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• 1. [Article] Scenic photo from Olalla Creek-Lookingglass Creek Watershed

  Photo was taken on the Olalla Creek-Lookingglass Creek Watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scenic photo from Olalla Creek-Lookingglass Creek Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo was taken on the Olalla Creek-Lookingglass Creek Watershed Title: Scenic photo from Olalla Creek-Lookingglass Creek Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo was taken on the Olalla Creek-Lookingglass Creek Watershed Close

• 2. [Article] Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed assessment and action plan Author: DeVore, Matt B., Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in Sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual, the Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Analysis, and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis. Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed assessment and action plan Author: DeVore, Matt B., Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in Sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual, the Olalla / Lookingglass Watershed Analysis, and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis. Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 3. [Article] Myrtle Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Myrtle Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Draft Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Myrtle Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Draft Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 4. [Article] West Fork Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership, and current land uses. Information in section 1.2 was compiled from the Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: West Fork Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership, and current land uses. Information in section 1.2 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: West Fork Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership, and current land uses. Information in section 1.2 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 5. [Article] Lower Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Lower Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 6. [Article] Jordan/Alder Watershed Assessment

  The Jordan/Alder Watershed is a 2,459-acre watershed located in southwest Oregon immediately west of Canyonville in Douglas County. This watershed--a portion of the O'Shea Creek HUC6, or sixth-field watershed--lies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jordan/Alder Watershed Assessment Author: Barnes and Associates Inc. The Jordan/Alder Watershed is a 2,459-acre watershed located in southwest Oregon immediately west of Canyonville in Douglas County. This watershed--a portion of the O'Shea Creek HUC6, or sixth-field watershed--lies within the bounds of the South Umpqua River HUC5, or fifth-field watershed. Jordan Creek is a tributary to the South Umpqua River immediately downstream of the City of Canyonville, while Alder Creek is a tributary of Jordan Creek. The South Umpqua River bounds the watershed on the north. Title: Jordan/Alder Watershed Assessment Author: Barnes and Associates Inc. The Jordan/Alder Watershed is a 2,459-acre watershed located in southwest Oregon immediately west of Canyonville in Douglas County. This watershed--a portion of the O'Shea Creek HUC6, or sixth-field watershed--lies within the bounds of the South Umpqua River HUC5, or fifth-field watershed. Jordan Creek is a tributary to the South Umpqua River immediately downstream of the City of Canyonville, while Alder Creek is a tributary of Jordan Creek. The South Umpqua River bounds the watershed on the north. Close

• 7. [Article] Calapooya Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calapooya Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Calapooya Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Calapooya Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Calapooya Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999), and the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 8. [Article] Upper Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Upper Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower Cow Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 9. [Article] Forest Soils and Topography : Decoding the Influence of Physical Site Characteristics on Soil Water and Forest Productivity in Oregon's Coast Ranges

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest Soils and Topography : Decoding the Influence of Physical Site Characteristics on Soil Water and Forest Productivity in Oregon's Coast Ranges Author: Rodman, Henry Title: Forest Soils and Topography : Decoding the Influence of Physical Site Characteristics on Soil Water and Forest Productivity in Oregon's Coast Ranges Author: Rodman, Henry Close

• 10. [Article] Ecological land units of Bear Creek watershed and their relationship to water quality

  The work upon which this report is based was supported by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological land units of Bear Creek watershed and their relationship to water quality Author: Mattison, Jeffrey L. The work upon which this report is based was supported by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964. Title: Ecological land units of Bear Creek watershed and their relationship to water quality Author: Mattison, Jeffrey L. The work upon which this report is based was supported by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964. Close

• 11. [Article] Middle Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The Middle Cow Creek Watershed Assessment process has been contributed to by a group of local landowners. The group met fifteen times to review data about their watershed going into the document and portions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Kincaid, Heidi The Middle Cow Creek Watershed Assessment process has been contributed to by a group of local landowners. The group met fifteen times to review data about their watershed going into the document and portions of the watershed assessment. Members of the Middle Cow Creek landowner group represented private landowners, private industrial timber companies, rural residents, the City of Glendale, the Bureau of Land Management Medford District (BLM), the Oregon Department of Forestry, the UBWC, and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). Title: Middle Cow Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Kincaid, Heidi The Middle Cow Creek Watershed Assessment process has been contributed to by a group of local landowners. The group met fifteen times to review data about their watershed going into the document and portions of the watershed assessment. Members of the Middle Cow Creek landowner group represented private landowners, private industrial timber companies, rural residents, the City of Glendale, the Bureau of Land Management Medford District (BLM), the Oregon Department of Forestry, the UBWC, and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). Close

• 12. [Article] Watershed response to western juniper control

  Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) encroachment has been associated with increased soil loss and reduced infiltration resulting in the loss of native herbaceous plant communities and the bird and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed response to western juniper control Author: Deboodt, Timothy L. Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) encroachment has been associated with increased soil loss and reduced infiltration resulting in the loss of native herbaceous plant communities and the bird and animal species that rely on them. Hydrologically, however, change in water yield has been linked with the amount of annual precipitation a site received. Studies published in the 1970’s and 1980’s, suggest that a minimum 4500 mm (18 inches) of annual precipitation was necessary before an increase in water yield manifested itself following vegetation manipulation. In 1993, a paired watershed study was initiated in the Camp Creek drainage, a tributary of the Crooked River of central Oregon, to evaluate the impacts of cutting western juniper on the hydrologic function of those sites. The study involved a paired watershed approach using watersheds of approximately 110 hectares (270 acres) each to evaluate changes in a system’s water budget following the reduction of western juniper. The 30 year average annual precipitation for the area is 3500 mm (13.75) and during the study period, annual precipitation ranged from 80 percent to 129 percent of average. In 2005, following 12 years of pretreatment monitoring in the 2 watersheds (Mays and Jensen) all post-European aged juniper (juniper < 140 years of age) were cut from the treatment watershed (Mays). Analysis indicated that juniper reduction significantly increased late season spring flow by 225 percent (alpha > .05), increased days of recorded ground water by an average of 41 days (alpha > .05) and increased the relative availability of late season soil moisture at soil depths of .76 m (27 inches) (alpha > 0.1). Ephemeral channel flow did not show a predictable trend during 2 years of post treatment measurements. Channel flow is dependent on spring snow melt and severe summer thunderstorm activity. When winter soils were greater than 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees F), the source of channel flow in Mays was observed to be seepage from the channel banks. Channel flow in Jensen appeared to be a result of rock forcing subsurface flows to the surface. Vegetative responses showed significant increases in perennial forb canopy cover (alpha > .01) and annual forb and annual grass basal cover (alpha > .05). Increases were also found in reduction of percent bare ground and increase in shrub cover, but were not significant. A statistically insignificant decrease in perennial grass cover was noted in the treated watershed however a large amount of reproductive culms were noted in the treated watershed in 2007 compared to the control watershed. Hillslope erosion and channel morphology showed no predictable trend following treatment. Inherent differences in channel morphology between the two watershed prior to treatment existed. This difference may be a product of the two channels being at different evolutionary or successional stages relative to each other and thus indicating that channel recovery would be different for each watershed. The Camp Creek project illustrated that for this system, managing vegetation for water yield may be obtainable at a much lower precipitation threshold than what was previously reported in the literature. Title: Watershed response to western juniper control Author: Deboodt, Timothy L. Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) encroachment has been associated with increased soil loss and reduced infiltration resulting in the loss of native herbaceous plant communities and the bird and animal species that rely on them. Hydrologically, however, change in water yield has been linked with the amount of annual precipitation a site received. Studies published in the 1970’s and 1980’s, suggest that a minimum 4500 mm (18 inches) of annual precipitation was necessary before an increase in water yield manifested itself following vegetation manipulation. In 1993, a paired watershed study was initiated in the Camp Creek drainage, a tributary of the Crooked River of central Oregon, to evaluate the impacts of cutting western juniper on the hydrologic function of those sites. The study involved a paired watershed approach using watersheds of approximately 110 hectares (270 acres) each to evaluate changes in a system’s water budget following the reduction of western juniper. The 30 year average annual precipitation for the area is 3500 mm (13.75) and during the study period, annual precipitation ranged from 80 percent to 129 percent of average. In 2005, following 12 years of pretreatment monitoring in the 2 watersheds (Mays and Jensen) all post-European aged juniper (juniper < 140 years of age) were cut from the treatment watershed (Mays). Analysis indicated that juniper reduction significantly increased late season spring flow by 225 percent (alpha > .05), increased days of recorded ground water by an average of 41 days (alpha > .05) and increased the relative availability of late season soil moisture at soil depths of .76 m (27 inches) (alpha > 0.1). Ephemeral channel flow did not show a predictable trend during 2 years of post treatment measurements. Channel flow is dependent on spring snow melt and severe summer thunderstorm activity. When winter soils were greater than 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees F), the source of channel flow in Mays was observed to be seepage from the channel banks. Channel flow in Jensen appeared to be a result of rock forcing subsurface flows to the surface. Vegetative responses showed significant increases in perennial forb canopy cover (alpha > .01) and annual forb and annual grass basal cover (alpha > .05). Increases were also found in reduction of percent bare ground and increase in shrub cover, but were not significant. A statistically insignificant decrease in perennial grass cover was noted in the treated watershed however a large amount of reproductive culms were noted in the treated watershed in 2007 compared to the control watershed. Hillslope erosion and channel morphology showed no predictable trend following treatment. Inherent differences in channel morphology between the two watershed prior to treatment existed. This difference may be a product of the two channels being at different evolutionary or successional stages relative to each other and thus indicating that channel recovery would be different for each watershed. The Camp Creek project illustrated that for this system, managing vegetation for water yield may be obtainable at a much lower precipitation threshold than what was previously reported in the literature. Close

• 13. [Article] Deer Creek Watershed assessment and action plan

  The Deer Creek Watershed Assessment process has been followed by a group of local landowners. The organization of this document was constructed as a combination of the informational needs of the Deer Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deer Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Kincaid, Heidi The Deer Creek Watershed Assessment process has been followed by a group of local landowners. The organization of this document was constructed as a combination of the informational needs of the Deer Creek landowners and the framework of the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual. The group has met twelve times to review the data going into the document, followed by three meetings to review the assessment and develop the action plan. Members of the Deer Creek landowner group represented sheep ranches, cattle ranches, industry within Deer Creek, the City of Roseburg, private industrial timber companies, city residents, rural residents, the UBWC, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), the Douglas Soil and Water Conservation District (DSWCD), and the Douglas Small Woodlands Association. Title: Deer Creek Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Kincaid, Heidi The Deer Creek Watershed Assessment process has been followed by a group of local landowners. The organization of this document was constructed as a combination of the informational needs of the Deer Creek landowners and the framework of the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual. The group has met twelve times to review the data going into the document, followed by three meetings to review the assessment and develop the action plan. Members of the Deer Creek landowner group represented sheep ranches, cattle ranches, industry within Deer Creek, the City of Roseburg, private industrial timber companies, city residents, rural residents, the UBWC, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), the Douglas Soil and Water Conservation District (DSWCD), and the Douglas Small Woodlands Association. Close

• 14. [Article] Landscape photo from the Deer Creek area of the Lower South Umpqua watershed

  Photo was taken in the Deer Creek area of the Lower South Umpqua Watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landscape photo from the Deer Creek area of the Lower South Umpqua watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo was taken in the Deer Creek area of the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Title: Landscape photo from the Deer Creek area of the Lower South Umpqua watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo was taken in the Deer Creek area of the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Close

• 15. [Article] Landscape photo from the Upper Cow Creek Watershed

  Photo was taken in the Upper Cow Creek Watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landscape photo from the Upper Cow Creek Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo was taken in the Upper Cow Creek Watershed Title: Landscape photo from the Upper Cow Creek Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo was taken in the Upper Cow Creek Watershed Close

• 16. [Article] Evaluation of proposed dwarf mistletoe and western spruce budworm management projects, Cramer Creek, Garnet Resource Area, Bureau of Land Management

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of proposed dwarf mistletoe and western spruce budworm management projects, Cramer Creek, Garnet Resource Area, Bureau of Land Management Author: Dooling, Oscar J., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry Title: Evaluation of proposed dwarf mistletoe and western spruce budworm management projects, Cramer Creek, Garnet Resource Area, Bureau of Land Management Author: Dooling, Oscar J., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry Close

• 17. [Article] Relations between geology and mass movement features in a part of the East Fork Coquille River watershed, southern Coast Range, Oregon

  Various types of mass movement features are found in the drainage basin of the East Fork Coquille River in the southern Oregon Coast Range. The distribution and forms of mass movement features in the area are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relations between geology and mass movement features in a part of the East Fork Coquille River watershed, southern Coast Range, Oregon Author: Lane, Jeffrey W. Various types of mass movement features are found in the drainage basin of the East Fork Coquille River in the southern Oregon Coast Range. The distribution and forms of mass movement features in the area are related to geologic factors and the resultant topography. The Jurassic Otter Point Formation, a melange of low-grade metamorphic and marine sedimentary rocks, is present in scattered outcrops in the southwest portion of the study area but is not extensive. The Tertiary Roseburg Formation consists primarily of bedded siltstone and is compressed into a series of west to northwest-striking folds. The overlying Lookingglass, Flournoy, and Tyee Formations consist of rhythmically bedded sandstone and siltstone units with an east to northeasterly dip of 5-15°decreasing upward in the stratigraphic section. The units form cuesta ridges with up to 2000 feet of relief. Signature redacted for privacy. The distribution of mass movements is demonstrably related to the bedrock geology and the study area topography. Debris avalanches are more common on the steep slopes underlain by Flournoy Formation and Tyee Formation sandstones, on the obsequent slope of cuesta ridges, and on north-facing slopes. Soil creep occurs throughout the study area and may be the primary mass movement form in siltstone terrane, though soil creep was not studied in detail. Slump-earthflows, rockfalls, and rock slumps also occur in the study area though less extensively than debris avalanches. Stratigraphy and bedrock attitude contributed to the pre-historic occurrence of a major landslide involving Flournoy and Tyee Formation bedrock. The Sitkum landslide dammed the East Fork Coquille River, forming a substantial lake which is now filled with sediments. The form and size of the Sitkum landslide is similar to other landslides which have dammed drainages in the Coast Range, including Loon Lake, Triangle Lake, and Drift Creek. Comparisons with the Loon Lake landslide, which has a known radiocarbon date, provide estimated dates of 3125 years B.P. for the Sitkum landslide and 10,300 years for the Triangle Lake landslide. Title: Relations between geology and mass movement features in a part of the East Fork Coquille River watershed, southern Coast Range, Oregon Author: Lane, Jeffrey W. Various types of mass movement features are found in the drainage basin of the East Fork Coquille River in the southern Oregon Coast Range. The distribution and forms of mass movement features in the area are related to geologic factors and the resultant topography. The Jurassic Otter Point Formation, a melange of low-grade metamorphic and marine sedimentary rocks, is present in scattered outcrops in the southwest portion of the study area but is not extensive. The Tertiary Roseburg Formation consists primarily of bedded siltstone and is compressed into a series of west to northwest-striking folds. The overlying Lookingglass, Flournoy, and Tyee Formations consist of rhythmically bedded sandstone and siltstone units with an east to northeasterly dip of 5-15°decreasing upward in the stratigraphic section. The units form cuesta ridges with up to 2000 feet of relief. Signature redacted for privacy. The distribution of mass movements is demonstrably related to the bedrock geology and the study area topography. Debris avalanches are more common on the steep slopes underlain by Flournoy Formation and Tyee Formation sandstones, on the obsequent slope of cuesta ridges, and on north-facing slopes. Soil creep occurs throughout the study area and may be the primary mass movement form in siltstone terrane, though soil creep was not studied in detail. Slump-earthflows, rockfalls, and rock slumps also occur in the study area though less extensively than debris avalanches. Stratigraphy and bedrock attitude contributed to the pre-historic occurrence of a major landslide involving Flournoy and Tyee Formation bedrock. The Sitkum landslide dammed the East Fork Coquille River, forming a substantial lake which is now filled with sediments. The form and size of the Sitkum landslide is similar to other landslides which have dammed drainages in the Coast Range, including Loon Lake, Triangle Lake, and Drift Creek. Comparisons with the Loon Lake landslide, which has a known radiocarbon date, provide estimated dates of 3125 years B.P. for the Sitkum landslide and 10,300 years for the Triangle Lake landslide. Close

• 18. [Article] Economic and environmental implications of alternative landscape designs in the Walnut Creek Watershed of Iowa

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic and environmental implications of alternative landscape designs in the Walnut Creek Watershed of Iowa Author: Coiner, Colette Title: Economic and environmental implications of alternative landscape designs in the Walnut Creek Watershed of Iowa Author: Coiner, Colette Close

• 19. [Article] Municipal Water Impacts on Steelhead Trout in the Gales Creek Watershed

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Municipal Water Impacts on Steelhead Trout in the Gales Creek Watershed Author: Smith, Haley B. Graduation date: 2016 Title: Municipal Water Impacts on Steelhead Trout in the Gales Creek Watershed Author: Smith, Haley B. Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 20. [Article] Pine Creek Ranch watershed restoration plan

  Published January 2002. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pine Creek Ranch watershed restoration plan Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Hoffert-Hay, Denise Published January 2002. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Pine Creek Ranch watershed restoration plan Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Hoffert-Hay, Denise Published January 2002. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 21. [Article] Scenic photo of Myrtle Creek in the South Umpqua Watershed

  Myrtle Creek photo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scenic photo of Myrtle Creek in the South Umpqua Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Myrtle Creek photo Title: Scenic photo of Myrtle Creek in the South Umpqua Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Myrtle Creek photo Close

• 22. [Article] South Umpqua River Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: South Umpqua River Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), the Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (Draft) (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002) and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: South Umpqua River Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), the Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (Draft) (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002) and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 23. [Article] The effects of hillslope and fluvial processes on particle size of the stream bed at the watershed, reach and within-reach scales in a fifth-order mountain stream

  This study addressed the effects of hilislope and fiuvial processes on spatial patterns of stream bed particle size at the watershed, reach and within-reach scales. The study was conducted in Lookout Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of hillslope and fluvial processes on particle size of the stream bed at the watershed, reach and within-reach scales in a fifth-order mountain stream Author: Lambert, Beth C. This study addressed the effects of hilislope and fiuvial processes on spatial patterns of stream bed particle size at the watershed, reach and within-reach scales. The study was conducted in Lookout Creek watershed, a fifth-order, 64 km2 basin in the Western Cascades mountains of Oregon. Stream bed particle size was measured at 25 sites on first- through fifth-order streams. Boulder density was measured from the headwaters of the mainstem of Lookout Creek to its mouth, approximately 16 kilometers of stream length. In Lookout Creek watershed, spatial patterns of particle size result from a hierarchy of hydraulic and hilislope controls. At the watershed scale, hydraulic controls explain around 50% of the variation in d50 and d84. Particle size is related to watershed-scale trends in stream power and stream competence. At the reach scale, debris flows and landslides leave a patchy signature on stream bed particle size. Patches of both high and low boulder density are associated with landslides. A peak in density is associated with a February 1996 debris flow. Hydraulic controls are less evident at this scale, although the degree of reach constraint may affect particle size in fourth- and fifth-order Lookout Creek. At the within-reach scale, hydraulic controls are responsible for around 20% of the observed particle size variation. The effects of the largest flood on record at Lookout Creek were documented at 7 sites that had been sampled before the flood. At the watershed scale, a fining in particle size was observed; this is consistent with the hypothesis that Lookout Creek has an armor layer which the flood disturbed. At the within-reach scale, changes in particle size appeared stochastic, and provided little information about the role of hydraulic controls at that scale. Title: The effects of hillslope and fluvial processes on particle size of the stream bed at the watershed, reach and within-reach scales in a fifth-order mountain stream Author: Lambert, Beth C. This study addressed the effects of hilislope and fiuvial processes on spatial patterns of stream bed particle size at the watershed, reach and within-reach scales. The study was conducted in Lookout Creek watershed, a fifth-order, 64 km2 basin in the Western Cascades mountains of Oregon. Stream bed particle size was measured at 25 sites on first- through fifth-order streams. Boulder density was measured from the headwaters of the mainstem of Lookout Creek to its mouth, approximately 16 kilometers of stream length. In Lookout Creek watershed, spatial patterns of particle size result from a hierarchy of hydraulic and hilislope controls. At the watershed scale, hydraulic controls explain around 50% of the variation in d50 and d84. Particle size is related to watershed-scale trends in stream power and stream competence. At the reach scale, debris flows and landslides leave a patchy signature on stream bed particle size. Patches of both high and low boulder density are associated with landslides. A peak in density is associated with a February 1996 debris flow. Hydraulic controls are less evident at this scale, although the degree of reach constraint may affect particle size in fourth- and fifth-order Lookout Creek. At the within-reach scale, hydraulic controls are responsible for around 20% of the observed particle size variation. The effects of the largest flood on record at Lookout Creek were documented at 7 sites that had been sampled before the flood. At the watershed scale, a fining in particle size was observed; this is consistent with the hypothesis that Lookout Creek has an armor layer which the flood disturbed. At the within-reach scale, changes in particle size appeared stochastic, and provided little information about the role of hydraulic controls at that scale. Close

• 24. [Article] Stormwater Solutions for Improving Water Quality: Supporting the Development of the Amazon Creek Initiative

