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• 1. [Article] Effects of Import and Inventory Amounts on Changes in Wholesale Prices of Salmon in Japan

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Import and Inventory Amounts on Changes in Wholesale Prices of Salmon in Japan Author: Shimizu, Ikutaro Research Paper Title: Effects of Import and Inventory Amounts on Changes in Wholesale Prices of Salmon in Japan Author: Shimizu, Ikutaro Research Paper Close

• 2. [Article] Salmon consumption at the household level in Japan

  The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the salmon demand of Japanese households. The specific goals are to illuminate the substitutional relationship between salmon and other foods and to examine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon consumption at the household level in Japan Author: Kikuchi, Akihiro The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the salmon demand of Japanese households. The specific goals are to illuminate the substitutional relationship between salmon and other foods and to examine seasonal and regional differences in salmon demand. To analyze substitutional relationships and seasonal differences, monthly data on consumption by Japanese households are used. An econometric model was developed in which salmon demand was specified with quantity of salmon consumed as the dependent variable and income (food expenditure), price of salmon and the price of possible substitute commodities as independent variables. To investigate the regional differences, five geographically different regions were selected. Analysis was conducted with annual data. Among the findings are that pork may be a substitute commodity for salmon in Japanese households, and that there are clear seasonal and regional differences in terms of salmon demand at the household level in Japan. Title: Salmon consumption at the household level in Japan Author: Kikuchi, Akihiro The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the salmon demand of Japanese households. The specific goals are to illuminate the substitutional relationship between salmon and other foods and to examine seasonal and regional differences in salmon demand. To analyze substitutional relationships and seasonal differences, monthly data on consumption by Japanese households are used. An econometric model was developed in which salmon demand was specified with quantity of salmon consumed as the dependent variable and income (food expenditure), price of salmon and the price of possible substitute commodities as independent variables. To investigate the regional differences, five geographically different regions were selected. Analysis was conducted with annual data. Among the findings are that pork may be a substitute commodity for salmon in Japanese households, and that there are clear seasonal and regional differences in terms of salmon demand at the household level in Japan. Close

• 3. [Article] Trophically transmitted parasites as ecosystem indicators : relationships among parasite community structure, juvenile salmon diet composition, and ocean conditions

  Recent research conducted throughout the Northern California Current (NCC) on the ecology of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) indicates that variable ocean conditions affect the community composition ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trophically transmitted parasites as ecosystem indicators : relationships among parasite community structure, juvenile salmon diet composition, and ocean conditions Author: Losee, James P. Recent research conducted throughout the Northern California Current (NCC) on the ecology of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) indicates that variable ocean conditions affect the community composition of zooplankton in the nearshore environment which, in turn, can affect the quality of prey for fish, sea birds and mammals. Interannual variability in the quality and composition of the copepod community in the NCC during early marine residency of some Pacific salmon populations is related to survival to adulthood. However, copepods make up a small portion of the diet of coho and Chinook salmon, and the mechanistic linkages between ocean climate, zooplankton composition and salmon prey remain unclear. Parasite analysis provides a supplement to traditional diet analysis that can describe the foraging history of a host species. Coho salmon (O. kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) serve as hosts to an array of marine parasites acquired through consumption of infected intermediate hosts such as copepods, euphausiids, and planktivorous fishes. Causing little or no harm to their salmon host, the presence of trophically transmitted parasites provides information on the dietary history of their salmonid host beyond the 24 hours associated with traditional diet analysis. This study (1) examined differences in feeding behavior of coho and Chinook salmon during their early marine residency using both stomach and parasite community analyses and (2) tested the hypothesis that variability in ocean circulation patterns (measured through the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, sea surface temperature (SST) and Bakun's upwelling index) and copepod species composition are related to variability in the community structure of trophically transmitted marine parasites found in juvenile salmon. I compared the abundance and species composition of parasites recovered from juvenile Columbia River coho and upper Columbia River summer and fall Chinook salmon captured off the coast of Washington from 2002 to 2009. I also compared interannual variability in parasite assemblages to physical and biological indices of ocean conditions. Coho and Chinook salmon consumed similar prey taxa; however, the species richness and abundance of trophically transmitted parasites indicated that Chinook salmon consumed a greater diversity and abundance of infected prey. In addition, differences in the abundance of fish in the diet and Anisakis simplex, a parasitic nematode known to infect salmon through fish consumption, suggest that Chinook salmon consistently consumed more fish prey than coho. In contrast, coho appeared to consume more euphausiids as indicated by stomach content analysis and increased abundance of the euphausiid parasite, Rhadinorhynchus trachuri. Shifts in the parasite community composition of both coho and Chinook salmon were related to interannual variability in SST and the biomass of southern-origin copepods (r > 0.7, P < 0.05). The acanthocephalan R. trachuri and a tetraphyllid cestode were associated with "warm" SSTs and greater biomass of lipid-poor, subtropical copepods while the nematode A. simplex was more abundant in years of "cold" SST and a relatively low biomass of subtropical copepods. These results provide novel insight into differences in the diet of Columbia River coho and Chinook salmon and illustrate linkages between ocean climate, zooplankton community composition and salmon diet during early marine residency. Title: Trophically transmitted parasites as ecosystem indicators : relationships among parasite community structure, juvenile salmon diet composition, and ocean conditions Author: Losee, James P. Recent research conducted throughout the Northern California Current (NCC) on the ecology of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) indicates that variable ocean conditions affect the community composition of zooplankton in the nearshore environment which, in turn, can affect the quality of prey for fish, sea birds and mammals. Interannual variability in the quality and composition of the copepod community in the NCC during early marine residency of some Pacific salmon populations is related to survival to adulthood. However, copepods make up a small portion of the diet of coho and Chinook salmon, and the mechanistic linkages between ocean climate, zooplankton composition and salmon prey remain unclear. Parasite analysis provides a supplement to traditional diet analysis that can describe the foraging history of a host species. Coho salmon (O. kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) serve as hosts to an array of marine parasites acquired through consumption of infected intermediate hosts such as copepods, euphausiids, and planktivorous fishes. Causing little or no harm to their salmon host, the presence of trophically transmitted parasites provides information on the dietary history of their salmonid host beyond the 24 hours associated with traditional diet analysis. This study (1) examined differences in feeding behavior of coho and Chinook salmon during their early marine residency using both stomach and parasite community analyses and (2) tested the hypothesis that variability in ocean circulation patterns (measured through the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, sea surface temperature (SST) and Bakun's upwelling index) and copepod species composition are related to variability in the community structure of trophically transmitted marine parasites found in juvenile salmon. I compared the abundance and species composition of parasites recovered from juvenile Columbia River coho and upper Columbia River summer and fall Chinook salmon captured off the coast of Washington from 2002 to 2009. I also compared interannual variability in parasite assemblages to physical and biological indices of ocean conditions. Coho and Chinook salmon consumed similar prey taxa; however, the species richness and abundance of trophically transmitted parasites indicated that Chinook salmon consumed a greater diversity and abundance of infected prey. In addition, differences in the abundance of fish in the diet and Anisakis simplex, a parasitic nematode known to infect salmon through fish consumption, suggest that Chinook salmon consistently consumed more fish prey than coho. In contrast, coho appeared to consume more euphausiids as indicated by stomach content analysis and increased abundance of the euphausiid parasite, Rhadinorhynchus trachuri. Shifts in the parasite community composition of both coho and Chinook salmon were related to interannual variability in SST and the biomass of southern-origin copepods (r > 0.7, P < 0.05). The acanthocephalan R. trachuri and a tetraphyllid cestode were associated with "warm" SSTs and greater biomass of lipid-poor, subtropical copepods while the nematode A. simplex was more abundant in years of "cold" SST and a relatively low biomass of subtropical copepods. These results provide novel insight into differences in the diet of Columbia River coho and Chinook salmon and illustrate linkages between ocean climate, zooplankton community composition and salmon diet during early marine residency. Close

• 4. [Article] Catch and escapement of fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon, 1988

  Project period: 1 May 1988 - 30 April 1989

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Catch and escapement of fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon, 1988 Author: Schindler, Eric D., Jacobs, Steven E., Lewis, Mark A., Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Project period: 1 May 1988 - 30 April 1989 Title: Catch and escapement of fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon, 1988 Author: Schindler, Eric D., Jacobs, Steven E., Lewis, Mark A., Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Project period: 1 May 1988 - 30 April 1989 Close

• 5. [Article] Catch and escapement of fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon, 1987

  Project period: 15 June 1987 to 30 June 1988.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Catch and escapement of fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon, 1987 Author: Boechler, Jeffrey L., Jacobs, Steven E., Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Project period: 15 June 1987 to 30 June 1988. Title: Catch and escapement of fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon, 1987 Author: Boechler, Jeffrey L., Jacobs, Steven E., Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Project period: 15 June 1987 to 30 June 1988. Close

• 6. [Article] Estimating pollution abatement costs of salmon aquaculture

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating pollution abatement costs of salmon aquaculture Author: Sumaila, Rashid, Liu, Yajie, Gulati, Sumeet Abstract only. Title: Estimating pollution abatement costs of salmon aquaculture Author: Sumaila, Rashid, Liu, Yajie, Gulati, Sumeet Abstract only. Close

• 7. [Article] Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River

  Paper entitled: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River Author: Jordan, Scott Paper entitled: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River Title: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River Author: Jordan, Scott Paper entitled: Modeling of Chinook Salmon Runs on the North Umpqua River Close

• 8. [Article] Canadian chum salmon export market study

  The primary objective of this study was to identify and investigate the underlying basis for variation in the volume of exports of Canadian chum salmon during 1954-1975 period. A number of factors thought ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canadian chum salmon export market study Author: Abraham, Gideon The primary objective of this study was to identify and investigate the underlying basis for variation in the volume of exports of Canadian chum salmon during 1954-1975 period. A number of factors thought to be of importance in the determination of the volume of exports of chum salmon were hypothesized. These factors were: chum salmon price» the price of substitute commodities, the consumer income, population, general price level in importing countries, and fluctuations in exchange rates between Canadian currency and the currencies of the importing countries. The theoretical model was reformulated in terms of empirical models of demand for Canadian chum salmon in: West Germany, Sweden, and Italy. The empirical analysis focused upon the effects on annual export volume of changes in prices of Canadian chum salmon, changes in prices of salmon from other countries, and changes in consumer income in importing countries. The results suggest that: (1) in the case of Germany and Sweden, changes in prices of salmon from other countries and changes in consumer income, (2) in Italy, changes in Canadian chum salmon prices and changes in prices of salmon from other countries have been of principal importance in the determination of volume of exports of Canadian chum salmon. Title: Canadian chum salmon export market study Author: Abraham, Gideon The primary objective of this study was to identify and investigate the underlying basis for variation in the volume of exports of Canadian chum salmon during 1954-1975 period. A number of factors thought to be of importance in the determination of the volume of exports of chum salmon were hypothesized. These factors were: chum salmon price» the price of substitute commodities, the consumer income, population, general price level in importing countries, and fluctuations in exchange rates between Canadian currency and the currencies of the importing countries. The theoretical model was reformulated in terms of empirical models of demand for Canadian chum salmon in: West Germany, Sweden, and Italy. The empirical analysis focused upon the effects on annual export volume of changes in prices of Canadian chum salmon, changes in prices of salmon from other countries, and changes in consumer income in importing countries. The results suggest that: (1) in the case of Germany and Sweden, changes in prices of salmon from other countries and changes in consumer income, (2) in Italy, changes in Canadian chum salmon prices and changes in prices of salmon from other countries have been of principal importance in the determination of volume of exports of Canadian chum salmon. Close

• 9. [Article] The demand for salmon in the European Union : the importance of product form and origin

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The demand for salmon in the European Union : the importance of product form and origin Author: Salvanes, Kjell G., Asche, Frank, Bjerndal, Trond Research Paper Title: The demand for salmon in the European Union : the importance of product form and origin Author: Salvanes, Kjell G., Asche, Frank, Bjerndal, Trond Research Paper Close

• 10. [Article] The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s

  Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Close

• 11. [Article] Economic Interactions of Farmed Salmon and North American Wild Salmon

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Interactions of Farmed Salmon and North American Wild Salmon Author: Knapp, Gunnar, Anderson, James, Roheim, Cathy A. Research Paper Title: Economic Interactions of Farmed Salmon and North American Wild Salmon Author: Knapp, Gunnar, Anderson, James, Roheim, Cathy A. Research Paper Close

• 12. [Article] Estimating Costs of Sea Lice from Salmon Aquaculture on Wild Salmon Fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating Costs of Sea Lice from Salmon Aquaculture on Wild Salmon Fisheries Author: Sumaila, Ussif Rashid, Volpe, John, Liu, Yajie Research Paper Title: Estimating Costs of Sea Lice from Salmon Aquaculture on Wild Salmon Fisheries Author: Sumaila, Ussif Rashid, Volpe, John, Liu, Yajie Research Paper Close

• 13. [Article] The influence of fall-spawning salmon on growth and production of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta, Alaska

  This thesis examined the influence of fall-spawning coho salmon on the density, growth rate, body condition, and survival to outmigration of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of fall-spawning salmon on growth and production of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Lang, Dirk W. This thesis examined the influence of fall-spawning coho salmon on the density, growth rate, body condition, and survival to outmigration of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta, Alaska. During the fall of 1999 and 2000 fish rearing in ponds that received spawning salmon were compared to ponds that did not receive spawners, and to ponds that were artificially enriched with salmon carcasses and eggs. Juvenile coho salmon responded variably to fall-spawning salmon. There were no consistent patterns associated with the two naturally occurring pond types (spawning vs no spawning). In some ponds, fall-spawning salmon increased growth rates and improved the body condition of juvenile coho salmon. Enrichment with salmon carcasses and eggs significantly increased growth rates of fish in non-spawning ponds. For some ponds, the relative influence of spawning and enrichment on body condition depended on fish size. There was no evidence that the influence of fall-spawning resulted in greater smolt production. Fall-spawning salmon provide important food resources that can benefit juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta. However, other factors such as nutrients from riparian vegetation and catchment characteristics that control hydrology and thermal regimes are important to coho salmon smolt production. Title: The influence of fall-spawning salmon on growth and production of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Lang, Dirk W. This thesis examined the influence of fall-spawning coho salmon on the density, growth rate, body condition, and survival to outmigration of juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta, Alaska. During the fall of 1999 and 2000 fish rearing in ponds that received spawning salmon were compared to ponds that did not receive spawners, and to ponds that were artificially enriched with salmon carcasses and eggs. Juvenile coho salmon responded variably to fall-spawning salmon. There were no consistent patterns associated with the two naturally occurring pond types (spawning vs no spawning). In some ponds, fall-spawning salmon increased growth rates and improved the body condition of juvenile coho salmon. Enrichment with salmon carcasses and eggs significantly increased growth rates of fish in non-spawning ponds. For some ponds, the relative influence of spawning and enrichment on body condition depended on fish size. There was no evidence that the influence of fall-spawning resulted in greater smolt production. Fall-spawning salmon provide important food resources that can benefit juvenile coho salmon rearing in beaver ponds on the Copper River Delta. However, other factors such as nutrients from riparian vegetation and catchment characteristics that control hydrology and thermal regimes are important to coho salmon smolt production. Close

• 14. [Article] Fundamental Issues In The Salmon Aquaculture Debate

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fundamental Issues In The Salmon Aquaculture Debate Author: Knapp, Gunnar Research Paper Title: Fundamental Issues In The Salmon Aquaculture Debate Author: Knapp, Gunnar Research Paper Close

• 15. [Article] Competitiveness of Salmon and Salmon Trout Markets along the Value Chain in Finland

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Competitiveness of Salmon and Salmon Trout Markets along the Value Chain in Finland Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Hartmann, Jessica, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Title: Competitiveness of Salmon and Salmon Trout Markets along the Value Chain in Finland Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Hartmann, Jessica, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Close

• 16. [Article] Investigating Salmon Price Volatility

  An understanding of the structure of price volatility is of great interest since this is a major contributor to economic risk in the salmon industry. The volatility process in salmon prices was analyzed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating Salmon Price Volatility Author: Sikveland, Marius, Oglend, Atle An understanding of the structure of price volatility is of great interest since this is a major contributor to economic risk in the salmon industry. The volatility process in salmon prices was analyzed based on weekly price data from 1995 to 2007. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model was used to test for volatility clustering and persistence of volatility for prices. We find evidence for and discuss the degree of persistence and reversion in the salmon price volatility. We further find that the usual assumption of an independent zero mean normally distributed error term is not satisfactory when describing the salmon price process. Title: Investigating Salmon Price Volatility Author: Sikveland, Marius, Oglend, Atle An understanding of the structure of price volatility is of great interest since this is a major contributor to economic risk in the salmon industry. The volatility process in salmon prices was analyzed based on weekly price data from 1995 to 2007. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model was used to test for volatility clustering and persistence of volatility for prices. We find evidence for and discuss the degree of persistence and reversion in the salmon price volatility. We further find that the usual assumption of an independent zero mean normally distributed error term is not satisfactory when describing the salmon price process. Close

• 17. [Article] The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin

  This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin Author: Oregon. Fish Commission This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette salmon runs., including pollution, dams, and logging. Title: The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin Author: Oregon. Fish Commission This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette salmon runs., including pollution, dams, and logging. Close

• 18. [Article] Salmon disaster

  Folder includes testimony on closure of west coast salmon fisheries.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon disaster Author: Hooley, Darlene Folder includes testimony on closure of west coast salmon fisheries. Title: Salmon disaster Author: Hooley, Darlene Folder includes testimony on closure of west coast salmon fisheries. Close

• 19. [Article] Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project

  Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Close

• 20. [Article] Effects of juvenile steelhead on juvenile chinook salmon behavior and physiology

  Experiments were designed to determine whether and how steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss affect chinook salmon O. tshawytscha when the two species are confined together. In a behavioral experiment, we observed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of juvenile steelhead on juvenile chinook salmon behavior and physiology Author: Schreck, Carl B., Congleton, J. L., Kelsey, D. A., Davis, L. E. Experiments were designed to determine whether and how steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss affect chinook salmon O. tshawytscha when the two species are confined together. In a behavioral experiment, we observed groups of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead together and groups of chinook salmon alone to determine whether the steelhead were aggressive and their presence changed the behavior of chinook salmon. We also performed two runs of a physiological experiment to determine whether the addition of steelhead to tanks containing chinook salmon would stress the chinook salmon, as determined by a change in their plasma cortisol levels. Behavioral changes were observed in the chinook salmon when they were held with steelhead; they reduced their movements, darted less, were attacked up to 16 times as often, and were found less frequently in the shade than chinook salmon held without steelhead. Steelhead were found to establish territories and defend them with chases, charges, and nips. In their attempts to establish and defend territories, the steelhead attacked the chinook salmon as often as they attacked other steelhead, but the chinook salmon showed little aggression toward the steelhead. Cortisol concentrations were significantly higher for chinook salmon in tanks receiving steelhead than in tanks receiving additional chinook salmon or no additional fish after 2 h (in one of the two experimental runs) and after 32 h (in both experimental runs; combined data). These results suggest that confining steelhead and chinook salmon together, such as in raceways and barges in the Columbia River system and in other situations, is stressful to the chinook salmon. Title: Effects of juvenile steelhead on juvenile chinook salmon behavior and physiology Author: Schreck, Carl B., Congleton, J. L., Kelsey, D. A., Davis, L. E. Experiments were designed to determine whether and how steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss affect chinook salmon O. tshawytscha when the two species are confined together. In a behavioral experiment, we observed groups of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead together and groups of chinook salmon alone to determine whether the steelhead were aggressive and their presence changed the behavior of chinook salmon. We also performed two runs of a physiological experiment to determine whether the addition of steelhead to tanks containing chinook salmon would stress the chinook salmon, as determined by a change in their plasma cortisol levels. Behavioral changes were observed in the chinook salmon when they were held with steelhead; they reduced their movements, darted less, were attacked up to 16 times as often, and were found less frequently in the shade than chinook salmon held without steelhead. Steelhead were found to establish territories and defend them with chases, charges, and nips. In their attempts to establish and defend territories, the steelhead attacked the chinook salmon as often as they attacked other steelhead, but the chinook salmon showed little aggression toward the steelhead. Cortisol concentrations were significantly higher for chinook salmon in tanks receiving steelhead than in tanks receiving additional chinook salmon or no additional fish after 2 h (in one of the two experimental runs) and after 32 h (in both experimental runs; combined data). These results suggest that confining steelhead and chinook salmon together, such as in raceways and barges in the Columbia River system and in other situations, is stressful to the chinook salmon. Close

