity arid diversity of management objectives and technological choices. This suggests that modelers and experts could utilize (I) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development and evaluation of multiple criteria decision-making approaches to watershed management Author: Lamy, France Decision-making in environmental management is complex due to the multiplicity arid diversity of management objectives and technological choices. This suggests that modelers and experts could utilize (I) multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches to assist stakeholder groups in integrating and synthesizing relevant data and information to address ecological and socio-economic concerns and (2) uncertainty approaches to quantify the risks related to the impact of decision alternatives. Since decisions made under uncertainty and MCDM methods have been studied almost independently, most of the MCDM approaches do not address the uncertainties of real world decision situations. This dissertation presents the use of a MCDM methodology and its related decision-making tool, RESTORE. RESTORE is an integrative geographical information system-based decision-making tool that was developed to help watershed councils prioritize and evaluate restoration activities at the watershed level. RESTORE's deterministic performance evaluation module is developed from experts' knowledge and experiences. However, to filly address the complexity of the various landscape processes and human subjectivity, RESTORE should involve uncertainties inherent to experts' knowledge. No single method is able to model all types of uncertainty, therefore the examination of various uncertainty theories is critical before selecting one best suited to a specific decision context. This work explores three uncertainty theories: certainty factor model, Dempster-Shafer theory, and fuzzy set theory. To evaluate these methods in a MCDM watershed restoration context, we (1) identified criteria to assess the suitability of a method for a specific MCDM context, (2) characterized each theory in terms of the identified criteria using RESTORE, and (3) applied each theory using RESTORE. Special emphasis was given to the development of a comprehensive fuzzy MCDM methodology. Uncertainty-based MCDM approaches provide a valuable tool in analyzing complex watershed management issues. When used properly, the proposed MCDM methodology allows decision-makers (DMs) to explore a broader range of drivers and consequences. The inclusion of uncertainty analysis provides DMs with meaningful information on the quality of the evidence supporting the impact of a decision alternative, allowing them to make more informed decisions. Title: Development and evaluation of multiple criteria decision-making approaches to watershed management Author: Lamy, France Decision-making in environmental management is complex due to the multiplicity arid diversity of management objectives and technological choices. This suggests that modelers and experts could utilize (I) multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches to assist stakeholder groups in integrating and synthesizing relevant data and information to address ecological and socio-economic concerns and (2) uncertainty approaches to quantify the risks related to the impact of decision alternatives. Since decisions made under uncertainty and MCDM methods have been studied almost independently, most of the MCDM approaches do not address the uncertainties of real world decision situations. This dissertation presents the use of a MCDM methodology and its related decision-making tool, RESTORE. RESTORE is an integrative geographical information system-based decision-making tool that was developed to help watershed councils prioritize and evaluate restoration activities at the watershed level. RESTORE's deterministic performance evaluation module is developed from experts' knowledge and experiences. However, to filly address the complexity of the various landscape processes and human subjectivity, RESTORE should involve uncertainties inherent to experts' knowledge. No single method is able to model all types of uncertainty, therefore the examination of various uncertainty theories is critical before selecting one best suited to a specific decision context. This work explores three uncertainty theories: certainty factor model, Dempster-Shafer theory, and fuzzy set theory. To evaluate these methods in a MCDM watershed restoration context, we (1) identified criteria to assess the suitability of a method for a specific MCDM context, (2) characterized each theory in terms of the identified criteria using RESTORE, and (3) applied each theory using RESTORE. Special emphasis was given to the development of a comprehensive fuzzy MCDM methodology. Uncertainty-based MCDM approaches provide a valuable tool in analyzing complex watershed management issues. When used properly, the proposed MCDM methodology allows decision-makers (DMs) to explore a broader range of drivers and consequences. The inclusion of uncertainty analysis provides DMs with meaningful information on the quality of the evidence supporting the impact of a decision alternative, allowing them to make more informed decisions. Close

• 91. [Article] Anthropogenic activities associated with the status of salmon stocks in Pacific Northwest watersheds