  The Long Tom Watershed Council (LTWC) is a non-profit organization in Eugene, Oregon that serves to protect and enhance watershed health in the Long Tom River Basin. The Amazon Creek Initiative was launched ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stormwater Solutions for Improving Water Quality: Supporting the Development of the Amazon Creek Initiative Author: Larson, Kristen M. The Long Tom Watershed Council (LTWC) is a non-profit organization in Eugene, Oregon that serves to protect and enhance watershed health in the Long Tom River Basin. The Amazon Creek Initiative was launched by the LTWC in 2011 as Oregon’s newest Pesticide Stewardship Partner. Goals of the initiative are to improve water quality and habitat function in Amazon Creek by encouraging voluntary retrofits of low-impact development (LID) and through outreach and education of pollution prevention practices. This internship involved a series of projects in support of the development of the Amazon Creek Initiative. Accomplishments included surface water sampling, stakeholder research, development of communication tools, creation of an LID cost calculator, site visits and assessments of pesticide retailers, and a review of national efforts to train pesticide retail staff in integrated pest management. This work supports the Amazon Creek Initiative as it moves towards implementation and provided diverse learning opportunities in non-profit and watershed council operations, communicating a scientific message, and low-impact development solutions to stormwater management. Title: Stormwater Solutions for Improving Water Quality: Supporting the Development of the Amazon Creek Initiative Author: Larson, Kristen M. The Long Tom Watershed Council (LTWC) is a non-profit organization in Eugene, Oregon that serves to protect and enhance watershed health in the Long Tom River Basin. The Amazon Creek Initiative was launched by the LTWC in 2011 as Oregon’s newest Pesticide Stewardship Partner. Goals of the initiative are to improve water quality and habitat function in Amazon Creek by encouraging voluntary retrofits of low-impact development (LID) and through outreach and education of pollution prevention practices. This internship involved a series of projects in support of the development of the Amazon Creek Initiative. Accomplishments included surface water sampling, stakeholder research, development of communication tools, creation of an LID cost calculator, site visits and assessments of pesticide retailers, and a review of national efforts to train pesticide retail staff in integrated pest management. This work supports the Amazon Creek Initiative as it moves towards implementation and provided diverse learning opportunities in non-profit and watershed council operations, communicating a scientific message, and low-impact development solutions to stormwater management. Close

• 25. [Article] Scaling hydrologic impacts from road segments to a small watershed

  The impact of forest roads on the hydrology of forested watersheds has long been studied. While forest roads have been reported to alter storm runoff at the road segment scale, the potential for changes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scaling hydrologic impacts from road segments to a small watershed Author: Royer, Timothy Adam The impact of forest roads on the hydrology of forested watersheds has long been studied. While forest roads have been reported to alter storm runoff at the road segment scale, the potential for changes to be detectable at the small watershed scale has been debated. The purpose of this study was to quantify the road affect at the road segment scale and estimate how those affects are expressed at the mouth of a watershed. This study took place in the McDonald-Dunn Research Forest located in the Oregon Coast Range near Corvallis, Oregon. Claire Creek, a small watershed within the Oak Creek Watershed, and two road segments with the associated inboard ditches and upslope contributing areas were selected to represent the roaded watershed. Runoff from both road segments enters small headwater streams at stream crossing culverts. Discharge was measured from the headwater streams and from the road segments at the stream crossing culvert for five storms during the winter of 2004 – 2005. Discharge was also measured at the mouth of Claire Creek, an adjacent roadless watershed, Finley Creek, and at a gauging station on Oak Creek near the boundary of the McDonald-Dunn Forest. The difference in time of occurrence of peakflows and the length of the stream between the culverts and the mouth of Claire Creek was used to estimate a ‘real’ travel time of the peakflows for all five storms. Kinematic wave equations were used to model travel times of peakflows from the culverts to the mouth of Claire Creek, with and without the influence of the road. At the road segment scale the road affect was detectable for changes in peakflow magnitude, quickflow, and total stormflow, but the affect of the road on changes in the timing of occurrence of the peakflow was inconsistent. At the watershed scale the road affect could not be calculated for changes in peakflow magnitude, quickflow, or total stormflow because of the unavailability of pre-road runoff data. The modeled travel time of peakflows that included discharge from the road were shorter than the modeled travel time of peakflows of stream discharge alone by less than 10 minutes for all five storms. The road effect on real travel times of peakflows was inconsistent and did not correlate to the magnitude of the increase at the road segment or at the mouth of the watershed. These findings agree with earlier studies that have reported a road affect on storm runoff at the road scale, and suggest that the road affect at the mouth of a watershed may not be detectable. The findings also suggest that other factors are influencing runoff at the mouth of a watershed more than the addition of ditch runoff at stream crossing culverts. Title: Scaling hydrologic impacts from road segments to a small watershed Author: Royer, Timothy Adam The impact of forest roads on the hydrology of forested watersheds has long been studied. While forest roads have been reported to alter storm runoff at the road segment scale, the potential for changes to be detectable at the small watershed scale has been debated. The purpose of this study was to quantify the road affect at the road segment scale and estimate how those affects are expressed at the mouth of a watershed. This study took place in the McDonald-Dunn Research Forest located in the Oregon Coast Range near Corvallis, Oregon. Claire Creek, a small watershed within the Oak Creek Watershed, and two road segments with the associated inboard ditches and upslope contributing areas were selected to represent the roaded watershed. Runoff from both road segments enters small headwater streams at stream crossing culverts. Discharge was measured from the headwater streams and from the road segments at the stream crossing culvert for five storms during the winter of 2004 – 2005. Discharge was also measured at the mouth of Claire Creek, an adjacent roadless watershed, Finley Creek, and at a gauging station on Oak Creek near the boundary of the McDonald-Dunn Forest. The difference in time of occurrence of peakflows and the length of the stream between the culverts and the mouth of Claire Creek was used to estimate a ‘real’ travel time of the peakflows for all five storms. Kinematic wave equations were used to model travel times of peakflows from the culverts to the mouth of Claire Creek, with and without the influence of the road. At the road segment scale the road affect was detectable for changes in peakflow magnitude, quickflow, and total stormflow, but the affect of the road on changes in the timing of occurrence of the peakflow was inconsistent. At the watershed scale the road affect could not be calculated for changes in peakflow magnitude, quickflow, or total stormflow because of the unavailability of pre-road runoff data. The modeled travel time of peakflows that included discharge from the road were shorter than the modeled travel time of peakflows of stream discharge alone by less than 10 minutes for all five storms. The road effect on real travel times of peakflows was inconsistent and did not correlate to the magnitude of the increase at the road segment or at the mouth of the watershed. These findings agree with earlier studies that have reported a road affect on storm runoff at the road scale, and suggest that the road affect at the mouth of a watershed may not be detectable. The findings also suggest that other factors are influencing runoff at the mouth of a watershed more than the addition of ditch runoff at stream crossing culverts. Close

• 26. [Article] Tiller Region assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the Tiller Region in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the region. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tiller Region assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the Tiller Region in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the region. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (Draft) (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases and staff: the USDA Forest Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Tiller Region assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the Tiller Region in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the region. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Myrtle Creek Watershed Analysis (Draft) (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2002). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases and staff: the USDA Forest Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 27. [Article] Silver Creek subbasin watershed assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Silver Creek subbasin watershed assessment Author: Street, Pamela, Harney County Watershed Council Title: Silver Creek subbasin watershed assessment Author: Street, Pamela, Harney County Watershed Council Close

• 28. [Article] Habitat selection of hatchery and wild juvenile salmonids in Eagle Creek Basin, Oregon

  To best manage Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery and minimize any negative impacts that the current hatchery program may be having on Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids in the Eagle Creek Basin, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat selection of hatchery and wild juvenile salmonids in Eagle Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Brignon, William R. To best manage Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery and minimize any negative impacts that the current hatchery program may be having on Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids in the Eagle Creek Basin, I determined if wild fish are being displaced from preferred habitats by hatchery salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. This thesis had two goals. The first goal was to determine the possible effect of hatchery smolts on resident salmonids. I determined the density and distribution of wild juvenile steelhead O. mykiss and coho salmon O. kisutch in Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek, Oregon. My first objective was to compare summer rearing densities and distributions of wild salmonids in Eagle Creek, which receives a release of hatchery fish, and North Fork Eagle Creek, which does not receive a release of hatchery fish. Next, I determined if residual hatchery winter steelhead were present in Eagle Creek and/or North Fork Eagle Creek and if so whether or not they have an impact on mesohabitat selection, distribution, and density of wild fish in Eagle Creek basin. By conducting a comprehensive snorkel survey I identified significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) of juvenile coho salmon rearing in North Fork Eagle Creek as compared to upper and lower Eagle Creek. Age 0 winter steelhead occurred in significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) in upper Eagle Creek compared to lower Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek. Residual hatchery steelhead were located only in Eagle Creek and found rearing in the same 15 mesohabitat units that contained the estimated majority of wild fish populations. Residual hatchery steelhead comprised 0.9% of the winter steelhead population (1.1% of age 0 winter steelhead and 9.3% of age 1 winter steelhead), and 2.2% of the coho salmon population estimated to be rearing in Eagle Creek. From these data it is unclear if residual hatchery steelhead are affecting densities, distributions, and mesohabitat selection of wild salmonids in the basin. However, while I was unable to detect any direct impacts of residual hatchery fish on the wild population, these results do suggest a significant potential for ecological interaction between hatchery and wild populations. I began this study with the intention of constructing a statistical model that would explain microhabitat preference of wild salmonids given the presence or absence of residual hatchery winter steelhead. To produce an unbiased model, ideally fish would behave as if there were no observer present (i.e., undisturbed). This is not always the case. Therefore, I addressed a second goal using underwater video to test the prediction that the presence of an in-water observer can elicit a change in fish movement. I analyzed underwater video recordings to document changes in four metrics that can be used to infer a change in fish behavior, which can ultimately result in collection of erroneous microhabitat use data. My four behavior metrics were upstream movement, downstream movement, total movement, and relative abundance of fish in the field-of-view. I detected significant differences in 9 of 10 replicates (ANOVA, P < 0.05) in at least one of the four behavior metrics. These results suggest that when attempting to document small-scale microhabitat preference by juvenile salmonids, an in-water observer may alter fish behavior thereby producing erroneous results. I suggest that researchers use caution in making inferences to entire populations when using results of models in which data were collected from only "undisturbed" fish by direct observation. Title: Habitat selection of hatchery and wild juvenile salmonids in Eagle Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Brignon, William R. To best manage Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery and minimize any negative impacts that the current hatchery program may be having on Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids in the Eagle Creek Basin, I determined if wild fish are being displaced from preferred habitats by hatchery salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. This thesis had two goals. The first goal was to determine the possible effect of hatchery smolts on resident salmonids. I determined the density and distribution of wild juvenile steelhead O. mykiss and coho salmon O. kisutch in Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek, Oregon. My first objective was to compare summer rearing densities and distributions of wild salmonids in Eagle Creek, which receives a release of hatchery fish, and North Fork Eagle Creek, which does not receive a release of hatchery fish. Next, I determined if residual hatchery winter steelhead were present in Eagle Creek and/or North Fork Eagle Creek and if so whether or not they have an impact on mesohabitat selection, distribution, and density of wild fish in Eagle Creek basin. By conducting a comprehensive snorkel survey I identified significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) of juvenile coho salmon rearing in North Fork Eagle Creek as compared to upper and lower Eagle Creek. Age 0 winter steelhead occurred in significantly higher densities (P < 0.05) in upper Eagle Creek compared to lower Eagle Creek and North Fork Eagle Creek. Residual hatchery steelhead were located only in Eagle Creek and found rearing in the same 15 mesohabitat units that contained the estimated majority of wild fish populations. Residual hatchery steelhead comprised 0.9% of the winter steelhead population (1.1% of age 0 winter steelhead and 9.3% of age 1 winter steelhead), and 2.2% of the coho salmon population estimated to be rearing in Eagle Creek. From these data it is unclear if residual hatchery steelhead are affecting densities, distributions, and mesohabitat selection of wild salmonids in the basin. However, while I was unable to detect any direct impacts of residual hatchery fish on the wild population, these results do suggest a significant potential for ecological interaction between hatchery and wild populations. I began this study with the intention of constructing a statistical model that would explain microhabitat preference of wild salmonids given the presence or absence of residual hatchery winter steelhead. To produce an unbiased model, ideally fish would behave as if there were no observer present (i.e., undisturbed). This is not always the case. Therefore, I addressed a second goal using underwater video to test the prediction that the presence of an in-water observer can elicit a change in fish movement. I analyzed underwater video recordings to document changes in four metrics that can be used to infer a change in fish behavior, which can ultimately result in collection of erroneous microhabitat use data. My four behavior metrics were upstream movement, downstream movement, total movement, and relative abundance of fish in the field-of-view. I detected significant differences in 9 of 10 replicates (ANOVA, P < 0.05) in at least one of the four behavior metrics. These results suggest that when attempting to document small-scale microhabitat preference by juvenile salmonids, an in-water observer may alter fish behavior thereby producing erroneous results. I suggest that researchers use caution in making inferences to entire populations when using results of models in which data were collected from only "undisturbed" fish by direct observation. Close

• 29. [Article] An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds

  The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds Author: Habron, Geoffrey Bryan The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes. The core theoretical concepts consist of adaptive management, adoption-diffusion, symbolic interactionism, community-based conservation, spatial analysis and watershed management. The CAWM framework is applied to the Calapooya Creek, Deer Creek and Myrtle Creek watersheds within the Umpqua River Basin in Southwestern Oregon. The goal of the research is to facilitate effective watershed restoration outcomes grounded in a solid understanding of social and ecological dynamics. Applying the CAWM framework provides the basis to determine the kinds of conservation practices to implement, the locations in which to implement them and the kinds of programs to stimulate their adoption. Therefore, the dissertation objectives are to: 1) identify agricultural landowner participation in watershed conservation projects; 2) assess the spatial distribution of watershed projects; 3) determine the characteristics of participating and non-participating landowners; and 4) determine the sociocultural, ecological and geographic constraints to adaptive watershed management. Data were collected during 1997-1998 using agricultural landowner interviews, a mail landowner survey and observations of the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council. Landowners' worldviews consist of independence, the importance of private property rights, aversion toward government interference and a belief in environmental resilience. Landowners implement upland conservation practices such as off-stream livestock water developments and rotational grazing more often than riparian fencing, riparian tree planting and installing fish screens on instream irrigation diversions. The key factors in adoption of conservation practices include the use of irrigation, shared management decisions with a spouse, a belief in scientific experimentation and discussion of conservation with others. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems indicate that a suite of conservation practices is needed to achieve a network of large, connected patches throughout the watersheds. Title: An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds Author: Habron, Geoffrey Bryan The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes. The core theoretical concepts consist of adaptive management, adoption-diffusion, symbolic interactionism, community-based conservation, spatial analysis and watershed management. The CAWM framework is applied to the Calapooya Creek, Deer Creek and Myrtle Creek watersheds within the Umpqua River Basin in Southwestern Oregon. The goal of the research is to facilitate effective watershed restoration outcomes grounded in a solid understanding of social and ecological dynamics. Applying the CAWM framework provides the basis to determine the kinds of conservation practices to implement, the locations in which to implement them and the kinds of programs to stimulate their adoption. Therefore, the dissertation objectives are to: 1) identify agricultural landowner participation in watershed conservation projects; 2) assess the spatial distribution of watershed projects; 3) determine the characteristics of participating and non-participating landowners; and 4) determine the sociocultural, ecological and geographic constraints to adaptive watershed management. Data were collected during 1997-1998 using agricultural landowner interviews, a mail landowner survey and observations of the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council. Landowners' worldviews consist of independence, the importance of private property rights, aversion toward government interference and a belief in environmental resilience. Landowners implement upland conservation practices such as off-stream livestock water developments and rotational grazing more often than riparian fencing, riparian tree planting and installing fish screens on instream irrigation diversions. The key factors in adoption of conservation practices include the use of irrigation, shared management decisions with a spouse, a belief in scientific experimentation and discussion of conservation with others. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems indicate that a suite of conservation practices is needed to achieve a network of large, connected patches throughout the watersheds. Close

• 30. [Article] Changes in storm hydrographs due to clear-cut logging of coastal watersheds

  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of clearcut logging on stormflow by analysis of characteristic parameters of individual storm hydrographs. Parameters considered included height-of-rise, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Changes in storm hydrographs due to clear-cut logging of coastal watersheds Author: Harper, Warren Charles The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of clearcut logging on stormflow by analysis of characteristic parameters of individual storm hydrographs. Parameters considered included height-of-rise, peak discharge, volume and time-to-peak. The hydrologic data were derived from experimental watersheds of the Alsea Study located in the Oregon Coast Range. Three clearcut watersheds were selected for study; Deer Creek IV (39 acres) was clearcut, and Needle Branch (175 acres) was clearcut and burned. Both watersheds were compared to Flynn Creek (502 acres), an untreated control, before and after treatment. Change in hydrologic paramaters was determined from differences between pre- and post-logging linear regressions. Statistical techniques were utilized to test for differences in slope or vertical position. Significant increases were found in peak discharge from both Needle Branch and Deer Creek IV following clearcut logging. Larger increases were noted during the fall period than during the winter period. Volume parameters of quick flow, delayed flow, and total flow were increased for Needle Branch. Volume of flow was not shown to increase from Deer Creek IV. This may have been due to the lack of usable storm events for analysis from this watershed. Time-to-peak was not altered in Needle Branch but was decreased for low flows and increased for high flows on Deer Creek IV. The height-of-rise parameter did not prove to be of value for detecting change in this study. Comparison of the burned watershed (Needle Branch) to the unburned watershed (Deer Creek IV) did not produce a noticeable difference in any of the parameters. The observed changes in stormflow were related to clearcut logging and the effect of vegetative removal on watershed response. Title: Changes in storm hydrographs due to clear-cut logging of coastal watersheds Author: Harper, Warren Charles The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of clearcut logging on stormflow by analysis of characteristic parameters of individual storm hydrographs. Parameters considered included height-of-rise, peak discharge, volume and time-to-peak. The hydrologic data were derived from experimental watersheds of the Alsea Study located in the Oregon Coast Range. Three clearcut watersheds were selected for study; Deer Creek IV (39 acres) was clearcut, and Needle Branch (175 acres) was clearcut and burned. Both watersheds were compared to Flynn Creek (502 acres), an untreated control, before and after treatment. Change in hydrologic paramaters was determined from differences between pre- and post-logging linear regressions. Statistical techniques were utilized to test for differences in slope or vertical position. Significant increases were found in peak discharge from both Needle Branch and Deer Creek IV following clearcut logging. Larger increases were noted during the fall period than during the winter period. Volume parameters of quick flow, delayed flow, and total flow were increased for Needle Branch. Volume of flow was not shown to increase from Deer Creek IV. This may have been due to the lack of usable storm events for analysis from this watershed. Time-to-peak was not altered in Needle Branch but was decreased for low flows and increased for high flows on Deer Creek IV. The height-of-rise parameter did not prove to be of value for detecting change in this study. Comparison of the burned watershed (Needle Branch) to the unburned watershed (Deer Creek IV) did not produce a noticeable difference in any of the parameters. The observed changes in stormflow were related to clearcut logging and the effect of vegetative removal on watershed response. Close

• 31. [Article] Baseline stream chemistry and soil resources for the Hinkle Creek Research and Demonstration Area Project

  This research addressed the opportunity to obtain baseline data for both stream chemistry and soil resources for an intensively managed forest watershed, encompassed by the North and South Forks of Hinkle ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Baseline stream chemistry and soil resources for the Hinkle Creek Research and Demonstration Area Project Author: George, Robert Lance This research addressed the opportunity to obtain baseline data for both stream chemistry and soil resources for an intensively managed forest watershed, encompassed by the North and South Forks of Hinkle Creek Watershed Research and Demonstration Area Project near Sutherlin, Oregon. A solid representative database for both stream and soil nutrients in these forest watersheds will provide a model upon which to help gauge the effects of current and expected intensive forest management practices on industrial forest land. Eight original sampling points were described for water chemistry. In addition, samples were collected from three other locations directly below two clearcuts completed in 2001 that had subsequent intensive vegetation control measures in place. The total nutrient output in kg month [superscript -1] and kg ha [superscript -1] month [superscript -1] among the Hinkle Creek streams differed greatly due to discharge and watershed area, but their nutrient concentrations, with few exceptions, were closely related. All stream water N concentrations were low, except for some higher NO3-N concentrations for two partially treated watersheds, Clay and Beeby Creeks. DeMearsman Creek, a control, had an NO3-N + NO2-N concentration of 0.01mg L [superscript -1] in December, 2003. In contrast, a Beeby Creek tributary below a clearcut had a 1.75 mg L [superscript -1] concentration. The NO3-N concentrations increased substantially after urea fertilization of most of the Hinkle Creek basin in late October, 2004. Samples in January, 2005 showed a reversal of NO3-N + NO2-N concentrations between treatment vs. control watersheds (P < 0.02, T = 4.24). Partial clearcuts or completely forested basins both had similar nutrient concentration data, with the exception of N, especially NO3-N + NO2-N. Beeby Creek was significantly higher in NO3-N + NO2-N, with a two-sided inference (P < 0.0001, T = 6.2-6.5), than all of the other headwater streams. Clay Creek sampled above and below a clearcut showed no significant change (P = 0.272, T = 1.15). Hinkle Creek South Fork showed that the downstream effects of clearcutting, especially NO3-N + NO2-N output from smaller upstream tributaries, may transmit their effects to larger confluences downstream (P = 0.0001, T = 4.47). Newly published soil surveys from the National Resource Conservation Service and Douglas County SCS were used to set up a methodology for sampling the representative Hinkle Creek soil resources. Eight main soil types were mapped, 27 representative soil pits were dug in accordance with the location of the mapped soils, and standard soil survey descriptions were created. Soil cores were taken from different depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm). These data were used to estimate total soil C, N, P, and S resources, soil cation exchange capacity, and available base cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na). Soil N was low, with the most prevalent soil series, (Orford Gravelly Loam) having 1010 kg ha [superscript -1] (S.E. 143) in the top 15 cm. Low stream N concentration may be correlated with the low soil N content, which may limit Hinkle Creek tree production. Title: Baseline stream chemistry and soil resources for the Hinkle Creek Research and Demonstration Area Project Author: George, Robert Lance This research addressed the opportunity to obtain baseline data for both stream chemistry and soil resources for an intensively managed forest watershed, encompassed by the North and South Forks of Hinkle Creek Watershed Research and Demonstration Area Project near Sutherlin, Oregon. A solid representative database for both stream and soil nutrients in these forest watersheds will provide a model upon which to help gauge the effects of current and expected intensive forest management practices on industrial forest land. Eight original sampling points were described for water chemistry. In addition, samples were collected from three other locations directly below two clearcuts completed in 2001 that had subsequent intensive vegetation control measures in place. The total nutrient output in kg month [superscript -1] and kg ha [superscript -1] month [superscript -1] among the Hinkle Creek streams differed greatly due to discharge and watershed area, but their nutrient concentrations, with few exceptions, were closely related. All stream water N concentrations were low, except for some higher NO3-N concentrations for two partially treated watersheds, Clay and Beeby Creeks. DeMearsman Creek, a control, had an NO3-N + NO2-N concentration of 0.01mg L [superscript -1] in December, 2003. In contrast, a Beeby Creek tributary below a clearcut had a 1.75 mg L [superscript -1] concentration. The NO3-N concentrations increased substantially after urea fertilization of most of the Hinkle Creek basin in late October, 2004. Samples in January, 2005 showed a reversal of NO3-N + NO2-N concentrations between treatment vs. control watersheds (P < 0.02, T = 4.24). Partial clearcuts or completely forested basins both had similar nutrient concentration data, with the exception of N, especially NO3-N + NO2-N. Beeby Creek was significantly higher in NO3-N + NO2-N, with a two-sided inference (P < 0.0001, T = 6.2-6.5), than all of the other headwater streams. Clay Creek sampled above and below a clearcut showed no significant change (P = 0.272, T = 1.15). Hinkle Creek South Fork showed that the downstream effects of clearcutting, especially NO3-N + NO2-N output from smaller upstream tributaries, may transmit their effects to larger confluences downstream (P = 0.0001, T = 4.47). Newly published soil surveys from the National Resource Conservation Service and Douglas County SCS were used to set up a methodology for sampling the representative Hinkle Creek soil resources. Eight main soil types were mapped, 27 representative soil pits were dug in accordance with the location of the mapped soils, and standard soil survey descriptions were created. Soil cores were taken from different depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm). These data were used to estimate total soil C, N, P, and S resources, soil cation exchange capacity, and available base cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na). Soil N was low, with the most prevalent soil series, (Orford Gravelly Loam) having 1010 kg ha [superscript -1] (S.E. 143) in the top 15 cm. Low stream N concentration may be correlated with the low soil N content, which may limit Hinkle Creek tree production. Close

