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• 1. [Article] Precipitation characteristics for landslide hazard assessment for the central Oregon Coast Range

  Precipitation data from 1988-1995 for 13 rain gauges of the Department of Forest Engineering rain gauge network, and a longer precipitation record, 1976-1995, at Mapleton were analyzed. The objectives ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Precipitation characteristics for landslide hazard assessment for the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Surfleet, Christopher G. Precipitation data from 1988-1995 for 13 rain gauges of the Department of Forest Engineering rain gauge network, and a longer precipitation record, 1976-1995, at Mapleton were analyzed. The objectives were to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation intensity and antecedent precipitation, and understand the role of these characteristics for triggering debris slides from headwalls in the central Oregon Coast Range. Frequency distribution curves and recurrence intervals using a partial-duration series were calculated for the maximum 5-minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hour, 6 hour precipitation durations and antecedent precipitation index (API) for the rain gauge network and the maximum 1 hour and 2 hour precipitation durations for Mapleton. Isohyet lines showing selected 2-year precipitation intensities and API were used to characterize the spatial distribution of precipitation intensity and API across the central Oregon Coast Range. The effect of elevation on this spatial distribution was investigated. An attempt to quantify the occurrence of high intensity precipitation occurring with high antecedent precipitation, which is hypothesized to trigger debris slides, was done by testing if the highest precipitation intensities (greater than a 1 -year recurrence interval) occurred during the storms with the highest API. API and precipitation intensity were tested for correlation to discern if a particular precipitation duration could be used to predict API, thus make it possible to use a precipitation intensity based threshold to assess the general hazard of landslides. Precipitation intensities associated with selected recurrence intervals vary considerably over the study area. Precipitation values for selected durations and recurrence intervals could vary as much as 50% or larger for selected rain gauge locations. Precipitation intensities are higher in the central portion of the study area, centered around the ridges of the Siuslaw River watershed, with decreasing intensity toward the northern and southern boundaries possibly due to topographic influences. Higher API values are found more frequent where the high precipitation intensity spatial trends exists. Relationships between short duration precipitation intensities with elevation, and API with elevation, within the rain gauge network could not be determined. No single precipitation intensity, including total storm precipitation, showed a strong positive correlation with high API for the entire rain gauge network. It appears that any attempts to predict the precipitation characteristics which trigger headwall failure by a precipitation intensity threshold in the central Oregon Coast Range is not possible. Attempts to assess the risk of headwall failure by high API may be possible. High precipitation intensities occurred with high antecedent precipitation conditions and they occur at the highest antecedent precipitation conditions. Title: Precipitation characteristics for landslide hazard assessment for the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Surfleet, Christopher G. Precipitation data from 1988-1995 for 13 rain gauges of the Department of Forest Engineering rain gauge network, and a longer precipitation record, 1976-1995, at Mapleton were analyzed. The objectives were to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation intensity and antecedent precipitation, and understand the role of these characteristics for triggering debris slides from headwalls in the central Oregon Coast Range. Frequency distribution curves and recurrence intervals using a partial-duration series were calculated for the maximum 5-minute, 30 minute, 1 hour, 2 hour, 6 hour precipitation durations and antecedent precipitation index (API) for the rain gauge network and the maximum 1 hour and 2 hour precipitation durations for Mapleton. Isohyet lines showing selected 2-year precipitation intensities and API were used to characterize the spatial distribution of precipitation intensity and API across the central Oregon Coast Range. The effect of elevation on this spatial distribution was investigated. An attempt to quantify the occurrence of high intensity precipitation occurring with high antecedent precipitation, which is hypothesized to trigger debris slides, was done by testing if the highest precipitation intensities (greater than a 1 -year recurrence interval) occurred during the storms with the highest API. API and precipitation intensity were tested for correlation to discern if a particular precipitation duration could be used to predict API, thus make it possible to use a precipitation intensity based threshold to assess the general hazard of landslides. Precipitation intensities associated with selected recurrence intervals vary considerably over the study area. Precipitation values for selected durations and recurrence intervals could vary as much as 50% or larger for selected rain gauge locations. Precipitation intensities are higher in the central portion of the study area, centered around the ridges of the Siuslaw River watershed, with decreasing intensity toward the northern and southern boundaries possibly due to topographic influences. Higher API values are found more frequent where the high precipitation intensity spatial trends exists. Relationships between short duration precipitation intensities with elevation, and API with elevation, within the rain gauge network could not be determined. No single precipitation intensity, including total storm precipitation, showed a strong positive correlation with high API for the entire rain gauge network. It appears that any attempts to predict the precipitation characteristics which trigger headwall failure by a precipitation intensity threshold in the central Oregon Coast Range is not possible. Attempts to assess the risk of headwall failure by high API may be possible. High precipitation intensities occurred with high antecedent precipitation conditions and they occur at the highest antecedent precipitation conditions. Close

• 2. [Article] A stochastic precipitation event model for use in erosion simulations

  Mathematical models of the precipitation process are needed to effectively use historical precipitation data in the design and planning of engineering projects and for analysis of watershed runoff behavior. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A stochastic precipitation event model for use in erosion simulations Author: Istok, J. D. Mathematical models of the precipitation process are needed to effectively use historical precipitation data in the design and planning of engineering projects and for analysis of watershed runoff behavior. Existing simple models based on the assumptions of independent, identically-distributed random variables are insufficient to describe several features of the historical precipitation process. The objective of this research was to develop a stochastic model of hourly precipitation that preserves the pattern of occurrence of precipitation events throughout the year as well as several characteristics of the duration, amount, and intensity of precipitation within events. Historical precipitation data for Salem, Oregon were analyzed to identify the patterns of occurrence of precipitation events and the dependence structure of the precipitation during events. The results of this analysis were used to guide the development of a general model of the precipitation process, based on the theory of stochastic cluster processes. The developed model consists of several parts. A Poisson cluster process is used to describe the pattern of occurrence of precipitation events. In this process, the time between clusters and the number of events within clusters are exponentially distributed random variables. The duration of events and the time between events within clusters are described with identical Logarithmic Negative Mixture distributions. The hourly precipitation amounts within events are described with a nonstationary, first-order autoregression model. To test the precipitation model, parameters were estimated for each month using 31 years of hourly precipitation data for Salem and Pendleton, Oregon, two stations from very different climatic regimes. The results of Monte Carlo simulations showed that the model accurately reproduces the seasonal pattern of event occurrence and the marginal and conditional distributions of the magnitude, duration, and intensity of precipitation during events. Autocorrelation functions for the historical and simulated data were also similar. It is concluded that the model has potential for use in many hydrologic applications that use historical precipitation data. Title: A stochastic precipitation event model for use in erosion simulations Author: Istok, J. D. Mathematical models of the precipitation process are needed to effectively use historical precipitation data in the design and planning of engineering projects and for analysis of watershed runoff behavior. Existing simple models based on the assumptions of independent, identically-distributed random variables are insufficient to describe several features of the historical precipitation process. The objective of this research was to develop a stochastic model of hourly precipitation that preserves the pattern of occurrence of precipitation events throughout the year as well as several characteristics of the duration, amount, and intensity of precipitation within events. Historical precipitation data for Salem, Oregon were analyzed to identify the patterns of occurrence of precipitation events and the dependence structure of the precipitation during events. The results of this analysis were used to guide the development of a general model of the precipitation process, based on the theory of stochastic cluster processes. The developed model consists of several parts. A Poisson cluster process is used to describe the pattern of occurrence of precipitation events. In this process, the time between clusters and the number of events within clusters are exponentially distributed random variables. The duration of events and the time between events within clusters are described with identical Logarithmic Negative Mixture distributions. The hourly precipitation amounts within events are described with a nonstationary, first-order autoregression model. To test the precipitation model, parameters were estimated for each month using 31 years of hourly precipitation data for Salem and Pendleton, Oregon, two stations from very different climatic regimes. The results of Monte Carlo simulations showed that the model accurately reproduces the seasonal pattern of event occurrence and the marginal and conditional distributions of the magnitude, duration, and intensity of precipitation during events. Autocorrelation functions for the historical and simulated data were also similar. It is concluded that the model has potential for use in many hydrologic applications that use historical precipitation data. Close

• 3. [Article] Evaluation of precipitation data applied to hydrological simulation using MMS-PRMS for the Whitewater River Basin in Kansas

  Precipitation is one of the most important components contributing to hydrological dynamics. Spatially distributed precipitation data can be obtained by satellite, radar, rain gages, etc, to serve various ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of precipitation data applied to hydrological simulation using MMS-PRMS for the Whitewater River Basin in Kansas Author: Lin, Wei Precipitation is one of the most important components contributing to hydrological dynamics. Spatially distributed precipitation data can be obtained by satellite, radar, rain gages, etc, to serve various purposes. Currently, the most commonly used precipitation data still rely on gage-based measurement techniques that provide timely precipitation information with high quality and reliability. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and its cooperative climate stations are the primary resources of this form of precipitation data at the federal level. For hydrological simulation of precipitation-runoff for a watershed, precipitation is a critical model input that has a significant impact on the certainty and accuracy of simulation. To better understand the hydrological process within Whitewater River Basin in Kansas, the Precipitation-Runoff Model System (PRMS) was applied to this area, where the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study (CASES) has set up an intensively instrumented site managed by Hydrologic Science Team (HST) of Oregon State University for rainfall data collection. Two rainfall data sources, NOAA and HST, were used in this study to simulate the stream response to rainfall within the basin. Different simulation results were acquired compared and analyzed. The study concluded that better simulation results were obtained with MMS-PRMS using integrated spatially distributed precipitation data, which was not available as a standard NOAA product. For a large basin, it is necessary to collect precipitation data within the area of interest in addition to standard NOAA data to produce an accurate hydrological model. It was suggested that to guarantee the quality of precipitation-runoff simulation using MMS-PRMS, the coverage of each rain gage should not be larger than 40 to 50 square kilometers (about 15-20 square miles). It was also learned that the precipitation data from local supplementary measurements are unlikely to be a satisfactory substitute for current NOAA data in hydrological simulation due to the short time period of measurement. The combination of standard NOAA data and additional data from an intensively measured site, such as CASES, or from radar, would allow more for better simulation. Title: Evaluation of precipitation data applied to hydrological simulation using MMS-PRMS for the Whitewater River Basin in Kansas Author: Lin, Wei Precipitation is one of the most important components contributing to hydrological dynamics. Spatially distributed precipitation data can be obtained by satellite, radar, rain gages, etc, to serve various purposes. Currently, the most commonly used precipitation data still rely on gage-based measurement techniques that provide timely precipitation information with high quality and reliability. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and its cooperative climate stations are the primary resources of this form of precipitation data at the federal level. For hydrological simulation of precipitation-runoff for a watershed, precipitation is a critical model input that has a significant impact on the certainty and accuracy of simulation. To better understand the hydrological process within Whitewater River Basin in Kansas, the Precipitation-Runoff Model System (PRMS) was applied to this area, where the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study (CASES) has set up an intensively instrumented site managed by Hydrologic Science Team (HST) of Oregon State University for rainfall data collection. Two rainfall data sources, NOAA and HST, were used in this study to simulate the stream response to rainfall within the basin. Different simulation results were acquired compared and analyzed. The study concluded that better simulation results were obtained with MMS-PRMS using integrated spatially distributed precipitation data, which was not available as a standard NOAA product. For a large basin, it is necessary to collect precipitation data within the area of interest in addition to standard NOAA data to produce an accurate hydrological model. It was suggested that to guarantee the quality of precipitation-runoff simulation using MMS-PRMS, the coverage of each rain gage should not be larger than 40 to 50 square kilometers (about 15-20 square miles). It was also learned that the precipitation data from local supplementary measurements are unlikely to be a satisfactory substitute for current NOAA data in hydrological simulation due to the short time period of measurement. The combination of standard NOAA data and additional data from an intensively measured site, such as CASES, or from radar, would allow more for better simulation. Close

• 4. [Article] An analysis of the distribution of precipitation and runoff from the historical record for the continental United States

  Characterizing the distribution of precipitation at regional scales is a requirement for the development of regional scale, spatially distributed hydrologic water balance models. This study performs a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the distribution of precipitation and runoff from the historical record for the continental United States Author: Dolph, Jayne Ellen Characterizing the distribution of precipitation at regional scales is a requirement for the development of regional scale, spatially distributed hydrologic water balance models. This study performs a preliminary assessment of the utility and limitations of historical hydro-meteorological data for providing spatially distributed precipitation estimates over large areas. The historical data are used in a spatial analysis to characterize regional patterns of precipitation and runoff across the conterminous United States. Precipitation and runoff "surfaces" generated from interpolation of point measurements capture broad regional patterns. A distributed water balance is calculated over the continent using long-term (1948 -1988) and seven-year (1982 -1988) annual average values to check the reliability of precipitation estimates. The resulting "input-output surfaces" illustrate the deficiency (low elevation bias) of historical precipitation measurements in the mountainous western United States where snowmelt is an important component of the annual runoff. The incorporation of high elevation snow measurements into the precipitation record for the seven-year average significantly improves the water budget estimates in these regions and enhances the utility of historical data for providing spatially distributed precipitation estimates at regional and continental scales. Title: An analysis of the distribution of precipitation and runoff from the historical record for the continental United States Author: Dolph, Jayne Ellen Characterizing the distribution of precipitation at regional scales is a requirement for the development of regional scale, spatially distributed hydrologic water balance models. This study performs a preliminary assessment of the utility and limitations of historical hydro-meteorological data for providing spatially distributed precipitation estimates over large areas. The historical data are used in a spatial analysis to characterize regional patterns of precipitation and runoff across the conterminous United States. Precipitation and runoff "surfaces" generated from interpolation of point measurements capture broad regional patterns. A distributed water balance is calculated over the continent using long-term (1948 -1988) and seven-year (1982 -1988) annual average values to check the reliability of precipitation estimates. The resulting "input-output surfaces" illustrate the deficiency (low elevation bias) of historical precipitation measurements in the mountainous western United States where snowmelt is an important component of the annual runoff. The incorporation of high elevation snow measurements into the precipitation record for the seven-year average significantly improves the water budget estimates in these regions and enhances the utility of historical data for providing spatially distributed precipitation estimates at regional and continental scales. Close

• 5. [Article] Fallow-cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest

  Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fallow-cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest Author: Glenn, David Michael, Bolton, Floyd E. Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Title: Fallow-cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest Author: Glenn, David Michael, Bolton, Floyd E. Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Close

• 6. [Article] The late spring secondary precipitation maximum in the interior Pacific Northwest

  The Late Spring Secondary Precipitation Maximum in the Interior Pacific Northwest results from a complex system of climatic controls. The Secondary Maximum is most strongly developed over the high plateau ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The late spring secondary precipitation maximum in the interior Pacific Northwest Author: Quinn, Robert The Late Spring Secondary Precipitation Maximum in the Interior Pacific Northwest results from a complex system of climatic controls. The Secondary Maximum is most strongly developed over the high plateau of Oregon immediately in the lee of the Cascade Mountains. Local topographic organization exerts strong control over the magnitude and timing of the secondary maximum in the inter-montane region. There is a detectable poleward shift of the precipitation maximum in the interior Northwest from April to June. A synoptic precipitation climatology was developed for the Pacific Northwest for the months of February to July. Surface and 500 millibar circulation maps indicate reorganization of atmospheric flow from strongly zonal flow in midwinter to more highly meridional flow in May and June. Precipitation producing synoptic disturbances manifest a decided evolution from those dominated by warm advection in winter to those dominated by strong, cool advection in May and June. Spokane radiosonde data indicate that increased destabilization of the atmosphere accompanied by increased precipitable moisture is primarily responsible for the increase in average rainfall in May and June. The Secondary Precipitation Maximum is characterized by an increase in precipitation intensity, but is not accompanied by an increase in precipitation frequency. A case history of an early and late spring precipitation producing synoptic sequence is presented. Seasonal changes in precipitation intensity west and east of the Cascades must be related to corresponding changes in the sensible and latent heat budget of the region. Average monthly equivalent potential temperature data indicate pronounced reorganization of the surface temperature field west and east of the Cascades during the period of February to July. Large sensible and latent heat additions occur east of the Cascades in May and June and should be effective in destabilizing maritime polar air masses moving across the interior. Title: The late spring secondary precipitation maximum in the interior Pacific Northwest Author: Quinn, Robert The Late Spring Secondary Precipitation Maximum in the Interior Pacific Northwest results from a complex system of climatic controls. The Secondary Maximum is most strongly developed over the high plateau of Oregon immediately in the lee of the Cascade Mountains. Local topographic organization exerts strong control over the magnitude and timing of the secondary maximum in the inter-montane region. There is a detectable poleward shift of the precipitation maximum in the interior Northwest from April to June. A synoptic precipitation climatology was developed for the Pacific Northwest for the months of February to July. Surface and 500 millibar circulation maps indicate reorganization of atmospheric flow from strongly zonal flow in midwinter to more highly meridional flow in May and June. Precipitation producing synoptic disturbances manifest a decided evolution from those dominated by warm advection in winter to those dominated by strong, cool advection in May and June. Spokane radiosonde data indicate that increased destabilization of the atmosphere accompanied by increased precipitable moisture is primarily responsible for the increase in average rainfall in May and June. The Secondary Precipitation Maximum is characterized by an increase in precipitation intensity, but is not accompanied by an increase in precipitation frequency. A case history of an early and late spring precipitation producing synoptic sequence is presented. Seasonal changes in precipitation intensity west and east of the Cascades must be related to corresponding changes in the sensible and latent heat budget of the region. Average monthly equivalent potential temperature data indicate pronounced reorganization of the surface temperature field west and east of the Cascades during the period of February to July. Large sensible and latent heat additions occur east of the Cascades in May and June and should be effective in destabilizing maritime polar air masses moving across the interior. Close

• 7. [Article] An investigation of precipitation from solid solution in an aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy using x-ray diffraction techniques

  The thesis was an investigation into the mechanism of precipitation from solid solution in an Aluminum-0.7% Magnesium-0.6% Silicon alloy containing iron impurities. Laue x-ray diffraction patterns were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation of precipitation from solid solution in an aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy using x-ray diffraction techniques Author: Guthrie, J. L. (James Leonard), 1937- The thesis was an investigation into the mechanism of precipitation from solid solution in an Aluminum-0.7% Magnesium-0.6% Silicon alloy containing iron impurities. Laue x-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from solution heat treated and aged single crystal specimens in various crystallographic orientations. Precipitation related streaking was detected on some of the patterns from aged specimens. From an analysis of the streaking it was concluded that precipitate stringlets formed during the early stages of precipitation and that the stringlets were coherent with the solid solution in the <100> directions. From the experimental results it was not possible to determine the degree of strengthening due to coherency. Title: An investigation of precipitation from solid solution in an aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy using x-ray diffraction techniques Author: Guthrie, J. L. (James Leonard), 1937- The thesis was an investigation into the mechanism of precipitation from solid solution in an Aluminum-0.7% Magnesium-0.6% Silicon alloy containing iron impurities. Laue x-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from solution heat treated and aged single crystal specimens in various crystallographic orientations. Precipitation related streaking was detected on some of the patterns from aged specimens. From an analysis of the streaking it was concluded that precipitate stringlets formed during the early stages of precipitation and that the stringlets were coherent with the solid solution in the <100> directions. From the experimental results it was not possible to determine the degree of strengthening due to coherency. Close

• 8. [Article] Frequency Modes of Monsoon Precipitation in Arizona and New Mexico

  The interannual and intraseasonal variability of the North American monsoon is of great interest because a large proportion of the annual precipitation for Arizona and New Mexico arrives during the summer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Frequency Modes of Monsoon Precipitation in Arizona and New Mexico Author: Hall-McKim, Eileen A., Nolin, Anne W. The interannual and intraseasonal variability of the North American monsoon is of great interest because a large proportion of the annual precipitation for Arizona and New Mexico arrives during the summer monsoon. Forty-one years of daily monsoon season precipitation data for Arizona and New Mexico were studied using wavelet analysis. This time-localized spectral analysis method reveals that periodicities of less than 8 days are positively correlated with mean daily precipitation during the 1 July–15 September monsoon period. Roughly 17% of the years indicate no significant periodicity during the monsoon period for either region and are associated with low monsoon precipitation. High- and low-frequency modes explain an equivalent percentage of the variance in monsoon precipitation in both Arizona and New Mexico, and in many years concurrent multiple periodicities occur. Wavelet analysis was effective in identifying the contribution of high-frequency modes that had not been discerned in previous studies. These results suggest that precipitation processes during the monsoon season are modulated by phenomena operating at synoptic (2–8 days) and longer (>8 days) time scales and point to the need for further studies to better understand the associated atmospheric processes. Title: Frequency Modes of Monsoon Precipitation in Arizona and New Mexico Author: Hall-McKim, Eileen A., Nolin, Anne W. The interannual and intraseasonal variability of the North American monsoon is of great interest because a large proportion of the annual precipitation for Arizona and New Mexico arrives during the summer monsoon. Forty-one years of daily monsoon season precipitation data for Arizona and New Mexico were studied using wavelet analysis. This time-localized spectral analysis method reveals that periodicities of less than 8 days are positively correlated with mean daily precipitation during the 1 July–15 September monsoon period. Roughly 17% of the years indicate no significant periodicity during the monsoon period for either region and are associated with low monsoon precipitation. High- and low-frequency modes explain an equivalent percentage of the variance in monsoon precipitation in both Arizona and New Mexico, and in many years concurrent multiple periodicities occur. Wavelet analysis was effective in identifying the contribution of high-frequency modes that had not been discerned in previous studies. These results suggest that precipitation processes during the monsoon season are modulated by phenomena operating at synoptic (2–8 days) and longer (>8 days) time scales and point to the need for further studies to better understand the associated atmospheric processes. Close

• 9. [Article] Paired stable isotopologues in precipitation and vapor: A case study of the amount effect within western tropical Pacific storms

  Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until October 16, 2016.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Paired stable isotopologues in precipitation and vapor: A case study of the amount effect within western tropical Pacific storms Author: Noone, David, Cobb, Kim M., Conroy, Jessica L., Konecky, Bronwen L., Moerman, Jessica W. Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until October 16, 2016. Title: Paired stable isotopologues in precipitation and vapor: A case study of the amount effect within western tropical Pacific storms Author: Noone, David, Cobb, Kim M., Conroy, Jessica L., Konecky, Bronwen L., Moerman, Jessica W. Access to this item has been restricted by repository administrators at the request of the publisher until October 16, 2016. Close

• 10. [Article] Three Recent Flavors of Drought in the Pacific Northwest

  In common with much of the western United States, the Pacific Northwest (defined in this paper as Washington and Oregon) has experienced an unusual number of droughts in the past decade. This paper describes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Three Recent Flavors of Drought in the Pacific Northwest Author: Bumbaco, Karin A., Mote, Philip W. In common with much of the western United States, the Pacific Northwest (defined in this paper as Washington and Oregon) has experienced an unusual number of droughts in the past decade. This paper describes three of these droughts in terms of the precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture anomalies, and discusses different drought impacts experienced in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). For the first drought, in 2001, low winter precipitation in the PNW produced very low streamflow that primarily affected farmers and hydropower generation. For the second, in 2003, low summer precipitation in Washington (WA), and low summer precipitation and a warm winter in Oregon (OR) primarily affected streamflow and forests. For the last, in 2005, a lack of snowpack due to warm temperatures during significant winter precipitation events in WA, and low winter precipitation in OR, had a variety of different agricultural and hydrologic impacts. Although the proximal causes of droughts are easily quantified, the ultimate causes are not as clear. Better precipitation observations in the PNW are required to provide timely monitoring of conditions leading to droughts to improve prediction in the future Title: Three Recent Flavors of Drought in the Pacific Northwest Author: Bumbaco, Karin A., Mote, Philip W. In common with much of the western United States, the Pacific Northwest (defined in this paper as Washington and Oregon) has experienced an unusual number of droughts in the past decade. This paper describes three of these droughts in terms of the precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture anomalies, and discusses different drought impacts experienced in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). For the first drought, in 2001, low winter precipitation in the PNW produced very low streamflow that primarily affected farmers and hydropower generation. For the second, in 2003, low summer precipitation in Washington (WA), and low summer precipitation and a warm winter in Oregon (OR) primarily affected streamflow and forests. For the last, in 2005, a lack of snowpack due to warm temperatures during significant winter precipitation events in WA, and low winter precipitation in OR, had a variety of different agricultural and hydrologic impacts. Although the proximal causes of droughts are easily quantified, the ultimate causes are not as clear. Better precipitation observations in the PNW are required to provide timely monitoring of conditions leading to droughts to improve prediction in the future Close

