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• 1. [Article] A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes

  Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes Author: Tʻang, Li Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent column. The model included an assumption that linear adsorption of the solute occurred on the gas bubbles. Predictions indicated that aqueous column height has less effect on the solute removal efficiency than water flow rates, gas flow rates or bubble size. Increased water flow rates reduce removal efficiency; greater gas flow rates increase removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency is determined by adsorption characteristics of the solute; the removal rate is controlled by mass-transfer rate. However, influent concentrations of the solute in the water phase do not affect removal efficiency. These predictions were tested by means of solvent sublation experiments conducted in a laboratory setting. The data were collected from the sublation of Triton-X100 in a water-ethyl acetate-nitrogen system. Linear regression was used to compare predictions and experimental data with respect to column height. Five column heights ranged from 30 to 100 cm were compared at three water flow rates, 3.0, 5.5 and 13.0 ml/min. The calculated column heights agreed the observed column heights well. As the model predicted, the effect of influent concentraion on the removal efficiency was not significant. The surface excess of Triton-X100 (0.75 E-10 to 7.5 E-10 g mole/cm²) estimated from the adsorption constant in the model agrees with other published values (2.6 E-10 to 2.8 E-10 g mole/cm²). The mass-transfer coefficients of Triton-X100 in water (kL, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 cm/min) determined from the model and experimental data at 3.0, 5.5, 8.0 and 13.0 ml/min water flows (Qw) are proportional to the 0.124 power of the water flow rates. kL = 0.0441 Qw⁰.¹²⁴ This empirical exponent correlation between mass-transfer coefficients and water flow rates for the adsorption processes is similar to the correlation determined from previous absorption models. Title: A mathematical model for adsorptive bubble-separation processes Author: Tʻang, Li Adsorptive bubble-separation processes are used to remove adsorptive contaminants from wastewater. A mathematical model was developed for the adsorptive bubble separation processes in a countercurrent column. The model included an assumption that linear adsorption of the solute occurred on the gas bubbles. Predictions indicated that aqueous column height has less effect on the solute removal efficiency than water flow rates, gas flow rates or bubble size. Increased water flow rates reduce removal efficiency; greater gas flow rates increase removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency is determined by adsorption characteristics of the solute; the removal rate is controlled by mass-transfer rate. However, influent concentrations of the solute in the water phase do not affect removal efficiency. These predictions were tested by means of solvent sublation experiments conducted in a laboratory setting. The data were collected from the sublation of Triton-X100 in a water-ethyl acetate-nitrogen system. Linear regression was used to compare predictions and experimental data with respect to column height. Five column heights ranged from 30 to 100 cm were compared at three water flow rates, 3.0, 5.5 and 13.0 ml/min. The calculated column heights agreed the observed column heights well. As the model predicted, the effect of influent concentraion on the removal efficiency was not significant. The surface excess of Triton-X100 (0.75 E-10 to 7.5 E-10 g mole/cm²) estimated from the adsorption constant in the model agrees with other published values (2.6 E-10 to 2.8 E-10 g mole/cm²). The mass-transfer coefficients of Triton-X100 in water (kL, which ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 cm/min) determined from the model and experimental data at 3.0, 5.5, 8.0 and 13.0 ml/min water flows (Qw) are proportional to the 0.124 power of the water flow rates. kL = 0.0441 Qw⁰.¹²⁴ This empirical exponent correlation between mass-transfer coefficients and water flow rates for the adsorption processes is similar to the correlation determined from previous absorption models. Close

• 2. [Article] Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill

  A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill Author: Schmieder, Patricia K. (Patricia Kathleen) A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions of hypoxia and post-hypoxia was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in male than female trout. The cardiac output of trout in spawning condition was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) than that of trout not in spawning condition. Measurements of pulsatile cardiac output were made simultaneously with trout ventilation, and revealed ventilatory interactions with blood flow that varied depending on environmental oxygen condition. The method for monitoring gill blood flow was used with methods for automated measurement of gill water flow, oxygen uptake, and chemical flux in vivo. An experimental protocol was developed in which environmental oxygen was varied to obtain maximum increases in water flow over the gills without blood flow changes, and subsequent attainment of maximum increases in blood flow through the gills with decreasing water flow. The protocol was used as a probe to study variations in chemical flux with varied blood or water flow. The changes in gill flux of butanol (Log octanol/water partition coefficient (P) = 0.88) measured during control, hypoxia, and post-hypoxia correlated with observed changes in blood flow. A 70% increase in butanol flux was noted with a 50% increase in cardiac output, but there was no increase in butanol flux with a 100% increase in ventilation volume. Changes observed in the gill flux of decanol (Log P = 4.57) measured under varied environmental oxygen conditions correlated with observed changes in ventilation volume. A 100% increase in decanol flux was noted with a 160% increase in ventilation volume. The observed blood flow limitations to uptake of the low Log P butanol, and the water flow limitations to uptake of the high Log P decanol helped to verify assumptions made in recently proposed flow-limited models for prediction of chemical flux across fish gills. Title: Cardiac output and respiratory measurements in the rainbow trout and their application to the study of blood and water flow limitations on chemical flux at the gill Author: Schmieder, Patricia K. (Patricia Kathleen) A method has been developed for the continuous automated monitoring of cardiac output in adult rainbow trout. Average cardiac output measured under control conditions and varied environmental conditions of hypoxia and post-hypoxia was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) in male than female trout. The cardiac output of trout in spawning condition was significantly higher (P≤ 0.05) than that of trout not in spawning condition. Measurements of pulsatile cardiac output were made simultaneously with trout ventilation, and revealed ventilatory interactions with blood flow that varied depending on environmental oxygen condition. The method for monitoring gill blood flow was used with methods for automated measurement of gill water flow, oxygen uptake, and chemical flux in vivo. An experimental protocol was developed in which environmental oxygen was varied to obtain maximum increases in water flow over the gills without blood flow changes, and subsequent attainment of maximum increases in blood flow through the gills with decreasing water flow. The protocol was used as a probe to study variations in chemical flux with varied blood or water flow. The changes in gill flux of butanol (Log octanol/water partition coefficient (P) = 0.88) measured during control, hypoxia, and post-hypoxia correlated with observed changes in blood flow. A 70% increase in butanol flux was noted with a 50% increase in cardiac output, but there was no increase in butanol flux with a 100% increase in ventilation volume. Changes observed in the gill flux of decanol (Log P = 4.57) measured under varied environmental oxygen conditions correlated with observed changes in ventilation volume. A 100% increase in decanol flux was noted with a 160% increase in ventilation volume. The observed blood flow limitations to uptake of the low Log P butanol, and the water flow limitations to uptake of the high Log P decanol helped to verify assumptions made in recently proposed flow-limited models for prediction of chemical flux across fish gills. Close

• 3. [Article] Thesis Appendices.zip

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thesis Appendices.zip Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Title: Thesis Appendices.zip Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Close

• 4. [Article] Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps

  Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps Author: Aceves, Salvador M. Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump a very important consideration is to reduce water consumption, while in an ice-maker heat pump a major concern is to reduce the number of deicing cycles while keeping a high performance. Previous research by this author has indicated that the use of the flow reversal method (reversing periodically the water flow direction in the evaporator) has the effect of partly deicing the evaporator, reducing pressure drop and enhancing heat transfer. This thesis shows the development and application of analytical and numerical models to study the effect of different evaporator parameters on heat pump efficiency, as well as the possible advantages of using the flow reversal method in a water-source or ice-maker heat pump. The conclusion reached from these studies is that periodic water flow reversals inside an evaporator with freezing help improve the performance of a heat pump system in two different ways. First, periodic water flow direction reversals serve to enhance heat transfer in the evaporator. Second, reversing the water flow direction also delays ice blockage in the evaporator, or totally prevents blockage from happening. Delaying ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for ice-maker heat pumps, since these may then operate for a longer time without deicing. Preventing ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for water-source heat pumps, since these may then operate at lower water flow rates. Suggestions for future work include further testing of the flow reversal method for different evaporator geometries, as well as an experimental evaluation of the flow reversal method. Title: Evaporator analysis for application to water-source and ice-maker heat pumps Author: Aceves, Salvador M. Water-source and ice-maker heat pumps share many characteristics. However, each presents different technical difficulties that have prevented them from being used more widely. In a water-source heat pump a very important consideration is to reduce water consumption, while in an ice-maker heat pump a major concern is to reduce the number of deicing cycles while keeping a high performance. Previous research by this author has indicated that the use of the flow reversal method (reversing periodically the water flow direction in the evaporator) has the effect of partly deicing the evaporator, reducing pressure drop and enhancing heat transfer. This thesis shows the development and application of analytical and numerical models to study the effect of different evaporator parameters on heat pump efficiency, as well as the possible advantages of using the flow reversal method in a water-source or ice-maker heat pump. The conclusion reached from these studies is that periodic water flow reversals inside an evaporator with freezing help improve the performance of a heat pump system in two different ways. First, periodic water flow direction reversals serve to enhance heat transfer in the evaporator. Second, reversing the water flow direction also delays ice blockage in the evaporator, or totally prevents blockage from happening. Delaying ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for ice-maker heat pumps, since these may then operate for a longer time without deicing. Preventing ice blockage represents a substantial improvement for water-source heat pumps, since these may then operate at lower water flow rates. Suggestions for future work include further testing of the flow reversal method for different evaporator geometries, as well as an experimental evaluation of the flow reversal method. Close

• 5. [Article] Numerical computation of free surface water flow

  The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Numerical computation of free surface water flow Author: Kuhnert, Jorg The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and 6 m deep wave tank, produces water waves by periodically moving back and forth. The resulting free surface water flow will be modeled physically. This physical model will be transformed into a mathematical model which is implemented on a computer. The goal is to approximately compute the velocity distribution of the fluid modeled as a linear combination of basis functions. Certain well known mathematical tools such as the Galerkin method or the idea of finite elements are employed. The theoretical developments are done for the three-dimensional case. However, numerical experiments are performed in two dimensions only. Two different types of basis functions will be introduced and investigated. Their advantages, disadvantages and capability to compute realistic results will clearly be shown and demonstrated in practice. Several problems occured during the development of the computation algorithms. These problems are outlined in this thesis, and several solutions are suggested. For example, a method how to deal with rising and falling water surface at a vertical boundary will be presented. The results of five numerical test runs will be exhibited, underlining what the theory predicts. Title: Numerical computation of free surface water flow Author: Kuhnert, Jorg The present thesis is a report of investigations on a model for computing the water flow in the wave tank of the OSU Wave Laboratory. A wave board, established at one end of the 100 m long, 4 m wide and 6 m deep wave tank, produces water waves by periodically moving back and forth. The resulting free surface water flow will be modeled physically. This physical model will be transformed into a mathematical model which is implemented on a computer. The goal is to approximately compute the velocity distribution of the fluid modeled as a linear combination of basis functions. Certain well known mathematical tools such as the Galerkin method or the idea of finite elements are employed. The theoretical developments are done for the three-dimensional case. However, numerical experiments are performed in two dimensions only. Two different types of basis functions will be introduced and investigated. Their advantages, disadvantages and capability to compute realistic results will clearly be shown and demonstrated in practice. Several problems occured during the development of the computation algorithms. These problems are outlined in this thesis, and several solutions are suggested. For example, a method how to deal with rising and falling water surface at a vertical boundary will be presented. The results of five numerical test runs will be exhibited, underlining what the theory predicts. Close

• 6. [Article] Estimating water flow rates

  Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonst...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating water flow rates Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Trimmer, Walter L. Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Estimating water flow rates Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Trimmer, Walter L. Declared out of print December 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 7. [Article] The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Title: The development of a hydrological model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM.pdf Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. Close

• 8. [Article] Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.)

  For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.) Author: Truelove, Nathan Kobun For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) migration patterns within the Columbia River Estuary and plume by integrating recent advances in biotelemetry and environmental observation and forecasting systems (EOFS). The underlying methodology included analysis of the spatial and temporal movements of juvenile outmigrant salmonids with hydrological data from the CORIE modeling system (http://www.ccalmr.ogi.edu/CORIE). The CORIE modeling system, an EOFS for the Columbia River and nearshore environment, integrates a real-time sensor network, data management system and advanced 3-dimensional numerical models. Numerical simulations of key physical variables (water level, velocities, and directionality) were generated for the precise time and location that individual juvenile salmonids implanted with radio transmitters were present in the Columbia River Estuary. Five general behavioral trends were evident from these simulations: i) passive movement (drifting) during ebb tides, ii) active swimming with the current during ebb tides, iii) active swimming against the current during flood tides, iv) active swimming cross current during flood tides, and v) passive drifting during flood tide. Direction of water flow had a significant effect on fish velocity. All fish types showed a positive relationship between fish velocity and simulated drifter velocity with outgoing water flow. During slack water flow (< 0.25 m/s), this relationship was only observed in barged fall Chinook. With incoming water flow, spring/summer and fall Chinook fish types showed no relationship, whereas steelhead did. Analysis over a three-year period suggested that data from the CORIE modeling system corresponded well with juvenile salmonid migratory behavior and that the model may be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of different hydrological regimes on fish movement. The secondary objective of this thesis evaluated the effects of both acute and chronic crowding stressors on the migratory behavior of hatchery reared juvenile steelhead released into Abernathy Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River Estuary, Washington. The acute stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a NanoTag radio transmitter (Lotek Wireless, Canada), followed by 6 hours of crowding immediately prior to release. The chronic stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a PIT-tag (Digital Angel Corporation), 36 days of acclimation, followed by 3 weeks of crowding in low water conditions prior to release. Short-term migratory success of steelhead that received the acute stress treatment was determined by radio telemetry. Numbers of migrating fish that received experimental stress treatments and their speed was determined by both mobile radio telemetry and stationary PIT-tag and radio-tag interrogation systems already established on Abernathy Creek. Acute and chronic stress treatments both significantly delayed migration by 2 to 10 days, respectively, compared to controls. Furthermore, the acute stress treatment significantly decreased the both the rate of migration and numbers of juvenile steelhead that successfully migrated out of Abernathy creek. Title: Effects of estuarine circulation patterns and stress on the migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids (Oncorhynchus sp.) Author: Truelove, Nathan Kobun For the first objective of this thesis, we attempt to understand the role of water flow and directionality in determining steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and spring/summer and fall Chinook (O. tschawytscha) migration patterns within the Columbia River Estuary and plume by integrating recent advances in biotelemetry and environmental observation and forecasting systems (EOFS). The underlying methodology included analysis of the spatial and temporal movements of juvenile outmigrant salmonids with hydrological data from the CORIE modeling system (http://www.ccalmr.ogi.edu/CORIE). The CORIE modeling system, an EOFS for the Columbia River and nearshore environment, integrates a real-time sensor network, data management system and advanced 3-dimensional numerical models. Numerical simulations of key physical variables (water level, velocities, and directionality) were generated for the precise time and location that individual juvenile salmonids implanted with radio transmitters were present in the Columbia River Estuary. Five general behavioral trends were evident from these simulations: i) passive movement (drifting) during ebb tides, ii) active swimming with the current during ebb tides, iii) active swimming against the current during flood tides, iv) active swimming cross current during flood tides, and v) passive drifting during flood tide. Direction of water flow had a significant effect on fish velocity. All fish types showed a positive relationship between fish velocity and simulated drifter velocity with outgoing water flow. During slack water flow (< 0.25 m/s), this relationship was only observed in barged fall Chinook. With incoming water flow, spring/summer and fall Chinook fish types showed no relationship, whereas steelhead did. Analysis over a three-year period suggested that data from the CORIE modeling system corresponded well with juvenile salmonid migratory behavior and that the model may be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of different hydrological regimes on fish movement. The secondary objective of this thesis evaluated the effects of both acute and chronic crowding stressors on the migratory behavior of hatchery reared juvenile steelhead released into Abernathy Creek, a tributary of the Columbia River Estuary, Washington. The acute stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a NanoTag radio transmitter (Lotek Wireless, Canada), followed by 6 hours of crowding immediately prior to release. The chronic stress treatment consisted of surgical implantation of a PIT-tag (Digital Angel Corporation), 36 days of acclimation, followed by 3 weeks of crowding in low water conditions prior to release. Short-term migratory success of steelhead that received the acute stress treatment was determined by radio telemetry. Numbers of migrating fish that received experimental stress treatments and their speed was determined by both mobile radio telemetry and stationary PIT-tag and radio-tag interrogation systems already established on Abernathy Creek. Acute and chronic stress treatments both significantly delayed migration by 2 to 10 days, respectively, compared to controls. Furthermore, the acute stress treatment significantly decreased the both the rate of migration and numbers of juvenile steelhead that successfully migrated out of Abernathy creek. Close

• 9. [Article] Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Niemet, M. R., Selker, J. S., Rockhold, M. L., Bottomley, P. J., Yarwood, R. R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Title: Impact of microbial growth on water flow and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Niemet, M. R., Selker, J. S., Rockhold, M. L., Bottomley, P. J., Yarwood, R. R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Close

• 10. [Article] Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936

  Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Title: Report on "Yaquina River" : Investigation sponsored by Oregon State Fish Commission, July, 1936 Author: Reynolds, John, Ledgerwood, Edgar, Oregon. Fish Commission Reports on potential sites for a salmon hatchery on the Yaquina River. "Each tributary has been carefully studied and special attention given to those creeks on which possible hatchery sites were found. Items given consideration on each stream were: pond site locations, flow of water, drop of stream bed, nature of creek bottom, temperature of water, flow of water, flood water levels, salmon run, obstructions to salmon run, stranded fingerlings, ownership of land, water rights, irrigation projects, etc." (From the Introduction) Includes hand-drawn maps. Close

• 11. [Article] Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts

  Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts Author: Mohandes, Abdolhosein Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of hydraulic diameter was adequate to correlate data and equations of the forms corresponding the Blasius power form and the Nikuradse-Von-Karman logarithmic form were obtained. The friction factor values are almost 40% less than values of circular tubes at the same Reynolds number. The correlations obtained have a maximum of 5% variation over 215 experimental data points. Analysis of data also showed that 2-8% of the cross-sectional area of duct can be considered laminar flow and the remainder to be in turbulent flow. This division of two regions is nearly constant at an angle of 20-30° which is the angle subtended by the laminar portion of the stream at the center of a rod. This angle is defined in Figure 7. Reynolds number range from 2,000 to 30,000. Title: Friction losses for water flowing in non-circular ducts Author: Mohandes, Abdolhosein Friction factors were measured for water flowing in ducts made up of two rods held between two flat plates. Three rod diameters of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 inches were used. The spacings between rods varied from 0.0 to 0.32 inch. It was found that the concept of hydraulic diameter was adequate to correlate data and equations of the forms corresponding the Blasius power form and the Nikuradse-Von-Karman logarithmic form were obtained. The friction factor values are almost 40% less than values of circular tubes at the same Reynolds number. The correlations obtained have a maximum of 5% variation over 215 experimental data points. Analysis of data also showed that 2-8% of the cross-sectional area of duct can be considered laminar flow and the remainder to be in turbulent flow. This division of two regions is nearly constant at an angle of 20-30° which is the angle subtended by the laminar portion of the stream at the center of a rod. This angle is defined in Figure 7. Reynolds number range from 2,000 to 30,000. Close

• 12. [Article] Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires

  Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires Author: Nolan, Lawrence Lyle Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and a one inch ID glass tube 24 inches long was used as the outer tube. This gave diameter ratios from 100:1 to 50:1. The water flow rate varied from 685,000 to 2,710,000 LBM/(hr.ft.²) at a constant temperature of 208.4°F and a constant pressure of 18.7 psia. Alternating current was supplied to the wires, and the power required for incipient boiling and burnout heat flux measured. Incipient boiling heat fluxes varied from 70,200 to 254,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²) while burnout heat fluxes ranged from 638,000 to 921,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²). For the range of operating conditions considered it was found that the heat transfer coefficient for incipient boiling was much less than predicted by other investigators. Measured burnout heat flux agreed well with an empirical relationship developed by Weatherhead. Title: Incipient boiling and burnout heat flux for subcooled water flowing in annuli containing heated concentric wires Author: Nolan, Lawrence Lyle Incipient boiling and burnout heat fluxes were studied for sub-cooled forced convection annular flow. Small wires varying from 0.010 to 0.020 inch in diameter were used as the inner core of the annulus and a one inch ID glass tube 24 inches long was used as the outer tube. This gave diameter ratios from 100:1 to 50:1. The water flow rate varied from 685,000 to 2,710,000 LBM/(hr.ft.²) at a constant temperature of 208.4°F and a constant pressure of 18.7 psia. Alternating current was supplied to the wires, and the power required for incipient boiling and burnout heat flux measured. Incipient boiling heat fluxes varied from 70,200 to 254,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²) while burnout heat fluxes ranged from 638,000 to 921,000 BTU/(hr.ft.²). For the range of operating conditions considered it was found that the heat transfer coefficient for incipient boiling was much less than predicted by other investigators. Measured burnout heat flux agreed well with an empirical relationship developed by Weatherhead. Close