• 21. [Article] Salmon blood plasma: Effective inhibitor of protease-laden Pacific whiting surimi and salmon mince

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/food-chemistry/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon blood plasma: Effective inhibitor of protease-laden Pacific whiting surimi and salmon mince Author: Park, Jae W., Fowler, Matthew R. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/food-chemistry/ Title: Salmon blood plasma: Effective inhibitor of protease-laden Pacific whiting surimi and salmon mince Author: Park, Jae W., Fowler, Matthew R. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/food-chemistry/ Close

• 22. [Article] The effect of trade liberation on the salmon market in Finland

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of trade liberation on the salmon market in Finland Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Mickwitz, Per, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Title: The effect of trade liberation on the salmon market in Finland Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Mickwitz, Per, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Close

• 23. [Article] A demand analysis of processed salmon from the West Coast

  The primary purpose of the study was to identify the demand for processed salmon from the West Coast. The basic approach in the demand analysis was to identify those variables that determine the supply ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A demand analysis of processed salmon from the West Coast Author: Wood, William Robert The primary purpose of the study was to identify the demand for processed salmon from the West Coast. The basic approach in the demand analysis was to identify those variables that determine the supply and demand for processed salmon. An econometric model was established containing the supply and demand equations from which estimates for the parameters in each equation were obtained. The main source of data for salmon was obtained from publications printed by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the Pacific Fisherman. Ordinary least squares using the wholesale price as the dependent variable in the demand equation was the principal method of analysis. Coefficients for the demand expressed flexibilities with respect to the price. Price flexibilities calculated at the mean values for all processed salmon indicated that a ten percent increase in volume would reduce price by a lesser percentage. For increases in the supply of processed salmon, total revenues would increase, where decreases in supply would cause total revenues to decline. The results of the study also indicated that for a small percentage increase in disposable income, prices would increase but by a lesser percentage. Inverse relationships were noted between the price of salmon and the quantity of canned meat and meat products. Effects of population changes on the price of processed salmon were inconclusive. Title: A demand analysis of processed salmon from the West Coast Author: Wood, William Robert The primary purpose of the study was to identify the demand for processed salmon from the West Coast. The basic approach in the demand analysis was to identify those variables that determine the supply and demand for processed salmon. An econometric model was established containing the supply and demand equations from which estimates for the parameters in each equation were obtained. The main source of data for salmon was obtained from publications printed by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the Pacific Fisherman. Ordinary least squares using the wholesale price as the dependent variable in the demand equation was the principal method of analysis. Coefficients for the demand expressed flexibilities with respect to the price. Price flexibilities calculated at the mean values for all processed salmon indicated that a ten percent increase in volume would reduce price by a lesser percentage. For increases in the supply of processed salmon, total revenues would increase, where decreases in supply would cause total revenues to decline. The results of the study also indicated that for a small percentage increase in disposable income, prices would increase but by a lesser percentage. Inverse relationships were noted between the price of salmon and the quantity of canned meat and meat products. Effects of population changes on the price of processed salmon were inconclusive. Close

• 24. [Article] When Celilo was Celilo : an analysis of salmon use during the past 11,000 years in the Columbia Plateau

  The presence and significance of salmon for prehistoric and aboriginal people of the Columbia Plateau is a matter of considerable debate among anthropologists, archaeologists and historians. Data from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: When Celilo was Celilo : an analysis of salmon use during the past 11,000 years in the Columbia Plateau Author: Thomison, Patrick The presence and significance of salmon for prehistoric and aboriginal people of the Columbia Plateau is a matter of considerable debate among anthropologists, archaeologists and historians. Data from over 100 archaeological sites are scrutinized in the light of an example salmon fishery developed from ethnographic and archaeological information on aboriginal salmon dependencies and exploitation in the locale of The Dalles on the central Columbia. The research incorporates a cultural ecology orientation. Data from prehistoric sites of the Columbia Plateau do not conform precisely to The Dalles fishery example and strongly suggest both a temporal and spatial variation in salmon use and cultural patterning and therefore call to question the presumption of the primary relevancy of salmon to cultural patterning throughout the Plateau. Other resources, including especially botanical species, appear to have an importance too often overlooked. Other riverine and terrestrial mammal food resources are presumed to have a lesser prehistoric importance, though the archaeological record actually supports the importance of resources other than salmon as having pervasive affects on cultural patterning in the Columbia Plateau. Data show that it was not until recent times that salmon occurrence had the effect on cultural systems that has been observed in historic times. Title: When Celilo was Celilo : an analysis of salmon use during the past 11,000 years in the Columbia Plateau Author: Thomison, Patrick The presence and significance of salmon for prehistoric and aboriginal people of the Columbia Plateau is a matter of considerable debate among anthropologists, archaeologists and historians. Data from over 100 archaeological sites are scrutinized in the light of an example salmon fishery developed from ethnographic and archaeological information on aboriginal salmon dependencies and exploitation in the locale of The Dalles on the central Columbia. The research incorporates a cultural ecology orientation. Data from prehistoric sites of the Columbia Plateau do not conform precisely to The Dalles fishery example and strongly suggest both a temporal and spatial variation in salmon use and cultural patterning and therefore call to question the presumption of the primary relevancy of salmon to cultural patterning throughout the Plateau. Other resources, including especially botanical species, appear to have an importance too often overlooked. Other riverine and terrestrial mammal food resources are presumed to have a lesser prehistoric importance, though the archaeological record actually supports the importance of resources other than salmon as having pervasive affects on cultural patterning in the Columbia Plateau. Data show that it was not until recent times that salmon occurrence had the effect on cultural systems that has been observed in historic times. Close

• 25. [Article] 1979 status report for ocean salmon fisheries off Oregon.

  This report summarizes the 1979 ocean salmon fishing season off the Oregon coast. Troll fishery landings were obtained directly from commercial fish receiving tickets supplemented with a survey of fish ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 1979 status report for ocean salmon fisheries off Oregon. Author: Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Ocean Salmon Management. This report summarizes the 1979 ocean salmon fishing season off the Oregon coast. Troll fishery landings were obtained directly from commercial fish receiving tickets supplemented with a survey of fish buyers to obtain the most up-to-date estimate of total landings. Recreational catch and effort were obtained from creel census survey at coastal ports by ODFW personnel. Recreational catch and effort information is included for the period May 12 through September 16 while commercial troll landings encompass the period from May 1 through November 13. Title: 1979 status report for ocean salmon fisheries off Oregon. Author: Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Ocean Salmon Management. This report summarizes the 1979 ocean salmon fishing season off the Oregon coast. Troll fishery landings were obtained directly from commercial fish receiving tickets supplemented with a survey of fish buyers to obtain the most up-to-date estimate of total landings. Recreational catch and effort were obtained from creel census survey at coastal ports by ODFW personnel. Recreational catch and effort information is included for the period May 12 through September 16 while commercial troll landings encompass the period from May 1 through November 13. Close

• 26. [Article] Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs

  Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Morgan, Alfred R. Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time the fish remained in the fishery, population sizes, and fishing mortalities were determined from this study. Part II. To aid in the management of the Siletz River commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1954. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time fish remained in the fishery, population estimates, and fishing mortalities were determined. Title: Oregon coastal salmon and steelhead tagging programs Author: Henry, Kenneth A., Morgan, Alfred R. Part I. To aid in the management of the Tillamook Bay commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1953. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time the fish remained in the fishery, population sizes, and fishing mortalities were determined from this study. Part II. To aid in the management of the Siletz River commercial salmon fishery, a tagging program was conducted on the salmon and steelhead trout runs in 1954. General migration behavior, the minimum length of time fish remained in the fishery, population estimates, and fishing mortalities were determined. Close

• 27. [Article] The effects of single and multiple pathogen and parasite infections on juvenile chinook and coho salmon during early marine residency

  Nearly 3000 juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon captured in nearshore waters off the coasts of Washington and Oregon from 1999-2004 were tested for infection by Renibacterium ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of single and multiple pathogen and parasite infections on juvenile chinook and coho salmon during early marine residency Author: Sandell, Todd A. Nearly 3000 juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon captured in nearshore waters off the coasts of Washington and Oregon from 1999-2004 were tested for infection by Renibacterium salmoninarum, Nanophyetus salmincola, and skin metacercariae. First, three quantitative PCR primer/probe sets were compared for detection of R. salmoninarum; amplification of the single copy abc gene was best at detecting medium-high levels of infection and was used in subsequent studies. Parasite infections were detected visually. Infection by N. salmincola was the most common single infection among all juvenile salmon (55.2%), followed by R. salmoninarum (27.5%) and skin metacercariae (16.5%). Infection by R. salmoninarum was highest in 2000, with 54.8% of all juvenile salmon infected, and was much lower in 2004 (<10%). Subyearling (but not yearling) Chinook salmon infected by N. salmincola had significantly reduced growth; skin metacercarial infection was associated with significantly reduced growth only for coho salmon. Infection by R. salmoninarum was associated with significantly reduced growth in yearling Chinook salmon and coho salmon. Multiple infections did not have significantly more severe effects on growth than single infections, although the prevalence of triple infections was very low. The prevalence of R. salmoninarum was significantly and positively correlated with increased survival for both yearling Chinook and coho salmon. To better understand the apparent paradox that higher prevalences correlate with increased survival, we examined the effects of ocean conditions using the summer Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index as an indicator of good (cold) or bad (warm) ocean condition years. The years 1999-2002 were cold ocean years, and 2003-2004 were warm ocean years. The prevalence of R. salmoninarum was significantly higher in cold years, when ocean conditions were favorable, and more salmon with severe infections were captured; there was no effect of infection on growth. In the summers of warm years, infected yearling Chinook and coho salmon had significantly reduced growth, and the prevalence and severity of R. salmoninarum infections declined. These data indicate that the infection is less detrimental in years with favorable ocean conditions, and suggest that R. salmoninarum infection may be a mechanism linking ocean indices to salmon survival. Title: The effects of single and multiple pathogen and parasite infections on juvenile chinook and coho salmon during early marine residency Author: Sandell, Todd A. Nearly 3000 juvenile Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon captured in nearshore waters off the coasts of Washington and Oregon from 1999-2004 were tested for infection by Renibacterium salmoninarum, Nanophyetus salmincola, and skin metacercariae. First, three quantitative PCR primer/probe sets were compared for detection of R. salmoninarum; amplification of the single copy abc gene was best at detecting medium-high levels of infection and was used in subsequent studies. Parasite infections were detected visually. Infection by N. salmincola was the most common single infection among all juvenile salmon (55.2%), followed by R. salmoninarum (27.5%) and skin metacercariae (16.5%). Infection by R. salmoninarum was highest in 2000, with 54.8% of all juvenile salmon infected, and was much lower in 2004 (<10%). Subyearling (but not yearling) Chinook salmon infected by N. salmincola had significantly reduced growth; skin metacercarial infection was associated with significantly reduced growth only for coho salmon. Infection by R. salmoninarum was associated with significantly reduced growth in yearling Chinook salmon and coho salmon. Multiple infections did not have significantly more severe effects on growth than single infections, although the prevalence of triple infections was very low. The prevalence of R. salmoninarum was significantly and positively correlated with increased survival for both yearling Chinook and coho salmon. To better understand the apparent paradox that higher prevalences correlate with increased survival, we examined the effects of ocean conditions using the summer Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index as an indicator of good (cold) or bad (warm) ocean condition years. The years 1999-2002 were cold ocean years, and 2003-2004 were warm ocean years. The prevalence of R. salmoninarum was significantly higher in cold years, when ocean conditions were favorable, and more salmon with severe infections were captured; there was no effect of infection on growth. In the summers of warm years, infected yearling Chinook and coho salmon had significantly reduced growth, and the prevalence and severity of R. salmoninarum infections declined. These data indicate that the infection is less detrimental in years with favorable ocean conditions, and suggest that R. salmoninarum infection may be a mechanism linking ocean indices to salmon survival. Close

• 28. [Article] Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation Author: Allen, Jennifer M., Wilmers, Christopher C., Wheat, Rachel E., Levi, Taal This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/ Title: Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation Author: Allen, Jennifer M., Wilmers, Christopher C., Wheat, Rachel E., Levi, Taal This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/ Close

• 29. [Article] Stream habitat utilization and behavior of sympatric and allopatric wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) and hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch)

  The behavior and stream habitat utilization of juvenile hatchery-reared coho salmon (Ovicozihynchus kisutch) and wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) were examined to assess the nature of interactions between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream habitat utilization and behavior of sympatric and allopatric wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) and hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) Author: Jacobs, Steven Edward The behavior and stream habitat utilization of juvenile hatchery-reared coho salmon (Ovicozihynchus kisutch) and wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) were examined to assess the nature of interactions between the species potentially resulting from introductions of hatchery coho salmon in streams. Habitat utilization was monitored in Mill Creek, Polk Co., Oregon by manipulating the composition of fish within three study sections to include either allopatric or sympatric populations of hatchery coho salmon and wild cutthroat trout. In allopatry, coho salmon and cutthroat trout selected feeding microhabitat that was similar in physical characteristics and exhibited extensive dietary overlap. When the two species occurred in sympatry, feeding microhabitat used by coho salmon was altered, however, that of cutthroat trout was comparable to allopatric cutthroat trout. No discernable differences in dietary composition between allopatric and sympatric fish were detected. While allopatric cutthroat trout always gained mass. ailopatric coho salmon always lost mass. Stomach fullness indices were higher for allopatric cutthroat trout than allopatric coho salmon. Sympatric cutthroat trout had comparable or greater gains of mass, indices of stomach fullness, and hepatic glycogen reserves relative to allopatric cutthroat trout. Conversely, sympatric coho salmon had greater losses of mass, reduced hepatic glycogen reserves, and apparently lower indices of stomach fullness than allopatric salmon. Behavioral observations made through the use of an in-stream viewing chamber in Berry Creek, Benton Co., Oregon, indicated that in allopatry populations of hatchery coho salmon and wild cutthroat trout were structured as linear dominance hierarchies that were organized by quantitatively and qualitatively similar aggressive interactions. In sympatry, however, cutthroat trout were more aggressive and socially dominant to coho salmon. The shift in use of micro-habitat and reduction in habitat utilization effectiveness of hatchery coho salmon in the presence of cutthroat trout can, thus, be interpreted to occur as a result of interference competition mediated through interspecific aggression. Title: Stream habitat utilization and behavior of sympatric and allopatric wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) and hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) Author: Jacobs, Steven Edward The behavior and stream habitat utilization of juvenile hatchery-reared coho salmon (Ovicozihynchus kisutch) and wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) were examined to assess the nature of interactions between the species potentially resulting from introductions of hatchery coho salmon in streams. Habitat utilization was monitored in Mill Creek, Polk Co., Oregon by manipulating the composition of fish within three study sections to include either allopatric or sympatric populations of hatchery coho salmon and wild cutthroat trout. In allopatry, coho salmon and cutthroat trout selected feeding microhabitat that was similar in physical characteristics and exhibited extensive dietary overlap. When the two species occurred in sympatry, feeding microhabitat used by coho salmon was altered, however, that of cutthroat trout was comparable to allopatric cutthroat trout. No discernable differences in dietary composition between allopatric and sympatric fish were detected. While allopatric cutthroat trout always gained mass. ailopatric coho salmon always lost mass. Stomach fullness indices were higher for allopatric cutthroat trout than allopatric coho salmon. Sympatric cutthroat trout had comparable or greater gains of mass, indices of stomach fullness, and hepatic glycogen reserves relative to allopatric cutthroat trout. Conversely, sympatric coho salmon had greater losses of mass, reduced hepatic glycogen reserves, and apparently lower indices of stomach fullness than allopatric salmon. Behavioral observations made through the use of an in-stream viewing chamber in Berry Creek, Benton Co., Oregon, indicated that in allopatry populations of hatchery coho salmon and wild cutthroat trout were structured as linear dominance hierarchies that were organized by quantitatively and qualitatively similar aggressive interactions. In sympatry, however, cutthroat trout were more aggressive and socially dominant to coho salmon. The shift in use of micro-habitat and reduction in habitat utilization effectiveness of hatchery coho salmon in the presence of cutthroat trout can, thus, be interpreted to occur as a result of interference competition mediated through interspecific aggression. Close

• 30. [Article] Exploitation rate indicator stock monitoring, freshwater catch and escapement of the far north Oregon coastal indicator, fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon

  Project period: 1 May 1989 - 30 April 1990

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploitation rate indicator stock monitoring, freshwater catch and escapement of the far north Oregon coastal indicator, fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon Author: Oregon. Fish Division, Schindler, Eric D., Jacobs, Steven E., Lewis, Mark A., Williams, Ron, Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Project period: 1 May 1989 - 30 April 1990 Title: Exploitation rate indicator stock monitoring, freshwater catch and escapement of the far north Oregon coastal indicator, fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon Author: Oregon. Fish Division, Schindler, Eric D., Jacobs, Steven E., Lewis, Mark A., Williams, Ron, Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Project period: 1 May 1989 - 30 April 1990 Close

• 31. [Article] Oregon coastal salmon spawning surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina and Coos bays

  In addition to standard spawning surveys for coho salmon, this report contains additional sampling in the Yaquina River, at the Salmon River Hatchery and tributaries of Coos Bay "to document straying of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon coastal salmon spawning surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina and Coos bays Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Research and Development Section, McGie, Alan M. In addition to standard spawning surveys for coho salmon, this report contains additional sampling in the Yaquina River, at the Salmon River Hatchery and tributaries of Coos Bay "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from the Oregon Aqua-Foods (OAF) facility at South Beach, Yaquina Bay, and Anadromous, Inc., facility on North Spit, Coos Bay." (from the Introduction, p.2) Title: Oregon coastal salmon spawning surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina and Coos bays Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Research and Development Section, McGie, Alan M. In addition to standard spawning surveys for coho salmon, this report contains additional sampling in the Yaquina River, at the Salmon River Hatchery and tributaries of Coos Bay "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from the Oregon Aqua-Foods (OAF) facility at South Beach, Yaquina Bay, and Anadromous, Inc., facility on North Spit, Coos Bay." (from the Introduction, p.2) Close