• 11. [Article] Estimating the economic net returns of Oregon & Washington forests with regard to climate change

  Little work has been conducted regarding the net returns of forest lands. The Ricardian model is ripe with potential to estimate the effects of climate on net returns to forestry. Multiple linear regression ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating the economic net returns of Oregon & Washington forests with regard to climate change Author: Johnson, Zoe I. Little work has been conducted regarding the net returns of forest lands. The Ricardian model is ripe with potential to estimate the effects of climate on net returns to forestry. Multiple linear regression allows each climate variable to measure its effect of net returns with the assumption of all other factors being fixed. Independent variables of average temperature (°C), average temperature squared (°C²), average precipitation (mm), average precipitation squared (mm2), maximum August temperature (°C), and minimum December temperature (°C) were scaled by year using dummy variables to output the dependent variable of real net returns (USD 2010) per county of tree species. This OLS linear regression showed annual precipitation, marginal precipitation, and maximum temperature experienced by forests to affect the net returns they produced. Increased precipitation is expected to increase net returns to forests while higher maximum temperatures will negatively impact net returns in Douglas Fir regions and positively affect pine regions. Precipitation is linearly related to forest net returns, while temperature is not linearly related. With this finding, various areas of Oregon and Washington that are expected to experience heavier precipitation due to climate change should expect more net returns from their forestlands. Title: Estimating the economic net returns of Oregon & Washington forests with regard to climate change Author: Johnson, Zoe I. Little work has been conducted regarding the net returns of forest lands. The Ricardian model is ripe with potential to estimate the effects of climate on net returns to forestry. Multiple linear regression allows each climate variable to measure its effect of net returns with the assumption of all other factors being fixed. Independent variables of average temperature (°C), average temperature squared (°C²), average precipitation (mm), average precipitation squared (mm2), maximum August temperature (°C), and minimum December temperature (°C) were scaled by year using dummy variables to output the dependent variable of real net returns (USD 2010) per county of tree species. This OLS linear regression showed annual precipitation, marginal precipitation, and maximum temperature experienced by forests to affect the net returns they produced. Increased precipitation is expected to increase net returns to forests while higher maximum temperatures will negatively impact net returns in Douglas Fir regions and positively affect pine regions. Precipitation is linearly related to forest net returns, while temperature is not linearly related. With this finding, various areas of Oregon and Washington that are expected to experience heavier precipitation due to climate change should expect more net returns from their forestlands. Close

• 12. [Article] Characterizing Rain/snow Partitioning in Mountain Watersheds for Present-day and Future Projected Climates

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterizing Rain/snow Partitioning in Mountain Watersheds for Present-day and Future Projected Climates Author: Sproles, Eric A., Nolin, Anne W. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Characterizing Rain/snow Partitioning in Mountain Watersheds for Present-day and Future Projected Climates Author: Sproles, Eric A., Nolin, Anne W. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 13. [Article] Intraseasonal Variability of the West African Monsoon and Atlantic ITCZ

  Intraseasonal variability of boreal summer rainfall and winds in tropical West Africa and the east Atlantic is examined using daily Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation and the NCEP–NCAR ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intraseasonal Variability of the West African Monsoon and Atlantic ITCZ Author: Maloney, Eric D., Shaman, Jeffrey Intraseasonal variability of boreal summer rainfall and winds in tropical West Africa and the east Atlantic is examined using daily Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis during 1998–2006. Intraseasonal precipitation variability is dominated by two significant spectral peaks at time scales near 15 and 50 days, accompanied by corresponding peaks in eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and eddy enstrophy. Regional precipitation variability on 30–90-day time scales is significantly correlated (+0.6) with a global Madden–Julian oscillation time series based on equatorial zonal winds, supporting the results of A. J. Matthews. The overall amplitude of the 30–90-day West African monsoon precipitation variability during a given summer, however, does not appear to be strongly regulated by interannual variability in MJO amplitude. Composite analysis and complex empirical orthogonal function analysis shows that 30–90-day precipitation anomalies are generally zonally elongated, grow and decay in place, and have maximum amplitude near the Gulf of Guinea and in the Atlantic ITCZ. Composite 30–90-day enhanced precipitation events are accompanied by a significant suppression of eastern North Atlantic trade winds. Suppressed 30–90-day precipitation events are associated with an enhancement of the Atlantic trade winds. Enhanced (suppressed) EKE occurs just to the north of the east Atlantic ITCZ during positive (negative) 30–90-day precipitation events, with the maximum EKE magnitude lagging precipitation events by about 5 days. East Atlantic tropical cyclone activity is significantly modulated on intraseasonal time scales. The number of tropical cyclones that occur in the Atlantic’s main development region to the east of 60°W is suppressed about 5–10 days before maxima in a regional intraseasonal precipitation time series, and enhanced about 5–10 days after time series maxima. An analysis of east Atlantic tropical cyclone activity based on an equatorial MJO index produces similar results. Consistent with the results of K. C. Mo, variations in vertical shear may help explain this modulation of tropical cyclone activity. Title: Intraseasonal Variability of the West African Monsoon and Atlantic ITCZ Author: Maloney, Eric D., Shaman, Jeffrey Intraseasonal variability of boreal summer rainfall and winds in tropical West Africa and the east Atlantic is examined using daily Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation and the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis during 1998–2006. Intraseasonal precipitation variability is dominated by two significant spectral peaks at time scales near 15 and 50 days, accompanied by corresponding peaks in eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and eddy enstrophy. Regional precipitation variability on 30–90-day time scales is significantly correlated (+0.6) with a global Madden–Julian oscillation time series based on equatorial zonal winds, supporting the results of A. J. Matthews. The overall amplitude of the 30–90-day West African monsoon precipitation variability during a given summer, however, does not appear to be strongly regulated by interannual variability in MJO amplitude. Composite analysis and complex empirical orthogonal function analysis shows that 30–90-day precipitation anomalies are generally zonally elongated, grow and decay in place, and have maximum amplitude near the Gulf of Guinea and in the Atlantic ITCZ. Composite 30–90-day enhanced precipitation events are accompanied by a significant suppression of eastern North Atlantic trade winds. Suppressed 30–90-day precipitation events are associated with an enhancement of the Atlantic trade winds. Enhanced (suppressed) EKE occurs just to the north of the east Atlantic ITCZ during positive (negative) 30–90-day precipitation events, with the maximum EKE magnitude lagging precipitation events by about 5 days. East Atlantic tropical cyclone activity is significantly modulated on intraseasonal time scales. The number of tropical cyclones that occur in the Atlantic’s main development region to the east of 60°W is suppressed about 5–10 days before maxima in a regional intraseasonal precipitation time series, and enhanced about 5–10 days after time series maxima. An analysis of east Atlantic tropical cyclone activity based on an equatorial MJO index produces similar results. Consistent with the results of K. C. Mo, variations in vertical shear may help explain this modulation of tropical cyclone activity. Close

• 14. [Article] The relationship of precipitation in the western United States to variations in the outgoing long-wave radiation field over the tropical Pacific : the role of the mid-latitude circulation

  The relationship between the outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) field over the tropical Pacific and wintertime monthly precipitation for the western U. S. is investigated, using the mid-latitude upper-air ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of precipitation in the western United States to variations in the outgoing long-wave radiation field over the tropical Pacific : the role of the mid-latitude circulation Author: Twining, David S. The relationship between the outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) field over the tropical Pacific and wintertime monthly precipitation for the western U. S. is investigated, using the mid-latitude upper-air circulation as an intermediary. Principal components (PC's) of the 500mb monthly averaged height field over the NE Pacific and western North America are compared with those of the monthly tropical Pacific OLR field. It is found that, of the first 6 PC's of the height field, five are correlated significantly with the first 3 OLR field PC's at lags of between two and six months. Canonical correlations between the two sets of PC's are greatest at a lag of four months and are highly significant. When stratified by different levels of the OLR field PC's, the separations between means of the height field PC's are highly significant as well. Differing distributions of the height field PC ensemble are also found to be associated with different OLR field PC levels. The relationship between the 500mb height field and concurrent western district precipitation is examined. Using a hybrid model including both linear statistical and non-linear physical components it is found that considerably more of the variance in the precipitation can be explained by that of the height field alone than when the precipitation is inferred directly from a linear statistical model. A set of reconstructed height field PC's is predicted from OLR values based on the height field/OLR stratification associations compiled for a period separate from that of the forecast. Applied to the precipitation model, this results in predicted western district precipitation which is better correlated with the observations than is the equivalent precipitation forecast from the linear statistical relationship of precipitation to the Southern Oscillation Index. Title: The relationship of precipitation in the western United States to variations in the outgoing long-wave radiation field over the tropical Pacific : the role of the mid-latitude circulation Author: Twining, David S. The relationship between the outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) field over the tropical Pacific and wintertime monthly precipitation for the western U. S. is investigated, using the mid-latitude upper-air circulation as an intermediary. Principal components (PC's) of the 500mb monthly averaged height field over the NE Pacific and western North America are compared with those of the monthly tropical Pacific OLR field. It is found that, of the first 6 PC's of the height field, five are correlated significantly with the first 3 OLR field PC's at lags of between two and six months. Canonical correlations between the two sets of PC's are greatest at a lag of four months and are highly significant. When stratified by different levels of the OLR field PC's, the separations between means of the height field PC's are highly significant as well. Differing distributions of the height field PC ensemble are also found to be associated with different OLR field PC levels. The relationship between the 500mb height field and concurrent western district precipitation is examined. Using a hybrid model including both linear statistical and non-linear physical components it is found that considerably more of the variance in the precipitation can be explained by that of the height field alone than when the precipitation is inferred directly from a linear statistical model. A set of reconstructed height field PC's is predicted from OLR values based on the height field/OLR stratification associations compiled for a period separate from that of the forecast. Applied to the precipitation model, this results in predicted western district precipitation which is better correlated with the observations than is the equivalent precipitation forecast from the linear statistical relationship of precipitation to the Southern Oscillation Index. Close

• 15. [Article] Construction of a model organism for performing calcium carbonate precipitation in a porous media reactor

  Aquifers are an important storage location and source of fresh groundwater. They may become polluted by a number of contaminants including mobile divalent radionuclides such as strontium-90 which is a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Construction of a model organism for performing calcium carbonate precipitation in a porous media reactor Author: Kaufman, Megan J. Aquifers are an important storage location and source of fresh groundwater. They may become polluted by a number of contaminants including mobile divalent radionuclides such as strontium-90 which is a byproduct of uranium fission. A method for remediating such divalent radionuclides is sequestration through co-precipitation into calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate precipitation occurs naturally but can be enhanced by the use of ureolytic microorganisms living within the aquifer. The microbial enzyme urease cleaves ammonia from urea (added as a stimulant to the aquifer) increasing the pH and subsequently pushing the bicarbonate equilibrium towards precipitation. Laboratory experimentation is necessary to better predict field scale outcomes of remediation that is driven by ureolytic calcium carbonate co-precipitation. To aid in such laboratory experiments, I constructed two ureolytic organisms which contain green fluorescent protein (GFP) so that the location of the microbes in relation to media flow paths and precipitation can be viewed by microscopy in a 2- dimensional porous medium flow cell reactor. The reactor was operated with a parallel flow regime where the two influent media would not promote microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation until they were mixed in the flow cell. A demonstration study compared the results of parallel flow and mixing in the reactor operated with and without one of the GFP-containing ureolytic organisms. The growth and precipitation of calcium carbonate within the reactor pore space altered flow paths to promote a wider mixing zone and a more widely distributed overall calcium carbonate precipitation pattern. This study will allow optimization of remediation efforts of contaminants such as strontium-90 in aquifers. Title: Construction of a model organism for performing calcium carbonate precipitation in a porous media reactor Author: Kaufman, Megan J. Aquifers are an important storage location and source of fresh groundwater. They may become polluted by a number of contaminants including mobile divalent radionuclides such as strontium-90 which is a byproduct of uranium fission. A method for remediating such divalent radionuclides is sequestration through co-precipitation into calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate precipitation occurs naturally but can be enhanced by the use of ureolytic microorganisms living within the aquifer. The microbial enzyme urease cleaves ammonia from urea (added as a stimulant to the aquifer) increasing the pH and subsequently pushing the bicarbonate equilibrium towards precipitation. Laboratory experimentation is necessary to better predict field scale outcomes of remediation that is driven by ureolytic calcium carbonate co-precipitation. To aid in such laboratory experiments, I constructed two ureolytic organisms which contain green fluorescent protein (GFP) so that the location of the microbes in relation to media flow paths and precipitation can be viewed by microscopy in a 2- dimensional porous medium flow cell reactor. The reactor was operated with a parallel flow regime where the two influent media would not promote microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation until they were mixed in the flow cell. A demonstration study compared the results of parallel flow and mixing in the reactor operated with and without one of the GFP-containing ureolytic organisms. The growth and precipitation of calcium carbonate within the reactor pore space altered flow paths to promote a wider mixing zone and a more widely distributed overall calcium carbonate precipitation pattern. This study will allow optimization of remediation efforts of contaminants such as strontium-90 in aquifers. Close

• 16. [Article] Precipitation efficiency derived from isotope ratios in water vapor distinguishes dynamical and microphysical influences on subtropical atmospheric constituents

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/jgr/j...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Precipitation efficiency derived from isotope ratios in water vapor distinguishes dynamical and microphysical influences on subtropical atmospheric constituents Author: Bailey, A., Nusbaumer, J., Noone, D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/jgr/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292169-8996/ Title: Precipitation efficiency derived from isotope ratios in water vapor distinguishes dynamical and microphysical influences on subtropical atmospheric constituents Author: Bailey, A., Nusbaumer, J., Noone, D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/jgr/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292169-8996/ Close

• 17. [Article] Evaluation of a probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasting experiment

  Forecasts of the likelihood of occurrence of various amounts of precipitation are very important, since excessive precipitation amounts over relatively short time periods can have adverse effects on public ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of a probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasting experiment Author: Hsu, Wu-ron Forecasts of the likelihood of occurrence of various amounts of precipitation are very important, since excessive precipitation amounts over relatively short time periods can have adverse effects on public safety and economic efficiency, As a result, forecasters at the National Weather Service Forecast Office in San Antonio, Texas were asked to formulate subjective probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts on an experimental basis beginning in February 1981. This study describes methods of evaluating probability forecasts of this ordinal variable and presents some results of the first year of the experiment. Scalar and vector evaluation procedures are described. In the case of scalar evaluation, the inclusion of a no-skill line and a no-correlation line on reliability diagrams is helpful in representing the skill, reliability, and resolution qeometrically in two-state situations. Geometrical interpretations of attributes of forecasts can also be accomplished in three-state situations based on vector evaluation procedures. A skill score for subsample forecasts is shown to be useful in identifying systematic errors made by forecasters or forecast systems. A beta model is developed to obtain a forecaster's predictive distributions (i.e., the distribution of use of probability values). The experimental results show that the skill of the subjective forecasts is generally higher than the skill of objective guidance forecasts for measurable precipitation (i.e., precipitation amounts exceeding a threshold of 0.01 inches), but that the opposite is true for threshold associated with larger precipitation amounts. This result is due primarily to the forecaster's tendency to over forecast for the events associated with higher precipitation thresholds. The tendency to over forecast is most pronounced in the nighttime forecasts and in the forecasts for drier stations. The MCS objective guidance forecasts, on the other hand, are quite reliable for both periods and all stations. The vector evaluation approach indicates that the degree of overforecasting is quite high for bimodal forecasts and that the skill contribution from bimodal forecasts is negative in many cases. Title: Evaluation of a probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasting experiment Author: Hsu, Wu-ron Forecasts of the likelihood of occurrence of various amounts of precipitation are very important, since excessive precipitation amounts over relatively short time periods can have adverse effects on public safety and economic efficiency, As a result, forecasters at the National Weather Service Forecast Office in San Antonio, Texas were asked to formulate subjective probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts on an experimental basis beginning in February 1981. This study describes methods of evaluating probability forecasts of this ordinal variable and presents some results of the first year of the experiment. Scalar and vector evaluation procedures are described. In the case of scalar evaluation, the inclusion of a no-skill line and a no-correlation line on reliability diagrams is helpful in representing the skill, reliability, and resolution qeometrically in two-state situations. Geometrical interpretations of attributes of forecasts can also be accomplished in three-state situations based on vector evaluation procedures. A skill score for subsample forecasts is shown to be useful in identifying systematic errors made by forecasters or forecast systems. A beta model is developed to obtain a forecaster's predictive distributions (i.e., the distribution of use of probability values). The experimental results show that the skill of the subjective forecasts is generally higher than the skill of objective guidance forecasts for measurable precipitation (i.e., precipitation amounts exceeding a threshold of 0.01 inches), but that the opposite is true for threshold associated with larger precipitation amounts. This result is due primarily to the forecaster's tendency to over forecast for the events associated with higher precipitation thresholds. The tendency to over forecast is most pronounced in the nighttime forecasts and in the forecasts for drier stations. The MCS objective guidance forecasts, on the other hand, are quite reliable for both periods and all stations. The vector evaluation approach indicates that the degree of overforecasting is quite high for bimodal forecasts and that the skill contribution from bimodal forecasts is negative in many cases. Close

• 18. [Article] Projected temperature and precipitation changes for Corvallis and Los Angeles for the 2030-2059 period using the Hadley Center's regional climate model (HadRM3P).

  Average monthly temperatures (maximum and minimum) and precipitation patterns are expected to change as a direct consequence of anthropogenic climate change. Temperatures are expected to be warmer in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Projected temperature and precipitation changes for Corvallis and Los Angeles for the 2030-2059 period using the Hadley Center's regional climate model (HadRM3P). Author: Cheema, Karandeep Singh Average monthly temperatures (maximum and minimum) and precipitation patterns are expected to change as a direct consequence of anthropogenic climate change. Temperatures are expected to be warmer in the future but precise estimates vary depending on factors like number of ensembles and emission scenario. For this study, we used 100 ensembles to simulate a recent historical period (Dec. 1985-Nov 2014) and a future climate scenario (Dec. 2030-Nov. 2059) for two cities: Corvallis, OR and Los Angeles, CA. Atmospheric forcings followed the RCP 4.5 scenario. We used results from the simulations to compare temperature and precipitation changes between the two periods for both cities. Average monthly temperatures (maximum and minimum) increased for both cities. Both cities would experience an increase in number of days above 90 °F (14 for Corvallis and 18 more days for Los Angeles). For Corvallis, average annual temperature increased from 12.8 ± 0.3°? to 14.4 ± 0.3 °?. Average annual precipitation increased from 942.0 mm to 994.0 mm (p-value: 10−23). Likewise, for Los Angeles, average annual temperature increased from 18.1 ± 0.3°? to 19.5 ± 0.3 °? and average annual precipitation changed from 265.0 mm to 260.0 mm (p-value: 0.32). We further analyzed changes in precipitation in terms of changes in frequency and intensity. Frequency and intensity of precipitation increased in winter months for Corvallis while non-uniform patterns were seen for Los Angeles. Summer precipitation decreased in terms of frequency and intensity of precipitation events for both cities. Title: Projected temperature and precipitation changes for Corvallis and Los Angeles for the 2030-2059 period using the Hadley Center's regional climate model (HadRM3P). Author: Cheema, Karandeep Singh Average monthly temperatures (maximum and minimum) and precipitation patterns are expected to change as a direct consequence of anthropogenic climate change. Temperatures are expected to be warmer in the future but precise estimates vary depending on factors like number of ensembles and emission scenario. For this study, we used 100 ensembles to simulate a recent historical period (Dec. 1985-Nov 2014) and a future climate scenario (Dec. 2030-Nov. 2059) for two cities: Corvallis, OR and Los Angeles, CA. Atmospheric forcings followed the RCP 4.5 scenario. We used results from the simulations to compare temperature and precipitation changes between the two periods for both cities. Average monthly temperatures (maximum and minimum) increased for both cities. Both cities would experience an increase in number of days above 90 °F (14 for Corvallis and 18 more days for Los Angeles). For Corvallis, average annual temperature increased from 12.8 ± 0.3°? to 14.4 ± 0.3 °?. Average annual precipitation increased from 942.0 mm to 994.0 mm (p-value: 10−23). Likewise, for Los Angeles, average annual temperature increased from 18.1 ± 0.3°? to 19.5 ± 0.3 °? and average annual precipitation changed from 265.0 mm to 260.0 mm (p-value: 0.32). We further analyzed changes in precipitation in terms of changes in frequency and intensity. Frequency and intensity of precipitation increased in winter months for Corvallis while non-uniform patterns were seen for Los Angeles. Summer precipitation decreased in terms of frequency and intensity of precipitation events for both cities. Close

• 19. [Article] Statistical relationships between the mesoscale organization of convection, precipitation and the large-scale wind fields during the GATE

  Data from the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) was analysed in an exploratory manner to discover the characteristics of mesoscale organization of convection and it's relationship to large-scale ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical relationships between the mesoscale organization of convection, precipitation and the large-scale wind fields during the GATE Author: De Silva, Sirilath J. Data from the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) was analysed in an exploratory manner to discover the characteristics of mesoscale organization of convection and it's relationship to large-scale wind profiles. Automated methods were developed to identify the convective cells and their linear organization. These automated methods use a median high-pass filter to identify enhanced cells and a simple pattern recognition technique to ascertain the linear organization between them. Due to the simplified nature of the algorithm, the whole data set of the 21 day period from the phase 3 of GATE was processed in an economical manner obtaining a large data base which was used in the investigation of clusters and other associated phenomena. The mesoscale organization of convective cells and the widespread areas of lighter precipitation associated with them showed expected characteristics and compared satisfactorily with previous results. A large fraction of the rainfall (64%) fell from the widespread area. The total precipitation had a correlation of 0.94 with the fractional area of the widespread and a correlation of 0.89 with the fractional area of the clusters. The widespread precipitation had a correlation index of 0.97 with it's fractional area and the cluster precipitation had a strong linear relationship to it's area with a correlation of 0.99. These factors argue well for the parameterization of rainfall rate in tropical regions to a high accuracy by the area covered by organized convective cells and widespread areas. It was also seen that there was a good correlation with the number of clusters and number of cores with the total precipitation rate in a given area. These factors create a strong argument for identifying mesoscale systems consisting of convective cells and widespread precipitation as basic units of precipitation in tropical regions, having a characteristic life cycle of their own. The widespread and total precipitation showed very good correlation with upper-level vertical motion. Clusters tended to align parallel with the horizontal low-level wind shear and the degree of alignment appears to depend on the strength of the wind shear. Title: Statistical relationships between the mesoscale organization of convection, precipitation and the large-scale wind fields during the GATE Author: De Silva, Sirilath J. Data from the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) was analysed in an exploratory manner to discover the characteristics of mesoscale organization of convection and it's relationship to large-scale wind profiles. Automated methods were developed to identify the convective cells and their linear organization. These automated methods use a median high-pass filter to identify enhanced cells and a simple pattern recognition technique to ascertain the linear organization between them. Due to the simplified nature of the algorithm, the whole data set of the 21 day period from the phase 3 of GATE was processed in an economical manner obtaining a large data base which was used in the investigation of clusters and other associated phenomena. The mesoscale organization of convective cells and the widespread areas of lighter precipitation associated with them showed expected characteristics and compared satisfactorily with previous results. A large fraction of the rainfall (64%) fell from the widespread area. The total precipitation had a correlation of 0.94 with the fractional area of the widespread and a correlation of 0.89 with the fractional area of the clusters. The widespread precipitation had a correlation index of 0.97 with it's fractional area and the cluster precipitation had a strong linear relationship to it's area with a correlation of 0.99. These factors argue well for the parameterization of rainfall rate in tropical regions to a high accuracy by the area covered by organized convective cells and widespread areas. It was also seen that there was a good correlation with the number of clusters and number of cores with the total precipitation rate in a given area. These factors create a strong argument for identifying mesoscale systems consisting of convective cells and widespread precipitation as basic units of precipitation in tropical regions, having a characteristic life cycle of their own. The widespread and total precipitation showed very good correlation with upper-level vertical motion. Clusters tended to align parallel with the horizontal low-level wind shear and the degree of alignment appears to depend on the strength of the wind shear. Close

• 20. [Article] Long-term effects of changes in vegetation condition, precipitation and watershed parameters on summer low-flows in the semi-arid Pacific Northwest