• 13. [Article] Water rights and summer stream conditions

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water rights and summer stream conditions Title: Water rights and summer stream conditions Close

• 14. [Article] Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE

  The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE Author: McCoy, Edward L., Hagedorn, Charles The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978. Title: Soil suitability for on-site waste disposal : development of genetically marked Escherichia coli strains as tracers of subsurface water flow : completion report for Project A-039-ORE Author: McCoy, Edward L., Hagedorn, Charles The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978. Close

• 15. [Article] Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission Author: Oregon. State Water Resources Board, Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission Title: Freshwater resources, Oregon Coastal Zone : a natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal Conservation & Development Commission Author: Oregon. State Water Resources Board, Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission Close

• 16. [Article] Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project

  No publishing date on piece.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project Author: Frost, Pamela A., Garono, Ralph J., Strittholt, James R. No publishing date on piece. Title: Spatial patterns in land use and water quality in the Tillamook Bay Watershed : a GIS mapping project Author: Frost, Pamela A., Garono, Ralph J., Strittholt, James R. No publishing date on piece. Close

• 17. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 18. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) : worksheet Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 19. [Article] Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Title: Tillamook Bay, Oregon, geographic response plan (GRP) Close

• 20. [Article] The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Close

• 21. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 22. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 23. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 24. [Article] A physical description of the Salmon River estuary

  A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Close

• 25. [Article] Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971

  Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Title: Modeling the hydrological aspects of the Fern Lake Watershed : annual report 1971 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Fowler, Charles W. (Charles Winsor), 1941-, University of Washington Data collected from the Fern Lake watershed between 1958 and 1971 include measurements of the rate of flow of water into the lake through a single inlet stream. The objective of the work presented here is to develop a model of this flow using the climatological data available from the watershed. Measurements of air temperature, wind movement, air pressure, relative humidity, insolation, and precipitation were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration through the use of the Penman equation (Penman 1948). A model based on relationships found in the published literature and some empirical relationships was developed to simulate the dynamics of the soil water. This submodel was incorporated into the larger model to link the climatological input variables to streamflow. Output from the computer program developed for the model includes soil water content, underground flow, evaporation, transpiration, and streamflow. In its tentative form, the model is sufficiently realistic to be used for further modeling of the dynamics of other aspects of the watershed involving water flow. Close

• 26. [Article] Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon

  Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon Author: Hammermeister, Dale P. Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on low hills near the western border of the Willamette Valley. At each site the experimental procedure consisted of first injecting a solution of either KBr or KI into one of three line sources located at different depths in the soil-rock mantle. Ground water samples were then periodically collected from both saturated and unsaturated depths in the soilrock mantle at points both upslope and downslope from the line source. These samples were analyzed for either I⁻ or Br⁻ by specific ion electrodes. Tensiometers and piezometers were monitored at different depths in the soil-rock mantle at each site to determine water pressure potentials (P's) which were used to calculate hydraulic gradients both in the vertical and downslope directions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were made on intact cores of soil and weathered rock from different depths at each site. In situ conductivity measurements were made where possible at depths where intact cores could not be obtained. Conductivities of intact cores were found to be log normally distributed in the A horizons, B horizons, and also possibly in the C horizons. Further, an exponential relationship was found between the percent pore space occupied by pores drained by P = -50 cm of water and the conductivity of intact cores taken from different depths at all sites. Assuming that pores drained by P = -50 cm transmit most of the water flowing through the soil-rock mantle expressions were obtained for an average pore velocity (μ) of water flowing through pores drained by P = -50 cm, and for an average pore velocity (vi) of water flowing through different pore size increments (assuming a capillary bundle model) within this pore space. Plots of P's and rainfall vs. time indicated that impermeable regions of rock near or below the 110 cm depth are mainly responsible for the development of perched water tables at most sites. Similar plots indicated that subsurface flow contributed water to sites located on lower hill slope positions. Halide anions were found to move rapidly downslope by saturated flow at all experimental sites. These rapid rates of anion movement as well as other observed characteristics of anion movement suggested that water may move through the soil-rock mantle at these sites by laminar flow through interconnected regions of high conductivity and/or via turbulent flow through macroscopic voids. To attempt to describe the maximum rates of anion movement at several sites, pore water velocity vectors μ and Vi were calculated by resolving these vectors into vertical and downslope components. μ vectors failed to account for the maximum rates of anion movement even when conductivity coefficients were selected to maximize μ in the downslope direction. However, vi vectors when maximized in the downslope direction roughly approximated the maximum rates of anion movement. This together with some additional evidence concerning the apparent or effective diffusion of halide anions in the B horizon at site 8 suggested that the capillary bundle model of the soil-rock mantle may be a good approximation of the laminar flow paths in at least several sites. However, the possibility that turbulent flow occurs through macroscopic voids in the soil-rock mantle must also be considered as a possible flow mechanism in all experimental sites. Title: Water and anion movement in selected soils of western Oregon Author: Hammermeister, Dale P. Experiments were carried out to study the movement of water and halide anions in perched water tables or saturated zones in the soil and upper rock mantle of eight different experimental sites located on low hills near the western border of the Willamette Valley. At each site the experimental procedure consisted of first injecting a solution of either KBr or KI into one of three line sources located at different depths in the soil-rock mantle. Ground water samples were then periodically collected from both saturated and unsaturated depths in the soilrock mantle at points both upslope and downslope from the line source. These samples were analyzed for either I⁻ or Br⁻ by specific ion electrodes. Tensiometers and piezometers were monitored at different depths in the soil-rock mantle at each site to determine water pressure potentials (P's) which were used to calculate hydraulic gradients both in the vertical and downslope directions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were made on intact cores of soil and weathered rock from different depths at each site. In situ conductivity measurements were made where possible at depths where intact cores could not be obtained. Conductivities of intact cores were found to be log normally distributed in the A horizons, B horizons, and also possibly in the C horizons. Further, an exponential relationship was found between the percent pore space occupied by pores drained by P = -50 cm of water and the conductivity of intact cores taken from different depths at all sites. Assuming that pores drained by P = -50 cm transmit most of the water flowing through the soil-rock mantle expressions were obtained for an average pore velocity (μ) of water flowing through pores drained by P = -50 cm, and for an average pore velocity (vi) of water flowing through different pore size increments (assuming a capillary bundle model) within this pore space. Plots of P's and rainfall vs. time indicated that impermeable regions of rock near or below the 110 cm depth are mainly responsible for the development of perched water tables at most sites. Similar plots indicated that subsurface flow contributed water to sites located on lower hill slope positions. Halide anions were found to move rapidly downslope by saturated flow at all experimental sites. These rapid rates of anion movement as well as other observed characteristics of anion movement suggested that water may move through the soil-rock mantle at these sites by laminar flow through interconnected regions of high conductivity and/or via turbulent flow through macroscopic voids. To attempt to describe the maximum rates of anion movement at several sites, pore water velocity vectors μ and Vi were calculated by resolving these vectors into vertical and downslope components. μ vectors failed to account for the maximum rates of anion movement even when conductivity coefficients were selected to maximize μ in the downslope direction. However, vi vectors when maximized in the downslope direction roughly approximated the maximum rates of anion movement. This together with some additional evidence concerning the apparent or effective diffusion of halide anions in the B horizon at site 8 suggested that the capillary bundle model of the soil-rock mantle may be a good approximation of the laminar flow paths in at least several sites. However, the possibility that turbulent flow occurs through macroscopic voids in the soil-rock mantle must also be considered as a possible flow mechanism in all experimental sites. Close

• 27. [Article] Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean Author: McLaughlin, F. A., Civitarese, G., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Lipizer, M., Anderson, L. G., Falkner, Kelly, Swift, J. H. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 28. [Article] Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment

  This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Close

• 29. [Article] Automated water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on soil moisture

  Based on the determination of the zero-flux plane, a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases was automated to estimate the soil water balance based on soil water content distribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Automated water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on soil moisture Author: Grayson, Susana Maria Based on the determination of the zero-flux plane, a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases was automated to estimate the soil water balance based on soil water content distribution with depth through time. The automated procedure was verified using data from the BOREAS project obtained in three Intensive Field Campaigns during the spring and summer of 1994. The data used correspond to four tower sites measuring atmospheric fluxes above the forest canopy from the Northern and Southern Study Areas and are designated according to the predominant vegetation in the area as Old Jack Pine and Young Jack Pine. The total hydraulic head through time at these sites is determined to identify the position of the zero-flux plane, which separates that part of the soil profile in which water flow is upward from the region in which the water flow is downward. In conjunction with precipitation and soil water content data, the procedure allows estimation of the actual soil water balance, the water used from the region above the zero-flux plane being evapotranspiration, and the change in soil water content below the mean zero-flux plane being drainage. Prior to this study, no published attempt had been made to automate a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on the position of the zero-flux plane and soil water content distribution through time. Title: Automated water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on soil moisture Author: Grayson, Susana Maria Based on the determination of the zero-flux plane, a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases was automated to estimate the soil water balance based on soil water content distribution with depth through time. The automated procedure was verified using data from the BOREAS project obtained in three Intensive Field Campaigns during the spring and summer of 1994. The data used correspond to four tower sites measuring atmospheric fluxes above the forest canopy from the Northern and Southern Study Areas and are designated according to the predominant vegetation in the area as Old Jack Pine and Young Jack Pine. The total hydraulic head through time at these sites is determined to identify the position of the zero-flux plane, which separates that part of the soil profile in which water flow is upward from the region in which the water flow is downward. In conjunction with precipitation and soil water content data, the procedure allows estimation of the actual soil water balance, the water used from the region above the zero-flux plane being evapotranspiration, and the change in soil water content below the mean zero-flux plane being drainage. Prior to this study, no published attempt had been made to automate a water balance procedure for large-scale experimental databases based on the position of the zero-flux plane and soil water content distribution through time. Close

• 30. [Article] The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands Author: Pak, Hasong, Zaneveld, J. Ronald Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands Author: Pak, Hasong, Zaneveld, J. Ronald Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 31. [Article] A new multisource and high-frequency approach to measuring δ²H and δ¹⁸O in hydrological field studies

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A new multisource and high-frequency approach to measuring δ²H and δ¹⁸O in hydrological field studies Author: Klaus, Julian, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Manish, Berman, Elena S. F., Pangle, Luke A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Title: A new multisource and high-frequency approach to measuring δ²H and δ¹⁸O in hydrological field studies Author: Klaus, Julian, McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Gupta, Manish, Berman, Elena S. F., Pangle, Luke A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Close

• 32. [Article] The development of a hydrological model of the Walla Walla Basin using Integrated Water Flow Model

  The Walla Walla basin lies in an arid region of Eastern Washington and Oregon. A large portion of the area is devoted to agricultural production, relying on irrigation water diverted from the Walla Walla ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a hydrological model of the Walla Walla Basin using Integrated Water Flow Model Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. The Walla Walla basin lies in an arid region of Eastern Washington and Oregon. A large portion of the area is devoted to agricultural production, relying on irrigation water diverted from the Walla Walla River and underlying aquifers occurring within Quaternary and Mio-pliocene era gravel deposits, as well as a supplemental source from the Columbia River Basalt formation. Heavy water demand over summer months has resulted in a fully allocated surface water supply and significant drawdown in groundwater levels. The Walla Walla River also hosts two salmonid species listed as threatened under the endangered species act and entitled to federal protection. Specific questions have emerged regarding regional water supply as stakeholders work towards management strategies that meet water user demands, well also addressing concerns such as groundwater depletion and fish habitat. Currently, there are proposals aimed at increasing water use efficiency such as the lining of permeable canal beds and the expansion of a shallow aquifer recharge program. Effective implementation of such strategies, in part, relies on understanding the interactions between surface water and groundwater within this region. This project used the distributed hydrologic model, Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM), for simulating surface and subsurface flows over a portion of the Walla Walla River basin spanning from Milton Freewater, Oregon to west of Touchet, Washington. This application of IWFM uses a grid with an average spacing of 100 x 100 meters over the 230 square kilometer model area. The model was developed and calibrated using data from 2007 through 2009, with 2010 data to be used as a data set for validation. Data collection has been a collaborative effort between a research team from Oregon State University and the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council (WWBWC). This thesis provides explanation and documentation of model development. This includes details of data collection and processing for groundwater and surface water conditions, estimation of initial and boundary conditions, parameter calibration, model validation, and error analysis. Data sources include federal and state agencies, a gauge network managed by the WWBWC, and geologic research primarily performed by Kevin Lindsey of GSI Water Solutions with support of the WWBWC. Parameters have been independently determined from field measurements whenever possible. Otherwise they were estimated using established methods of hydrologic analysis, values drawn from previous regional studies, or the process of model calibration. Outputs include detailed hydrological budgets and hydrographs for groundwater and surface water gauges. The calibrated model has an overall correlation coefficient of 0.59 for groundwater and 0.63 for surface water. The standard deviation for groundwater is 3.2 meters at 62 well locations and surface water has a mean relative error of 22.3 percent at 34 gauges. This model intended as a tool for formulating water budgets for the basin under present conditions and making predictions of systemic responses to hypothetical water management scenarios. Scenarios of increased inputs into the Locher Road aquifer recharge site and conversion of irrigation district canals into pipelines are presented. Title: The development of a hydrological model of the Walla Walla Basin using Integrated Water Flow Model Author: Scherberg, Jacob N. The Walla Walla basin lies in an arid region of Eastern Washington and Oregon. A large portion of the area is devoted to agricultural production, relying on irrigation water diverted from the Walla Walla River and underlying aquifers occurring within Quaternary and Mio-pliocene era gravel deposits, as well as a supplemental source from the Columbia River Basalt formation. Heavy water demand over summer months has resulted in a fully allocated surface water supply and significant drawdown in groundwater levels. The Walla Walla River also hosts two salmonid species listed as threatened under the endangered species act and entitled to federal protection. Specific questions have emerged regarding regional water supply as stakeholders work towards management strategies that meet water user demands, well also addressing concerns such as groundwater depletion and fish habitat. Currently, there are proposals aimed at increasing water use efficiency such as the lining of permeable canal beds and the expansion of a shallow aquifer recharge program. Effective implementation of such strategies, in part, relies on understanding the interactions between surface water and groundwater within this region. This project used the distributed hydrologic model, Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM), for simulating surface and subsurface flows over a portion of the Walla Walla River basin spanning from Milton Freewater, Oregon to west of Touchet, Washington. This application of IWFM uses a grid with an average spacing of 100 x 100 meters over the 230 square kilometer model area. The model was developed and calibrated using data from 2007 through 2009, with 2010 data to be used as a data set for validation. Data collection has been a collaborative effort between a research team from Oregon State University and the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council (WWBWC). This thesis provides explanation and documentation of model development. This includes details of data collection and processing for groundwater and surface water conditions, estimation of initial and boundary conditions, parameter calibration, model validation, and error analysis. Data sources include federal and state agencies, a gauge network managed by the WWBWC, and geologic research primarily performed by Kevin Lindsey of GSI Water Solutions with support of the WWBWC. Parameters have been independently determined from field measurements whenever possible. Otherwise they were estimated using established methods of hydrologic analysis, values drawn from previous regional studies, or the process of model calibration. Outputs include detailed hydrological budgets and hydrographs for groundwater and surface water gauges. The calibrated model has an overall correlation coefficient of 0.59 for groundwater and 0.63 for surface water. The standard deviation for groundwater is 3.2 meters at 62 well locations and surface water has a mean relative error of 22.3 percent at 34 gauges. This model intended as a tool for formulating water budgets for the basin under present conditions and making predictions of systemic responses to hypothetical water management scenarios. Scenarios of increased inputs into the Locher Road aquifer recharge site and conversion of irrigation district canals into pipelines are presented. Close

• 33. [Article] Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation

  CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Title: Conifer, a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : documentation Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Coniferous Forest Biome Modeling Group CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Close

• 34. [Article] A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants

  The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants Author: Hwang, John Dzen The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of water flow and the inequality of power generation requirements. It contains the logical sequence in finding the solution of the allocation of power under the optimized condition, which is to use the least amount of discharge to generate any requested load, as the operation involves a pump-storage scheme. Theoretical proofs of existence and uniqueness of solutions are presented, which are based on the characteristics of the convexity of the performance curves of the generators. Finally, a set of FORTRAN programs is furnished to simulate the real-time situation for one specific example. Title: A real-time digital control system for two hydroelectric power plants Author: Hwang, John Dzen The objective of this paper is to describe the design of a real-time system to control two hydroelectric power plants by a digital computer. The two controlling relations are stated as the continuity of water flow and the inequality of power generation requirements. It contains the logical sequence in finding the solution of the allocation of power under the optimized condition, which is to use the least amount of discharge to generate any requested load, as the operation involves a pump-storage scheme. Theoretical proofs of existence and uniqueness of solutions are presented, which are based on the characteristics of the convexity of the performance curves of the generators. Finally, a set of FORTRAN programs is furnished to simulate the real-time situation for one specific example. Close

• 35. [Article] Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks

  The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks Author: Zimmerman, Jenny, Stage, Jesper The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant effects on the crayfish stocks, and an outbreak of crayfish plague in the 1990s which wiped out the noble crayfish in most of the river system. Differing ownership structures for the fishing rights in different parts of the river system have led to different management systems, ranging from sole private ownership through management by fishermen's associations through to effective open access fishing. We study how these different systems of management have affected the crayfish, and compare the outcomes to those from the hydropower development in the 1970s. Title: Crayfish management in the Ljungan river: Managing with shocks Author: Zimmerman, Jenny, Stage, Jesper The noble crayfish fishery in the Ljungan river system in Sweden has been subjected to two major shocks; hydropower development in the 1970s, which reduced water flow throughout the system with attendant effects on the crayfish stocks, and an outbreak of crayfish plague in the 1990s which wiped out the noble crayfish in most of the river system. Differing ownership structures for the fishing rights in different parts of the river system have led to different management systems, ranging from sole private ownership through management by fishermen's associations through to effective open access fishing. We study how these different systems of management have affected the crayfish, and compare the outcomes to those from the hydropower development in the 1970s. Close