  Stocks of salmon are declining in the Pacific Northwest. Based on region-wide studies that list and categorize the status of salmon stocks (Nehlsen et al., 1991; Huntington et al., 1994; and Nawa, 1995), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Anthropogenic activities associated with the status of salmon stocks in Pacific Northwest watersheds Author: Mrakovcich, Karina Lorenz Stocks of salmon are declining in the Pacific Northwest. Based on region-wide studies that list and categorize the status of salmon stocks (Nehlsen et al., 1991; Huntington et al., 1994; and Nawa, 1995), I analyze the watersheds where stocks of salmon spawn for several anthropogenic variables, most of which are known to affect salmon. A total of 202 watersheds (stocks of salmon) in Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho are coded for 13 anthropogenic variables such as dams, forest, agriculture, human population, hatcheries, Indian tribes, and watershed organizations. Most variables are ordinally coded 1 to 5 with the help of maps, some survey results, and visual assessment. Hypotheses are that the human activities that are detrimental to the health of salmon are associated with the poor status of salmon stocks in watersheds where they spawn. Salmon watersheds are also analyzed according to ecoregions and salmon management regions. Principal components analysis is performed to reduce the number of anthropogenic variables into factors. Kendall's tau, partial correlation, multiple linear regression, logistic regression, and discriminant analyses are performed separately for five species/races of salmon (coho, spring chinook, summer chinook, fall chinook, winter steelhead) and for the watershed average for salmon stock status, against the anthropogenic variables and factors. Statistical results using both variables and factors support most of the hypotheses relative to salmon and anthropogenic activities in watersheds. Results suggest that the 5 species/races of salmon are associated differently with most anthropogenic activities. The greater the amount of dams below watersheds where salmon spawn, the less healthy the salmon stocks. Summer chinook are least healthy where hatcheries are absent, while wild and scenic rivers are associated with healthier spring chinook. Coho are least healthy where there is more agriculture, more human population, and less forest. Fall chinook are least healthy where there is more US Forest Service land. Winter steelhead are least healthy where hatcheries are absent and less Indian tribal land. Ecoregional differences coupled with the absence of dams on the Coast compared to the Columbia Basin are associated with healthier coastal stocks. Title: Anthropogenic activities associated with the status of salmon stocks in Pacific Northwest watersheds Author: Mrakovcich, Karina Lorenz Stocks of salmon are declining in the Pacific Northwest. Based on region-wide studies that list and categorize the status of salmon stocks (Nehlsen et al., 1991; Huntington et al., 1994; and Nawa, 1995), I analyze the watersheds where stocks of salmon spawn for several anthropogenic variables, most of which are known to affect salmon. A total of 202 watersheds (stocks of salmon) in Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho are coded for 13 anthropogenic variables such as dams, forest, agriculture, human population, hatcheries, Indian tribes, and watershed organizations. Most variables are ordinally coded 1 to 5 with the help of maps, some survey results, and visual assessment. Hypotheses are that the human activities that are detrimental to the health of salmon are associated with the poor status of salmon stocks in watersheds where they spawn. Salmon watersheds are also analyzed according to ecoregions and salmon management regions. Principal components analysis is performed to reduce the number of anthropogenic variables into factors. Kendall's tau, partial correlation, multiple linear regression, logistic regression, and discriminant analyses are performed separately for five species/races of salmon (coho, spring chinook, summer chinook, fall chinook, winter steelhead) and for the watershed average for salmon stock status, against the anthropogenic variables and factors. Statistical results using both variables and factors support most of the hypotheses relative to salmon and anthropogenic activities in watersheds. Results suggest that the 5 species/races of salmon are associated differently with most anthropogenic activities. The greater the amount of dams below watersheds where salmon spawn, the less healthy the salmon stocks. Summer chinook are least healthy where hatcheries are absent, while wild and scenic rivers are associated with healthier spring chinook. Coho are least healthy where there is more agriculture, more human population, and less forest. Fall chinook are least healthy where there is more US Forest Service land. Winter steelhead are least healthy where hatcheries are absent and less Indian tribal land. Ecoregional differences coupled with the absence of dams on the Coast compared to the Columbia Basin are associated with healthier coastal stocks. Close

• 92. [Article] IMST Review of the USFWS and NMFS 2001 Biological Opinions on Management of the Klamath Reclamation Project and Related Reports

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: IMST Review of the USFWS and NMFS 2001 Biological Opinions on Management of the Klamath Reclamation Project and Related Reports Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Title: IMST Review of the USFWS and NMFS 2001 Biological Opinions on Management of the Klamath Reclamation Project and Related Reports Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Close