  Summer low-flow behavior in the semi-arid areas of the Pacific Northwest was studied. Long-term data from thirty-eight streams/rivers and thirty-six precipitation stations was exploited. The study area ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-term effects of changes in vegetation condition, precipitation and watershed parameters on summer low-flows in the semi-arid Pacific Northwest Author: Zeb, Aurang Summer low-flow behavior in the semi-arid areas of the Pacific Northwest was studied. Long-term data from thirty-eight streams/rivers and thirty-six precipitation stations was exploited. The study area was divided into five zones based on annual average precipitation. Trends and patterns in summer low-flows and precipitation were identified. Different zones showed different trends and patterns in precipitation over the period of record but significant similarities within each zone. Most of the summer low-flow and precipitation records showed that the 1930's and the late 1980's to early 1990's experienced major droughts. A possible return interval of 50-60 years appeared reasonable for similar major droughts in the study area. Spring, summer and fall precipitation, on average, were found insignificantly related to the summer low-flows, except for northern Idaho and southeastern Oregon where summer precipitation was significant in explaining the summer low-flow trends. Winter and annual precipitation were found significantly related to summer low-flows. But the zonal equations constructed to predict summer low-flows using precipitation alone were considered unsuitable for practical use. Zonal and regional recession models to forecast summer stream flows with significant accuracies were constructed successfully. Extreme summer low-flows were not significantly related to different watershed cover types in eastern Oregon. However, percentage of rangelands appeared to be more related to the extreme summer low-flow than other cover types. An extreme summer low-flow prediction model was constructed using several watershed and precipitation variables. Many of these variables were found to be significantly related to extreme summer low-flow. Watershed average width and annual minimum precipitation explained 71% of the variations in the extreme summer low-flow. The model finally selected, with the inclusion of watershed end point elevation, was able to explain 79% of the variability in the extreme summer low-flow. Stream and precipitation gauges need to be carefully maintained during dry periods. Also, generalization of climatic trends based on a few observations in a large region can be misleading. Title: Long-term effects of changes in vegetation condition, precipitation and watershed parameters on summer low-flows in the semi-arid Pacific Northwest Author: Zeb, Aurang Summer low-flow behavior in the semi-arid areas of the Pacific Northwest was studied. Long-term data from thirty-eight streams/rivers and thirty-six precipitation stations was exploited. The study area was divided into five zones based on annual average precipitation. Trends and patterns in summer low-flows and precipitation were identified. Different zones showed different trends and patterns in precipitation over the period of record but significant similarities within each zone. Most of the summer low-flow and precipitation records showed that the 1930's and the late 1980's to early 1990's experienced major droughts. A possible return interval of 50-60 years appeared reasonable for similar major droughts in the study area. Spring, summer and fall precipitation, on average, were found insignificantly related to the summer low-flows, except for northern Idaho and southeastern Oregon where summer precipitation was significant in explaining the summer low-flow trends. Winter and annual precipitation were found significantly related to summer low-flows. But the zonal equations constructed to predict summer low-flows using precipitation alone were considered unsuitable for practical use. Zonal and regional recession models to forecast summer stream flows with significant accuracies were constructed successfully. Extreme summer low-flows were not significantly related to different watershed cover types in eastern Oregon. However, percentage of rangelands appeared to be more related to the extreme summer low-flow than other cover types. An extreme summer low-flow prediction model was constructed using several watershed and precipitation variables. Many of these variables were found to be significantly related to extreme summer low-flow. Watershed average width and annual minimum precipitation explained 71% of the variations in the extreme summer low-flow. The model finally selected, with the inclusion of watershed end point elevation, was able to explain 79% of the variability in the extreme summer low-flow. Stream and precipitation gauges need to be carefully maintained during dry periods. Also, generalization of climatic trends based on a few observations in a large region can be misleading. Close

• 21. [Article] The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon

  The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon Author: Glenn, D. M. (David Michael) The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer trials on fallow- ,wheat rotations typically demonstrate a variable response. Wheat growers in the area must not only cope with this climatic variation and its sundry effects upon their livelihood, they must also make decisions regarding the future level of anticipated climatic variation. The specific objectives were to: 1) develop a climatically responsive yield potential prediction model for soft white winter wheat from historical data at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station (Moro, OR); 2) modify this model for use on commercial fields; 3) field simulate five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the variation found in the Sherman county area of eastern Oregon in order to test the yield potential model: 4) examine the effects of precipitation variation on nitrogen fertilizer responses, moisture storage and depletion and nitrogen mineralization; and 5) establish a quantitative relationship between precipitation/ soil moisture and nitrate accumulation in both the fallow and crop seasons. Two interacting regression models were developed to estimate grain yield levels in the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon. The first model estimates yield potential from monthly precipitation and temperature values. The second model estimates the percent grain reduction due to delayed crop emergence. The grain yield model was adapted to commercial fields using a Productivity Index factor (PI). The PI is a measure of the productivity of other locations in relation to the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, using water-use-efficiency (WUE) as the basis of comparison. The field simulation of five fallow-crop precipitation patterns demonstrated that the maximum grain yield response occurred at 40 kg N (soil + fertilizer)/metric ton. The grain yield model demonstrated a 15% level of accuracy on a commercial field basis in both field trials and a survey of past production levels (1972-1980). It was hypothesized that the distribution of precipitation in the fallow and crop periods had an effect on both the amount and distribution of stored soil moisture. The field simulation demonstrated that more soil moisture was stored at the 90-240 cm depths by the patterns with more fallow season precipitation when measured in March of the crop year. Soil moisture storage and storage efficiencies fluctuated throughout the fallow and crop periods. At the cessation of the winter precipitation season in both the fallow and crop periods (March), the storage efficiency was highest when low levels of precipitation occurred. At this point in time, the mean crop period storage efficiency was 10% below the mean fallow period storage efficiency (34 and 44%, respectively) in both simulation studies. Soil moisture, temperature and immobilization requirements of crop residues interact to affect the net amount of nitrogen mineralization. The mineralization model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was tested under field conditions. When the nitrogen immobilization requirement of the crop residues was included, the actual and predicted values were in agreement at the close of the 1978 fallow period. A nitrogen deficit was predicted at the 0-30 cm depth at the close of the 1980 fallow; however, the actual levels indicated a net accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen. Crop season mineralization, inferred from Mitscherlick and a-value extrapolations, in 1979 demonstrated that there was a decreasing amount of net mineralization during the crop season with increasing amounts of both fallow and crop season precipitation. Crop season mineralization in 1980 indicated that there was no net accumulation of nitrogen, rather a tie-up of 14 kg N/ha. This result reflects both the unsatisfied immobilization requirement predicted for the 1979 fallow season and crop season denitrification. Title: The effect of precipitation variation on soil moisture, soil nitrogen, nitrogen response and winter wheat yields in eastern Oregon Author: Glenn, D. M. (David Michael) The semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by a high degree of annual temperature and precipitation variation. As a result of this climatic variation, dryland nitrogen fertilizer trials on fallow- ,wheat rotations typically demonstrate a variable response. Wheat growers in the area must not only cope with this climatic variation and its sundry effects upon their livelihood, they must also make decisions regarding the future level of anticipated climatic variation. The specific objectives were to: 1) develop a climatically responsive yield potential prediction model for soft white winter wheat from historical data at the Sherman Branch Experiment Station (Moro, OR); 2) modify this model for use on commercial fields; 3) field simulate five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the variation found in the Sherman county area of eastern Oregon in order to test the yield potential model: 4) examine the effects of precipitation variation on nitrogen fertilizer responses, moisture storage and depletion and nitrogen mineralization; and 5) establish a quantitative relationship between precipitation/ soil moisture and nitrate accumulation in both the fallow and crop seasons. Two interacting regression models were developed to estimate grain yield levels in the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon. The first model estimates yield potential from monthly precipitation and temperature values. The second model estimates the percent grain reduction due to delayed crop emergence. The grain yield model was adapted to commercial fields using a Productivity Index factor (PI). The PI is a measure of the productivity of other locations in relation to the Sherman Branch Experiment Station, using water-use-efficiency (WUE) as the basis of comparison. The field simulation of five fallow-crop precipitation patterns demonstrated that the maximum grain yield response occurred at 40 kg N (soil + fertilizer)/metric ton. The grain yield model demonstrated a 15% level of accuracy on a commercial field basis in both field trials and a survey of past production levels (1972-1980). It was hypothesized that the distribution of precipitation in the fallow and crop periods had an effect on both the amount and distribution of stored soil moisture. The field simulation demonstrated that more soil moisture was stored at the 90-240 cm depths by the patterns with more fallow season precipitation when measured in March of the crop year. Soil moisture storage and storage efficiencies fluctuated throughout the fallow and crop periods. At the cessation of the winter precipitation season in both the fallow and crop periods (March), the storage efficiency was highest when low levels of precipitation occurred. At this point in time, the mean crop period storage efficiency was 10% below the mean fallow period storage efficiency (34 and 44%, respectively) in both simulation studies. Soil moisture, temperature and immobilization requirements of crop residues interact to affect the net amount of nitrogen mineralization. The mineralization model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was tested under field conditions. When the nitrogen immobilization requirement of the crop residues was included, the actual and predicted values were in agreement at the close of the 1978 fallow period. A nitrogen deficit was predicted at the 0-30 cm depth at the close of the 1980 fallow; however, the actual levels indicated a net accumulation of nitrate-nitrogen. Crop season mineralization, inferred from Mitscherlick and a-value extrapolations, in 1979 demonstrated that there was a decreasing amount of net mineralization during the crop season with increasing amounts of both fallow and crop season precipitation. Crop season mineralization in 1980 indicated that there was no net accumulation of nitrogen, rather a tie-up of 14 kg N/ha. This result reflects both the unsatisfied immobilization requirement predicted for the 1979 fallow season and crop season denitrification. Close

• 22. [Article] A study of the relation between radar and raingage indicated rainfall over northern California

  The WSR-57 weather radar operated by the National Weather Service at Sacramento, California, plus a network of precipitation gages provided data for this comparison of radar reflectivity with precipitation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the relation between radar and raingage indicated rainfall over northern California Author: Strem, Eric Thomas The WSR-57 weather radar operated by the National Weather Service at Sacramento, California, plus a network of precipitation gages provided data for this comparison of radar reflectivity with precipitation rates. Located in a valley with mountains within range of the radar on three sides, this radar has varying sensitivity for precipitation rates as a result of the terrain effects. Variation in the terrain surrounding the radar has led to a very wide scatter in precipitation rates associated with any particular radar reflectivity. The radar failed to detect precipitation up to 77% of the time over the Coast Range at ranges greater than 100 nm. Linear regression analyses revealed very poor correlation between the raingage indicated precipitation rate and the radar reflectivity. These analyses resulted in values of (R²), the coefficient of determination, ranging from zero as a minimum to only 0.502 as a maximum. Such results are generally much poorer than results obtained by others. The poor correlations and both overestimation and underestimation of rainfall resulted from factors such as range, terrain blocking, windward or leeward exposure, freezing level height, beam height and width, and the distribution of water vapor in the vertical. Title: A study of the relation between radar and raingage indicated rainfall over northern California Author: Strem, Eric Thomas The WSR-57 weather radar operated by the National Weather Service at Sacramento, California, plus a network of precipitation gages provided data for this comparison of radar reflectivity with precipitation rates. Located in a valley with mountains within range of the radar on three sides, this radar has varying sensitivity for precipitation rates as a result of the terrain effects. Variation in the terrain surrounding the radar has led to a very wide scatter in precipitation rates associated with any particular radar reflectivity. The radar failed to detect precipitation up to 77% of the time over the Coast Range at ranges greater than 100 nm. Linear regression analyses revealed very poor correlation between the raingage indicated precipitation rate and the radar reflectivity. These analyses resulted in values of (R²), the coefficient of determination, ranging from zero as a minimum to only 0.502 as a maximum. Such results are generally much poorer than results obtained by others. The poor correlations and both overestimation and underestimation of rainfall resulted from factors such as range, terrain blocking, windward or leeward exposure, freezing level height, beam height and width, and the distribution of water vapor in the vertical. Close

• 23. [Article] Precipitation-snowmelt timing and snowmelt augmentation of large peak flow events, western Cascades, Oregon

  Despite advances in the understanding of rain-on-snow storms and their resulting peak flows, little is understood about the response of snowmelt to precipitation and the relative timing of the two at multiple ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Precipitation-snowmelt timing and snowmelt augmentation of large peak flow events, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Jennings, Keith S. Despite advances in the understanding of rain-on-snow storms and their resulting peak flows, little is understood about the response of snowmelt to precipitation and the relative timing of the two at multiple temporal scales within such events. To address this issue, climate, snowmelt, and streamflow data were analyzed for 26 large storms in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades of Oregon. Cumulative net snowmelt was plotted against precipitation for each storm to identify net snowmelt response categories, which were then used to summarize climatic and streamflow data, while the timing of precipitation and net snowmelt was assessed at multiple temporal scales and time ranges with wavelet coherence. Five precipitation-net snowmelt response categories were identified: flat; persistent melt; persistent accumulation; late melt; and late accumulation. Persistent melt events, which were characterized by concomitantly increasing cumulative net snowmelt and precipitation, had the highest mean peak flow and water available for runoff values of the response categories. Large, contiguous regions of significant wavelet coherence at multiple temporal scales were observed in both the persistent melt and persistent accumulation categories, but the phase difference distributions indicated differing snowpack dynamics with pulses of precipitation leading pulses of snowmelt in the former and precipitation being absorbed by the snowpack in the latter. High water available for runoff totals and peak flows were observed in each of the five response categories, but a dewpoint temperature consistently above 0.5°C, elevated wind speeds, and a high fraction of precipitation falling as rain in the persistent melt category facilitated rapid snowmelt rates which were often synchronized with precipitation. Wavelet coherence showed this synchronization to be significant across all temporal scales and time periods for the two largest peak flows in the study, indicating that tightly coupled rainfall-synchrony is essential in generating an extreme rain-on-snow flood. By quantifying the amount and timing of net snowmelt, the categorization scheme provides a means of distinguishing among rain-on-snow events and predicting peak discharge magnitude. Title: Precipitation-snowmelt timing and snowmelt augmentation of large peak flow events, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Jennings, Keith S. Despite advances in the understanding of rain-on-snow storms and their resulting peak flows, little is understood about the response of snowmelt to precipitation and the relative timing of the two at multiple temporal scales within such events. To address this issue, climate, snowmelt, and streamflow data were analyzed for 26 large storms in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades of Oregon. Cumulative net snowmelt was plotted against precipitation for each storm to identify net snowmelt response categories, which were then used to summarize climatic and streamflow data, while the timing of precipitation and net snowmelt was assessed at multiple temporal scales and time ranges with wavelet coherence. Five precipitation-net snowmelt response categories were identified: flat; persistent melt; persistent accumulation; late melt; and late accumulation. Persistent melt events, which were characterized by concomitantly increasing cumulative net snowmelt and precipitation, had the highest mean peak flow and water available for runoff values of the response categories. Large, contiguous regions of significant wavelet coherence at multiple temporal scales were observed in both the persistent melt and persistent accumulation categories, but the phase difference distributions indicated differing snowpack dynamics with pulses of precipitation leading pulses of snowmelt in the former and precipitation being absorbed by the snowpack in the latter. High water available for runoff totals and peak flows were observed in each of the five response categories, but a dewpoint temperature consistently above 0.5°C, elevated wind speeds, and a high fraction of precipitation falling as rain in the persistent melt category facilitated rapid snowmelt rates which were often synchronized with precipitation. Wavelet coherence showed this synchronization to be significant across all temporal scales and time periods for the two largest peak flows in the study, indicating that tightly coupled rainfall-synchrony is essential in generating an extreme rain-on-snow flood. By quantifying the amount and timing of net snowmelt, the categorization scheme provides a means of distinguishing among rain-on-snow events and predicting peak discharge magnitude. Close

• 24. [Article] Large wood export regulated by the pattern and intensity of precipitation along a latitudinal gradient in the Japanese archipelago

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Large wood export regulated by the pattern and intensity of precipitation along a latitudinal gradient in the Japanese archipelago Author: Ichiyanagi, Hidetaka, Seo, Jung Il, Nakamura, Futoshi, Akasaka, Takumi, Chun, Kun Woo This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Title: Large wood export regulated by the pattern and intensity of precipitation along a latitudinal gradient in the Japanese archipelago Author: Ichiyanagi, Hidetaka, Seo, Jung Il, Nakamura, Futoshi, Akasaka, Takumi, Chun, Kun Woo This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Close

• 25. [Article] Clouds, Aerosols, and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer: An Arm Mobile Facility Deployment

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clouds, Aerosols, and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer: An Arm Mobile Facility Deployment Author: de Szoeke, Simon P., et al., Wyant, Matthew, Bretherton, Christopher S., Wood, Robert To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/ Title: Clouds, Aerosols, and Precipitation in the Marine Boundary Layer: An Arm Mobile Facility Deployment Author: de Szoeke, Simon P., et al., Wyant, Matthew, Bretherton, Christopher S., Wood, Robert To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/bulletin-of-the-american-meteorological-society-bams/ Close

• 26. [Article] Variability of precipitation in western Oregon as revealed by rado echo patterns

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variability of precipitation in western Oregon as revealed by rado echo patterns Author: Mendenhall, Laurence David Title: Variability of precipitation in western Oregon as revealed by rado echo patterns Author: Mendenhall, Laurence David Close

• 27. [Article] Some characteristics of time and space patterns of fall precipitation in northwest Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some characteristics of time and space patterns of fall precipitation in northwest Oregon Author: Velthoen, John Richard Title: Some characteristics of time and space patterns of fall precipitation in northwest Oregon Author: Velthoen, John Richard Close

• 28. [Article] Surface observations of the electrical charges retained by precipitation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface observations of the electrical charges retained by precipitation Author: Couch, Richard W. Title: Surface observations of the electrical charges retained by precipitation Author: Couch, Richard W. Close

• 29. [Article] Intensity and periodicity of spring precipitation in the Willamette Valley

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intensity and periodicity of spring precipitation in the Willamette Valley Author: Smith, Floyd Harold Title: Intensity and periodicity of spring precipitation in the Willamette Valley Author: Smith, Floyd Harold Close

• 30. [Article] Analysis of microwave back-scattering from precipitation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of microwave back-scattering from precipitation Author: Hershman, Arthur Lee Title: Analysis of microwave back-scattering from precipitation Author: Hershman, Arthur Lee Close

• 31. [Article] Findley Lake lysimeter leachate, precipitation inflow, outflow, and throughfall data, June 1973-January 1974

  Data on soil leachate at three sites and four depths, throughfall, precipitation, and lake inflow and outflow are presented in this report.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Findley Lake lysimeter leachate, precipitation inflow, outflow, and throughfall data, June 1973-January 1974 Author: Minden, Ralph V., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington, Ugolini, Fiorenzo C. Data on soil leachate at three sites and four depths, throughfall, precipitation, and lake inflow and outflow are presented in this report. Title: Findley Lake lysimeter leachate, precipitation inflow, outflow, and throughfall data, June 1973-January 1974 Author: Minden, Ralph V., U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, University of Washington, Ugolini, Fiorenzo C. Data on soil leachate at three sites and four depths, throughfall, precipitation, and lake inflow and outflow are presented in this report. Close

• 32. [Article] Rainfall over coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest

  The objective of this study was to ascertain the magnitude and distribution of rainfall over coastal waters of the northwestern United States and to compare values with those at nearby land stations. Precipitation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rainfall over coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest Author: Reed, Ronald Keith The objective of this study was to ascertain the magnitude and distribution of rainfall over coastal waters of the northwestern United States and to compare values with those at nearby land stations. Precipitation was measured with gauges at Totem, rainfall amounts were assessed from weather reports at lightships off the coast, and precipitation frequencies at lightships and land stations were examined. Results from the three methods were quite consistent; precipitation. on at sea was only about one-third that at coastal land stations. These values are appreciably less than previous estimates of oceanic rainfall in this area, and they support the view that a significant horizontal gradient of precipitation may exist between the coast and open sea. Rainfall typically occurs both at sea and ashore on the same day, but it rains fewer hours at sea. The relative amount of rain at sea varies with the type of atmospheric system, and rainfall at the coast appears to be intensified by frictional processes. Estimates of evaporation minus precipitation are less negative than earlier ones; consideration of their relation to surface salinity leads to distributions that are in good agreement with oceanographic knowledge. The newer values suggest that in this region the heat gain by the atmosphere may be less (but moisture entrainment may be greater) than was thought. Title: Rainfall over coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest Author: Reed, Ronald Keith The objective of this study was to ascertain the magnitude and distribution of rainfall over coastal waters of the northwestern United States and to compare values with those at nearby land stations. Precipitation was measured with gauges at Totem, rainfall amounts were assessed from weather reports at lightships off the coast, and precipitation frequencies at lightships and land stations were examined. Results from the three methods were quite consistent; precipitation. on at sea was only about one-third that at coastal land stations. These values are appreciably less than previous estimates of oceanic rainfall in this area, and they support the view that a significant horizontal gradient of precipitation may exist between the coast and open sea. Rainfall typically occurs both at sea and ashore on the same day, but it rains fewer hours at sea. The relative amount of rain at sea varies with the type of atmospheric system, and rainfall at the coast appears to be intensified by frictional processes. Estimates of evaporation minus precipitation are less negative than earlier ones; consideration of their relation to surface salinity leads to distributions that are in good agreement with oceanographic knowledge. The newer values suggest that in this region the heat gain by the atmosphere may be less (but moisture entrainment may be greater) than was thought. Close

• 33. [Article] A mesic maximum in biological water use demarcates biome sensitivity to aridity shifts

  Biome function is largely governed by how efficiently available resources can be used and yet for water, the ratio of direct biological resource use (transpiration, E_T) to total supply (annual precipitation, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A mesic maximum in biological water use demarcates biome sensitivity to aridity shifts Author: Stephen P. Good Biome function is largely governed by how efficiently available resources can be used and yet for water, the ratio of direct biological resource use (transpiration, E_T) to total supply (annual precipitation, P) at ecosystem scales remains poorly characterized. Here, we synthesize field, remote sensing and ecohydrological modelling estimates to show that the biological water use fraction (E_T/P) reaches a maximum under mesic conditions; that is, when evaporative demand (potential evapotranspiration, E_P) slightly exceeds supplied precipitation. We estimate that this mesic maximum in E_T/P occurs at an aridity index (defined as E_P/P) between 1.3 and 1.9. The observed global average aridity of 1.8 falls within this range, suggesting that the biosphere is, on average, configured to transpire the largest possible fraction of global precipitation for the current climate. A unimodal E_T/P distribution indicates that both dry regions subjected to increasing aridity and humid regions subjected to decreasing aridity will suffer declines in the fraction of precipitation that plants transpire for growth and metabolism. Given the uncertainties in the prediction of future biogeography, this framework provides a clear and concise determination of ecosystems' sensitivity to climatic shifts, as well as expected patterns in the amount of precipitation that ecosystems can effectively use. Title: A mesic maximum in biological water use demarcates biome sensitivity to aridity shifts Author: Stephen P. Good Biome function is largely governed by how efficiently available resources can be used and yet for water, the ratio of direct biological resource use (transpiration, E_T) to total supply (annual precipitation, P) at ecosystem scales remains poorly characterized. Here, we synthesize field, remote sensing and ecohydrological modelling estimates to show that the biological water use fraction (E_T/P) reaches a maximum under mesic conditions; that is, when evaporative demand (potential evapotranspiration, E_P) slightly exceeds supplied precipitation. We estimate that this mesic maximum in E_T/P occurs at an aridity index (defined as E_P/P) between 1.3 and 1.9. The observed global average aridity of 1.8 falls within this range, suggesting that the biosphere is, on average, configured to transpire the largest possible fraction of global precipitation for the current climate. A unimodal E_T/P distribution indicates that both dry regions subjected to increasing aridity and humid regions subjected to decreasing aridity will suffer declines in the fraction of precipitation that plants transpire for growth and metabolism. Given the uncertainties in the prediction of future biogeography, this framework provides a clear and concise determination of ecosystems' sensitivity to climatic shifts, as well as expected patterns in the amount of precipitation that ecosystems can effectively use. Close

• 34. [Article] Trends in cation, nitrogen, sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation in the United States and Europe from 1978 to 2010: a new look at an old problem

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10533.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trends in cation, nitrogen, sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation in the United States and Europe from 1978 to 2010: a new look at an old problem Author: Lajtha, Kate, Jones, Julia This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10533. Title: Trends in cation, nitrogen, sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation in the United States and Europe from 1978 to 2010: a new look at an old problem Author: Lajtha, Kate, Jones, Julia This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10533. Close

• 35. [Article] Assessing the Impact of Storm Regime on Remotely-sensed Precipitation Extremes Across the Western Himalaya