• 36. [Article] Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin

  The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin Author: Dowding, Lynn Gretton The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to determine the mechanisms controlling sediment dispersal, the nature and sources of the sediments at 23 core locations were defined by hydrodynamic size separation (> 63, 2- 63, <2 micron) and microscopic or X-ray diffraction analysis of the individual fractions. In addition, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal and quartz determinations were made for the total sediment. The silt sized fraction was resolved into eight textural modes, The coarse modes reflect the progressive breakage and winnowing of the corase fraction (foraminifera) under the influence of bottom currents and gravity. Above 2000 m mechanical breakdown, winnowing and relocation by bottom currents mask the effects of depth related dissolution of the carbonate fraction, Intermediate modes in general represent a transitional facies with both biogenic and terrigenous influences, while the finest modes characterize a distal regime of clay deposition, The clay fraction is amorphous material with very low percentages of well crystallized clays. Three main sources and transport paths were recognized, including one associated with the circulation of the Panama Basin. Sedimentation within the Gap is controlled by local processes, predominantly the interaction between tidally induced intensification of bottom water flow and directional (thermohaline) flow. The steep' ness of the sea floor slope is a major factor controlling the efficiency of winnowing of the sediment away from certain higher elevations (biogenic source areas) to the sheltered parts and flanks of the ridge. Superimposed upon this sediment dispersal is the influx of terrigenous material carried by directional bottom currents that operate as postulated upper and lower contour currents along the flanks of the ridge. The crest of the Cocos Gap acts as a catchment area for the biogenic components, while the adjacent more sloping region, the sub-plateau, acts as a source area. The extreme breakage of the foraminifera is most likely a function of the tidally induced intensification of the bottom water flow, characteristic of many shallow ridges, and is probably most significant in the subplateau. Hydrographic data indicates that there is no significant transport of bottom water across the Cocos Gap into the Panama Basin, but downslope transport of carbonate and siliceous fragments and minerals from the Gap into the basin is associated with cyclical tidal bottom water flow. Title: Sedimentation within the Cocos Gap, Panama Basin Author: Dowding, Lynn Gretton The Cocos Gap is a deeper portion, or saddle, of the Cocos Ridge and forms part of the western boundary of the Panama Basing It is probably typical of saddles within most submarine ridges, In order to determine the mechanisms controlling sediment dispersal, the nature and sources of the sediments at 23 core locations were defined by hydrodynamic size separation (> 63, 2- 63, <2 micron) and microscopic or X-ray diffraction analysis of the individual fractions. In addition, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal and quartz determinations were made for the total sediment. The silt sized fraction was resolved into eight textural modes, The coarse modes reflect the progressive breakage and winnowing of the corase fraction (foraminifera) under the influence of bottom currents and gravity. Above 2000 m mechanical breakdown, winnowing and relocation by bottom currents mask the effects of depth related dissolution of the carbonate fraction, Intermediate modes in general represent a transitional facies with both biogenic and terrigenous influences, while the finest modes characterize a distal regime of clay deposition, The clay fraction is amorphous material with very low percentages of well crystallized clays. Three main sources and transport paths were recognized, including one associated with the circulation of the Panama Basin. Sedimentation within the Gap is controlled by local processes, predominantly the interaction between tidally induced intensification of bottom water flow and directional (thermohaline) flow. The steep' ness of the sea floor slope is a major factor controlling the efficiency of winnowing of the sediment away from certain higher elevations (biogenic source areas) to the sheltered parts and flanks of the ridge. Superimposed upon this sediment dispersal is the influx of terrigenous material carried by directional bottom currents that operate as postulated upper and lower contour currents along the flanks of the ridge. The crest of the Cocos Gap acts as a catchment area for the biogenic components, while the adjacent more sloping region, the sub-plateau, acts as a source area. The extreme breakage of the foraminifera is most likely a function of the tidally induced intensification of the bottom water flow, characteristic of many shallow ridges, and is probably most significant in the subplateau. Hydrographic data indicates that there is no significant transport of bottom water across the Cocos Gap into the Panama Basin, but downslope transport of carbonate and siliceous fragments and minerals from the Gap into the basin is associated with cyclical tidal bottom water flow. Close

• 37. [Article] Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream

  Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream Author: Wondzell, Steve Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to the stream nitrogen budget. The study site was located on a wide floodplain along a fourth-order stream in the Oregon Cascades. A network of wells was installed during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Water table elevations and nitrogen chemistry was sampled seasonally and within individual storm events. Subsurface flows were dominated by the flow of advected channel water through the gravel bar. Flow rates were correlated to stream discharge during base-flow periods, but did not increase during storms. In contrast, ground-water flows through the aquifer beneath the floodplain were small during base flow, but nearly doubled during storm events. The mean residence time of water stored within the aquifer was long, exceeding 10 days for the gravel bar and 30 days for the floodplain. Even though precipitation inputs to the aquifer during storms equaled 12% of the water stored in the gravel bar and 23% of the water stored in the floodplain, the mean residence time of water remained long. Subsurface flow through the aquifer adjacent to the stream was a net source of nitrogen to the stream in all seasons of the year and during storms. Flows of water through the conifer forested floodplain supplied most of the nitrogen per unit length of stream - accounting for approximately two-thirds of the estimated flux, most of which is DON. The gravel bar was colonized by red alder, a nitrogen fixing tree, and on a unit area basis, supplied 2.5 times more nitrogen to the stream than did the floodplain. I estimate that 2 kg ha-1 yr-1 are leached from riparian forests into the aquifer, and transported to the stream. The study site covered only one-half of the valley floor. Assuming that similar fluxes occurred from the opposite side of the valley, I estimate that 17 g of nitrogen yr-1 m-1 channel length are input to the stream. The stream is approximately 10 m wide, thus these inputs equal 1.7 g N m2 streambed yr-1. Title: Flux of ground water and nitrogen through the floodplain of a fourth-order stream Author: Wondzell, Steve Changes in the concentrations of dissolved ammonia (NH4+1), nitrate (NO3-1), organic nitrogen (DON) were monitored along ground water flow paths to determine the importance of the ground water system to the stream nitrogen budget. The study site was located on a wide floodplain along a fourth-order stream in the Oregon Cascades. A network of wells was installed during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Water table elevations and nitrogen chemistry was sampled seasonally and within individual storm events. Subsurface flows were dominated by the flow of advected channel water through the gravel bar. Flow rates were correlated to stream discharge during base-flow periods, but did not increase during storms. In contrast, ground-water flows through the aquifer beneath the floodplain were small during base flow, but nearly doubled during storm events. The mean residence time of water stored within the aquifer was long, exceeding 10 days for the gravel bar and 30 days for the floodplain. Even though precipitation inputs to the aquifer during storms equaled 12% of the water stored in the gravel bar and 23% of the water stored in the floodplain, the mean residence time of water remained long. Subsurface flow through the aquifer adjacent to the stream was a net source of nitrogen to the stream in all seasons of the year and during storms. Flows of water through the conifer forested floodplain supplied most of the nitrogen per unit length of stream - accounting for approximately two-thirds of the estimated flux, most of which is DON. The gravel bar was colonized by red alder, a nitrogen fixing tree, and on a unit area basis, supplied 2.5 times more nitrogen to the stream than did the floodplain. I estimate that 2 kg ha-1 yr-1 are leached from riparian forests into the aquifer, and transported to the stream. The study site covered only one-half of the valley floor. Assuming that similar fluxes occurred from the opposite side of the valley, I estimate that 17 g of nitrogen yr-1 m-1 channel length are input to the stream. The stream is approximately 10 m wide, thus these inputs equal 1.7 g N m2 streambed yr-1. Close

• 38. [Article] Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon

  The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon Author: Petrides Jimenez, Aristides Crisostomos The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous wells and, since 2004, artificial recharge to the shallow aquifer using infiltration basins. The finite element Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) developed by California Department of Water Resources was used to quantify all of the major hydrologic features of the basin. Using the information provided by the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council, irrigation districts, and previous studies conducted at Oregon State University and by consultants, the model was setup and calibrated, and a water budget simulation was performed for the years of 2003 to 2006. It is shown that close to 96 percent of the land use water demand goes to agriculture growing 16 major crops. 60 percent of the water comes from surface water diversions flowing through unlined irrigation canals , which themselves lose 28 percent of their inflow to the unconfined gravel aquifer. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate the flow of the Johnson Creek Springs, which were shown to have increased flow due to the artificial recharge project. Title: Modeling surface water and groundwater interactions near Milton- Freewater, Oregon Author: Petrides Jimenez, Aristides Crisostomos The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous wells and, since 2004, artificial recharge to the shallow aquifer using infiltration basins. The finite element Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) developed by California Department of Water Resources was used to quantify all of the major hydrologic features of the basin. Using the information provided by the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council, irrigation districts, and previous studies conducted at Oregon State University and by consultants, the model was setup and calibrated, and a water budget simulation was performed for the years of 2003 to 2006. It is shown that close to 96 percent of the land use water demand goes to agriculture growing 16 major crops. 60 percent of the water comes from surface water diversions flowing through unlined irrigation canals , which themselves lose 28 percent of their inflow to the unconfined gravel aquifer. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate the flow of the Johnson Creek Springs, which were shown to have increased flow due to the artificial recharge project. Close

• 39. [Article] Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils

  Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils Author: Hesseltine, Johnathon Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of how easily water flows through a soil. Currently, the most common method of finding the hydraulic conductivity of a saturated soil is to confine the sample in a rigid container and saturate it for 24 hours, then measure the value and assume that it is constant. This method assumes that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is not dependent on the swelling of the soil or the length of time that it is saturated. The validity of this assumption was evaluated in this project. The goal of this project is to quantify how the hydraulic conductivity and swelling of the Chilean soil changes over time with continuous saturation, when the soil is allowed to swell freely. A standard soil core was wrapped in latex and submerged it in a sealed jar full of water. Water was then allowed to flow from one end of the soil to the other, and a container was connected to the jar, that allowed water to flow between the two as water was displaced. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was be calculated at each point in time using mass, pressure, and temperature measurements. The three significant samples used in this experiment each expanded about 10-15% initially then decreased in volume by about 2-3% slowly over time. A total of 90-100 pore volumes were flowed through each sample. Each of the samples initially increased in hydraulic conductivity during the first 24 hours then slowly decreased by about a factor of two in hydraulic conductivity from 1 day to 5-8 days. These data show that the assumption that saturated hydraulic conductivity is constant is violated by real soil. Title: Change in Hydraulic Conductivity of Expansive Soils Author: Hesseltine, Johnathon Swelling soils cause millions of dollars of damage to buildings every year in the Unites States alone. One essential piece to understanding these soils is to understand how water moves through them. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of how easily water flows through a soil. Currently, the most common method of finding the hydraulic conductivity of a saturated soil is to confine the sample in a rigid container and saturate it for 24 hours, then measure the value and assume that it is constant. This method assumes that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is not dependent on the swelling of the soil or the length of time that it is saturated. The validity of this assumption was evaluated in this project. The goal of this project is to quantify how the hydraulic conductivity and swelling of the Chilean soil changes over time with continuous saturation, when the soil is allowed to swell freely. A standard soil core was wrapped in latex and submerged it in a sealed jar full of water. Water was then allowed to flow from one end of the soil to the other, and a container was connected to the jar, that allowed water to flow between the two as water was displaced. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was be calculated at each point in time using mass, pressure, and temperature measurements. The three significant samples used in this experiment each expanded about 10-15% initially then decreased in volume by about 2-3% slowly over time. A total of 90-100 pore volumes were flowed through each sample. Each of the samples initially increased in hydraulic conductivity during the first 24 hours then slowly decreased by about a factor of two in hydraulic conductivity from 1 day to 5-8 days. These data show that the assumption that saturated hydraulic conductivity is constant is violated by real soil. Close

• 40. [Article] Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network

  Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network Author: Heim, Samantha Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was retrofit specifically to wash bottles. The design and assembly of the piping flow network, testing of water flow through the network and testing of the cleanliness of the bottles post washing are presented in this study. This requires simultaneous analyses of mass and energy conservation equations. The flow out of the piping network was examined by running water through the network and collecting the exiting water in beakers for a specified period of time. These data were used to determine the exiting velocity and report the variations in nozzle mass flow rate. The measured exit velocity of water was found to vary from nozzle to nozzle by as much as 11%. All measured velocities were within 5.7% of those predicted from theory. The outer nozzles had a lower velocity than the nozzles closer to the water source. Although the velocity was different than the calculated values, the total mass exiting the piping network was equal to within ±0.25% of the calculated value. The bottles were swabbed to determine compliance with food safety standards. All cleaned bottles met food safety standards. Title: Conservation of Mass in a Piping Network Author: Heim, Samantha Using returnable bottles within a brewery setting can lower costs associated with purchasing new bottles as well as reduce the energy associated with recycling glass bottles. A commercial dishwasher was retrofit specifically to wash bottles. The design and assembly of the piping flow network, testing of water flow through the network and testing of the cleanliness of the bottles post washing are presented in this study. This requires simultaneous analyses of mass and energy conservation equations. The flow out of the piping network was examined by running water through the network and collecting the exiting water in beakers for a specified period of time. These data were used to determine the exiting velocity and report the variations in nozzle mass flow rate. The measured exit velocity of water was found to vary from nozzle to nozzle by as much as 11%. All measured velocities were within 5.7% of those predicted from theory. The outer nozzles had a lower velocity than the nozzles closer to the water source. Although the velocity was different than the calculated values, the total mass exiting the piping network was equal to within ±0.25% of the calculated value. The bottles were swabbed to determine compliance with food safety standards. All cleaned bottles met food safety standards. Close

• 41. [Article] Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water

  A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water Author: Story, Michael Kenneth A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling water quality. The water used in this study had an average Ryznar Stability Index of 6.23 and was formulated by adding calcium chloride and magnesium carbonate to tap water. Fouling resistance versus time was plotted for each experimental run, and the resulting curves indicate a close approximation to industrial conditions can be made in a laboratory environment. Fouling resistances were obtained at surface temperatures from 136°F to 199°F. The flow velocity and water quality were held constant during these runs. A correlation modeled after the Arrhenius temperature function was developed for surface temperature and asymptotic fouling resistance values. The model obtained has a correlation coefficient of .95 and a standard deviation of 4. 08% for data obtained in this study. The Ryznar Stability Index proved to be a poor indicator of water fouling tendency with the cooling water used in the present study. Title: Surface temperature effects on the fouling characteristics of cooling water Author: Story, Michael Kenneth A cooling tower system was built and fouling resistances were studied for cooling water flowing over a heated tubular surface. The cooling water studied was formulated in an effort to match industrial cooling water quality. The water used in this study had an average Ryznar Stability Index of 6.23 and was formulated by adding calcium chloride and magnesium carbonate to tap water. Fouling resistance versus time was plotted for each experimental run, and the resulting curves indicate a close approximation to industrial conditions can be made in a laboratory environment. Fouling resistances were obtained at surface temperatures from 136°F to 199°F. The flow velocity and water quality were held constant during these runs. A correlation modeled after the Arrhenius temperature function was developed for surface temperature and asymptotic fouling resistance values. The model obtained has a correlation coefficient of .95 and a standard deviation of 4. 08% for data obtained in this study. The Ryznar Stability Index proved to be a poor indicator of water fouling tendency with the cooling water used in the present study. Close

• 42. [Article] Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters

  This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters Author: McCreary, David M. This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction and interfacial area using a two-sensor needle-type probe is derived, and a statistical analysis of the accuracy using the two-sensor probe for measuring interfacial area will be determined from a comprehensive literature review. The second technique used to measure void fraction in air/water flows is with a half-ring type conductivity probe. This half-ring type probe measures an area-averaged void fraction, while the needle-type probe measures local two-phase parameters. A single-sensor needle-type probe is used to experimentally measure void fraction in a test section, and is then benchmarked with another instrument as well as the drift-flux model. The half-ring type probe is then cross-calibrated with the needle-type probe. A complete system for measurement of local void fraction in an air/water two-phase mixture using two measurement techniques is presented. A detailed design procedure for a single-sensor conductivity probe as well as a half-ring type probe, and the corresponding circuits to power them are discussed. The two techniques discussed are accurate, simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Title: Design and testing of intrustive conductivity probes for the measurement of two-phase flow parameters Author: McCreary, David M. This thesis examines two techniques for measuring two-phase flow parameters in an air/water system using intrusive conductivity probes. Specifically, the theoretical derivation for measuring void fraction and interfacial area using a two-sensor needle-type probe is derived, and a statistical analysis of the accuracy using the two-sensor probe for measuring interfacial area will be determined from a comprehensive literature review. The second technique used to measure void fraction in air/water flows is with a half-ring type conductivity probe. This half-ring type probe measures an area-averaged void fraction, while the needle-type probe measures local two-phase parameters. A single-sensor needle-type probe is used to experimentally measure void fraction in a test section, and is then benchmarked with another instrument as well as the drift-flux model. The half-ring type probe is then cross-calibrated with the needle-type probe. A complete system for measurement of local void fraction in an air/water two-phase mixture using two measurement techniques is presented. A detailed design procedure for a single-sensor conductivity probe as well as a half-ring type probe, and the corresponding circuits to power them are discussed. The two techniques discussed are accurate, simple, reliable, and inexpensive. Close

• 43. [Article] Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video

  A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video Author: Cameron, Marina R. A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts introduced in the video. Title: Estuaries in Motion: Teaching Estuarine Flow Concepts through Video Author: Cameron, Marina R. A video explaining estuarine flow concepts was produced for a target audience of high school students in physics and earth science classes. This honors thesis explains the video production and concepts introduced in the video. Close

• 44. [Article] Interactions between microbial dynamics, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media

  Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactions between microbial dynamics, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Yarwood, Rockie R. Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions between microbial growth, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media. Measurements of microbial colonization, and its impact on hydrology, were facilitated by using the luxCDABE-containing reporter bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 and digital CCD imaging. Experiments were conducted in glass-walled two-dimensional flow cells (45 x 50 x 1 cm) packed with silica sand. Several bioengineering problems associated with chamber design and function required solution before microbial experiments were successful. These included: choice of materials for chamber components; development of sterilization, packing, and inoculation protocols; and development of procedures for data collection and chamber maintenance during experiments lasting several days. Bacterial growth was mapped daily by quantifying development of salicylate-induced bioluminescence. A model relating the rate of increase in light emission after induction successfully predicted microbial densities over four orders of magnitude (R²=0.95) provided that sufficient oxygen for the bioluminescence reaction was available. Total model-predicted growth during a one-week experiment agreed with potential growth calculated from the mass-balance of the system and previously established kinetic parameters (predicted, 1.2x10¹² cells; calculated, 1.7x10¹² cells). Although the rate of expansion of the colonized zone (and predicted populations in newly colonized regions) remained relatively constant, the proportion of the daily potential growth remaining within the chamber declined over time. Monitoring of bioluminescence revealed the development of an (hypothesized) anaerobic zone associated with microbial growth in the unsaturated porous media. Water content and flow streams were measured using light transmission. Accumulation of microbial growth modified the hydrologic properties of the sand causing up to 50% decrease in saturation within the colonized zone, diversion of flow around the colonized zone, and lowering (5 cm) of the capillary fringe height. Apparent solute velocity through the colonized region was reduced from 0.39 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99) to 0.25 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99). These experiments provide proof-of-concept for combining light transmission and bioluminescence technologies to study interactions between microbial growth and hydrology in unsaturated porous media. Title: Interactions between microbial dynamics, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media Author: Yarwood, Rockie R. Bioremediation in the vadose zone is unpredictable because of poor understanding of factors influencing microbial growth in this environment. A lab-scale experimental system was developed to examine, noninvasively, interactions between microbial growth, water flow, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media. Measurements of microbial colonization, and its impact on hydrology, were facilitated by using the luxCDABE-containing reporter bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44 and digital CCD imaging. Experiments were conducted in glass-walled two-dimensional flow cells (45 x 50 x 1 cm) packed with silica sand. Several bioengineering problems associated with chamber design and function required solution before microbial experiments were successful. These included: choice of materials for chamber components; development of sterilization, packing, and inoculation protocols; and development of procedures for data collection and chamber maintenance during experiments lasting several days. Bacterial growth was mapped daily by quantifying development of salicylate-induced bioluminescence. A model relating the rate of increase in light emission after induction successfully predicted microbial densities over four orders of magnitude (R²=0.95) provided that sufficient oxygen for the bioluminescence reaction was available. Total model-predicted growth during a one-week experiment agreed with potential growth calculated from the mass-balance of the system and previously established kinetic parameters (predicted, 1.2x10¹² cells; calculated, 1.7x10¹² cells). Although the rate of expansion of the colonized zone (and predicted populations in newly colonized regions) remained relatively constant, the proportion of the daily potential growth remaining within the chamber declined over time. Monitoring of bioluminescence revealed the development of an (hypothesized) anaerobic zone associated with microbial growth in the unsaturated porous media. Water content and flow streams were measured using light transmission. Accumulation of microbial growth modified the hydrologic properties of the sand causing up to 50% decrease in saturation within the colonized zone, diversion of flow around the colonized zone, and lowering (5 cm) of the capillary fringe height. Apparent solute velocity through the colonized region was reduced from 0.39 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99) to 0.25 cm min⁻¹ (R²=0.99). These experiments provide proof-of-concept for combining light transmission and bioluminescence technologies to study interactions between microbial growth and hydrology in unsaturated porous media. Close

• 45. [Article] Documentation for a combined carbon-water flow stand level coniferous forest model