• 32. [Article] Exploitation rate indicator stock monitoring, freshwater catch and escapement of the far north Oregon coastal indicator, fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon

  Project period: 1 May 1990 - 30 April 1991

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploitation rate indicator stock monitoring, freshwater catch and escapement of the far north Oregon coastal indicator, fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Nuzum, David, Williams, Ron, Oregon. Fish Division Project period: 1 May 1990 - 30 April 1991 Title: Exploitation rate indicator stock monitoring, freshwater catch and escapement of the far north Oregon coastal indicator, fall chinook salmon from Salmon River, Oregon Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Nuzum, David, Williams, Ron, Oregon. Fish Division Project period: 1 May 1990 - 30 April 1991 Close

• 33. [Article] Juvenile coho salmon movement, growth and survival in a coastal basin of southern Oregon

  Juvenile salmonids display highly variable spatial and temporal movement patterns that are influenced by density dependent (e.g., competition, predation) and density independent (e.g., genetics, stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Juvenile coho salmon movement, growth and survival in a coastal basin of southern Oregon Author: Weybright, Adam D. Juvenile salmonids display highly variable spatial and temporal movement patterns that are influenced by density dependent (e.g., competition, predation) and density independent (e.g., genetics, stream discharge, physical habitat conditions) factors. The effects of these factors differ with fish life history stage, but will ultimately affect how salmonids utilize freshwater nursery habitats and influence their size at smolting. Although juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (Walbaum 1792) movement patterns and their relationships with body mass have been previously examined, the temporal scale considered in most studies has been within individual seasonal periods. In this study, we monitored the movement of PIT tagged juvenile coho salmon throughout the period of freshwater residence in an entire southern Oregon coastal basin to identify the prevalent sedentary and mobile strategies these fish may adopt and to examine possible relationships between those strategies and fish body mass, growth and survival. Specific objectives include: 1) to describe juvenile coho salmon movement strategies and patterns during the freshwater residence period; 2) to determine the relative proportions of juvenile coho salmon that exhibit each movement strategy; 3) to establish whether juvenile coho salmon body mass and growth rates are related with a set of habitat variables recorded during this study; 4) to determine whether coho salmon body mass or growth rates are related to movement strategy; and 5) to evaluate whether winter survival of juvenile coho salmon is associated with movement strategy. Results revealed seasonally and spatially variable movement. More than half of coho salmon tracked throughout the period of freshwater residence exhibited movement behavior that differed between summer and winter seasons. Within seasonal periods, coho salmon in tidally affected reaches exhibited greater prevalence of mobile behavior relative to those in riverine reaches. Regression analysis indicated coho biomass density, habitat unit structural complexity and size at tagging were important in predicting summer growth of coho salmon. Juvenile coho salmon that were mobile during summer were either larger or no different in body mass in early summer relative to fish that exhibited sedentary behavior. Similarly, no consistent differences were observed between sedentary and mobile coho salmon in regards to summer growth. Coho salmon that were sedentary in summer and winter experienced higher apparent winter survival than mobile fish in each season, though the reach in which an individual resided at the start of winter appeared to also affect survival. Coho salmon residing in the tide gate reservoir reach and mainstem headwater reaches experienced greatest apparent winter survival. These results indicate that juvenile coho salmon movement within a stream basin is spatially and temporally variable and that mobility does not necessarily indicate inferior competitive ability. In a broader context, variable movement patterns reflect the capacity for plastic behavior in salmonids and this research demonstrates the importance of maintaining seasonally diverse freshwater and estuarine nursery habitats for juvenile fish. Title: Juvenile coho salmon movement, growth and survival in a coastal basin of southern Oregon Author: Weybright, Adam D. Juvenile salmonids display highly variable spatial and temporal movement patterns that are influenced by density dependent (e.g., competition, predation) and density independent (e.g., genetics, stream discharge, physical habitat conditions) factors. The effects of these factors differ with fish life history stage, but will ultimately affect how salmonids utilize freshwater nursery habitats and influence their size at smolting. Although juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (Walbaum 1792) movement patterns and their relationships with body mass have been previously examined, the temporal scale considered in most studies has been within individual seasonal periods. In this study, we monitored the movement of PIT tagged juvenile coho salmon throughout the period of freshwater residence in an entire southern Oregon coastal basin to identify the prevalent sedentary and mobile strategies these fish may adopt and to examine possible relationships between those strategies and fish body mass, growth and survival. Specific objectives include: 1) to describe juvenile coho salmon movement strategies and patterns during the freshwater residence period; 2) to determine the relative proportions of juvenile coho salmon that exhibit each movement strategy; 3) to establish whether juvenile coho salmon body mass and growth rates are related with a set of habitat variables recorded during this study; 4) to determine whether coho salmon body mass or growth rates are related to movement strategy; and 5) to evaluate whether winter survival of juvenile coho salmon is associated with movement strategy. Results revealed seasonally and spatially variable movement. More than half of coho salmon tracked throughout the period of freshwater residence exhibited movement behavior that differed between summer and winter seasons. Within seasonal periods, coho salmon in tidally affected reaches exhibited greater prevalence of mobile behavior relative to those in riverine reaches. Regression analysis indicated coho biomass density, habitat unit structural complexity and size at tagging were important in predicting summer growth of coho salmon. Juvenile coho salmon that were mobile during summer were either larger or no different in body mass in early summer relative to fish that exhibited sedentary behavior. Similarly, no consistent differences were observed between sedentary and mobile coho salmon in regards to summer growth. Coho salmon that were sedentary in summer and winter experienced higher apparent winter survival than mobile fish in each season, though the reach in which an individual resided at the start of winter appeared to also affect survival. Coho salmon residing in the tide gate reservoir reach and mainstem headwater reaches experienced greatest apparent winter survival. These results indicate that juvenile coho salmon movement within a stream basin is spatially and temporally variable and that mobility does not necessarily indicate inferior competitive ability. In a broader context, variable movement patterns reflect the capacity for plastic behavior in salmonids and this research demonstrates the importance of maintaining seasonally diverse freshwater and estuarine nursery habitats for juvenile fish. Close

• 34. [Article] Growth, residence, and movement of juvenile Chinook salmon within restored and reference estuarine marsh channels in Salmon River, Oregon.

  Tidal wetland channels provide rearing habitat for juvenile Chinook salmon as they emigrate from freshwater habitat and prepare to enter the ocean. Widespread diking and drainage of estuarine marshes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth, residence, and movement of juvenile Chinook salmon within restored and reference estuarine marsh channels in Salmon River, Oregon. Author: Hering, David K. Tidal wetland channels provide rearing habitat for juvenile Chinook salmon as they emigrate from freshwater habitat and prepare to enter the ocean. Widespread diking and drainage of estuarine marshes for agricultural and urban development may have contributed to a decline in salmon abundance in the Pacific Northwest, prompting efforts to restore estuarine salmon habitat in the region. I investigated the growth and residence patterns of age-0 Chinook salmon in two blind tidal channels in the Salmon River estuary, Oregon. One channel drained a natural high salt marsh in “reference” condition, and the other channel was in an adjacent salt marsh, restored to tidal inundation in 1996 after being diked and controlled by a tide gate for thirty five years. Recapture of individually marked fish indicated salmon growth rates were similar in the two channels, though growth rates varied more seasonally in the restored site. Average minimum residence times of individual fish were approximately ten days in each channel, and individual salmon were observed up to 79 and 117 days after initial marking in the reference and restored channels, respectively. To characterize movement of age-0 salmon within tidal channels, I tested the feasibility of stationary Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) detection within a small (approximately 8m wide) tidal channel within the natural marsh system. I found that a stationary PIT detector was an effective tool for monitoring tagged fish movement in a brackish water channel network. Salmon movements in the channel were asymmetrical about high slack tide, with peak movement frequency occurring late during both flood and ebb tide periods. Most movements were in the direction of tidal currents, but 20% of individuals entered the channel against the ebbing tide. Individuals occupied the intertidal channel for a median 4.9 hours and as long as 8.9 hours per tidal cycle, and few were detected moving when water depth was <0.4m. Some individuals used the channel on multiple successive tidal cycles, and others entered intermittently over periods up to 109 days. This research used individual-based fish marking methods to quantify juvenile Chinook salmon behavior and performance within tidal marsh channels, assessing functional equivalence of natural and restored sites and demonstrating the value of such habitats for conservation and restoration of salmon populations. Title: Growth, residence, and movement of juvenile Chinook salmon within restored and reference estuarine marsh channels in Salmon River, Oregon. Author: Hering, David K. Tidal wetland channels provide rearing habitat for juvenile Chinook salmon as they emigrate from freshwater habitat and prepare to enter the ocean. Widespread diking and drainage of estuarine marshes for agricultural and urban development may have contributed to a decline in salmon abundance in the Pacific Northwest, prompting efforts to restore estuarine salmon habitat in the region. I investigated the growth and residence patterns of age-0 Chinook salmon in two blind tidal channels in the Salmon River estuary, Oregon. One channel drained a natural high salt marsh in “reference” condition, and the other channel was in an adjacent salt marsh, restored to tidal inundation in 1996 after being diked and controlled by a tide gate for thirty five years. Recapture of individually marked fish indicated salmon growth rates were similar in the two channels, though growth rates varied more seasonally in the restored site. Average minimum residence times of individual fish were approximately ten days in each channel, and individual salmon were observed up to 79 and 117 days after initial marking in the reference and restored channels, respectively. To characterize movement of age-0 salmon within tidal channels, I tested the feasibility of stationary Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) detection within a small (approximately 8m wide) tidal channel within the natural marsh system. I found that a stationary PIT detector was an effective tool for monitoring tagged fish movement in a brackish water channel network. Salmon movements in the channel were asymmetrical about high slack tide, with peak movement frequency occurring late during both flood and ebb tide periods. Most movements were in the direction of tidal currents, but 20% of individuals entered the channel against the ebbing tide. Individuals occupied the intertidal channel for a median 4.9 hours and as long as 8.9 hours per tidal cycle, and few were detected moving when water depth was <0.4m. Some individuals used the channel on multiple successive tidal cycles, and others entered intermittently over periods up to 109 days. This research used individual-based fish marking methods to quantify juvenile Chinook salmon behavior and performance within tidal marsh channels, assessing functional equivalence of natural and restored sites and demonstrating the value of such habitats for conservation and restoration of salmon populations. Close

• 35. [Article] Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream Author: McClure, M. M., Sanderson, B. L., Harvey, C. J., Warren, D. R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.VDv38mMZlfY. Title: Use of an Ecosystem-Based Model to Evaluate Alternative Conservation Strategies for Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Headwater Stream Author: McClure, M. M., Sanderson, B. L., Harvey, C. J., Warren, D. R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.VDv38mMZlfY. Close

• 36. [Article] Ontogenetic shifts in diets of juvenile and subadult coho and chinook salmon in coastal marine waters: important for marine survival?

  Successfully shifting to a more piscivorous diet may be an important factor in the growth and survival of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha during their first ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ontogenetic shifts in diets of juvenile and subadult coho and chinook salmon in coastal marine waters: important for marine survival? Author: Weitkamp, Laurie A., Brodeur, Richard D., Daly, Elizabeth A. Successfully shifting to a more piscivorous diet may be an important factor in the growth and survival of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha during their first summer in the northern California Current. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis of diets by size showed several distinct groupings as the salmon grew during their first marine summer. These size-based diet differences were clearly driven by increased rates of piscivory for both species. Fish prey composition, feeding intensity, and fish prey-predator length ratios all significantly increased for coho salmon at approximately 240 mm fork length when they changed from diets dominated by juvenile rockfishes Sebastes spp., the larvae of crabs Cancer spp., and adult euphausiids to one of predominantly juvenile forage fish. As Chinook salmon grew, they gradually increased the proportional contribution (by weight) of fish prey in their diets-from 55% in the smallest length-class examined (80-100 mm) to 95% in the largest one (. 375 mm). Chinook salmon fed in the same marine environments as coho salmon and consistently ate more and longer fish prey at a given size than coho salmon but had lower overall feeding intensity, perhaps owing to a higher level of prey selection. Relating subsequent interannual adult salmon returns to juvenile diets showed mixed results. During lower-survival years, coho salmon ate fewer and smaller fish prey, while subyearling Chinook salmon had less total food and more empty stomachs. We did not find consistent trophic patterns for yearling Chinook salmon in relation to their ultimate survival. Title: Ontogenetic shifts in diets of juvenile and subadult coho and chinook salmon in coastal marine waters: important for marine survival? Author: Weitkamp, Laurie A., Brodeur, Richard D., Daly, Elizabeth A. Successfully shifting to a more piscivorous diet may be an important factor in the growth and survival of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha during their first summer in the northern California Current. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis of diets by size showed several distinct groupings as the salmon grew during their first marine summer. These size-based diet differences were clearly driven by increased rates of piscivory for both species. Fish prey composition, feeding intensity, and fish prey-predator length ratios all significantly increased for coho salmon at approximately 240 mm fork length when they changed from diets dominated by juvenile rockfishes Sebastes spp., the larvae of crabs Cancer spp., and adult euphausiids to one of predominantly juvenile forage fish. As Chinook salmon grew, they gradually increased the proportional contribution (by weight) of fish prey in their diets-from 55% in the smallest length-class examined (80-100 mm) to 95% in the largest one (. 375 mm). Chinook salmon fed in the same marine environments as coho salmon and consistently ate more and longer fish prey at a given size than coho salmon but had lower overall feeding intensity, perhaps owing to a higher level of prey selection. Relating subsequent interannual adult salmon returns to juvenile diets showed mixed results. During lower-survival years, coho salmon ate fewer and smaller fish prey, while subyearling Chinook salmon had less total food and more empty stomachs. We did not find consistent trophic patterns for yearling Chinook salmon in relation to their ultimate survival. Close

• 37. [Article] Bioenergetics and survival of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon in heated seawater

  The use of heated seawater for enhancing the culture of Pacific salmon was investigated. Food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, growth rate, and survival of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bioenergetics and survival of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon in heated seawater Author: Kepshire, Bernard Michael The use of heated seawater for enhancing the culture of Pacific salmon was investigated. Food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, growth rate, and survival of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha} salmon fed to satiation were determined in relation to water temperature and body weight. Both species of salmon were raised at temperatures of 55°, 60°, 65°, and 70°F. The highest food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, growth rate, and survival of chum salmon occurred at temperatures of 65°, 55°, 55°-65°, and 55°F, respectively, while those of pink salmon occurred at 65°, 55°-65°, 60°-65° and 55 -60°F, respectivety. The response to all conditions measured was poorest for chum and pink salmon at 70°F. Pink salmon generally had a higher food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, and growth rate than chum salmon. Food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, growth rate, and survival of chum and pink salmon decreased as body weight increased. As body weight increased, food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, and growth rate generally decreased more at 60°-65°F than at 55°F for chum salmon, and more at 65°-70°F than at lower temperatures for pink salmon. Survival was influenced by behavior and disease in addition to temperature. Diseases encountered were bacterial kidney disease and vibriosis, of which the former was most prevalent. Chum and pink salmon can be cultured in heated seawater at temperatures not exceeding 65°F. Good growth (>5% gain in body weight/day) and survival (60-100%) can be expected. Title: Bioenergetics and survival of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon in heated seawater Author: Kepshire, Bernard Michael The use of heated seawater for enhancing the culture of Pacific salmon was investigated. Food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, growth rate, and survival of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha} salmon fed to satiation were determined in relation to water temperature and body weight. Both species of salmon were raised at temperatures of 55°, 60°, 65°, and 70°F. The highest food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, growth rate, and survival of chum salmon occurred at temperatures of 65°, 55°, 55°-65°, and 55°F, respectively, while those of pink salmon occurred at 65°, 55°-65°, 60°-65° and 55 -60°F, respectivety. The response to all conditions measured was poorest for chum and pink salmon at 70°F. Pink salmon generally had a higher food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, and growth rate than chum salmon. Food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, growth rate, and survival of chum and pink salmon decreased as body weight increased. As body weight increased, food consumption rate, gross food conversion efficiency, and growth rate generally decreased more at 60°-65°F than at 55°F for chum salmon, and more at 65°-70°F than at lower temperatures for pink salmon. Survival was influenced by behavior and disease in addition to temperature. Diseases encountered were bacterial kidney disease and vibriosis, of which the former was most prevalent. Chum and pink salmon can be cultured in heated seawater at temperatures not exceeding 65°F. Good growth (>5% gain in body weight/day) and survival (60-100%) can be expected. Close

• 38. [Article] The present state of the Columbia River salmon resources

  Reprinted from Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1941.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The present state of the Columbia River salmon resources Author: Oregon. Fish Commission. Research Dept., Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Reprinted from Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1941. Title: The present state of the Columbia River salmon resources Author: Oregon. Fish Commission. Research Dept., Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Reprinted from Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1941. Close

• 39. [Article] Foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon of the U.S. and Canada : the effect on the derived demand of the fishermen

  The principal objective of the study was first to present a historical discussion of foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon in the United States and Canada, and secondly, to estimate the ex-vessel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon of the U.S. and Canada : the effect on the derived demand of the fishermen Author: Onuorah, Michael Chukwuemeka The principal objective of the study was first to present a historical discussion of foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon in the United States and Canada, and secondly, to estimate the ex-vessel derived demand characteristics for red and pink salmon facing the fishermen in both countries. Secondary sources were used to satisfy the first objective. With respect to the second objective, the least squares method was employed in the estimation of the coeffients of the various linear equations. With these coefficients from the demand equations, price flexibilities were computed at the mean values of the ex-vessel price and quantity (landings) figures (1956 to 1970 (U.S.) and 1947 to 1970 (Canada)). The statistical results indicated that prices are rather inflexible relative to landings. The price flexibility in the U.S. and Canada is almost the same. In each case, a ten percent increase in landings would tend to depress the ex-vessel prices of red and pink salmon by a smaller percentage. The impact of institutional change on the demand for canned salmon was investigated. Britain in 1958 relaxed its restrictive policy on imports of salmon. It was discovered that such an institutional change had a significant effect on the demand analysis of red salmon in the U.S. and Canada; however, the effect on the demand analysis of pink salmon in both countries was inconclusive. Title: Foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon of the U.S. and Canada : the effect on the derived demand of the fishermen Author: Onuorah, Michael Chukwuemeka The principal objective of the study was first to present a historical discussion of foreign and domestic trade in canned salmon in the United States and Canada, and secondly, to estimate the ex-vessel derived demand characteristics for red and pink salmon facing the fishermen in both countries. Secondary sources were used to satisfy the first objective. With respect to the second objective, the least squares method was employed in the estimation of the coeffients of the various linear equations. With these coefficients from the demand equations, price flexibilities were computed at the mean values of the ex-vessel price and quantity (landings) figures (1956 to 1970 (U.S.) and 1947 to 1970 (Canada)). The statistical results indicated that prices are rather inflexible relative to landings. The price flexibility in the U.S. and Canada is almost the same. In each case, a ten percent increase in landings would tend to depress the ex-vessel prices of red and pink salmon by a smaller percentage. The impact of institutional change on the demand for canned salmon was investigated. Britain in 1958 relaxed its restrictive policy on imports of salmon. It was discovered that such an institutional change had a significant effect on the demand analysis of red salmon in the U.S. and Canada; however, the effect on the demand analysis of pink salmon in both countries was inconclusive. Close