  Extreme, flood-producing precipitation events in mountains threaten human life and local and national economies. In the Himalayas, scarce meteorological data historically limited understanding of the underlying ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the Impact of Storm Regime on Remotely-sensed Precipitation Extremes Across the Western Himalaya Author: Stanton, Alan L. Extreme, flood-producing precipitation events in mountains threaten human life and local and national economies. In the Himalayas, scarce meteorological data historically limited understanding of the underlying processes driving extreme events. However, the capacity to observe, measure and quantify precipitation on regional scales has increased tremendously over the last three decades with the increasing prevalence of remotely-sensed data. While remotely-sensed precipitation can add essential information for understanding local hydrology, the spatial and temporal scales of the observations may result in biases based on the types of events that can be captured by the data. We analyze one of the recent remotely-sensed precipitation datasets, collected by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), to better understand the spatial and temporal context of storm processes that generate flood disasters in high mountain environments. The objectives of this study are to 1) analyze the spatial distribution of extreme rainfall and convection across the mountain systems of the western Himalayan region, 2) investigate the deviations between remotely-sensed and ground-based precipitation observations across the orography, and 3) examine the sub-grid heterogeneity of remotely-sensed precipitation observations. First, we provide evidence of significant deviations between the mean and variance of extreme rainfall and convective intensities across mountain systems, which may produce variable over and underestimations of precipitation across the landscape. Extreme rainfall values are highest across the Lower Himalaya where synoptic weather systems are more prevalent, whereas extreme convective intensities are significantly higher across the Inner Himalaya. Second, we identify that deviations between extreme precipitation values measured by TRMM and GBO stations reverse with increasing topography, indicating that both rainfall regime and valley-ridge rainfall distributions vary with elevation and relief. Third, we identify large sub-grid differences in the variance of the extreme rainfall distributions within a single TRMM pixel, underscoring the complexities of bias correction of gridded rainfall measurements using GBO stations. Our findings support the hypothesis that storm regimes vary with the orography, uniquely affecting the measurement of remotely-sensed precipitation. Title: Assessing the Impact of Storm Regime on Remotely-sensed Precipitation Extremes Across the Western Himalaya Author: Stanton, Alan L. Extreme, flood-producing precipitation events in mountains threaten human life and local and national economies. In the Himalayas, scarce meteorological data historically limited understanding of the underlying processes driving extreme events. However, the capacity to observe, measure and quantify precipitation on regional scales has increased tremendously over the last three decades with the increasing prevalence of remotely-sensed data. While remotely-sensed precipitation can add essential information for understanding local hydrology, the spatial and temporal scales of the observations may result in biases based on the types of events that can be captured by the data. We analyze one of the recent remotely-sensed precipitation datasets, collected by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), to better understand the spatial and temporal context of storm processes that generate flood disasters in high mountain environments. The objectives of this study are to 1) analyze the spatial distribution of extreme rainfall and convection across the mountain systems of the western Himalayan region, 2) investigate the deviations between remotely-sensed and ground-based precipitation observations across the orography, and 3) examine the sub-grid heterogeneity of remotely-sensed precipitation observations. First, we provide evidence of significant deviations between the mean and variance of extreme rainfall and convective intensities across mountain systems, which may produce variable over and underestimations of precipitation across the landscape. Extreme rainfall values are highest across the Lower Himalaya where synoptic weather systems are more prevalent, whereas extreme convective intensities are significantly higher across the Inner Himalaya. Second, we identify that deviations between extreme precipitation values measured by TRMM and GBO stations reverse with increasing topography, indicating that both rainfall regime and valley-ridge rainfall distributions vary with elevation and relief. Third, we identify large sub-grid differences in the variance of the extreme rainfall distributions within a single TRMM pixel, underscoring the complexities of bias correction of gridded rainfall measurements using GBO stations. Our findings support the hypothesis that storm regimes vary with the orography, uniquely affecting the measurement of remotely-sensed precipitation. Close

• 36. [Article] Buoy and satellite observation of wind induced surface heat exchange in the intraseasonal oscillation over West Pacific and Indian Ocean

  The importance of wind-driven latent heat fluxes for supporting tropical intraseasonal precipitation variability is analyzed. Tropical intraseasonal variability in the west pacific and Indian ocean is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Buoy and satellite observation of wind induced surface heat exchange in the intraseasonal oscillation over West Pacific and Indian Ocean Author: Araligidad, Nilesh The importance of wind-driven latent heat fluxes for supporting tropical intraseasonal precipitation variability is analyzed. Tropical intraseasonal variability in the west pacific and Indian ocean is analyzed for northern and southern hemisphere summer during 1999-2005 using satellite and buoy observations. A composite analysis of QuikSCAT ocean vector winds and TRMM precipitation for the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) indicate that enhanced precipitation is associated with anomalous surface westerly flow over the west Pacific and the Indian oceans. Anomalous westerly flow associated with the ISO is also accompanied by enhanced wind speed over the west Pacific and Indian ocean. Enhanced wind speed during westerly phases in the west Pacific and Indian oceans suggests an increase in the wind-driven component of latent heat flux. An analysis using TAO buoys and TRMM precipitation shows a significant correlation between intraseasonal (30-100 day) latent heat flux and TRMM precipitation in the region where enhanced precipitation occurs during the ISO westerly phase. Latent heat flux anomalies are about 20% of precipitation anomalies, a magnitude approximately sufficient as suggested by previous studies to support a flux-driven convective instability. The correlation of QuikSCAT wind speed and TRMM precipitation was analyzed over the west Pacific and it also showed a correlation of similar magnitude as the correlation of latent heat flux and precipitation. As a sensitivity test to determine how much of the latent heat flux anomalies were wind-driven, latent heat flux anomalies were recalculated at the location of strong correlation by fixing SST, boundary layer relative humidity, and boundary layer temperature to their sixty days running averages. This sensitivity analysis shows that most of the latent heat flux anomaly is wind-driven, indicating that intraseasonal precipitation may be supported by a wind-evaporation feedback mechanism. Wind speed and precipitation anomalies also show a significant correlation in the Indian ocean. This result suggests that if latent heat flux anomalies in the Indian ocean are primarily wind-driven, then a wind-evaporation feedback mechanism may also be supported there. Title: Buoy and satellite observation of wind induced surface heat exchange in the intraseasonal oscillation over West Pacific and Indian Ocean Author: Araligidad, Nilesh The importance of wind-driven latent heat fluxes for supporting tropical intraseasonal precipitation variability is analyzed. Tropical intraseasonal variability in the west pacific and Indian ocean is analyzed for northern and southern hemisphere summer during 1999-2005 using satellite and buoy observations. A composite analysis of QuikSCAT ocean vector winds and TRMM precipitation for the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) indicate that enhanced precipitation is associated with anomalous surface westerly flow over the west Pacific and the Indian oceans. Anomalous westerly flow associated with the ISO is also accompanied by enhanced wind speed over the west Pacific and Indian ocean. Enhanced wind speed during westerly phases in the west Pacific and Indian oceans suggests an increase in the wind-driven component of latent heat flux. An analysis using TAO buoys and TRMM precipitation shows a significant correlation between intraseasonal (30-100 day) latent heat flux and TRMM precipitation in the region where enhanced precipitation occurs during the ISO westerly phase. Latent heat flux anomalies are about 20% of precipitation anomalies, a magnitude approximately sufficient as suggested by previous studies to support a flux-driven convective instability. The correlation of QuikSCAT wind speed and TRMM precipitation was analyzed over the west Pacific and it also showed a correlation of similar magnitude as the correlation of latent heat flux and precipitation. As a sensitivity test to determine how much of the latent heat flux anomalies were wind-driven, latent heat flux anomalies were recalculated at the location of strong correlation by fixing SST, boundary layer relative humidity, and boundary layer temperature to their sixty days running averages. This sensitivity analysis shows that most of the latent heat flux anomaly is wind-driven, indicating that intraseasonal precipitation may be supported by a wind-evaporation feedback mechanism. Wind speed and precipitation anomalies also show a significant correlation in the Indian ocean. This result suggests that if latent heat flux anomalies in the Indian ocean are primarily wind-driven, then a wind-evaporation feedback mechanism may also be supported there. Close

• 37. [Article] An Atmospheric Teleconnection Linking ENSO and Southwestern European Precipitation

  Numerous studies have demonstrated statistical associations between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and precipitation in the Mediterranean basin. The dynamical bases for these teleconnections have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Atmospheric Teleconnection Linking ENSO and Southwestern European Precipitation Author: Tziperman, Eli, Shaman, Jeffrey Numerous studies have demonstrated statistical associations between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and precipitation in the Mediterranean basin. The dynamical bases for these teleconnections have yet to be fully identified. Here, observational analyses and model simulations are used to show how ENSO variability affects rainfall over southwestern Europe (Iberia, Southern France, and Italy). A precipitation index for the region, named southwestern European Precipitation (SWEP), is used. The observational analyses show that ENSO modulates SWEP during the September–December wet season. These precipitation anomalies are associated with changes in large-scale atmospheric fields to the west of Iberia that alter low-level westerly winds and onshore moisture advection from the Atlantic. The vorticity anomalies associated with SWEP variability are linked to ENSO through a stationary barotropic Rossby wave train that emanates from the eastern equatorial Pacific and propagates eastward to the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Solutions of the linearized barotropic vorticity equation produce such eastward-propagating Rossby waves with trajectories that traverse the region of observed ENSO-related anomalies. In addition, these linearized barotropic vorticity equation solutions produce a dipole of positive and negative vorticity anomalies to the west of Iberia that matches observations and is consistent with the onshore advection of moisture. Thus, interannual variability of fall and early winter precipitation over southwestern Europe is linked to ENSO variability in the eastern Pacific via an eastward-propagating atmospheric stationary barotropic Rossby wave train. Title: An Atmospheric Teleconnection Linking ENSO and Southwestern European Precipitation Author: Tziperman, Eli, Shaman, Jeffrey Numerous studies have demonstrated statistical associations between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and precipitation in the Mediterranean basin. The dynamical bases for these teleconnections have yet to be fully identified. Here, observational analyses and model simulations are used to show how ENSO variability affects rainfall over southwestern Europe (Iberia, Southern France, and Italy). A precipitation index for the region, named southwestern European Precipitation (SWEP), is used. The observational analyses show that ENSO modulates SWEP during the September–December wet season. These precipitation anomalies are associated with changes in large-scale atmospheric fields to the west of Iberia that alter low-level westerly winds and onshore moisture advection from the Atlantic. The vorticity anomalies associated with SWEP variability are linked to ENSO through a stationary barotropic Rossby wave train that emanates from the eastern equatorial Pacific and propagates eastward to the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Solutions of the linearized barotropic vorticity equation produce such eastward-propagating Rossby waves with trajectories that traverse the region of observed ENSO-related anomalies. In addition, these linearized barotropic vorticity equation solutions produce a dipole of positive and negative vorticity anomalies to the west of Iberia that matches observations and is consistent with the onshore advection of moisture. Thus, interannual variability of fall and early winter precipitation over southwestern Europe is linked to ENSO variability in the eastern Pacific via an eastward-propagating atmospheric stationary barotropic Rossby wave train. Close

• 38. [Article] Satellite and Buoy Observations of Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Variability in the Tropical Northeast Pacific

  Tropical intraseasonal variability in the eastern North Pacific during June–September of 2000–03 is analyzed using satellite and buoy observations. Quick Scatterometer ocean vector winds and the Tropical Rainfall ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Satellite and Buoy Observations of Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Variability in the Tropical Northeast Pacific Author: Esbensen, Steven K., Maloney, Eric D. Tropical intraseasonal variability in the eastern North Pacific during June–September of 2000–03 is analyzed using satellite and buoy observations. Quick Scatterometer ocean vector winds and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation indicate that periods of anomalous surface westerly flow over the east Pacific warm pool during a summertime intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) life cycle are generally associated with an enhancement of convection to the east of 120°W. An exception is a narrow band of suppressed precipitation along 8°N that is associated with negative column-integrated precipitable water anomalies and anticyclonic vorticity anomalies. Periods of surface easterly anomalies are generally associated with suppressed convection to the east of 120°W. Summertime wind jets in the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo exhibit heightened activity during periods of ISO easterly anomalies and suppressed convection. Strong variations in east Pacific warm pool wind speed occur in association with the summertime ISO. Anomalous ISO westerly flow is generally accompanied by enhanced wind speed to the east of 120°W, while anomalous easterly flow is associated with suppressed wind speed. Intraseasonal vector wind anomalies added to the climatological flow account for the bulk of the wind speed enhancement in the warm pool during the westerly phase, while the easterly phase shows strong contributions to the negative wind speed anomaly from both intraseasonal vector wind anomalies and suppressed synoptic-scale eddy activity. An analysis using Tropical Atmosphere Ocean buoys and TRMM precipitation suggests that wind–evaporation feedback is important for supporting summertime intraseasonal convection over the east Pacific warm pool. A statistically significant correlation of 0.6 between intraseasonal latent heat flux and precipitation occurs at the 12°N, 95°W buoy. Correlations between precipitation and latent heat flux at the 10°N, 95°W and 8°N, 95°W buoys are positive (0.4), but not statistically significant. Intraseasonal latent heat flux anomalies at all buoys are primarily wind induced. Consistent with the suppressed convection there during the ISO westerly phase, a negative but not statistically significant correlation ( 0.3) occurs between precipitation and latent heat flux at the 8°N, 110°W buoy. Title: Satellite and Buoy Observations of Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Variability in the Tropical Northeast Pacific Author: Esbensen, Steven K., Maloney, Eric D. Tropical intraseasonal variability in the eastern North Pacific during June–September of 2000–03 is analyzed using satellite and buoy observations. Quick Scatterometer ocean vector winds and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation indicate that periods of anomalous surface westerly flow over the east Pacific warm pool during a summertime intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) life cycle are generally associated with an enhancement of convection to the east of 120°W. An exception is a narrow band of suppressed precipitation along 8°N that is associated with negative column-integrated precipitable water anomalies and anticyclonic vorticity anomalies. Periods of surface easterly anomalies are generally associated with suppressed convection to the east of 120°W. Summertime wind jets in the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo exhibit heightened activity during periods of ISO easterly anomalies and suppressed convection. Strong variations in east Pacific warm pool wind speed occur in association with the summertime ISO. Anomalous ISO westerly flow is generally accompanied by enhanced wind speed to the east of 120°W, while anomalous easterly flow is associated with suppressed wind speed. Intraseasonal vector wind anomalies added to the climatological flow account for the bulk of the wind speed enhancement in the warm pool during the westerly phase, while the easterly phase shows strong contributions to the negative wind speed anomaly from both intraseasonal vector wind anomalies and suppressed synoptic-scale eddy activity. An analysis using Tropical Atmosphere Ocean buoys and TRMM precipitation suggests that wind–evaporation feedback is important for supporting summertime intraseasonal convection over the east Pacific warm pool. A statistically significant correlation of 0.6 between intraseasonal latent heat flux and precipitation occurs at the 12°N, 95°W buoy. Correlations between precipitation and latent heat flux at the 10°N, 95°W and 8°N, 95°W buoys are positive (0.4), but not statistically significant. Intraseasonal latent heat flux anomalies at all buoys are primarily wind induced. Consistent with the suppressed convection there during the ISO westerly phase, a negative but not statistically significant correlation ( 0.3) occurs between precipitation and latent heat flux at the 8°N, 110°W buoy. Close

• 39. [Article] Infrared thermography of evaporative fluxes and dynamics of salt deposition on heterogeneous porous surfaces

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Infrared thermography of evaporative fluxes and dynamics of salt deposition on heterogeneous porous surfaces Author: Shahraeeni, Ebrahim, Or, Dani, Weisbrod, Noam, Dragila, Maria, Nachshon, Uri This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Title: Infrared thermography of evaporative fluxes and dynamics of salt deposition on heterogeneous porous surfaces Author: Shahraeeni, Ebrahim, Or, Dani, Weisbrod, Noam, Dragila, Maria, Nachshon, Uri This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Close

• 40. [Article] Continuous precipitation of ceria nanoparticles from a continuous flow micromixer

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous precipitation of ceria nanoparticles from a continuous flow micromixer Author: Tseng, Chih Heng T., Engelhard, Mark H., Chang, Chih-Hung, Paul, Brian K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Title: Continuous precipitation of ceria nanoparticles from a continuous flow micromixer Author: Tseng, Chih Heng T., Engelhard, Mark H., Chang, Chih-Hung, Paul, Brian K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Close

• 41. [Article] Twentieth-Century Trends in Runoff, Evapotranspiration, and Soil Moisture in the Western United States

  A physically based hydrology model is used to produce time series for the period 1916–2003 of evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and soil moisture (SM) over the western United States from which long-term ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Twentieth-Century Trends in Runoff, Evapotranspiration, and Soil Moisture in the Western United States Author: Clark, Martyn P., Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Mote, Philip W., Hamlet, Alan F. A physically based hydrology model is used to produce time series for the period 1916–2003 of evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and soil moisture (SM) over the western United States from which long-term trends are evaluated. The results show that trends in ET in spring and summer are determined primarily by trends in precipitation and snowmelt that determine water availability. From April to June, ET trends are mostly positive due primarily to earlier snowmelt and earlier emergence of snow-free ground, and secondarily to increasing trends in spring precipitation. From July to September trends in ET are more strongly influenced by precipitation trends, with the exception of areas (most notably California) that receive little summer precipitation and have experienced large changes in snowmelt timing. Trends in the seasonal timing of ET are modest, but during the period 1947–2003 when temperature trends are large, they reflect a shift of ET from midsummer to early summer and late spring. As in other studies, it is found that runoff is occurring earlier in spring, a trend that is related primarily to increasing temperature, and is most apparent during 1947–2003. Trends in the annual runoff ratio, a variable critical to western water management, are determined primarily by trends in cool season precipitation, rather than changes in the timing of runoff or ET. It was found that the signature of temperature-related trends in runoff and SM is strongly keyed to mean midwinter [December–February (DJF)] temperatures. Areas with warmer winter temperatures show increasing trends in the runoff fraction as early as February, and colder areas as late as June. Trends toward earlier spring SM recharge are apparent and increasing trends in SM on 1 April are evident over much of the region. The 1 July SM trends are less affected by snowmelt changes and are controlled more by precipitation trends. Title: Twentieth-Century Trends in Runoff, Evapotranspiration, and Soil Moisture in the Western United States Author: Clark, Martyn P., Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Mote, Philip W., Hamlet, Alan F. A physically based hydrology model is used to produce time series for the period 1916–2003 of evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and soil moisture (SM) over the western United States from which long-term trends are evaluated. The results show that trends in ET in spring and summer are determined primarily by trends in precipitation and snowmelt that determine water availability. From April to June, ET trends are mostly positive due primarily to earlier snowmelt and earlier emergence of snow-free ground, and secondarily to increasing trends in spring precipitation. From July to September trends in ET are more strongly influenced by precipitation trends, with the exception of areas (most notably California) that receive little summer precipitation and have experienced large changes in snowmelt timing. Trends in the seasonal timing of ET are modest, but during the period 1947–2003 when temperature trends are large, they reflect a shift of ET from midsummer to early summer and late spring. As in other studies, it is found that runoff is occurring earlier in spring, a trend that is related primarily to increasing temperature, and is most apparent during 1947–2003. Trends in the annual runoff ratio, a variable critical to western water management, are determined primarily by trends in cool season precipitation, rather than changes in the timing of runoff or ET. It was found that the signature of temperature-related trends in runoff and SM is strongly keyed to mean midwinter [December–February (DJF)] temperatures. Areas with warmer winter temperatures show increasing trends in the runoff fraction as early as February, and colder areas as late as June. Trends toward earlier spring SM recharge are apparent and increasing trends in SM on 1 April are evident over much of the region. The 1 July SM trends are less affected by snowmelt changes and are controlled more by precipitation trends. Close

• 42. [Article] A mathematical framework for analysis of water tracers: Part 1: Development of theory and application to the preindustrial mean state

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. on behalf of the American Geophysical Union. The published article can ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A mathematical framework for analysis of water tracers: Part 1: Development of theory and application to the preindustrial mean state Author: Noone, D. C., Bitz, C. M., Singh, H. A., Nusbaumer, J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. on behalf of the American Geophysical Union. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291942-2466/homepage/open_access_license_and_copyright.htm Title: A mathematical framework for analysis of water tracers: Part 1: Development of theory and application to the preindustrial mean state Author: Noone, D. C., Bitz, C. M., Singh, H. A., Nusbaumer, J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. on behalf of the American Geophysical Union. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291942-2466/homepage/open_access_license_and_copyright.htm Close

• 43. [Article] Evaluation of alternative Markovian models for precipitation occurrence in Oregon

  Precipitation occurrence in three winter periods and three summer periods is examined for two Oregon stations: Seaside and Squaw Butte. The winter periods are January, February, and the interval January ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of alternative Markovian models for precipitation occurrence in Oregon Author: Adotevi-Akue, George Modesto Precipitation occurrence in three winter periods and three summer periods is examined for two Oregon stations: Seaside and Squaw Butte. The winter periods are January, February, and the interval January 15 to February 20. The summer periods are July, August, and the interval July 10 to August 15. The two intervals were selected as representing stable periods in the Natural Calendar of the Atmosphere proposed in the literature. Seaside is a coastal station with a marine climate, while Squaw Butte is in the high desert of eastern Oregon. At both stations winter is the rainy season and summer is dry. By first defining a wet day as any on which .01 inch or more of precipitation is measured, and then proceeding from the assumption that daily precipitation occurrence is a two-state Markov Chain of order 4, the hypotheses are tested that the order of dependence is 0, 1, 2, and 3 within the fourth order. At Seaside for the winter periods another threshold was employed, with wet days being those having .20 inch or more of precipitation. In no case did a Chi-square test for goodness of fit show a model of zero order to be suitable. For winter periods at Squaw Butte, a model of order as high as 3 was not clearly suitable. For all other tests, however, a Markovian model of an order within the range tested was judged suitable. The variation of threshold tested at Seaside in winter has no major significance for the periods examined. The tests as conducted neither confirm nor deny the validity of the concept of the Natural Calendar. As a result, however, recommendations for further tests of this validity are made. Title: Evaluation of alternative Markovian models for precipitation occurrence in Oregon Author: Adotevi-Akue, George Modesto Precipitation occurrence in three winter periods and three summer periods is examined for two Oregon stations: Seaside and Squaw Butte. The winter periods are January, February, and the interval January 15 to February 20. The summer periods are July, August, and the interval July 10 to August 15. The two intervals were selected as representing stable periods in the Natural Calendar of the Atmosphere proposed in the literature. Seaside is a coastal station with a marine climate, while Squaw Butte is in the high desert of eastern Oregon. At both stations winter is the rainy season and summer is dry. By first defining a wet day as any on which .01 inch or more of precipitation is measured, and then proceeding from the assumption that daily precipitation occurrence is a two-state Markov Chain of order 4, the hypotheses are tested that the order of dependence is 0, 1, 2, and 3 within the fourth order. At Seaside for the winter periods another threshold was employed, with wet days being those having .20 inch or more of precipitation. In no case did a Chi-square test for goodness of fit show a model of zero order to be suitable. For winter periods at Squaw Butte, a model of order as high as 3 was not clearly suitable. For all other tests, however, a Markovian model of an order within the range tested was judged suitable. The variation of threshold tested at Seaside in winter has no major significance for the periods examined. The tests as conducted neither confirm nor deny the validity of the concept of the Natural Calendar. As a result, however, recommendations for further tests of this validity are made. Close

• 44. [Article] Characteristics of stream low flows in eastern Oregon : their relationship with precipitation and watershed parameters