• 32. [Article] The influence of contemporary forest management on stream nutrient concentrations in an industrialized forest in the Oregon Cascades

  The increased demand for wood and fiber from a continually shrinking land base has resulted in the use of intensively managed forest plantations. The concentration of timber production on the most suitable ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of contemporary forest management on stream nutrient concentrations in an industrialized forest in the Oregon Cascades Author: Meininger, William Scott The increased demand for wood and fiber from a continually shrinking land base has resulted in the use of intensively managed forest plantations. The concentration of timber production on the most suitable sites allows the world's demand for forest products to be met on less land and enable native forests to be conserved. Because much of the water flowing in rivers in the U.S. originates as precipitation in forests, there is a justified concern about the impacts of forest management on water quality. Nutrient concentrations were measured in eight streams from October 2002 to September 2011 to assess nutrient response to contemporary forest practices at the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study in the Oregon Cascades. This period of time included a two-year pre-treatment calibration between control and treatment watersheds, a fertilization treatment of both basins in October 2004, and a post-treatment period from 2005 to 2011. A treatment schedule comprised of two temporally explicit harvest entries was used to assess the effects of clearcutting at the non-fish-bearing headwater scale and the fish-bearing watershed scale. Stream water samples were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate, chloride, and silicon as well as specific conductance, pH, and alkalinity. Programmable water samplers were used to take water samples during fall freshets in November 2009 to assess the stream water discharge versus NO₃ + NO₂ concentration relationship. All treatment watersheds showed a statistically significant increase in NO₃ + NO₂ concentrations after clearcutting (p < 0.001). The slope of the streambed through the disturbance was a stronger predictor of the magnitude of the response than was the magnitude of disturbance. Ammonia and organic nitrogen displayed notable increases after harvest treatment, but these increases were attributed to increases in the control watersheds. Phosphorus showed a response to timber harvest in one headwater stream. The remaining nutrients showed a small decrease in the control and treatment watersheds for the period after harvest. There was some evidence to suggest that the addition of urea nitrogen to both basins may have caused an increase in in-stream biota uptake of these nutrients. The storm response results showed that NO₃ + NO₂ concentrations in stream water increase with discharge during small storms that occur after periods of negligible precipitation. Concentrations of NO₃ + NO₂ observed during the calibration period were similar to concentrations observed in an old-growth forest in the H.J. Andrews, suggesting that nutrient processing within the Hinkle Creek watershed had returned to levels that existed prior to its initial harvest sixty years ago. This finding helps to assess long-term impacts of shorter rotation timber harvest of regenerated Douglas-fir stands characteristic of industrialized timber harvest in Oregon. Title: The influence of contemporary forest management on stream nutrient concentrations in an industrialized forest in the Oregon Cascades Author: Meininger, William Scott The increased demand for wood and fiber from a continually shrinking land base has resulted in the use of intensively managed forest plantations. The concentration of timber production on the most suitable sites allows the world's demand for forest products to be met on less land and enable native forests to be conserved. Because much of the water flowing in rivers in the U.S. originates as precipitation in forests, there is a justified concern about the impacts of forest management on water quality. Nutrient concentrations were measured in eight streams from October 2002 to September 2011 to assess nutrient response to contemporary forest practices at the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study in the Oregon Cascades. This period of time included a two-year pre-treatment calibration between control and treatment watersheds, a fertilization treatment of both basins in October 2004, and a post-treatment period from 2005 to 2011. A treatment schedule comprised of two temporally explicit harvest entries was used to assess the effects of clearcutting at the non-fish-bearing headwater scale and the fish-bearing watershed scale. Stream water samples were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate, chloride, and silicon as well as specific conductance, pH, and alkalinity. Programmable water samplers were used to take water samples during fall freshets in November 2009 to assess the stream water discharge versus NO₃ + NO₂ concentration relationship. All treatment watersheds showed a statistically significant increase in NO₃ + NO₂ concentrations after clearcutting (p < 0.001). The slope of the streambed through the disturbance was a stronger predictor of the magnitude of the response than was the magnitude of disturbance. Ammonia and organic nitrogen displayed notable increases after harvest treatment, but these increases were attributed to increases in the control watersheds. Phosphorus showed a response to timber harvest in one headwater stream. The remaining nutrients showed a small decrease in the control and treatment watersheds for the period after harvest. There was some evidence to suggest that the addition of urea nitrogen to both basins may have caused an increase in in-stream biota uptake of these nutrients. The storm response results showed that NO₃ + NO₂ concentrations in stream water increase with discharge during small storms that occur after periods of negligible precipitation. Concentrations of NO₃ + NO₂ observed during the calibration period were similar to concentrations observed in an old-growth forest in the H.J. Andrews, suggesting that nutrient processing within the Hinkle Creek watershed had returned to levels that existed prior to its initial harvest sixty years ago. This finding helps to assess long-term impacts of shorter rotation timber harvest of regenerated Douglas-fir stands characteristic of industrialized timber harvest in Oregon. Close

• 33. [Article] Major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations in the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon, 1996

  This report presents the concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water and bottom sediments collected in the four-tributaries during the low-flow condition of September 9-13, 1996. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations in the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon, 1996 Author: Rinella, Frank A., Douglas County (Or.), United States. Forest Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report presents the concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water and bottom sediments collected in the four-tributaries during the low-flow condition of September 9-13, 1996. Stream-water chemistry results are contrasted, and trace-element concentrations compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic aquatic life toxicity criteria. Bottom -sediment trace-element results also are constrasted and compared with concentrations considered to be enriched in streams of the nearby Willamette River Basin and to interim Canadian threshold effect level (TEL) concentrations established for the protection of aquatic life. Title: Major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations in the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon, 1996 Author: Rinella, Frank A., Douglas County (Or.), United States. Forest Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report presents the concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water and bottom sediments collected in the four-tributaries during the low-flow condition of September 9-13, 1996. Stream-water chemistry results are contrasted, and trace-element concentrations compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic aquatic life toxicity criteria. Bottom -sediment trace-element results also are constrasted and compared with concentrations considered to be enriched in streams of the nearby Willamette River Basin and to interim Canadian threshold effect level (TEL) concentrations established for the protection of aquatic life. Close

• 34. [Article] Western spruce budworm impact evaluation, Yoosa Creek, Clearwater National Forest, Idaho, 1974

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western spruce budworm impact evaluation, Yoosa Creek, Clearwater National Forest, Idaho, 1974 Author: Underwood, P. W., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Lood, Rudolph C., Bousfield, Wayne E. Title: Western spruce budworm impact evaluation, Yoosa Creek, Clearwater National Forest, Idaho, 1974 Author: Underwood, P. W., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Lood, Rudolph C., Bousfield, Wayne E. Close

• 35. [Article] Origin, incidence, and survival of Salmonella in a rural watershed

  A rural watershed containing a protected forest area in the north and a small rural community in the south was monitored for numbers of fecal indicator bacteria as well as the incidence and origin of the enteric ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Origin, incidence, and survival of Salmonella in a rural watershed Author: Bolf, Ronald Bruce A rural watershed containing a protected forest area in the north and a small rural community in the south was monitored for numbers of fecal indicator bacteria as well as the incidence and origin of the enteric pathogen Salmonella. Isolation of Salmonella only occurred once in the protected watershed, while downstream the isolation rate by the elevated-temperature swab technique ranged from 75 to 100%. This increase paralleled increases in fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus counts. A sheep herd grazing adjacent to the creek had a carrier rate for S. arizonae of 38.6%. However, this S. arizonae serotype was only isolated from Oak Creek on one occasion. Salmonella give was the most common serotype found in the creek and in surface runoff ditches in and around the rural community which flow into the creek. Salmonella MPNs downstream from the community ranged from 0.3 to 14 Salmonella/liter. These pathogens showed no injury, and persisted longer in this environment than fecal coliforms during survival experiments using membrane diffusion chambers. The degree of persistence of Salmonella in diffusion chambers was inversely related to temperature. It was concluded from measurements of fecal indicator bacteria numbers and incidence and serotypes of salmonellae isolated that the bacteriological quality of this watershed was significantly affected by non-point runoff from the rural community. Domestic grazing animals in the area contributed only a nominal amount of salmonellae to the watershed. Title: Origin, incidence, and survival of Salmonella in a rural watershed Author: Bolf, Ronald Bruce A rural watershed containing a protected forest area in the north and a small rural community in the south was monitored for numbers of fecal indicator bacteria as well as the incidence and origin of the enteric pathogen Salmonella. Isolation of Salmonella only occurred once in the protected watershed, while downstream the isolation rate by the elevated-temperature swab technique ranged from 75 to 100%. This increase paralleled increases in fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus counts. A sheep herd grazing adjacent to the creek had a carrier rate for S. arizonae of 38.6%. However, this S. arizonae serotype was only isolated from Oak Creek on one occasion. Salmonella give was the most common serotype found in the creek and in surface runoff ditches in and around the rural community which flow into the creek. Salmonella MPNs downstream from the community ranged from 0.3 to 14 Salmonella/liter. These pathogens showed no injury, and persisted longer in this environment than fecal coliforms during survival experiments using membrane diffusion chambers. The degree of persistence of Salmonella in diffusion chambers was inversely related to temperature. It was concluded from measurements of fecal indicator bacteria numbers and incidence and serotypes of salmonellae isolated that the bacteriological quality of this watershed was significantly affected by non-point runoff from the rural community. Domestic grazing animals in the area contributed only a nominal amount of salmonellae to the watershed. Close

• 36. [Article] Processes that influence the downstream propagation of heat in streams below clearcut harvest units : Hinkle Creek paired watershed study

  This research investigates the direct and downstream impacts of clearcut harvest units on stream temperature as a part of the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study. The Hinkle Creek watershed is located ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Processes that influence the downstream propagation of heat in streams below clearcut harvest units : Hinkle Creek paired watershed study Author: Otis, Timothy Leonard This research investigates the direct and downstream impacts of clearcut harvest units on stream temperature as a part of the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study. The Hinkle Creek watershed is located in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains about 30 kilometers northeast of Roseburg, Oregon, is privately owned, and supports a 60-year old, harvest-regenerated, Douglas-fir forest. The study watershed contains four treatment and two control sub-watersheds within the larger treatment and control watersheds, respectively. The first harvest entry, which took place during the winter 2005–2006, consisted of five clearcut harvest units located adjacent to perennial, non-fish-bearing streams. One year each of calibration and post-harvest data are analyzed. The experimental design for the study was a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design. Maximum daily stream temperatures (MDST) were analyzed for the four treatment streams for one year before and one year after harvest. A multiple linear regression model was used to compare the 2005 data with the 2006 data for each stream. Stream temperature data from Myers Creek (temperature probe C04) was the control. The model for this analysis was: yt = μ +α + βx + ε where yt is the temperature of the stream on a day t, μ is the overall mean value of y, αi is the effect of year, xt is the corresponding temperature of the control stream on a day t, β is the coefficient estimated by regression, and εt is the error term. This method is an analysis of variance of values that are adjusted for regression with an independent variable, in this case the maximum daily temperatures of the control stream. The impact of timber harvest on MDST is small when compared to the spatial (between-stream) variation in MDST and this impact decreased downstream. At 300 meters, nominally, downstream of the harvest units the impact of timber harvest on MDST was not statistically significant for two streams and only moderately statistically significant for the other two streams. Stream velocity, discharge, and groundwater advection in the streams downstream of the harvest units were quantified using dye tracer dilution techniques. The One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model was used to quantify longitudinal dispersions, transient storage volumes, storage transfer rates, and hyporheic residence times in four 75 meter reaches in each of the four treatment streams. Stream velocities calculated with OTIS ranged from 0.24 to 0.40 m/sec for the four streams. Dispersions ranged from 0.18 and 0.84 m2/sec. The estimated crosssectional area of the ‘immobile’ zones of water storage divided by the stream cross-sectional area, As/A or the storage ratio, varied from near zero to 7.2. The residence times of water in hyporheic storage ranged from 2.3 hrs to 32 hrs. Water stored in a shaded reach of stream, in pools, and in hyporheic zones provides a volume of water that can be exchanged with the water in the active stream channel. This provides for physical mixing with cooler water and heat transfer to the stream bed. Latent heat, Sensible heat, Longwave Radiant heat and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) were calculated for August 7-17, 2006 at the center of the 300 meter study reach in Russell Creek. The air temperature was lower than stream temperature during four of those nights and the stream cooled due to a net loss of longwave radiation and evaporative cooling. Title: Processes that influence the downstream propagation of heat in streams below clearcut harvest units : Hinkle Creek paired watershed study Author: Otis, Timothy Leonard This research investigates the direct and downstream impacts of clearcut harvest units on stream temperature as a part of the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study. The Hinkle Creek watershed is located in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains about 30 kilometers northeast of Roseburg, Oregon, is privately owned, and supports a 60-year old, harvest-regenerated, Douglas-fir forest. The study watershed contains four treatment and two control sub-watersheds within the larger treatment and control watersheds, respectively. The first harvest entry, which took place during the winter 2005–2006, consisted of five clearcut harvest units located adjacent to perennial, non-fish-bearing streams. One year each of calibration and post-harvest data are analyzed. The experimental design for the study was a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design. Maximum daily stream temperatures (MDST) were analyzed for the four treatment streams for one year before and one year after harvest. A multiple linear regression model was used to compare the 2005 data with the 2006 data for each stream. Stream temperature data from Myers Creek (temperature probe C04) was the control. The model for this analysis was: yt = μ +α + βx + ε where yt is the temperature of the stream on a day t, μ is the overall mean value of y, αi is the effect of year, xt is the corresponding temperature of the control stream on a day t, β is the coefficient estimated by regression, and εt is the error term. This method is an analysis of variance of values that are adjusted for regression with an independent variable, in this case the maximum daily temperatures of the control stream. The impact of timber harvest on MDST is small when compared to the spatial (between-stream) variation in MDST and this impact decreased downstream. At 300 meters, nominally, downstream of the harvest units the impact of timber harvest on MDST was not statistically significant for two streams and only moderately statistically significant for the other two streams. Stream velocity, discharge, and groundwater advection in the streams downstream of the harvest units were quantified using dye tracer dilution techniques. The One-dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model was used to quantify longitudinal dispersions, transient storage volumes, storage transfer rates, and hyporheic residence times in four 75 meter reaches in each of the four treatment streams. Stream velocities calculated with OTIS ranged from 0.24 to 0.40 m/sec for the four streams. Dispersions ranged from 0.18 and 0.84 m2/sec. The estimated crosssectional area of the ‘immobile’ zones of water storage divided by the stream cross-sectional area, As/A or the storage ratio, varied from near zero to 7.2. The residence times of water in hyporheic storage ranged from 2.3 hrs to 32 hrs. Water stored in a shaded reach of stream, in pools, and in hyporheic zones provides a volume of water that can be exchanged with the water in the active stream channel. This provides for physical mixing with cooler water and heat transfer to the stream bed. Latent heat, Sensible heat, Longwave Radiant heat and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) were calculated for August 7-17, 2006 at the center of the 300 meter study reach in Russell Creek. The air temperature was lower than stream temperature during four of those nights and the stream cooled due to a net loss of longwave radiation and evaporative cooling. Close

• 37. [Article] Historical land use and its impact on Oak Creek, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical land use and its impact on Oak Creek, Oregon Author: Yamaguchi, Keiko, 1964- Title: Historical land use and its impact on Oak Creek, Oregon Author: Yamaguchi, Keiko, 1964- Close

• 38. [Article] Fish passage project photo from the Middle Cow Creek Watershed

  Photo from the Middle Cow Creek Watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish passage project photo from the Middle Cow Creek Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo from the Middle Cow Creek Watershed Title: Fish passage project photo from the Middle Cow Creek Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo from the Middle Cow Creek Watershed Close

• 39. [Article] Beyond the paired-catchment approach : isotope tracing to illuminate stocks, flows, transit time, and scaling

  This dissertation integrates a process-based hydrological investigation with an ongoing paired-catchment study to better understand how forest harvest impacts catchment function at multiple scales. We ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond the paired-catchment approach : isotope tracing to illuminate stocks, flows, transit time, and scaling Author: Hale, V. Cody This dissertation integrates a process-based hydrological investigation with an ongoing paired-catchment study to better understand how forest harvest impacts catchment function at multiple scales. We do this by addressing fundamental questions related to the stocks, flows and transit times of water. Isotope tracers are used within a top-down catchment intercomparison framework to investigate the role of geology in controlling streamwater mean transit time and their scaling relationships with the surrounding landscape. We found that streams draining catchments with permeable bedrock geology at the Drift Creek watershed in the Oregon Coast Range had longer mean transit times than catchments with poorly permeable bedrock at the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest in the Oregon Cascades. We also found that differences in permeability contrasts within the subsurface controlled whether mean transit time scaled with indices of catchment topography (for the poorly permeable bedrock) or with catchment area (for the permeable bedrock). We then investigated the process-reasons for the observed differences in mean transit time ranges and scaling behavior using a detailed, bottom-up approach to characterize subsurface water stores and fluxes. We found that the mean transit times in catchments underlain by permeable bedrock were influenced by multiple subsurface storage pools with different groundwater ages, whereas storage in the poorly permeable catchments was limited to the soil profile and that resulted in quick routing of excess water to the stream at the soil bedrock interface, leading to mean transit times that were closely related to flowpath lengths and gradients. Finally, we examined how and where forest trees interacted with subsurface storage during the growing season using a forest manipulation experiment, where we tested the null hypothesis that near-stream trees alone influenced daily fluctuations in streamflow. We felled trees within this zone for two 2.5 ha basins and combined this with isotopic tracing of tree xylem water to test if water sources utilized by trees actively contributed to summer streamflow. We rejected our null hypotheses and found that diel fluctuations in streamflow were not generated exclusively in the near-stream zone. We were unable to link, isotopically, the water sources trees were utilizing to water that was contributing to streamflow. Our results provide new process-insights to how water is stored, extracted, and discharged from our forested catchments in Western Oregon that will help better explain how forest removal influences streamflow across multiple scales and geological conditions. Title: Beyond the paired-catchment approach : isotope tracing to illuminate stocks, flows, transit time, and scaling Author: Hale, V. Cody This dissertation integrates a process-based hydrological investigation with an ongoing paired-catchment study to better understand how forest harvest impacts catchment function at multiple scales. We do this by addressing fundamental questions related to the stocks, flows and transit times of water. Isotope tracers are used within a top-down catchment intercomparison framework to investigate the role of geology in controlling streamwater mean transit time and their scaling relationships with the surrounding landscape. We found that streams draining catchments with permeable bedrock geology at the Drift Creek watershed in the Oregon Coast Range had longer mean transit times than catchments with poorly permeable bedrock at the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest in the Oregon Cascades. We also found that differences in permeability contrasts within the subsurface controlled whether mean transit time scaled with indices of catchment topography (for the poorly permeable bedrock) or with catchment area (for the permeable bedrock). We then investigated the process-reasons for the observed differences in mean transit time ranges and scaling behavior using a detailed, bottom-up approach to characterize subsurface water stores and fluxes. We found that the mean transit times in catchments underlain by permeable bedrock were influenced by multiple subsurface storage pools with different groundwater ages, whereas storage in the poorly permeable catchments was limited to the soil profile and that resulted in quick routing of excess water to the stream at the soil bedrock interface, leading to mean transit times that were closely related to flowpath lengths and gradients. Finally, we examined how and where forest trees interacted with subsurface storage during the growing season using a forest manipulation experiment, where we tested the null hypothesis that near-stream trees alone influenced daily fluctuations in streamflow. We felled trees within this zone for two 2.5 ha basins and combined this with isotopic tracing of tree xylem water to test if water sources utilized by trees actively contributed to summer streamflow. We rejected our null hypotheses and found that diel fluctuations in streamflow were not generated exclusively in the near-stream zone. We were unable to link, isotopically, the water sources trees were utilizing to water that was contributing to streamflow. Our results provide new process-insights to how water is stored, extracted, and discharged from our forested catchments in Western Oregon that will help better explain how forest removal influences streamflow across multiple scales and geological conditions. Close