• 40. [Article] Modeling Demand Function for Norwegian Salmon in Vietnam

  The formulation of demand functions for aquatic products has been prevalently practiced worldwide, but still represents a rather new phenomenon in the area of applied economics in Vietnam. This paper focuses on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Demand Function for Norwegian Salmon in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Kim Anh Thi, Pham, Thai Thanh, Nguyen, Hoai Trong The formulation of demand functions for aquatic products has been prevalently practiced worldwide, but still represents a rather new phenomenon in the area of applied economics in Vietnam. This paper focuses on estimates of demand functions for Norwegian salmon products. Log-linear functions are used to construct the model. The major objective of the research is to define the own-price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross-price elasticity of demand in the context of the salmon industry. The research findings are hoped to bring some added values to the improved teaching and educational training at Nha Trang University, in addition to providing salmon importers in Vietnam with scientific foundations for making relevant, appropriate decisions in the fast-moving economic integration process. A further step is to compare these findings with those from recent studies cited in literature about theoretical and empirical dimensions of salmon demand. Title: Modeling Demand Function for Norwegian Salmon in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Kim Anh Thi, Pham, Thai Thanh, Nguyen, Hoai Trong The formulation of demand functions for aquatic products has been prevalently practiced worldwide, but still represents a rather new phenomenon in the area of applied economics in Vietnam. This paper focuses on estimates of demand functions for Norwegian salmon products. Log-linear functions are used to construct the model. The major objective of the research is to define the own-price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross-price elasticity of demand in the context of the salmon industry. The research findings are hoped to bring some added values to the improved teaching and educational training at Nha Trang University, in addition to providing salmon importers in Vietnam with scientific foundations for making relevant, appropriate decisions in the fast-moving economic integration process. A further step is to compare these findings with those from recent studies cited in literature about theoretical and empirical dimensions of salmon demand. Close

• 41. [Article] The Halo Effects of Norwegian Salmon Promotion on EU Atlantic Salmon Demand

  The Differential Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to exam the direct and spillover responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in EU Atlantic salmon market. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Halo Effects of Norwegian Salmon Promotion on EU Atlantic Salmon Demand Author: Myrland, Oystein, Xie, Jinghua The Differential Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to exam the direct and spillover responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in EU Atlantic salmon market. The model allows the advertising effect on demand curve to shift and rotate simultaneously. EU demand is segmented by country of origin, namely Norway, Chile, United Kingdom, Canada, and Rest of World. Results suggest that Norwegian advertising shifted its own demand curve rightward and curve of Rest of World leftward and counterclockwise rotated the curve of UK. The advertising-induced demand curve rotation is found to be important for marginal benefit-cost ratio and producer surplus measurement. A tiny change of price elasticity causes a substantial change of marginal benefit-cost ratio and a not tiny change of producer surplus. Title: The Halo Effects of Norwegian Salmon Promotion on EU Atlantic Salmon Demand Author: Myrland, Oystein, Xie, Jinghua The Differential Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is estimated to exam the direct and spillover responses for salmon promotion conducted by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in EU Atlantic salmon market. The model allows the advertising effect on demand curve to shift and rotate simultaneously. EU demand is segmented by country of origin, namely Norway, Chile, United Kingdom, Canada, and Rest of World. Results suggest that Norwegian advertising shifted its own demand curve rightward and curve of Rest of World leftward and counterclockwise rotated the curve of UK. The advertising-induced demand curve rotation is found to be important for marginal benefit-cost ratio and producer surplus measurement. A tiny change of price elasticity causes a substantial change of marginal benefit-cost ratio and a not tiny change of producer surplus. Close

• 42. [Article] Measuring the Effects of the 1998/99 Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign in Germany and France

  In July 1997 a trade agreement between Norway and the European Union went into effect. The agreement specifies an increase in the export levy on Norwegian salmon entering the EU from 0.75% to 3.00% ad ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring the Effects of the 1998/99 Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign in Germany and France Author: Kinnucan, Henry W., Myrland, Øystein Year: 2001 In July 1997 a trade agreement between Norway and the European Union went into effect. The agreement specifies an increase in the export levy on Norwegian salmon entering the EU from 0.75% to 3.00% ad valorem. The proceeds of the levy are to be used by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in cooperation with the Scottish Salmon Board and the Irish Salmon Growers Association for generic advertising of atlantic salmon in the European markets, the so called Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign. Over the Agreement’s five-year life, an estimated $30 million is expected to be invested in salmon promotion in Europe. Despite the relatively large sums being spent on these and related programs, little is known about the effects of generic advertising on consumers purchase frequency. A purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of these effects by examining in detail the generic advertising of atlantic salmon in Germany and France in 1998/99. By using a recursive econometric model linking awareness of the advertising in the first stage to the level of at-home consumption of salmon in the final stage the economic impact of the Pan-European campaign is investigated. Title: Measuring the Effects of the 1998/99 Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign in Germany and France Author: Kinnucan, Henry W., Myrland, Øystein Year: 2001 In July 1997 a trade agreement between Norway and the European Union went into effect. The agreement specifies an increase in the export levy on Norwegian salmon entering the EU from 0.75% to 3.00% ad valorem. The proceeds of the levy are to be used by the Norwegian Seafood Export Council in cooperation with the Scottish Salmon Board and the Irish Salmon Growers Association for generic advertising of atlantic salmon in the European markets, the so called Pan-European Salmon Marketing Campaign. Over the Agreement’s five-year life, an estimated $30 million is expected to be invested in salmon promotion in Europe. Despite the relatively large sums being spent on these and related programs, little is known about the effects of generic advertising on consumers purchase frequency. A purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of these effects by examining in detail the generic advertising of atlantic salmon in Germany and France in 1998/99. By using a recursive econometric model linking awareness of the advertising in the first stage to the level of at-home consumption of salmon in the final stage the economic impact of the Pan-European campaign is investigated. Close

• 43. [Article] The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries

  The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Title: The future of the Columbia River salmon fisheries Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 The salmon runs of the Columbia River constitute one of the most important natural resources of the states of Oregon and Washington. Thousands of people are dependent, wholly or in part, upon these resources for their livelihood; and their welfare is dependent upon the maintenance of the salmon runs. It is to the special interest of these people that the salmon supply be maintained at the level of maximum productivity and, indirectly, it is to the interest of all the citizens of these states that this be done. In recent years it has become increasingly evident that these resources, taken as. a whole, are decreasing in productivity and it has been frequently pointed out that this decrease is due primarily to the operation of two factors-- a very intensive fishery and a reduction in spawning and rearing areas due to the utilization of the water resources of the Columbia basin for other purposes. These influences, however, have affected the several species of salmon that are found in the Columbia River quite differently; the more valuable species, Chinooks and bluebacks, showing more evidence of depletion than do the other species, silver salmon, chums and steelhead. Close

• 44. [Article] An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States

  Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Close

• 45. [Article] Comparative susceptibility of juvenile Salmonid fishes to infection with the Glochidia of Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) (Pelecypoda:Margaritanidae)

  This is the first report on the susceptibility of salmonid fish to infection with the glochidia of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera. margaritifera using known numbers of parasites under controlled conditions. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative susceptibility of juvenile Salmonid fishes to infection with the Glochidia of Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) (Pelecypoda:Margaritanidae) Author: Meyers, Theodore Richard This is the first report on the susceptibility of salmonid fish to infection with the glochidia of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera. margaritifera using known numbers of parasites under controlled conditions. The relative susceptibility of six species of salmonid fish, 2O to 80 mm in total length, to glochidiosis was determined by exposing fish individually to different numbers of the parasites and plotting mortalities against these exposure levels 70 days post-exposure and also against the numbers (dosages) of parasites at 48 hrs post-infection. The 70-day exposure curves represented salmonid susceptibility more than the dosage curves. The 70-day interpolated LE₅₀ values (exposure concentrations of glochidia that killed 50% of the fish) for kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus rierka kennerlyi), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki). Atlantic salmon (S. salar), steelhead trout (S. gairdneri), and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were 17,500, 29,000, 35,000, 57,000, and 105,000 respectively. Chinook salmon (O. tschawytscha) were the most susceptible species because mortalities were so high at the lowest exposure levels that LE₅₀'s could not be estimated. As shown by the high LE₅₀ value, coho salmon were the most resistant to infection. Additional evidence supporting the difference in susceptibility between coho and chinook salmon came from in vitro tests. Glochidial attachment on excised gills and their survival in hanging drops of fish mucus and plasma were less for coho salmon than chinook salmon. These results suggest the presence of some inhibiting factor in the mucus and blood of coho salmon. Histological sections of infected gill tissue from sublethally infected coho salmon showed that cellular migration of host tissue, which forms the cyst around the parasites, either did not occur or progressed inadequately such that many glochidia were forced to drop off the gills within 16 hrs post-infection. Of the few glochidia that were encysted, most of them were sloughed intact within their cysts by 2 days post-infection. The sloughing was due to a hyperplastic response of the gill epithelia and stroma to the attached parasites. Host epithelial and stromal cells migrated normally in chinook salmon forming well-structured, discrete cysts that were not sloughed. Hematological examinations were made on blood samples taken from control and sublethally-infectedcoho and chinook salmon at periodic intervals during the parasitic period. In comparison with control fish, the leukocyte numbers and the amount of hemoglobin from infected coho salmon increased significantly. The hematocrits from infected fish of both species were significantly higher than those from respective control fish, however the increase was much greater for chinook salmon. Increased erythrocyte numbers from infected chinook salmon were statistically significant when compared to those of control chinook salmon. The results from a limited number of acrylamide gel electrophoresis trials on blood plasma from infected and control fish indicated that the total plasma protein increased in coho salmon and decreased in chinook salmon after infection. The higher hemoglobin values, leukocyte numbers, and total plasma protein concentrations that occurred after infection suggest that coho salmon may have a greater compensatory or inflammatory response than chinook salmon to glochidial infection. These responses may also aid in resistance to secondary infection. Title: Comparative susceptibility of juvenile Salmonid fishes to infection with the Glochidia of Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) (Pelecypoda:Margaritanidae) Author: Meyers, Theodore Richard This is the first report on the susceptibility of salmonid fish to infection with the glochidia of the freshwater mussel Margaritifera. margaritifera using known numbers of parasites under controlled conditions. The relative susceptibility of six species of salmonid fish, 2O to 80 mm in total length, to glochidiosis was determined by exposing fish individually to different numbers of the parasites and plotting mortalities against these exposure levels 70 days post-exposure and also against the numbers (dosages) of parasites at 48 hrs post-infection. The 70-day exposure curves represented salmonid susceptibility more than the dosage curves. The 70-day interpolated LE₅₀ values (exposure concentrations of glochidia that killed 50% of the fish) for kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus rierka kennerlyi), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki). Atlantic salmon (S. salar), steelhead trout (S. gairdneri), and coho salmon (O. kisutch) were 17,500, 29,000, 35,000, 57,000, and 105,000 respectively. Chinook salmon (O. tschawytscha) were the most susceptible species because mortalities were so high at the lowest exposure levels that LE₅₀'s could not be estimated. As shown by the high LE₅₀ value, coho salmon were the most resistant to infection. Additional evidence supporting the difference in susceptibility between coho and chinook salmon came from in vitro tests. Glochidial attachment on excised gills and their survival in hanging drops of fish mucus and plasma were less for coho salmon than chinook salmon. These results suggest the presence of some inhibiting factor in the mucus and blood of coho salmon. Histological sections of infected gill tissue from sublethally infected coho salmon showed that cellular migration of host tissue, which forms the cyst around the parasites, either did not occur or progressed inadequately such that many glochidia were forced to drop off the gills within 16 hrs post-infection. Of the few glochidia that were encysted, most of them were sloughed intact within their cysts by 2 days post-infection. The sloughing was due to a hyperplastic response of the gill epithelia and stroma to the attached parasites. Host epithelial and stromal cells migrated normally in chinook salmon forming well-structured, discrete cysts that were not sloughed. Hematological examinations were made on blood samples taken from control and sublethally-infectedcoho and chinook salmon at periodic intervals during the parasitic period. In comparison with control fish, the leukocyte numbers and the amount of hemoglobin from infected coho salmon increased significantly. The hematocrits from infected fish of both species were significantly higher than those from respective control fish, however the increase was much greater for chinook salmon. Increased erythrocyte numbers from infected chinook salmon were statistically significant when compared to those of control chinook salmon. The results from a limited number of acrylamide gel electrophoresis trials on blood plasma from infected and control fish indicated that the total plasma protein increased in coho salmon and decreased in chinook salmon after infection. The higher hemoglobin values, leukocyte numbers, and total plasma protein concentrations that occurred after infection suggest that coho salmon may have a greater compensatory or inflammatory response than chinook salmon to glochidial infection. These responses may also aid in resistance to secondary infection. Close

• 46. [Article] Seasonal variations in weight of Columbia River chinook salmon

  A study of the fishery problems raised by the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the upper Columbia River was done. Part of the study was to estimate the number of salmon taken in commercial fishery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal variations in weight of Columbia River chinook salmon Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 A study of the fishery problems raised by the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the upper Columbia River was done. Part of the study was to estimate the number of salmon taken in commercial fishery for the purpose of comparing this with the number counted as they passed the dam at Bonneville. Title: Seasonal variations in weight of Columbia River chinook salmon Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 A study of the fishery problems raised by the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the upper Columbia River was done. Part of the study was to estimate the number of salmon taken in commercial fishery for the purpose of comparing this with the number counted as they passed the dam at Bonneville. Close

• 47. [Article] The Oregon plan : restoring an Oregon legacy through cooperative efforts

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon plan : restoring an Oregon legacy through cooperative efforts Author: Oregon Coastal Salmon Restoration Initiative Title: The Oregon plan : restoring an Oregon legacy through cooperative efforts Author: Oregon Coastal Salmon Restoration Initiative Close

• 48. [Article] Coho salmon

  Description of Coho salmon published by the Lower Nehalem Watershed Council.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coho salmon Description of Coho salmon published by the Lower Nehalem Watershed Council. Title: Coho salmon Description of Coho salmon published by the Lower Nehalem Watershed Council. Close

• 49. [Article] Salmon Abundances and Effects of Harvest: Implications for Rebuilding Stocks of Wild Coho Salmon in Oregon

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon Abundances and Effects of Harvest: Implications for Rebuilding Stocks of Wild Coho Salmon in Oregon Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Title: Salmon Abundances and Effects of Harvest: Implications for Rebuilding Stocks of Wild Coho Salmon in Oregon Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Close

• 50. [Article] The impact of Oregon Aqua-Foods operation on the wild coho salmon in the Yaquina River

  17 p.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impact of Oregon Aqua-Foods operation on the wild coho salmon in the Yaquina River Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division 17 p. Title: The impact of Oregon Aqua-Foods operation on the wild coho salmon in the Yaquina River Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division 17 p. Close

• 51. [Article] Influence of dissolved oxygen concentration and swimming velocity on food consumption and growth of juvenile Coho salmon

  Laboratory studies were conducted on the food consumption, growth, and bioenergetics of juvenile coho salmon (Oncoynchus kisutch) held at various swimming velocities and dissolved oxygen concentrations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of dissolved oxygen concentration and swimming velocity on food consumption and growth of juvenile Coho salmon Author: Hutchins, Floyd E. Laboratory studies were conducted on the food consumption, growth, and bioenergetics of juvenile coho salmon (Oncoynchus kisutch) held at various swimming velocities and dissolved oxygen concentrations at 15 C. Food consumption and growth of salmon fed to repletion on housefly larvae (Mus domesticus) were reduced by increasing activity at and above 3 lengths per second (L/sec) and 2 L/sec, respectively. Food conversion efficiencies for growth decreased with increasing activity; efficiencies of converting food to growth and activity combined, however, increased with increasing activity. The logarithm of the rate of energy loss of unfed swimming salmon increased exponentially with increasing velocity. The growth rates of salmon fed to repletion and held at 1.3 and 3.0 L/sec at an oxygen level of 3 mg/liter were reduced by 20 and 65 percent from that of control salmon held at respective velocities in air-saturated water. At the intermediate oxygen concentration of 5 mg/liter, growth rates of salmon were reduced by 0 and 15 percent over controls held at 1.3 and 3.0 L/sec, respectively. The total respiration rate (TRR) of salmon fed to repletion and held at air saturation remained nearly constant over the range of activity levels tested (0 to 3.8 L/sec). At 1.3 L/sec the TRR of salmon increased with increasing food consumption, while at 3.7 L/sec increased food consumption did not alter the TRR. Reduction in oxygen concentration lowered the TRR of salmon, although growth was not reduced in every case. The specific dynamic action of food (SDA), i.e., cost of food digestion and processing, ranged from 10 to 30 percent of the assimilated energy. The larger percentages were observed at high oxygen concentrations, generally at low food consumption rates, and at low velocities; and the lower percentages at low oxygen levels, high food consumption rates, and high velocities. The absolute value of SDA increased with increasing food consumption at 1.3 L/sec, but declined at 3.7 L/sec. In salmon fed to repletion, the SDA decreased with increased activity levels and reduced oxygen concentration. Title: Influence of dissolved oxygen concentration and swimming velocity on food consumption and growth of juvenile Coho salmon Author: Hutchins, Floyd E. Laboratory studies were conducted on the food consumption, growth, and bioenergetics of juvenile coho salmon (Oncoynchus kisutch) held at various swimming velocities and dissolved oxygen concentrations at 15 C. Food consumption and growth of salmon fed to repletion on housefly larvae (Mus domesticus) were reduced by increasing activity at and above 3 lengths per second (L/sec) and 2 L/sec, respectively. Food conversion efficiencies for growth decreased with increasing activity; efficiencies of converting food to growth and activity combined, however, increased with increasing activity. The logarithm of the rate of energy loss of unfed swimming salmon increased exponentially with increasing velocity. The growth rates of salmon fed to repletion and held at 1.3 and 3.0 L/sec at an oxygen level of 3 mg/liter were reduced by 20 and 65 percent from that of control salmon held at respective velocities in air-saturated water. At the intermediate oxygen concentration of 5 mg/liter, growth rates of salmon were reduced by 0 and 15 percent over controls held at 1.3 and 3.0 L/sec, respectively. The total respiration rate (TRR) of salmon fed to repletion and held at air saturation remained nearly constant over the range of activity levels tested (0 to 3.8 L/sec). At 1.3 L/sec the TRR of salmon increased with increasing food consumption, while at 3.7 L/sec increased food consumption did not alter the TRR. Reduction in oxygen concentration lowered the TRR of salmon, although growth was not reduced in every case. The specific dynamic action of food (SDA), i.e., cost of food digestion and processing, ranged from 10 to 30 percent of the assimilated energy. The larger percentages were observed at high oxygen concentrations, generally at low food consumption rates, and at low velocities; and the lower percentages at low oxygen levels, high food consumption rates, and high velocities. The absolute value of SDA increased with increasing food consumption at 1.3 L/sec, but declined at 3.7 L/sec. In salmon fed to repletion, the SDA decreased with increased activity levels and reduced oxygen concentration. Close