  Characteristics of low flows of nine streams in eastern Oregon were explored using long-term streamflow records. Year-to-year dependence of low flows is highly significant for streams in the Blue Mountain ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of stream low flows in eastern Oregon : their relationship with precipitation and watershed parameters Author: Zeb, Aurang Characteristics of low flows of nine streams in eastern Oregon were explored using long-term streamflow records. Year-to-year dependence of low flows is highly significant for streams in the Blue Mountain and the southeastern Oregon regions. Low streamflows increased over the period of record for seven of the selected streams. Flow duration curves, flow-date curves and low flow frequency curves were constructed for each stream. Flow per unit area is higher for streams in northeastern Oregon than streams in southeastern Oregon. Forecast equations for streamflow recessions were made for each stream. Forecasts are highly accurate for recession volume and August average flow except for Mill creek and Bridge Creek. Forecasts are poor for the later part of the water year. Even for the later part of the water year, highly accurate results are obtained when forecasts are made for shorter periods (about 40 days). Annual precipitation is fairly well-distributed over the whole year in eastern Oregon with July and August as the driest months. Streams in the Wallowa Mountain and southeastern Oregon regions showed higher trend similarities between summer low flows and precipitation than streams in the Blue Mountain region. Correlations between summer low flows and precipitation were highly significant for the Wallowa Mountain and the southeastern Oregon regions. Correlations between low flows and watershed parameters, as well as average annual precipitation, were found insignificant for all streams. Title: Characteristics of stream low flows in eastern Oregon : their relationship with precipitation and watershed parameters Author: Zeb, Aurang Characteristics of low flows of nine streams in eastern Oregon were explored using long-term streamflow records. Year-to-year dependence of low flows is highly significant for streams in the Blue Mountain and the southeastern Oregon regions. Low streamflows increased over the period of record for seven of the selected streams. Flow duration curves, flow-date curves and low flow frequency curves were constructed for each stream. Flow per unit area is higher for streams in northeastern Oregon than streams in southeastern Oregon. Forecast equations for streamflow recessions were made for each stream. Forecasts are highly accurate for recession volume and August average flow except for Mill creek and Bridge Creek. Forecasts are poor for the later part of the water year. Even for the later part of the water year, highly accurate results are obtained when forecasts are made for shorter periods (about 40 days). Annual precipitation is fairly well-distributed over the whole year in eastern Oregon with July and August as the driest months. Streams in the Wallowa Mountain and southeastern Oregon regions showed higher trend similarities between summer low flows and precipitation than streams in the Blue Mountain region. Correlations between summer low flows and precipitation were highly significant for the Wallowa Mountain and the southeastern Oregon regions. Correlations between low flows and watershed parameters, as well as average annual precipitation, were found insignificant for all streams. Close

• 45. [Article] Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics

  Estimates of average annual precipitation (AAP) are-needed for hydrologic modeling at Yucca Mtn., Nevada, site of a proposed, high-level nuclear waste repository. Historical precipitation data and station ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics Author: Hevesi, Joseph A. Estimates of average annual precipitation (AAP) are-needed for hydrologic modeling at Yucca Mtn., Nevada, site of a proposed, high-level nuclear waste repository. Historical precipitation data and station elevation were obtained for stations in southern Nevada and southeastern California. Elevations for 1,531 additional locations were obtained from topographic maps. The sample direct-variogram for the transformed variable TAAP = ln(AAP) * 1000 was fit with an isotropic, spherical model with a small nugget and a range of 190,000 ft. The sample direct-variogram for elevation was fit with an isotropic model with four nested structures (nugget, Gaussian, spherical, and linear) with ranges between 0 and 270,000 ft. There was a significant (p = 0.05, r = 0.75) linear correlation between TAAP and station elevation. The sample cross-variogram for TAAP and elevation was fit with two nested structures (Gaussian, spherical) with ranges from 55,000 to 355,000 ft. Alternate model structures and parameters were compared using cross-validation. Isohyetal maps for average annual precipitation (AAP) were prepared from estimates obtained by kriging and cokriging using the selected models. Isohyets based on the kriging estimates were very smooth, increasing gradually from the southwest to the northeast. Isohyets based on the cokriging estimates and the spatial correlation between AAP and elevation were more irregular and displayed known orographic effects. Indirect confirmation of the cokriging estimates were obtained by comparing isohyets prepared with the cokriging estimates to the boundaries of more densely vegetated and/or forested zones. Estimates for AAP at the repository site were 145 and 165 mm for kriging and cokriging, respectively. Cokriging reduced estimation variances at the repository site by 55% relative to kriging. The effectiveness of an existing network of stations for measuring AAP is evaluated and recommendations are made for optimal locations for additional stations. Title: Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics Author: Hevesi, Joseph A. Estimates of average annual precipitation (AAP) are-needed for hydrologic modeling at Yucca Mtn., Nevada, site of a proposed, high-level nuclear waste repository. Historical precipitation data and station elevation were obtained for stations in southern Nevada and southeastern California. Elevations for 1,531 additional locations were obtained from topographic maps. The sample direct-variogram for the transformed variable TAAP = ln(AAP) * 1000 was fit with an isotropic, spherical model with a small nugget and a range of 190,000 ft. The sample direct-variogram for elevation was fit with an isotropic model with four nested structures (nugget, Gaussian, spherical, and linear) with ranges between 0 and 270,000 ft. There was a significant (p = 0.05, r = 0.75) linear correlation between TAAP and station elevation. The sample cross-variogram for TAAP and elevation was fit with two nested structures (Gaussian, spherical) with ranges from 55,000 to 355,000 ft. Alternate model structures and parameters were compared using cross-validation. Isohyetal maps for average annual precipitation (AAP) were prepared from estimates obtained by kriging and cokriging using the selected models. Isohyets based on the kriging estimates were very smooth, increasing gradually from the southwest to the northeast. Isohyets based on the cokriging estimates and the spatial correlation between AAP and elevation were more irregular and displayed known orographic effects. Indirect confirmation of the cokriging estimates were obtained by comparing isohyets prepared with the cokriging estimates to the boundaries of more densely vegetated and/or forested zones. Estimates for AAP at the repository site were 145 and 165 mm for kriging and cokriging, respectively. Cokriging reduced estimation variances at the repository site by 55% relative to kriging. The effectiveness of an existing network of stations for measuring AAP is evaluated and recommendations are made for optimal locations for additional stations. Close

• 46. [Article] Precipitation-snowmelt timing and snowmelt augmentation of large peak flow events, western Cascades, Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Precipitation-snowmelt timing and snowmelt augmentation of large peak flow events, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Jennings, Keith, Jones, Julia A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Title: Precipitation-snowmelt timing and snowmelt augmentation of large peak flow events, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Jennings, Keith, Jones, Julia A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Close

• 47. [Article] Global Patterns of the Contributions of Storm Frequency, Intensity, and Seasonality to Interannual Variability of Precipitation

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: https://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/journals/journal-...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Global Patterns of the Contributions of Storm Frequency, Intensity, and Seasonality to Interannual Variability of Precipitation Author: Guan, Kaiyu, Caylor, Kelly K., Good, Stephen P. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: https://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/journals/journal-of-climate/ Title: Global Patterns of the Contributions of Storm Frequency, Intensity, and Seasonality to Interannual Variability of Precipitation Author: Guan, Kaiyu, Caylor, Kelly K., Good, Stephen P. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: https://www2.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/publications/journals/journal-of-climate/ Close

• 48. [Article] Statistical analysis of climatological data to characterize erosion potential: 6. joint precipitation and freezing cvents in eastern Oregon/Washington

  Published April 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical analysis of climatological data to characterize erosion potential: 6. joint precipitation and freezing cvents in eastern Oregon/Washington Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published April 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Statistical analysis of climatological data to characterize erosion potential: 6. joint precipitation and freezing cvents in eastern Oregon/Washington Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published April 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 49. [Article] Statistical analysis of climatological data to characterize erosion potential : 2. precipitation in eastern Oregon/Washington

  Published October 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical analysis of climatological data to characterize erosion potential : 2. precipitation in eastern Oregon/Washington Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published October 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Statistical analysis of climatological data to characterize erosion potential : 2. precipitation in eastern Oregon/Washington Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published October 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 50. [Article] Climate-Driven Variability and Trends in Mountain Snowpack in Western North America

  Records of 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) are examined here using multiple linear regression against reference time series of temperature and precipitation. This method permits 1) an examination of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate-Driven Variability and Trends in Mountain Snowpack in Western North America Author: Mote, Philip W. Records of 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) are examined here using multiple linear regression against reference time series of temperature and precipitation. This method permits 1) an examination of the separate roles of temperature and precipitation in determining the trends in SWE; 2) an estimation of the sensitivity of SWE to warming trends, and its distribution across western North America and as a function of elevation; and 3) inferences about responses of SWE to future warming. These results emphasize the sensitivity to warming of the mountains of northern California and the Cascades of Oregon and Washington. In addition, the contribution of modes of Pacific climate variability is examined and found to be responsible for about 10%–60% of the trends in SWE, depending on the period of record and climate index. Title: Climate-Driven Variability and Trends in Mountain Snowpack in Western North America Author: Mote, Philip W. Records of 1 April snow water equivalent (SWE) are examined here using multiple linear regression against reference time series of temperature and precipitation. This method permits 1) an examination of the separate roles of temperature and precipitation in determining the trends in SWE; 2) an estimation of the sensitivity of SWE to warming trends, and its distribution across western North America and as a function of elevation; and 3) inferences about responses of SWE to future warming. These results emphasize the sensitivity to warming of the mountains of northern California and the Cascades of Oregon and Washington. In addition, the contribution of modes of Pacific climate variability is examined and found to be responsible for about 10%–60% of the trends in SWE, depending on the period of record and climate index. Close

• 51. [Article] Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) with Douglas-fir

  Tests were conducted to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation and the roles of adsorption and precipitation in fixation. The sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) with Douglas-fir Author: Lebow, Stan T., Morrell, Jeffrey J. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation and the roles of adsorption and precipitation in fixation. The sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood and the bonding environment of adsorbed copper were also examined. The results generally support the finding that arsenic fixation occurs by precipitation of metal/arsenate complexes. Arsenic leaching was minimized with high solution ratios of metal oxide:arsenic pentoxide, and with formulations containing zinc. Zinc precipitated the majority of arsenic when ammonia was allowed to evaporate from the treating solution. The metal cations were leach-resistant regardless of ACZA formulation because of their low water solubility and their ability to adsorb to the wood. Copper was readily adsorbed by lignin and by model compounds that possessed phenolic hydroxyl groups, which suggests that phenolic hydroxyl groups were the primary reaction sites. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) mass spectroscopy analysis also supported this conclusion. Multiple copper species and increased free radical content were detected within lignin that had adsorbed copper. Adsorption of copper and zinc has important ramifications for arsenic fixation. Title: Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) with Douglas-fir Author: Lebow, Stan T., Morrell, Jeffrey J. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation and the roles of adsorption and precipitation in fixation. The sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood and the bonding environment of adsorbed copper were also examined. The results generally support the finding that arsenic fixation occurs by precipitation of metal/arsenate complexes. Arsenic leaching was minimized with high solution ratios of metal oxide:arsenic pentoxide, and with formulations containing zinc. Zinc precipitated the majority of arsenic when ammonia was allowed to evaporate from the treating solution. The metal cations were leach-resistant regardless of ACZA formulation because of their low water solubility and their ability to adsorb to the wood. Copper was readily adsorbed by lignin and by model compounds that possessed phenolic hydroxyl groups, which suggests that phenolic hydroxyl groups were the primary reaction sites. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) mass spectroscopy analysis also supported this conclusion. Multiple copper species and increased free radical content were detected within lignin that had adsorbed copper. Adsorption of copper and zinc has important ramifications for arsenic fixation. Close

• 52. [Article] Analysis and Modeling of Kinetic Parameters for Urea Hydrolysis by Bacteria for Use in Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Aquifers

  The use of ureolytic bacteria for the remediation of contaminated groundwater aquifers by inducing calcium carbonate precipitation is being studied in order to establish a better understanding of the modeling ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and Modeling of Kinetic Parameters for Urea Hydrolysis by Bacteria for Use in Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Aquifers Author: Neighbor, Christopher J. The use of ureolytic bacteria for the remediation of contaminated groundwater aquifers by inducing calcium carbonate precipitation is being studied in order to establish a better understanding of the modeling and prediction of how the bacteria will act in situ. This research has pursued the use of various ureolytic bacteria in order to establish a comparison for selection of model bacteria. The naturally ureolytic bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii performed at a very high rate of urea breakdown and this rate may be too fast for long term in vitro studies of calcium carbonate precipitation. The genetically modified organisms Escherichia coli DH5α(pURE 14.8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa MJK1, and E. coli MJK2 were also measured in controlled batch experiments for urea breakdown. The rate of urea breakdown was modeled using a Michaelis-Menton equation; the observed V[subscript: max] was determined using urea, ammonium, and cell concentrations. The relative level of activity in descending order was found to be Sporosarcina pasteurii, E. coli MJK2, E. coli DH5α(pURE 14.8), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MJK1. This ureolytic activity of bacteria may aid in a better understanding of how to produce an effective calcium carbonate precipitation result when introducing urea into a contaminated aquifer. Title: Analysis and Modeling of Kinetic Parameters for Urea Hydrolysis by Bacteria for Use in Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Aquifers Author: Neighbor, Christopher J. The use of ureolytic bacteria for the remediation of contaminated groundwater aquifers by inducing calcium carbonate precipitation is being studied in order to establish a better understanding of the modeling and prediction of how the bacteria will act in situ. This research has pursued the use of various ureolytic bacteria in order to establish a comparison for selection of model bacteria. The naturally ureolytic bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii performed at a very high rate of urea breakdown and this rate may be too fast for long term in vitro studies of calcium carbonate precipitation. The genetically modified organisms Escherichia coli DH5α(pURE 14.8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa MJK1, and E. coli MJK2 were also measured in controlled batch experiments for urea breakdown. The rate of urea breakdown was modeled using a Michaelis-Menton equation; the observed V[subscript: max] was determined using urea, ammonium, and cell concentrations. The relative level of activity in descending order was found to be Sporosarcina pasteurii, E. coli MJK2, E. coli DH5α(pURE 14.8), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MJK1. This ureolytic activity of bacteria may aid in a better understanding of how to produce an effective calcium carbonate precipitation result when introducing urea into a contaminated aquifer. Close

• 53. [Article] State of weathering of some upland soils in the Alsea Basin, Oregon

  Mineralogical analysis of 3 upland soil profiles over Tyee parent rock from the Alsea Basin Area, Oregon showed clear differences among the 4 soil series represented. Soils from the area of higher precipitation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: State of weathering of some upland soils in the Alsea Basin, Oregon Author: Rojanasoonthon, Santhad Mineralogical analysis of 3 upland soil profiles over Tyee parent rock from the Alsea Basin Area, Oregon showed clear differences among the 4 soil series represented. Soils from the area of higher precipitation (over 80 inches, approximately) had no montmorillonite, lower base saturation and cation exchange capacity, but no lower or only slightly lower amounts of weatherable minerals than soils from the area of lower precipitation. Only the profiles in the lower precipitation area had significant ped coatings of oriented clay. Shallow, yellowish soils, in both precipitation zones were much fresher mineralogically than the corresponding deep, red soils. The most strongly weathered profiles had contents of weatherable minerals too high for Latosols or Oxisols. The change with depth in the red soils suggested that these soils had not formed entirely from rock in place. Fragments of clay skins in the red soils suggested that these soils had developed, with mixing, from older soils. Pyroclastic materials and local mixing are believed responsible for the higher contents of weatherable minerals in the surface horizons of the profiles. The soils were classified in the 1938 Yearbook system as well as in the Seventh Approximation. Title: State of weathering of some upland soils in the Alsea Basin, Oregon Author: Rojanasoonthon, Santhad Mineralogical analysis of 3 upland soil profiles over Tyee parent rock from the Alsea Basin Area, Oregon showed clear differences among the 4 soil series represented. Soils from the area of higher precipitation (over 80 inches, approximately) had no montmorillonite, lower base saturation and cation exchange capacity, but no lower or only slightly lower amounts of weatherable minerals than soils from the area of lower precipitation. Only the profiles in the lower precipitation area had significant ped coatings of oriented clay. Shallow, yellowish soils, in both precipitation zones were much fresher mineralogically than the corresponding deep, red soils. The most strongly weathered profiles had contents of weatherable minerals too high for Latosols or Oxisols. The change with depth in the red soils suggested that these soils had not formed entirely from rock in place. Fragments of clay skins in the red soils suggested that these soils had developed, with mixing, from older soils. Pyroclastic materials and local mixing are believed responsible for the higher contents of weatherable minerals in the surface horizons of the profiles. The soils were classified in the 1938 Yearbook system as well as in the Seventh Approximation. Close

• 54. [Article] A resonating rainfall and evaporation recorder

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A resonating rainfall and evaporation recorder Author: Hut, Rolf, Rupp, David E., Selker, John S., Gupta, Hoshin, Stewart, Ryan D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Title: A resonating rainfall and evaporation recorder Author: Hut, Rolf, Rupp, David E., Selker, John S., Gupta, Hoshin, Stewart, Ryan D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Close

• 55. [Article] A synoptic and radar study of post-cold-frontal squall lines

  Seven cases of post-cold-frontal squall lines moving through the Willamette Valley of Northwest Oregon were investigated by the various techniques of meso-analysis. Time cross sections were converted to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A synoptic and radar study of post-cold-frontal squall lines Author: Fosberg, Michael A. Seven cases of post-cold-frontal squall lines moving through the Willamette Valley of Northwest Oregon were investigated by the various techniques of meso-analysis. Time cross sections were converted to space cross sections by using the movement of the radar echo of the squall lines. The observations in time were converted to observations in distance by the time distance relationship of the echo velocity. A percentage technique was used to study the precipitation of the squall lines. Results indicate that the post-cold-frontal squall lines are similar in structure to the pre-frontal squall lines, showing a pressure surge and temperature drop marking the leading edge, a high pressure area immediately behind the leading edge followed by a wide zone of pressure fall. There is evidence that the pressure field is modified by the production of cold air by evaporation of precipitation. No definite features of dew point and relative humidity fields were observed. The precipitation patterns associated with the squall line showed small centers of activity along the squall line with a preference for two zones, one ten miles behind the leading edge and the second from twenty to thirty miles behind the leading edge. An analysis of the radar data showed that the centers of precipitation were recognizable on the PPI and RHI displays. Title: A synoptic and radar study of post-cold-frontal squall lines Author: Fosberg, Michael A. Seven cases of post-cold-frontal squall lines moving through the Willamette Valley of Northwest Oregon were investigated by the various techniques of meso-analysis. Time cross sections were converted to space cross sections by using the movement of the radar echo of the squall lines. The observations in time were converted to observations in distance by the time distance relationship of the echo velocity. A percentage technique was used to study the precipitation of the squall lines. Results indicate that the post-cold-frontal squall lines are similar in structure to the pre-frontal squall lines, showing a pressure surge and temperature drop marking the leading edge, a high pressure area immediately behind the leading edge followed by a wide zone of pressure fall. There is evidence that the pressure field is modified by the production of cold air by evaporation of precipitation. No definite features of dew point and relative humidity fields were observed. The precipitation patterns associated with the squall line showed small centers of activity along the squall line with a preference for two zones, one ten miles behind the leading edge and the second from twenty to thirty miles behind the leading edge. An analysis of the radar data showed that the centers of precipitation were recognizable on the PPI and RHI displays. Close

• 56. [Article] A study of radar precipitation echo as influenced by Marys Peak

  The Weather Radar Set An/CPS-9 at McCulloch Peak, Oregon, provided data of changes in radar precipitation echo patterns in the vicinity of Marys Peak. Echo heights studied from data collected on 14 March ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of radar precipitation echo as influenced by Marys Peak Author: Sears, James W. The Weather Radar Set An/CPS-9 at McCulloch Peak, Oregon, provided data of changes in radar precipitation echo patterns in the vicinity of Marys Peak. Echo heights studied from data collected on 14 March 1963 averaged nearly the same upwind, directly over Marys Peak, and downwind. For the data of 28 March 1963, echo heights upwind and those directly over the peak averaged nearly the same while the heights downwind averaged 600 feet lower. In the first case shearing of the echo tops as detected over the peak might cause the similarity of the reported heights of the echoes. Study of the movement of the echoes near Marys Peak showed spreading of echoes in the second case, while no evidence of similar spreading was noted in the first case. The observations of these echo changes showed that Marys Peak has a definite effect upon the precipitation echo patterns. Title: A study of radar precipitation echo as influenced by Marys Peak Author: Sears, James W. The Weather Radar Set An/CPS-9 at McCulloch Peak, Oregon, provided data of changes in radar precipitation echo patterns in the vicinity of Marys Peak. Echo heights studied from data collected on 14 March 1963 averaged nearly the same upwind, directly over Marys Peak, and downwind. For the data of 28 March 1963, echo heights upwind and those directly over the peak averaged nearly the same while the heights downwind averaged 600 feet lower. In the first case shearing of the echo tops as detected over the peak might cause the similarity of the reported heights of the echoes. Study of the movement of the echoes near Marys Peak showed spreading of echoes in the second case, while no evidence of similar spreading was noted in the first case. The observations of these echo changes showed that Marys Peak has a definite effect upon the precipitation echo patterns. Close

• 57. [Article] VanoJulieCEOASSeasonalHydrologicResponses.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: VanoJulieCEOASSeasonalHydrologicResponses.pdf Author: Vano, Julie A., Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Nijssen, Bart Title: VanoJulieCEOASSeasonalHydrologicResponses.pdf Author: Vano, Julie A., Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Nijssen, Bart Close

• 58. [Article] VanoJulieCEOASSeasonalHydrologicResponsesSupportingInfoS1.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: VanoJulieCEOASSeasonalHydrologicResponsesSupportingInfoS1.pdf Author: Vano, Julie A., Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Nijssen, Bart Title: VanoJulieCEOASSeasonalHydrologicResponsesSupportingInfoS1.pdf Author: Vano, Julie A., Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Nijssen, Bart Close

• 59. [Article] Soil moisture storage, distribution, and use by winter wheat in a 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon

  The semi-arid dryland wheat-producing areas of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by cool, moist winters and dry, hot summers. The amount of annual precipitation is generally quite variable and inadequate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil moisture storage, distribution, and use by winter wheat in a 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon Author: Henderson, Robert L. The semi-arid dryland wheat-producing areas of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by cool, moist winters and dry, hot summers. The amount of annual precipitation is generally quite variable and inadequate for annual cropping. Where soil depth is adequate, the predominant loessal soils generally supply sufficient moisture for small grain production through the practice of summer fallowing. Though inefficient in moisture storage, fallowing reduces the risk of crop failure by storing a portion of the precipitation received during the 14-month fallow period for later use during a 10-month winter-grain growing season. Nitrogen fertilizer rates must be balanced with available moisture supply for maximum yields and desired protein contents. In order to develop predictive moisture availability equations, five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon were simulated in the field on a commercial dryland farm near Moro, Oregon, beginning in 1977; two 24-month fallow-crop cycles were completed during a three-year period. Moisture measurements made to a minimum depth of 270 cm at different times during both the fallow and crop periods have provided useful agronomic information. The soil moisture content continued to decline through upward movement from the beginning of the fallow period to the period of winter precipitation; vertical movement depended on the tension gradient. The greatest efficiency in moisture storage occurred during the first winter storage period when the fallow soil was generally dry; cumulative storage efficiency was highest on the plots which had received the least precipitation. The greatest rate of measured moisture loss occurred immediately after the fallow winter storage period. Soil moisture continued to decline during the remainder of the fallow period, especially in the 0-90 cm soil profile, but at a much lower rate due primarily to the development of a soil mulch through spring tillage. On the average, there would have been no moisture storage advantage to fallowing when the level of net storage in the spring of the fallow period was 194 mm or greater in the 0-270 cm soil profile (r² = 0.94). After the crop winter storage period, comparison of precipitation treatments that eventually would have equal amounts of cumulative precipitation indicated that a greater amount of stored moisture was stored in the plots which had the wetter fallow period, and in these plots more moisture was stored in the 90-180 cm soil profile than in plots with a drier fallow period. The plots with the wetter fallow also showed more soil moisture removal by the crop than plots with a drier fallow. A significant increase in grain yield, water-use-efficiency, and soil moisture extraction occurred as nitrogen fertilizer rates increased from zero; increases in soil moisture extraction due to fertilizer were most pronounced in the 90-180 cm soil profile. Linear regression analyses showed the relationship between the maximum grain yield (kg/ha) in each main plot, and the sum (mm) of the precipitation (P) and moisture depletion from the 0-180 cm soil profile (SM) between early spring of the crop period and harvest to be defined by the following equation: Y = 21.1 (SM + P - 62); r ² = 0.80 Soil moisture held between 1/3 and 15 bars tension was not uniformly depleted to the 15-bar level throughout the root zone, but rather the amount extracted tended to decrease with increasing soil depth. Extractable moisture, defined as the difference between the highest measured volumetric soil moisture content in early spring of the crop period and the soil moisture content at harvest, more accurately reflects the amount of soil moisture utilized through evapotranspiration than does the amount of moisture held between 1/3 and 15 bars tension. Linear regression equations were developed to estimate the amount of extractable soil moisture in the 0-90, 90- 180, and 180-270 cm soil depths from soil moisture measurements in early spring of the crop year. Estimates of extractable moisture, together with an estimate of anticipated crop season precipitation, can be used to predict the potential grain yield, which in turn is necessary to calculate the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Title: Soil moisture storage, distribution, and use by winter wheat in a 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon Author: Henderson, Robert L. The semi-arid dryland wheat-producing areas of the Pacific Northwest are characterized by cool, moist winters and dry, hot summers. The amount of annual precipitation is generally quite variable and inadequate for annual cropping. Where soil depth is adequate, the predominant loessal soils generally supply sufficient moisture for small grain production through the practice of summer fallowing. Though inefficient in moisture storage, fallowing reduces the risk of crop failure by storing a portion of the precipitation received during the 14-month fallow period for later use during a 10-month winter-grain growing season. Nitrogen fertilizer rates must be balanced with available moisture supply for maximum yields and desired protein contents. In order to develop predictive moisture availability equations, five fallow-crop precipitation patterns characteristic of the 250-350 mm precipitation zone of eastern Oregon were simulated in the field on a commercial dryland farm near Moro, Oregon, beginning in 1977; two 24-month fallow-crop cycles were completed during a three-year period. Moisture measurements made to a minimum depth of 270 cm at different times during both the fallow and crop periods have provided useful agronomic information. The soil moisture content continued to decline through upward movement from the beginning of the fallow period to the period of winter precipitation; vertical movement depended on the tension gradient. The greatest efficiency in moisture storage occurred during the first winter storage period when the fallow soil was generally dry; cumulative storage efficiency was highest on the plots which had received the least precipitation. The greatest rate of measured moisture loss occurred immediately after the fallow winter storage period. Soil moisture continued to decline during the remainder of the fallow period, especially in the 0-90 cm soil profile, but at a much lower rate due primarily to the development of a soil mulch through spring tillage. On the average, there would have been no moisture storage advantage to fallowing when the level of net storage in the spring of the fallow period was 194 mm or greater in the 0-270 cm soil profile (r² = 0.94). After the crop winter storage period, comparison of precipitation treatments that eventually would have equal amounts of cumulative precipitation indicated that a greater amount of stored moisture was stored in the plots which had the wetter fallow period, and in these plots more moisture was stored in the 90-180 cm soil profile than in plots with a drier fallow period. The plots with the wetter fallow also showed more soil moisture removal by the crop than plots with a drier fallow. A significant increase in grain yield, water-use-efficiency, and soil moisture extraction occurred as nitrogen fertilizer rates increased from zero; increases in soil moisture extraction due to fertilizer were most pronounced in the 90-180 cm soil profile. Linear regression analyses showed the relationship between the maximum grain yield (kg/ha) in each main plot, and the sum (mm) of the precipitation (P) and moisture depletion from the 0-180 cm soil profile (SM) between early spring of the crop period and harvest to be defined by the following equation: Y = 21.1 (SM + P - 62); r ² = 0.80 Soil moisture held between 1/3 and 15 bars tension was not uniformly depleted to the 15-bar level throughout the root zone, but rather the amount extracted tended to decrease with increasing soil depth. Extractable moisture, defined as the difference between the highest measured volumetric soil moisture content in early spring of the crop period and the soil moisture content at harvest, more accurately reflects the amount of soil moisture utilized through evapotranspiration than does the amount of moisture held between 1/3 and 15 bars tension. Linear regression equations were developed to estimate the amount of extractable soil moisture in the 0-90, 90- 180, and 180-270 cm soil depths from soil moisture measurements in early spring of the crop year. Estimates of extractable moisture, together with an estimate of anticipated crop season precipitation, can be used to predict the potential grain yield, which in turn is necessary to calculate the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Close