  The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation for a combined carbon-water flow stand level coniferous forest model Author: Sollins, P., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.), University of Washington The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme has remained operative through revision of this model and expansion of It to include nutrient flows. This model and subsequent versions are operative simulations on the CDC 6400 at the University of Washington using SIMCOMP (Gustafson S Innis (1971)).and give reasonable output. The purpose of this report is mainly to introduce the reader to the documentation scheme which we have found so effective in maintaining a running history of the modeling process for large scale models. We hope that it will lead to the adoption of this or a similar documentation scheme as a standard for ecological modeling. Title: Documentation for a combined carbon-water flow stand level coniferous forest model Author: Sollins, P., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.), University of Washington The following report Introduces a documentation scheme for flow oriented ecosystem models and shows its application to a carbon-water model developed within the coniferous biome. This documentation scheme has remained operative through revision of this model and expansion of It to include nutrient flows. This model and subsequent versions are operative simulations on the CDC 6400 at the University of Washington using SIMCOMP (Gustafson S Innis (1971)).and give reasonable output. The purpose of this report is mainly to introduce the reader to the documentation scheme which we have found so effective in maintaining a running history of the modeling process for large scale models. We hope that it will lead to the adoption of this or a similar documentation scheme as a standard for ecological modeling. Close

• 46. [Article] Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of a water source heat pump evaporator

  Water source heat pumps are increasingly being used for residential and commercial space heating. Typically, these heat pumps are capable of both heating and cooling, and historically the design emphasis has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of a water source heat pump evaporator Author: Means, Paul Morency Water source heat pumps are increasingly being used for residential and commercial space heating. Typically, these heat pumps are capable of both heating and cooling, and historically the design emphasis has been on improving the units' cooling performance. Recently, there has been more interest in improving the heating performance, however, in order to optimize the design for improved heating performance data on the heat pump components operating in the heating mode are required. These data have not been available for the waterto- refrigerant heat exchangers typically installed in unitary water source heat pumps. The purpose of this work is to provide performance data on such heat exchangers operating as evaporators (data is available for the heat exchangers operating as condensers) and to provide a numerical model by which a limited amount of evaporator data might be expanded for system modeling and optimization studies. A well instrumented water-to-water heat pump was assembled for the purpose of testing two such water-to-refrigerant heat exchangers to determine their heat transfer and refrigerant pressure drop characteristics as evaporators. The overall heat transfer coefficient for each of the two heat exchangers was found to be a strong function of both the water and refrigerant flow rates and a relatively weak function of the refrigerant evaporation temperature. The refrigerant pressure drop was determined to be highly dependent on the refrigerant flow rate and only slightly dependent on the evaporator temperature. The overall heat transfer coefficient showed an apparent difference between parallel and counter flow conditions. This coefficient, as defined by the log-mean temperature difference, was slightly higher for the counter flow condition. A numerical model of the evaporator was developed and compared with the experimental results. The model follows a numerical solution in which the governing equations (continuity, momentum, and energy) are solved for a finite control volume and an appropriate finitedifference scheme is used to continue the solution step-wise along the length of the heat exchanger. The numerical model accurately predicts the effect of flow rate and temperature on refrigerant pressure drop and the effect of water flow rate and direction on the overall heat transfer coefficient. The model does not accurately predict the effect of evaporator temperature and refrigerant flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient. Title: Experimental evaluation and numerical modeling of a water source heat pump evaporator Author: Means, Paul Morency Water source heat pumps are increasingly being used for residential and commercial space heating. Typically, these heat pumps are capable of both heating and cooling, and historically the design emphasis has been on improving the units' cooling performance. Recently, there has been more interest in improving the heating performance, however, in order to optimize the design for improved heating performance data on the heat pump components operating in the heating mode are required. These data have not been available for the waterto- refrigerant heat exchangers typically installed in unitary water source heat pumps. The purpose of this work is to provide performance data on such heat exchangers operating as evaporators (data is available for the heat exchangers operating as condensers) and to provide a numerical model by which a limited amount of evaporator data might be expanded for system modeling and optimization studies. A well instrumented water-to-water heat pump was assembled for the purpose of testing two such water-to-refrigerant heat exchangers to determine their heat transfer and refrigerant pressure drop characteristics as evaporators. The overall heat transfer coefficient for each of the two heat exchangers was found to be a strong function of both the water and refrigerant flow rates and a relatively weak function of the refrigerant evaporation temperature. The refrigerant pressure drop was determined to be highly dependent on the refrigerant flow rate and only slightly dependent on the evaporator temperature. The overall heat transfer coefficient showed an apparent difference between parallel and counter flow conditions. This coefficient, as defined by the log-mean temperature difference, was slightly higher for the counter flow condition. A numerical model of the evaporator was developed and compared with the experimental results. The model follows a numerical solution in which the governing equations (continuity, momentum, and energy) are solved for a finite control volume and an appropriate finitedifference scheme is used to continue the solution step-wise along the length of the heat exchanger. The numerical model accurately predicts the effect of flow rate and temperature on refrigerant pressure drop and the effect of water flow rate and direction on the overall heat transfer coefficient. The model does not accurately predict the effect of evaporator temperature and refrigerant flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient. Close

• 47. [Article] A numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols in groundwater

  The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the movement and fate of chlorinated phenols in groundwater. In the first part, a numerical model for several different equilibrium and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols in groundwater Author: Lee, Sang Bong The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the movement and fate of chlorinated phenols in groundwater. In the first part, a numerical model for several different equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption processes under isothermal conditions is developed for one-dimensional, steady-state water flow in soil columns. The simulated breakthrough curves can be used to estimate sorption parameters from the results of column experiments. The second part presents a one-dimensional numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols for one-dimensional, steady-state groundwater flow. The numerical model includes the transport processes of advection, dispersion, sorption, biological degradation, and decay. The set of governing differential equations is solved by Newton-Raphson iteration and the finite difference method. Two different groups of microorganisms are assumed to be involved in the degradation; one group for the reductive dechlorination of the electron acceptor/donor pair and the other group for the fermentation of the electron donor. Inhibition effects due to presence of multiple substrates are included in the Monod kinetics. Simulated breakthrough curves are presented for a range of assumed model parameters and will be compared with measured concentrations in a series of miscible displacement experiments in laboratory columns. Title: A numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols in groundwater Author: Lee, Sang Bong The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model for the movement and fate of chlorinated phenols in groundwater. In the first part, a numerical model for several different equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption processes under isothermal conditions is developed for one-dimensional, steady-state water flow in soil columns. The simulated breakthrough curves can be used to estimate sorption parameters from the results of column experiments. The second part presents a one-dimensional numerical model for the fate and transport of chlorinated phenols for one-dimensional, steady-state groundwater flow. The numerical model includes the transport processes of advection, dispersion, sorption, biological degradation, and decay. The set of governing differential equations is solved by Newton-Raphson iteration and the finite difference method. Two different groups of microorganisms are assumed to be involved in the degradation; one group for the reductive dechlorination of the electron acceptor/donor pair and the other group for the fermentation of the electron donor. Inhibition effects due to presence of multiple substrates are included in the Monod kinetics. Simulated breakthrough curves are presented for a range of assumed model parameters and will be compared with measured concentrations in a series of miscible displacement experiments in laboratory columns. Close

• 48. [Article] Sub-regional detention siting : a methodology using GIS

  The Mt. Scott watershed in northern Clackamas County, Oregon is an urban watershed that lies inside the Portland metropolitan urban growth boundary. Urbanization of the watershed began in the early 1970s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sub-regional detention siting : a methodology using GIS Author: Murdock, Carol L. The Mt. Scott watershed in northern Clackamas County, Oregon is an urban watershed that lies inside the Portland metropolitan urban growth boundary. Urbanization of the watershed began in the early 1970s and has recently accelerated. A landscape level analysis of the urbanization process was combined with the results of a recently completed storm water master plan for the area. The project resulted in the identification of potential locations for combined detention and water quality facilities. It also served to further justify the recent revision of surface water management rules and regulations to include requirements for lower release rates from detention facilities and riparian and wetland buffers. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used extensively throughout the project to provide data input into the XPSWMM model that was used to analyze storm water flows and to identify infrastructure needs and requirements. In addition, GIS played a pivotal role in identifying factors which may be contributing to changes in stream condition in the basin. The results of this analysis project will be used by surface water managers in their continuing effort to refine current surface water management rules and regulations in the face of on-going development and continued urbanization. Title: Sub-regional detention siting : a methodology using GIS Author: Murdock, Carol L. The Mt. Scott watershed in northern Clackamas County, Oregon is an urban watershed that lies inside the Portland metropolitan urban growth boundary. Urbanization of the watershed began in the early 1970s and has recently accelerated. A landscape level analysis of the urbanization process was combined with the results of a recently completed storm water master plan for the area. The project resulted in the identification of potential locations for combined detention and water quality facilities. It also served to further justify the recent revision of surface water management rules and regulations to include requirements for lower release rates from detention facilities and riparian and wetland buffers. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used extensively throughout the project to provide data input into the XPSWMM model that was used to analyze storm water flows and to identify infrastructure needs and requirements. In addition, GIS played a pivotal role in identifying factors which may be contributing to changes in stream condition in the basin. The results of this analysis project will be used by surface water managers in their continuing effort to refine current surface water management rules and regulations in the face of on-going development and continued urbanization. Close

• 49. [Article] Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Close

• 50. [Article] Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results

  This is the publisher's version of record. The original submission is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found here: http://www.tos.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Miller, Robert N., Matano, Ricardo P. This is the publisher's version of record. The original submission is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found here: http://www.tos.org/ Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Miller, Robert N., Matano, Ricardo P. This is the publisher's version of record. The original submission is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found here: http://www.tos.org/ Close

• 51. [Article] Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://www.cambridge.org/home/home/item5655304/?site_locale=en_US.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Matano, Ricardo P., Miller, Robert N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://www.cambridge.org/home/home/item5655304/?site_locale=en_US. Title: Shelfbreak upwelling induced by alongshore currents: analytical and numerical results Author: Palma, Elbio D., Matano, Ricardo P., Miller, Robert N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://www.cambridge.org/home/home/item5655304/?site_locale=en_US. Close

• 52. [Article] Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation in Barrow Canyon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://www.ametsoc.org/pubs/journals/jpo/index.html.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation in Barrow Canyon Author: Shroyer, E. L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://www.ametsoc.org/pubs/journals/jpo/index.html. Title: Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation in Barrow Canyon Author: Shroyer, E. L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://www.ametsoc.org/pubs/journals/jpo/index.html. Close

• 53. [Article] Physical parameters as tracers of Columbia River water

  Hydrographic and bathythermograph data taken off the Oregon coast during a two week period in August of 1969 were analyzed to determine if heat content and mixed layer depth may be used as indicators of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physical parameters as tracers of Columbia River water Author: Evans, Richard H. Hydrographic and bathythermograph data taken off the Oregon coast during a two week period in August of 1969 were analyzed to determine if heat content and mixed layer depth may be used as indicators of Columbia River plume water. Heat content was found to be a poor indicator of plume water because of large additions of heat to the plume as the waters flowed southward and because the layer over which heat content was integrated (0 to 20 meters) was inconsistent with the depth of the plume. High variability among observations made analysis of mixed layer depth difficult and reduced its utility as an indicator of plume waters. Hydrographic sections taken during the summer months off Oregon from 1960 through 1969 were also examined. The axis of the Columbia River plume was located in 70 instances. The salinity axis was found to lie inshore of the temperature axis by a mean distance of 8.5 nautical miles. This displacement increased downstream and was most pronounced in July and August. A simple model showed the displacement to be the result of a large temperature gradient across the nearshore portion of the plume pynocline. Title: Physical parameters as tracers of Columbia River water Author: Evans, Richard H. Hydrographic and bathythermograph data taken off the Oregon coast during a two week period in August of 1969 were analyzed to determine if heat content and mixed layer depth may be used as indicators of Columbia River plume water. Heat content was found to be a poor indicator of plume water because of large additions of heat to the plume as the waters flowed southward and because the layer over which heat content was integrated (0 to 20 meters) was inconsistent with the depth of the plume. High variability among observations made analysis of mixed layer depth difficult and reduced its utility as an indicator of plume waters. Hydrographic sections taken during the summer months off Oregon from 1960 through 1969 were also examined. The axis of the Columbia River plume was located in 70 instances. The salinity axis was found to lie inshore of the temperature axis by a mean distance of 8.5 nautical miles. This displacement increased downstream and was most pronounced in July and August. A simple model showed the displacement to be the result of a large temperature gradient across the nearshore portion of the plume pynocline. Close

• 54. [Article] Hydrothermal fluid circulation through the sediment of Crater Lake, Oregon: Pore water and heat flow constraints

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrothermal fluid circulation through the sediment of Crater Lake, Oregon: Pore water and heat flow constraints Author: Dymond, Jack, Wheat, C. Geoffrey, McManus, James, Collier, Robert W., Whiticar, Michael Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Hydrothermal fluid circulation through the sediment of Crater Lake, Oregon: Pore water and heat flow constraints Author: Dymond, Jack, Wheat, C. Geoffrey, McManus, James, Collier, Robert W., Whiticar, Michael Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 55. [Article] Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon

  Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I., McKernan, Donald L. (Donald Lynn), 1918-1979 Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. Exceptional winter floods seem to produce poor resulting runs. Low summer water flows also appear to produce lower than average runs on some rivers, while higher summer flows appear to be followed by an increase in the resultant runs. The intensity of fishing was also found to affect the subsequent productivity of the fisheries. Increases in fishing effort on the rivers studied were followed in succeeding cycles by a lower catch, and when the fishing effort declined the ensuing production of silver salmon generally increased. Other factors studied did not bear a significant relationship to the fluctuations or trends of productivity of silver salmon. Title: Some factors influencing the trends of salmon populations in Oregon Author: Johnson, Donald R., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I., McKernan, Donald L. (Donald Lynn), 1918-1979 Three factors were found to be significantly correlated with the fluctuations and trends in silver salmon production in Oregon. Logging was found to adversely affect the runs of salmon in later years. Exceptional winter floods seem to produce poor resulting runs. Low summer water flows also appear to produce lower than average runs on some rivers, while higher summer flows appear to be followed by an increase in the resultant runs. The intensity of fishing was also found to affect the subsequent productivity of the fisheries. Increases in fishing effort on the rivers studied were followed in succeeding cycles by a lower catch, and when the fishing effort declined the ensuing production of silver salmon generally increased. Other factors studied did not bear a significant relationship to the fluctuations or trends of productivity of silver salmon. Close

• 56. [Article] Conifer : a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : revised documentation

  CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conifer : a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : revised documentation Author: Sollins, P., Brown, Alfred T., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.) CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Title: Conifer : a model of carbon and water flow through a coniferous forest : revised documentation Author: Sollins, P., Brown, Alfred T., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Swartzman, G. L. (Gordon L.) CONIFER simulates water, carbon, and energy dynamics of a coniferous forest. The model consists of 29 nonlinear difference equations. Measured driving variables include air temperature, dew point temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind speed. Water and energy variables are updated daily; carbon variables are updated weekly. This report contains a detailed description of the model including all equations, parameter values, and initial conditions. Cross-reference tables list the equations in which each variable and parameter appear. Listings of the driving variable data, computer implementation, and corresponding output are also provided. Information sources and model behavior are discussed elsewhere. Close

• 57. [Article] Momentum transfer in climbing-film flow in an annular duct

  Momentum transfer in an annular duct with upward gas-Iiquid flow was studied under the condition that the liquid flowed as a film only on the inner core of the annulus, the outer wall remaining dry. Previous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Momentum transfer in climbing-film flow in an annular duct Author: Kim, Duk Hwang Momentum transfer in an annular duct with upward gas-Iiquid flow was studied under the condition that the liquid flowed as a film only on the inner core of the annulus, the outer wall remaining dry. Previous workers have studied climbing and falling liquid films in tubes or on vertical planes. With this type of apparatus it is very difficult to study pressure losses, gas velocity profiles, and the structure of the climbing film. The difficulty has been overcome by forming a liquid film on the inner core and maintaining a dry outer wall of an annular duct. The column consists of a three-inch I.D. outer tube with a concentric one-inch O.D. inner core. The inner tube was supported laterally by sets of streamlined centering screws. The total length of the column was about 35 feet and the test section was 20 feet long. All measurements were made at two stations, the first was 76 inches from the liquid injector, the second 154 inches from the liquid injector. The liquid injector is a porous stainless steel cylinder with one inch O.D. and two inch length. The air flow rates varied from 170 cfm to 410 cfm at 1 atmosphere pressure and 68° F temperature. The water flow rates used were 0.47 lbm/min and 0.79 lbm/min. The study has two major divisions. First division is the study of the mechanics of the air flow in the annulus as it is affected by the presence of the climbing film of liquid. This portion of the study involves an investigation of velocity profiles, the point of maximum velocity, friction losses, and the role of capillary waves in the annular flow. It was found that: 1) the pressure loss for climbing film flow in an annulus can be predicted by the Lockhart and Martinelli correlation for two-phase flow in tubes, 2) the capillary waves of the climbing film affect only the location of the point of maximum air velocity and the air velocity profile at the inner portion of the annulue, 3) the location of the point of maximum air velocity shuts to the outer wall as water film is introduced, 4) the air velocity profiles in the inner portion of the annulus with the film present, plotted as u⁺ versus y⁺, are shifted downward, relative to those for annular flow without the film, although they have same slope. The second part is the study of the mechanics of flow of a climbing water film which has a solid wall as one boundary and highly turbulent air stream as the other. The mean film thickness, wave length, and amplitude of the climbing film were measured by a photographic method. This method gave good results in the measurement of mean film thickness at the lower and moderate air velocities. However, the wave length and amplitude determined by this method have only a qualitative significance, because of the irregularity of wave shapes. With increasing air flow rates, the film thickness, wave length, and amplitude decreased. Generally the ratio of wave length to amplitude varied between 20 to 30. As a first approximation, Kapitza's theory of wave formation in the vertical plane with downward flow, based on laminar conditions, was extended to the climbing film in an annular duct in order to obtain an expression for the mean film thickness, the velocity profile of liquid film, and the wave length. Comparison between the prediction and the experiment was found to be reasonably good, The mean film thickness data for climbing film flow in an annulus was correlated with the Lockhart and Martinelli parameters, R[subscript L] and X, and was compared with the correlation for climbing film flow in a tube. If a unique correlation for climbing film flow in both tubes and annuli exists (this is the original proposal of Lockhart and Martinelli), it would appear that the region in the vicinity of x = 0.01 is a transition region. More data at high water flow rates are necessary to reach a general conclusion concerning the correlation. Title: Momentum transfer in climbing-film flow in an annular duct Author: Kim, Duk Hwang Momentum transfer in an annular duct with upward gas-Iiquid flow was studied under the condition that the liquid flowed as a film only on the inner core of the annulus, the outer wall remaining dry. Previous workers have studied climbing and falling liquid films in tubes or on vertical planes. With this type of apparatus it is very difficult to study pressure losses, gas velocity profiles, and the structure of the climbing film. The difficulty has been overcome by forming a liquid film on the inner core and maintaining a dry outer wall of an annular duct. The column consists of a three-inch I.D. outer tube with a concentric one-inch O.D. inner core. The inner tube was supported laterally by sets of streamlined centering screws. The total length of the column was about 35 feet and the test section was 20 feet long. All measurements were made at two stations, the first was 76 inches from the liquid injector, the second 154 inches from the liquid injector. The liquid injector is a porous stainless steel cylinder with one inch O.D. and two inch length. The air flow rates varied from 170 cfm to 410 cfm at 1 atmosphere pressure and 68° F temperature. The water flow rates used were 0.47 lbm/min and 0.79 lbm/min. The study has two major divisions. First division is the study of the mechanics of the air flow in the annulus as it is affected by the presence of the climbing film of liquid. This portion of the study involves an investigation of velocity profiles, the point of maximum velocity, friction losses, and the role of capillary waves in the annular flow. It was found that: 1) the pressure loss for climbing film flow in an annulus can be predicted by the Lockhart and Martinelli correlation for two-phase flow in tubes, 2) the capillary waves of the climbing film affect only the location of the point of maximum air velocity and the air velocity profile at the inner portion of the annulue, 3) the location of the point of maximum air velocity shuts to the outer wall as water film is introduced, 4) the air velocity profiles in the inner portion of the annulus with the film present, plotted as u⁺ versus y⁺, are shifted downward, relative to those for annular flow without the film, although they have same slope. The second part is the study of the mechanics of flow of a climbing water film which has a solid wall as one boundary and highly turbulent air stream as the other. The mean film thickness, wave length, and amplitude of the climbing film were measured by a photographic method. This method gave good results in the measurement of mean film thickness at the lower and moderate air velocities. However, the wave length and amplitude determined by this method have only a qualitative significance, because of the irregularity of wave shapes. With increasing air flow rates, the film thickness, wave length, and amplitude decreased. Generally the ratio of wave length to amplitude varied between 20 to 30. As a first approximation, Kapitza's theory of wave formation in the vertical plane with downward flow, based on laminar conditions, was extended to the climbing film in an annular duct in order to obtain an expression for the mean film thickness, the velocity profile of liquid film, and the wave length. Comparison between the prediction and the experiment was found to be reasonably good, The mean film thickness data for climbing film flow in an annulus was correlated with the Lockhart and Martinelli parameters, R[subscript L] and X, and was compared with the correlation for climbing film flow in a tube. If a unique correlation for climbing film flow in both tubes and annuli exists (this is the original proposal of Lockhart and Martinelli), it would appear that the region in the vicinity of x = 0.01 is a transition region. More data at high water flow rates are necessary to reach a general conclusion concerning the correlation. Close