• 40. [Article] Scenic photo of Calapooya Creek

  Calapooya Creek photo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scenic photo of Calapooya Creek Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Calapooya Creek photo Title: Scenic photo of Calapooya Creek Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Calapooya Creek photo Close

• 41. [Article] Scenic photo of the West Fork of Cow Creek

  West Fork of Cow Creek photo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scenic photo of the West Fork of Cow Creek Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers West Fork of Cow Creek photo Title: Scenic photo of the West Fork of Cow Creek Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers West Fork of Cow Creek photo Close

• 42. [Article] Climatic and physiographic controls on peakflow generation in the western Cascades, Oregon

  Despite the importance of rain and snowmelt in causing peakflows in the Pacific Northwest, the interactive effects of a snowpack and watershed physiography on streamflow are largely undocumented. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climatic and physiographic controls on peakflow generation in the western Cascades, Oregon Author: Perkins, Reed Despite the importance of rain and snowmelt in causing peakflows in the Pacific Northwest, the interactive effects of a snowpack and watershed physiography on streamflow are largely undocumented. This study investigated the influence of soil and snowpack moisture on peakflow hydrograph shape in three small (< 60 ha) control sub-watersheds and the containing Lookout Creek Watershed (6200 ha) in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon with three main objectives: 1) determine the statistical correlation between antecedent conditions and peakflow hydrograph shape within each small watershed; 2) determine how these correlations differed between small watersheds; and 3) determine the correlation between sub-watershed and Lookout Creek peakflow hydrograph shapes. A partial-duration set of peakflows was selected from at least 21 years of continuous discharge data for each small watershed using a linear quickflow vs. baseflow separation technique. Peakflows were then classified into three significantly different types based on estimated antecedent soil and snowpack moisture storage: "dry-soil rain" (e.g., soil moisture < 90 percent field capacity), "wet-soil rain" (e.g., soil moisture> 90 percent field capacity), and "wet-soil rain-on-snow". These three types accounted for over 70 percent of peakflows and over 80 percent of quickflow volume in each watershed. Generally, wet-soil rain peakflows began sooner after precipitation, lasted longer, and had larger instantaneous peaks than did dry-soil rain peakflows, while wet-soil rain-on-snow peakflows had the longest durations and largest instantaneous peaks. However, effects of soil wetting and snowpack on peakflow hydrographs differed significantly between watersheds. Lookout Creek peakflows occurred during several combinations of small watershed peakflow types, though the largest Lookout Creek peakflows were coincident with large, synchronized wet-soil rain-on-snow peakflows in Watersheds 2 and 8. Very little attenuation of the peakflow hydrograph was observed between the small watersheds and Lookout Creek. Results from this study indicate that by altering snowpack dynamics, and therefore the frequency distribution of peakflow types, climate change or land-use may differentially affect peakflow hydrographs in small watersheds. One consequence of this in Lookout Creek Watershed may be to desynchronize small watershed peakflow responses and decrease downstream peak size. Title: Climatic and physiographic controls on peakflow generation in the western Cascades, Oregon Author: Perkins, Reed Despite the importance of rain and snowmelt in causing peakflows in the Pacific Northwest, the interactive effects of a snowpack and watershed physiography on streamflow are largely undocumented. This study investigated the influence of soil and snowpack moisture on peakflow hydrograph shape in three small (< 60 ha) control sub-watersheds and the containing Lookout Creek Watershed (6200 ha) in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon with three main objectives: 1) determine the statistical correlation between antecedent conditions and peakflow hydrograph shape within each small watershed; 2) determine how these correlations differed between small watersheds; and 3) determine the correlation between sub-watershed and Lookout Creek peakflow hydrograph shapes. A partial-duration set of peakflows was selected from at least 21 years of continuous discharge data for each small watershed using a linear quickflow vs. baseflow separation technique. Peakflows were then classified into three significantly different types based on estimated antecedent soil and snowpack moisture storage: "dry-soil rain" (e.g., soil moisture < 90 percent field capacity), "wet-soil rain" (e.g., soil moisture> 90 percent field capacity), and "wet-soil rain-on-snow". These three types accounted for over 70 percent of peakflows and over 80 percent of quickflow volume in each watershed. Generally, wet-soil rain peakflows began sooner after precipitation, lasted longer, and had larger instantaneous peaks than did dry-soil rain peakflows, while wet-soil rain-on-snow peakflows had the longest durations and largest instantaneous peaks. However, effects of soil wetting and snowpack on peakflow hydrographs differed significantly between watersheds. Lookout Creek peakflows occurred during several combinations of small watershed peakflow types, though the largest Lookout Creek peakflows were coincident with large, synchronized wet-soil rain-on-snow peakflows in Watersheds 2 and 8. Very little attenuation of the peakflow hydrograph was observed between the small watersheds and Lookout Creek. Results from this study indicate that by altering snowpack dynamics, and therefore the frequency distribution of peakflow types, climate change or land-use may differentially affect peakflow hydrographs in small watersheds. One consequence of this in Lookout Creek Watershed may be to desynchronize small watershed peakflow responses and decrease downstream peak size. Close

• 43. [Article] Community perceptions of flooding, water quality, and riparian habitat in Thomas Creek watershed of Oregon

  The complexity of human/riverine systems has led to an increasing focus on land use patterns and policy. My goal is to understand the dynamics of a coupled human and natural system. The central question ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community perceptions of flooding, water quality, and riparian habitat in Thomas Creek watershed of Oregon Author: Doolittle, Lisa The complexity of human/riverine systems has led to an increasing focus on land use patterns and policy. My goal is to understand the dynamics of a coupled human and natural system. The central question is how people in the community of Scio, Oregon perceive flooding, water quality, and riparian habitat. I use the concept of cognitive models to identify and describe individual models of the environment, while cultural models explain and describe shared models of the environment. I utilize the ethnographic techniques of 22 semi-structured interviews, six months of participant observation, and a review of secondary data to identify cognitive and cultural models. I developed two hypotheses in order to approach the question of how people perceive flooding, water quality, and riparian habitat. The first hypothesis is that landowners who have high levels of risk perception and adaptability are more likely to respond to flooding, water quality, and riparian habitat. I found that even though landowners had high levels of risk perception the variable did not necessarily translate into action in the form of adaptability. The second hypothesis is that cognitive models have a pattern of variation that can be identified by land use. Although land use is a small-scale pattern, I found the more prevalent pattern of two shared cultural models to exist in the community of Scio, Oregon. The first model is characterized as human-centered, particularistic, short-term, locally relevant, stewardship focused, rural-oriented, and informed by experience. The second model is characterized as wildlife-centered, holistic, long-term, and informed by science. Local residents overwhelmingly aligned with the first model while agencies and scientists aligned with the second model. The pattern suggests a wide division between the understanding of local and scientific knowledge, therefore, I recommend a multi-objective management solution that mediates between local and scientific knowledge. Title: Community perceptions of flooding, water quality, and riparian habitat in Thomas Creek watershed of Oregon Author: Doolittle, Lisa The complexity of human/riverine systems has led to an increasing focus on land use patterns and policy. My goal is to understand the dynamics of a coupled human and natural system. The central question is how people in the community of Scio, Oregon perceive flooding, water quality, and riparian habitat. I use the concept of cognitive models to identify and describe individual models of the environment, while cultural models explain and describe shared models of the environment. I utilize the ethnographic techniques of 22 semi-structured interviews, six months of participant observation, and a review of secondary data to identify cognitive and cultural models. I developed two hypotheses in order to approach the question of how people perceive flooding, water quality, and riparian habitat. The first hypothesis is that landowners who have high levels of risk perception and adaptability are more likely to respond to flooding, water quality, and riparian habitat. I found that even though landowners had high levels of risk perception the variable did not necessarily translate into action in the form of adaptability. The second hypothesis is that cognitive models have a pattern of variation that can be identified by land use. Although land use is a small-scale pattern, I found the more prevalent pattern of two shared cultural models to exist in the community of Scio, Oregon. The first model is characterized as human-centered, particularistic, short-term, locally relevant, stewardship focused, rural-oriented, and informed by experience. The second model is characterized as wildlife-centered, holistic, long-term, and informed by science. Local residents overwhelmingly aligned with the first model while agencies and scientists aligned with the second model. The pattern suggests a wide division between the understanding of local and scientific knowledge, therefore, I recommend a multi-objective management solution that mediates between local and scientific knowledge. Close

• 44. [Article] Data analysis: water quality of Dairy Creek and major tributaries

  Dairy Creek, located in Washington County, Oregon, has a drainage area of approximately 230 square miles, and includes West Fork, East Fork, and McKay Creek drainages. Dairy Creek is a major tributary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data analysis: water quality of Dairy Creek and major tributaries Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Miner, J. Ronald, Scott, Eric F. Dairy Creek, located in Washington County, Oregon, has a drainage area of approximately 230 square miles, and includes West Fork, East Fork, and McKay Creek drainages. Dairy Creek is a major tributary of the Tualatin River which experiences algal problems during the late summer when stream flows decrease and water temperatures increase. The upper reaches of Dairy Creek are forested land, while the lower reaches are devoted to intensively irrigated agricultural production. It has been proposed that excessive algae blooms are associated with elevated nutrient concentrations during summer low-flow conditions. The objective of this project was to evaluate nutrient loading to the Tualatin River from the Dairy Creek watershed. Water quality parameters were selected to examine relationships between precipitation, flow, solids and nutrient constituents. The following conclusions were reached: 1. Surface runoff and erosion processes did not appear to occur and hence had little impact on water quality during the months of July through October during 1990 and 1991. 2. Groundwater moving to the stream appears to drive flow and have significant influence on water quality during summer low-flow conditions. 3. Nutrient concentrations are greatest during the summer. This may be a consequence of increased solubility and greater contact time between soils and groundwater moving toward the creek. A second alternative is the winter time sediment deposition. 4. Most of the nutrient and solids loading occurs during the winter and early spring at times of highest stream flows. Title: Data analysis: water quality of Dairy Creek and major tributaries Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Miner, J. Ronald, Scott, Eric F. Dairy Creek, located in Washington County, Oregon, has a drainage area of approximately 230 square miles, and includes West Fork, East Fork, and McKay Creek drainages. Dairy Creek is a major tributary of the Tualatin River which experiences algal problems during the late summer when stream flows decrease and water temperatures increase. The upper reaches of Dairy Creek are forested land, while the lower reaches are devoted to intensively irrigated agricultural production. It has been proposed that excessive algae blooms are associated with elevated nutrient concentrations during summer low-flow conditions. The objective of this project was to evaluate nutrient loading to the Tualatin River from the Dairy Creek watershed. Water quality parameters were selected to examine relationships between precipitation, flow, solids and nutrient constituents. The following conclusions were reached: 1. Surface runoff and erosion processes did not appear to occur and hence had little impact on water quality during the months of July through October during 1990 and 1991. 2. Groundwater moving to the stream appears to drive flow and have significant influence on water quality during summer low-flow conditions. 3. Nutrient concentrations are greatest during the summer. This may be a consequence of increased solubility and greater contact time between soils and groundwater moving toward the creek. A second alternative is the winter time sediment deposition. 4. Most of the nutrient and solids loading occurs during the winter and early spring at times of highest stream flows. Close

• 45. [Article] Lower South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Lower South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 were compiled from the following documents: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 46. [Article] Middle South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the following sources: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Middle South Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the following sources: The Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 47. [Article] A physical and chemical characterization of stream water draining three Oregon Coast Range catchments

  Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was conducted to determine if current physical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A physical and chemical characterization of stream water draining three Oregon Coast Range catchments Author: Hale, V. Cody Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was conducted to determine if current physical and chemical properties of water in three streams located in the Oregon Coast Range differed from historically measured conditions, taking differences in past management regimes into account. In addition, this research provides an assessment of spatial and temporal variability in nitratenitrogen (N) concentrations and summer stream temperatures within each catchment. The three research catchments were part of the Alsea Watershed Study (1959- 1973), where effects of forest management practices were examined using a pairedwatershed study design. One catchment, Needle Branch, was clear-cut with no protection provided to the stream. Harvesting in Needle Branch was followed by an intense broadcast burn to remove logging slash. Another catchment, Deer Creek, was patch-cut in three small units resulting in a 25% harvest of the total catchment area, but buffers were retained along fish-bearing streams. The third catchment, Flynn Creek, was used as a control. In this revisit to the Alsea Watersheds, measurements were conducted continuously (discharge, turbidity), intermittently (suspended sediments), and at regular intervals (nitrate-N) for one year between October 2005 and September 2006. Summertime stream temperature was also measured every half-hour from mid-June to mid-September. Comparisons of recent data with historic data show no detectable changes over time for streamflow characteristics (annual runoff volume, peak flow discharges, and number of low-flow days), annual sediment yield, or summer maximum stream temperatures. Current nitrate-N export was similar to historically measured values for Flynn Creek and Deer Creek; however, export at Needle Branch was increased over past levels. This observation may be caused by dense colonization of the riparian area with red alder (Alnus rubra), a N-fixing species, following the 1966 harvest. Patterns of nitrate-N concentration varied throughout each catchment and are likely influenced by the current distribution of red alder stands. Synoptically measured stream temperatures were variable along each stream’s longitudinal profile. The ability to meet Oregon’s water quality standard for temperature was dependent on measurement location and method of analysis. Evaluating individual sampling points as discrete records resulted in each stream exceeding the standard for at least one measurement location, whereas evaluating the criteria based on the mean of all data collected within the mainstem stream excluded Flynn Creek and Needle Branch from violation. These results highlight the physical and chemical variability of stream water draining Oregon Coast Range headwater catchments and provide insight as to where future work should be focused to gain a more thorough understanding of these dynamic systems. Title: A physical and chemical characterization of stream water draining three Oregon Coast Range catchments Author: Hale, V. Cody Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was conducted to determine if current physical and chemical properties of water in three streams located in the Oregon Coast Range differed from historically measured conditions, taking differences in past management regimes into account. In addition, this research provides an assessment of spatial and temporal variability in nitratenitrogen (N) concentrations and summer stream temperatures within each catchment. The three research catchments were part of the Alsea Watershed Study (1959- 1973), where effects of forest management practices were examined using a pairedwatershed study design. One catchment, Needle Branch, was clear-cut with no protection provided to the stream. Harvesting in Needle Branch was followed by an intense broadcast burn to remove logging slash. Another catchment, Deer Creek, was patch-cut in three small units resulting in a 25% harvest of the total catchment area, but buffers were retained along fish-bearing streams. The third catchment, Flynn Creek, was used as a control. In this revisit to the Alsea Watersheds, measurements were conducted continuously (discharge, turbidity), intermittently (suspended sediments), and at regular intervals (nitrate-N) for one year between October 2005 and September 2006. Summertime stream temperature was also measured every half-hour from mid-June to mid-September. Comparisons of recent data with historic data show no detectable changes over time for streamflow characteristics (annual runoff volume, peak flow discharges, and number of low-flow days), annual sediment yield, or summer maximum stream temperatures. Current nitrate-N export was similar to historically measured values for Flynn Creek and Deer Creek; however, export at Needle Branch was increased over past levels. This observation may be caused by dense colonization of the riparian area with red alder (Alnus rubra), a N-fixing species, following the 1966 harvest. Patterns of nitrate-N concentration varied throughout each catchment and are likely influenced by the current distribution of red alder stands. Synoptically measured stream temperatures were variable along each stream’s longitudinal profile. The ability to meet Oregon’s water quality standard for temperature was dependent on measurement location and method of analysis. Evaluating individual sampling points as discrete records resulted in each stream exceeding the standard for at least one measurement location, whereas evaluating the criteria based on the mean of all data collected within the mainstem stream excluded Flynn Creek and Needle Branch from violation. These results highlight the physical and chemical variability of stream water draining Oregon Coast Range headwater catchments and provide insight as to where future work should be focused to gain a more thorough understanding of these dynamic systems. Close

• 48. [Article] Watershed management in the Johnson Creek Basin

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed management in the Johnson Creek Basin Author: Gerhardt, Nikolaus Title: Watershed management in the Johnson Creek Basin Author: Gerhardt, Nikolaus Close

• 49. [Article] Influence of hillslope and instream processes on channel morphology of Esmond Creek in the Oregon Coast Range

  Esmond Creek is a tributary to the Siuslaw River located in the Oregon Coast Range. It is 18 km in length and drains a watershed area is 48.9 km². Average channel gradient of the study reach is 0.9%. In ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of hillslope and instream processes on channel morphology of Esmond Creek in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Dent, Elizabeth F. Esmond Creek is a tributary to the Siuslaw River located in the Oregon Coast Range. It is 18 km in length and drains a watershed area is 48.9 km². Average channel gradient of the study reach is 0.9%. In 1988 a landslide occurred in the Esmond Creek watershed involving approximately 250,000 cubic yards of material, of which a small portion was delivered to Esmond Creek. In 1984 and 1991 8% and 17.5%, respectively, of the study reach was influenced by beaver ponds. The effects of the landslide, log jams and beaver dams on channel morphology were assessed by comparing width and depth data collected in 1984 (pre-slide) to width and depth data collected in 1991 (post-slide). In addition, sediment samples were analyzed to investigate landslide, beaver-pond and log-jam influences on particle size distributions. Field observations in 1991 indicate the longitudinal influence of observed sediment deposition from the landslide extended approximately 2.5 km downstream from the slide input. These field observations concurred with analysis of 1990 aerial photograph. Statistical analysis revealed no changes in channel width and depth associated with the landslide. However, reaches in which major changes in channel width and depth had occurred were associated with the occurrence of beaver dams and ponds. In general, the presence of beaver ponds tends to increase channel width and depth. Particle size analysis of sediment from floodplain, point-bar and channel-bed locations revealed localized decreases in the geometric mean diameter of particles due to the interaction between sediment input from the landslide and instream structures (e.g., beaver dams and log jams). The channel bed, typically a zone of sediment transportation, was altered by these structures to function as a zone of fine sediment deposition upstream from the structures. Title: Influence of hillslope and instream processes on channel morphology of Esmond Creek in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Dent, Elizabeth F. Esmond Creek is a tributary to the Siuslaw River located in the Oregon Coast Range. It is 18 km in length and drains a watershed area is 48.9 km². Average channel gradient of the study reach is 0.9%. In 1988 a landslide occurred in the Esmond Creek watershed involving approximately 250,000 cubic yards of material, of which a small portion was delivered to Esmond Creek. In 1984 and 1991 8% and 17.5%, respectively, of the study reach was influenced by beaver ponds. The effects of the landslide, log jams and beaver dams on channel morphology were assessed by comparing width and depth data collected in 1984 (pre-slide) to width and depth data collected in 1991 (post-slide). In addition, sediment samples were analyzed to investigate landslide, beaver-pond and log-jam influences on particle size distributions. Field observations in 1991 indicate the longitudinal influence of observed sediment deposition from the landslide extended approximately 2.5 km downstream from the slide input. These field observations concurred with analysis of 1990 aerial photograph. Statistical analysis revealed no changes in channel width and depth associated with the landslide. However, reaches in which major changes in channel width and depth had occurred were associated with the occurrence of beaver dams and ponds. In general, the presence of beaver ponds tends to increase channel width and depth. Particle size analysis of sediment from floodplain, point-bar and channel-bed locations revealed localized decreases in the geometric mean diameter of particles due to the interaction between sediment input from the landslide and instream structures (e.g., beaver dams and log jams). The channel bed, typically a zone of sediment transportation, was altered by these structures to function as a zone of fine sediment deposition upstream from the structures. Close

• 50. [Article] Post-eruption recovery and secondary production of grazing insects in two streams near Mt. St. Helens