• 60. [Article] Average dry-season precipitation in Southwest Oregon, May through September

  Published December 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cat...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Average dry-season precipitation in Southwest Oregon, May through September Author: Froehlich, Henry A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, McNabb, David H. Published December 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Average dry-season precipitation in Southwest Oregon, May through September Author: Froehlich, Henry A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, McNabb, David H. Published December 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 61. [Article] Conditions precipitating currency devaluation: an analysis of the 1994 Mexican financial crisis

  The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical framework for identifying and evaluating conditions that precipitate currency devaluation like those experienced by Mexico in 1994. This study develops ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conditions precipitating currency devaluation: an analysis of the 1994 Mexican financial crisis Author: Bliss, Michael R. The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical framework for identifying and evaluating conditions that precipitate currency devaluation like those experienced by Mexico in 1994. This study develops a framework of financial and macroenvironmental indicators that point to potential currency devaluation in the future. Some of these indicators are: the level of interest rates, Balance of Payments information, the general political environment, and the timeliness of governmental information releases. The framework will rely on international parity conditions, Balance of Payments relationships, and political events to link the indicators to predictions of currency devaluation. The framework will be applied to the currency crisis of Mexico in 1994 to serve as an example. Title: Conditions precipitating currency devaluation: an analysis of the 1994 Mexican financial crisis Author: Bliss, Michael R. The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical framework for identifying and evaluating conditions that precipitate currency devaluation like those experienced by Mexico in 1994. This study develops a framework of financial and macroenvironmental indicators that point to potential currency devaluation in the future. Some of these indicators are: the level of interest rates, Balance of Payments information, the general political environment, and the timeliness of governmental information releases. The framework will rely on international parity conditions, Balance of Payments relationships, and political events to link the indicators to predictions of currency devaluation. The framework will be applied to the currency crisis of Mexico in 1994 to serve as an example. Close

• 62. [Article] Temperature-precipitation considerations in Eastern Oregon

  Published March 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature-precipitation considerations in Eastern Oregon Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Sneva, Forrest Published March 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Temperature-precipitation considerations in Eastern Oregon Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Sneva, Forrest Published March 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 63. [Article] Variability of precipitation in the Pacific Northwest : spatial and temporal characteristics

  The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology (Project No. A-050-ORE), U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variability of precipitation in the Pacific Northwest : spatial and temporal characteristics Author: Johnson, Daniel M, Dart, John O. (John Olney), 1921- The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology (Project No. A-050-ORE), U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978, P.L. 95-467. Title: Variability of precipitation in the Pacific Northwest : spatial and temporal characteristics Author: Johnson, Daniel M, Dart, John O. (John Olney), 1921- The work upon which this publication is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology (Project No. A-050-ORE), U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978, P.L. 95-467. Close

• 64. [Article] Trends in snow water equivcalent in the Pacific Northwest and their climatic causes

  Observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Pacific Northwest are examined and compared with variability and trends in temperature and precipitation at nearby climate stations. At most locations, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trends in snow water equivcalent in the Pacific Northwest and their climatic causes Author: Mote, Philip W. Observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Pacific Northwest are examined and compared with variability and trends in temperature and precipitation at nearby climate stations. At most locations, especially below about 1800 m, substantial declines in SWE coincide with significant increases in temperature, and occur in spite of increases in precipitation. Title: Trends in snow water equivcalent in the Pacific Northwest and their climatic causes Author: Mote, Philip W. Observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Pacific Northwest are examined and compared with variability and trends in temperature and precipitation at nearby climate stations. At most locations, especially below about 1800 m, substantial declines in SWE coincide with significant increases in temperature, and occur in spite of increases in precipitation. Close

• 65. [Article] The effect of precipitation variation and fertilization level on the nutritive value of wheat residue

  Five simulated precipitation patterns characteristic of the Columbia Basin and Plateau region and six fertilization rates were evaluated for their effect on percent crude protein, percent in vitro dry ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of precipitation variation and fertilization level on the nutritive value of wheat residue Author: Carey, Anne C. Five simulated precipitation patterns characteristic of the Columbia Basin and Plateau region and six fertilization rates were evaluated for their effect on percent crude protein, percent in vitro dry matter digestibility, fiber content, and yield of wheat aftermath on a commercial farm in north central Oregon. The higher moisture regimes showed the greatest increase in percent crude protein with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels. Chaff and straw values were significantly higher for the dry fallow-normal crop precipitation pattern than for normal fallow-dry crop pattern and significantly higher for the wet fallow-normal crop pattern than for normal fallow-wet crop. Percent in vitro dry matter digestibility also increased under the high moisture precipitation patterns and there was a positive relationship between fertilization level and digestibility. The digestibility values for chaff and straw were higher for the dry fallow-normal crop precipitation regime over the normal fallow-dry crop only at the higher fertilization levels. Examination of wet fallow-normal crop vs. normal fallow-wet crop showed increased digestibility for the pattern receiving more moisture in the fallow period, also at only the higher fertilization levels. This study indicated that higher moisture regimes resulted in increased straw and chaff yields. Although not significant for every precipitation pattern, there was indication of a positive relationship between fertilization level and straw and chaff yields. For both straw and chaff yield, no difference was seen when comparing dry fallow-normal crop and normal fallow-dry crop regimes. Testing wet fallow-normal crop vs. normal fallow-wet crop patterns revealed increased chaff yields at higher fertilization levels under the pattern receiving less moisture in the fallow period, but increased straw yields at higher fertilization levels under the pattern receiving more moisture in the fallow period. Percentages of acid detergent fiber, lignin, and cellulose were not significantly affected by precipitation variation or level of fertilization. The fertilization by precipitation pattern interaction was not a significant source of variation, with the exception of percentage crude protein of wheat straw in the first year. Title: The effect of precipitation variation and fertilization level on the nutritive value of wheat residue Author: Carey, Anne C. Five simulated precipitation patterns characteristic of the Columbia Basin and Plateau region and six fertilization rates were evaluated for their effect on percent crude protein, percent in vitro dry matter digestibility, fiber content, and yield of wheat aftermath on a commercial farm in north central Oregon. The higher moisture regimes showed the greatest increase in percent crude protein with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels. Chaff and straw values were significantly higher for the dry fallow-normal crop precipitation pattern than for normal fallow-dry crop pattern and significantly higher for the wet fallow-normal crop pattern than for normal fallow-wet crop. Percent in vitro dry matter digestibility also increased under the high moisture precipitation patterns and there was a positive relationship between fertilization level and digestibility. The digestibility values for chaff and straw were higher for the dry fallow-normal crop precipitation regime over the normal fallow-dry crop only at the higher fertilization levels. Examination of wet fallow-normal crop vs. normal fallow-wet crop showed increased digestibility for the pattern receiving more moisture in the fallow period, also at only the higher fertilization levels. This study indicated that higher moisture regimes resulted in increased straw and chaff yields. Although not significant for every precipitation pattern, there was indication of a positive relationship between fertilization level and straw and chaff yields. For both straw and chaff yield, no difference was seen when comparing dry fallow-normal crop and normal fallow-dry crop regimes. Testing wet fallow-normal crop vs. normal fallow-wet crop patterns revealed increased chaff yields at higher fertilization levels under the pattern receiving less moisture in the fallow period, but increased straw yields at higher fertilization levels under the pattern receiving more moisture in the fallow period. Percentages of acid detergent fiber, lignin, and cellulose were not significantly affected by precipitation variation or level of fertilization. The fertilization by precipitation pattern interaction was not a significant source of variation, with the exception of percentage crude protein of wheat straw in the first year. Close

• 66. [Article] A Modeling Study of Summertime East Pacific Wind-Induced Ocean–Atmosphere Exchange in the Intraseasonal Oscillation

  Intraseasonal precipitation variability over the northeast Pacific warm pool during June–October in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model 2.0.1 with a relaxed Arakawa–Schubert ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Modeling Study of Summertime East Pacific Wind-Induced Ocean–Atmosphere Exchange in the Intraseasonal Oscillation Author: Esbensen, Steven K., Maloney, Eric D. Intraseasonal precipitation variability over the northeast Pacific warm pool during June–October in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model 2.0.1 with a relaxed Arakawa–Schubert convection parameterization is found to be strongly sensitive to wind-induced variations in surface latent heat flux. A control simulation with interactive surface fluxes produces northeast Pacific warm pool intraseasonal wind and precipitation variations that are of similar magnitude and structure to those associated with the observed intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). Periods of low-level westerly intraseasonal wind anomalies are associated with enhanced surface latent heat fluxes and enhanced precipitation, as in observations. Variations in surface wind speed primarily control the surface flux anomalies. A simulation in which eastern North Pacific oceanic latent heat fluxes are fixed produces intraseasonal precipitation variations that are significantly weaker than those in the control simulation and in observations. These results support the observational findings of Maloney and Esbensen, who suggested that wind-induced latent heat flux variability is a significant driver of ISO-related convective variability over the northeast Pacific warm pool during Northern Hemisphere summer. East Pacific ISO-related convection in this model, thus, appears to be forced by an analogous wind-induced surface heat exchange mechanism to that proposed by Maloney and Sobel to explain the forcing of west Pacific ISO-related convection. The surface exchange mechanism is apparently active within regions of mean westerly low-level flow. In contrast, summertime eastern North Pacific intraseasonal wind variance and spatial structure does not differ significantly between the control and fixed-evaporation simulations. A strong coupling between the east Pacific flow and precipitation over Central America may be responsible for the relatively small changes in wind variability between the simulations. Interactions among the coarsely resolved Central American orography, the large-scale flow, and the convection parameterization in the model likely contribute to this anomalous coupling. Title: A Modeling Study of Summertime East Pacific Wind-Induced Ocean–Atmosphere Exchange in the Intraseasonal Oscillation Author: Esbensen, Steven K., Maloney, Eric D. Intraseasonal precipitation variability over the northeast Pacific warm pool during June–October in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model 2.0.1 with a relaxed Arakawa–Schubert convection parameterization is found to be strongly sensitive to wind-induced variations in surface latent heat flux. A control simulation with interactive surface fluxes produces northeast Pacific warm pool intraseasonal wind and precipitation variations that are of similar magnitude and structure to those associated with the observed intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). Periods of low-level westerly intraseasonal wind anomalies are associated with enhanced surface latent heat fluxes and enhanced precipitation, as in observations. Variations in surface wind speed primarily control the surface flux anomalies. A simulation in which eastern North Pacific oceanic latent heat fluxes are fixed produces intraseasonal precipitation variations that are significantly weaker than those in the control simulation and in observations. These results support the observational findings of Maloney and Esbensen, who suggested that wind-induced latent heat flux variability is a significant driver of ISO-related convective variability over the northeast Pacific warm pool during Northern Hemisphere summer. East Pacific ISO-related convection in this model, thus, appears to be forced by an analogous wind-induced surface heat exchange mechanism to that proposed by Maloney and Sobel to explain the forcing of west Pacific ISO-related convection. The surface exchange mechanism is apparently active within regions of mean westerly low-level flow. In contrast, summertime eastern North Pacific intraseasonal wind variance and spatial structure does not differ significantly between the control and fixed-evaporation simulations. A strong coupling between the east Pacific flow and precipitation over Central America may be responsible for the relatively small changes in wind variability between the simulations. Interactions among the coarsely resolved Central American orography, the large-scale flow, and the convection parameterization in the model likely contribute to this anomalous coupling. Close

• 67. [Article] The Central American Midsummer Drought: Regional Aspects and Large-Scale Forcing

  The midsummer drought (MSD) is a diminution in rainfall experienced during the middle of the rainy season in southern Mexico and Central America, as well as in the adjacent Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Central American Midsummer Drought: Regional Aspects and Large-Scale Forcing Author: de Szoeke, Simon P., Small, Richard Justin O., Xie, Shang-Ping The midsummer drought (MSD) is a diminution in rainfall experienced during the middle of the rainy season in southern Mexico and Central America, as well as in the adjacent Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern Pacific seas. The aim of this paper is to describe the regional characteristics of the MSD and to propose some possible forcing mechanisms. Satellite and in situ data are used to form a composite of the evolution of a typical MSD, which highlights its coincidence with a low-level anticyclone centered over the Gulf of Mexico and associated easterly flow across Central America. The diurnal cycle of precipitation over the region is reduced in amplitude during midsummer. The MSD is also coincident with heavy precipitation over the Sierra Madre Occidental (part of the North American monsoon). Reanalysis data are used to show that the divergence of the anomalous low-level flow during the MSD is the main factor governing the variations in precipitation. A linear baroclinic model is used to show that the seasonal progression of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), which moves northward following warm sea surface temperature (SST) during the early summer, and of the Atlantic subtropical high, which moves westward, are the most important remote factors that contribute toward the low-level easterly flow and divergence during the MSD. The circulation associated with the MSD precipitation deficit helps to maintain the deficit by reinforcing the low-level anticyclonic flow over the Gulf of Mexico. Surface heating over land also plays a role: a large thermal low over the northern United States in early summer is accompanied by enhanced subsidence over the North Atlantic. This thermal low is seen to decrease considerably in midsummer, allowing the high pressure anomalies in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to extend into the Gulf of Mexico. These anomalies are maintained until late summer, when an increase in rainfall from the surge in Atlantic tropical depressions induces anomalous surface cyclonic flow with westerlies fluxing moisture from the Pacific ITCZ toward Central America. Title: The Central American Midsummer Drought: Regional Aspects and Large-Scale Forcing Author: de Szoeke, Simon P., Small, Richard Justin O., Xie, Shang-Ping The midsummer drought (MSD) is a diminution in rainfall experienced during the middle of the rainy season in southern Mexico and Central America, as well as in the adjacent Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern Pacific seas. The aim of this paper is to describe the regional characteristics of the MSD and to propose some possible forcing mechanisms. Satellite and in situ data are used to form a composite of the evolution of a typical MSD, which highlights its coincidence with a low-level anticyclone centered over the Gulf of Mexico and associated easterly flow across Central America. The diurnal cycle of precipitation over the region is reduced in amplitude during midsummer. The MSD is also coincident with heavy precipitation over the Sierra Madre Occidental (part of the North American monsoon). Reanalysis data are used to show that the divergence of the anomalous low-level flow during the MSD is the main factor governing the variations in precipitation. A linear baroclinic model is used to show that the seasonal progression of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), which moves northward following warm sea surface temperature (SST) during the early summer, and of the Atlantic subtropical high, which moves westward, are the most important remote factors that contribute toward the low-level easterly flow and divergence during the MSD. The circulation associated with the MSD precipitation deficit helps to maintain the deficit by reinforcing the low-level anticyclonic flow over the Gulf of Mexico. Surface heating over land also plays a role: a large thermal low over the northern United States in early summer is accompanied by enhanced subsidence over the North Atlantic. This thermal low is seen to decrease considerably in midsummer, allowing the high pressure anomalies in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to extend into the Gulf of Mexico. These anomalies are maintained until late summer, when an increase in rainfall from the surge in Atlantic tropical depressions induces anomalous surface cyclonic flow with westerlies fluxing moisture from the Pacific ITCZ toward Central America. Close

• 68. [Article] Integrating precipitation, grazing, past effects and interactions in long-term vegetation change

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Academic Press and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating precipitation, grazing, past effects and interactions in long-term vegetation change Author: Badik, Kevin J., Morris, Lesley R., Morris, Christo, Weltz, Mark A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Academic Press and published by Elsevier. It can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-arid-environments/ Title: Integrating precipitation, grazing, past effects and interactions in long-term vegetation change Author: Badik, Kevin J., Morris, Lesley R., Morris, Christo, Weltz, Mark A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Academic Press and published by Elsevier. It can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-arid-environments/ Close

• 69. [Article] Estimates for wet and dry removals' contribution to the residence time for atmospheric pollutants in the eastern United States

  The length of time that atmospheric pollutants released from low-level sources in the midwestern United States can expect to remain in the atmosphere is discussed. The pollution is assumed to be removed from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimates for wet and dry removals' contribution to the residence time for atmospheric pollutants in the eastern United States Author: Vickers, Dean The length of time that atmospheric pollutants released from low-level sources in the midwestern United States can expect to remain in the atmosphere is discussed. The pollution is assumed to be removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition and precipitation scavenging. Layer-average trajectories originating from Kansas City, Missouri are used to determine the Lagrangian probability of dry and wet conditions. The residence time of these pollutants is estimated based on parameterizations for the effective scavenging rates during wet and dry conditions. This investigation shows that, in summer, the probability that precipitation is being experienced by the pollutant is twice as great as the probability of precipitation at the origin of the pollution; this same ratio of probabilities is three in winter. Therefore, when precipitation scavenging is the more important removal mechanism, the statistics for the length of wet and dry periods at the source region overestimate the residence time by a factor of about two to three. By taking into consideration the Lagrangian probability of wet and dry periods, the relative importance of dry deposition and precipitation scavenging is discussed as a function of the wet and dry removal rates. It is seen that for a time- and vertical-average dry deposition velocity as large as 1 cm/sec, then dry deposition would normally be the bore important removal process for the meteorological conditions in the midwest to eastern United States. Estimates for the expected atmospheric lifetimes of aerosol particles and trace gases are reported as functions of dry deposition velocities and collection efficiencies (or washout ratios). For example, lead particles of mass mean diameter ~0.5 μm, should have a residence time ~8 days in winter, and ~3 days in summer, based on available data for the dry deposition velocity and washout ratio. In general, the residence time can be expected to be about twice as long during the summer season than the winter. The winter, monthly average distribution of pollutant mass is shown, based on the steady-state Gaussian approximation solution of the convective diffusion equation. The calculations are based on a statistical analysis of the 12 hourly positions of a series of trajectories. Thus, monthly average "diffusion" and removal are incorporated into the Gaussian model. Title: Estimates for wet and dry removals' contribution to the residence time for atmospheric pollutants in the eastern United States Author: Vickers, Dean The length of time that atmospheric pollutants released from low-level sources in the midwestern United States can expect to remain in the atmosphere is discussed. The pollution is assumed to be removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition and precipitation scavenging. Layer-average trajectories originating from Kansas City, Missouri are used to determine the Lagrangian probability of dry and wet conditions. The residence time of these pollutants is estimated based on parameterizations for the effective scavenging rates during wet and dry conditions. This investigation shows that, in summer, the probability that precipitation is being experienced by the pollutant is twice as great as the probability of precipitation at the origin of the pollution; this same ratio of probabilities is three in winter. Therefore, when precipitation scavenging is the more important removal mechanism, the statistics for the length of wet and dry periods at the source region overestimate the residence time by a factor of about two to three. By taking into consideration the Lagrangian probability of wet and dry periods, the relative importance of dry deposition and precipitation scavenging is discussed as a function of the wet and dry removal rates. It is seen that for a time- and vertical-average dry deposition velocity as large as 1 cm/sec, then dry deposition would normally be the bore important removal process for the meteorological conditions in the midwest to eastern United States. Estimates for the expected atmospheric lifetimes of aerosol particles and trace gases are reported as functions of dry deposition velocities and collection efficiencies (or washout ratios). For example, lead particles of mass mean diameter ~0.5 μm, should have a residence time ~8 days in winter, and ~3 days in summer, based on available data for the dry deposition velocity and washout ratio. In general, the residence time can be expected to be about twice as long during the summer season than the winter. The winter, monthly average distribution of pollutant mass is shown, based on the steady-state Gaussian approximation solution of the convective diffusion equation. The calculations are based on a statistical analysis of the 12 hourly positions of a series of trajectories. Thus, monthly average "diffusion" and removal are incorporated into the Gaussian model. Close

• 70. [Article] Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) wood preservative with Douglas-fir

  The use of the waterborne wood preservative, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), is likely to increase in the near future because of environmental concerns associated with oilborne preservatives. Developing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) wood preservative with Douglas-fir Author: Lebow, Stan T. The use of the waterborne wood preservative, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), is likely to increase in the near future because of environmental concerns associated with oilborne preservatives. Developing an understanding of the permanence of this preservative in wood will become important from both environmental and performance standpoints. Conventional thinking suggests that ACZA components are stabilized in the wood by the precipitation of metal/arsenate complexes as the ammonia evaporates, but little work has been done to confirm this theory. Experiments were conducted to clarify the mechanisms which stabilize, or "fix" copper, arsenic and zinc within ACZA treated wood. Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation, the role of wood components in fixation, the role of precipitation in fixation, the order of precipitation of ACZA components, the sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood, the bonding environment of adsorbed copper, and the microdistribution of copper, zinc and arsenic within treated wood. The results of these experiments generally support the finding that arsenic fixation occurs by precipitation of metal/arsenate, complexes as ammonia evaporates from the treated wood. Arsenic leaching was minimized when the metal oxide:arsenic pentoxide ratio in the treating solution exceeded 2.0, and when a portion of the copper was replaced with zinc. Subsequent tests revealed that zinc precipitated the majority of arsenic when the ammonia was allowed to evaporate from the treating solution. In contrast, the metal cations are not dependent on arsenic for fixation because they have low water solubility and undergo adsorption reactions with the wood. Copper, in particular was readily adsorbed by the lignin and heartwood components of wood, suggesting that phenolic groups were primary reaction sites. Further tests with lignin model compounds also suggested that copper reacted preferentially with the hydroxyl groups of phenolic compounds. Adsorption of the metals to the wood can interfere with arsenic fixation by reducing the availability of metal cations in the preservative solution. The severity of arsenic leaching due to metal adsorption could be affected by many treatment variables, and more work is needed to determine how these variables could be manipulated to minimize arsenic fixation. Title: Interactions of ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) wood preservative with Douglas-fir Author: Lebow, Stan T. The use of the waterborne wood preservative, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), is likely to increase in the near future because of environmental concerns associated with oilborne preservatives. Developing an understanding of the permanence of this preservative in wood will become important from both environmental and performance standpoints. Conventional thinking suggests that ACZA components are stabilized in the wood by the precipitation of metal/arsenate complexes as the ammonia evaporates, but little work has been done to confirm this theory. Experiments were conducted to clarify the mechanisms which stabilize, or "fix" copper, arsenic and zinc within ACZA treated wood. Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of ACZA composition on fixation, the role of wood components in fixation, the role of precipitation in fixation, the order of precipitation of ACZA components, the sites of copper and zinc adsorption within the treated wood, the bonding environment of adsorbed copper, and the microdistribution of copper, zinc and arsenic within treated wood. The results of these experiments generally support the finding that arsenic fixation occurs by precipitation of metal/arsenate, complexes as ammonia evaporates from the treated wood. Arsenic leaching was minimized when the metal oxide:arsenic pentoxide ratio in the treating solution exceeded 2.0, and when a portion of the copper was replaced with zinc. Subsequent tests revealed that zinc precipitated the majority of arsenic when the ammonia was allowed to evaporate from the treating solution. In contrast, the metal cations are not dependent on arsenic for fixation because they have low water solubility and undergo adsorption reactions with the wood. Copper, in particular was readily adsorbed by the lignin and heartwood components of wood, suggesting that phenolic groups were primary reaction sites. Further tests with lignin model compounds also suggested that copper reacted preferentially with the hydroxyl groups of phenolic compounds. Adsorption of the metals to the wood can interfere with arsenic fixation by reducing the availability of metal cations in the preservative solution. The severity of arsenic leaching due to metal adsorption could be affected by many treatment variables, and more work is needed to determine how these variables could be manipulated to minimize arsenic fixation. Close