• 93. [Article] Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA

  A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Zielinski, Christopher A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since 1996. The PRB complex, starting at river kilometer (Rkm) 103, blocks the further upstream migration of anadromous salmonids into upper river basin waters. Part of the process for evaluating the passage plan was the development of a Fish Health Management Program. The program is, in part, designed to minimize and communicate the magnitude of risk associated with passing serious fish pathogens upstream of the PRB until evaluation of the fish passage effort confirms that the reestablishment of anadromous fish species can be successful. With the goal of minimizing the risk of passing serious fish pathogens along with evaluating the magnitude of risk, several potential pathogens of concern were identified. At the forefront of concern is the fish pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis which is responsible for whirling disease in salmonids. Annual, or at least periodic, introduction of M. cerebralis into the lower DRB has occurred since at least 1984 as a result of infected stray adult salmonids spawning and dying there. These are primarily hatchery summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and to a lesser extent spring Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), from the Snake River system. Because of its' potential to cause significant mortality, the risk associated with M. cerebralis establishment in the DRB needed to be addressed. The risk of the parasite being transmitted and established upstream of the PRB with the renewal of fish passage at the PRB, and the potential for M. cerebralis to affect survival of reintroduced anadromous fish species required investigation. To evaluate these potential risks, we conducted multi-year studies (1998-2007) that informed a risk-assessment model. Tailored specifically for M. cerebralis, this model was used to identify key characteristics that will influence pathways of M. cerebralis introduction, the potential for establishment, and the consequences of establishment. The three steps involved in the risk assessment model are the release, exposure and consequence assessments. Using this model we evaluated the probability of introduction and establishment of M. cerebralis in the lower Deschutes River Basin (DRB) as well as in waters above the PRB with future passage of anadromous fish. The current study gives evidence that M. cerebralis is established in the lower DRB. The current study also gives evidence not all areas of the DRB can be classified as having the same likelihood for establishment and the potential impact the parasite poses will not be identical from one location to another. It is clear, however, that M. cerebralis could become established above the PRB if infected fish carry the myxospore into these waters. Title: Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Zielinski, Christopher A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since 1996. The PRB complex, starting at river kilometer (Rkm) 103, blocks the further upstream migration of anadromous salmonids into upper river basin waters. Part of the process for evaluating the passage plan was the development of a Fish Health Management Program. The program is, in part, designed to minimize and communicate the magnitude of risk associated with passing serious fish pathogens upstream of the PRB until evaluation of the fish passage effort confirms that the reestablishment of anadromous fish species can be successful. With the goal of minimizing the risk of passing serious fish pathogens along with evaluating the magnitude of risk, several potential pathogens of concern were identified. At the forefront of concern is the fish pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis which is responsible for whirling disease in salmonids. Annual, or at least periodic, introduction of M. cerebralis into the lower DRB has occurred since at least 1984 as a result of infected stray adult salmonids spawning and dying there. These are primarily hatchery summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and to a lesser extent spring Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), from the Snake River system. Because of its' potential to cause significant mortality, the risk associated with M. cerebralis establishment in the DRB needed to be addressed. The risk of the parasite being transmitted and established upstream of the PRB with the renewal of fish passage at the PRB, and the potential for M. cerebralis to affect survival of reintroduced anadromous fish species required investigation. To evaluate these potential risks, we conducted multi-year studies (1998-2007) that informed a risk-assessment model. Tailored specifically for M. cerebralis, this model was used to identify key characteristics that will influence pathways of M. cerebralis introduction, the potential for establishment, and the consequences of establishment. The three steps involved in the risk assessment model are the release, exposure and consequence assessments. Using this model we evaluated the probability of introduction and establishment of M. cerebralis in the lower Deschutes River Basin (DRB) as well as in waters above the PRB with future passage of anadromous fish. The current study gives evidence that M. cerebralis is established in the lower DRB. The current study also gives evidence not all areas of the DRB can be classified as having the same likelihood for establishment and the potential impact the parasite poses will not be identical from one location to another. It is clear, however, that M. cerebralis could become established above the PRB if infected fish carry the myxospore into these waters. Close

• 94. [Article] Will we need to change the rules : assessing the implications of climate change for dam operations in Oregon's McKenzie River Basin