• 58. [Article] Chemical features of the Columbia River plume off Oregon

  An intensive chemical investigation, that includes the determinations of salinity, oxygen, nutrients, pH, alkalinity, and total carbon dioxide of the Columbia River plume off the Oregon coast in July 1967 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chemical features of the Columbia River plume off Oregon Author: Cissell, Milton Charles An intensive chemical investigation, that includes the determinations of salinity, oxygen, nutrients, pH, alkalinity, and total carbon dioxide of the Columbia River plume off the Oregon coast in July 1967 shows the following unique features: 1. Along the axis of the river plume both the salinity minimum and temperature maximum occur. The location of these extrema at zero, ten, twenty meters depths differ considerably, suggesting different patterns of water flow at different depths. 2. Throughout the plume region, at salinities less than 32.5%, the plume water is supersaturated with respect to dissolved oxygen, and a subsurface oxygen maximum exists at the depths of 3.0-50 meters. 3. The relationship between apparent oxygen production by marine organisms and nutrient concentrations shows biological production of dissolved oxygen is a definite cause for the oxygen supersaturation in the plume region. 4. The plume area off Oregon is a source of oxygen transfer from the ocean into the atmosphere. Title: Chemical features of the Columbia River plume off Oregon Author: Cissell, Milton Charles An intensive chemical investigation, that includes the determinations of salinity, oxygen, nutrients, pH, alkalinity, and total carbon dioxide of the Columbia River plume off the Oregon coast in July 1967 shows the following unique features: 1. Along the axis of the river plume both the salinity minimum and temperature maximum occur. The location of these extrema at zero, ten, twenty meters depths differ considerably, suggesting different patterns of water flow at different depths. 2. Throughout the plume region, at salinities less than 32.5%, the plume water is supersaturated with respect to dissolved oxygen, and a subsurface oxygen maximum exists at the depths of 3.0-50 meters. 3. The relationship between apparent oxygen production by marine organisms and nutrient concentrations shows biological production of dissolved oxygen is a definite cause for the oxygen supersaturation in the plume region. 4. The plume area off Oregon is a source of oxygen transfer from the ocean into the atmosphere. Close

• 59. [Article] Growth and production of salmonids exposed to a stabilized Kraft mill effluent in experimental stream channels

  The growth and production of brown trout, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, exposed to a concentration of 0.65 mg/l BOD (4.1 percent by volume) stabilized kraft mill effluent (KME) were studied from October 1973 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and production of salmonids exposed to a stabilized Kraft mill effluent in experimental stream channels Author: Mower, Barry Francis The growth and production of brown trout, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, exposed to a concentration of 0.65 mg/l BOD (4.1 percent by volume) stabilized kraft mill effluent (KME) were studied from October 1973 until May 1974 in three experimental stream channels located near a kraft mill in Albany, Oregon. Growth rate was generrally influenced by stream temperature and was modified by changing food biomass until April, as productivities of the streams for fish constantly changed. On the basis of theoretical production-biomass and growth rate-biomass relationships developed from a model, there appeared to be no consistent adverse effect of 0.65 mg/l BOD SKME on the growth and production of brown trout. The model demonstrated possible periodic effects of SKME on growth and production. At times the fish may have been affected directly or indirectly through influences on the biomasses of important food organisms which were identified from analysis of trout stomach contents. In a separate experiment, the survival and development of steelhead, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, embryos and alevins were not adversely affected by the 0.65 mg/l BOD concentration of SKME in spawning channels under adequate conditions of water flow and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Title: Growth and production of salmonids exposed to a stabilized Kraft mill effluent in experimental stream channels Author: Mower, Barry Francis The growth and production of brown trout, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, exposed to a concentration of 0.65 mg/l BOD (4.1 percent by volume) stabilized kraft mill effluent (KME) were studied from October 1973 until May 1974 in three experimental stream channels located near a kraft mill in Albany, Oregon. Growth rate was generrally influenced by stream temperature and was modified by changing food biomass until April, as productivities of the streams for fish constantly changed. On the basis of theoretical production-biomass and growth rate-biomass relationships developed from a model, there appeared to be no consistent adverse effect of 0.65 mg/l BOD SKME on the growth and production of brown trout. The model demonstrated possible periodic effects of SKME on growth and production. At times the fish may have been affected directly or indirectly through influences on the biomasses of important food organisms which were identified from analysis of trout stomach contents. In a separate experiment, the survival and development of steelhead, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, embryos and alevins were not adversely affected by the 0.65 mg/l BOD concentration of SKME in spawning channels under adequate conditions of water flow and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Close

• 60. [Article] 2009 dryland agricultural research annual report

  Published June 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 2009 dryland agricultural research annual report Author: Long, Dan, Petrie, S. E., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published June 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: 2009 dryland agricultural research annual report Author: Long, Dan, Petrie, S. E., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published June 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 61. [Article] Connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas Author: Cho, Yang-Ki, Kim, Sangil, Choi, Byoung-Ju, Kim, Young-Gyu, Youn, Yong-Hoon, Seo, Gwang-Ho, Dever, Edward P. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Connectivity among straits of the northwest Pacific marginal seas Author: Cho, Yang-Ki, Kim, Sangil, Choi, Byoung-Ju, Kim, Young-Gyu, Youn, Yong-Hoon, Seo, Gwang-Ho, Dever, Edward P. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 62. [Article] Patterns of CaCO₃deposition in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for the last 150 kyr: Evidence for a southeast Pacific depositional spike during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2

  Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of CaCO₃deposition in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for the last 150 kyr: Evidence for a southeast Pacific depositional spike during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 Author: Pisias, Nicklas G., Mix, Alan C., Lyle, Mitchell Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union Title: Patterns of CaCO₃deposition in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for the last 150 kyr: Evidence for a southeast Pacific depositional spike during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 Author: Pisias, Nicklas G., Mix, Alan C., Lyle, Mitchell Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union Close

• 63. [Article] Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon Author: Lite Jr., Kenneth E. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon Author: Lite Jr., Kenneth E. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 64. [Article] Development of a Numerical Model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM (Groundwater-surface water modeling of the Walla Walla Basin Using IWFM)

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a Numerical Model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM (Groundwater-surface water modeling of the Walla Walla Basin Using IWFM) Author: Scherberg, Jacob, Baker, Troy, Henry, Rick, Selker, John, Petrides-Jimenez, Aristides Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Development of a Numerical Model for the Walla Walla Basin using IWFM (Groundwater-surface water modeling of the Walla Walla Basin Using IWFM) Author: Scherberg, Jacob, Baker, Troy, Henry, Rick, Selker, John, Petrides-Jimenez, Aristides Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 65. [Article] An analysis of the control and economics of a three-pipe heat pump system

  The use of a three-pipe distribution system is known to impair the operating costs of an air conditioning system. Additional costs are encountered because heating water and cooling water are mixed in a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the control and economics of a three-pipe heat pump system Author: Waymire, James Lee The use of a three-pipe distribution system is known to impair the operating costs of an air conditioning system. Additional costs are encountered because heating water and cooling water are mixed in a common return pipe after use by the various air conditioning units. This investigation covers the design and installation of an automatic temperature control system to operate a heat pump air conditioning system utilizing a three-pipe distribution system. The investigation also was directed toward the study of the economics of the three-pipe system while in use providing heating and cooling to an industrial plant. The experiment was performed with a centrifugal refrigeration compressor heat pump of 497 tons of refrigeration capacity. Tests were conducted at outside air temperatures of 42, 51.5, and 53°F. During each test, heating water flow, cooling water flow, heating supply water temperature, cooling supply water temperature, common return water temperature, and cooling return water temperature were measured. Sufficient data were recorded, during each test, to determine the heating load, cooling load, and operating penalty due to the mixed flow condition in the common return. These results were correlated with outside temperature occurrence data to determine the additional annual operating cost encountered because of the use of a three-pipe system. The additional annual owning cost of a conventional four-pipe system above that of the three-pipe system was determined. This cost included items for depreciation, interest, and taxes. A comparison between the annual owning and operating costs of the three-pipe system and the four-pipe system was made. It was determined that the three-pipe system installed in the particular industrial plant investigated exhibits a cost approximately one-third of that of the conventional system used for comparison. It was determined that the three-pipe system would become relatively less costly to own and operate if applied to a system with similar loads in all areas, if used with a heat pump system, and if used with a system employing final heat transfer elements selected for as high a water temperature drop or rise as possible. The three-pipe system would become relatively more costly to own and operate if the system piping runs were short, if the individual air conditioning units were larger, and if a system employing separate heating and cooling sources was used. Title: An analysis of the control and economics of a three-pipe heat pump system Author: Waymire, James Lee The use of a three-pipe distribution system is known to impair the operating costs of an air conditioning system. Additional costs are encountered because heating water and cooling water are mixed in a common return pipe after use by the various air conditioning units. This investigation covers the design and installation of an automatic temperature control system to operate a heat pump air conditioning system utilizing a three-pipe distribution system. The investigation also was directed toward the study of the economics of the three-pipe system while in use providing heating and cooling to an industrial plant. The experiment was performed with a centrifugal refrigeration compressor heat pump of 497 tons of refrigeration capacity. Tests were conducted at outside air temperatures of 42, 51.5, and 53°F. During each test, heating water flow, cooling water flow, heating supply water temperature, cooling supply water temperature, common return water temperature, and cooling return water temperature were measured. Sufficient data were recorded, during each test, to determine the heating load, cooling load, and operating penalty due to the mixed flow condition in the common return. These results were correlated with outside temperature occurrence data to determine the additional annual operating cost encountered because of the use of a three-pipe system. The additional annual owning cost of a conventional four-pipe system above that of the three-pipe system was determined. This cost included items for depreciation, interest, and taxes. A comparison between the annual owning and operating costs of the three-pipe system and the four-pipe system was made. It was determined that the three-pipe system installed in the particular industrial plant investigated exhibits a cost approximately one-third of that of the conventional system used for comparison. It was determined that the three-pipe system would become relatively less costly to own and operate if applied to a system with similar loads in all areas, if used with a heat pump system, and if used with a system employing final heat transfer elements selected for as high a water temperature drop or rise as possible. The three-pipe system would become relatively more costly to own and operate if the system piping runs were short, if the individual air conditioning units were larger, and if a system employing separate heating and cooling sources was used. Close

• 66. [Article] The Willamette River fishes as biological indicators of pollution

  An investigation of the fishes of the Willamette River and three of its larger tributaries was made during July, August, September, and November of 1951, to ascertain the possibility of using them as bio-indices ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Willamette River fishes as biological indicators of pollution Author: Noble, Richard Earl An investigation of the fishes of the Willamette River and three of its larger tributaries was made during July, August, September, and November of 1951, to ascertain the possibility of using them as bio-indices of pollution. Thirteen stations were established on the Willamette River and tributaries. These stations were selected in respect to the major tributaries, cities, and sources of pollution. Two stations were located on the McKenzie river; two on the North Fork of the Santiam River; eight on the main stem of the Willamette River from above Eugene to Oregon City; and one on the Clackamas River. Fishes were collected at each station by means of a seine. The fishes were preserved in a 10 percent formalin solution and returned to Corvallis where they were classified as to species and the numbers of each recorded. Stomach analysis were performed on a portion of the fishes collected from each of the stations. In an attempt to determine the affect of pollution on the fishes of an area, the samples from a clean-water station were compared with those taken from a polluted station. From this survey a tentative list of fishes which were sensitive, intermediate and tolerant to pollution was formed. In general, the trout, salmon, whitefishes and sculpins were found to be sensitive; falcate dace, white crappie, smallmouth black bass, mountain suckers, and longnosed dace were intermediate; and redsided shiner, blacksided dace, coarse-scaled sucker, three-spined stickle back, squawfish, bullhead catfish, chiselmouth, largemouth black bass, Columbia River chub, and larvae of the Pacific lamprey were tolerant. It was found that even the most tolerant fishes disappeared when pollution was excessive. In addition to the biological data collected at each station, certain chemical and physical tests were also determined. Air and water temperatures were taken, along with hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), and dissolved oxygen content of the water. Bio-chemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) readings were taken at some of the stations by the Oregon State Sanitary Authority. River flow measurements were obtained from U.S.G.S. records for the gage at Salem, Oregon. The physical and chemical tests were used in conjunction with the biological findings to determine the condition of each station. Water flow data was used to determine low water periods. Chemical, physical and water flow data are shown in table form as well as graphically. The numbers of each species of fish and the food organisms found by stomach analysis are listed for each monthly sample and these data are also shown in table form. According to observations from this survey there was a definite indication that pollution can be detected by using the species, numbers and stomach contents of fishes from a waterway. Title: The Willamette River fishes as biological indicators of pollution Author: Noble, Richard Earl An investigation of the fishes of the Willamette River and three of its larger tributaries was made during July, August, September, and November of 1951, to ascertain the possibility of using them as bio-indices of pollution. Thirteen stations were established on the Willamette River and tributaries. These stations were selected in respect to the major tributaries, cities, and sources of pollution. Two stations were located on the McKenzie river; two on the North Fork of the Santiam River; eight on the main stem of the Willamette River from above Eugene to Oregon City; and one on the Clackamas River. Fishes were collected at each station by means of a seine. The fishes were preserved in a 10 percent formalin solution and returned to Corvallis where they were classified as to species and the numbers of each recorded. Stomach analysis were performed on a portion of the fishes collected from each of the stations. In an attempt to determine the affect of pollution on the fishes of an area, the samples from a clean-water station were compared with those taken from a polluted station. From this survey a tentative list of fishes which were sensitive, intermediate and tolerant to pollution was formed. In general, the trout, salmon, whitefishes and sculpins were found to be sensitive; falcate dace, white crappie, smallmouth black bass, mountain suckers, and longnosed dace were intermediate; and redsided shiner, blacksided dace, coarse-scaled sucker, three-spined stickle back, squawfish, bullhead catfish, chiselmouth, largemouth black bass, Columbia River chub, and larvae of the Pacific lamprey were tolerant. It was found that even the most tolerant fishes disappeared when pollution was excessive. In addition to the biological data collected at each station, certain chemical and physical tests were also determined. Air and water temperatures were taken, along with hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), and dissolved oxygen content of the water. Bio-chemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) readings were taken at some of the stations by the Oregon State Sanitary Authority. River flow measurements were obtained from U.S.G.S. records for the gage at Salem, Oregon. The physical and chemical tests were used in conjunction with the biological findings to determine the condition of each station. Water flow data was used to determine low water periods. Chemical, physical and water flow data are shown in table form as well as graphically. The numbers of each species of fish and the food organisms found by stomach analysis are listed for each monthly sample and these data are also shown in table form. According to observations from this survey there was a definite indication that pollution can be detected by using the species, numbers and stomach contents of fishes from a waterway. Close

• 67. [Article] Dynamic simulation model of transpiration process with stomatal control mechanism

  Because the life processes of the plant are related in a complex way to the balance between the water demand of the atmosphere and the water availability to the plant root, an exploration of the dynamic status ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamic simulation model of transpiration process with stomatal control mechanism Author: Woo, Kwang Bang Because the life processes of the plant are related in a complex way to the balance between the water demand of the atmosphere and the water availability to the plant root, an exploration of the dynamic status of water in the plant is very important. The stomata constitute the main regulating system on the leaf transpiration. At the present time, no integrated analysis of the dynamic system of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and the stomatal control mechanism of the plant is possible by means of classical soil physics and biophysics. As an approach to the integrated analysis, a simulation model of the transpiration process with the stomatal control mechanism is presented. Van den Honert suggested the use of Ohm's law describing water flow into, through, and out of plants. In the present study, this hypothesis is expanded to include an analogous storage factor to deal with the dynamic flow of water in the plant. A set of differential equations for water transport in the plant is expressed in terms of the water potential variable. The dynamic description of the water status in the plant is then completed by introducing the system gain which is a function of both the transpiration rate and the soil water condition. The present study on the photosynthetic process is mainly concerned with the diffusion and photochemical processes of the plant-CO₂ system. For the diffusion process of CO₂ through the leaf, two kinds of storage factors have been developed: (1) one for CO₂ reduction process and (2) one for CO₂ storage process. The photosynthetic process is related to the light response of the stomatal movement. The real mechanism of stomatal movement in leaves is still unknown. Many biologists are reviewing (1) a turgor mechanism and (2) the active water transfer theory in the guard cells as an explanation of stomatal movement. Based on their conclusions, a possible model of the stomatal control mechanism is proposed. Adaptive control theory is applied to the development of a model. The resultant model shows a balancing type of the control mechanism. The transfer functions of each part of the system are derived. The dynamic system gain of the transpiration process is realized by the similar type of the Corbin's method of a computer-controlled adaptive control system. The entire system is then simulated on an analog computer; its dynamic characteristics with consideration of various environmental effects are investigated. Title: Dynamic simulation model of transpiration process with stomatal control mechanism Author: Woo, Kwang Bang Because the life processes of the plant are related in a complex way to the balance between the water demand of the atmosphere and the water availability to the plant root, an exploration of the dynamic status of water in the plant is very important. The stomata constitute the main regulating system on the leaf transpiration. At the present time, no integrated analysis of the dynamic system of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and the stomatal control mechanism of the plant is possible by means of classical soil physics and biophysics. As an approach to the integrated analysis, a simulation model of the transpiration process with the stomatal control mechanism is presented. Van den Honert suggested the use of Ohm's law describing water flow into, through, and out of plants. In the present study, this hypothesis is expanded to include an analogous storage factor to deal with the dynamic flow of water in the plant. A set of differential equations for water transport in the plant is expressed in terms of the water potential variable. The dynamic description of the water status in the plant is then completed by introducing the system gain which is a function of both the transpiration rate and the soil water condition. The present study on the photosynthetic process is mainly concerned with the diffusion and photochemical processes of the plant-CO₂ system. For the diffusion process of CO₂ through the leaf, two kinds of storage factors have been developed: (1) one for CO₂ reduction process and (2) one for CO₂ storage process. The photosynthetic process is related to the light response of the stomatal movement. The real mechanism of stomatal movement in leaves is still unknown. Many biologists are reviewing (1) a turgor mechanism and (2) the active water transfer theory in the guard cells as an explanation of stomatal movement. Based on their conclusions, a possible model of the stomatal control mechanism is proposed. Adaptive control theory is applied to the development of a model. The resultant model shows a balancing type of the control mechanism. The transfer functions of each part of the system are derived. The dynamic system gain of the transpiration process is realized by the similar type of the Corbin's method of a computer-controlled adaptive control system. The entire system is then simulated on an analog computer; its dynamic characteristics with consideration of various environmental effects are investigated. Close

• 68. [Article] Simulation and field validation of heat and water flow during soil freezing and thawing