• 52. [Article] Influences of kraft mill effluents on the production of chinook salmon in laboratory stream communities

  A study of the effects of stabilized and unstabilized kraft mill effluents on the production of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in six laboratory streams was conducted at the Pacific Cooperative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influences of kraft mill effluents on the production of chinook salmon in laboratory stream communities Author: Lichatowich, James August A study of the effects of stabilized and unstabilized kraft mill effluents on the production of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in six laboratory streams was conducted at the Pacific Cooperative Water Pollution Laboratories, Oregon State University-from May through August, 1969. Similar salmon biomasses were stocked in each stream. Changes in salmon biomass were measured every 14 days. Streams receiving 1.5 percent by volume of unstabilized waste (3 mg/1 BOD) and 0.75 percent by volume of unstabilized waste (1.5 mg/1 BOD) maintained the highest biomasses of salmon. The stream receiving 7.5 percent by volume of stabilized waste (1.5 mg/1 BOD) maintained a salmon biomass slightly higher than the control streams, and the stream receiving 1.5 percent by volume of stabilized effluent (0.3 mg/1 BOD) produced a salmon biomass about the same as those of the control streams. The growth rates of the salmon in the laboratory streams were directly related to the biomass of their food organisms. The density of invertebrate organisms, however, was not clearly related to the density of organic matter. Organic matter may have provided hiding places for invertebrates and affected their availability to the salmon. Feeding of the invertebrates on bacteria or detritus associated with the effluent could also have obscured relationships between invertebrate and organic matter densities. Acute toxicity bioassays of unstabilized wastes showed these effluents were more toxic in winter and spring than in summer. The more toxic effluent may have had a direct deleterious effect on the growth of salmon during seasons other than summer. Lower levels of toxicity probably minimized any direct effect of this effluent on fish growth during the summer and may have permitted increased invertebrate production. This perhaps explains the higher levels of salmon production obtained during this experiment as compared to those obtained in earlier experiments conducted by others during seasons other than summer. Title: Influences of kraft mill effluents on the production of chinook salmon in laboratory stream communities Author: Lichatowich, James August A study of the effects of stabilized and unstabilized kraft mill effluents on the production of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in six laboratory streams was conducted at the Pacific Cooperative Water Pollution Laboratories, Oregon State University-from May through August, 1969. Similar salmon biomasses were stocked in each stream. Changes in salmon biomass were measured every 14 days. Streams receiving 1.5 percent by volume of unstabilized waste (3 mg/1 BOD) and 0.75 percent by volume of unstabilized waste (1.5 mg/1 BOD) maintained the highest biomasses of salmon. The stream receiving 7.5 percent by volume of stabilized waste (1.5 mg/1 BOD) maintained a salmon biomass slightly higher than the control streams, and the stream receiving 1.5 percent by volume of stabilized effluent (0.3 mg/1 BOD) produced a salmon biomass about the same as those of the control streams. The growth rates of the salmon in the laboratory streams were directly related to the biomass of their food organisms. The density of invertebrate organisms, however, was not clearly related to the density of organic matter. Organic matter may have provided hiding places for invertebrates and affected their availability to the salmon. Feeding of the invertebrates on bacteria or detritus associated with the effluent could also have obscured relationships between invertebrate and organic matter densities. Acute toxicity bioassays of unstabilized wastes showed these effluents were more toxic in winter and spring than in summer. The more toxic effluent may have had a direct deleterious effect on the growth of salmon during seasons other than summer. Lower levels of toxicity probably minimized any direct effect of this effluent on fish growth during the summer and may have permitted increased invertebrate production. This perhaps explains the higher levels of salmon production obtained during this experiment as compared to those obtained in earlier experiments conducted by others during seasons other than summer. Close

• 53. [Article] Sexual maturation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) : induced ovulation, in vitro induction of final maturation and ovulation, and serum hormone and ion levels of salmon in seawater and fresh water

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sexual maturation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) : induced ovulation, in vitro induction of final maturation and ovulation, and serum hormone and ion levels of salmon in seawater and fresh water Author: Sower, Stacia, 1950- Title: Sexual maturation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) : induced ovulation, in vitro induction of final maturation and ovulation, and serum hormone and ion levels of salmon in seawater and fresh water Author: Sower, Stacia, 1950- Close

• 54. [Article] Effects of diet containing salmon viscera upon growth and the incidence of kidney disease in chinook salmon fingerlings

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of diet containing salmon viscera upon growth and the incidence of kidney disease in chinook salmon fingerlings Author: Conrad, John Francis Title: Effects of diet containing salmon viscera upon growth and the incidence of kidney disease in chinook salmon fingerlings Author: Conrad, John Francis Close

• 55. [Article] Foods and growth of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) in certain Oregon streams

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foods and growth of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) in certain Oregon streams Author: Breuser, Raymond Nowlin Title: Foods and growth of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) in certain Oregon streams Author: Breuser, Raymond Nowlin Close

• 56. [Article] Influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon in laboratory streams

  This thesis reports the results of a study on the influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME) on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon in laboratory streams Author: Seim, W. K. (Wayne K.) This thesis reports the results of a study on the influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME) on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum), in laboratory streams. Experiments were conducted at the Oak Creek Fisheries Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, during 1967 and 1968. Kraft mill effluent used in this study was either collected raw and biologically stabilized at the laboratory, or collected already treated from a mill operating a stabilization pond. Stabilization of wastes was accomplished at the laboratory by sewage bacteria under constant aeration and with the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus. One aspect of this study dealt with the relationship between salmon production and salmon biomass in streams stocked with salmon at different densities in three control and three streams receiving 1.5 percent SKME by volume. This design permitted an analysis of the relationships between the abundance of the food organisms and the growth rate and biomass of salmon. Another aspect of the study dealt with the production of fish stocked at similar densities in two control streams and four streams each of which received a different concentration of SKME. In experiments conducted during the spring and fall periods, salmon production was lower in streams receiving a 1.5 percent SKME concentration than in control streams. This difference was attributed to a direct effect of SKME since no reduction in the abundance of food organisms or in the basic capacity of the streams to produce food organisms could be demonstrated. In experiments during the summer salmon production was found to be greater in streams receiving up to 4.0 percent SKME than in control streams. Salmon production was greatest at a 1.0 percent concentration and declined at concentrations of 2.0 and 4.0 percent SKME. The increase in production can probably be attributed to an increase in the numerical density of the major food organism, an amphipod identified as Crangonyx sp. The decline in salmon production at concentrations above 1.0 percent suggested that SKME was directly effecting salmon growth rates during summer experiments also, although this influence may have been small in relation to beneficial effects on food abundance. Amphipod biomass was related to the biomass of organic material in the laboratory streams. Title: Influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon in laboratory streams Author: Seim, W. K. (Wayne K.) This thesis reports the results of a study on the influence of biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME) on the food relations and production of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum), in laboratory streams. Experiments were conducted at the Oak Creek Fisheries Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, during 1967 and 1968. Kraft mill effluent used in this study was either collected raw and biologically stabilized at the laboratory, or collected already treated from a mill operating a stabilization pond. Stabilization of wastes was accomplished at the laboratory by sewage bacteria under constant aeration and with the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus. One aspect of this study dealt with the relationship between salmon production and salmon biomass in streams stocked with salmon at different densities in three control and three streams receiving 1.5 percent SKME by volume. This design permitted an analysis of the relationships between the abundance of the food organisms and the growth rate and biomass of salmon. Another aspect of the study dealt with the production of fish stocked at similar densities in two control streams and four streams each of which received a different concentration of SKME. In experiments conducted during the spring and fall periods, salmon production was lower in streams receiving a 1.5 percent SKME concentration than in control streams. This difference was attributed to a direct effect of SKME since no reduction in the abundance of food organisms or in the basic capacity of the streams to produce food organisms could be demonstrated. In experiments during the summer salmon production was found to be greater in streams receiving up to 4.0 percent SKME than in control streams. Salmon production was greatest at a 1.0 percent concentration and declined at concentrations of 2.0 and 4.0 percent SKME. The increase in production can probably be attributed to an increase in the numerical density of the major food organism, an amphipod identified as Crangonyx sp. The decline in salmon production at concentrations above 1.0 percent suggested that SKME was directly effecting salmon growth rates during summer experiments also, although this influence may have been small in relation to beneficial effects on food abundance. Amphipod biomass was related to the biomass of organic material in the laboratory streams. Close

• 57. [Article] Salmon River Basin fish management plan

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon River Basin fish management plan Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Title: Salmon River Basin fish management plan Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Close

• 58. [Article] Characterization and the effects of stress on glucocorticoid receptors in the brains of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization and the effects of stress on glucocorticoid receptors in the brains of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Author: Knoebl, Iris Title: Characterization and the effects of stress on glucocorticoid receptors in the brains of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Author: Knoebl, Iris Close

• 59. [Article] Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of late pleistocene and holocene human ecologies : a case study of phytoliths from the Lower Salmon River Canyon, Idaho

  Archaeological excavations of the Cooper's Ferry site in the Lower Salmon River Canyon, Idaho, have revealed a stratified record of cultural occupation, spanning the late Pleistocene and early Holocene ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of late pleistocene and holocene human ecologies : a case study of phytoliths from the Lower Salmon River Canyon, Idaho Author: Knapp, Dante L. Archaeological excavations of the Cooper's Ferry site in the Lower Salmon River Canyon, Idaho, have revealed a stratified record of cultural occupation, spanning the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the understanding of cultural adaptive strategies represented in the archaeological record at this site, as part of the larger ongoing research agenda for the Cooper's Ferry locale. In order to develop a human ecological perspective of the late Pleistocene and Holocene environments associated with the archaeological record, datasets examining past environmental conditions are required. This study advances these datasets through the analysis of late Pleistocene and Holocene phytolith assemblages derived from both the Cooper's Ferry site and within the Lower Salmon River Canyon. In total, 129 samples were processed for phytolith analysis from four stratigraphic sections--SR 23, SR 27, SR 34, and the north wall of Unit A--at Cooper's Ferry. Through comparisons of the phytolith assemblages obtained for this study with other locally available paleoenvironmental proxy records, this study facilitates the reconstruction of the biophysical environment of the Lower Salmon River Canyon during the late Pleistocene and Holocene periods, thus contributing to a contextualized human ecological model. Results show that the Lower Salmon River Canyon provided a variety of economic opportunities and constraints associated with grass-and shrub-step vegetative communities during these periods. Findings also indicate the ways in which phytolith analyses may be applied in the development of locally derived paleoecological models that can be used to address questions regarding human behavior in the archaeological record. Title: Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of late pleistocene and holocene human ecologies : a case study of phytoliths from the Lower Salmon River Canyon, Idaho Author: Knapp, Dante L. Archaeological excavations of the Cooper's Ferry site in the Lower Salmon River Canyon, Idaho, have revealed a stratified record of cultural occupation, spanning the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the understanding of cultural adaptive strategies represented in the archaeological record at this site, as part of the larger ongoing research agenda for the Cooper's Ferry locale. In order to develop a human ecological perspective of the late Pleistocene and Holocene environments associated with the archaeological record, datasets examining past environmental conditions are required. This study advances these datasets through the analysis of late Pleistocene and Holocene phytolith assemblages derived from both the Cooper's Ferry site and within the Lower Salmon River Canyon. In total, 129 samples were processed for phytolith analysis from four stratigraphic sections--SR 23, SR 27, SR 34, and the north wall of Unit A--at Cooper's Ferry. Through comparisons of the phytolith assemblages obtained for this study with other locally available paleoenvironmental proxy records, this study facilitates the reconstruction of the biophysical environment of the Lower Salmon River Canyon during the late Pleistocene and Holocene periods, thus contributing to a contextualized human ecological model. Results show that the Lower Salmon River Canyon provided a variety of economic opportunities and constraints associated with grass-and shrub-step vegetative communities during these periods. Findings also indicate the ways in which phytolith analyses may be applied in the development of locally derived paleoecological models that can be used to address questions regarding human behavior in the archaeological record. Close

• 60. [Article] Hematology and histopathology of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) infected with Flexibacter psychrophilus

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hematology and histopathology of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) infected with Flexibacter psychrophilus Author: Kanchanakhan, Somkiat Title: Hematology and histopathology of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) infected with Flexibacter psychrophilus Author: Kanchanakhan, Somkiat Close

• 61. [Article] Characterization of the humoral immune response to Renibacterium salmonarium in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of the humoral immune response to Renibacterium salmonarium in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Author: Wood, Patricia A. (Patricia Ann), 1969- Title: Characterization of the humoral immune response to Renibacterium salmonarium in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Author: Wood, Patricia A. (Patricia Ann), 1969- Close

• 62. [Article] Chemodetection of threatening chemical stimuli by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chemodetection of threatening chemical stimuli by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Author: Stone, Steven L. Title: Chemodetection of threatening chemical stimuli by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Author: Stone, Steven L. Close

• 63. [Article] Streamflow requirements of salmonids

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Streamflow requirements of salmonids Author: Giger, Richard D., Oregon. Wildlife Commission. Research Division Title: Streamflow requirements of salmonids Author: Giger, Richard D., Oregon. Wildlife Commission. Research Division Close

• 64. [Article] Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982

  Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division, McGie, Alan M. Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted in response to concerns by fisheries managers and the public on the possible long-term effects of interbreeding wild and stray hatchery stocks in district streams." (p.2) Title: Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division, McGie, Alan M. Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted in response to concerns by fisheries managers and the public on the possible long-term effects of interbreeding wild and stray hatchery stocks in district streams." (p.2) Close

• 65. [Article] Management of the Ocean Salmon Fishery. Annual Report: October 1, 1978 to September 30, 1979.

  This report summarizes the activities pursued by the Ocean Salmon Management Program during FY 1979, as well as listing regulation changes. The report also provides statistics for recreational Chinook ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Management of the Ocean Salmon Fishery. Annual Report: October 1, 1978 to September 30, 1979. Author: McQueen, Robert K., Loomis, David W. This report summarizes the activities pursued by the Ocean Salmon Management Program during FY 1979, as well as listing regulation changes. The report also provides statistics for recreational Chinook and Coho catches such as age composition and average weight. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Commerce under the Anadromous Fisheries Act: Project Number: AFC-75-3 Contract Number: 9-ABD0RIB You might also check out Management of the troll salmon fishery: annual report; 1977/1978: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/55886 Title: Management of the Ocean Salmon Fishery. Annual Report: October 1, 1978 to September 30, 1979. Author: McQueen, Robert K., Loomis, David W. This report summarizes the activities pursued by the Ocean Salmon Management Program during FY 1979, as well as listing regulation changes. The report also provides statistics for recreational Chinook and Coho catches such as age composition and average weight. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Commerce under the Anadromous Fisheries Act: Project Number: AFC-75-3 Contract Number: 9-ABD0RIB You might also check out Management of the troll salmon fishery: annual report; 1977/1978: http://hdl.handle.net/1957/55886 Close

• 66. [Article] Is There a Future for Salmon Futures? An Analysis of the Prospects of a Potential Futures Market for Salmon

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is There a Future for Salmon Futures? An Analysis of the Prospects of a Potential Futures Market for Salmon Author: Bergfjord, Ole Research Paper Title: Is There a Future for Salmon Futures? An Analysis of the Prospects of a Potential Futures Market for Salmon Author: Bergfjord, Ole Research Paper Close

• 67. [Article] Effects of chlorinated biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent on the mortality and growth of Coho salmon

  Ninety-six hour acute toxicity bioassays were employed to determine the tolerance of juvenile coho salmon to chlorinated stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME). In addition the effect of chlorinated SKME ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of chlorinated biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent on the mortality and growth of Coho salmon Author: Steil, Deborah L. Ninety-six hour acute toxicity bioassays were employed to determine the tolerance of juvenile coho salmon to chlorinated stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME). In addition the effect of chlorinated SKME on the growth of juvenile coho salmon in six and ten day experiments was studied. Results of the acute toxicity tests indicated that the addition of as low as 1 mg/l of total residual chlorine to 100 percent SKME could cause acute toxicity in effluent concentrations as low as 18 percent. Since the non-chlorinated SKME used in these tests was not acutely toxic to the salmon, it appeared that chlorine or some chlorinated material formed in the chlorinated SKME was responsible or the cases of acute toxicity. Effects of chlorinated SKME on the growth of the coho salmon were not clearly defined at the ch1oriie and SKME concentrations tested. Title: Effects of chlorinated biologically stabilized kraft mill effluent on the mortality and growth of Coho salmon Author: Steil, Deborah L. Ninety-six hour acute toxicity bioassays were employed to determine the tolerance of juvenile coho salmon to chlorinated stabilized kraft mill effluent (SKME). In addition the effect of chlorinated SKME on the growth of juvenile coho salmon in six and ten day experiments was studied. Results of the acute toxicity tests indicated that the addition of as low as 1 mg/l of total residual chlorine to 100 percent SKME could cause acute toxicity in effluent concentrations as low as 18 percent. Since the non-chlorinated SKME used in these tests was not acutely toxic to the salmon, it appeared that chlorine or some chlorinated material formed in the chlorinated SKME was responsible or the cases of acute toxicity. Effects of chlorinated SKME on the growth of the coho salmon were not clearly defined at the ch1oriie and SKME concentrations tested. Close

• 68. [Article] Factors Influencing Support for Salmon Recovery Policies in Oregon

  2012

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors Influencing Support for Salmon Recovery Policies in Oregon Author: Reeves, Zachary 2012 Title: Factors Influencing Support for Salmon Recovery Policies in Oregon Author: Reeves, Zachary 2012 Close

• 69. [Article] Defining and evaluating recovery of OCN coho salmon stocks: implications for rebuilding stocks under the Oregon Plan : summary of a workshop organized by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, August 4-5, 1999

  This report was written by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Defining and evaluating recovery of OCN coho salmon stocks: implications for rebuilding stocks under the Oregon Plan : summary of a workshop organized by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, August 4-5, 1999 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was written by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Title: Defining and evaluating recovery of OCN coho salmon stocks: implications for rebuilding stocks under the Oregon Plan : summary of a workshop organized by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, August 4-5, 1999 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was written by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Close

• 70. [Article] An Investigation of Ceratomyxa shasta sporulation following death of its Chinook salmon host