  Dams and reservoirs are important components of water resource management systems, but their operational sensitivity to streamflow variability may make them vulnerable to climate change. Climate change ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Will we need to change the rules : assessing the implications of climate change for dam operations in Oregon's McKenzie River Basin Author: Danner, Allison G. Dams and reservoirs are important components of water resource management systems, but their operational sensitivity to streamflow variability may make them vulnerable to climate change. Climate change is likely to affect the magnitude and timing of streamflow, motivating the assessment of potential impacts on dams and reservoirs. Here I examine a case study of Cougar Dam, a multipurpose dam in Oregon, USA, to assess potential impacts of future climate change on operational performance. In the first portion of this study, I examine the historical operation of Cougar Dam, to understand (1), whether operational objectives have been achievable in the past despite operational variability, and (2) how climatic variation is expressed in operational trajectories. By analyzing historical streamflow and operations data using a set of metrics, I characterize variability in past operations and how that variability relates to streamflow. I also employ a reservoir model to distinguish operational differences due to streamflow variability from variability due to other factors that affect operations. I find that operational objectives have been achievable, despite variability in operations and departures from the ideal operational trajectory. Throughout the historical period, flood control operations have almost always kept reservoir outflows below the desired maximum outflow. Although filling occurs 9 days late on average, the reservoir has filled in all but 6 out of 37 years. Although drawdown occurs 47 days early on average, early drawdown does not generally impact recreation and allows minimum outflows to be met every day during all but the driest year. I also find that total seasonal inflow is correlated with measures of operational performance, and that other factors besides climate play an important role in determining operational trajectories. I conclude that operations of Cougar Reservoir are vulnerable to climate change, but that operational flexibility may mitigate some of the potential impacts. In the second portion of this study I assume that current operating rules will be kept in place and I aim to understand what types of operational impacts may be expected, when they may be expected to occur, and whether the operational impacts may necessitate changing operational rules. I employ both a traditional climate impacts assessment approach to assess changes over time as well as a scenario-neutral approach to generalize relationships between streamflow and operations of Cougar Dam. I find that projected increases in winter streamflow could result in up to twice the number of downstream high flows than in the past and that projected decreases in summer streamflow could result in earlier reservoir drawdown by up to 20 days on average. Additionally, filling of the reservoir may occur up to 16% more often or 11% less often than in the past, depending on spring flow magnitude and timing. I also find that there are strong general relationships between total inflow volume and flood control performance, and that there are total inflow thresholds for whether or not the reservoir will fill or will be full enough for recreation in late summer. I conclude that future modification of operating policies may be warranted, but that there will likely be tradeoffs between operating objectives in the future even if operating rules are modified. Title: Will we need to change the rules : assessing the implications of climate change for dam operations in Oregon's McKenzie River Basin Author: Danner, Allison G. Dams and reservoirs are important components of water resource management systems, but their operational sensitivity to streamflow variability may make them vulnerable to climate change. Climate change is likely to affect the magnitude and timing of streamflow, motivating the assessment of potential impacts on dams and reservoirs. Here I examine a case study of Cougar Dam, a multipurpose dam in Oregon, USA, to assess potential impacts of future climate change on operational performance. In the first portion of this study, I examine the historical operation of Cougar Dam, to understand (1), whether operational objectives have been achievable in the past despite operational variability, and (2) how climatic variation is expressed in operational trajectories. By analyzing historical streamflow and operations data using a set of metrics, I characterize variability in past operations and how that variability relates to streamflow. I also employ a reservoir model to distinguish operational differences due to streamflow variability from variability due to other factors that affect operations. I find that operational objectives have been achievable, despite variability in operations and departures from the ideal operational trajectory. Throughout the historical period, flood control operations have almost always kept reservoir outflows below the desired maximum outflow. Although filling occurs 9 days late on average, the reservoir has filled in all but 6 out of 37 years. Although drawdown occurs 47 days early on average, early drawdown does not generally impact recreation and allows minimum outflows to be met every day during all but the driest year. I also find that total seasonal inflow is correlated with measures of operational performance, and that other factors besides climate play an important role in determining operational trajectories. I conclude that operations of Cougar Reservoir are vulnerable to climate change, but that operational flexibility may mitigate some of the potential impacts. In the second portion of this study I assume that current operating rules will be kept in place and I aim to understand what types of operational impacts may be expected, when they may be expected to occur, and whether the operational impacts may necessitate changing operational rules. I employ both a traditional climate impacts assessment approach to assess changes over time as well as a scenario-neutral approach to generalize relationships between streamflow and operations of Cougar Dam. I find that projected increases in winter streamflow could result in up to twice the number of downstream high flows than in the past and that projected decreases in summer streamflow could result in earlier reservoir drawdown by up to 20 days on average. Additionally, filling of the reservoir may occur up to 16% more often or 11% less often than in the past, depending on spring flow magnitude and timing. I also find that there are strong general relationships between total inflow volume and flood control performance, and that there are total inflow thresholds for whether or not the reservoir will fill or will be full enough for recreation in late summer. I conclude that future modification of operating policies may be warranted, but that there will likely be tradeoffs between operating objectives in the future even if operating rules are modified. Close

• 95. [Article] Resilience of large river basins : applying social-ecological systems theory, conflict management, and collaboration on the Mekong and Columbia Basins