  The eruption of Mt. St. Helens provided the opportunity to study secondary production of grazing insects in the context of disturbance. Two stream sites were chosen that significantly differed in how their watersheds ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Post-eruption recovery and secondary production of grazing insects in two streams near Mt. St. Helens Author: Meyerhoff, Richard Dietrich The eruption of Mt. St. Helens provided the opportunity to study secondary production of grazing insects in the context of disturbance. Two stream sites were chosen that significantly differed in how their watersheds were impacted by the eruption. Clearwater Creek was catastrophically disturbed (physical alteration of habitat, loss of riparian vegetation, and abundant ashfall); Elk Creek was disturbed only by heavy ashfall. Secondary production of the insect community was estimated for 1985 and 1986. The relative importance of disturbance history and between-site habitat differences in determining secondary production was assessed by placing results in the context of ten years (1980-1989) of summer data from both streams. Few insects were found in Clearwater Creek four months after the eruption. In contrast, the community at Elk Creek was diverse and dominated by long-lived taxa. From 1980 to 1989 at Clearwater Creek there was a gradual shift from dominance by Chironomidae to an increasingly diverse community with an abundance of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies. Disturbance from ash scour during the 1980-81 winter reset the benthos of Elk Creek. However, the recovery process in that stream after 1982 was rapid. The annual production of insects in 1985 was 9.7 g dry wt/m2 at Elk Creek and 8.6 g/m2 at Clearwater Creek. In 1986, production was higher at Clearwater Creek (27.4 g/m2) than at Elk Creek (16.3 g/m2). Aufwuchs grazers were the most important insects (ca. 75% of total insect production) of both streams in both years. After differences in assimilation efficiencies of food types were considered, it was found that 84.3% of grazer production at Clearwater Creek depended on algae as compared to 74.3% at Elk Creek. The disturbance history of each site was an important factor determining the insect community structure and the importance of grazers at each site. Consequently, secondary production in 1985-1986 was influenced to a large degree by the 1980 eruption. However, between-site differences in basin dimensions, substrate size, and riparian vegetation likely controlled the productive capacity of each stream. Title: Post-eruption recovery and secondary production of grazing insects in two streams near Mt. St. Helens Author: Meyerhoff, Richard Dietrich The eruption of Mt. St. Helens provided the opportunity to study secondary production of grazing insects in the context of disturbance. Two stream sites were chosen that significantly differed in how their watersheds were impacted by the eruption. Clearwater Creek was catastrophically disturbed (physical alteration of habitat, loss of riparian vegetation, and abundant ashfall); Elk Creek was disturbed only by heavy ashfall. Secondary production of the insect community was estimated for 1985 and 1986. The relative importance of disturbance history and between-site habitat differences in determining secondary production was assessed by placing results in the context of ten years (1980-1989) of summer data from both streams. Few insects were found in Clearwater Creek four months after the eruption. In contrast, the community at Elk Creek was diverse and dominated by long-lived taxa. From 1980 to 1989 at Clearwater Creek there was a gradual shift from dominance by Chironomidae to an increasingly diverse community with an abundance of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies. Disturbance from ash scour during the 1980-81 winter reset the benthos of Elk Creek. However, the recovery process in that stream after 1982 was rapid. The annual production of insects in 1985 was 9.7 g dry wt/m2 at Elk Creek and 8.6 g/m2 at Clearwater Creek. In 1986, production was higher at Clearwater Creek (27.4 g/m2) than at Elk Creek (16.3 g/m2). Aufwuchs grazers were the most important insects (ca. 75% of total insect production) of both streams in both years. After differences in assimilation efficiencies of food types were considered, it was found that 84.3% of grazer production at Clearwater Creek depended on algae as compared to 74.3% at Elk Creek. The disturbance history of each site was an important factor determining the insect community structure and the importance of grazers at each site. Consequently, secondary production in 1985-1986 was influenced to a large degree by the 1980 eruption. However, between-site differences in basin dimensions, substrate size, and riparian vegetation likely controlled the productive capacity of each stream. Close

• 51. [Article] Lower North Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan

  The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower North Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Calapooya Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Title: Lower North Umpqua Watershed assessment and action plan Author: Geyer, Nancy A. The introduction provides a general description of the watershed in terms of its natural and human-made features, ownership and current land uses, and the communities within the watershed. Information in sections 1.2 and 1.3 was compiled from the Oregon Watershed Assessment Manual (Watershed Professionals Network, 1999), the Calapooya Creek Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999), the Lower South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 2000), and the Middle South Umpqua Watershed Analysis (USDI Bureau of Land Management, 1999). Additional information is from the following sources’ databases: The Oregon Climate Service, the US Census Bureau, and the Douglas County Assessor. Close

• 52. [Article] Economics of soil loss control on the Mission-Lapwai Watershed, Idaho

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economics of soil loss control on the Mission-Lapwai Watershed, Idaho Author: McNamee, William A. Title: Economics of soil loss control on the Mission-Lapwai Watershed, Idaho Author: McNamee, William A. Close

• 53. [Article] A management plan for the Bear Creek watershed of the city of Drain, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A management plan for the Bear Creek watershed of the city of Drain, Oregon Author: Horne, Gerard Fowler Title: A management plan for the Bear Creek watershed of the city of Drain, Oregon Author: Horne, Gerard Fowler Close

• 54. [Article] Cow Creek Watershed temperature study 2000 : procedure, results and preliminary analysis

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cow Creek Watershed temperature study 2000 : procedure, results and preliminary analysis Author: Umpqua Basin Watershed Council Title: Cow Creek Watershed temperature study 2000 : procedure, results and preliminary analysis Author: Umpqua Basin Watershed Council Close

• 55. [Article] Assessing cumulative influences of watershed-scale landuses on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) abundance

  The West Eugene Wetlands, Eugene, Oregon, which provide habitat for number of endemic and endangered plant species, are currently threatened by a Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) invasion. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing cumulative influences of watershed-scale landuses on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) abundance Author: Inahara, Satomi The West Eugene Wetlands, Eugene, Oregon, which provide habitat for number of endemic and endangered plant species, are currently threatened by a Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) invasion. This study addresses the hypothesis that Phalaris spread can be explained in part by using watershed-scale landuse patterns as surrogates of the water quality and hydrologic regime in the associated watersheds. A multiple regression model was constructed to test the effects of watershed-scale landuses on Phalaris abundance. The spatially referenced landuse attributes were estimated using accumulated inverse-squared flow path distances between each wetland and cells in a grid-based representation of landuse/cover data in a Geographic Information System. The locally measured physical and biological characteristics of wetlands were also incorporated into the model to adjust for site differences. Bias in the estimated parametric coefficients were found to be negligible using 1,000 iterations of a bootstrap re-sampling technique. Bias-corrected-and-accelerated intervals also supported the significance of these estimates. The inferential model, consisting of the percentage open water cover in the wetlands, an indicator of highly disturbed site and watershed-scale urban and forest landuses, explained 67 percent variation of Phalaris abundance. There was convincing evidence that the cumulative watershed-scale landuse patterns affected Phalaris abundance (p-value < 0.001; extra-sum-of-squares F-test). In particular, urbanization was strongly associated with greater Phalaris abundance (p-value = 0.00001, two-sided t-test). The effects of watershed-scale landuse appeared to be persistent in the inside of the wetland edges. Implications for wetland management were discussed. Alternative restoration strategy addressing plant diversity was also proposed. Title: Assessing cumulative influences of watershed-scale landuses on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) abundance Author: Inahara, Satomi The West Eugene Wetlands, Eugene, Oregon, which provide habitat for number of endemic and endangered plant species, are currently threatened by a Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) invasion. This study addresses the hypothesis that Phalaris spread can be explained in part by using watershed-scale landuse patterns as surrogates of the water quality and hydrologic regime in the associated watersheds. A multiple regression model was constructed to test the effects of watershed-scale landuses on Phalaris abundance. The spatially referenced landuse attributes were estimated using accumulated inverse-squared flow path distances between each wetland and cells in a grid-based representation of landuse/cover data in a Geographic Information System. The locally measured physical and biological characteristics of wetlands were also incorporated into the model to adjust for site differences. Bias in the estimated parametric coefficients were found to be negligible using 1,000 iterations of a bootstrap re-sampling technique. Bias-corrected-and-accelerated intervals also supported the significance of these estimates. The inferential model, consisting of the percentage open water cover in the wetlands, an indicator of highly disturbed site and watershed-scale urban and forest landuses, explained 67 percent variation of Phalaris abundance. There was convincing evidence that the cumulative watershed-scale landuse patterns affected Phalaris abundance (p-value < 0.001; extra-sum-of-squares F-test). In particular, urbanization was strongly associated with greater Phalaris abundance (p-value = 0.00001, two-sided t-test). The effects of watershed-scale landuse appeared to be persistent in the inside of the wetland edges. Implications for wetland management were discussed. Alternative restoration strategy addressing plant diversity was also proposed. Close

• 56. [Article] Down by the creek : understanding landowner perspectives on streamside health and management

  Both policy makers and private landowners have come to recognize the importance of streamside areas in the maintenance of water quality and fish habitat. Because non-industrial landowners own 42% of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Down by the creek : understanding landowner perspectives on streamside health and management Author: Wiskind, Adam Both policy makers and private landowners have come to recognize the importance of streamside areas in the maintenance of water quality and fish habitat. Because non-industrial landowners own 42% of the streamside area in the Coast Range, their management is a significant factor in the streamside health of Western Oregon. This study assesses landowner perceptions of streamside health and management in the Gales Creek basin, a mixed-use watershed west of Portland. Data were collected from a total of 21 forest, agricultural and urban landowners using qualitative research methods, in-depth interviews and field tours. Key findings from the research are: 1) Landowners' streamside management supports their more general goals for their land: forestry, agriculture, or residential. 2) Maintaining streamside health is not usually a primary objective of landowner management; rather it is a fortuitous, but unintended, side effect of their pursuit of other goals. 3) Landowners may assert autonomy over their land when their goals are threatened by natural resource policy and 4) Landowners possess specific knowledge of their streamside areas but are limited in their understanding of conditions at larger spatial and temporal scales. They believe that their knowledge should be incorporated into policy making. Some implications from these findings for the development of landscape scale policy are included. Title: Down by the creek : understanding landowner perspectives on streamside health and management Author: Wiskind, Adam Both policy makers and private landowners have come to recognize the importance of streamside areas in the maintenance of water quality and fish habitat. Because non-industrial landowners own 42% of the streamside area in the Coast Range, their management is a significant factor in the streamside health of Western Oregon. This study assesses landowner perceptions of streamside health and management in the Gales Creek basin, a mixed-use watershed west of Portland. Data were collected from a total of 21 forest, agricultural and urban landowners using qualitative research methods, in-depth interviews and field tours. Key findings from the research are: 1) Landowners' streamside management supports their more general goals for their land: forestry, agriculture, or residential. 2) Maintaining streamside health is not usually a primary objective of landowner management; rather it is a fortuitous, but unintended, side effect of their pursuit of other goals. 3) Landowners may assert autonomy over their land when their goals are threatened by natural resource policy and 4) Landowners possess specific knowledge of their streamside areas but are limited in their understanding of conditions at larger spatial and temporal scales. They believe that their knowledge should be incorporated into policy making. Some implications from these findings for the development of landscape scale policy are included. Close

• 57. [Article] Water over stones : Oregon watershed stories

  The 13 personal essays in Water over Stones: Oregon Watershed Stories explore the author's experiences in dozens of Oregon watersheds. Using the genre of the personal essay, the author, a fifth-generation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water over stones : Oregon watershed stories Author: Oberst, Gail D. The 13 personal essays in Water over Stones: Oregon Watershed Stories explore the author's experiences in dozens of Oregon watersheds. Using the genre of the personal essay, the author, a fifth-generation Oregonian and amateur ecologist, writes about her life and family relationships in stories that are saturated with the waters in which they have lived, logged, fished, and died. These stories are no defense of her family's past. but neither are they a condemnation. Rather, these personal essays are an inside look at the conflicts that arise in the author and in her family relationships when she discovers a protective love of her watersheds, marries an environmental scientist and then tries to negotiate her family's values with environmental values attached to her home waters. This negotiation dives deep into personal waters that flow from childhood anger to religious ecstasy. The author's negotiation of these waters demonstrates the personal essay's unique use as a tool for exploring issues that underlie the science of watershed; specifically: people and their relationships to each other and to their waters. These essays are drawn from the author's experiences in watersheds as wild as Lawson Creek in the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, where her family was lost, and as tame as Ash Creek in the Willamette Valley, where she now lives. Title: Water over stones : Oregon watershed stories Author: Oberst, Gail D. The 13 personal essays in Water over Stones: Oregon Watershed Stories explore the author's experiences in dozens of Oregon watersheds. Using the genre of the personal essay, the author, a fifth-generation Oregonian and amateur ecologist, writes about her life and family relationships in stories that are saturated with the waters in which they have lived, logged, fished, and died. These stories are no defense of her family's past. but neither are they a condemnation. Rather, these personal essays are an inside look at the conflicts that arise in the author and in her family relationships when she discovers a protective love of her watersheds, marries an environmental scientist and then tries to negotiate her family's values with environmental values attached to her home waters. This negotiation dives deep into personal waters that flow from childhood anger to religious ecstasy. The author's negotiation of these waters demonstrates the personal essay's unique use as a tool for exploring issues that underlie the science of watershed; specifically: people and their relationships to each other and to their waters. These essays are drawn from the author's experiences in watersheds as wild as Lawson Creek in the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, where her family was lost, and as tame as Ash Creek in the Willamette Valley, where she now lives. Close

• 58. [Article] Coast Range Subbasin Fish Management Plan

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coast Range Subbasin Fish Management Plan Author: Mamoyac, Steve, Wevers, Mary Jo, Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife, Haxton, John C., Nemeth, Doug Title: Coast Range Subbasin Fish Management Plan Author: Mamoyac, Steve, Wevers, Mary Jo, Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife, Haxton, John C., Nemeth, Doug Close

• 59. [Article] Evaluation of instream flow restoration targets and the carrying capacity of Oncorhynchus mykiss according to temperature, Whychus Creek, Deschutes Basin, Oregon

  The Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (Oregon) was built between 1957 and 1964. As a result the anadromous steelhead trout was extirpated from the upper Deschutes Basin by 1968. The Deschutes Basin ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of instream flow restoration targets and the carrying capacity of Oncorhynchus mykiss according to temperature, Whychus Creek, Deschutes Basin, Oregon Author: Jones, Lesley M. The Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (Oregon) was built between 1957 and 1964. As a result the anadromous steelhead trout was extirpated from the upper Deschutes Basin by 1968. The Deschutes Basin is a model for instream flow restoration projects in the Pacific Northwest that are largely driven by the reintroduction of anadromous steelhead trout into the upper Deschutes Basin and in particular have focused on Whychus Creek Watershed. Current instream flow restoration targets for Whychus Creek are based on certified instream water rights, derived from habitat surveys. This paper quantifies instream flow restoration targets for Whychus Creek based upon flow, temperature, and estimated steelhead trout carrying capacity. It is suggested that instream flow restoration targets are not fully resolved and additional flows may be needed to meet a restoration goal for temperature in Whychus Creek. It is proposed that estimates of steelhead trout carrying capacity that are based upon the Upper John Day Subbasin steelhead trout densities are an appropriate measure of potential steelhead trout numbers within Whychus Creek and are appropriate for refining instream flow restoration targets. Title: Evaluation of instream flow restoration targets and the carrying capacity of Oncorhynchus mykiss according to temperature, Whychus Creek, Deschutes Basin, Oregon Author: Jones, Lesley M. The Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (Oregon) was built between 1957 and 1964. As a result the anadromous steelhead trout was extirpated from the upper Deschutes Basin by 1968. The Deschutes Basin is a model for instream flow restoration projects in the Pacific Northwest that are largely driven by the reintroduction of anadromous steelhead trout into the upper Deschutes Basin and in particular have focused on Whychus Creek Watershed. Current instream flow restoration targets for Whychus Creek are based on certified instream water rights, derived from habitat surveys. This paper quantifies instream flow restoration targets for Whychus Creek based upon flow, temperature, and estimated steelhead trout carrying capacity. It is suggested that instream flow restoration targets are not fully resolved and additional flows may be needed to meet a restoration goal for temperature in Whychus Creek. It is proposed that estimates of steelhead trout carrying capacity that are based upon the Upper John Day Subbasin steelhead trout densities are an appropriate measure of potential steelhead trout numbers within Whychus Creek and are appropriate for refining instream flow restoration targets. Close

• 60. [Article] Relationships between stream discharge and cutthroat trout abundance at multiple scales in managed headwater basins of western Oregon

  Relationships between resident cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and six hydrologic indices were investigated using correlation analysis in two experimental headwater catchments in the foothills ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships between stream discharge and cutthroat trout abundance at multiple scales in managed headwater basins of western Oregon Author: Owens, Hazel L. Relationships between resident cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and six hydrologic indices were investigated using correlation analysis in two experimental headwater catchments in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. This investigation was to determine if characteristics of discharge explained inter-annual variability in trout abundance. Eight years of continuous discharge and annual abundance data collected from two contiguous watersheds from the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study were used for this study. Density-discharge relationships were identified separately in the watershed actively managed for timber harvest and in the control watershed. Correlation was determined at multiple stream segments and at the watershed scale to assess the roles of spatial scale and network location on the detectability of density-discharge relationships. A method for improving the spatial coupling of density and discharge measurements within the stream network was also investigated. No correlations (r ≤ ǀ0.50ǀ) between hydrologic indices and age-1+ trout density in either watershed were found. Two hydrologic indices were related to the density of age-0 trout: maximum annual discharge (r = 0.780) in the control watershed and Q90 summer discharge (r = 0.697) in the treated watershed. The correlation between the density of age-0 trout and each of these two indices were similar across individual stream segments, but variability in the magnitude of the correlation suggests that network location plays a key role in facilitating processes that link density and discharge. Variability in the magnitude of the correlation across stream segments also influenced the detectability and interpretability of relationships observed at the extent of a watershed and at the extent of a stream segment. These results indicate that researchers interested in understanding the dynamics of cutthroat trout abundance should consider the effects of discharge on inter-annual variability in abundance of different age classes and the role of network location on the detectability of relationships. Title: Relationships between stream discharge and cutthroat trout abundance at multiple scales in managed headwater basins of western Oregon Author: Owens, Hazel L. Relationships between resident cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and six hydrologic indices were investigated using correlation analysis in two experimental headwater catchments in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon. This investigation was to determine if characteristics of discharge explained inter-annual variability in trout abundance. Eight years of continuous discharge and annual abundance data collected from two contiguous watersheds from the Hinkle Creek Paired Watershed Study were used for this study. Density-discharge relationships were identified separately in the watershed actively managed for timber harvest and in the control watershed. Correlation was determined at multiple stream segments and at the watershed scale to assess the roles of spatial scale and network location on the detectability of density-discharge relationships. A method for improving the spatial coupling of density and discharge measurements within the stream network was also investigated. No correlations (r ≤ ǀ0.50ǀ) between hydrologic indices and age-1+ trout density in either watershed were found. Two hydrologic indices were related to the density of age-0 trout: maximum annual discharge (r = 0.780) in the control watershed and Q90 summer discharge (r = 0.697) in the treated watershed. The correlation between the density of age-0 trout and each of these two indices were similar across individual stream segments, but variability in the magnitude of the correlation suggests that network location plays a key role in facilitating processes that link density and discharge. Variability in the magnitude of the correlation across stream segments also influenced the detectability and interpretability of relationships observed at the extent of a watershed and at the extent of a stream segment. These results indicate that researchers interested in understanding the dynamics of cutthroat trout abundance should consider the effects of discharge on inter-annual variability in abundance of different age classes and the role of network location on the detectability of relationships. Close

• 61. [Article] Midsummer baiting to control seed-eating mammals

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Midsummer baiting to control seed-eating mammals Author: Oregon State Board of Forestry, Hooven, Edward F. (Edward Frank) Title: Midsummer baiting to control seed-eating mammals Author: Oregon State Board of Forestry, Hooven, Edward F. (Edward Frank) Close

• 62. [Article] MidCoast sixth field watershed assessment : final report

  The study area for this assessment is composed of the Alsea, Salmon, Siletz, Yachats, and Yaquina River watersheds and those watersheds that drain directly to the ocean between Cascade Head and Cape Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MidCoast sixth field watershed assessment : final report Author: Garono, Ralph J., Brophy, Laura The study area for this assessment is composed of the Alsea, Salmon, Siletz, Yachats, and Yaquina River watersheds and those watersheds that drain directly to the ocean between Cascade Head and Cape Creek at Heceta Head (Ocean Tributaries). Wherever possible, 1:24,000 uniform scale geographic information system (GIS) data that covered the entire study area were used in this assessment. Goals of this study include, (1) a summary of current conditions for each 6th field watershed; and (2) recommendations for monitoring and management actions for prioritized 6th field watersheds. Title: MidCoast sixth field watershed assessment : final report Author: Garono, Ralph J., Brophy, Laura The study area for this assessment is composed of the Alsea, Salmon, Siletz, Yachats, and Yaquina River watersheds and those watersheds that drain directly to the ocean between Cascade Head and Cape Creek at Heceta Head (Ocean Tributaries). Wherever possible, 1:24,000 uniform scale geographic information system (GIS) data that covered the entire study area were used in this assessment. Goals of this study include, (1) a summary of current conditions for each 6th field watershed; and (2) recommendations for monitoring and management actions for prioritized 6th field watersheds. Close

• 63. [Article] Determination of Trade-offs between Wetland Ecosystem Services in an Agricultural Landscape

  Wetland restoration mitigates effects of agricultural development on water quality, flooding, and habitat loss. Multi-objective optimization for wetland locations and sizes has not included objective functions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of Trade-offs between Wetland Ecosystem Services in an Agricultural Landscape Author: Garrison, Stacey L. Wetland restoration mitigates effects of agricultural development on water quality, flooding, and habitat loss. Multi-objective optimization for wetland locations and sizes has not included objective functions for water quality, hydrology, and habitat in unison, limiting analysis of trade-offs among these ecosystem services. This study establishes two methods to improve the accuracy of simulating wetland restoration with an optimization-simulation framework for analysis of trade-offs: identification of wetland type and constraining wetland and drainage area configurations to potential field-scale wetlands in the study area. Determination of a wetland habitat type used characteristics of the Hydrogeomorphic Method, and this type was utilized in a land-use/land-cover simulation linked to a species-habitat model. Multi-objective optimization identified optimal wetlands and drainage areas. These wetlands demonstrated redundancy among treatment ecosystem services. Modifying wetlands and drainage areas from the optimally-identified values caused shifts to the trade-off relationships. The habitat objective function conflicted with the treatment objective functions, but at low levels of confidence, demonstrating the necessity to incorporate all the objective function types together into a multi-objective optimization. The methods to increase accurate representation from this study can be incorporated into future studies to improve understanding of wetland ecosystem service processes for land-use planning. Title: Determination of Trade-offs between Wetland Ecosystem Services in an Agricultural Landscape Author: Garrison, Stacey L. Wetland restoration mitigates effects of agricultural development on water quality, flooding, and habitat loss. Multi-objective optimization for wetland locations and sizes has not included objective functions for water quality, hydrology, and habitat in unison, limiting analysis of trade-offs among these ecosystem services. This study establishes two methods to improve the accuracy of simulating wetland restoration with an optimization-simulation framework for analysis of trade-offs: identification of wetland type and constraining wetland and drainage area configurations to potential field-scale wetlands in the study area. Determination of a wetland habitat type used characteristics of the Hydrogeomorphic Method, and this type was utilized in a land-use/land-cover simulation linked to a species-habitat model. Multi-objective optimization identified optimal wetlands and drainage areas. These wetlands demonstrated redundancy among treatment ecosystem services. Modifying wetlands and drainage areas from the optimally-identified values caused shifts to the trade-off relationships. The habitat objective function conflicted with the treatment objective functions, but at low levels of confidence, demonstrating the necessity to incorporate all the objective function types together into a multi-objective optimization. The methods to increase accurate representation from this study can be incorporated into future studies to improve understanding of wetland ecosystem service processes for land-use planning. Close