• 71. [Article] Modeling climate, vegetation, and water balance at landscape to regional scales

  The general objective of this study was to develop models and datasets that would significantly advance our ability to assess the current and future effects of global change on the biosphere. The focus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling climate, vegetation, and water balance at landscape to regional scales Author: Daly, Christopher The general objective of this study was to develop models and datasets that would significantly advance our ability to assess the current and future effects of global change on the biosphere. The focus was in two areas: (1) preparing environmental datasets at regional to small watershed scales; and (2) developing models to simulate the interactions of climate, hydrology and vegetation distribution at the small watershed/landscape scale. The PRISM modeling system, a method for mapping monthly precipitation over complex terrain, was presented and evaluated. PRISM (Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) brings a unique combination of climatological and statistical concepts to the mapping of orographic (terrain-induced) precipitation, and is very useful in preparing gridded precipitation datasets. Using PRISM and other tools, gridded climate, vegetation, and soils datasets were developed for the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, a small basin in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. The datasets were prepared at a 200-m pixel resolution, and consisted of monthly total precipitation, and mean monthly temperature, vapor pressure, and wind speed for the calendar years 1984, 1985, and 1986. The general methods used in developing these datasets are applicable to other mountainous watersheds in which elevation is the primary determinant of the spatial variability in climatic parameters. The Reynolds Creek datasets were then used in the development of a spatially explicit, hydrology/vegetation distribution model for use in small- to medium-size watersheds. The model was a hybrid of the MAPSS (Mapped Atmosphere Plant-Soil-System) biogeographical model and the Wigmosta hydrology-vegetation model. The intent was to assess the potential for reconfiguring MAPSS, originally developed at a continental scale, to simulate the three-dimensional processes that dominate vegetation and hydrologic patterns at the watershed/landscape scale. The hybrid model, termed MAPSS-W (MAPSS-Watershed), performed well in simulating daily fluctuations in snowpack, basin discharge, and leaf area of non-woody vegetation. Title: Modeling climate, vegetation, and water balance at landscape to regional scales Author: Daly, Christopher The general objective of this study was to develop models and datasets that would significantly advance our ability to assess the current and future effects of global change on the biosphere. The focus was in two areas: (1) preparing environmental datasets at regional to small watershed scales; and (2) developing models to simulate the interactions of climate, hydrology and vegetation distribution at the small watershed/landscape scale. The PRISM modeling system, a method for mapping monthly precipitation over complex terrain, was presented and evaluated. PRISM (Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) brings a unique combination of climatological and statistical concepts to the mapping of orographic (terrain-induced) precipitation, and is very useful in preparing gridded precipitation datasets. Using PRISM and other tools, gridded climate, vegetation, and soils datasets were developed for the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, a small basin in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. The datasets were prepared at a 200-m pixel resolution, and consisted of monthly total precipitation, and mean monthly temperature, vapor pressure, and wind speed for the calendar years 1984, 1985, and 1986. The general methods used in developing these datasets are applicable to other mountainous watersheds in which elevation is the primary determinant of the spatial variability in climatic parameters. The Reynolds Creek datasets were then used in the development of a spatially explicit, hydrology/vegetation distribution model for use in small- to medium-size watersheds. The model was a hybrid of the MAPSS (Mapped Atmosphere Plant-Soil-System) biogeographical model and the Wigmosta hydrology-vegetation model. The intent was to assess the potential for reconfiguring MAPSS, originally developed at a continental scale, to simulate the three-dimensional processes that dominate vegetation and hydrologic patterns at the watershed/landscape scale. The hybrid model, termed MAPSS-W (MAPSS-Watershed), performed well in simulating daily fluctuations in snowpack, basin discharge, and leaf area of non-woody vegetation. Close

• 72. [Article] Climate Change Impact on Drought Risk and Uncertainty in the Willamette River Basin

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Change Impact on Drought Risk and Uncertainty in the Willamette River Basin Author: Chang, Heejun, Jung, Il-Won Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Climate Change Impact on Drought Risk and Uncertainty in the Willamette River Basin Author: Chang, Heejun, Jung, Il-Won Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 73. [Article] Seasonal Climate Variability and Change in the Pacific Northwest of the United States

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://journals.ametsoc.org/loi/clim.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal Climate Variability and Change in the Pacific Northwest of the United States Author: Rupp, David E., Abatzoglou, John T., Mote, Philip W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://journals.ametsoc.org/loi/clim. Title: Seasonal Climate Variability and Change in the Pacific Northwest of the United States Author: Rupp, David E., Abatzoglou, John T., Mote, Philip W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://journals.ametsoc.org/loi/clim. Close

• 74. [Article] Geohydrologic conditions on a steep forested slope : modeling transient piezometric response to precipitation

  Two hilislope sites in the central Oregon Coast Range were instrumented and monitored for winter precipitation and saturated and unsaturated subsurface conditions. The study sites were near-ridge depressions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geohydrologic conditions on a steep forested slope : modeling transient piezometric response to precipitation Author: Bransom, Mark Two hilislope sites in the central Oregon Coast Range were instrumented and monitored for winter precipitation and saturated and unsaturated subsurface conditions. The study sites were near-ridge depressions typically known as headwalls. Based on results of the monitoring, two existing mathematical models were adapted to predict piezometric levels in headwalls during storms. The first is a statistically based model, using an Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) as an independent variable in a regression model. The second is a mass balance model based on the kinematic assumption that the hydraulic gradient is equal to the slope of the impermeable base of the control volume. Several extreme storm events recorded during the monitoring period were used to calibrate the models. Precipitation data from a subsequent extreme event was then used in verification runs of both the API and the kinematic storage models. Soil from one site was sampled for index properties, strength parameters, and hydraulic properties. The soil is a non-plastic, sand-silt mixture derived from sandstone. A relatively undisturbed sample tested in a consolidated-undrained triaxial test had a φ' value of 32.5° and a c' value of 5.2 kPa. Laboratory testing suggests that the soil is hydraulically similar to other soils in similar geographic and topographic locations. An estimate of the "effective" saturated hydraulic conductivity, considering both macropore and matrix flow, is approximately 10⁻² cm/s. In general, the API models for individual storms were capable of reproducing observed piezometric hydrographs. However, the use of API was limited by the high degree of variability in API values and antecedent hydraulic head conditions from storm to storm. A multi-storm API model was developed to overcome these limitations, and produced reasonably good results. The kinematic storage model also performed well for this site, for two of three methods of determining drainable porosity of the soil. Hillslope discharge measurements made on one occasion suggested that approximately 70% of flow at the outlet was occurring in pores larger than 2.5 centimeters in diameter. Macropore flow would seem to be an important feature of the subsurface flow regime under certain precipitation and antecedent soil moisture conditions. Title: Geohydrologic conditions on a steep forested slope : modeling transient piezometric response to precipitation Author: Bransom, Mark Two hilislope sites in the central Oregon Coast Range were instrumented and monitored for winter precipitation and saturated and unsaturated subsurface conditions. The study sites were near-ridge depressions typically known as headwalls. Based on results of the monitoring, two existing mathematical models were adapted to predict piezometric levels in headwalls during storms. The first is a statistically based model, using an Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) as an independent variable in a regression model. The second is a mass balance model based on the kinematic assumption that the hydraulic gradient is equal to the slope of the impermeable base of the control volume. Several extreme storm events recorded during the monitoring period were used to calibrate the models. Precipitation data from a subsequent extreme event was then used in verification runs of both the API and the kinematic storage models. Soil from one site was sampled for index properties, strength parameters, and hydraulic properties. The soil is a non-plastic, sand-silt mixture derived from sandstone. A relatively undisturbed sample tested in a consolidated-undrained triaxial test had a φ' value of 32.5° and a c' value of 5.2 kPa. Laboratory testing suggests that the soil is hydraulically similar to other soils in similar geographic and topographic locations. An estimate of the "effective" saturated hydraulic conductivity, considering both macropore and matrix flow, is approximately 10⁻² cm/s. In general, the API models for individual storms were capable of reproducing observed piezometric hydrographs. However, the use of API was limited by the high degree of variability in API values and antecedent hydraulic head conditions from storm to storm. A multi-storm API model was developed to overcome these limitations, and produced reasonably good results. The kinematic storage model also performed well for this site, for two of three methods of determining drainable porosity of the soil. Hillslope discharge measurements made on one occasion suggested that approximately 70% of flow at the outlet was occurring in pores larger than 2.5 centimeters in diameter. Macropore flow would seem to be an important feature of the subsurface flow regime under certain precipitation and antecedent soil moisture conditions. Close

• 75. [Article] Trace element studies of metalliferous sediments in cores from the East Pacific Rise and Bauer Deep, 10⁰ S

  Major (Fe, Mn, Al) and minor (Cr, Mo, Pb, Zn, Cd) element analyses of metalliferous sediments in cores from the East Pacific Rise and Bauer Deep indicate that the Bauer Deep sediments are similar in chemistry ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trace element studies of metalliferous sediments in cores from the East Pacific Rise and Bauer Deep, 10⁰ S Author: Kendrick, John William Major (Fe, Mn, Al) and minor (Cr, Mo, Pb, Zn, Cd) element analyses of metalliferous sediments in cores from the East Pacific Rise and Bauer Deep indicate that the Bauer Deep sediments are similar in chemistry and origin to metalliferous sediments of the East Pacific Rises. Fe, Pb, and Zn are strongly associated in both cores and are probably related to the hydrothermal processes which are postulated to occur on the East Pacific Rise. Incomplete Cd data suggest that Cd may also be released during hydrothermal leaching of basalt Mn may originate by precipitation from hydrothermal solutions or by normal authigenic precipitation from sea water. The similar accumulation rates of Mo in both cores, and poor correlation of Mo with Fe imply that Mo is being extracted from sea water. The low abundances of Cr and Al in metalliferous sediments suggest that detritus is a minor component of the sediments. Poorly crystalline smectites constitute a major mineralogical phase of metalliferous sediments. Chemical and mineralogical studies indicate that the smectite is an iron-rich montmorillonite, similar in composition to the bulk sediment. Information on sedimentation rates in the two cores indicate that most elements are accumulating faster on the East Pacific Rise than in the Bauer Deep. Accumulation rates of metals in the Bauer Deep have decreased up to the present and are currently similar to those for normal pelagic sediments. It is inferred that the sedimentation rates in the Bauer Deep are influenced by the proximity of the East Pacific Rise, It appears that sediments in the Bauer Deep are largely the product of hydrothermal processes on the East Pacific Rise, and that the precipitates are transported in suspension to the Bauer Deep. Authigenic precipitation of elements from sea water also occurs, having a stronger influence on the sediments as the precipitation of rise-crest material decreases away from the ridge. Title: Trace element studies of metalliferous sediments in cores from the East Pacific Rise and Bauer Deep, 10⁰ S Author: Kendrick, John William Major (Fe, Mn, Al) and minor (Cr, Mo, Pb, Zn, Cd) element analyses of metalliferous sediments in cores from the East Pacific Rise and Bauer Deep indicate that the Bauer Deep sediments are similar in chemistry and origin to metalliferous sediments of the East Pacific Rises. Fe, Pb, and Zn are strongly associated in both cores and are probably related to the hydrothermal processes which are postulated to occur on the East Pacific Rise. Incomplete Cd data suggest that Cd may also be released during hydrothermal leaching of basalt Mn may originate by precipitation from hydrothermal solutions or by normal authigenic precipitation from sea water. The similar accumulation rates of Mo in both cores, and poor correlation of Mo with Fe imply that Mo is being extracted from sea water. The low abundances of Cr and Al in metalliferous sediments suggest that detritus is a minor component of the sediments. Poorly crystalline smectites constitute a major mineralogical phase of metalliferous sediments. Chemical and mineralogical studies indicate that the smectite is an iron-rich montmorillonite, similar in composition to the bulk sediment. Information on sedimentation rates in the two cores indicate that most elements are accumulating faster on the East Pacific Rise than in the Bauer Deep. Accumulation rates of metals in the Bauer Deep have decreased up to the present and are currently similar to those for normal pelagic sediments. It is inferred that the sedimentation rates in the Bauer Deep are influenced by the proximity of the East Pacific Rise, It appears that sediments in the Bauer Deep are largely the product of hydrothermal processes on the East Pacific Rise, and that the precipitates are transported in suspension to the Bauer Deep. Authigenic precipitation of elements from sea water also occurs, having a stronger influence on the sediments as the precipitation of rise-crest material decreases away from the ridge. Close

• 76. [Article] Subseasonal SST Variability in the Tropical Eastern North Pacific during Boreal Summer

  Boreal summer intraseasonal (30–90-day time scale) sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the east Pacific warm pool is examined using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Subseasonal SST Variability in the Tropical Eastern North Pacific during Boreal Summer Author: Chelton, Dudley B., Esbensen, Steven K., Maloney, Eric D. Boreal summer intraseasonal (30–90-day time scale) sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the east Pacific warm pool is examined using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) sea surface temperatures during 1998–2005. Intraseasonal SST variance maximizes at two locations in the warm pool: in the vicinity of 9°N, 92°W near the Costa Rica Dome and near the northern edge of the warm pool in the vicinity of 19°N, 108°W. Both locations exhibit a significant spectral peak at 50–60-day periods, time scales characteristic of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) and spectra coherence analyses are used to show that boreal summer intraseasonal SST anomalies are coherent with precipitation anomalies across the east Pacific warm pool. Spatial variations of phase are modest across the warm pool, although evidence exists for the northward progression of intraseasonal SST and precipitation anomalies. Intraseasonal SSTs at the north edge of the warm pool lag those in the vicinity of the Costa Rica Dome by about 1 week. The MJO explains 30%–40% of the variance of intraseasonal SST anomalies in the east Pacific warm pool during boreal summer. Peak-to-peak SST variations of 0.8°–1.0°C occur during MJO events. SST is approximately in quadrature with MJO precipitation, with suppressed (enhanced) MJO precipitation anomalies leading positive (negative) SST anomalies by 7–10 days. Consistent with the CEOF and coherence analyses, MJO-related SST and precipitation anomalies near the Costa Rica Dome lead those at the northern edge of the warm pool by about 1 week. Title: Subseasonal SST Variability in the Tropical Eastern North Pacific during Boreal Summer Author: Chelton, Dudley B., Esbensen, Steven K., Maloney, Eric D. Boreal summer intraseasonal (30–90-day time scale) sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the east Pacific warm pool is examined using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) sea surface temperatures during 1998–2005. Intraseasonal SST variance maximizes at two locations in the warm pool: in the vicinity of 9°N, 92°W near the Costa Rica Dome and near the northern edge of the warm pool in the vicinity of 19°N, 108°W. Both locations exhibit a significant spectral peak at 50–60-day periods, time scales characteristic of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) and spectra coherence analyses are used to show that boreal summer intraseasonal SST anomalies are coherent with precipitation anomalies across the east Pacific warm pool. Spatial variations of phase are modest across the warm pool, although evidence exists for the northward progression of intraseasonal SST and precipitation anomalies. Intraseasonal SSTs at the north edge of the warm pool lag those in the vicinity of the Costa Rica Dome by about 1 week. The MJO explains 30%–40% of the variance of intraseasonal SST anomalies in the east Pacific warm pool during boreal summer. Peak-to-peak SST variations of 0.8°–1.0°C occur during MJO events. SST is approximately in quadrature with MJO precipitation, with suppressed (enhanced) MJO precipitation anomalies leading positive (negative) SST anomalies by 7–10 days. Consistent with the CEOF and coherence analyses, MJO-related SST and precipitation anomalies near the Costa Rica Dome lead those at the northern edge of the warm pool by about 1 week. Close

• 77. [Article] Seasonal hydrologic responses to climate change in the Pacific Northwest

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal hydrologic responses to climate change in the Pacific Northwest Author: Vano, Julie A., Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Nijssen, Bart This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Title: Seasonal hydrologic responses to climate change in the Pacific Northwest Author: Vano, Julie A., Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Nijssen, Bart This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Close

• 78. [Article] Phosphorus fertilization of late-planted winter wheat in no-till fallow : applied research in the low-precipitation zone

  Published April 2012. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phosphorus fertilization of late-planted winter wheat in no-till fallow : applied research in the low-precipitation zone Author: Wysocki, Donald John, 1952-, Washington State University. Extension, Lutcher, L. K. (Lawrence K.), Schillinger, William F., University of Idaho. Extension, Christensen, Neil Walter, 1944-, Wuest, Stewart, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 2012. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Phosphorus fertilization of late-planted winter wheat in no-till fallow : applied research in the low-precipitation zone Author: Wysocki, Donald John, 1952-, Washington State University. Extension, Lutcher, L. K. (Lawrence K.), Schillinger, William F., University of Idaho. Extension, Christensen, Neil Walter, 1944-, Wuest, Stewart, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 2012. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 79. [Article] Performance of hard red winter wheat in late-planted no-till fallow : field research in the low-precipitation zone

  Published September 2012. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of hard red winter wheat in late-planted no-till fallow : field research in the low-precipitation zone Author: Flowers, Michael Darrell, 1971-, Wysocki, Donald John, 1952-, Lutcher, L. K. (Lawrence K.), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published September 2012. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Performance of hard red winter wheat in late-planted no-till fallow : field research in the low-precipitation zone Author: Flowers, Michael Darrell, 1971-, Wysocki, Donald John, 1952-, Lutcher, L. K. (Lawrence K.), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published September 2012. A more recent revision exists. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 80. [Article] Diagnostic modeling study of a severe narrow cold-frontal rainband

  A diagnostic modeling study of the cloud and precipitation processes, and also frontogenesis have been analyzed in a severe narrow cold-frontal rainband with the aid of a three-dimensional, diagnostic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diagnostic modeling study of a severe narrow cold-frontal rainband Author: Wijesekera, Hemantha A diagnostic modeling study of the cloud and precipitation processes, and also frontogenesis have been analyzed in a severe narrow cold-frontal rainband with the aid of a three-dimensional, diagnostic cloud model. The results of the model simulations indicate that the heavy precipitation just behind the surface cold front was associated with a low-level warm rain process driven by the severe prefrontal updraft. The precipitation well behind the leading edge of cold front resulted from the melting of graupel. The sensitivity studies for the rain water distribution indicated that the Analytical Gamma distribution may be a more suitable functional fit for the raindrop distribution as compared with the Marshall-Palmer distribution. The differential heating due to microphysical processes (condensation and evaporation) at the leading edge of the surface cold frontal region facilitated the required density contrast across the front and thus maintained the propagation of the density current. The leading edge of the cold front was also characterized by frontogenesis for levels above 0.9 kin and frontolysis just ahead and immediately behind the cold front. The low level frontolysis indicated that buoyancy effects were almost negligible at the leading edge of the cold front. Instead the upward motion was created by mechanical lifting (pressure effects). The frontogenetical effects due to diabatic heating were quite important at the 1.2 - 2 km levels where the peak updraft occurred. Title: Diagnostic modeling study of a severe narrow cold-frontal rainband Author: Wijesekera, Hemantha A diagnostic modeling study of the cloud and precipitation processes, and also frontogenesis have been analyzed in a severe narrow cold-frontal rainband with the aid of a three-dimensional, diagnostic cloud model. The results of the model simulations indicate that the heavy precipitation just behind the surface cold front was associated with a low-level warm rain process driven by the severe prefrontal updraft. The precipitation well behind the leading edge of cold front resulted from the melting of graupel. The sensitivity studies for the rain water distribution indicated that the Analytical Gamma distribution may be a more suitable functional fit for the raindrop distribution as compared with the Marshall-Palmer distribution. The differential heating due to microphysical processes (condensation and evaporation) at the leading edge of the surface cold frontal region facilitated the required density contrast across the front and thus maintained the propagation of the density current. The leading edge of the cold front was also characterized by frontogenesis for levels above 0.9 kin and frontolysis just ahead and immediately behind the cold front. The low level frontolysis indicated that buoyancy effects were almost negligible at the leading edge of the cold front. Instead the upward motion was created by mechanical lifting (pressure effects). The frontogenetical effects due to diabatic heating were quite important at the 1.2 - 2 km levels where the peak updraft occurred. Close

• 81. [Article] Biologically Active Factors against the Monogenetic Trematode Gyrodactylus stellatus in the Serum and Mucus of Infected Juvenile English Soles

  Length of survival of the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus stellatus in serum and mucus collected from English soles Pleuronectes vetulus at different stages of a laboratory epizootic suggests that both ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biologically Active Factors against the Monogenetic Trematode Gyrodactylus stellatus in the Serum and Mucus of Infected Juvenile English Soles Author: Olson, Robert E., Moore, Michelle M., Kaattari, Stephen L. Length of survival of the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus stellatus in serum and mucus collected from English soles Pleuronectes vetulus at different stages of a laboratory epizootic suggests that both the mucus and serum may be involved in resistance to the parasite. In general, trematode survival was shorter in the serum and mucus samples collected from English soles at the later, recovering stages of infection. A rabbit antiserum against English sole whole serum was used in a gel diffusion immunoassay to show that mucus from infested English soles contained proteins antigenically similar to English sole serum proteins. Precipitation reactions appeared strongest in mucus collected during later stages of infection. No precipitation reactions were detected in the mucus of uninfested fish, indicating that the precipitation bands that were observed were associated with G. stellatus infections. Title: Biologically Active Factors against the Monogenetic Trematode Gyrodactylus stellatus in the Serum and Mucus of Infected Juvenile English Soles Author: Olson, Robert E., Moore, Michelle M., Kaattari, Stephen L. Length of survival of the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus stellatus in serum and mucus collected from English soles Pleuronectes vetulus at different stages of a laboratory epizootic suggests that both the mucus and serum may be involved in resistance to the parasite. In general, trematode survival was shorter in the serum and mucus samples collected from English soles at the later, recovering stages of infection. A rabbit antiserum against English sole whole serum was used in a gel diffusion immunoassay to show that mucus from infested English soles contained proteins antigenically similar to English sole serum proteins. Precipitation reactions appeared strongest in mucus collected during later stages of infection. No precipitation reactions were detected in the mucus of uninfested fish, indicating that the precipitation bands that were observed were associated with G. stellatus infections. Close