  As pre-spawning mortality (PSM) in Chinook salmon in the Willamette River Valley becomes a more defined and examined area of study, more focus is granted to not only preserving the health of these fish, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Investigation of Ceratomyxa shasta sporulation following death of its Chinook salmon host Author: Soderlund, Krista M. As pre-spawning mortality (PSM) in Chinook salmon in the Willamette River Valley becomes a more defined and examined area of study, more focus is granted to not only preserving the health of these fish, but also expanding knowledge concerning various pathogens that utilize the salmon as hosts and may be associated with PSM. One such parasite, a myxozoan named Ceratomyxa shasta, has been known to be extremely detrimental to salmon health, yet little literature exists concerning what exactly happens to this parasite once the salmon die. This thesis briefly outlines the complexity regarding this parasite’s relationship with the Chinook salmon, offers some context to transmission dynamics, and explores a recent investigation conducted over the course of the 2013-2014 academic year to determine the capability of Ceratomyxa shasta to live, continue to develop, and sporulate following the death of one of its hosts, the Chinook salmon. Title: An Investigation of Ceratomyxa shasta sporulation following death of its Chinook salmon host Author: Soderlund, Krista M. As pre-spawning mortality (PSM) in Chinook salmon in the Willamette River Valley becomes a more defined and examined area of study, more focus is granted to not only preserving the health of these fish, but also expanding knowledge concerning various pathogens that utilize the salmon as hosts and may be associated with PSM. One such parasite, a myxozoan named Ceratomyxa shasta, has been known to be extremely detrimental to salmon health, yet little literature exists concerning what exactly happens to this parasite once the salmon die. This thesis briefly outlines the complexity regarding this parasite’s relationship with the Chinook salmon, offers some context to transmission dynamics, and explores a recent investigation conducted over the course of the 2013-2014 academic year to determine the capability of Ceratomyxa shasta to live, continue to develop, and sporulate following the death of one of its hosts, the Chinook salmon. Close

• 71. [Article] An Ecological-Economic Simulation Model of Genetic interaction Between Farmed and Wild Salmon

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Ecological-Economic Simulation Model of Genetic interaction Between Farmed and Wild Salmon Author: Hindar, Kjetil, Liu, Yajie, Skonhoft, Anders, Diserud, Ola Abstract only. Title: An Ecological-Economic Simulation Model of Genetic interaction Between Farmed and Wild Salmon Author: Hindar, Kjetil, Liu, Yajie, Skonhoft, Anders, Diserud, Ola Abstract only. Close

• 72. [Article] From Mobile Closures to individual incentives: Chinook Salmon Bycatch Reduction Efforts in the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From Mobile Closures to individual incentives: Chinook Salmon Bycatch Reduction Efforts in the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery Author: Haynie, Alan Abstract only. Title: From Mobile Closures to individual incentives: Chinook Salmon Bycatch Reduction Efforts in the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery Author: Haynie, Alan Abstract only. Close

• 73. [Article] Demand for Organic Salmon in the European Union

  This paper provides an analysis of the market potential for organic salmon, primarily in the European Union. There has been a substantial growth in the demand for organic food products in industrialised ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demand for Organic Salmon in the European Union Author: Tveteras, S., Smith, A.P., McDonagh, P., Beckmann, S., Young, J.A., Muir, J.F., Mariojouls, C., Bigne, J., Tvetaras, R., Bjorndal, T., Beveridge, M., Aarset, B., Prothero, A., Reithe, S. Year: 2001 This paper provides an analysis of the market potential for organic salmon, primarily in the European Union. There has been a substantial growth in the demand for organic food products in industrialised countries in the course of the past decade. Legislation for organic production is now being extended to aquaculture, and limited quantities of certified organic salmon have been marketed in the European Union. We examine the experience gained in other organic food markets, and draw some conclusions from these markets with relevance to salmon. Organic salmon fills a dietary need among organic consumers, but at the same time it has some characteristics which may present obstacles to successful marketing. We analysed price premiums for organic salmon compared to conventional salmon. Positive price premiums were found, but it is hard to predict how they will evolve when the supply of organic salmon is expanded. Experience from other organic foods that are supplied in large volumes suggests that it may be possible to obtain price premiums even with substantially higher production. Title: Demand for Organic Salmon in the European Union Author: Tveteras, S., Smith, A.P., McDonagh, P., Beckmann, S., Young, J.A., Muir, J.F., Mariojouls, C., Bigne, J., Tvetaras, R., Bjorndal, T., Beveridge, M., Aarset, B., Prothero, A., Reithe, S. Year: 2001 This paper provides an analysis of the market potential for organic salmon, primarily in the European Union. There has been a substantial growth in the demand for organic food products in industrialised countries in the course of the past decade. Legislation for organic production is now being extended to aquaculture, and limited quantities of certified organic salmon have been marketed in the European Union. We examine the experience gained in other organic food markets, and draw some conclusions from these markets with relevance to salmon. Organic salmon fills a dietary need among organic consumers, but at the same time it has some characteristics which may present obstacles to successful marketing. We analysed price premiums for organic salmon compared to conventional salmon. Positive price premiums were found, but it is hard to predict how they will evolve when the supply of organic salmon is expanded. Experience from other organic foods that are supplied in large volumes suggests that it may be possible to obtain price premiums even with substantially higher production. Close

• 74. [Article] Life histories of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River estuary as inferred from scale and otolith microchemistry

  Despite evidence that juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) utilize North Pacific estuaries for growth and salinity acclimation, research in the Columbia River estuary has lead to opposing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life histories of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River estuary as inferred from scale and otolith microchemistry Author: Campbell, Lance A. Despite evidence that juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) utilize North Pacific estuaries for growth and salinity acclimation, research in the Columbia River estuary has lead to opposing hypotheses about the estuary’s importance as a salmon rearing environment. Many contemporary tagging studies indicate that salmon residency within the estuary is short (< 1 week) and that mortality of estuarine migrants is a significant impediment to recovery of depressed salmon stocks. On the other hand, life history interpretations from fish scales collected early in the twentieth century suggest that juvenile Chinook salmon reared extensively in the estuary, leading some to hypothesize that life history variation has been constrained by anthropogenic changes in the Columbia River basin. To test these hypotheses we first validated previous methods of life history interpretation by comparing the results of otolith chemistry, scale chemistry, and scale morphology from juvenile salmon collected during monthly beach seine surveys in 2003. Although scale and otolith chemistry were strongly correlated, and scale chemistry was an accurate indicator of salt-water entry, scale morphometric characteristics did not coincide consistently with the time of salmon entry into brackish water. We measured Strontium 86 and Calcium 43 in salmon otoliths collected in the lower Columbia River estuary in 2003-05 to quantify the period of salt-water residency of juvenile salmon and to back-calculate their size at salt-water entry. The estimated salt-water residency of juvenile Chinook ranged from 0-176 days with a mean residence time of 54, 67 and 30 days in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Chinook salmon that resided in salt water for more than 30 days comprised 55, 51 and 30% of the total estuary beach seine collections during each of these years. Forty to fifty percent of Chinook salmon had entered the saline portion of the estuary at a fork length < 60 mm. Furthermore we found a negative relationship between the size and time of entry with residency, where smaller earlier migrants on average resided for longer periods then larger late migrants. Peak migration times occurred in May, and 90% of the outmigration was completed by August 30 in all years. This pattern is substantially truncated relative to the results of a 1914-1916 salmon life-history survey, which showed that the historical outmigration period lasted well into the fall and was characterized by late pulses of new recruits into the lower estuary. Nonetheless, recent otolith results indicate that subyearling Chinook salmon use the saline portion of the estuary in a high proportion and for extended periods of time in contrast to short residency times reported by contemporary tagging and marking studies. Title: Life histories of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River estuary as inferred from scale and otolith microchemistry Author: Campbell, Lance A. Despite evidence that juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) utilize North Pacific estuaries for growth and salinity acclimation, research in the Columbia River estuary has lead to opposing hypotheses about the estuary’s importance as a salmon rearing environment. Many contemporary tagging studies indicate that salmon residency within the estuary is short (< 1 week) and that mortality of estuarine migrants is a significant impediment to recovery of depressed salmon stocks. On the other hand, life history interpretations from fish scales collected early in the twentieth century suggest that juvenile Chinook salmon reared extensively in the estuary, leading some to hypothesize that life history variation has been constrained by anthropogenic changes in the Columbia River basin. To test these hypotheses we first validated previous methods of life history interpretation by comparing the results of otolith chemistry, scale chemistry, and scale morphology from juvenile salmon collected during monthly beach seine surveys in 2003. Although scale and otolith chemistry were strongly correlated, and scale chemistry was an accurate indicator of salt-water entry, scale morphometric characteristics did not coincide consistently with the time of salmon entry into brackish water. We measured Strontium 86 and Calcium 43 in salmon otoliths collected in the lower Columbia River estuary in 2003-05 to quantify the period of salt-water residency of juvenile salmon and to back-calculate their size at salt-water entry. The estimated salt-water residency of juvenile Chinook ranged from 0-176 days with a mean residence time of 54, 67 and 30 days in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Chinook salmon that resided in salt water for more than 30 days comprised 55, 51 and 30% of the total estuary beach seine collections during each of these years. Forty to fifty percent of Chinook salmon had entered the saline portion of the estuary at a fork length < 60 mm. Furthermore we found a negative relationship between the size and time of entry with residency, where smaller earlier migrants on average resided for longer periods then larger late migrants. Peak migration times occurred in May, and 90% of the outmigration was completed by August 30 in all years. This pattern is substantially truncated relative to the results of a 1914-1916 salmon life-history survey, which showed that the historical outmigration period lasted well into the fall and was characterized by late pulses of new recruits into the lower estuary. Nonetheless, recent otolith results indicate that subyearling Chinook salmon use the saline portion of the estuary in a high proportion and for extended periods of time in contrast to short residency times reported by contemporary tagging and marking studies. Close

• 75. [Article] Microhabitat utilization by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in relation to stream discharges in the lower American River of California

  Habitats for juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were observed at a high flow during the spring of 1989 and at a low flow during the spring of 1991 in the lower American River of California. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Microhabitat utilization by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in relation to stream discharges in the lower American River of California Author: Jackson, Terry A. Habitats for juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were observed at a high flow during the spring of 1989 and at a low flow during the spring of 1991 in the lower American River of California. Parameters of microhabitats in eight macrohabitats were measured. Mean column water velocity and total water depth variables were used to statistically compare juvenile chinook salmon microhabitat distributions between and among macrohabitat type/reach and flow combinations. Using mean column water velocity and total water depth as independent variables, each macrohabitat type/reach appeared to be unique. Mean column water velocity seemed to be a better descriptor of juvenile chinook salmon habitat selection than was total water depth. Riffles appeared to be the preferred macrohabitats for large non-schooling chinook salmon at both flow levels. Root wads, woody debris, and submerged terrestrial vegetation were utilized extensively and provided a significant cover for schooling chinook salmon during the high flow period. Habitat utilization by chinook salmon appears to be influenced by nonhydraulic variables. Application of models in current instream flow studies need to include factors such as water temperature and aquatic insect production. Title: Microhabitat utilization by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in relation to stream discharges in the lower American River of California Author: Jackson, Terry A. Habitats for juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were observed at a high flow during the spring of 1989 and at a low flow during the spring of 1991 in the lower American River of California. Parameters of microhabitats in eight macrohabitats were measured. Mean column water velocity and total water depth variables were used to statistically compare juvenile chinook salmon microhabitat distributions between and among macrohabitat type/reach and flow combinations. Using mean column water velocity and total water depth as independent variables, each macrohabitat type/reach appeared to be unique. Mean column water velocity seemed to be a better descriptor of juvenile chinook salmon habitat selection than was total water depth. Riffles appeared to be the preferred macrohabitats for large non-schooling chinook salmon at both flow levels. Root wads, woody debris, and submerged terrestrial vegetation were utilized extensively and provided a significant cover for schooling chinook salmon during the high flow period. Habitat utilization by chinook salmon appears to be influenced by nonhydraulic variables. Application of models in current instream flow studies need to include factors such as water temperature and aquatic insect production. Close

• 76. [Article] Development of a streamside incubator for culture of Pacific salmon

  Criteria for the design and construction of a prototype streamside incubator for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) eggs and alevins are described. Operation of the prototype and methods of transporting freshly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a streamside incubator for culture of Pacific salmon Author: Poon, Derek Clinton Criteria for the design and construction of a prototype streamside incubator for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) eggs and alevins are described. Operation of the prototype and methods of transporting freshly spawned salmon eggs from distant sources are reported. Effects of water velocity, stocking density, and substrate type on the growth, development, survival, and behavior of Pacific salmon embryos, alevins, and fry were studied. The results suggest that the optimum conditions result from low stocking density of about one layer of fertilized eggs, water velocity of 54 to 220 cm/hr. and a smooth cobble substrate. The prototype incubator was tested with about 500, 000 salmon eggs in 1968-69. Due to some serious mechanical problems and poor water circulation in the hatchery tanks, mortalities exceeded the fry production for the first year of operation. Several problems were identified and design improvements suggested. A method was developed for transporting live salmon eggs unfertilized by packing the eggs and milt in separate containers. By maintaining temperatures of 6°c and effecting fertilization after 20 hours in storage, very high ( > 90%) fertility was obtained. A practical application of the method was demonstrated with 150,000 pink salmon eggs transported from southeastern Alaska to Oregon. Title: Development of a streamside incubator for culture of Pacific salmon Author: Poon, Derek Clinton Criteria for the design and construction of a prototype streamside incubator for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) eggs and alevins are described. Operation of the prototype and methods of transporting freshly spawned salmon eggs from distant sources are reported. Effects of water velocity, stocking density, and substrate type on the growth, development, survival, and behavior of Pacific salmon embryos, alevins, and fry were studied. The results suggest that the optimum conditions result from low stocking density of about one layer of fertilized eggs, water velocity of 54 to 220 cm/hr. and a smooth cobble substrate. The prototype incubator was tested with about 500, 000 salmon eggs in 1968-69. Due to some serious mechanical problems and poor water circulation in the hatchery tanks, mortalities exceeded the fry production for the first year of operation. Several problems were identified and design improvements suggested. A method was developed for transporting live salmon eggs unfertilized by packing the eggs and milt in separate containers. By maintaining temperatures of 6°c and effecting fertilization after 20 hours in storage, very high ( > 90%) fertility was obtained. A practical application of the method was demonstrated with 150,000 pink salmon eggs transported from southeastern Alaska to Oregon. Close

• 77. [Article] Treaty past, treaty present : an interdisciplinary analysis of the Pacific Salmon Treaty through examination of the values, culture and political structures that provide definition

  The Pacific Salmon Treaty was established by Canada and the United States to secure sustainability of salmon harvests within the Pacific Northwest. Renewed in June 1999, the treaty functions to legitimize ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Treaty past, treaty present : an interdisciplinary analysis of the Pacific Salmon Treaty through examination of the values, culture and political structures that provide definition Author: Evans, Paul L. The Pacific Salmon Treaty was established by Canada and the United States to secure sustainability of salmon harvests within the Pacific Northwest. Renewed in June 1999, the treaty functions to legitimize and empower the Pacific Salmon Commission as the agent of fishery sustainability. The Pacific Salmon Commission serves as a bilateral recommendation-making body. Through its formal and informal, communications, the commission suggests action and defines regional salmon policy. Over the past decade pressures related to overharvest, changing oceanic conditions, and an increasing demand for production have challenged the commission and the fishery as never before. The Pacific Salmon Treaty was officially signed into existence in 1985. It was supposed to be re-ratified in 1992. This did not occur. From 1992 until 1999 numerous ratification processes were attempted, all but one failed. During this time tensions mounted and expressed frustrations nearly prompted overt violence. In August 1997 Canadian fishermen angered at the lack of a solution blockaded a U.S. passenger ferry thrusting the issue onto the world stage. In response to the crisis Canada and the U.S. empowered a joint commission to find resolution. While the resultant Strangway-Ruckelshaus Initiative proved to be a failure, its findings paved the way for eventual re-ratification. The Pacific Salmon Treaty exists because salmon within the Pacific Northwest represent different but simultaneous values within rooted world view orientations. The respective political cultures of Canada and the U.S. have sustained administrative regimes consistent with their dominant understanding of salmon and its values. Divergent cultural expectations and shared economic pressures have sustained conflict over the fishery and led to political and economic uncertainty. The Pacific Salmon Treaty is a work in progress. Understanding the treaty's context, historical development and function is vital for the sustainability of the fishery. The recent ratification of the Pacific Salmon Treaty represents an evolution in shared resource management. Based upon an abundance-based management regime the 1999 agreement provides the Pacific Salmon Commission with more discretionary capacity. However, the new pact may prove to be incomplete in form and function because of contradictory world view orientations. This research suggests that an emphasis on struggle management instead of conflict avoidance coupled with an enhanced bilateral commitment to the sustainability of the fishery may prove most helpful for the long-term outlook of the salmon. It also suggests that it is simply too early to tell whether this most recent attempt can or will save the salmon. Title: Treaty past, treaty present : an interdisciplinary analysis of the Pacific Salmon Treaty through examination of the values, culture and political structures that provide definition Author: Evans, Paul L. The Pacific Salmon Treaty was established by Canada and the United States to secure sustainability of salmon harvests within the Pacific Northwest. Renewed in June 1999, the treaty functions to legitimize and empower the Pacific Salmon Commission as the agent of fishery sustainability. The Pacific Salmon Commission serves as a bilateral recommendation-making body. Through its formal and informal, communications, the commission suggests action and defines regional salmon policy. Over the past decade pressures related to overharvest, changing oceanic conditions, and an increasing demand for production have challenged the commission and the fishery as never before. The Pacific Salmon Treaty was officially signed into existence in 1985. It was supposed to be re-ratified in 1992. This did not occur. From 1992 until 1999 numerous ratification processes were attempted, all but one failed. During this time tensions mounted and expressed frustrations nearly prompted overt violence. In August 1997 Canadian fishermen angered at the lack of a solution blockaded a U.S. passenger ferry thrusting the issue onto the world stage. In response to the crisis Canada and the U.S. empowered a joint commission to find resolution. While the resultant Strangway-Ruckelshaus Initiative proved to be a failure, its findings paved the way for eventual re-ratification. The Pacific Salmon Treaty exists because salmon within the Pacific Northwest represent different but simultaneous values within rooted world view orientations. The respective political cultures of Canada and the U.S. have sustained administrative regimes consistent with their dominant understanding of salmon and its values. Divergent cultural expectations and shared economic pressures have sustained conflict over the fishery and led to political and economic uncertainty. The Pacific Salmon Treaty is a work in progress. Understanding the treaty's context, historical development and function is vital for the sustainability of the fishery. The recent ratification of the Pacific Salmon Treaty represents an evolution in shared resource management. Based upon an abundance-based management regime the 1999 agreement provides the Pacific Salmon Commission with more discretionary capacity. However, the new pact may prove to be incomplete in form and function because of contradictory world view orientations. This research suggests that an emphasis on struggle management instead of conflict avoidance coupled with an enhanced bilateral commitment to the sustainability of the fishery may prove most helpful for the long-term outlook of the salmon. It also suggests that it is simply too early to tell whether this most recent attempt can or will save the salmon. Close

• 78. [Article] The Economics of Norwegian Salmon Farming: A Review of 30 years of Production Growth

  Power Point presentation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economics of Norwegian Salmon Farming: A Review of 30 years of Production Growth Author: Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold, Guttormsen, Atle G. Power Point presentation. Title: The Economics of Norwegian Salmon Farming: A Review of 30 years of Production Growth Author: Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold, Guttormsen, Atle G. Power Point presentation. Close

• 79. [Article] Reconstructing juvenile chinook salmon life history in the Salmon River Estuary, Oregon, using otolith microchemistry and microstructure