• 64. [Article] Oak Creek, Research and Teaching in OSU's Home Watershed

  This is a PDF of material on the Oak Creek Website which was created in 2002. The main purpose of the site was to create an annotated bibliography of research activities in the watershed which surrounds ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oak Creek, Research and Teaching in OSU's Home Watershed Author: Wright, Maria This is a PDF of material on the Oak Creek Website which was created in 2002. The main purpose of the site was to create an annotated bibliography of research activities in the watershed which surrounds the Oregon State University Campus. Because of its proximity to campus, many students and professors have carried out research projects in the basin. The website includes short summaries of key research efforts, bibliographic references to theses and publications, links to tabular datasets when they are available, and contact information for professors who spearheaded major research projects. The website contains a summary of research activities that were carried before 2002. Title: Oak Creek, Research and Teaching in OSU's Home Watershed Author: Wright, Maria This is a PDF of material on the Oak Creek Website which was created in 2002. The main purpose of the site was to create an annotated bibliography of research activities in the watershed which surrounds the Oregon State University Campus. Because of its proximity to campus, many students and professors have carried out research projects in the basin. The website includes short summaries of key research efforts, bibliographic references to theses and publications, links to tabular datasets when they are available, and contact information for professors who spearheaded major research projects. The website contains a summary of research activities that were carried before 2002. Close

• 65. [Article] Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon

  This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bio-Surveys, LLC, Sialis Company This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary of Devil’s Lake, a lake of natural origin that opens into the Pacific Ocean at the northern edge of Lincoln City, OR. The goal of the restoration effort has been to identify the dominant processes and habitat characteristics that currently limit the production of Coho salmon smolts in the basin, and to develop a prioritized list of actions (“prescriptions”) for removing the limitations in ways that normalize landscape and stream channel function. Restoration and assessment protocols used in developing the plan are described in “Midcoast Limiting Factors Analysis, A Method for Assessing 6th field subbasins for Restoration”, available at www.midcoastwatershedcouncil.org/GIS or by contacting the Midcoast Watersheds Council. Please refer to this document for detailed information on assessment, nomenclature, prioritization rationale and methodology. Title: Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bio-Surveys, LLC, Sialis Company This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary of Devil’s Lake, a lake of natural origin that opens into the Pacific Ocean at the northern edge of Lincoln City, OR. The goal of the restoration effort has been to identify the dominant processes and habitat characteristics that currently limit the production of Coho salmon smolts in the basin, and to develop a prioritized list of actions (“prescriptions”) for removing the limitations in ways that normalize landscape and stream channel function. Restoration and assessment protocols used in developing the plan are described in “Midcoast Limiting Factors Analysis, A Method for Assessing 6th field subbasins for Restoration”, available at www.midcoastwatershedcouncil.org/GIS or by contacting the Midcoast Watersheds Council. Please refer to this document for detailed information on assessment, nomenclature, prioritization rationale and methodology. Close

• 66. [Article] Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon

  This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Close

• 67. [Article] Forest road hydrology : the influence of forest roads on stream flow at stream crossings

  The management of existing forest road systems is an issue of growing importance and public debate. Roads can alter the hydrologic processes in a watershed especially at stream crossing culverts where ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest road hydrology : the influence of forest roads on stream flow at stream crossings Author: Toman, Elizabeth Myers The management of existing forest road systems is an issue of growing importance and public debate. Roads can alter the hydrologic processes in a watershed especially at stream crossing culverts where road ditches channel runoff directly into the stream. The objective of this study was to determine how surface runoff from roads augments natural stream flow at stream crossing culverts. This study took place within an 824 ha watershed in the foothills of the Oregon Coast Range approximately three miles west of Corvallis, Oregon. Sixteen stream crossing culverts were selected for study. Discharge was measured from October 2002 through May 2003 at each stream and at the adjoining ditch(es). Hydrographs for both stream flow and ditch flow were analyzed for five storms that occurred during the winter 2002-2003. The interaction of the road with subsurface flow from the hillslope caused the hydrology of the road segment to be classified as either “intermittent” or “ephemeral.” Peak flow and total runoff at the stream crossing culverts was compared with the magnitude and timing of peak flow and total runoff in the adjoining ditch(es). Forest roads were found to alter the flow paths of water through the Oak Creek watershed. The road altered storm runoff and peak flow at the stream crossing culverts seventy-four times out of seventy-eight opportunities during five storms. The amount of the change depended primarily on whether or not the road cutslope intercepted subsurface flow. Contributions of intercepted subsurface runoff to the stream were greater than contributions of surface runoff by an order of magnitude. In the Oak Creek watershed, 56 percent of the road cutslopes adjacent to streams intercepted subsurface flow. Intercepted subsurface flow was more connected in time to stream flow than surface runoff. Ditch flow, on average, contributed the most volume on the rising limb of the stream hydrograph at the culvert. Flow responses at individual culvert locations were highly variable and could not be predicted using traditional topographic variables. Title: Forest road hydrology : the influence of forest roads on stream flow at stream crossings Author: Toman, Elizabeth Myers The management of existing forest road systems is an issue of growing importance and public debate. Roads can alter the hydrologic processes in a watershed especially at stream crossing culverts where road ditches channel runoff directly into the stream. The objective of this study was to determine how surface runoff from roads augments natural stream flow at stream crossing culverts. This study took place within an 824 ha watershed in the foothills of the Oregon Coast Range approximately three miles west of Corvallis, Oregon. Sixteen stream crossing culverts were selected for study. Discharge was measured from October 2002 through May 2003 at each stream and at the adjoining ditch(es). Hydrographs for both stream flow and ditch flow were analyzed for five storms that occurred during the winter 2002-2003. The interaction of the road with subsurface flow from the hillslope caused the hydrology of the road segment to be classified as either “intermittent” or “ephemeral.” Peak flow and total runoff at the stream crossing culverts was compared with the magnitude and timing of peak flow and total runoff in the adjoining ditch(es). Forest roads were found to alter the flow paths of water through the Oak Creek watershed. The road altered storm runoff and peak flow at the stream crossing culverts seventy-four times out of seventy-eight opportunities during five storms. The amount of the change depended primarily on whether or not the road cutslope intercepted subsurface flow. Contributions of intercepted subsurface runoff to the stream were greater than contributions of surface runoff by an order of magnitude. In the Oak Creek watershed, 56 percent of the road cutslopes adjacent to streams intercepted subsurface flow. Intercepted subsurface flow was more connected in time to stream flow than surface runoff. Ditch flow, on average, contributed the most volume on the rising limb of the stream hydrograph at the culvert. Flow responses at individual culvert locations were highly variable and could not be predicted using traditional topographic variables. Close

• 68. [Article] Sediment production from forest roads in the upper Oak Creek Watershed of the Oregon Coast Range

  Unpaved roads are sources of chronic sediment in forested watersheds. Bare soil on roads is exposed to erosion from rainfall and runoff Published research on sediment production from forest roads focuses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment production from forest roads in the upper Oak Creek Watershed of the Oregon Coast Range Author: Amann, Joseph R. Unpaved roads are sources of chronic sediment in forested watersheds. Bare soil on roads is exposed to erosion from rainfall and runoff Published research on sediment production from forest roads focuses primarily on road characteristics. Since water drives the mechanics of sediment transport, hydrologic variables should correlate with sediment production. This project investigated the relationship between sediment production and runoff-producing storms. Road and hydrologic variables were correlated with total sediment production for nine road segments in the upper Oak Creek Watershed from November 2002 through June 2003. One of the road segments was monitored intensively during four runoff-producing storms. Field data were compared with total sediment production predicted by SEDMODL2 and WEPP:Road. Total coarse and settleable sediment produced from the nine road segments ranged from 0.025 kg (2.77 x 10⁻⁶ kg/m²/mo) to 15.0 kg (1.04 x 10-² kg/m²/mo) while total runoff volume ranged from 100 m³ (1.11 x 10⁻² m³/m²/mo) to 52,000 m³ (36.1 m³/m²/mo). Correlation between total coarse and settleable sediment and total runoff volume for all road segments was significant (R² = 0.51, p-value = 0.004). No other variables correlated as strongly with total coarse and settleable sediment. However, while hillslope gradient and cutslope height did not yield significant correlations with total coarse and settleable sediment as individual variables, when added to total runoff volume in a multiple linear regression model, the relationship was improved. Suspended sediment data was collected for four storms at one culvert. Results showed that suspended sediment concentration had time derivatives similar to those of culvert discharge, 1-hr rainfall intensity lagged one hour, and 2-hr rainfall intensity lagged two hours. Summed instantaneous suspended sediment concentration was correlated with cumulative rainfall. SEDMODL2 results of predicted sediment produced from the nine road segments ranged from 0.0 to 6.7 kg (4.4 x 10⁻⁴ kg/m²/mo). WEPP:Road results ranged from 160 kg (7.4 x 10⁻² kg/m²/mo) to 3020 kg (19.5 x 10⁻² kg/m²/mo). When compared with actual sediment data (0.025 kg to 15.0 kg), SEDMODL2 had much closer agreement. Further research is needed to quantify the total amount of suspended mineral sediment transported in runoff from unpaved forest roads in the upper Oak Creek Watershed. Title: Sediment production from forest roads in the upper Oak Creek Watershed of the Oregon Coast Range Author: Amann, Joseph R. Unpaved roads are sources of chronic sediment in forested watersheds. Bare soil on roads is exposed to erosion from rainfall and runoff Published research on sediment production from forest roads focuses primarily on road characteristics. Since water drives the mechanics of sediment transport, hydrologic variables should correlate with sediment production. This project investigated the relationship between sediment production and runoff-producing storms. Road and hydrologic variables were correlated with total sediment production for nine road segments in the upper Oak Creek Watershed from November 2002 through June 2003. One of the road segments was monitored intensively during four runoff-producing storms. Field data were compared with total sediment production predicted by SEDMODL2 and WEPP:Road. Total coarse and settleable sediment produced from the nine road segments ranged from 0.025 kg (2.77 x 10⁻⁶ kg/m²/mo) to 15.0 kg (1.04 x 10-² kg/m²/mo) while total runoff volume ranged from 100 m³ (1.11 x 10⁻² m³/m²/mo) to 52,000 m³ (36.1 m³/m²/mo). Correlation between total coarse and settleable sediment and total runoff volume for all road segments was significant (R² = 0.51, p-value = 0.004). No other variables correlated as strongly with total coarse and settleable sediment. However, while hillslope gradient and cutslope height did not yield significant correlations with total coarse and settleable sediment as individual variables, when added to total runoff volume in a multiple linear regression model, the relationship was improved. Suspended sediment data was collected for four storms at one culvert. Results showed that suspended sediment concentration had time derivatives similar to those of culvert discharge, 1-hr rainfall intensity lagged one hour, and 2-hr rainfall intensity lagged two hours. Summed instantaneous suspended sediment concentration was correlated with cumulative rainfall. SEDMODL2 results of predicted sediment produced from the nine road segments ranged from 0.0 to 6.7 kg (4.4 x 10⁻⁴ kg/m²/mo). WEPP:Road results ranged from 160 kg (7.4 x 10⁻² kg/m²/mo) to 3020 kg (19.5 x 10⁻² kg/m²/mo). When compared with actual sediment data (0.025 kg to 15.0 kg), SEDMODL2 had much closer agreement. Further research is needed to quantify the total amount of suspended mineral sediment transported in runoff from unpaved forest roads in the upper Oak Creek Watershed. Close

• 69. [Article] The short term temporal and spatial variability of nitrogen and phosphorus in two Oregon Coast Range streams

  High intensity sampling was undertaken to characterize the temporal and spatial variability of oxidized nitrogen (NO3-N + NO2-N), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), total dissolved phosphorus, total unfiltered ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The short term temporal and spatial variability of nitrogen and phosphorus in two Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Scherer, Robert A. High intensity sampling was undertaken to characterize the temporal and spatial variability of oxidized nitrogen (NO3-N + NO2-N), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), total dissolved phosphorus, total unfiltered phosphorus and orthophosphorus (PO4-P) from two adjacent small streams in Western Oregon's Coast Range, Deer Creek (303 ha) and Flynn Creek (203 ha). Deer Creek has been 39 % clearcut from 1966 to 1987 while, Flynn Creek has never been logged and remains a "control" watershed for various research projects. A sequential wet-deposition precipitation sampler was also used to determine the temporal variability of oxidized-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus and orthophosphorus entering a watershed during two storm events. Samples collected every one hour over a 25 to 26-h period during summer low flows indicated that oxidized nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, total unfiltered phosphorus, and orthophosphorus remained relatively constant. Total dissolved phosphorus concentrations were the most variable but did not have a discernible diel pattern. On a spatial scale, total unfiltered phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus remained relatively constant or showed no discernable patterns when sampled over five 250-m intervals on each creek during summer low flow. Oxidized nitrogen and orthophosphorus concentrations increased on Deer Creek and decreased on Flynn Creek in an downstream direction. Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations decreased in a downstream direction on Deer Creek and remained constant on Flynn Creek. Nutrient constituent concentrations observed during high intensity sampling of three storm events had a variable response with stream discharge. Oxidized nitrogen concentration levels collected during the first fall storm appeared to be consistent with other research that has shown a flush of oxidized nitrogen out of the forest soil profile during the first fall storm. Sample concentrations from the first sampled storm had a 36 % decrease in concentration with the falling limb of the first sampled storm on both Deer Creek and Flynn Creek. Whereas, oxidized nitrogen concentrations had a 9 to 25 % decrease with an increase in discharge on the two studied creeks and returned to pre-storm levels with a decrease in discharge during two winter storms. Total unfiltered phosphorus concentrations had a 90 to 1150 % (0 to 10 fold) increase with a rise in storm discharge and decreased with the fall in storm discharge depending on the storm event and creek sampled. Ammonia-nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus and orthophosphorus concentrations were not related to changes in discharge. Precipitation concentrations of oxidized nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen either had a variable response or became diluted with an increase in rainfall amounts. The different responses appear to be related to storm intensity, with greater dilution in higher intensity storms. Results from this study indicate that the input and output of nitrogen and phosphorus into forested streams can be quite variable on both small temporal and spatial scales depending on the particular nutrient sampled, the particular creek sampled, stream flow conditions and season. It appears that sampling schemes designed for monitoring water chemistry or nutrient flux should initially presume significant short interval (2 to 20-h) variation until intensive sampling is able to prove otherwise. Title: The short term temporal and spatial variability of nitrogen and phosphorus in two Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Scherer, Robert A. High intensity sampling was undertaken to characterize the temporal and spatial variability of oxidized nitrogen (NO3-N + NO2-N), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), total dissolved phosphorus, total unfiltered phosphorus and orthophosphorus (PO4-P) from two adjacent small streams in Western Oregon's Coast Range, Deer Creek (303 ha) and Flynn Creek (203 ha). Deer Creek has been 39 % clearcut from 1966 to 1987 while, Flynn Creek has never been logged and remains a "control" watershed for various research projects. A sequential wet-deposition precipitation sampler was also used to determine the temporal variability of oxidized-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus and orthophosphorus entering a watershed during two storm events. Samples collected every one hour over a 25 to 26-h period during summer low flows indicated that oxidized nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, total unfiltered phosphorus, and orthophosphorus remained relatively constant. Total dissolved phosphorus concentrations were the most variable but did not have a discernible diel pattern. On a spatial scale, total unfiltered phosphorus and total dissolved phosphorus remained relatively constant or showed no discernable patterns when sampled over five 250-m intervals on each creek during summer low flow. Oxidized nitrogen and orthophosphorus concentrations increased on Deer Creek and decreased on Flynn Creek in an downstream direction. Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations decreased in a downstream direction on Deer Creek and remained constant on Flynn Creek. Nutrient constituent concentrations observed during high intensity sampling of three storm events had a variable response with stream discharge. Oxidized nitrogen concentration levels collected during the first fall storm appeared to be consistent with other research that has shown a flush of oxidized nitrogen out of the forest soil profile during the first fall storm. Sample concentrations from the first sampled storm had a 36 % decrease in concentration with the falling limb of the first sampled storm on both Deer Creek and Flynn Creek. Whereas, oxidized nitrogen concentrations had a 9 to 25 % decrease with an increase in discharge on the two studied creeks and returned to pre-storm levels with a decrease in discharge during two winter storms. Total unfiltered phosphorus concentrations had a 90 to 1150 % (0 to 10 fold) increase with a rise in storm discharge and decreased with the fall in storm discharge depending on the storm event and creek sampled. Ammonia-nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus and orthophosphorus concentrations were not related to changes in discharge. Precipitation concentrations of oxidized nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen either had a variable response or became diluted with an increase in rainfall amounts. The different responses appear to be related to storm intensity, with greater dilution in higher intensity storms. Results from this study indicate that the input and output of nitrogen and phosphorus into forested streams can be quite variable on both small temporal and spatial scales depending on the particular nutrient sampled, the particular creek sampled, stream flow conditions and season. It appears that sampling schemes designed for monitoring water chemistry or nutrient flux should initially presume significant short interval (2 to 20-h) variation until intensive sampling is able to prove otherwise. Close

• 70. [Article] Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest

  The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Close

• 71. [Article] Citizen knowledge and opinions about watershed management in the South Santiam Basin in Oregon

  Watershed management is widely recognized as an important component of healthy ecosystems and its success depends on cultivating the good will, stewardship values, and participation of citizens. Because ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Citizen knowledge and opinions about watershed management in the South Santiam Basin in Oregon Author: Wright, Angela Schaefer Watershed management is widely recognized as an important component of healthy ecosystems and its success depends on cultivating the good will, stewardship values, and participation of citizens. Because much of the streamside land in Oregon is in private ownership activities on public lands will not be enough to protect salmon and restore water quality. Improvements will also depend upon conservation activities by private landowners and communities. Since citizens are an integral part of long-term solutions, understanding the level of knowledge people possess and their opinions about watershed management is essential. This study examines citizen knowledge and opinions about stream management and ecology of the Lower South Santiam River, Crabtree Creek, and Thomas Creek watersheds in the South Santiam River basin. It focuses on the usefulness of various sources of information, public trust in specific information providers, citizens' understanding of watershed ecology, and the problems, preferences and concerns of private landowners. A mail questionnaire and interviews were used to elicit responses from community residents and members of the South Santiam Watershed Council. Several conclusions emerge from the findings. First, most respondents claim to be interested in and concerned about watershed management issues, however, few are well informed about the technical or scientific aspects of watershed ecology and management. Second, respondents indicated they currently receive little useful information about watershed issues, but there are relatively high levels of trust in several information providers. This suggests that an increase or refocus of outreach efforts may be successful in raising citizen awareness and knowledge of watershed issues. Third, most respondents agree that good watershed management is beneficial to both humans and the environment, but are also strongly opposed to various forms of government intervention. Fourth, watershed council members are more knowledgeable about watershed issues and more supportive of conservation and environmental protection. They are also less likely to see government agencies and current policies as problems. These data can assist watershed management agencies and organizations better understand the knowledge, preferences, and concerns of the public. They can also provide a basis for developing ecologically sound and socially acceptable solutions to watershed problems. Title: Citizen knowledge and opinions about watershed management in the South Santiam Basin in Oregon Author: Wright, Angela Schaefer Watershed management is widely recognized as an important component of healthy ecosystems and its success depends on cultivating the good will, stewardship values, and participation of citizens. Because much of the streamside land in Oregon is in private ownership activities on public lands will not be enough to protect salmon and restore water quality. Improvements will also depend upon conservation activities by private landowners and communities. Since citizens are an integral part of long-term solutions, understanding the level of knowledge people possess and their opinions about watershed management is essential. This study examines citizen knowledge and opinions about stream management and ecology of the Lower South Santiam River, Crabtree Creek, and Thomas Creek watersheds in the South Santiam River basin. It focuses on the usefulness of various sources of information, public trust in specific information providers, citizens' understanding of watershed ecology, and the problems, preferences and concerns of private landowners. A mail questionnaire and interviews were used to elicit responses from community residents and members of the South Santiam Watershed Council. Several conclusions emerge from the findings. First, most respondents claim to be interested in and concerned about watershed management issues, however, few are well informed about the technical or scientific aspects of watershed ecology and management. Second, respondents indicated they currently receive little useful information about watershed issues, but there are relatively high levels of trust in several information providers. This suggests that an increase or refocus of outreach efforts may be successful in raising citizen awareness and knowledge of watershed issues. Third, most respondents agree that good watershed management is beneficial to both humans and the environment, but are also strongly opposed to various forms of government intervention. Fourth, watershed council members are more knowledgeable about watershed issues and more supportive of conservation and environmental protection. They are also less likely to see government agencies and current policies as problems. These data can assist watershed management agencies and organizations better understand the knowledge, preferences, and concerns of the public. They can also provide a basis for developing ecologically sound and socially acceptable solutions to watershed problems. Close

• 72. [Article] Rapid calibration of coastal streams to detect effects of roadbuilding