  Freeze/thaw cycles are numerous in agricultural soils of the Pacific Northwest. Potential loss of soil by erosion is high whenever a soil thaws from the surface creating a saturated soil overlying an impermeable ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulation and field validation of heat and water flow during soil freezing and thawing Author: Pikul, Joseph Lawrence Freeze/thaw cycles are numerous in agricultural soils of the Pacific Northwest. Potential loss of soil by erosion is high whenever a soil thaws from the surface creating a saturated soil overlying an impermeable frozen layer. Field studies were conducted to investigate the effect of surface residue on soil freezing. Residue treatments were: 1) bare surface, B; 2) standing stubble with no straw mulch between the rows, SSNM; and 3) standing stubble with straw mulch between the rows, SSM. Water migration to the freezing surface and freezing depth were partially controlled through the mulch cover which thermally insulated the soil. The SSM and SSNM treatments reduced the depth of frost penetration by an average of 35% compared to the B treatment, even in the absence of snow cover. During one diurnal freeze/thaw cycle the soil froze to 1.5 cm on the B treatment; the soil on the SSM treatment did not freeze. Water content of the 0- to 0.5-cm layer increased from 0.31 at 1800 hours to 0.57 cm³ /cm³ at 0600 hours on the B treatment. On the unfrozen SSM treatment, water content increased from 0.34 to 0.40 cm³ /cm³ during this same time. Soil heat and water flux during a 19-hour freezing and thawing cycle was numerically simulated using finite differences. The model couples the heat and water flux equations at sub-zero temperatures by the change in soil ice content. An experimental relationship between unfrozen water and sub-zero temperature was used to couple the heat and water flow equations and estimate the change in soil ice content. Field measurements of soil temperature, water content and frost depth were used to validate the model. Measured versus simulated soil temperature at the 1-cm depth resulted in an r² = .995. Standard error of the estimate was .63 °C. Simulated ice and water content of the 0- to 1-cm soil layer, at the time of maximum frost penetration, was .48 g/g, which compares to a measured value of .44 g/g. Simulated maximum frost depth was 2 cm, which compares to a measured depth of 1.5 cm. These results validate the usefulness of this model in simulation studies and also support the methods used to obtain the heat and water transport coefficients for this field soil. Title: Simulation and field validation of heat and water flow during soil freezing and thawing Author: Pikul, Joseph Lawrence Freeze/thaw cycles are numerous in agricultural soils of the Pacific Northwest. Potential loss of soil by erosion is high whenever a soil thaws from the surface creating a saturated soil overlying an impermeable frozen layer. Field studies were conducted to investigate the effect of surface residue on soil freezing. Residue treatments were: 1) bare surface, B; 2) standing stubble with no straw mulch between the rows, SSNM; and 3) standing stubble with straw mulch between the rows, SSM. Water migration to the freezing surface and freezing depth were partially controlled through the mulch cover which thermally insulated the soil. The SSM and SSNM treatments reduced the depth of frost penetration by an average of 35% compared to the B treatment, even in the absence of snow cover. During one diurnal freeze/thaw cycle the soil froze to 1.5 cm on the B treatment; the soil on the SSM treatment did not freeze. Water content of the 0- to 0.5-cm layer increased from 0.31 at 1800 hours to 0.57 cm³ /cm³ at 0600 hours on the B treatment. On the unfrozen SSM treatment, water content increased from 0.34 to 0.40 cm³ /cm³ during this same time. Soil heat and water flux during a 19-hour freezing and thawing cycle was numerically simulated using finite differences. The model couples the heat and water flux equations at sub-zero temperatures by the change in soil ice content. An experimental relationship between unfrozen water and sub-zero temperature was used to couple the heat and water flow equations and estimate the change in soil ice content. Field measurements of soil temperature, water content and frost depth were used to validate the model. Measured versus simulated soil temperature at the 1-cm depth resulted in an r² = .995. Standard error of the estimate was .63 °C. Simulated ice and water content of the 0- to 1-cm soil layer, at the time of maximum frost penetration, was .48 g/g, which compares to a measured value of .44 g/g. Simulated maximum frost depth was 2 cm, which compares to a measured depth of 1.5 cm. These results validate the usefulness of this model in simulation studies and also support the methods used to obtain the heat and water transport coefficients for this field soil. Close

• 69. [Article] Summer low flow characteristics of forest streams in northeast Oregon

  Summer low flow characteristics of six forest streams in Northeast Oregon were examined using long term streamflow records. Time series and trend analysis revealed highly significant (alpha=O.O1) increasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summer low flow characteristics of forest streams in northeast Oregon Author: Widner, Gregory L. Summer low flow characteristics of six forest streams in Northeast Oregon were examined using long term streamflow records. Time series and trend analysis revealed highly significant (alpha=O.O1) increasing trends in summer low flow over the period of record on four of the selected streams, and significant (alpha=O.05) year-to-year dependence on three of the selected streams. Low flow frequency curves, flow duration curves, and flow-date curves were constructed for each stream from the long term flow records. A simple method of forecasting streamflow recessions using flow records is developed resulting in improvement over the average in forecasting recession volume, but little improvement in forecasting end-of-water year flow levels. Title: Summer low flow characteristics of forest streams in northeast Oregon Author: Widner, Gregory L. Summer low flow characteristics of six forest streams in Northeast Oregon were examined using long term streamflow records. Time series and trend analysis revealed highly significant (alpha=O.O1) increasing trends in summer low flow over the period of record on four of the selected streams, and significant (alpha=O.05) year-to-year dependence on three of the selected streams. Low flow frequency curves, flow duration curves, and flow-date curves were constructed for each stream from the long term flow records. A simple method of forecasting streamflow recessions using flow records is developed resulting in improvement over the average in forecasting recession volume, but little improvement in forecasting end-of-water year flow levels. Close

• 70. [Article] Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS)

  Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) Author: Chen, Huaisheng Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., area, slope, soil type, etc.). A cell is defined as the linkages of edges and their attributes (e.g., length, slope, etc.) and an edge is defined as the linkage of nodes and their attributes (e.g., depth of soil, elevation). The watershed hydrologic components such as water depth, surface flow, etc., are features associated with the cells, edges and nodes of a watershed. Simulation of hydrologic processes across a watershed involves the calculation of flows and water balances for these cells, edges, and nodes and their linkages. Therefore, the OWLS model is a three-dimensional, object-linked, vector-based model. OWLS includes four sub-models that focus on (1) Data Processing, (2) Geomorphology, (3) Hydrology and (4) Visualization. The Data Processing Model handles conversions of raw data from watershed surveys into OWLS format. It also handles missing data interpolation and extrapolation for air temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. The Geomorphologic Model handles the automatic watershed delineation for flowpaths, streams, and boundaries, as well as stream geometry and macropore geometry. The Hydrologic Model handles water balance, flow calculation and flow routing for the canopy, surface, subsurface and macropore system associated with each cell. The Visualization Model handles 3-D watershed projection, 2-D watershed projection, hydrograph presentation, and 3-D dynamic watershed animation for simulated flows and other hydrologic components of the Hydrologic Model. The OWLS model was tested with data from the Bear Brook Watershed of Maine (BBWM). Results from parameter calibration and validation indicate that the model generally provided good estimation of streamflows for rain-based flood events and unstable estimations for rain-on-snow events or snowmelt-based events when air temperature was high. Title: Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) Author: Chen, Huaisheng Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., area, slope, soil type, etc.). A cell is defined as the linkages of edges and their attributes (e.g., length, slope, etc.) and an edge is defined as the linkage of nodes and their attributes (e.g., depth of soil, elevation). The watershed hydrologic components such as water depth, surface flow, etc., are features associated with the cells, edges and nodes of a watershed. Simulation of hydrologic processes across a watershed involves the calculation of flows and water balances for these cells, edges, and nodes and their linkages. Therefore, the OWLS model is a three-dimensional, object-linked, vector-based model. OWLS includes four sub-models that focus on (1) Data Processing, (2) Geomorphology, (3) Hydrology and (4) Visualization. The Data Processing Model handles conversions of raw data from watershed surveys into OWLS format. It also handles missing data interpolation and extrapolation for air temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. The Geomorphologic Model handles the automatic watershed delineation for flowpaths, streams, and boundaries, as well as stream geometry and macropore geometry. The Hydrologic Model handles water balance, flow calculation and flow routing for the canopy, surface, subsurface and macropore system associated with each cell. The Visualization Model handles 3-D watershed projection, 2-D watershed projection, hydrograph presentation, and 3-D dynamic watershed animation for simulated flows and other hydrologic components of the Hydrologic Model. The OWLS model was tested with data from the Bear Brook Watershed of Maine (BBWM). Results from parameter calibration and validation indicate that the model generally provided good estimation of streamflows for rain-based flood events and unstable estimations for rain-on-snow events or snowmelt-based events when air temperature was high. Close

• 71. [Article] Fouling characteristics of cooling tower water : pH effect

  The fouling characteristics of simulated cooling tower water flowing over a heated metallic surface has been studied. The bulk temperature of the water was maintained around 95°F. Mainly three different ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fouling characteristics of cooling tower water : pH effect Author: Roy, Bhasker Vilva The fouling characteristics of simulated cooling tower water flowing over a heated metallic surface has been studied. The bulk temperature of the water was maintained around 95°F. Mainly three different water qualities with respect to calcium hardness level were investigated. The pH was controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid. The flow velocities ranged from 1.5 ft/sec to 6.0 ft/sec, and surface temperatures averaged between 150°F and 200 °F. Runs 102, 103 and 104 were particularly made to investigate the relative fouling behavior of three different metallic surfaces exposed to cooling tower water of the same quality. For cooling tower water of pH of 7.5 and flow velocity of 4.0 ft/sec, the following equation relates the asymptotic fouling resistance to the surface temperature. R[subscript f]* = 3.6902 x10⁶ exp(-14308/T[subscript s]) Similarly for cooling tower of pH 8.5 and flow velocity of 5.0 ft/sec, the following arrhenius relationship was obtained. R[subscript f]* = 0.3264 exp(-4314.8/T[subscript s]) For both values of pH of 7.5 and 8.5 for cooling tower water, it was shown that asymptotic fouling resistance decreased with increase of flow velocity. For a flow velocity of 4.0 ft/sec, it was shown that a minimum value of R[subscript f]* exists in the neighbourhood of pH of 8.0. The results of the deposit analysis for runs made at an average pH of 8.5 indicate calcium, magnesium, silicon and carbonate as the major constituents. The chemical analysis of scales of runs made at an average pH of 7.5 indicate silicon, iron and copper as the chief constituents. Also it was found that inner layer of deposit contained higher amounts of magnesium, copper and silicon and the outer layer had higher percentage of calcium. Title: Fouling characteristics of cooling tower water : pH effect Author: Roy, Bhasker Vilva The fouling characteristics of simulated cooling tower water flowing over a heated metallic surface has been studied. The bulk temperature of the water was maintained around 95°F. Mainly three different water qualities with respect to calcium hardness level were investigated. The pH was controlled by the addition of hydrochloric acid. The flow velocities ranged from 1.5 ft/sec to 6.0 ft/sec, and surface temperatures averaged between 150°F and 200 °F. Runs 102, 103 and 104 were particularly made to investigate the relative fouling behavior of three different metallic surfaces exposed to cooling tower water of the same quality. For cooling tower water of pH of 7.5 and flow velocity of 4.0 ft/sec, the following equation relates the asymptotic fouling resistance to the surface temperature. R[subscript f]* = 3.6902 x10⁶ exp(-14308/T[subscript s]) Similarly for cooling tower of pH 8.5 and flow velocity of 5.0 ft/sec, the following arrhenius relationship was obtained. R[subscript f]* = 0.3264 exp(-4314.8/T[subscript s]) For both values of pH of 7.5 and 8.5 for cooling tower water, it was shown that asymptotic fouling resistance decreased with increase of flow velocity. For a flow velocity of 4.0 ft/sec, it was shown that a minimum value of R[subscript f]* exists in the neighbourhood of pH of 8.0. The results of the deposit analysis for runs made at an average pH of 8.5 indicate calcium, magnesium, silicon and carbonate as the major constituents. The chemical analysis of scales of runs made at an average pH of 7.5 indicate silicon, iron and copper as the chief constituents. Also it was found that inner layer of deposit contained higher amounts of magnesium, copper and silicon and the outer layer had higher percentage of calcium. Close

• 72. [Article] Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11269

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling Author: Baker, Troy, Selker, John S., Henry, Rick, Scherberg, Jacob This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11269 Title: Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling Author: Baker, Troy, Selker, John S., Henry, Rick, Scherberg, Jacob This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11269 Close

• 73. [Article] Modeling of flow and water quality in Henry Hagg Lake near Forest Grove, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling of flow and water quality in Henry Hagg Lake near Forest Grove, Oregon Author: Knutson, Michael T. Title: Modeling of flow and water quality in Henry Hagg Lake near Forest Grove, Oregon Author: Knutson, Michael T. Close

• 74. [Article] The flow of water through certain types of water bearing material as affected by well casing perforations

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The flow of water through certain types of water bearing material as affected by well casing perforations Author: King, Arthur Solomon, 1906-1972 Title: The flow of water through certain types of water bearing material as affected by well casing perforations Author: King, Arthur Solomon, 1906-1972 Close

• 75. [Article] Eugene Residents Risk Perceptions of Water Scarcity

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Eugene Residents Risk Perceptions of Water Scarcity Author: Leitermann, Lily Graduation date: 2016 Title: Eugene Residents Risk Perceptions of Water Scarcity Author: Leitermann, Lily Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 76. [Article] Calcium carbonate scaling in a deluged dry cooling system

  Scaling characteristics of calcium carbonate on a heated surface in a deluged dry cooling system were investigated. Bulk temperature of the deluge water was maintained constant at 90°F. Air flow velocity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calcium carbonate scaling in a deluged dry cooling system Author: Barton, Kathleen Patricia Scaling characteristics of calcium carbonate on a heated surface in a deluged dry cooling system were investigated. Bulk temperature of the deluge water was maintained constant at 90°F. Air flow velocity was maintained constant at 181 cfm., and deluge water flow was maintained at the minimum level that provided thorough wetting on the heat transfer surface. The heat flow ranged from 540 Btu/hr-ft² to 1616 Btu/hr-ft². The wall temperatures ranged from 90°F with the deluge water on, to 120°F to 240°F with the deluge water off. Deluge water was supplied as city water fortified with dissolved calcium carbonate. The calcium hardness ranged from 144 ppm CaC0₃ to 177 ppm CaC0₃, and the pH ranged from 7.5 to 8.7. The deluge time ranged from 20 sec. to 8 min., and the drying time between deluges was maintained constant at 10 min. The amount of scale deposited on the horizontal cylindrical surface was a function of the radial position, with the greatest amount of fouling occurring at the bottom. The rate of growth of scale was a function of water chemistry, pH, number of deluge cycles, and duration of deluge cycle. The fouling resistances after 1500 cycles ranged from 0.2 x 10⁻⁴ hr-ft²-°F/Btu for Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) of -1.2 to 1.3 x 10⁻⁴ hr-ft²-°F/Btu for LSI of 1.0. The net deposition was dependent on both sensible and evaporative heat transfer effects. The deposition rate was constant for the first 1500 cycles, and it declined after that. The amount of data was insufficient to allow determination of the cause for the decline. It was not determined whether the fouling resistance had reached an asymptotic value. The heat flux appeared to have no effect on the fouling rate. Title: Calcium carbonate scaling in a deluged dry cooling system Author: Barton, Kathleen Patricia Scaling characteristics of calcium carbonate on a heated surface in a deluged dry cooling system were investigated. Bulk temperature of the deluge water was maintained constant at 90°F. Air flow velocity was maintained constant at 181 cfm., and deluge water flow was maintained at the minimum level that provided thorough wetting on the heat transfer surface. The heat flow ranged from 540 Btu/hr-ft² to 1616 Btu/hr-ft². The wall temperatures ranged from 90°F with the deluge water on, to 120°F to 240°F with the deluge water off. Deluge water was supplied as city water fortified with dissolved calcium carbonate. The calcium hardness ranged from 144 ppm CaC0₃ to 177 ppm CaC0₃, and the pH ranged from 7.5 to 8.7. The deluge time ranged from 20 sec. to 8 min., and the drying time between deluges was maintained constant at 10 min. The amount of scale deposited on the horizontal cylindrical surface was a function of the radial position, with the greatest amount of fouling occurring at the bottom. The rate of growth of scale was a function of water chemistry, pH, number of deluge cycles, and duration of deluge cycle. The fouling resistances after 1500 cycles ranged from 0.2 x 10⁻⁴ hr-ft²-°F/Btu for Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) of -1.2 to 1.3 x 10⁻⁴ hr-ft²-°F/Btu for LSI of 1.0. The net deposition was dependent on both sensible and evaporative heat transfer effects. The deposition rate was constant for the first 1500 cycles, and it declined after that. The amount of data was insufficient to allow determination of the cause for the decline. It was not determined whether the fouling resistance had reached an asymptotic value. The heat flux appeared to have no effect on the fouling rate. Close

• 77. [Article] Flow of water in pipe bends

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flow of water in pipe bends Author: Baird, Douglas George Title: Flow of water in pipe bends Author: Baird, Douglas George Close

• 78. [Article] The Orange County Water District Riverbed Filtration Pilot Project: Solids and Organic Carbon Removal Using Induced Riverbed Infiltration

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Orange County Water District Riverbed Filtration Pilot Project: Solids and Organic Carbon Removal Using Induced Riverbed Infiltration Author: Rice, Robert, Hutchinson, Adam, Milczarek, Michael, Keller, Jason, Woodside, Greg Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: The Orange County Water District Riverbed Filtration Pilot Project: Solids and Organic Carbon Removal Using Induced Riverbed Infiltration Author: Rice, Robert, Hutchinson, Adam, Milczarek, Michael, Keller, Jason, Woodside, Greg Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 79. [Article] Calculated and field-measured soil heat flux : a comparison under two soil water regimes

  Heat and water vapor flow in summer-fallowed fields in the Pacific Northwest may significantly affect the position and supply of water for germination of fall sown crops. New tillage tools and drill openers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calculated and field-measured soil heat flux : a comparison under two soil water regimes Author: Pikul, Joseph L. Heat and water vapor flow in summer-fallowed fields in the Pacific Northwest may significantly affect the position and supply of water for germination of fall sown crops. New tillage tools and drill openers used in reduced tillage systems leave a trashy, residue covered surface in contrast to the traditional bare fallow systems. It is likely that these new management techniques cause changes in heat and water flow that produce unique profiles of soil temperature and water content. There is a need to elucidate heat and mass flow theory under field conditions appropriate to these new tillage systems. However, heat and mass flow theory has been studied almost exclusively in the laboratory using uniformly packed homogeneous soil. Heat flow theory in these experiments has generally consisted of two components: de Vries theoretical estimation of soil thermal conductivity and the Philip formulation of total heat flux consisting of heat flow responses to thermal and moisture gradients. The Philip-de Vries theory was field tested to determine if such theory could be used to project the water conservation aspects of reduced tillage systems. Soil heat flux was calculated using the theory of Philip-de Vries and then compared with soil heat fluxes experimentally determined in a Walla Walla silt loam using a null-alignment of soil temperatures and calorimetric heat flow. Comparisons at 20 depths in the top 60 cm of soil were made during mid-summer on no-till field plots with two soil moisture regimes. All components of heat flow including vapor heat flux terms were used in the theoretical calculations, but isothermal vapor flux accounted for less than 1% of the total vapor flux. Measured net daily heat flux at 0.25 cm was 22.3 and 21.7 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹ for the moist and dry treatments, respectively. Theoretical heat flux calculations at this same depth generally gave a tenfold overestimation of measured heat flux during those times of the day when large temperature gradients existed. At 9 cm, approximately the seeding depth of winter wheat, measured net daily heat flux was 14.5 and 20.6 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹ for the moist and dry treatments, respectively; respective theoretical fluxes were 15.7 and 32.8 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹. Calculated total fluxes in the top 35 cm generally overestimated by 20 and 40 percent, as compared to measured fluxes, for the moist and dry treatments, respectively. Theoretical heat flux vapor components were calculated as the difference between total and conduction heat fluxes. Soil water changes predicted by vapor flux theory agreed with measured seedzone diurnal water content changes on the dry plot. At 35 cm vapor fluxes were negligible. Heat flux by conduction at this same depth over estimated measured flux by 10% on both plots. At all depths theoretical heat flux by conduction was more seriously overestimated than the vapor components of heat flux. The Philip-de Vries heat flux model satisfactorily predicted water changes in dry soil seedbeds by vapor flux theory. Overestimation of the conduction component of the de Vries thermal conductivity produced an overestimation of calculated heat flux on both plots at all depths. Further calibration of the conduction components of the model will be needed to continue assessment of heat and vapor flux in dry seedbeds. Title: Calculated and field-measured soil heat flux : a comparison under two soil water regimes Author: Pikul, Joseph L. Heat and water vapor flow in summer-fallowed fields in the Pacific Northwest may significantly affect the position and supply of water for germination of fall sown crops. New tillage tools and drill openers used in reduced tillage systems leave a trashy, residue covered surface in contrast to the traditional bare fallow systems. It is likely that these new management techniques cause changes in heat and water flow that produce unique profiles of soil temperature and water content. There is a need to elucidate heat and mass flow theory under field conditions appropriate to these new tillage systems. However, heat and mass flow theory has been studied almost exclusively in the laboratory using uniformly packed homogeneous soil. Heat flow theory in these experiments has generally consisted of two components: de Vries theoretical estimation of soil thermal conductivity and the Philip formulation of total heat flux consisting of heat flow responses to thermal and moisture gradients. The Philip-de Vries theory was field tested to determine if such theory could be used to project the water conservation aspects of reduced tillage systems. Soil heat flux was calculated using the theory of Philip-de Vries and then compared with soil heat fluxes experimentally determined in a Walla Walla silt loam using a null-alignment of soil temperatures and calorimetric heat flow. Comparisons at 20 depths in the top 60 cm of soil were made during mid-summer on no-till field plots with two soil moisture regimes. All components of heat flow including vapor heat flux terms were used in the theoretical calculations, but isothermal vapor flux accounted for less than 1% of the total vapor flux. Measured net daily heat flux at 0.25 cm was 22.3 and 21.7 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹ for the moist and dry treatments, respectively. Theoretical heat flux calculations at this same depth generally gave a tenfold overestimation of measured heat flux during those times of the day when large temperature gradients existed. At 9 cm, approximately the seeding depth of winter wheat, measured net daily heat flux was 14.5 and 20.6 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹ for the moist and dry treatments, respectively; respective theoretical fluxes were 15.7 and 32.8 cal cm⁻² day⁻¹. Calculated total fluxes in the top 35 cm generally overestimated by 20 and 40 percent, as compared to measured fluxes, for the moist and dry treatments, respectively. Theoretical heat flux vapor components were calculated as the difference between total and conduction heat fluxes. Soil water changes predicted by vapor flux theory agreed with measured seedzone diurnal water content changes on the dry plot. At 35 cm vapor fluxes were negligible. Heat flux by conduction at this same depth over estimated measured flux by 10% on both plots. At all depths theoretical heat flux by conduction was more seriously overestimated than the vapor components of heat flux. The Philip-de Vries heat flux model satisfactorily predicted water changes in dry soil seedbeds by vapor flux theory. Overestimation of the conduction component of the de Vries thermal conductivity produced an overestimation of calculated heat flux on both plots at all depths. Further calibration of the conduction components of the model will be needed to continue assessment of heat and vapor flux in dry seedbeds. Close