  Publisher's PDF courtesy of the American Fisheries Society

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reconstructing juvenile chinook salmon life history in the Salmon River Estuary, Oregon, using otolith microchemistry and microstructure Author: Jones, Kim K., Simenstad, Charles A., Volk, Eric C., Bottom, Daniel L. Publisher's PDF courtesy of the American Fisheries Society Title: Reconstructing juvenile chinook salmon life history in the Salmon River Estuary, Oregon, using otolith microchemistry and microstructure Author: Jones, Kim K., Simenstad, Charles A., Volk, Eric C., Bottom, Daniel L. Publisher's PDF courtesy of the American Fisheries Society Close

• 80. [Article] Relative resistance of the Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the parasitic larvae (Glochidia) of the freshwater mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera)

  The relative resistance of the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the chinook salmon (O. tshawyscha) to the parasitic larvae (glochidia) of the freshwater mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) was studied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relative resistance of the Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the parasitic larvae (Glochidia) of the freshwater mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) Author: Fustish, Charles A. The relative resistance of the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the chinook salmon (O. tshawyscha) to the parasitic larvae (glochidia) of the freshwater mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) was studied in an attempt to determine why the coho appeared to be more resistant. Natural and acquired antibody was sought in the mucus and plasma of the coho and chinook salmon using microtiter and gel diffusion plates. Whole mucus and plasma from fish not possessing the parasite were tested for lethality by observing living glochidia in each. Mucus and plasma from both species were fractionated using Sephadex G-200 gel. Total protein and lethality to living glochidia were determined for fractions possessing high protein levels. Histological sections were made at periodic intervals into the infection period to determine how the coho salmon sloughed the parasite from its gill filaments after a week into the parasitic period, while the chinook salmon held the parasite on its gills for 12 weeks. Acquired antibody was sought in the mucus and plasma of both species every 2 weeks into the parasitic period. This is the first documented report of what appears to be acquired antibody to the glochidia of M. margaritifera. Antibody precipitates appeared in the plasma of both infected coho and chinook salmon at 8 and 12 weeks into the parasitic period. Histological sections showed encysted glochidia of M. margaritifera being sloughed by coho salmon due to increased cellular hyperplasia (cell proliferation) in the area of the cysts. No such hyperplastic reaction was noted in the gills of the chinook salmon. Natural antibodies were not found. Lethal proteins, if present, in mucus or plasma of uninfected fish are too weak to play an important role in the coho's resistance to glochidiosis. Title: Relative resistance of the Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the parasitic larvae (Glochidia) of the freshwater mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) Author: Fustish, Charles A. The relative resistance of the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the chinook salmon (O. tshawyscha) to the parasitic larvae (glochidia) of the freshwater mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) was studied in an attempt to determine why the coho appeared to be more resistant. Natural and acquired antibody was sought in the mucus and plasma of the coho and chinook salmon using microtiter and gel diffusion plates. Whole mucus and plasma from fish not possessing the parasite were tested for lethality by observing living glochidia in each. Mucus and plasma from both species were fractionated using Sephadex G-200 gel. Total protein and lethality to living glochidia were determined for fractions possessing high protein levels. Histological sections were made at periodic intervals into the infection period to determine how the coho salmon sloughed the parasite from its gill filaments after a week into the parasitic period, while the chinook salmon held the parasite on its gills for 12 weeks. Acquired antibody was sought in the mucus and plasma of both species every 2 weeks into the parasitic period. This is the first documented report of what appears to be acquired antibody to the glochidia of M. margaritifera. Antibody precipitates appeared in the plasma of both infected coho and chinook salmon at 8 and 12 weeks into the parasitic period. Histological sections showed encysted glochidia of M. margaritifera being sloughed by coho salmon due to increased cellular hyperplasia (cell proliferation) in the area of the cysts. No such hyperplastic reaction was noted in the gills of the chinook salmon. Natural antibodies were not found. Lethal proteins, if present, in mucus or plasma of uninfected fish are too weak to play an important role in the coho's resistance to glochidiosis. Close

• 81. [Article] Species and Life History Affect the Utility of Otolith Chemical Composition for Determining Natal Stream of Origin for Pacific Salmon

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species and Life History Affect the Utility of Otolith Chemical Composition for Determining Natal Stream of Origin for Pacific Salmon Author: Kent, Adam J. R., Volk, Eric C., Swanson, Heidi K., Zimmerman, Christian E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://fisheries.org/. Title: Species and Life History Affect the Utility of Otolith Chemical Composition for Determining Natal Stream of Origin for Pacific Salmon Author: Kent, Adam J. R., Volk, Eric C., Swanson, Heidi K., Zimmerman, Christian E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://fisheries.org/. Close

• 82. [Article] The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938

  Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Close

• 83. [Article] Oral immunization for the control of vibriosis in Pacific salmon

  An oral vaccine was developed for control of vibriosis in Pacific salmon. The vaccine consists of a lyophilized sonicate of cells of Vibrio anguillarum, the causative agent of this disease. The preparation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oral immunization for the control of vibriosis in Pacific salmon Author: Nelson, Jim Steel An oral vaccine was developed for control of vibriosis in Pacific salmon. The vaccine consists of a lyophilized sonicate of cells of Vibrio anguillarum, the causative agent of this disease. The preparation was incorporated into a ration and fed to salmon in fresh water before the fish were transported and exposed to the disease at the Lint Slough marine rearing facility, Waldport, Oregon. Spring and fall chinook salmon were fed vaccine at a level of 300 μg per fish over a 14-day period. This resulted in 27% mortality in vaccinated salmon as compared to 97% in nonvaccinated fish. Vaccine was fed to spring chinook salmon at 100, 200, and 300 μg per fish over a 14-day interval. At a dosage of 100 rig, mortality sharply increased to 58% whereas 200 and 300 μg resulted in 33% mortality. Salmon receiving no vaccine had a 90% mortality. Spring chinook were fed vaccine at 200, 300, 500, 700, and 1,000 μg per fish over a 14-day period. Increasing the dosage did not lower the mortality. The mortality was about 20% in the vaccinated groups of fish as compared to 90% in the nonvaccinated fish. Feeding booster vaccine in fresh or salt water did not further reduce mortality. Coho salmon were fed vaccine at 1,000 μg per fish over a 28-day period instead of a 14-day period. This resulted in less than three percent mortality for vaccinated animals as compared to 90% mortality in nonvaccinated fish. The nature of the immunity was investigated. Salmon which demonstrated high levels of protection after oral immunization were examined for humoral antibody. None was found. This suggested a localized immunity. There is a suggestion of some specificity for vibriosis as a result of receiving vibriosis vaccine. A vaccine was prepared from Aeromonas salmonicida, another Gram negative fish pathogen. Mortality in A. salmonicida vaccinated salmon was as high as in nonvaccinated animals when exposed to vibriosis. Title: Oral immunization for the control of vibriosis in Pacific salmon Author: Nelson, Jim Steel An oral vaccine was developed for control of vibriosis in Pacific salmon. The vaccine consists of a lyophilized sonicate of cells of Vibrio anguillarum, the causative agent of this disease. The preparation was incorporated into a ration and fed to salmon in fresh water before the fish were transported and exposed to the disease at the Lint Slough marine rearing facility, Waldport, Oregon. Spring and fall chinook salmon were fed vaccine at a level of 300 μg per fish over a 14-day period. This resulted in 27% mortality in vaccinated salmon as compared to 97% in nonvaccinated fish. Vaccine was fed to spring chinook salmon at 100, 200, and 300 μg per fish over a 14-day interval. At a dosage of 100 rig, mortality sharply increased to 58% whereas 200 and 300 μg resulted in 33% mortality. Salmon receiving no vaccine had a 90% mortality. Spring chinook were fed vaccine at 200, 300, 500, 700, and 1,000 μg per fish over a 14-day period. Increasing the dosage did not lower the mortality. The mortality was about 20% in the vaccinated groups of fish as compared to 90% in the nonvaccinated fish. Feeding booster vaccine in fresh or salt water did not further reduce mortality. Coho salmon were fed vaccine at 1,000 μg per fish over a 28-day period instead of a 14-day period. This resulted in less than three percent mortality for vaccinated animals as compared to 90% mortality in nonvaccinated fish. The nature of the immunity was investigated. Salmon which demonstrated high levels of protection after oral immunization were examined for humoral antibody. None was found. This suggested a localized immunity. There is a suggestion of some specificity for vibriosis as a result of receiving vibriosis vaccine. A vaccine was prepared from Aeromonas salmonicida, another Gram negative fish pathogen. Mortality in A. salmonicida vaccinated salmon was as high as in nonvaccinated animals when exposed to vibriosis. Close

• 84. [Article] Multiscale habitat electivity and movement patterns by adult spring chinook salmon in seven river basins of northeast Oregon

  I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiscale habitat electivity and movement patterns by adult spring chinook salmon in seven river basins of northeast Oregon Author: Price, David M. I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande Ronde, John Day, and Imnaha basins. The objective was to compare habitat use and availability among streams, channel units, and microhabitats, and to assess chinook salmon fidelity to those habitats using radio-telemetry. The analyses showed that habitat quality and availability in the seven study streams varied. Each stream posed different physical constraints on adult chinook salmon habitat; this was reflected by the differential use of habitat by salmon among streams. Salmon elected pools almost exclusively in the John Day Basin, whereas pools and riffles were elected in near equal proportion in the Grande Ronde and Inmaha basins. Within streams, use was similar between years. Almost all salmon were observed in association with cover, but the type of cover largely reflected availablity. Chinook salmon elected the deepest depths within channel units (microhabitat scale), but not necessarily the deepest channel units among streams (channel unit scale). Chinook salmon did not elect cooler stream temperatures within channel units in any study stream, except the Middle Fork John Day River. Radio-tagged chinook showed a high fidelity to habitats, except when stream temperatures approached lethal limits. Due to stream specific differences in habitat availability and use, multiscale habitat assessments for individual streams are recommended to increase the success of watershed restoration activities. Title: Multiscale habitat electivity and movement patterns by adult spring chinook salmon in seven river basins of northeast Oregon Author: Price, David M. I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande Ronde, John Day, and Imnaha basins. The objective was to compare habitat use and availability among streams, channel units, and microhabitats, and to assess chinook salmon fidelity to those habitats using radio-telemetry. The analyses showed that habitat quality and availability in the seven study streams varied. Each stream posed different physical constraints on adult chinook salmon habitat; this was reflected by the differential use of habitat by salmon among streams. Salmon elected pools almost exclusively in the John Day Basin, whereas pools and riffles were elected in near equal proportion in the Grande Ronde and Inmaha basins. Within streams, use was similar between years. Almost all salmon were observed in association with cover, but the type of cover largely reflected availablity. Chinook salmon elected the deepest depths within channel units (microhabitat scale), but not necessarily the deepest channel units among streams (channel unit scale). Chinook salmon did not elect cooler stream temperatures within channel units in any study stream, except the Middle Fork John Day River. Radio-tagged chinook showed a high fidelity to habitats, except when stream temperatures approached lethal limits. Due to stream specific differences in habitat availability and use, multiscale habitat assessments for individual streams are recommended to increase the success of watershed restoration activities. Close

• 85. [Article] Anthropogenic activities associated with the status of salmon stocks in Pacific Northwest watersheds

  Stocks of salmon are declining in the Pacific Northwest. Based on region-wide studies that list and categorize the status of salmon stocks (Nehlsen et al., 1991; Huntington et al., 1994; and Nawa, 1995), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Anthropogenic activities associated with the status of salmon stocks in Pacific Northwest watersheds Author: Mrakovcich, Karina Lorenz Stocks of salmon are declining in the Pacific Northwest. Based on region-wide studies that list and categorize the status of salmon stocks (Nehlsen et al., 1991; Huntington et al., 1994; and Nawa, 1995), I analyze the watersheds where stocks of salmon spawn for several anthropogenic variables, most of which are known to affect salmon. A total of 202 watersheds (stocks of salmon) in Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho are coded for 13 anthropogenic variables such as dams, forest, agriculture, human population, hatcheries, Indian tribes, and watershed organizations. Most variables are ordinally coded 1 to 5 with the help of maps, some survey results, and visual assessment. Hypotheses are that the human activities that are detrimental to the health of salmon are associated with the poor status of salmon stocks in watersheds where they spawn. Salmon watersheds are also analyzed according to ecoregions and salmon management regions. Principal components analysis is performed to reduce the number of anthropogenic variables into factors. Kendall's tau, partial correlation, multiple linear regression, logistic regression, and discriminant analyses are performed separately for five species/races of salmon (coho, spring chinook, summer chinook, fall chinook, winter steelhead) and for the watershed average for salmon stock status, against the anthropogenic variables and factors. Statistical results using both variables and factors support most of the hypotheses relative to salmon and anthropogenic activities in watersheds. Results suggest that the 5 species/races of salmon are associated differently with most anthropogenic activities. The greater the amount of dams below watersheds where salmon spawn, the less healthy the salmon stocks. Summer chinook are least healthy where hatcheries are absent, while wild and scenic rivers are associated with healthier spring chinook. Coho are least healthy where there is more agriculture, more human population, and less forest. Fall chinook are least healthy where there is more US Forest Service land. Winter steelhead are least healthy where hatcheries are absent and less Indian tribal land. Ecoregional differences coupled with the absence of dams on the Coast compared to the Columbia Basin are associated with healthier coastal stocks. Title: Anthropogenic activities associated with the status of salmon stocks in Pacific Northwest watersheds Author: Mrakovcich, Karina Lorenz Stocks of salmon are declining in the Pacific Northwest. Based on region-wide studies that list and categorize the status of salmon stocks (Nehlsen et al., 1991; Huntington et al., 1994; and Nawa, 1995), I analyze the watersheds where stocks of salmon spawn for several anthropogenic variables, most of which are known to affect salmon. A total of 202 watersheds (stocks of salmon) in Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho are coded for 13 anthropogenic variables such as dams, forest, agriculture, human population, hatcheries, Indian tribes, and watershed organizations. Most variables are ordinally coded 1 to 5 with the help of maps, some survey results, and visual assessment. Hypotheses are that the human activities that are detrimental to the health of salmon are associated with the poor status of salmon stocks in watersheds where they spawn. Salmon watersheds are also analyzed according to ecoregions and salmon management regions. Principal components analysis is performed to reduce the number of anthropogenic variables into factors. Kendall's tau, partial correlation, multiple linear regression, logistic regression, and discriminant analyses are performed separately for five species/races of salmon (coho, spring chinook, summer chinook, fall chinook, winter steelhead) and for the watershed average for salmon stock status, against the anthropogenic variables and factors. Statistical results using both variables and factors support most of the hypotheses relative to salmon and anthropogenic activities in watersheds. Results suggest that the 5 species/races of salmon are associated differently with most anthropogenic activities. The greater the amount of dams below watersheds where salmon spawn, the less healthy the salmon stocks. Summer chinook are least healthy where hatcheries are absent, while wild and scenic rivers are associated with healthier spring chinook. Coho are least healthy where there is more agriculture, more human population, and less forest. Fall chinook are least healthy where there is more US Forest Service land. Winter steelhead are least healthy where hatcheries are absent and less Indian tribal land. Ecoregional differences coupled with the absence of dams on the Coast compared to the Columbia Basin are associated with healthier coastal stocks. Close

• 86. [Article] Price relationships between domestic wild salmon, aquacultured rainbow trout and Norwegian farmed salmon in Finland

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Price relationships between domestic wild salmon, aquacultured rainbow trout and Norwegian farmed salmon in Finland Author: Mickwitz, Per Research Paper Title: Price relationships between domestic wild salmon, aquacultured rainbow trout and Norwegian farmed salmon in Finland Author: Mickwitz, Per Research Paper Close

• 87. [Article] Fatty acids of exercised and non-exercised salmon

  The fatty acids of coho salmon were identified and then a study was conducted to determine the effects of exercise on the fatty acids of salmon forced to swim against water velocities of 52, 54, 56, and 59 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fatty acids of exercised and non-exercised salmon Author: Saddler, James Bryan The fatty acids of coho salmon were identified and then a study was conducted to determine the effects of exercise on the fatty acids of salmon forced to swim against water velocities of 52, 54, 56, and 59 cm/sec, The shorter and lighter salmon were less competent at a given velocity than were the longer and heavier salmon. The metabolism of exercise, the unexpected selection by the exercise procedure of long and short fish, and time of holding in the laboratory were involved in the differences noted between control and exercised salmon, Seven saturated and twenty unsaturated fatty acids were found in the lipids of the coho salmon. At all four velocities between 13 and 18 fatty acids were present in significantly smaller quantities after swimming than in control salmon. At 52 and 54 cm/sec the greater changes were in acids 16:0, 16:1, and 18:2; at 56 cm/sec in 22:6, 20:4, and 18:2; and at 59 cm/sec in 14:0, 18:2, and 18:4. Salmon swimming for shorter distances at high velocities preferentially metabolize a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. The average swimming times for salmon swimming at velocities of 52, 54, 56, and 59 cm/sec were 1141, 645, 469, and 398 minutes respectively. The average distances traveled for salmon swimming at 52, 54, 56, and 59 cm/sec were 26.0, 16.9, 13.7, and 12.7 miles respectively. The average weight of control salmon was 5.22 grams and the average weights of swimming salmon were 4.39, 4, 28, 4.81, and 4.74 grams, respectively, for water velocities of 52, 54, 56, and 59 cm/sec. The average amount of lipid for control salmon was 233 mg and the average amounts of lipids for swimming salmon were 179, 206, 245, and 223 mg respectively. The average amount of fatty acid methyl esters for control salmon was 189 mg and the average amounts of fatty acid methyl esters for swimming salmon were 149, 169, 192, and 178 respectively. Brett (21) has provided information relating swimming velocity and oxygen consumption for sockeye salmon. The estimated average oxygen consumption for salmon swimming at 52 cm/sec was 98.4 mg and at 59 cm/sec was 53.7 mg. Since 1 mg of oxygen will burn 0.38 mg of lipid, the lipid equivalent of the total estimated oxidative costs for exercise are 37.0 mg at 52 cm/sec and 20 mg at 59 cm/sec. The observed lipid losses noted were 54 mg at 52 cm/sec and 10 mg at 59 cm/sec and are considerably higher at 52 cm/sec than calculated values even when all oxidative losses are attributed to lipids. At 52 cm/sec the weight loss for swimming salmon was 830 mg and at 59 cm/sec was 480 mg. Of the total loss, lipids represent 54 and 10 mg respectively-. Approximately 80% or 664 and 384 mg may have been water. The protein plus carbohydrate losses were approximately 112 mg and 86 mg respectively. The lipid losses represent 502 and 93 calories, the protein plus carbohydrate losses approximately 616 and 473 calories, and the total caloric losses were 1118 and 566 calories at 52 and 59 cm/sec respectively. Similar losses calculated from the oxygen consumption data of Brett (21) on Oncorhynchus nerka give 344 and 188 calories respectively. The caloric cost as estimated from material losses are three times as great as the losses calculated from the oxygen consumption data of Brett. However, the oxygen consumption data of Brett were collected during one, and at the most two hours at high velocity. It seems reasonable that when a maximum effort is involved, that each succeeding mile and each succeeding hour is more difficult and more costly to the salmon. Brett (21) found a ratio for maximum active metabolism to standard metabolism of 8:1 for a 5 gram fish. If the data in this study on material balance are supported by further bioenergetic data, for prolonged exercise the ratio of active to standard metabolism may even reach a value of 24:1 on the basis of calories lost. Title: Fatty acids of exercised and non-exercised salmon Author: Saddler, James Bryan The fatty acids of coho salmon were identified and then a study was conducted to determine the effects of exercise on the fatty acids of salmon forced to swim against water velocities of 52, 54, 56, and 59 cm/sec, The shorter and lighter salmon were less competent at a given velocity than were the longer and heavier salmon. The metabolism of exercise, the unexpected selection by the exercise procedure of long and short fish, and time of holding in the laboratory were involved in the differences noted between control and exercised salmon, Seven saturated and twenty unsaturated fatty acids were found in the lipids of the coho salmon. At all four velocities between 13 and 18 fatty acids were present in significantly smaller quantities after swimming than in control salmon. At 52 and 54 cm/sec the greater changes were in acids 16:0, 16:1, and 18:2; at 56 cm/sec in 22:6, 20:4, and 18:2; and at 59 cm/sec in 14:0, 18:2, and 18:4. Salmon swimming for shorter distances at high velocities preferentially metabolize a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. The average swimming times for salmon swimming at velocities of 52, 54, 56, and 59 cm/sec were 1141, 645, 469, and 398 minutes respectively. The average distances traveled for salmon swimming at 52, 54, 56, and 59 cm/sec were 26.0, 16.9, 13.7, and 12.7 miles respectively. The average weight of control salmon was 5.22 grams and the average weights of swimming salmon were 4.39, 4, 28, 4.81, and 4.74 grams, respectively, for water velocities of 52, 54, 56, and 59 cm/sec. The average amount of lipid for control salmon was 233 mg and the average amounts of lipids for swimming salmon were 179, 206, 245, and 223 mg respectively. The average amount of fatty acid methyl esters for control salmon was 189 mg and the average amounts of fatty acid methyl esters for swimming salmon were 149, 169, 192, and 178 respectively. Brett (21) has provided information relating swimming velocity and oxygen consumption for sockeye salmon. The estimated average oxygen consumption for salmon swimming at 52 cm/sec was 98.4 mg and at 59 cm/sec was 53.7 mg. Since 1 mg of oxygen will burn 0.38 mg of lipid, the lipid equivalent of the total estimated oxidative costs for exercise are 37.0 mg at 52 cm/sec and 20 mg at 59 cm/sec. The observed lipid losses noted were 54 mg at 52 cm/sec and 10 mg at 59 cm/sec and are considerably higher at 52 cm/sec than calculated values even when all oxidative losses are attributed to lipids. At 52 cm/sec the weight loss for swimming salmon was 830 mg and at 59 cm/sec was 480 mg. Of the total loss, lipids represent 54 and 10 mg respectively-. Approximately 80% or 664 and 384 mg may have been water. The protein plus carbohydrate losses were approximately 112 mg and 86 mg respectively. The lipid losses represent 502 and 93 calories, the protein plus carbohydrate losses approximately 616 and 473 calories, and the total caloric losses were 1118 and 566 calories at 52 and 59 cm/sec respectively. Similar losses calculated from the oxygen consumption data of Brett (21) on Oncorhynchus nerka give 344 and 188 calories respectively. The caloric cost as estimated from material losses are three times as great as the losses calculated from the oxygen consumption data of Brett. However, the oxygen consumption data of Brett were collected during one, and at the most two hours at high velocity. It seems reasonable that when a maximum effort is involved, that each succeeding mile and each succeeding hour is more difficult and more costly to the salmon. Brett (21) found a ratio for maximum active metabolism to standard metabolism of 8:1 for a 5 gram fish. If the data in this study on material balance are supported by further bioenergetic data, for prolonged exercise the ratio of active to standard metabolism may even reach a value of 24:1 on the basis of calories lost. Close