  River basins provide essential services for both humans and ecosystems. Understanding the connections between ecosystems and society and their function has been at the heart of resilience studies and has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resilience of large river basins : applying social-ecological systems theory, conflict management, and collaboration on the Mekong and Columbia Basins Author: MacQuarrie, Patrick R. River basins provide essential services for both humans and ecosystems. Understanding the connections between ecosystems and society and their function has been at the heart of resilience studies and has become an increasing important endeavor in research and practice. In this dissertation, I define basin resilience as a river basin system's capacity to absorb, manage, and adapt to biophysical, social-economic, and political changes (or stressors) while still maintaining its essential structure, feedbacks, and functional integrity. I address the question of resilience, scale, and development in the Mekong and Columbia River Basins. This dissertation answers the following questions: 1) is systems theory an appropriate model to evaluate basin resilience, 2) is the Mekong Basin resilient, 3) are the Mekong and Columbia River Basins resilient across multiple scales, 4) can conflict management and collaborative learning enhance resilience, 5) can a resilience framework be used for basin comparisons, and 6) what lessons can the Mekong basin take from rapid development in the Columbia basin? In Chapter 2, I create and apply a social-ecological systems (SES) model of the Mekong River Basin to assess resilience at sub-basin (provincial), watershed (national), and basin (regional) scales. Feedbacks, thresholds, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity are determined and used as inputs into an overall basin resilience assessment. Drawing upon field work done in the Mekong Basin, Chapter 3 uses Conflict Management and Collaborative Learning processes to address resilience weaknesses across multiple scales in the Mekong Basin. Chapter 4 uses the basin resilience framework to compare the Mekong and Columbia Basins against physical characteristics, development rate, conflict and cooperation, and institutional responses to development projects. In this dissertation I find the Mekong has medium-low basin resilience and that scale is a critical determinant in basin resilience assessments. I find that in this study, vulnerability is inversely proportional to resilience, and low resilience at one scale, for example fisheries in the Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia, decreases resilience for the entire basin. I find that Cambodia and Lao PDR are the least resilience and Thailand the most resilient countries in the Mekong Basin – Thailand more resilient in some sectors than the Mekong River Commission (MRC). I find that the MRC's conflict management strategy is hampered by a restrictive mandate and weakness in capacity building at tributary and national scales but that Collaborative Learning processes are effective in enhancing resilience at the sub-basin scale. Finally, I demonstrate through the basin comparison that the Mekong has a highly resilient biophysical system and traditionally a resilient institutional system however, the proposed rate of development is unsustainable with trends indicating a significant erosion of resilience. I find the Columbia Basin lacking resilience in fishing, hydropower, and water quality – sectors mitigating the effects of development in the Columbia Basin, manifesting as overall negative trends in cooperation. However, the Columbia shows signs of increasing cooperation due recent inclusion of Tribal Nations in water management. Flexible and inclusive institutional responses to water resource development challenges, in the Mekong to rapid development on the mainstream and in the Columbia to negotiations over renewal of the Columbia River Treaty, are key determinants to whether or not each basin can halt the current negative trends and strengthen basin resilience to face the challenges now and those coming in the future. Title: Resilience of large river basins : applying social-ecological systems theory, conflict management, and collaboration on the Mekong and Columbia Basins Author: MacQuarrie, Patrick R. River basins provide essential services for both humans and ecosystems. Understanding the connections between ecosystems and society and their function has been at the heart of resilience studies and has become an increasing important endeavor in research and practice. In this dissertation, I define basin resilience as a river basin system's capacity to absorb, manage, and adapt to biophysical, social-economic, and political changes (or stressors) while still maintaining its essential structure, feedbacks, and functional integrity. I address the question of resilience, scale, and development in the Mekong and Columbia River Basins. This dissertation answers the following questions: 1) is systems theory an appropriate model to evaluate basin resilience, 2) is the Mekong Basin resilient, 3) are the Mekong and Columbia River Basins resilient across multiple scales, 4) can conflict management and collaborative learning enhance resilience, 5) can a resilience framework be used for basin comparisons, and 6) what lessons can the Mekong basin take from rapid development in the Columbia basin? In Chapter 2, I create and apply a social-ecological systems (SES) model of the Mekong River Basin to assess resilience at sub-basin (provincial), watershed (national), and basin (regional) scales. Feedbacks, thresholds, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity are determined and used as inputs into an overall basin resilience assessment. Drawing upon field work done in the Mekong Basin, Chapter 3 uses Conflict Management and Collaborative Learning processes to address resilience weaknesses across multiple scales in the Mekong Basin. Chapter 4 uses the basin resilience framework to compare the Mekong and Columbia Basins against physical characteristics, development rate, conflict and cooperation, and institutional responses to development projects. In this dissertation I find the Mekong has medium-low basin resilience and that scale is a critical determinant in basin resilience assessments. I find that in this study, vulnerability is inversely proportional to resilience, and low resilience at one scale, for example fisheries in the Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia, decreases resilience for the entire basin. I find that Cambodia and Lao PDR are the least resilience and Thailand the most resilient countries in the Mekong Basin – Thailand more resilient in some sectors than the Mekong River Commission (MRC). I find that the MRC's conflict management strategy is hampered by a restrictive mandate and weakness in capacity building at tributary and national scales but that Collaborative Learning processes are effective in enhancing resilience at the sub-basin scale. Finally, I demonstrate through the basin comparison that the Mekong has a highly resilient biophysical system and traditionally a resilient institutional system however, the proposed rate of development is unsustainable with trends indicating a significant erosion of resilience. I find the Columbia Basin lacking resilience in fishing, hydropower, and water quality – sectors mitigating the effects of development in the Columbia Basin, manifesting as overall negative trends in cooperation. However, the Columbia shows signs of increasing cooperation due recent inclusion of Tribal Nations in water management. Flexible and inclusive institutional responses to water resource development challenges, in the Mekong to rapid development on the mainstream and in the Columbia to negotiations over renewal of the Columbia River Treaty, are key determinants to whether or not each basin can halt the current negative trends and strengthen basin resilience to face the challenges now and those coming in the future. Close