• 80. [Article] Data assimilation for prediction of shallow water flows with uncertain bathymetry

  A new method is introduced for incorporating bathymetric uncertainty into predictions of nearshore and river flows (i.e., unstratified flows primarily forced by pressure and radiation stress gradients). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data assimilation for prediction of shallow water flows with uncertain bathymetry Author: Wilson, Gregory W. A new method is introduced for incorporating bathymetric uncertainty into predictions of nearshore and river flows (i.e., unstratified flows primarily forced by pressure and radiation stress gradients). The method involves the use of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) as a parameter estimation scheme, where the parameter to be estimated is the spatial field of bathymetry. That is, bathymetry is treated as a slowly varying uncertain parameter in the model, which can be corrected via the assimilation of other available observations. The reason bathymetry is targeted is, as we show, it is often a limiting factor for accuracy in real-world modeling applications. Results are shown using data from four field experiments. Two experiments involve measurements in the nearshore (surf zone) ocean at Duck, NC. There, we show that bathymetric uncertainty due to rapid bathymetric change (time scale of days), or simply lack of available measurements, can cause significant error in model predictions of waves and currents. We demonstrate the ability of the EnKF to reduce this error by correcting the bathymetry, which we then cross-validate using in-situ measurements. Specifically, the correction is achieved by assimilating in-situ observations of alongshore current and significant wave height, as well as (in a separate experiment) remote-sensing observations of alongshore current, wave celerity, and location of shoreline. Similarly in a river environment (Snohomish River, WA, and Kootenai River, ID), we demonstrate the EnKF using twin tests, assimilating pseudo-observations of currents from a variety of hypothesized platforms (fixed in-situ gages, passive drifters, and Doppler radar). Again, the EnKF is found to yield accurate estimates of bathymetry. Title: Data assimilation for prediction of shallow water flows with uncertain bathymetry Author: Wilson, Gregory W. A new method is introduced for incorporating bathymetric uncertainty into predictions of nearshore and river flows (i.e., unstratified flows primarily forced by pressure and radiation stress gradients). The method involves the use of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) as a parameter estimation scheme, where the parameter to be estimated is the spatial field of bathymetry. That is, bathymetry is treated as a slowly varying uncertain parameter in the model, which can be corrected via the assimilation of other available observations. The reason bathymetry is targeted is, as we show, it is often a limiting factor for accuracy in real-world modeling applications. Results are shown using data from four field experiments. Two experiments involve measurements in the nearshore (surf zone) ocean at Duck, NC. There, we show that bathymetric uncertainty due to rapid bathymetric change (time scale of days), or simply lack of available measurements, can cause significant error in model predictions of waves and currents. We demonstrate the ability of the EnKF to reduce this error by correcting the bathymetry, which we then cross-validate using in-situ measurements. Specifically, the correction is achieved by assimilating in-situ observations of alongshore current and significant wave height, as well as (in a separate experiment) remote-sensing observations of alongshore current, wave celerity, and location of shoreline. Similarly in a river environment (Snohomish River, WA, and Kootenai River, ID), we demonstrate the EnKF using twin tests, assimilating pseudo-observations of currents from a variety of hypothesized platforms (fixed in-situ gages, passive drifters, and Doppler radar). Again, the EnKF is found to yield accurate estimates of bathymetry. Close

• 81. [Article] Flume testing of underwater seep detection using temperature sensing on or just below the surface of sand or gravel sediments

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flume testing of underwater seep detection using temperature sensing on or just below the surface of sand or gravel sediments Author: Selker, J. S., Selker, F. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Title: Flume testing of underwater seep detection using temperature sensing on or just below the surface of sand or gravel sediments Author: Selker, J. S., Selker, F. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291944-7973. Close

• 82. [Article] A water balance model for reforestation sites : description and sensitivity

  A model was developed for analysis of the soil water balance of individual reforestation sites in western Oregon. The numerical procedure for this model was programmed in compiled BASIC language and calculations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A water balance model for reforestation sites : description and sensitivity Author: Costello, Craig A model was developed for analysis of the soil water balance of individual reforestation sites in western Oregon. The numerical procedure for this model was programmed in compiled BASIC language and calculations for an entire season are made in about 180 seconds on an IBM AT microcomputer. The processes that define the water balance are represented in five model components: 1) An estimate of potential evapotranspiration using the energy-based Jensen-Haise method, 2) Partitioning of evapotranspiration from estimates of percentage cover by vegetation type and soil surface cover, 3) Actual evaporation at the soil surface, 4) Actual transpiration from calculations of soil water supply limit and the Nimah-Hanks uptake method, and 5) Soil water flow, including redistribution and drainage. The input data requirement consists of 20 parameters for characterizing site variation of climate, soil, and ground cover. Surface cover conditions (slash, mulch, and litter) and plant competition (grasses, forbs, and shrubs) are featured in the model because these ground cover variables are a major reforestation concern. The minimum input data requirement has been simplified in order to accomodate users with limited data for practical applications. Output of the model includes estimates of solar radiation, soil water storage, total water loss, and water allocation. To test the validity of model output, calculations of water loss were compared to measured values from a detailed field study of the environmental effects of site management practices. The results confirm that the model performs reasonably well and that theory and assumptions of the model are appropriate. Results of a sensitivity analysis are given in order to evaluate the importance of input parameters and to consider the effects of data error. The analysis demonstrates limitations and possible uses of the model. The predictive ability of the model was found to be most limited by the availability of precipitation data; this does not limit the model as a comparative tool. One important use of the model is the identification of harsh sites and potential water-limiting conditions. Model estimates will also facilitate the consideration of forest management options regarding type of harvest, modification of the seedling environment, species selection, and choice of stock characteristics. Title: A water balance model for reforestation sites : description and sensitivity Author: Costello, Craig A model was developed for analysis of the soil water balance of individual reforestation sites in western Oregon. The numerical procedure for this model was programmed in compiled BASIC language and calculations for an entire season are made in about 180 seconds on an IBM AT microcomputer. The processes that define the water balance are represented in five model components: 1) An estimate of potential evapotranspiration using the energy-based Jensen-Haise method, 2) Partitioning of evapotranspiration from estimates of percentage cover by vegetation type and soil surface cover, 3) Actual evaporation at the soil surface, 4) Actual transpiration from calculations of soil water supply limit and the Nimah-Hanks uptake method, and 5) Soil water flow, including redistribution and drainage. The input data requirement consists of 20 parameters for characterizing site variation of climate, soil, and ground cover. Surface cover conditions (slash, mulch, and litter) and plant competition (grasses, forbs, and shrubs) are featured in the model because these ground cover variables are a major reforestation concern. The minimum input data requirement has been simplified in order to accomodate users with limited data for practical applications. Output of the model includes estimates of solar radiation, soil water storage, total water loss, and water allocation. To test the validity of model output, calculations of water loss were compared to measured values from a detailed field study of the environmental effects of site management practices. The results confirm that the model performs reasonably well and that theory and assumptions of the model are appropriate. Results of a sensitivity analysis are given in order to evaluate the importance of input parameters and to consider the effects of data error. The analysis demonstrates limitations and possible uses of the model. The predictive ability of the model was found to be most limited by the availability of precipitation data; this does not limit the model as a comparative tool. One important use of the model is the identification of harsh sites and potential water-limiting conditions. Model estimates will also facilitate the consideration of forest management options regarding type of harvest, modification of the seedling environment, species selection, and choice of stock characteristics. Close

• 83. [Article] An experimental study of friction factors and mixed convection in the thermal entrance region of vertically narrow, horizontal rectangular channels for different heating conditions and aspect ratios

  Heat transfer and fluid mechanical behavior of water flowing horizontally in vertically-narrow rectangular channels was studied in this work. Friction factor and Nusselt number variations were determined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An experimental study of friction factors and mixed convection in the thermal entrance region of vertically narrow, horizontal rectangular channels for different heating conditions and aspect ratios Author: Hong, Seung-Ho Heat transfer and fluid mechanical behavior of water flowing horizontally in vertically-narrow rectangular channels was studied in this work. Friction factor and Nusselt number variations were determined experimentally for four different wall heating conditions, and for aspect ratios(height to width) of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1. Wall heating conditions examined were: all surfaces heated; three surfaces heated, the top adiabatic; one side surface heated the others adiabatic; and the bottom surface heated, the others adiabatic. Friction factors, in laminar flow, varied as predicted from analysis. The critical Reynolds number varied linearly with 1n(D[subscript]). Local Nusselt numbers were determined, at each aspect ratio and heating condition, as functions of Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Mixed convection was the result of buoyancy-induced secondary flows. Local Nusselt numbers decreased in a manner common to pure forced convection, reaching minimum values some distance from the entrance, then increased due to the presence of the secondary flows. For given aspect ratio, local Nusselt numbers were found to increase and the thermal entrance lengths decreased, with increasing Rayleigh numbers. In the thermal entry region, for all heating conditions except the bottom-heating case, local Nusselt number behavior showed minor dependence on aspect ratio. Title: An experimental study of friction factors and mixed convection in the thermal entrance region of vertically narrow, horizontal rectangular channels for different heating conditions and aspect ratios Author: Hong, Seung-Ho Heat transfer and fluid mechanical behavior of water flowing horizontally in vertically-narrow rectangular channels was studied in this work. Friction factor and Nusselt number variations were determined experimentally for four different wall heating conditions, and for aspect ratios(height to width) of 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1. Wall heating conditions examined were: all surfaces heated; three surfaces heated, the top adiabatic; one side surface heated the others adiabatic; and the bottom surface heated, the others adiabatic. Friction factors, in laminar flow, varied as predicted from analysis. The critical Reynolds number varied linearly with 1n(D[subscript]). Local Nusselt numbers were determined, at each aspect ratio and heating condition, as functions of Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers. Mixed convection was the result of buoyancy-induced secondary flows. Local Nusselt numbers decreased in a manner common to pure forced convection, reaching minimum values some distance from the entrance, then increased due to the presence of the secondary flows. For given aspect ratio, local Nusselt numbers were found to increase and the thermal entrance lengths decreased, with increasing Rayleigh numbers. In the thermal entry region, for all heating conditions except the bottom-heating case, local Nusselt number behavior showed minor dependence on aspect ratio. Close

• 84. [Article] The Direct Breaking of Internal Waves at Steep Topography

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society, and can be found at: http://www.tos.org/oceanography/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Direct Breaking of Internal Waves at Steep Topography Author: Pinkel, Robert, Buijsman, Maarten, Klymak, Jody M., Nash, Jonathan D., Legg, Sonya, Alford, Matthew H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society, and can be found at: http://www.tos.org/oceanography/. Title: The Direct Breaking of Internal Waves at Steep Topography Author: Pinkel, Robert, Buijsman, Maarten, Klymak, Jody M., Nash, Jonathan D., Legg, Sonya, Alford, Matthew H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society, and can be found at: http://www.tos.org/oceanography/. Close

• 85. [Article] Laboratory experiments on counter-propagating collisions of solitary waves. Part 1. Wave interactions

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=FLM.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Laboratory experiments on counter-propagating collisions of solitary waves. Part 1. Wave interactions Author: Chen, Yongshuai, Yeh, Harry This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=FLM. Title: Laboratory experiments on counter-propagating collisions of solitary waves. Part 1. Wave interactions Author: Chen, Yongshuai, Yeh, Harry This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Cambridge University Press and can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=FLM. Close

• 86. [Article] Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools

  This article is Open Access. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www....

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools Author: Lipus, Adam C., Grabiel, Marcos, Gravem, Sarah A., Morgan, Steven G., Miner, Benjamin G. This article is Open Access. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools Author: Lipus, Adam C., Grabiel, Marcos, Gravem, Sarah A., Morgan, Steven G., Miner, Benjamin G. This article is Open Access. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Inter-Research. The published article can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 87. [Article] An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implications for nutrient transport

  Hydrologic processes control much of the export of organic matter and nutrients from the land surface. It is the variability of these hydrologic processes that produces variable patterns of nutrient transport ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implications for nutrient transport Author: Kling, George W., Shanley, Jamie, Shaman, Jeff, Stieglitz, Marc, Engel, Victor, McNamara, James Hydrologic processes control much of the export of organic matter and nutrients from the land surface. It is the variability of these hydrologic processes that produces variable patterns of nutrient transport in both space and time. In this paper, we explore how hydrologic ‘‘connectivity’’ potentially affects nutrient transport. Hydrologic connectivity is defined as the condition by which disparate regions on the hillslope are linked via subsurface water flow. We present simulations that suggest that for much of the year, water draining through a catchment is spatially isolated. Only rarely, during storm and snowmelt events when antecedent soil moisture is high, do our simulations suggest that mid-slope saturation (or near saturation) occurs and that a catchment connects from ridge to valley. Observations during snowmelt at a small headwater catchment in Idaho are consistent with these model simulations. During early season discharge episodes, in which the mid-slope soil column is not saturated, the electrical conductivity in the stream remains low, reflecting a restricted, local (lower slope) source of stream water and the continued isolation of upper and mid-slope soil water and nutrients from the stream system. Increased streamflow and higher stream water electrical conductivity, presumably reflecting the release of water from the upper reaches of the catchment, are simultaneously observed when the mid-slope becomes sufficiently wet. This study provides preliminary evidence that the seasonal timing of hydrologic connectivity may affect a range of ecological processes, including downslope nutrient transport, C/N cycling, and biological productivity along the toposequence. A better elucidation of hydrologic connectivity will be necessary for understanding local processes as well as material export from land to water at regional and global scales. Title: An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implications for nutrient transport Author: Kling, George W., Shanley, Jamie, Shaman, Jeff, Stieglitz, Marc, Engel, Victor, McNamara, James Hydrologic processes control much of the export of organic matter and nutrients from the land surface. It is the variability of these hydrologic processes that produces variable patterns of nutrient transport in both space and time. In this paper, we explore how hydrologic ‘‘connectivity’’ potentially affects nutrient transport. Hydrologic connectivity is defined as the condition by which disparate regions on the hillslope are linked via subsurface water flow. We present simulations that suggest that for much of the year, water draining through a catchment is spatially isolated. Only rarely, during storm and snowmelt events when antecedent soil moisture is high, do our simulations suggest that mid-slope saturation (or near saturation) occurs and that a catchment connects from ridge to valley. Observations during snowmelt at a small headwater catchment in Idaho are consistent with these model simulations. During early season discharge episodes, in which the mid-slope soil column is not saturated, the electrical conductivity in the stream remains low, reflecting a restricted, local (lower slope) source of stream water and the continued isolation of upper and mid-slope soil water and nutrients from the stream system. Increased streamflow and higher stream water electrical conductivity, presumably reflecting the release of water from the upper reaches of the catchment, are simultaneously observed when the mid-slope becomes sufficiently wet. This study provides preliminary evidence that the seasonal timing of hydrologic connectivity may affect a range of ecological processes, including downslope nutrient transport, C/N cycling, and biological productivity along the toposequence. A better elucidation of hydrologic connectivity will be necessary for understanding local processes as well as material export from land to water at regional and global scales. Close

• 88. [Article] International Mekong River Basin: Events, Conflicts or Cooperation, and Policy Implications

  “International river basin is defined as an area extending over two or more states determined by the watershed limits of the system of waters, including surface and underground waters, flowing into a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International Mekong River Basin: Events, Conflicts or Cooperation, and Policy Implications Author: Yorth, Bunny “International river basin is defined as an area extending over two or more states determined by the watershed limits of the system of waters, including surface and underground waters, flowing into a common terminus” (Shapiro-Libai, 1969, p. 22). There are 276 international river basins providing almost 60% of global freshwater and supporting at least 40% of the world population. Over recent decades, the riparian governments of the Lancang-Mekong River, like other international river basin leaders, may have had different and sometimes conflicting interests in promoting their economies through exploiting shared water, preserving their aquatic resources, or both, in the basin. Accordingly, their interactions have created water events, which can be neutral, conflictive, or cooperative. In this secondary-data paper, there are seven levels of conflicts and seven levels of cooperation, ranging from -7 to -1 and from +1 to +7, respectively. The main discussions of this paper focus on frequencies in each level, outstanding factors found in either conflicts or cooperation of the events, and policy implications. The 190 events from 1952 to 2010 in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin are found to be overwhelmingly cooperative. The result means that six riparian governments – China, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam – would like to work together. However, these nations will need to do more, especially relating to three outstanding factors found in the conflictive events: dam development, navigation projects, and droughts. In addition, memberships of both China and Burma are strongly needed in the Mekong River Committee (MRC). Title: International Mekong River Basin: Events, Conflicts or Cooperation, and Policy Implications Author: Yorth, Bunny “International river basin is defined as an area extending over two or more states determined by the watershed limits of the system of waters, including surface and underground waters, flowing into a common terminus” (Shapiro-Libai, 1969, p. 22). There are 276 international river basins providing almost 60% of global freshwater and supporting at least 40% of the world population. Over recent decades, the riparian governments of the Lancang-Mekong River, like other international river basin leaders, may have had different and sometimes conflicting interests in promoting their economies through exploiting shared water, preserving their aquatic resources, or both, in the basin. Accordingly, their interactions have created water events, which can be neutral, conflictive, or cooperative. In this secondary-data paper, there are seven levels of conflicts and seven levels of cooperation, ranging from -7 to -1 and from +1 to +7, respectively. The main discussions of this paper focus on frequencies in each level, outstanding factors found in either conflicts or cooperation of the events, and policy implications. The 190 events from 1952 to 2010 in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin are found to be overwhelmingly cooperative. The result means that six riparian governments – China, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam – would like to work together. However, these nations will need to do more, especially relating to three outstanding factors found in the conflictive events: dam development, navigation projects, and droughts. In addition, memberships of both China and Burma are strongly needed in the Mekong River Committee (MRC). Close