• 88. [Article] Salmon of the Future: Planting conifer trees now may improve fish habitat later, Featuring Dr. Bill Emmingham

  The diverse habitat required by salmon and other anadramous fish is often created by fallen debris in a stream. Scientists aid conifers in growing near streams to eventually become this debris.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon of the Future: Planting conifer trees now may improve fish habitat later, Featuring Dr. Bill Emmingham Author: Davis, Caryn The diverse habitat required by salmon and other anadramous fish is often created by fallen debris in a stream. Scientists aid conifers in growing near streams to eventually become this debris. Title: Salmon of the Future: Planting conifer trees now may improve fish habitat later, Featuring Dr. Bill Emmingham Author: Davis, Caryn The diverse habitat required by salmon and other anadramous fish is often created by fallen debris in a stream. Scientists aid conifers in growing near streams to eventually become this debris. Close

• 89. [Article] An Evaluation of the Use of Coho Salmon Presmolts to Supplement Wild Production in Oregon Coastal Streams

  This report details a study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using hatchery Coho salmon to rebuild wild populations in Oregon coastal streams.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Evaluation of the Use of Coho Salmon Presmolts to Supplement Wild Production in Oregon Coastal Streams Author: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Nickelson, Thomas E., Solazzi, Mario F., Johnson, Steven L. This report details a study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using hatchery Coho salmon to rebuild wild populations in Oregon coastal streams. Title: An Evaluation of the Use of Coho Salmon Presmolts to Supplement Wild Production in Oregon Coastal Streams Author: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Nickelson, Thomas E., Solazzi, Mario F., Johnson, Steven L. This report details a study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using hatchery Coho salmon to rebuild wild populations in Oregon coastal streams. Close

• 90. [Article] Restoration of the Salmon River salt marshes : retrospect and prospect

  "Final report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Funds supporting this study have been provided by Region 10 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA."

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of the Salmon River salt marshes : retrospect and prospect Author: Frenkel, Robert E., Morlan, Janet C. "Final report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Funds supporting this study have been provided by Region 10 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA." Title: Restoration of the Salmon River salt marshes : retrospect and prospect Author: Frenkel, Robert E., Morlan, Janet C. "Final report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Funds supporting this study have been provided by Region 10 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA." Close

• 91. [Article] Salmon and marine-derived nutrient effects on primary and secondary trophic levels

  The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of organic material and nutrients from spawning salmon and supplemented salmon carcasses on stream food webs. My study objectives were to examine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon and marine-derived nutrient effects on primary and secondary trophic levels Author: Claeson, Shannon M. The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of organic material and nutrients from spawning salmon and supplemented salmon carcasses on stream food webs. My study objectives were to examine 1) assimilation of salmon-derived nutrients (SDN) by producers and consumers in the food web, 2) epilithic biofilm productivity, 3) leaf-litter decomposition rates, and 4) benthic insect density and biomass, in areas with and without spawning salmon and also compare these responses downstream and upstream of salmon carcasses. My hypothesis was that production-related measures of organisms that assimilate SDN would increase in response to spawning salmon or added carcasses. Biofilm, leaf-litter, and macroinvertebrate responses to salmon were evaluated during two field studies in the Wind River basin of southwest Washington. The first study (July - November 2002) was observational and compared responses from a reach with spawning Chinook (Onchorhychus tshawytscha) to two reaches upstream of spawning salmon. In the second experiment (July - October 2003), Chinook carcasses were added and retained within three streams in which responses were measured at increasing distances downstream of the salmon (10m, 50m, 150m, and 250m) and compared to responses measured upstream of salmon. Analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes demonstrated that SDN from both naturally spawned salmon and manually added carcasses were incorporated into the stream food webs by epilithic biofilm, most benthic insects (scrapers, collectors, and predators), and juvenile steelhead. However, I was unable to detect changes in primary and secondary production-related measures in response to naturally spawned salmon. This observational study was limited in its design and the carcass-addition experiment in the second year provided greater resolution about secondary consumers and spatially explicit responses. Results from the carcass-addition study showed a non-significant increase in epilithic biofilm chlorophyll a levels in October, but no effect on biofilm ash-free-dry-mass. Leaf decomposition rates in September were significantly faster at one site downstream of added carcasses, but shredding insects did not increase in density or biomass, and shredders did not assimilate SDN. Of the nutrients measured (NH⁴-N, NO³-N, NO²-N, DON, SRP, DOC), only ammonium increased significantly downstream of added carcasses. Total benthic insect density significantly increased in September whereas total insect biomass was highly variable and no changes were detected. Densities and/or biomass of some scraping (Heptageniidae) and collecting (Chironomidae and Elmidae) benthic insects increased in September and/or October. Predatory insects did not increase in density or biomass, though they did assimilate SDN. These results suggest a potential bottom-up cascade in which increased primary production was reduced by an increase in secondary consumers. In general, benthic responses were highest within 50 m downstream of added carcasses. Salmon-derived nitrogen was observed in epilithic biofilm and some benthic insects collected 150 m downstream of carcasses. The timing of responses varied depending on the mode of consumption. In limnephiled caddis larvae colonizing carcasses, the SDN signal peaked just 2 weeks after carcasses were added. Among insects that indirectly consumed SDN, the signal peaked 2 months post-carcass addition. Benthic insect production peaked 1.5 months after carcasses were added, with most measures returning to background levels one month later. Augmenting streams with salmon carcasses may influence several ecosystem components, but responses may be spatially localized around carcasses and persist for only a short time after carcasses are added. Title: Salmon and marine-derived nutrient effects on primary and secondary trophic levels Author: Claeson, Shannon M. The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of organic material and nutrients from spawning salmon and supplemented salmon carcasses on stream food webs. My study objectives were to examine 1) assimilation of salmon-derived nutrients (SDN) by producers and consumers in the food web, 2) epilithic biofilm productivity, 3) leaf-litter decomposition rates, and 4) benthic insect density and biomass, in areas with and without spawning salmon and also compare these responses downstream and upstream of salmon carcasses. My hypothesis was that production-related measures of organisms that assimilate SDN would increase in response to spawning salmon or added carcasses. Biofilm, leaf-litter, and macroinvertebrate responses to salmon were evaluated during two field studies in the Wind River basin of southwest Washington. The first study (July - November 2002) was observational and compared responses from a reach with spawning Chinook (Onchorhychus tshawytscha) to two reaches upstream of spawning salmon. In the second experiment (July - October 2003), Chinook carcasses were added and retained within three streams in which responses were measured at increasing distances downstream of the salmon (10m, 50m, 150m, and 250m) and compared to responses measured upstream of salmon. Analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes demonstrated that SDN from both naturally spawned salmon and manually added carcasses were incorporated into the stream food webs by epilithic biofilm, most benthic insects (scrapers, collectors, and predators), and juvenile steelhead. However, I was unable to detect changes in primary and secondary production-related measures in response to naturally spawned salmon. This observational study was limited in its design and the carcass-addition experiment in the second year provided greater resolution about secondary consumers and spatially explicit responses. Results from the carcass-addition study showed a non-significant increase in epilithic biofilm chlorophyll a levels in October, but no effect on biofilm ash-free-dry-mass. Leaf decomposition rates in September were significantly faster at one site downstream of added carcasses, but shredding insects did not increase in density or biomass, and shredders did not assimilate SDN. Of the nutrients measured (NH⁴-N, NO³-N, NO²-N, DON, SRP, DOC), only ammonium increased significantly downstream of added carcasses. Total benthic insect density significantly increased in September whereas total insect biomass was highly variable and no changes were detected. Densities and/or biomass of some scraping (Heptageniidae) and collecting (Chironomidae and Elmidae) benthic insects increased in September and/or October. Predatory insects did not increase in density or biomass, though they did assimilate SDN. These results suggest a potential bottom-up cascade in which increased primary production was reduced by an increase in secondary consumers. In general, benthic responses were highest within 50 m downstream of added carcasses. Salmon-derived nitrogen was observed in epilithic biofilm and some benthic insects collected 150 m downstream of carcasses. The timing of responses varied depending on the mode of consumption. In limnephiled caddis larvae colonizing carcasses, the SDN signal peaked just 2 weeks after carcasses were added. Among insects that indirectly consumed SDN, the signal peaked 2 months post-carcass addition. Benthic insect production peaked 1.5 months after carcasses were added, with most measures returning to background levels one month later. Augmenting streams with salmon carcasses may influence several ecosystem components, but responses may be spatially localized around carcasses and persist for only a short time after carcasses are added. Close

• 92. [Article] The effects of Kraft mill waste effluents on king and silver salmon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of Kraft mill waste effluents on king and silver salmon Author: Haydu, Eugene Peter Title: The effects of Kraft mill waste effluents on king and silver salmon Author: Haydu, Eugene Peter Close

• 93. [Article] A physical description of the Salmon River estuary

  A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Title: A physical description of the Salmon River estuary Author: Noble, Scott, Higgins, Bruce, Pratt, Robert, Askren, David, Hansen, Robert A student report for a Civil Engineering 572 class, this document is an extensive description of the Salmon River estuary, including water flow, quality, predictions for the estuary’s future, and numerous charts and graphs. Close

• 94. [Article] Salmon River Estuary hydrographic survey and analysis

  Best scan available. Copy scanned is a photocopy of the original. Some pages are dark and have missing or skewed text.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon River Estuary hydrographic survey and analysis Author: Philip Williams & Associates, Coulton, Kevin G., Siuslaw National Forest (Or.), Crane & Merseth Best scan available. Copy scanned is a photocopy of the original. Some pages are dark and have missing or skewed text. Title: Salmon River Estuary hydrographic survey and analysis Author: Philip Williams & Associates, Coulton, Kevin G., Siuslaw National Forest (Or.), Crane & Merseth Best scan available. Copy scanned is a photocopy of the original. Some pages are dark and have missing or skewed text. Close

• 95. [Article] Spawning Coho and Chinook Salmon Surveys in Coastal Watersheds of Oregon, 1976

  This document provides the methods and summary of continued surveys on spawning Chinook and Coho salmon in coastal streams of Oregon for 1950-1976.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning Coho and Chinook Salmon Surveys in Coastal Watersheds of Oregon, 1976 Author: Oregon. Department of Fish & Wildlife, Cummings, Ed This document provides the methods and summary of continued surveys on spawning Chinook and Coho salmon in coastal streams of Oregon for 1950-1976. Title: Spawning Coho and Chinook Salmon Surveys in Coastal Watersheds of Oregon, 1976 Author: Oregon. Department of Fish & Wildlife, Cummings, Ed This document provides the methods and summary of continued surveys on spawning Chinook and Coho salmon in coastal streams of Oregon for 1950-1976. Close

• 96. [Article] Summary of hydrographic observations and water use information on Salmon River near Otis Junction, Oregon

  "August 1973."

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of hydrographic observations and water use information on Salmon River near Otis Junction, Oregon Author: Skeesick, Del "August 1973." Title: Summary of hydrographic observations and water use information on Salmon River near Otis Junction, Oregon Author: Skeesick, Del "August 1973." Close

• 97. [Article] Status of private salmon hatcheries in Oregon, 1973-1974

  This document describes private salmon hatcheries in Oregon that were rearing chum, coho and Chinook salmon.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Status of private salmon hatcheries in Oregon, 1973-1974 Author: Korn, Lawrence, Cummings, T. Edwin This document describes private salmon hatcheries in Oregon that were rearing chum, coho and Chinook salmon. Title: Status of private salmon hatcheries in Oregon, 1973-1974 Author: Korn, Lawrence, Cummings, T. Edwin This document describes private salmon hatcheries in Oregon that were rearing chum, coho and Chinook salmon. Close

• 98. [Article] Setting measurable goals for salmon and watershed recovery : examples and recommendations for the Oregon plan for Salmon and Watersheds

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Setting measurable goals for salmon and watershed recovery : examples and recommendations for the Oregon plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: O'Mealy, Mikell K. Year: 2000 Title: Setting measurable goals for salmon and watershed recovery : examples and recommendations for the Oregon plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: O'Mealy, Mikell K. Year: 2000 Close

• 99. [Article] Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch)

  Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch) Author: Marr, John C., Oregon. Fish Commission Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred eighteen chum scales were examined. All fish had gone to sea early in their first year; and 70.5 percent had returned in their third year, 28.7 percent in their fourth, and 0.8 percent in their fifth. Growth curves, based on scale and fish measurements, are given for all sex-age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0001378 x Length [superscript 2.6004]. Tendencies were noted, during the course of the run, for older fish and for males to be relatively more abundant in the earlier portions of the run. In comparisons with data from other localities, it was demonstrated that, from south to north: (1) there is a decrease in mean length at the same age; (2) older fish are progressively more abundant; and (3) the runs are progressively earlier. Pink salmon are uncommon in the Columbia River, and only six were examined. All had gone to sea early in their first year, and all had returned in their second year. Eight hundred eighty-five silver salmon scales were examined. Of the total, 6.1 percent had gone to sea early in their second year, and returned late in their second year (2 [subscript 2]); 0.3 percent had gone to sea early in their third, and returned late in their third (3 [subscript 3]); 83.9 percent had gone to sea in their second, and returned in their third (3 [subscript 2]); and 9.7 percent had gone to sea in their third year, and returned during their fourth year (4 [subscript 3]). Growth curves are given for all, age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0000373 x Length [superscript 2.8945]. As in the case of the chums, changes were noted during the run in the sex ratio and the percentage of age classes. Comparison with data from other localities revealed south-to-north changes in size and in abundance of different age groups, similar to those demonstrated for the chums. It is felt that the differences between races of a single river system will prove to be of the same nature as those here demonstrated between populations of different river systems. Knowledge of the differences between the races of salmons entering the Columbia River may be of extreme importance in the management of the fisheries. Title: Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch) Author: Marr, John C., Oregon. Fish Commission Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred eighteen chum scales were examined. All fish had gone to sea early in their first year; and 70.5 percent had returned in their third year, 28.7 percent in their fourth, and 0.8 percent in their fifth. Growth curves, based on scale and fish measurements, are given for all sex-age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0001378 x Length [superscript 2.6004]. Tendencies were noted, during the course of the run, for older fish and for males to be relatively more abundant in the earlier portions of the run. In comparisons with data from other localities, it was demonstrated that, from south to north: (1) there is a decrease in mean length at the same age; (2) older fish are progressively more abundant; and (3) the runs are progressively earlier. Pink salmon are uncommon in the Columbia River, and only six were examined. All had gone to sea early in their first year, and all had returned in their second year. Eight hundred eighty-five silver salmon scales were examined. Of the total, 6.1 percent had gone to sea early in their second year, and returned late in their second year (2 [subscript 2]); 0.3 percent had gone to sea early in their third, and returned late in their third (3 [subscript 3]); 83.9 percent had gone to sea in their second, and returned in their third (3 [subscript 2]); and 9.7 percent had gone to sea in their third year, and returned during their fourth year (4 [subscript 3]). Growth curves are given for all, age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0000373 x Length [superscript 2.8945]. As in the case of the chums, changes were noted during the run in the sex ratio and the percentage of age classes. Comparison with data from other localities revealed south-to-north changes in size and in abundance of different age groups, similar to those demonstrated for the chums. It is felt that the differences between races of a single river system will prove to be of the same nature as those here demonstrated between populations of different river systems. Knowledge of the differences between the races of salmons entering the Columbia River may be of extreme importance in the management of the fisheries. Close

• 100. [Article] Streamflow requirements of salmonids

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Streamflow requirements of salmonids Author: Keeley, Patrick L., Oregon. Wildlife Commission. Research Division, Nickelson, Thomas E. Title: Streamflow requirements of salmonids Author: Keeley, Patrick L., Oregon. Wildlife Commission. Research Division, Nickelson, Thomas E. Close