  This study data from the Alsea Watershed Study located approximately ten miles from the Pacific Ocean in the Oregon Coast Range. The purpose was to evaluate the effects of roadbuilding on storm flows in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rapid calibration of coastal streams to detect effects of roadbuilding Author: Gilleran, Dennis James This study data from the Alsea Watershed Study located approximately ten miles from the Pacific Ocean in the Oregon Coast Range. The purpose was to evaluate the effects of roadbuilding on storm flows in two experimental streams. One 138 acre watershed, Deer Creek II, was subjected to 3.5 percent treatment (roadbuilding); the other, Deer Creek III, has an area of 100 acres and received 6.7 percent treatment. A rapid calibration method based upon individual storm hydrographs was selected to evaluate the effect of roadbuilding. This method of calibration was chosen because: 1) only 2.5 years were available prior to treatment; 2) there were temporary losses of record; and 3) a relatively sensitive method of detecting change was needed. The parameters examined in this method are time-to-peak, height-of-rise, and peak discharge of the storm hydrograph. Every storm hydrograph was examined in the 2.5 year pre-treatment period and in the one year post-treatment period. The three parameters were obtained from all acceptable storm hydrographs. Regression was used to develop a relationship between the three parameters on Deer Creek II and III and the three corresponding parameters on Flynn Creek (control). Analyses of covariance were used to determine the significance of changes in slope and elevation of the regression lines. Significant changes were detected in time-to-peak and height-of rise on Deer Creek II, while significant changes were detected in height-of-rise and peak discharge on Deer Creek III. The changes observed were related to roadbuilding and storm size. Title: Rapid calibration of coastal streams to detect effects of roadbuilding Author: Gilleran, Dennis James This study data from the Alsea Watershed Study located approximately ten miles from the Pacific Ocean in the Oregon Coast Range. The purpose was to evaluate the effects of roadbuilding on storm flows in two experimental streams. One 138 acre watershed, Deer Creek II, was subjected to 3.5 percent treatment (roadbuilding); the other, Deer Creek III, has an area of 100 acres and received 6.7 percent treatment. A rapid calibration method based upon individual storm hydrographs was selected to evaluate the effect of roadbuilding. This method of calibration was chosen because: 1) only 2.5 years were available prior to treatment; 2) there were temporary losses of record; and 3) a relatively sensitive method of detecting change was needed. The parameters examined in this method are time-to-peak, height-of-rise, and peak discharge of the storm hydrograph. Every storm hydrograph was examined in the 2.5 year pre-treatment period and in the one year post-treatment period. The three parameters were obtained from all acceptable storm hydrographs. Regression was used to develop a relationship between the three parameters on Deer Creek II and III and the three corresponding parameters on Flynn Creek (control). Analyses of covariance were used to determine the significance of changes in slope and elevation of the regression lines. Significant changes were detected in time-to-peak and height-of rise on Deer Creek II, while significant changes were detected in height-of-rise and peak discharge on Deer Creek III. The changes observed were related to roadbuilding and storm size. Close

• 73. [Article] Modeling the Tualatin River system including Scogging Creek and Hagg Lake: model description, geometry, and forcing data

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the Tualatin River system including Scogging Creek and Hagg Lake: model description, geometry, and forcing data Author: Knutson, Mike, Wells, Scott A., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Berger, Christopher Title: Modeling the Tualatin River system including Scogging Creek and Hagg Lake: model description, geometry, and forcing data Author: Knutson, Mike, Wells, Scott A., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Berger, Christopher Close

• 74. [Article] Beaver ecology in Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River

  The American beaver (Castor canadensis) was nearly extirpated by the late 1800's due to the fur trade. Due to reintroduction efforts, it now occupies much of its former range. Beavers are a keystone species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver ecology in Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River Author: Maenhout, Julie L. The American beaver (Castor canadensis) was nearly extirpated by the late 1800's due to the fur trade. Due to reintroduction efforts, it now occupies much of its former range. Beavers are a keystone species and ecosystem engineers, greatly influencing riparian and instream habitats through selective harvesting of plant materials and dam building. Beaver dams can accelerate the recovery of stream and riparian habitats. These habitats are beneficial to a variety of wildlife, including some fish species. Relocating nuisance beavers to areas where their damming activity will benefit fish habitat by helping restore degraded streams is gaining interest as a restoration and management tool in Oregon. However, little is known about the extant beaver populations in Oregon, including in the areas of restoration interest. We used genetic and radio telemetry approaches together to investigate the ecology of beavers in Bridge Creek; the site of a project partnering with beaver to aid in restoration efforts. Radio telemetry was used to estimate the home range size, habitat use, and survival rates for beavers in Bridge Creek and mitochondrial DNA was used to investigate the genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek. In order to put the genetic diversity of this watershed in the historical context of beaver management in Oregon, we used samples from the John Day River upstream of the Bridge Creek confluence and samples from another study being conducted in western Oregon. These samples together would represent a broader context of the western and eastern parts of Oregon, on both sides of the Cascade Range. We tracked 24 radio tagged beavers in the summer of 2011 and 22 beavers in the spring of 2012 to estimate home ranges. The mean linear home range length was 1.56 ± 0.71 km. Home ranges did not differ by sex or age except for spring 2012; female home ranges were longer than males. Home ranges encompassed nearly the entire study area of Bridge Creek and in some cases overlapped. Habitat use showed that beavers used areas of grasses and herbaceous vegetation in greater proportion to its availability for spring 2012 but did not deviate from random in summer 2011. The survival rate was estimated to be 0.92 ± 0.05 for the entire 18 month study period. While radio tagging captured beavers, a tissue sample was taken for mitochondrial DNA genetic analysis. Genetic diversity was very low for the samples from Bridge Creek beavers, and therefore we were unable to discern any genetic structuring. Eastern Oregon samples overall (Bridge Creek and John Day samples) had a low nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.001 ± 0.001, 0.441 ± 0.056 respectively) while western Oregon samples had a higher nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.003 ± 0.002, 0.546 ± 0.098 respectively). The two subpopulations were significantly differentiated from each other (P < 0.001, pairwise F[subscript ST] = 0.499). The information gained on the survival, home range, habitat use, and genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek is important in assisting managers; partnering with beaver to meet their stream restoration goals. Although beaver relocation is an attractive tool for alleviating nuisance beaver issues while potentially restoring fish habitat, our results indicate that Bridge Creek may not be able to support more beavers in its current condition. Additional research on the social structure, through the use of microsatellites, and continued year-round monitoring of beavers within Bridge Creek and the greater John Day basin will further inform managers on the feasibility of the use of beavers as a stream restoration tool. Title: Beaver ecology in Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River Author: Maenhout, Julie L. The American beaver (Castor canadensis) was nearly extirpated by the late 1800's due to the fur trade. Due to reintroduction efforts, it now occupies much of its former range. Beavers are a keystone species and ecosystem engineers, greatly influencing riparian and instream habitats through selective harvesting of plant materials and dam building. Beaver dams can accelerate the recovery of stream and riparian habitats. These habitats are beneficial to a variety of wildlife, including some fish species. Relocating nuisance beavers to areas where their damming activity will benefit fish habitat by helping restore degraded streams is gaining interest as a restoration and management tool in Oregon. However, little is known about the extant beaver populations in Oregon, including in the areas of restoration interest. We used genetic and radio telemetry approaches together to investigate the ecology of beavers in Bridge Creek; the site of a project partnering with beaver to aid in restoration efforts. Radio telemetry was used to estimate the home range size, habitat use, and survival rates for beavers in Bridge Creek and mitochondrial DNA was used to investigate the genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek. In order to put the genetic diversity of this watershed in the historical context of beaver management in Oregon, we used samples from the John Day River upstream of the Bridge Creek confluence and samples from another study being conducted in western Oregon. These samples together would represent a broader context of the western and eastern parts of Oregon, on both sides of the Cascade Range. We tracked 24 radio tagged beavers in the summer of 2011 and 22 beavers in the spring of 2012 to estimate home ranges. The mean linear home range length was 1.56 ± 0.71 km. Home ranges did not differ by sex or age except for spring 2012; female home ranges were longer than males. Home ranges encompassed nearly the entire study area of Bridge Creek and in some cases overlapped. Habitat use showed that beavers used areas of grasses and herbaceous vegetation in greater proportion to its availability for spring 2012 but did not deviate from random in summer 2011. The survival rate was estimated to be 0.92 ± 0.05 for the entire 18 month study period. While radio tagging captured beavers, a tissue sample was taken for mitochondrial DNA genetic analysis. Genetic diversity was very low for the samples from Bridge Creek beavers, and therefore we were unable to discern any genetic structuring. Eastern Oregon samples overall (Bridge Creek and John Day samples) had a low nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.001 ± 0.001, 0.441 ± 0.056 respectively) while western Oregon samples had a higher nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.003 ± 0.002, 0.546 ± 0.098 respectively). The two subpopulations were significantly differentiated from each other (P < 0.001, pairwise F[subscript ST] = 0.499). The information gained on the survival, home range, habitat use, and genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek is important in assisting managers; partnering with beaver to meet their stream restoration goals. Although beaver relocation is an attractive tool for alleviating nuisance beaver issues while potentially restoring fish habitat, our results indicate that Bridge Creek may not be able to support more beavers in its current condition. Additional research on the social structure, through the use of microsatellites, and continued year-round monitoring of beavers within Bridge Creek and the greater John Day basin will further inform managers on the feasibility of the use of beavers as a stream restoration tool. Close

• 75. [Article] The miracle at Bridge Creek

  Published 1993. Declared out of print June 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extens...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The miracle at Bridge Creek Author: Duncan, Andy, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published 1993. Declared out of print June 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: The miracle at Bridge Creek Author: Duncan, Andy, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published 1993. Declared out of print June 2009. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 76. [Article] Will wetlands restoration plans today still be effective tomorrow? Evaluation of performance of potential wetlands for peak flow reduction in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed, IN

  Global climate change is expected to exaggerate the severity of floods and droughts and increase the frequency of extreme streamflow events in the Midwestern United States. Managing these projected impacts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Will wetlands restoration plans today still be effective tomorrow? Evaluation of performance of potential wetlands for peak flow reduction in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed, IN Author: Walters, Kelli M. Global climate change is expected to exaggerate the severity of floods and droughts and increase the frequency of extreme streamflow events in the Midwestern United States. Managing these projected impacts poses a major challenge for water resources, conservation, and land use management. Wetlands have been considered as a conservation strategy and work to increase the capacity of watersheds by storing runoff upstream. The implementation of wetlands, especially in tile-drained agricultural watersheds, can reduce peak flows and help mitigate the anticipated impacts of climate change. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term performance of wetlands to reduce peak flows in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed in Indiana, as well as to establish a methodology to incorporate climate change into hydrological models to conduct better long-term land management studies and decisions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was forced with bias corrected climate projections from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to evaluate the impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology and the ability of wetlands to reduce peak flows. Long-term monthly streamflow results predicted a slight increase in streamflow in the winter and a slight decrease in the summer from the past (1971-2000) to future (2041-2070) time periods. About half of the climate realizations produced an increase in the Q05 (5% exceedance flow) value and half a decrease, but all predictions agreed that high flow events will increase in frequency in the winter and decrease in the spring and summer. No-flow events, although found to be over-predicted by the hydrological model, showed an increase from the past to the future for all climate realizations. Results from the wetland analysis showed that if all potential wetlands identified in a previous study are installed in the watershed, maximum peak flow reductions of around 20-50 m³/s for the past and future, as well as decreased frequency of extreme events, can be seen. Wetlands proved to be a robust solution for peak flow reduction, producing consistent reductions across all climate projections for both the past and future time periods. Title: Will wetlands restoration plans today still be effective tomorrow? Evaluation of performance of potential wetlands for peak flow reduction in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed, IN Author: Walters, Kelli M. Global climate change is expected to exaggerate the severity of floods and droughts and increase the frequency of extreme streamflow events in the Midwestern United States. Managing these projected impacts poses a major challenge for water resources, conservation, and land use management. Wetlands have been considered as a conservation strategy and work to increase the capacity of watersheds by storing runoff upstream. The implementation of wetlands, especially in tile-drained agricultural watersheds, can reduce peak flows and help mitigate the anticipated impacts of climate change. The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term performance of wetlands to reduce peak flows in future climate scenarios in the Eagle Creek Watershed in Indiana, as well as to establish a methodology to incorporate climate change into hydrological models to conduct better long-term land management studies and decisions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was forced with bias corrected climate projections from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to evaluate the impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology and the ability of wetlands to reduce peak flows. Long-term monthly streamflow results predicted a slight increase in streamflow in the winter and a slight decrease in the summer from the past (1971-2000) to future (2041-2070) time periods. About half of the climate realizations produced an increase in the Q05 (5% exceedance flow) value and half a decrease, but all predictions agreed that high flow events will increase in frequency in the winter and decrease in the spring and summer. No-flow events, although found to be over-predicted by the hydrological model, showed an increase from the past to the future for all climate realizations. Results from the wetland analysis showed that if all potential wetlands identified in a previous study are installed in the watershed, maximum peak flow reductions of around 20-50 m³/s for the past and future, as well as decreased frequency of extreme events, can be seen. Wetlands proved to be a robust solution for peak flow reduction, producing consistent reductions across all climate projections for both the past and future time periods. Close

• 77. [Article] Storm runoff response from roadbuilding and logging on small watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range

  The effects of roadbuilding, logging and burning upon stream runoff responses to individual storms are evaluated for the Alsea experimental watersheds, located in the Oregon Coast Range, The parameters ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Storm runoff response from roadbuilding and logging on small watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Hsieh, Frederic Shu-kong The effects of roadbuilding, logging and burning upon stream runoff responses to individual storms are evaluated for the Alsea experimental watersheds, located in the Oregon Coast Range, The parameters analyzed are peak discharge, induced peak discharge, time-to-peak, and storm-runoff volume. The volume parameter is further sub-divided into total, quick, delayed, rising limb and falling limb flows. The control-watershed approach and linear regression method are utilized in this study. Calibration of the main stations at Flynn Creek (502 acres) and Deer Creek (750 acres) started in 1958. That for subwatershed DC II (138 acres) and DC III (100 acres) started in 1962. Watershed treatments included differing amounts of roadbuilding in the summer of 1965 and logging in 1966. The percentages of each watershed area subject to roadbuilding and to logging, respectively, were: Deer Creek main station, 3.7% and 26% of area in roads and logging, respectively, DC II, 3.1% and 20%, and DC III, 12, 1% and 72%, One small portion on the main watershed also received burning treatment in 1967, Flynn Creek was preserved in its natural state as a control. Data were analyzed through 1968. The storm-runoff responses of the treated watershed were found to relate to the type of treatment applied and percent of area treated, Roadbuilding resulted in significant increases in peak and induced peak discharges on DC III, which was subjected to the most intensive treatment. Logging generally demonstrated a more pronounced effect on runoff than did roadbuilding, since more vegetation was removed. Although highly significant augmentations in peak and induced peak discharges were detected after logging on subwatershed III, only minor changes were observed at the main Deer Creek outlet, The time-to-peak parameter was generally not affected by the land manipulations in this study. Separation of the annual data into the assumed recharging and recharged periods, based on antecedent soil moisture conditions, was selected for seasonal comparison over the use of an arbitrary cutoff date. Changes in flow volume parameters due to roadbuilding were insignificant. Rising limb flow on DC III as well as at the Deer Creek main station was moderately increased after logging. Although an increase in delayed flow and a decrease in quick flow occurred at the main station, these are considered to be compensating errors. Effects on design floods after treatments were indicated by the sharp increases in peak discharges, based upon flood frequency and statistical analyses. Title: Storm runoff response from roadbuilding and logging on small watersheds in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Hsieh, Frederic Shu-kong The effects of roadbuilding, logging and burning upon stream runoff responses to individual storms are evaluated for the Alsea experimental watersheds, located in the Oregon Coast Range, The parameters analyzed are peak discharge, induced peak discharge, time-to-peak, and storm-runoff volume. The volume parameter is further sub-divided into total, quick, delayed, rising limb and falling limb flows. The control-watershed approach and linear regression method are utilized in this study. Calibration of the main stations at Flynn Creek (502 acres) and Deer Creek (750 acres) started in 1958. That for subwatershed DC II (138 acres) and DC III (100 acres) started in 1962. Watershed treatments included differing amounts of roadbuilding in the summer of 1965 and logging in 1966. The percentages of each watershed area subject to roadbuilding and to logging, respectively, were: Deer Creek main station, 3.7% and 26% of area in roads and logging, respectively, DC II, 3.1% and 20%, and DC III, 12, 1% and 72%, One small portion on the main watershed also received burning treatment in 1967, Flynn Creek was preserved in its natural state as a control. Data were analyzed through 1968. The storm-runoff responses of the treated watershed were found to relate to the type of treatment applied and percent of area treated, Roadbuilding resulted in significant increases in peak and induced peak discharges on DC III, which was subjected to the most intensive treatment. Logging generally demonstrated a more pronounced effect on runoff than did roadbuilding, since more vegetation was removed. Although highly significant augmentations in peak and induced peak discharges were detected after logging on subwatershed III, only minor changes were observed at the main Deer Creek outlet, The time-to-peak parameter was generally not affected by the land manipulations in this study. Separation of the annual data into the assumed recharging and recharged periods, based on antecedent soil moisture conditions, was selected for seasonal comparison over the use of an arbitrary cutoff date. Changes in flow volume parameters due to roadbuilding were insignificant. Rising limb flow on DC III as well as at the Deer Creek main station was moderately increased after logging. Although an increase in delayed flow and a decrease in quick flow occurred at the main station, these are considered to be compensating errors. Effects on design floods after treatments were indicated by the sharp increases in peak discharges, based upon flood frequency and statistical analyses. Close

• 78. [Article] Forestry at the urban fringe : issues, stakeholders and conflict potential in Oregon's Soap Creek Watershed

  Increasing land fragmentation, environmental regulations and neighbors' concerns pose significant challenges to forest owners at the urban fringe, whose properties are physically caught between rural landscapes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forestry at the urban fringe : issues, stakeholders and conflict potential in Oregon's Soap Creek Watershed Author: Edwards, Kearstin K. Increasing land fragmentation, environmental regulations and neighbors' concerns pose significant challenges to forest owners at the urban fringe, whose properties are physically caught between rural landscapes and continually expanding urban centers. Using Oregon's Soap Creek Watershed as a study site, we paired qualitative and quantitative methods to identify stakeholders, their opinions about contentious forest management issues and options for minimizing conflict at the urban fringe. Primary stakeholders included non-industrial private, corporate and public forest managers; residents and recreationists. The following are key findings from our research: 1) Active forest management was seen as an important factor that protected the rural character and amenities of an area experiencing residential growth. 2) Residents were the most likely to hold different categories of forest owners to different management standards, expecting more information from corporate owners than individual private owners and higher management standards on public lands. 3) Land use zoning and forest practice regulations reduce conflict by delineating acceptable land uses and activities consistent with those uses. 4) Clearly defined and consistent procedures for incorporating public knowledge and concerns into land management decisions are essential to reducing conflict over procedural and relational issues that often accompany resource management. 5) Prior notification of management intentions in combination with frequent and consistent interactions with neighbors has the potential to build social capital and reduce active opposition of forest management practices. Title: Forestry at the urban fringe : issues, stakeholders and conflict potential in Oregon's Soap Creek Watershed Author: Edwards, Kearstin K. Increasing land fragmentation, environmental regulations and neighbors' concerns pose significant challenges to forest owners at the urban fringe, whose properties are physically caught between rural landscapes and continually expanding urban centers. Using Oregon's Soap Creek Watershed as a study site, we paired qualitative and quantitative methods to identify stakeholders, their opinions about contentious forest management issues and options for minimizing conflict at the urban fringe. Primary stakeholders included non-industrial private, corporate and public forest managers; residents and recreationists. The following are key findings from our research: 1) Active forest management was seen as an important factor that protected the rural character and amenities of an area experiencing residential growth. 2) Residents were the most likely to hold different categories of forest owners to different management standards, expecting more information from corporate owners than individual private owners and higher management standards on public lands. 3) Land use zoning and forest practice regulations reduce conflict by delineating acceptable land uses and activities consistent with those uses. 4) Clearly defined and consistent procedures for incorporating public knowledge and concerns into land management decisions are essential to reducing conflict over procedural and relational issues that often accompany resource management. 5) Prior notification of management intentions in combination with frequent and consistent interactions with neighbors has the potential to build social capital and reduce active opposition of forest management practices. Close

• 79. [Article] Supplemental and updated information to decision record for the Lower Spencer Creek Watershed environmental assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supplemental and updated information to decision record for the Lower Spencer Creek Watershed environmental assessment Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Supplemental and updated information to decision record for the Lower Spencer Creek Watershed environmental assessment Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 80. [Article] Scenic photo of Lower Cow Creek

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scenic photo of Lower Cow Creek Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Title: Scenic photo of Lower Cow Creek Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Close

• 81. [Article] Plant communities and habitat types of the Meadow Creek experimental watershed