• 89. [Article] The effects of water velocity on the Ceratomyxa shasta infectious cycle

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The article can be found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of water velocity on the Ceratomyxa shasta infectious cycle Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Bjork, Sarah J. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2761. Title: The effects of water velocity on the Ceratomyxa shasta infectious cycle Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Bjork, Sarah J. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2761. Close

• 90. [Article] A farm-level economic analysis of water-conserving irrigation systems and commercial agricultural water transfers to instream flows in central Oregon

  The middle Deschutes River between Bend, Oregon and Lake Billy Chinook typically experiences critically low flows during the irrigation season. Commercial agriculture in the North Unit Irrigation District ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A farm-level economic analysis of water-conserving irrigation systems and commercial agricultural water transfers to instream flows in central Oregon Author: Turner, Brenda The middle Deschutes River between Bend, Oregon and Lake Billy Chinook typically experiences critically low flows during the irrigation season. Commercial agriculture in the North Unit Irrigation District and Central Oregon Irrigation District is one major user of Deschutes River water. The overall objective of this research was to estimate the cost to transfer water from commercial agriculture operations to instream flow use assuming a water market existed. Two methods of providing water within commercial agriculture were considered; 1) lining irrigation district canals that supply water to farms and 2) changing on-farm water use. On-farm practices include adopting water conserving irrigation technologies and involvement in Oregon's water conservation program. Supply curves were generated for these alternatives assuming expected and alternative streamfiow levels. Results indicated that changing crop rotations, adopting water conserving technologies and participating in Oregon's conservation program were used, depending on the market price for water. Canal lining, however, was generally the most cost-effective means of providing water to enhance flows in the middle Deschutes River. Title: A farm-level economic analysis of water-conserving irrigation systems and commercial agricultural water transfers to instream flows in central Oregon Author: Turner, Brenda The middle Deschutes River between Bend, Oregon and Lake Billy Chinook typically experiences critically low flows during the irrigation season. Commercial agriculture in the North Unit Irrigation District and Central Oregon Irrigation District is one major user of Deschutes River water. The overall objective of this research was to estimate the cost to transfer water from commercial agriculture operations to instream flow use assuming a water market existed. Two methods of providing water within commercial agriculture were considered; 1) lining irrigation district canals that supply water to farms and 2) changing on-farm water use. On-farm practices include adopting water conserving irrigation technologies and involvement in Oregon's water conservation program. Supply curves were generated for these alternatives assuming expected and alternative streamfiow levels. Results indicated that changing crop rotations, adopting water conserving technologies and participating in Oregon's conservation program were used, depending on the market price for water. Canal lining, however, was generally the most cost-effective means of providing water to enhance flows in the middle Deschutes River. Close

• 91. [Article] The changing carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society and can be found at: www.tos.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The changing carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean Author: Takahashi, Taro, Newberger, Timothy, Goddard, John G., Chipman, David W., Sweeney, Colm, Hales, Burke, Sutherland, Stewart C., Iannuzzi, Richard A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society and can be found at: www.tos.org/. Title: The changing carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean Author: Takahashi, Taro, Newberger, Timothy, Goddard, John G., Chipman, David W., Sweeney, Colm, Hales, Burke, Sutherland, Stewart C., Iannuzzi, Richard A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Oceanography Society and can be found at: www.tos.org/. Close

• 92. [Article] A closed root environment for plant production

  Thesis research focused on: 1) Water and fertilizer gradients within the plant root zone, and effects of chemical and physical gradients on Trichoderma harzianum populations. 2) Regulation of root growth ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A closed root environment for plant production Author: Blackburn, Bryan (Bryan Keith), 1955- Thesis research focused on: 1) Water and fertilizer gradients within the plant root zone, and effects of chemical and physical gradients on Trichoderma harzianum populations. 2) Regulation of root growth physically with permeable fabric containers and chemically with copper compounds. 3) Effects of copper coatings for fabric containers on Glomus intraradix vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and plant growth. Notable results were: 1) Potassium and nitrate movement in the medium was slower than would occur by diffusion in water; therefore, movement can be explained by diffusion alone. Lack of visible water-stress symptoms, plant height, and shoot dry weights and fresh weights indicate that water flow rates were adequate to meet the demand of plant transpiration. Populations of T. harzianum increased with increasing concentrations of K⁺ and NO₃, and populations were higher when a corn plant was present. 2) A nonwoven polypropylene fabric container physically prevented root penetration, and reduced, but did not eliminate root circling. A Cu(OH)₂-latex paint suspension applied to the fabric containers increased root density, and improved root distribution. Neither the fabric container nor the copper treatment had an adverse effect on plant growth. 3) Treating fabric root pouches with either copper treatment, Spinout or Texcide, significantly increased the percentage of corn root length colonized by the VA endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradix without adversely affecting plant shoot growth. Both copper treatments significantly increased the root density and root distribution in the pouches. Title: A closed root environment for plant production Author: Blackburn, Bryan (Bryan Keith), 1955- Thesis research focused on: 1) Water and fertilizer gradients within the plant root zone, and effects of chemical and physical gradients on Trichoderma harzianum populations. 2) Regulation of root growth physically with permeable fabric containers and chemically with copper compounds. 3) Effects of copper coatings for fabric containers on Glomus intraradix vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and plant growth. Notable results were: 1) Potassium and nitrate movement in the medium was slower than would occur by diffusion in water; therefore, movement can be explained by diffusion alone. Lack of visible water-stress symptoms, plant height, and shoot dry weights and fresh weights indicate that water flow rates were adequate to meet the demand of plant transpiration. Populations of T. harzianum increased with increasing concentrations of K⁺ and NO₃, and populations were higher when a corn plant was present. 2) A nonwoven polypropylene fabric container physically prevented root penetration, and reduced, but did not eliminate root circling. A Cu(OH)₂-latex paint suspension applied to the fabric containers increased root density, and improved root distribution. Neither the fabric container nor the copper treatment had an adverse effect on plant growth. 3) Treating fabric root pouches with either copper treatment, Spinout or Texcide, significantly increased the percentage of corn root length colonized by the VA endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradix without adversely affecting plant shoot growth. Both copper treatments significantly increased the root density and root distribution in the pouches. Close

• 93. [Article] Nonlinear behavior of thermal and ion transport at the nanoscale

  Functional control at the nanoscale forms the foundation of biological systems. These work at the cellular level by manipulating ions and molecules. Nanoscale devices that give functional control at this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nonlinear behavior of thermal and ion transport at the nanoscale Author: Sahu, Subin Functional control at the nanoscale forms the foundation of biological systems. These work at the cellular level by manipulating ions and molecules. Nanoscale devices that give functional control at this scale are also becoming an important component in diverse fields such as electronics, medicine, engineering, and manufacturing. Moreover, scientific advances are making it technologically viable to control and observe matter at the atomic level. Computational techniques are an integral part in designing and understanding these systems, as they reveal the processes that are experimentally unobservable and allow for inexpensive screening and predictions. Since the atomistic nature of matter plays a major role at the nanoscale, classical all-atom molecular dynamic simulations are widely employed. We concentrate on thermal transport, ion transport, and nonlinear interactions at the nanoscale. For thermal transport, in particular, we develop a rigorous approach to computing thermal conductance by coupling a system of interest to two large ``extended reservoirs that act as heat source/sinks. Within this setup, we prove that the ``intrinsic conductance of the system can be obtained by having the extended reservoirs be large and weakly coupled to Langevin baths. For ion transport, we show that subnanoscale pores in monolayer graphene membranes display selectivity (not unlike biological ion channels but weaker) even when the graphene pores do not have charge or functional groups. The selectivity appears because the ions translocating through these pores lose some water from their solvation shell and different ions have different energy dehydration penalties. We also demonstrate that such selectivity can be tuned by adjusting the pore radius and number of graphene layers. This will enable the optimization of water flow and ion rejection for applications such as filtration and desalination. We also develop a finite-size scaling model to compute the effect of bulk electrolyte dimension on the ionic resistance. This separates the pore and the bulk electrolyte contribution to the total ionic resistance in molecular dynamics simulations. Additionally, in collaboration with an experimental group, we show that graphene is a good choice for a transparent cap for spectroscopy of water as it only has a minor influence on the structure of water. Title: Nonlinear behavior of thermal and ion transport at the nanoscale Author: Sahu, Subin Functional control at the nanoscale forms the foundation of biological systems. These work at the cellular level by manipulating ions and molecules. Nanoscale devices that give functional control at this scale are also becoming an important component in diverse fields such as electronics, medicine, engineering, and manufacturing. Moreover, scientific advances are making it technologically viable to control and observe matter at the atomic level. Computational techniques are an integral part in designing and understanding these systems, as they reveal the processes that are experimentally unobservable and allow for inexpensive screening and predictions. Since the atomistic nature of matter plays a major role at the nanoscale, classical all-atom molecular dynamic simulations are widely employed. We concentrate on thermal transport, ion transport, and nonlinear interactions at the nanoscale. For thermal transport, in particular, we develop a rigorous approach to computing thermal conductance by coupling a system of interest to two large ``extended reservoirs that act as heat source/sinks. Within this setup, we prove that the ``intrinsic conductance of the system can be obtained by having the extended reservoirs be large and weakly coupled to Langevin baths. For ion transport, we show that subnanoscale pores in monolayer graphene membranes display selectivity (not unlike biological ion channels but weaker) even when the graphene pores do not have charge or functional groups. The selectivity appears because the ions translocating through these pores lose some water from their solvation shell and different ions have different energy dehydration penalties. We also demonstrate that such selectivity can be tuned by adjusting the pore radius and number of graphene layers. This will enable the optimization of water flow and ion rejection for applications such as filtration and desalination. We also develop a finite-size scaling model to compute the effect of bulk electrolyte dimension on the ionic resistance. This separates the pore and the bulk electrolyte contribution to the total ionic resistance in molecular dynamics simulations. Additionally, in collaboration with an experimental group, we show that graphene is a good choice for a transparent cap for spectroscopy of water as it only has a minor influence on the structure of water. Close

• 94. [Article] Columbia River plume fronts. II. Distribution, abundance, and feeding ecology of juvenile salmon

  The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Columbia River plume fronts. II. Distribution, abundance, and feeding ecology of juvenile salmon Author: Emmett, Robert L., Schabetsberger, Robert A., Morgan, Cheryl A., De Robertis, Alex, Knight, Carolyn M., Zabel, Richard W., Brodeur, Richard D., Krutzikowsky, Gregory K., Casillas, Edmundo The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Columbia River plume fronts. II. Distribution, abundance, and feeding ecology of juvenile salmon Author: Emmett, Robert L., Schabetsberger, Robert A., Morgan, Cheryl A., De Robertis, Alex, Knight, Carolyn M., Zabel, Richard W., Brodeur, Richard D., Krutzikowsky, Gregory K., Casillas, Edmundo The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 95. [Article] Report on public hearing on Yaquina River, Oregon in respect to flood control : held at Toledo, Oregon - June 3, 1948 under auspices of Department of Army, Corps of Engineers

  Report of a meeting about two diking districts on the Yaquina River. Tide gates had failed and brackish water was flowing into areas where cattle were grazing, to the dismay of some local farmers.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on public hearing on Yaquina River, Oregon in respect to flood control : held at Toledo, Oregon - June 3, 1948 under auspices of Department of Army, Corps of Engineers Author: Tollefson, Roger, Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Report of a meeting about two diking districts on the Yaquina River. Tide gates had failed and brackish water was flowing into areas where cattle were grazing, to the dismay of some local farmers. Title: Report on public hearing on Yaquina River, Oregon in respect to flood control : held at Toledo, Oregon - June 3, 1948 under auspices of Department of Army, Corps of Engineers Author: Tollefson, Roger, Oregon Fish Commission. Shellfish Program Report of a meeting about two diking districts on the Yaquina River. Tide gates had failed and brackish water was flowing into areas where cattle were grazing, to the dismay of some local farmers. Close

• 96. [Article] Environmental correlates of parasitism in introduced threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the Upper Deschutes River Basin, Oregon

  The Pseudophyllidean tapeworm, Schistocephalus solidus, is a parasite that requires both copepods and fish, mainly the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as intermediate hosts, and birds as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental correlates of parasitism in introduced threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the Upper Deschutes River Basin, Oregon Author: Koketsu, Wataru The Pseudophyllidean tapeworm, Schistocephalus solidus, is a parasite that requires both copepods and fish, mainly the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as intermediate hosts, and birds as its final host to complete its life cycle. A rapid increase in the abundance of both the non-native stickleback and the tapeworm in the Upper and Middle Deschutes Basin began in the late 1990s. To determine environmental factors that correlate with higher infection levels, fish and water quality data were collected at 77 sites during the summer of 2003 using a stratified random sampling design. The sites at which stickleback were infected with the parasite were concentrated both in the Crane Prairie and Wickiup reservoirs area. Multiple regression and logistic regression analyses showed mean size of stickleback, catch-per-unit- effort, and water flow were significantly related to parasite prevalence (the percentage of hosts that are infected with the parasite) and mean infection intensity (mean number of parasite per fish). These occurrences were likely associated with human-altered habitat. A differential equation model was developed to characterize the parasite distribution among the host populations. This equation may serve to quantify and compare the impact of the parasite in host populations among basins or among different parasite species. Title: Environmental correlates of parasitism in introduced threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the Upper Deschutes River Basin, Oregon Author: Koketsu, Wataru The Pseudophyllidean tapeworm, Schistocephalus solidus, is a parasite that requires both copepods and fish, mainly the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as intermediate hosts, and birds as its final host to complete its life cycle. A rapid increase in the abundance of both the non-native stickleback and the tapeworm in the Upper and Middle Deschutes Basin began in the late 1990s. To determine environmental factors that correlate with higher infection levels, fish and water quality data were collected at 77 sites during the summer of 2003 using a stratified random sampling design. The sites at which stickleback were infected with the parasite were concentrated both in the Crane Prairie and Wickiup reservoirs area. Multiple regression and logistic regression analyses showed mean size of stickleback, catch-per-unit- effort, and water flow were significantly related to parasite prevalence (the percentage of hosts that are infected with the parasite) and mean infection intensity (mean number of parasite per fish). These occurrences were likely associated with human-altered habitat. A differential equation model was developed to characterize the parasite distribution among the host populations. This equation may serve to quantify and compare the impact of the parasite in host populations among basins or among different parasite species. Close

• 97. [Article] Selected life history aspects of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and predation on young-of-the-year shad in Lake Umatilla of the Columbia River

  Selected life history aspects of American shad, Alosa sapidissima, collected in Lake Umatilla of the Columbia River during 1980 and 1981 were examined and compared to other shad populations. Mean fork ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected life history aspects of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and predation on young-of-the-year shad in Lake Umatilla of the Columbia River Author: Stainbrook, Cris Eric Selected life history aspects of American shad, Alosa sapidissima, collected in Lake Umatilla of the Columbia River during 1980 and 1981 were examined and compared to other shad populations. Mean fork lengths of adult shad captured in 1981 were 405-, 415- and 423-mm for age III, IV and V males; 425-, 444- and 457-mm for age III, IV and V females. The mean age at maturity was determined to be 3.2 years for males and 3.5 years for females while the rate of repeat spawning was 36% and 45% for males and females, respectively. Four-year-old shad accounted for 58.5% of the spawning adults in the two years. Absolute fecundity ranged from 97,168 to 284,240 eggs with a mean of 193,074 eggs per female. Young-of-the-year shad were more abundant in 1980 than in 1981. In both years, the tail-race zone was the most important spawning area and the island zone the most important rearing area for young-of-the-year shad in the reservoir. Growth of young shad in Lake Umatilla was similar in all sampled macrohabitats and appears to be dependent on year class strength, water temperature and water flow. Out-migrating young-of-the-yetar shad passing through John Day Dam were significantly largjer than young-of-the-year shad in reservoir habitats indicating size, as well as temperature, influences the timing of downstream migration. Predation on young shad by resident predator fish species was variable and appeared to be dependent on the Abundance of young-of-the-year shad. Title: Selected life history aspects of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) and predation on young-of-the-year shad in Lake Umatilla of the Columbia River Author: Stainbrook, Cris Eric Selected life history aspects of American shad, Alosa sapidissima, collected in Lake Umatilla of the Columbia River during 1980 and 1981 were examined and compared to other shad populations. Mean fork lengths of adult shad captured in 1981 were 405-, 415- and 423-mm for age III, IV and V males; 425-, 444- and 457-mm for age III, IV and V females. The mean age at maturity was determined to be 3.2 years for males and 3.5 years for females while the rate of repeat spawning was 36% and 45% for males and females, respectively. Four-year-old shad accounted for 58.5% of the spawning adults in the two years. Absolute fecundity ranged from 97,168 to 284,240 eggs with a mean of 193,074 eggs per female. Young-of-the-year shad were more abundant in 1980 than in 1981. In both years, the tail-race zone was the most important spawning area and the island zone the most important rearing area for young-of-the-year shad in the reservoir. Growth of young shad in Lake Umatilla was similar in all sampled macrohabitats and appears to be dependent on year class strength, water temperature and water flow. Out-migrating young-of-the-yetar shad passing through John Day Dam were significantly largjer than young-of-the-year shad in reservoir habitats indicating size, as well as temperature, influences the timing of downstream migration. Predation on young shad by resident predator fish species was variable and appeared to be dependent on the Abundance of young-of-the-year shad. Close

• 98. [Article] Summary report to assist development of ecosystem flow recommendations for the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Oregon

  Prepared for Sustainable Rivers Project of The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary report to assist development of ecosystem flow recommendations for the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Ashkenas, Linda, Nygaard, Chris, Gregory, Stanley V. Prepared for Sustainable Rivers Project of The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Title: Summary report to assist development of ecosystem flow recommendations for the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Ashkenas, Linda, Nygaard, Chris, Gregory, Stanley V. Prepared for Sustainable Rivers Project of The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Close

• 99. [Article] An overview of natural gas well pad surface disturbances and techniques used to increase reclamation success within the Vermillion Basin, Wyoming

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An overview of natural gas well pad surface disturbances and techniques used to increase reclamation success within the Vermillion Basin, Wyoming Author: Inman, Theodore Graduation date: 2016 Title: An overview of natural gas well pad surface disturbances and techniques used to increase reclamation success within the Vermillion Basin, Wyoming Author: Inman, Theodore Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 100. [Article] Tsunami Simulation Using OpenSees : Validation of Bridge Response and Exploration of Shallow Water Flow

  The finite element software framework, OpenSees, has been used by researchers to simulate the response of structural and geotechnical systems to earthquake loading. Implementation of the Particle Finite ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tsunami Simulation Using OpenSees : Validation of Bridge Response and Exploration of Shallow Water Flow Author: Cressman, Luke R. The finite element software framework, OpenSees, has been used by researchers to simulate the response of structural and geotechnical systems to earthquake loading. Implementation of the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) has made it possible to simulate hydrodynamic forces through fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in OpenSees. To validate the FSI implementation in OpenSees, wave flume experiments conducted at the Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) in Japan in 2011 are numerically simulated. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) design equations for hydrodynamic drag and uplift forces are also compared to the PFEM and PWRI results to assess the differences between experiments, PFEM simulations, and empirical equations used for design. The PFEM implementation in OpenSees does a good job replicating physical experiments and shows agreement with the FEMA equations. Real world FSI applicability coupled with the ability to generate a large scale multi-hazard simulation for coastal communities will make OpenSees a powerful tool for future research, design, assessment and community resilience applications. Title: Tsunami Simulation Using OpenSees : Validation of Bridge Response and Exploration of Shallow Water Flow Author: Cressman, Luke R. The finite element software framework, OpenSees, has been used by researchers to simulate the response of structural and geotechnical systems to earthquake loading. Implementation of the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) has made it possible to simulate hydrodynamic forces through fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in OpenSees. To validate the FSI implementation in OpenSees, wave flume experiments conducted at the Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) in Japan in 2011 are numerically simulated. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) design equations for hydrodynamic drag and uplift forces are also compared to the PFEM and PWRI results to assess the differences between experiments, PFEM simulations, and empirical equations used for design. The PFEM implementation in OpenSees does a good job replicating physical experiments and shows agreement with the FEMA equations. Real world FSI applicability coupled with the ability to generate a large scale multi-hazard simulation for coastal communities will make OpenSees a powerful tool for future research, design, assessment and community resilience applications. Close