• 96. [Article] A hydrogeologic framework for characterizing summer streamflow sensitivity to climate warming in the Pacific Northwest, USA

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A hydrogeologic framework for characterizing summer streamflow sensitivity to climate warming in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Lewis, S. L., Safeeq, M., Kramer, M. G., Grant, G. E., Staab, B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/home.html. Title: A hydrogeologic framework for characterizing summer streamflow sensitivity to climate warming in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Lewis, S. L., Safeeq, M., Kramer, M. G., Grant, G. E., Staab, B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/home.html. Close

• 97. [Article] Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96

  The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96 Author: Bonn, Bernadine A., Washington County (Or.). Unified Sewerage Agency., Geological Survey (U.S.) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this study were to: assess the occurrence and magnitude of trace element and selected organic contaminants in streams of the Tualatin River Basin; compare contaminant levels found in Tualatin River Basin streams with published guidelines for the protection of aquatic life; place the contaminant levels found in the Tualatin River Basin streams in context, regionally and nationally, by comparing them with those found in the Willamette Basin and by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program; compare contaminant concentrations in bed sediment with those in fish tissue; and identify contaminant patterns that would help managers make decisions regarding future monitoring and the implementation of pollution prevention and abatement programs. Title: Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96 Author: Bonn, Bernadine A., Washington County (Or.). Unified Sewerage Agency., Geological Survey (U.S.) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this study were to: assess the occurrence and magnitude of trace element and selected organic contaminants in streams of the Tualatin River Basin; compare contaminant levels found in Tualatin River Basin streams with published guidelines for the protection of aquatic life; place the contaminant levels found in the Tualatin River Basin streams in context, regionally and nationally, by comparing them with those found in the Willamette Basin and by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program; compare contaminant concentrations in bed sediment with those in fish tissue; and identify contaminant patterns that would help managers make decisions regarding future monitoring and the implementation of pollution prevention and abatement programs. Close

• 98. [Article] Down by the creek : understanding landowner perspectives on streamside health and management

  Both policy makers and private landowners have come to recognize the importance of streamside areas in the maintenance of water quality and fish habitat. Because non-industrial landowners own 42% of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Down by the creek : understanding landowner perspectives on streamside health and management Author: Wiskind, Adam Both policy makers and private landowners have come to recognize the importance of streamside areas in the maintenance of water quality and fish habitat. Because non-industrial landowners own 42% of the streamside area in the Coast Range, their management is a significant factor in the streamside health of Western Oregon. This study assesses landowner perceptions of streamside health and management in the Gales Creek basin, a mixed-use watershed west of Portland. Data were collected from a total of 21 forest, agricultural and urban landowners using qualitative research methods, in-depth interviews and field tours. Key findings from the research are: 1) Landowners' streamside management supports their more general goals for their land: forestry, agriculture, or residential. 2) Maintaining streamside health is not usually a primary objective of landowner management; rather it is a fortuitous, but unintended, side effect of their pursuit of other goals. 3) Landowners may assert autonomy over their land when their goals are threatened by natural resource policy and 4) Landowners possess specific knowledge of their streamside areas but are limited in their understanding of conditions at larger spatial and temporal scales. They believe that their knowledge should be incorporated into policy making. Some implications from these findings for the development of landscape scale policy are included. Title: Down by the creek : understanding landowner perspectives on streamside health and management Author: Wiskind, Adam Both policy makers and private landowners have come to recognize the importance of streamside areas in the maintenance of water quality and fish habitat. Because non-industrial landowners own 42% of the streamside area in the Coast Range, their management is a significant factor in the streamside health of Western Oregon. This study assesses landowner perceptions of streamside health and management in the Gales Creek basin, a mixed-use watershed west of Portland. Data were collected from a total of 21 forest, agricultural and urban landowners using qualitative research methods, in-depth interviews and field tours. Key findings from the research are: 1) Landowners' streamside management supports their more general goals for their land: forestry, agriculture, or residential. 2) Maintaining streamside health is not usually a primary objective of landowner management; rather it is a fortuitous, but unintended, side effect of their pursuit of other goals. 3) Landowners may assert autonomy over their land when their goals are threatened by natural resource policy and 4) Landowners possess specific knowledge of their streamside areas but are limited in their understanding of conditions at larger spatial and temporal scales. They believe that their knowledge should be incorporated into policy making. Some implications from these findings for the development of landscape scale policy are included. Close