• 82. [Article] Variations of δ¹⁸O in rainwater from southwestern Oregon

  We examine the relation between δ¹⁸O in rainwater collected in southwestern Oregon and climate variables including temperature, parcel trajectory, precipitation amount, and specific humidity. Local surface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variations of δ¹⁸O in rainwater from southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Peter U., Ersek, Vasile, Mix, Alan C. We examine the relation between δ¹⁸O in rainwater collected in southwestern Oregon and climate variables including temperature, parcel trajectory, precipitation amount, and specific humidity. Local surface air temperature at the time of sample collection explains a large proportion of δ¹⁸O variability, suggesting that paleoclimatic archives that are related to rainfall δ¹⁸O should be useful for qualitative temperature reconstructions. Models of Rayleigh distillation of air masses originating in the North Pacific can broadly constrain the observed isotopic variability in southwestern Oregon. Results from a Hybrid Single‐ Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model suggest that recent parcel pathways have little influence on the isotopic composition of precipitation collected at our site. We also find no significant relation between rainfall d18O and precipitation amount. Changes in specific humidity along the parcel tracks, however, indicate that the water vapor exchange of the air mass with the underlying ocean influenced the isotopic composition of the most enriched samples. Title: Variations of δ¹⁸O in rainwater from southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Peter U., Ersek, Vasile, Mix, Alan C. We examine the relation between δ¹⁸O in rainwater collected in southwestern Oregon and climate variables including temperature, parcel trajectory, precipitation amount, and specific humidity. Local surface air temperature at the time of sample collection explains a large proportion of δ¹⁸O variability, suggesting that paleoclimatic archives that are related to rainfall δ¹⁸O should be useful for qualitative temperature reconstructions. Models of Rayleigh distillation of air masses originating in the North Pacific can broadly constrain the observed isotopic variability in southwestern Oregon. Results from a Hybrid Single‐ Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model suggest that recent parcel pathways have little influence on the isotopic composition of precipitation collected at our site. We also find no significant relation between rainfall d18O and precipitation amount. Changes in specific humidity along the parcel tracks, however, indicate that the water vapor exchange of the air mass with the underlying ocean influenced the isotopic composition of the most enriched samples. Close

• 83. [Article] Calcium Chloride in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition: Compatibility Studies Using Laser Methodology

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calcium Chloride in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition: Compatibility Studies Using Laser Methodology Author: Wu, YingXing, Clark, Sara M., Karnpracha, Chanida, Huston, Robert K., Rosa, Jill E., Christensen, J. Mark, Migaki, Evelyn A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Calcium Chloride in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition: Compatibility Studies Using Laser Methodology Author: Wu, YingXing, Clark, Sara M., Karnpracha, Chanida, Huston, Robert K., Rosa, Jill E., Christensen, J. Mark, Migaki, Evelyn A. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 84. [Article] JonesJuliaCEOASChangingForestWater.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: JonesJuliaCEOASChangingForestWater.pdf Author: Creed, Irena F., Jones, Julia A., et al., Spargo, Adam T. Title: JonesJuliaCEOASChangingForestWater.pdf Author: Creed, Irena F., Jones, Julia A., et al., Spargo, Adam T. Close

• 85. [Article] JonesJuliaCEOASChangingForestWater_TableS1.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: JonesJuliaCEOASChangingForestWater_TableS1.pdf Author: Creed, Irena F., Jones, Julia A., et al., Spargo, Adam T. Title: JonesJuliaCEOASChangingForestWater_TableS1.pdf Author: Creed, Irena F., Jones, Julia A., et al., Spargo, Adam T. Close

• 86. [Article] Coupling snowpack and groundwater dynamics to interpret historical streamflow trends in the western United States

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http:...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coupling snowpack and groundwater dynamics to interpret historical streamflow trends in the western United States Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Tague, Christina. L., Grant, Gordon E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Title: Coupling snowpack and groundwater dynamics to interpret historical streamflow trends in the western United States Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Tague, Christina. L., Grant, Gordon E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Close

• 87. [Article] Instrumenting Wildlife Water Developments to Collect Hydrometeorological Data in Remote Western U.S. Catchments

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Instrumenting Wildlife Water Developments to Collect Hydrometeorological Data in Remote Western U.S. Catchments Author: Stewart, Kelley, Weltz, Mark, Morris, Christo, Daly, Christopher, Saito, Laurel, Walker, Mark, Grant, Nicholas To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://journals.ametsoc.org/loi/atot. Title: Instrumenting Wildlife Water Developments to Collect Hydrometeorological Data in Remote Western U.S. Catchments Author: Stewart, Kelley, Weltz, Mark, Morris, Christo, Daly, Christopher, Saito, Laurel, Walker, Mark, Grant, Nicholas To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://journals.ametsoc.org/loi/atot. Close

• 88. [Article] Ship-Based Observations of the Diurnal Cycle of Southeast Pacific Marine Stratocumulus Clouds and Precipitation

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ship-Based Observations of the Diurnal Cycle of Southeast Pacific Marine Stratocumulus Clouds and Precipitation Author: Brewer, W. Alan, Yuter, Sandra E., Burleyson, Casey D., de Szoeke, Simon P., Wilbanks, Matt To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://journals.ametsoc.org/loi/atsc. Title: Ship-Based Observations of the Diurnal Cycle of Southeast Pacific Marine Stratocumulus Clouds and Precipitation Author: Brewer, W. Alan, Yuter, Sandra E., Burleyson, Casey D., de Szoeke, Simon P., Wilbanks, Matt To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Meteorological Society and can be found at: http://journals.ametsoc.org/loi/atsc. Close

• 89. [Article] Occurrence and control of the brown precipitate defect in making cottage cheese

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Occurrence and control of the brown precipitate defect in making cottage cheese Author: White, Richard Jean Title: Occurrence and control of the brown precipitate defect in making cottage cheese Author: White, Richard Jean Close

• 90. [Article] Vegetation dynamics and rainfall sensitivity of the Amazon

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the National ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation dynamics and rainfall sensitivity of the Amazon Author: Tucker, Compton J., Hilker, Thomas, et al., Lyapustin, Alexei I. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.pnas.org/. Title: Vegetation dynamics and rainfall sensitivity of the Amazon Author: Tucker, Compton J., Hilker, Thomas, et al., Lyapustin, Alexei I. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.pnas.org/. Close

• 91. [Article] Hydrothermal vents of the Gorda Ridge, NE Pacific : mineralogy and chemistry of sulfide chimneys, precipitates and alteration products

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrothermal vents of the Gorda Ridge, NE Pacific : mineralogy and chemistry of sulfide chimneys, precipitates and alteration products Author: Howard, Katherine Jane Title: Hydrothermal vents of the Gorda Ridge, NE Pacific : mineralogy and chemistry of sulfide chimneys, precipitates and alteration products Author: Howard, Katherine Jane Close

• 92. [Article] Reconstruction of late Pleistocene paleoclimatic characteristics in the Great Basin and adjacent areas

  A sequence of glaciation based on relative dating parameters was established in each of nine mountain ranges located along a northwest to southeast transect through the northern Great Basin. Each sequence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reconstruction of late Pleistocene paleoclimatic characteristics in the Great Basin and adjacent areas Author: Bevis, Kenneth A. A sequence of glaciation based on relative dating parameters was established in each of nine mountain ranges located along a northwest to southeast transect through the northern Great Basin. Each sequence consists of two or three drift units. Degree of weathering suggests that the younger drift unit in a two-fold sequence and the intermediate drift unit in a three-fold sequence represents deposition during the late Pleistocene. The late Pleistocene equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) in each range was determined by reconstructing the maximum ice extent associated with these drift units and using the accumulation area ratio technique. Paleo-ELAs increase from about 2100 m in northeastern Oregon to approximately 3200 m in central Utah. Paleoclimatic conditions along the study transect were estimated by comparing modern climatic conditions at the reconstructed late Pleistocene ELAs with climatic conditions occurring at the ELAs of modem mid-latitude glaciers. Assuming no change in winter accumulation or in the seasonal distribution of precipitation from the present, a mean summer temperature depression ranging from about 9.0 °C at the northern end of the transect to about 4.0 °C at the southern end would have been necessary to sustain glaciers in these ranges during the late Pleistocene. To simulate possible changes in late Pleistocene precipitation patterns, a change in winter accumulation between 0.5 and 2.0 times the modem value resulted in a respective increase or decrease in temperature depression by approximately 2.0 °C. These results suggest that increases in precipitation during the late Pleistocene alone could not have sustained glaciers in the mountain ranges of the study transect, except possibly at its southern end, in the central Great Basin. An increase in precipitation in this area during the late Pleistocene agrees with the interpretation of other paleoclimatic records and paleoclimatic model simulations for the Great Basin. Title: Reconstruction of late Pleistocene paleoclimatic characteristics in the Great Basin and adjacent areas Author: Bevis, Kenneth A. A sequence of glaciation based on relative dating parameters was established in each of nine mountain ranges located along a northwest to southeast transect through the northern Great Basin. Each sequence consists of two or three drift units. Degree of weathering suggests that the younger drift unit in a two-fold sequence and the intermediate drift unit in a three-fold sequence represents deposition during the late Pleistocene. The late Pleistocene equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) in each range was determined by reconstructing the maximum ice extent associated with these drift units and using the accumulation area ratio technique. Paleo-ELAs increase from about 2100 m in northeastern Oregon to approximately 3200 m in central Utah. Paleoclimatic conditions along the study transect were estimated by comparing modern climatic conditions at the reconstructed late Pleistocene ELAs with climatic conditions occurring at the ELAs of modem mid-latitude glaciers. Assuming no change in winter accumulation or in the seasonal distribution of precipitation from the present, a mean summer temperature depression ranging from about 9.0 °C at the northern end of the transect to about 4.0 °C at the southern end would have been necessary to sustain glaciers in these ranges during the late Pleistocene. To simulate possible changes in late Pleistocene precipitation patterns, a change in winter accumulation between 0.5 and 2.0 times the modem value resulted in a respective increase or decrease in temperature depression by approximately 2.0 °C. These results suggest that increases in precipitation during the late Pleistocene alone could not have sustained glaciers in the mountain ranges of the study transect, except possibly at its southern end, in the central Great Basin. An increase in precipitation in this area during the late Pleistocene agrees with the interpretation of other paleoclimatic records and paleoclimatic model simulations for the Great Basin. Close

• 93. [Article] Effects of forest roads on surface and subsurface flow in southeast Alaska

  Well water levels and ditch flow were used to evaluate road-induced changes in surface and subsurface flow for two sites (Trocadero and Polk) in southeast Alaska. At the Trocadero Site, low water levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of forest roads on surface and subsurface flow in southeast Alaska Author: McGee, Katherine E. Well water levels and ditch flow were used to evaluate road-induced changes in surface and subsurface flow for two sites (Trocadero and Polk) in southeast Alaska. At the Trocadero Site, low water levels before and peak water levels during a storm were used to test for differences in subsurface water levels above and below an existing road. Low water levels at the Trocadero Site were significantly different in the wells above verses below the road (p = 0.02). However, peak water levels above and below the road showed no significant difference (p = 0.25). Low water levels before and peak water levels during a storm were used to test for changes in subsurface water levels pre- and post-road construction at the Polk Site. Four storms were measured prior to road construction. Thirty-one storms were measured following road construction. Using an Antecedent Precipitation Index, fifteen storms from the post-road construction dataset were selected that were within similar moisture conditions as the pre-road storms. After road construction there was no significant change in low water levels. There was a small (0.08 m and 0.05 m), but significant (p = 0.01 and 0.03), decrease in the peak water levels following road construction. Ditch flow measured on two forested hillslopes showed that road cutbanks intercepted roughly 100% of the area precipitation from upsiope contributing areas. Due to shallow soils, and excessive amounts of precipitation during the late summer and fall, much of the precipitation falling on the forest floor becomes shallow subsurface flow between the organic and mineral soil interface. The amounts of road-intercepted flow do not translate into equivalent changes in subsurface water levels, rather the changes in subsurface water levels are typically minimal. Where changes do occur, they tend to be concentrated immediately above the cutbank and below the road fillslope. Title: Effects of forest roads on surface and subsurface flow in southeast Alaska Author: McGee, Katherine E. Well water levels and ditch flow were used to evaluate road-induced changes in surface and subsurface flow for two sites (Trocadero and Polk) in southeast Alaska. At the Trocadero Site, low water levels before and peak water levels during a storm were used to test for differences in subsurface water levels above and below an existing road. Low water levels at the Trocadero Site were significantly different in the wells above verses below the road (p = 0.02). However, peak water levels above and below the road showed no significant difference (p = 0.25). Low water levels before and peak water levels during a storm were used to test for changes in subsurface water levels pre- and post-road construction at the Polk Site. Four storms were measured prior to road construction. Thirty-one storms were measured following road construction. Using an Antecedent Precipitation Index, fifteen storms from the post-road construction dataset were selected that were within similar moisture conditions as the pre-road storms. After road construction there was no significant change in low water levels. There was a small (0.08 m and 0.05 m), but significant (p = 0.01 and 0.03), decrease in the peak water levels following road construction. Ditch flow measured on two forested hillslopes showed that road cutbanks intercepted roughly 100% of the area precipitation from upsiope contributing areas. Due to shallow soils, and excessive amounts of precipitation during the late summer and fall, much of the precipitation falling on the forest floor becomes shallow subsurface flow between the organic and mineral soil interface. The amounts of road-intercepted flow do not translate into equivalent changes in subsurface water levels, rather the changes in subsurface water levels are typically minimal. Where changes do occur, they tend to be concentrated immediately above the cutbank and below the road fillslope. Close

• 94. [Article] The effects of thermal processing on the mechanical properties of AA2024, 2014 and 2618 aluminum alloys

  This study determined the independent effects of various homogenization cycles and precipitation treatments on the elevated temperature workability and the final ambient temperature mechanical properties ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of thermal processing on the mechanical properties of AA2024, 2014 and 2618 aluminum alloys Author: Li, Xiao, 1963- This study determined the independent effects of various homogenization cycles and precipitation treatments on the elevated temperature workability and the final ambient temperature mechanical properties of AA2024 aluminum alloy and on the T3 tensile properties of 2014 aluminum alloy as well as T6 tensile properties of 2618 and 2618 (Curich) aluminum alloys. The elevated-temperature tensile and extrusion tests indicate that the workability of AA2024 alloy improves with elevated-temperature precipitation treatment as suggested by earlier investigations. The precipitation treatments do not appear to degrade the ambient-temperature T3 and T8 tensile properties. The time at the precipitation temperature appears to affect the T3 and T8 tensile properties in unextruded ingot, longer times especially providing both relatively high ambient-temperature strength and ductility of AA2024 alloy. The time at the standard homogenization temperature and the heat-up and cool-down rates do not dramatically affect the T3 tensile properties of unextruded ingot of AA2024 and 2014 alloys. However, long soak times at the homogenization temperature and more rapid cooling rates may improve the properties somewhat of AA2024 alloy and longer heat-up times and rapid cooling rates may slightly improve the properties of 2014 alloy. The higher standard solution temperature appears to increase both strength and ductility of 2014 alloy over lower temperatures. The homogenization temperature affects the T6 tensile properties of 2618 and 2618 (Cu-rich) alloys, a high homogenization temperature (compare to standard homogenization temperature) providing both high strength and ductility. Increased manganese and copper appears to increase the strength, but slightly decreases the ductility. The standard aging temperature and time produce higher strength but lower the ductility than lower temperatures at the same or shorter aging times in 2618 (Cu-rich) alloy. Title: The effects of thermal processing on the mechanical properties of AA2024, 2014 and 2618 aluminum alloys Author: Li, Xiao, 1963- This study determined the independent effects of various homogenization cycles and precipitation treatments on the elevated temperature workability and the final ambient temperature mechanical properties of AA2024 aluminum alloy and on the T3 tensile properties of 2014 aluminum alloy as well as T6 tensile properties of 2618 and 2618 (Curich) aluminum alloys. The elevated-temperature tensile and extrusion tests indicate that the workability of AA2024 alloy improves with elevated-temperature precipitation treatment as suggested by earlier investigations. The precipitation treatments do not appear to degrade the ambient-temperature T3 and T8 tensile properties. The time at the precipitation temperature appears to affect the T3 and T8 tensile properties in unextruded ingot, longer times especially providing both relatively high ambient-temperature strength and ductility of AA2024 alloy. The time at the standard homogenization temperature and the heat-up and cool-down rates do not dramatically affect the T3 tensile properties of unextruded ingot of AA2024 and 2014 alloys. However, long soak times at the homogenization temperature and more rapid cooling rates may improve the properties somewhat of AA2024 alloy and longer heat-up times and rapid cooling rates may slightly improve the properties of 2014 alloy. The higher standard solution temperature appears to increase both strength and ductility of 2014 alloy over lower temperatures. The homogenization temperature affects the T6 tensile properties of 2618 and 2618 (Cu-rich) alloys, a high homogenization temperature (compare to standard homogenization temperature) providing both high strength and ductility. Increased manganese and copper appears to increase the strength, but slightly decreases the ductility. The standard aging temperature and time produce higher strength but lower the ductility than lower temperatures at the same or shorter aging times in 2618 (Cu-rich) alloy. Close

• 95. [Article] Studies on purification and characterization of an autolytic enzyme from cell walls of Bacillus subtilis

  The purpose of this investigation was to purify and characterize the autolytic enzyme from cell walls of Bacillus subtilis 168. The crude enzyme was obtained by autolysis of purified cell walls in buffer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies on purification and characterization of an autolytic enzyme from cell walls of Bacillus subtilis Author: Brown, Willie Claiborne The purpose of this investigation was to purify and characterize the autolytic enzyme from cell walls of Bacillus subtilis 168. The crude enzyme was obtained by autolysis of purified cell walls in buffer at 37° C. Two purification methods were developed. The first involved fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The enzyme activity was found in the 30-85% fraction. Purification by this method was 3.2 fold while the recovery was 35%. A second, more efficient, method was developed using ethanol as a precipitant in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. Crude autolysates were precipitated with 75% cold ethanol. The precipitate was dissolved and exposed to 33% ethanol. This fraction was further purified by chromatography on Bio Gel A50m. Active fractions were pooled and concentrated. This scheme resulted in a purification of 14 fold and a yield of 31%. With heat-inactivated cell walls as substrate the partially purified autolytic enzyme was active at temperatures from 30°C to 62°C with maximum activity at 54°C. The pH optimum was broad (7-10); maximum activity occurred at pH 9-9.5. Divalent cations were required for activity. Activation occurred with Ba⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Mg ⁺⁺, and Mn ⁺⁺. The reaction was inhibited by Fe⁺⁺ and Cu⁺⁺. Solutions of enzyme were stable for several hours at room temperature and for at least two months at -20°C. Activity was unaffected by freezing and thawing during this period. Lyophilization caused a 50% reduction in activity. No evidence for proteolytic activity was found. The partially purified enzyme contained 3% tightly bound organic phosphorus which was assumed to be in teichoic acid. This complex was not dissociated by several physical methods such as electrophoresis, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. These findings permitted tentative characterization of the enzyme as an acidic glycoprotein. Title: Studies on purification and characterization of an autolytic enzyme from cell walls of Bacillus subtilis Author: Brown, Willie Claiborne The purpose of this investigation was to purify and characterize the autolytic enzyme from cell walls of Bacillus subtilis 168. The crude enzyme was obtained by autolysis of purified cell walls in buffer at 37° C. Two purification methods were developed. The first involved fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The enzyme activity was found in the 30-85% fraction. Purification by this method was 3.2 fold while the recovery was 35%. A second, more efficient, method was developed using ethanol as a precipitant in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. Crude autolysates were precipitated with 75% cold ethanol. The precipitate was dissolved and exposed to 33% ethanol. This fraction was further purified by chromatography on Bio Gel A50m. Active fractions were pooled and concentrated. This scheme resulted in a purification of 14 fold and a yield of 31%. With heat-inactivated cell walls as substrate the partially purified autolytic enzyme was active at temperatures from 30°C to 62°C with maximum activity at 54°C. The pH optimum was broad (7-10); maximum activity occurred at pH 9-9.5. Divalent cations were required for activity. Activation occurred with Ba⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Mg ⁺⁺, and Mn ⁺⁺. The reaction was inhibited by Fe⁺⁺ and Cu⁺⁺. Solutions of enzyme were stable for several hours at room temperature and for at least two months at -20°C. Activity was unaffected by freezing and thawing during this period. Lyophilization caused a 50% reduction in activity. No evidence for proteolytic activity was found. The partially purified enzyme contained 3% tightly bound organic phosphorus which was assumed to be in teichoic acid. This complex was not dissociated by several physical methods such as electrophoresis, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. These findings permitted tentative characterization of the enzyme as an acidic glycoprotein. Close

• 96. [Article] A macroscale measurement and modeling approach to improve understanding of the hydrology of steep, forested hillslopes

  The dominant controls on flow generation in steep, forested hillslopes are poorly understood. This dissertation examined the dominant flow processes operating at the hillslope scale, using a combined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A macroscale measurement and modeling approach to improve understanding of the hydrology of steep, forested hillslopes Author: Graham, Christopher Brian The dominant controls on flow generation in steep, forested hillslopes are poorly understood. This dissertation examined the dominant flow processes operating at the hillslope scale, using a combined macroscale measurement and model development and analysis framework. Irrigation experiments at two steep forested hillslopes were conducted to isolate individual hillslope flow components and reveal the dominant controls on flow routing to the stream. A new perceptual model of flow processes at the hillslope scale was developed from these field experiments that included three key components: 1) A connected preferential flow network located at the soil/bedrock interface controls lateral water and solute transport, 2) The bedrock surface controls the subsurface flow routing, and 3) Bedrock is permeable, and acts as a sink for precipitation at the hillslope scale. These components formed the basis of a new, low dimensional numerical model that was used to represent, quantitatively, qualitative experimental findings. A multiple criteria calibration using hydrometric and tracer experimental data was conducted to evaluate the model and determine parameter identifiability. The model was able to adequately reproduce both hydrometric response to precipitation, and a tracer application breakthrough. The model was then used within a virtual experiment framework to test the dominant controls on the whole storm precipitation / discharge threshold relationship at the catchment scale. The modeling experiments showed that the macroscale precipitation / discharge threshold was controlled by a balance between antecedent evaporation (evaporation rate times antecedent drainage time), and geologic factors (bedrock permeability and subsurface storage volume). Overall, these findings suggest that making measurements at the scale of the processes one wishes to understand, and constructing numerical models based on the dominant processes at the same scale may be a first step towards the development of macroscale laws of hillslope behavior. Title: A macroscale measurement and modeling approach to improve understanding of the hydrology of steep, forested hillslopes Author: Graham, Christopher Brian The dominant controls on flow generation in steep, forested hillslopes are poorly understood. This dissertation examined the dominant flow processes operating at the hillslope scale, using a combined macroscale measurement and model development and analysis framework. Irrigation experiments at two steep forested hillslopes were conducted to isolate individual hillslope flow components and reveal the dominant controls on flow routing to the stream. A new perceptual model of flow processes at the hillslope scale was developed from these field experiments that included three key components: 1) A connected preferential flow network located at the soil/bedrock interface controls lateral water and solute transport, 2) The bedrock surface controls the subsurface flow routing, and 3) Bedrock is permeable, and acts as a sink for precipitation at the hillslope scale. These components formed the basis of a new, low dimensional numerical model that was used to represent, quantitatively, qualitative experimental findings. A multiple criteria calibration using hydrometric and tracer experimental data was conducted to evaluate the model and determine parameter identifiability. The model was able to adequately reproduce both hydrometric response to precipitation, and a tracer application breakthrough. The model was then used within a virtual experiment framework to test the dominant controls on the whole storm precipitation / discharge threshold relationship at the catchment scale. The modeling experiments showed that the macroscale precipitation / discharge threshold was controlled by a balance between antecedent evaporation (evaporation rate times antecedent drainage time), and geologic factors (bedrock permeability and subsurface storage volume). Overall, these findings suggest that making measurements at the scale of the processes one wishes to understand, and constructing numerical models based on the dominant processes at the same scale may be a first step towards the development of macroscale laws of hillslope behavior. Close

• 97. [Article] Chemical analysis of acid precipitated colloid of ripe Bartlett pear juice

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chemical analysis of acid precipitated colloid of ripe Bartlett pear juice Author: Chang, Yih Hermon Title: Chemical analysis of acid precipitated colloid of ripe Bartlett pear juice Author: Chang, Yih Hermon Close

• 98. [Article] Mountain waves with neutral thermodynamic stability

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mountain waves with neutral thermodynamic stability Author: Pike, Julian McKendree Title: Mountain waves with neutral thermodynamic stability Author: Pike, Julian McKendree Close

• 99. [Article] Spatial patterns of anomalous runoff to precipitation ratios for watersheds within the contiguous United States arranged by level one ecoregions

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial patterns of anomalous runoff to precipitation ratios for watersheds within the contiguous United States arranged by level one ecoregions Author: Pittman, Jason W. Title: Spatial patterns of anomalous runoff to precipitation ratios for watersheds within the contiguous United States arranged by level one ecoregions Author: Pittman, Jason W. Close

• 100. [Article] A point-data analysis of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and its relationship to seasonal precipitation in the northwest United States

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A point-data analysis of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and its relationship to seasonal precipitation in the northwest United States Author: Worley, Timothy J. Title: A point-data analysis of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and its relationship to seasonal precipitation in the northwest United States Author: Worley, Timothy J. Close