• 99. [Article] A river loved : facilitating cooperative negotiation of transboundary water resource management in the Columbia River Basin through documentary film

  In transboundary water resources policy and management situations, such as the governance of the Columbia River Basin, complex social, ecological, and economic factors seem to be in irreconcilable competition ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A river loved : facilitating cooperative negotiation of transboundary water resource management in the Columbia River Basin through documentary film Author: Watson, Julie Elkins In transboundary water resources policy and management situations, such as the governance of the Columbia River Basin, complex social, ecological, and economic factors seem to be in irreconcilable competition with one another. However, cooperative negotiation provides an outlet for entities and stakeholders to "expand the pie" and develop creative alternatives for integrated, resilient management. To achieve these goals, it is critical that stakeholders have meaningful dialogue that goes beyond positions to identify the underlying values and interests in the basin. Furthermore, parties must develop a shared understanding of the substantive complexities of the social-ecological system. Collaborative learning allows participants to meet both of these objectives at once, and facilitators can spark collaboration through carefully planned interventions. The goal of this study was to test a carefully crafted "facilitative" documentary film as a facilitation tool to promote dialogue, understanding, and creative scenario development amongst parties. The study has three main components: 1) the resilience and learning analysis of the case study (the Columbia River Treaty) policy situation, 2) the creation of a facilitative film featuring interviews with diverse stakeholders in the basin, and 3) the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the effects of the film in the cooperative negotiation process. The film, A River Loved: A film about the Columbia River and the people invested in its future, premiered at the Universities Consortium Symposium on Columbia River Governance- an informal forum for dialogue held in Kimberley, British Columbia in October 2011. I measured participants' reactions to the film and found substantial support for my hypotheses, concluding that interventions such as facilitative documentary film have great potential to transform complex, multi-stakeholder social-ecological policy situations. Title: A river loved : facilitating cooperative negotiation of transboundary water resource management in the Columbia River Basin through documentary film Author: Watson, Julie Elkins In transboundary water resources policy and management situations, such as the governance of the Columbia River Basin, complex social, ecological, and economic factors seem to be in irreconcilable competition with one another. However, cooperative negotiation provides an outlet for entities and stakeholders to "expand the pie" and develop creative alternatives for integrated, resilient management. To achieve these goals, it is critical that stakeholders have meaningful dialogue that goes beyond positions to identify the underlying values and interests in the basin. Furthermore, parties must develop a shared understanding of the substantive complexities of the social-ecological system. Collaborative learning allows participants to meet both of these objectives at once, and facilitators can spark collaboration through carefully planned interventions. The goal of this study was to test a carefully crafted "facilitative" documentary film as a facilitation tool to promote dialogue, understanding, and creative scenario development amongst parties. The study has three main components: 1) the resilience and learning analysis of the case study (the Columbia River Treaty) policy situation, 2) the creation of a facilitative film featuring interviews with diverse stakeholders in the basin, and 3) the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the effects of the film in the cooperative negotiation process. The film, A River Loved: A film about the Columbia River and the people invested in its future, premiered at the Universities Consortium Symposium on Columbia River Governance- an informal forum for dialogue held in Kimberley, British Columbia in October 2011. I measured participants' reactions to the film and found substantial support for my hypotheses, concluding that interventions such as facilitative documentary film have great potential to transform complex, multi-stakeholder social-ecological policy situations. Close

• 100. [Article] Water Governance Process Assessment : Evaluating the Link between Decision Making Processes and Outcomes in the Columbia River Basin

  Academics and practitioners agree that in water governance, the quality of a decision making process should influence the quality of the outcome and the degree to which it is accepted by interested parties. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Governance Process Assessment : Evaluating the Link between Decision Making Processes and Outcomes in the Columbia River Basin Author: Ogren, Kimberly Academics and practitioners agree that in water governance, the quality of a decision making process should influence the quality of the outcome and the degree to which it is accepted by interested parties. However, finding a feasible way to evaluate and then improve the quality of a decision making process has proven elusive. Systematically collecting evidence of a link between process and outcome is also challenging. In my dissertation, I developed a synthesis framework for evaluating and improving water governance decision making to address these two challenges. The synthesis framework, which I call the Water Governance Process Assessment (Water GPA), draws upon 22 existing frameworks rooted in resilience, adaptive governance, and good governance. From these frameworks, I identified and provided a way to evaluate four characteristics critical to good water governance decision making processes: 1) accountability, 2) inclusivity, and 3) information, and 4) context. I applied the Water GPA framework to the recent reviews of the Columbia River Treaty by the United States and Canada. I collected data for the case studies through semi-structured interviews and surveys of process participants from the federal agencies, Tribal and First Nations, state/provincial governments, local governments, stakeholder interests, and citizens. I coded and analyzed the interviews using the qualitative analysis software QSR NVivo and the characteristics identified in the Water GPA framework. I used the two case study applications to demonstrate how to use the framework. I identified what aspects of the four process categories served as barriers and building blocks for good water governance in each water governance process. I also gleaned lessons learned and recommendations including some for determining process leadership, ensuring meaningful engagement and inclusivity, addressing sovereignty issues, setting decision criteria, sharing decision authority, allocating resources in future processes in the US and BC portions of the Columbia River Basin and similar basins. In my case studies, I also investigated which characteristics of the water governance decision making process influenced the direct outcomes of those processes (the decisions) as well as other non-target outcomes (such as trust, co-produced science, new coalitions, etc.). All four characteristics outlined in the Water Governance Process Assessment (Water GPA), played some role in the development of the content and/or support of the two case study decision documents (US Regional Recommendation and BC Provincial Decision). Generally, when the characteristic of the process was done well, it improved the legitimacy and acceptance of the decision. At the same time performing poorly in one area did not necessarily torpedo the process or decision. In both case studies, it appears that the interplay between the process characteristics (that is where two or more characteristics converge) had a greater influence over the decision. Further work is needed to clearly identify what characteristics of a process are most influential in different situations. The Water GPA is one useful tool for this effort. Title: Water Governance Process Assessment : Evaluating the Link between Decision Making Processes and Outcomes in the Columbia River Basin Author: Ogren, Kimberly Academics and practitioners agree that in water governance, the quality of a decision making process should influence the quality of the outcome and the degree to which it is accepted by interested parties. However, finding a feasible way to evaluate and then improve the quality of a decision making process has proven elusive. Systematically collecting evidence of a link between process and outcome is also challenging. In my dissertation, I developed a synthesis framework for evaluating and improving water governance decision making to address these two challenges. The synthesis framework, which I call the Water Governance Process Assessment (Water GPA), draws upon 22 existing frameworks rooted in resilience, adaptive governance, and good governance. From these frameworks, I identified and provided a way to evaluate four characteristics critical to good water governance decision making processes: 1) accountability, 2) inclusivity, and 3) information, and 4) context. I applied the Water GPA framework to the recent reviews of the Columbia River Treaty by the United States and Canada. I collected data for the case studies through semi-structured interviews and surveys of process participants from the federal agencies, Tribal and First Nations, state/provincial governments, local governments, stakeholder interests, and citizens. I coded and analyzed the interviews using the qualitative analysis software QSR NVivo and the characteristics identified in the Water GPA framework. I used the two case study applications to demonstrate how to use the framework. I identified what aspects of the four process categories served as barriers and building blocks for good water governance in each water governance process. I also gleaned lessons learned and recommendations including some for determining process leadership, ensuring meaningful engagement and inclusivity, addressing sovereignty issues, setting decision criteria, sharing decision authority, allocating resources in future processes in the US and BC portions of the Columbia River Basin and similar basins. In my case studies, I also investigated which characteristics of the water governance decision making process influenced the direct outcomes of those processes (the decisions) as well as other non-target outcomes (such as trust, co-produced science, new coalitions, etc.). All four characteristics outlined in the Water Governance Process Assessment (Water GPA), played some role in the development of the content and/or support of the two case study decision documents (US Regional Recommendation and BC Provincial Decision). Generally, when the characteristic of the process was done well, it improved the legitimacy and acceptance of the decision. At the same time performing poorly in one area did not necessarily torpedo the process or decision. In both case studies, it appears that the interplay between the process characteristics (that is where two or more characteristics converge) had a greater influence over the decision. Further work is needed to clearly identify what characteristics of a process are most influential in different situations. The Water GPA is one useful tool for this effort. Close