  The objectives of this study were: 1) to identify and map the experimental area of Meadow Creek watershed by existing vegetation, and 2) to identify and map the experimental area of Meadow Creek watershed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant communities and habitat types of the Meadow Creek experimental watershed Author: Ganskopp, David C. (David Conrad) The objectives of this study were: 1) to identify and map the experimental area of Meadow Creek watershed by existing vegetation, and 2) to identify and map the experimental area of Meadow Creek watershed by habitat types. The classification system adopted for this study was based on the habitat type concept of Rexford Daubenmire. Frequency of herbaceous vegetation and cover of shrub species were sampled in riparian communities. In upland communities density and cover estimations were used to quantify herbaceous plants, line intercepts were employed to sample shrub species, and belt transects were used to quantify the overstory component via density and basal area. Forty permanent transects were established in riparian communities and 151 permanent transects were established in upland communities. An association table process was employed for separation of plant communities and habitat types. Transects on the riparian meadows proved to be insufficiently stratified for quantification of plant communities. However, 44 riparian communities were delineated by reconnaissance methods. Seventeen plant communities were detected and mapped on upland areas. Habitat type classifications revealed three grassland, one shrub, and six forest habitat types on the area. Riparian meadows and a small portion of the upland area could not be classified to habitat types. Title: Plant communities and habitat types of the Meadow Creek experimental watershed Author: Ganskopp, David C. (David Conrad) The objectives of this study were: 1) to identify and map the experimental area of Meadow Creek watershed by existing vegetation, and 2) to identify and map the experimental area of Meadow Creek watershed by habitat types. The classification system adopted for this study was based on the habitat type concept of Rexford Daubenmire. Frequency of herbaceous vegetation and cover of shrub species were sampled in riparian communities. In upland communities density and cover estimations were used to quantify herbaceous plants, line intercepts were employed to sample shrub species, and belt transects were used to quantify the overstory component via density and basal area. Forty permanent transects were established in riparian communities and 151 permanent transects were established in upland communities. An association table process was employed for separation of plant communities and habitat types. Transects on the riparian meadows proved to be insufficiently stratified for quantification of plant communities. However, 44 riparian communities were delineated by reconnaissance methods. Seventeen plant communities were detected and mapped on upland areas. Habitat type classifications revealed three grassland, one shrub, and six forest habitat types on the area. Riparian meadows and a small portion of the upland area could not be classified to habitat types. Close

• 82. [Article] Scenic photo of the South Umpqua River above Days Creek

  South Umpqua River photo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scenic photo of the South Umpqua River above Days Creek Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers South Umpqua River photo Title: Scenic photo of the South Umpqua River above Days Creek Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers South Umpqua River photo Close

• 83. [Article] McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000

  This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000 Author: Thrailkil, Jim This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist of prioritization and planning for projects; project management and implementation; procurement of funding for long-term support of the Council; and watershed education/outreach program for residents and local schools. Key accomplishments in the area of project planning include coordinating: monthly Council and executive committee meetings; staffing the Upper Willamette Spring Chinook Working Group; staffing the water quality technical committee; and guiding education and stewardship projects. Key accomplishments in the area of project management include the completion of the McKenzie-Willamette Confluence Assessment; securing funds for project planning in the confluence area; near completion of the BPA funded McKenzie sub-basin assessment; development of a framework for a McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy; an evaluation of Council’s monitoring programs - ambient water quality, storm-event water quality, Tier III water quality, and macroinvertebrate monitoring. The Council, in cooperation with the McKenzie River Cooperative, completed habitat enhancements in the Gate Creek and Deer Creek sub-watersheds. This partnership recently submitted Bring Back the Natives grant for initiation of projects in other McKenzie tributaries. The Council will also be working with a local business to develop a river-side riparian enhancement and native landscaping project on the lodge grounds. This will serve as a demonstration project for blending fish and wildlife habitat concerns with maintaining grounds for business opportunities. Accomplishments in the area of procurement of funding included developing the FY2000 Scope of Work and budget for approval by the Council and BPA; providing quarterly budget and work program progress reports to the Council; and securing additional funding from Council partner organizations and foundations. Highlights in the area of watershed education/outreach include the MWC’s lead role in convening the Watershed Education Network for teachers as part of its educational mission; production of newsletters and brochures; and coordination of media coverage of watershed-related issues. MWC completed all tasks outlined in the FY2000 Scope of Work with the following staff: Watershed Coordinator (1.0 FTE), Project Coordinator (.25 FTE), and Education Coordinator (0.5 FTE). Coordination of these activities by MWC improves resource stewardship and protects fish and wildlife habitat through increased collaboration among Federal, state, and local government agencies, and landowners within the watershed. Increasing awareness and expanding knowledge affects behavior positively and promotes attitudes that encourage watershed stewardship. During Fiscal Year 2001, MWC intends to focus on an Implementation Strategy based on the McKenzie sub-basin assessment results; implementation of projects recommended from the McKenzie-Willamette confluence assessment; and increasing its presence at the local level through contact with watershed residents and groups. Title: McKenzie River focus watershed coordination : year end report 2000 Author: Thrailkil, Jim This report summarizes accomplishments of the McKenzie River Focus Watershed Council (MWC) in the areas of coordination and administration during Fiscal Year 2000. Coordination and administration consist of prioritization and planning for projects; project management and implementation; procurement of funding for long-term support of the Council; and watershed education/outreach program for residents and local schools. Key accomplishments in the area of project planning include coordinating: monthly Council and executive committee meetings; staffing the Upper Willamette Spring Chinook Working Group; staffing the water quality technical committee; and guiding education and stewardship projects. Key accomplishments in the area of project management include the completion of the McKenzie-Willamette Confluence Assessment; securing funds for project planning in the confluence area; near completion of the BPA funded McKenzie sub-basin assessment; development of a framework for a McKenzie Watershed Conservation Strategy; an evaluation of Council’s monitoring programs - ambient water quality, storm-event water quality, Tier III water quality, and macroinvertebrate monitoring. The Council, in cooperation with the McKenzie River Cooperative, completed habitat enhancements in the Gate Creek and Deer Creek sub-watersheds. This partnership recently submitted Bring Back the Natives grant for initiation of projects in other McKenzie tributaries. The Council will also be working with a local business to develop a river-side riparian enhancement and native landscaping project on the lodge grounds. This will serve as a demonstration project for blending fish and wildlife habitat concerns with maintaining grounds for business opportunities. Accomplishments in the area of procurement of funding included developing the FY2000 Scope of Work and budget for approval by the Council and BPA; providing quarterly budget and work program progress reports to the Council; and securing additional funding from Council partner organizations and foundations. Highlights in the area of watershed education/outreach include the MWC’s lead role in convening the Watershed Education Network for teachers as part of its educational mission; production of newsletters and brochures; and coordination of media coverage of watershed-related issues. MWC completed all tasks outlined in the FY2000 Scope of Work with the following staff: Watershed Coordinator (1.0 FTE), Project Coordinator (.25 FTE), and Education Coordinator (0.5 FTE). Coordination of these activities by MWC improves resource stewardship and protects fish and wildlife habitat through increased collaboration among Federal, state, and local government agencies, and landowners within the watershed. Increasing awareness and expanding knowledge affects behavior positively and promotes attitudes that encourage watershed stewardship. During Fiscal Year 2001, MWC intends to focus on an Implementation Strategy based on the McKenzie sub-basin assessment results; implementation of projects recommended from the McKenzie-Willamette confluence assessment; and increasing its presence at the local level through contact with watershed residents and groups. Close

• 84. [Article] The role of bedrock groundwater in rainfall-runoff response at hillslope and catchment scales

  Bedrock groundwater dynamics in headwater catchments are poorly understood and poorly characterized. Direct hydrometric measurements have been limited due to the logistical challenges associated with drilling ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of bedrock groundwater in rainfall-runoff response at hillslope and catchment scales Author: Gabrielli, Christopher P. Bedrock groundwater dynamics in headwater catchments are poorly understood and poorly characterized. Direct hydrometric measurements have been limited due to the logistical challenges associated with drilling through hard rock in steep, remote and often roadless terrain. Here we develop and use an inexpensive, portable bedrock drilling system to explore bedrock groundwater dynamics aimed at quantifying bedrock groundwater contributions to hillslope flow and catchment runoff. We present results from Watershed 10 (WS10) at the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon and at the Maimai M8 research catchment in New Zealand. WS10 is underlain by weathered and fractured tuff and breccias, while Maimai is underlain by a moderately weathered conglomerate composed of clasts of sandstone, granite and schist in a claysand matrix. Analysis of bedrock groundwater levels at Maimai, through a range of flow conditions, showed that the bedrock water table remained below the soil-bedrock interface, suggesting that bedrock groundwater has minimal direct contributions to hillslope runoff. However, groundwater levels did respond significantly to storm events indicating that there is a direct connection between soil water and the underlying bedrock aquifer. WS10 groundwater dynamics were dominated by fracture flow. Preliminary findings show a highly fractured and transmissive region within the upper 1 meter of bedrock that acts as a corridor for rapid lateral subsurface stormflow and lateral discharge. The interaction of subsurface storm flow within bedrock has implications for hillslope response, mean residence time and solute transport. This research shows bedrock groundwater to be an extremely dynamic component of the hillslope hydrological system and comparative analysis outlines the potential range of hydrological and geological controls on runoff generation in headwater catchments Title: The role of bedrock groundwater in rainfall-runoff response at hillslope and catchment scales Author: Gabrielli, Christopher P. Bedrock groundwater dynamics in headwater catchments are poorly understood and poorly characterized. Direct hydrometric measurements have been limited due to the logistical challenges associated with drilling through hard rock in steep, remote and often roadless terrain. Here we develop and use an inexpensive, portable bedrock drilling system to explore bedrock groundwater dynamics aimed at quantifying bedrock groundwater contributions to hillslope flow and catchment runoff. We present results from Watershed 10 (WS10) at the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon and at the Maimai M8 research catchment in New Zealand. WS10 is underlain by weathered and fractured tuff and breccias, while Maimai is underlain by a moderately weathered conglomerate composed of clasts of sandstone, granite and schist in a claysand matrix. Analysis of bedrock groundwater levels at Maimai, through a range of flow conditions, showed that the bedrock water table remained below the soil-bedrock interface, suggesting that bedrock groundwater has minimal direct contributions to hillslope runoff. However, groundwater levels did respond significantly to storm events indicating that there is a direct connection between soil water and the underlying bedrock aquifer. WS10 groundwater dynamics were dominated by fracture flow. Preliminary findings show a highly fractured and transmissive region within the upper 1 meter of bedrock that acts as a corridor for rapid lateral subsurface stormflow and lateral discharge. The interaction of subsurface storm flow within bedrock has implications for hillslope response, mean residence time and solute transport. This research shows bedrock groundwater to be an extremely dynamic component of the hillslope hydrological system and comparative analysis outlines the potential range of hydrological and geological controls on runoff generation in headwater catchments Close

• 85. [Article] Relationships between seasonal suspended sediment behavior and reservoir turbidity

  The causes of turbidity in impounded and released reservoir water are studied. Seven Willamette Basin reservoirs are compared to isolate watershed and reservoir characteristics which produce variations in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships between seasonal suspended sediment behavior and reservoir turbidity Author: Conner, Dan Alan The causes of turbidity in impounded and released reservoir water are studied. Seven Willamette Basin reservoirs are compared to isolate watershed and reservoir characteristics which produce variations in turbidity. Of the seven, Hills Creek Reservoir is examined in detail. Particular features of the basin and impoundment are studied to isolate reasons for above-average turbidity at Hills Creek. Corrective measures are identified in relation to (a) use of the forested watershed, involving the associated timber harvest practices and forest road building, and (b) to modifications in reservoir operating procedures such as the timing of storage and release of floodwaters, conservation use drawdown, and conservation season filling. Title: Relationships between seasonal suspended sediment behavior and reservoir turbidity Author: Conner, Dan Alan The causes of turbidity in impounded and released reservoir water are studied. Seven Willamette Basin reservoirs are compared to isolate watershed and reservoir characteristics which produce variations in turbidity. Of the seven, Hills Creek Reservoir is examined in detail. Particular features of the basin and impoundment are studied to isolate reasons for above-average turbidity at Hills Creek. Corrective measures are identified in relation to (a) use of the forested watershed, involving the associated timber harvest practices and forest road building, and (b) to modifications in reservoir operating procedures such as the timing of storage and release of floodwaters, conservation use drawdown, and conservation season filling. Close

• 86. [Article] Evaluation of suspended sediment discharges from the Willow Creek Basin : project completion report

  Supported in part by funds from the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Interior, under the provisions of PL 95-467.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of suspended sediment discharges from the Willow Creek Basin : project completion report Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Koelliker, James K. Supported in part by funds from the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Interior, under the provisions of PL 95-467. Title: Evaluation of suspended sediment discharges from the Willow Creek Basin : project completion report Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Koelliker, James K. Supported in part by funds from the Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Interior, under the provisions of PL 95-467. Close

• 87. [Article] Decision record #2 for Upper Spencer Creek EA No. OR-014-03-03 : Project: Upper Spencer Creek Watershed restoration treatments

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Decision record #2 for Upper Spencer Creek EA No. OR-014-03-03 : Project: Upper Spencer Creek Watershed restoration treatments Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Decision record #2 for Upper Spencer Creek EA No. OR-014-03-03 : Project: Upper Spencer Creek Watershed restoration treatments Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 88. [Article] Patterns of coastal cutthroat trout survival in two headwater stream networks

  Mark-recapture methods were used to examine watershed-scale survival rates of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) from two headwater stream networks located in the foothills of the Cascade ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of coastal cutthroat trout survival in two headwater stream networks Author: Berger, Aaron M. Mark-recapture methods were used to examine watershed-scale survival rates of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) from two headwater stream networks located in the foothills of the Cascade Mountain Range, Oregon. Differences in survival were explored among spatial (stream segment, stream network [main stem or tributaries], and watershed) and temporal (season and year) analytical scales and assessed among specific abiotic (discharge, temperature, and cover) and biotic (length, growth, condition, density, and movement) factors. A total of 1,725 adult coastal cutthroat trout (>100 mm, FL) were implanted with half-duplex PIT (passive integrated transponder) tags and monitored seasonally over a 3-year period using a combination of electrofishing, portable remote tracking antennas, and stationary antennas. The effects of watershed, stream network, season, year, and fish length were the most important factors among the candidate survival models. The greatest source of variation in survival was associated with year-dependent differences among seasons. Seasonal survival was consistently lowest and least variable (years combined) during autumn (September 16–December 15). Among all season and year combinations, there was evidence suggesting that survival was negatively associated with periods of low stream discharge and with individual fish length. In addition, low (-) and high (+) extreme stream temperatures and boulder cover (+) were weakly associated with survival. Watershed-scale seasonal abiotic conditions structured the adult cutthroat trout population in these watersheds, and low-discharge periods (e.g., autumn), when turnover of aquatic food resources declined, cover decreased, and predation success increased, were annual survival bottlenecks. Results emphasize the importance of watershed-scale processes to the understanding of population-level survival. Title: Patterns of coastal cutthroat trout survival in two headwater stream networks Author: Berger, Aaron M. Mark-recapture methods were used to examine watershed-scale survival rates of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) from two headwater stream networks located in the foothills of the Cascade Mountain Range, Oregon. Differences in survival were explored among spatial (stream segment, stream network [main stem or tributaries], and watershed) and temporal (season and year) analytical scales and assessed among specific abiotic (discharge, temperature, and cover) and biotic (length, growth, condition, density, and movement) factors. A total of 1,725 adult coastal cutthroat trout (>100 mm, FL) were implanted with half-duplex PIT (passive integrated transponder) tags and monitored seasonally over a 3-year period using a combination of electrofishing, portable remote tracking antennas, and stationary antennas. The effects of watershed, stream network, season, year, and fish length were the most important factors among the candidate survival models. The greatest source of variation in survival was associated with year-dependent differences among seasons. Seasonal survival was consistently lowest and least variable (years combined) during autumn (September 16–December 15). Among all season and year combinations, there was evidence suggesting that survival was negatively associated with periods of low stream discharge and with individual fish length. In addition, low (-) and high (+) extreme stream temperatures and boulder cover (+) were weakly associated with survival. Watershed-scale seasonal abiotic conditions structured the adult cutthroat trout population in these watersheds, and low-discharge periods (e.g., autumn), when turnover of aquatic food resources declined, cover decreased, and predation success increased, were annual survival bottlenecks. Results emphasize the importance of watershed-scale processes to the understanding of population-level survival. Close

• 89. [Article] Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon

  The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon Author: Ebersole, Joseph Lamar The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats as well as the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to re-express their capacities. Four steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; local application of specific knowledge about suppressive factors; classification of sensitive, critical or refugium habitats; release of anthropogenic suppression; and monitoring of biotic response to habitat change. Applying these concepts, I describe potential habitat refugia for aquatic organisms in the Joseph Creek basin in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Five valley segment classes, differing in valley corridor landforms, are described. Of these, low-gradient wide alluvial valleys have been most altered by human land use. Riparian vegetation has been extensively removed or altered in alluvial valleys. Currently, stream habitats are structurally depauperate, and warm to temperatures well above thermal tolerances of native salmonids. Potential refugia for native coldwater fishes in these valleys include patches of complex habitat within stream reaches. Reaches fenced to exclude domestic livestock exhibit narrower channels, more pools, and higher frequencies of stable vegetated banks than nearby unfenced reaches. During summer low flow periods, cold groundwater seeping into and accumulating in stream channels forms "cold pools". Cold pools provide potential seasonal refuge for coldwater fish at microhabitat scales. Cold pools are associated with channel complexity, and are more frequent in reaches with vigorous riparian vegetation. Seven classes of cold pools are described. Cold pool classes differ in minimum temperature, maximum depth and volume. Distributions of cold pool classes between valley segment classes suggest that valley geomorphology in addition to local channel form may influence development of certain cold pool types. Although refugia at the microhabitat to reach scales are important, the context within which remnant or refugium habitats and associated relict populations are maintained may ultimately determine the persistence of those species and habitats. In managed landscapes, protection and restoration of habitats at many scales may be necessary if we are to best insure the persistence of native species. Title: Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon Author: Ebersole, Joseph Lamar The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats as well as the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to re-express their capacities. Four steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; local application of specific knowledge about suppressive factors; classification of sensitive, critical or refugium habitats; release of anthropogenic suppression; and monitoring of biotic response to habitat change. Applying these concepts, I describe potential habitat refugia for aquatic organisms in the Joseph Creek basin in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Five valley segment classes, differing in valley corridor landforms, are described. Of these, low-gradient wide alluvial valleys have been most altered by human land use. Riparian vegetation has been extensively removed or altered in alluvial valleys. Currently, stream habitats are structurally depauperate, and warm to temperatures well above thermal tolerances of native salmonids. Potential refugia for native coldwater fishes in these valleys include patches of complex habitat within stream reaches. Reaches fenced to exclude domestic livestock exhibit narrower channels, more pools, and higher frequencies of stable vegetated banks than nearby unfenced reaches. During summer low flow periods, cold groundwater seeping into and accumulating in stream channels forms "cold pools". Cold pools provide potential seasonal refuge for coldwater fish at microhabitat scales. Cold pools are associated with channel complexity, and are more frequent in reaches with vigorous riparian vegetation. Seven classes of cold pools are described. Cold pool classes differ in minimum temperature, maximum depth and volume. Distributions of cold pool classes between valley segment classes suggest that valley geomorphology in addition to local channel form may influence development of certain cold pool types. Although refugia at the microhabitat to reach scales are important, the context within which remnant or refugium habitats and associated relict populations are maintained may ultimately determine the persistence of those species and habitats. In managed landscapes, protection and restoration of habitats at many scales may be necessary if we are to best insure the persistence of native species. Close

• 90. [Article] Uncertainty in forest road hydrologic modeling and catchment scale assessment of forest road sediment yield

  The goal of this study was to advance methods for assessment of forest road hydrologic response and sediment yield at a catchment scale. This research looked at the effect of soil depth estimation on the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Uncertainty in forest road hydrologic modeling and catchment scale assessment of forest road sediment yield Author: Surfleet, Christopher G. The goal of this study was to advance methods for assessment of forest road hydrologic response and sediment yield at a catchment scale. This research looked at the effect of soil depth estimation on the Distributive Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM), assessed the uncertainty and accuracy of hydrologic modeling of forest roads by DHSVM, and evaluated the use of road runoff and sediment sampling for catchment scale road sediment estimates. The influence of soil depth estimation on DHSVM varied by spatial scale and hydrologic process modeled. Soil depth measurement improved DHSVM simulated streamflow and road ditchflow for the rising limb of the hydrograph with no improvements during baseflow. For site specific or small scale modeling a deterministic soil depth model fit to field measurements was best. For larger scale simulations of streamflow mean soil depth provided as good or better estimates. Considerable uncertainty in estimates of road hydrologic response was observed from DHSVM. DHSVM over predicted individual road discharges. As the spatial scale and temporal scale was increased the uncertainty in DHSVM results decreased. This suggests that model structures chosen for DHSVM would be better determined with internal catchment data, at smaller scales. The GLUE assessment showed that change detection analysis with DHSVM will be limited to sites or scales of the catchment that behavioral model structures can be identified. From this research it was determined that only the catchment scale simulations and a few individual road locations could be used for change detection. The storm runoff volumes and peak flows from road ditchflow had linear relationships with storm sediment load. These relationships had to be developed by classes of road locations and types in an intensively managed forest due to variability in road design, hydrologic response, and road use. Sediment from roads estimated from field measurements used with SEDMODL2 or WARSEM provided substantially lower estimates than without field measured adjustments. The use of road runoff for sediment estimation provided even lower catchment scale sediment results. DHSVM simulated road runoff for sediment estimation provided catchment scale results similar to the sediment yield estimated from observed road runoff. Title: Uncertainty in forest road hydrologic modeling and catchment scale assessment of forest road sediment yield Author: Surfleet, Christopher G. The goal of this study was to advance methods for assessment of forest road hydrologic response and sediment yield at a catchment scale. This research looked at the effect of soil depth estimation on the Distributive Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM), assessed the uncertainty and accuracy of hydrologic modeling of forest roads by DHSVM, and evaluated the use of road runoff and sediment sampling for catchment scale road sediment estimates. The influence of soil depth estimation on DHSVM varied by spatial scale and hydrologic process modeled. Soil depth measurement improved DHSVM simulated streamflow and road ditchflow for the rising limb of the hydrograph with no improvements during baseflow. For site specific or small scale modeling a deterministic soil depth model fit to field measurements was best. For larger scale simulations of streamflow mean soil depth provided as good or better estimates. Considerable uncertainty in estimates of road hydrologic response was observed from DHSVM. DHSVM over predicted individual road discharges. As the spatial scale and temporal scale was increased the uncertainty in DHSVM results decreased. This suggests that model structures chosen for DHSVM would be better determined with internal catchment data, at smaller scales. The GLUE assessment showed that change detection analysis with DHSVM will be limited to sites or scales of the catchment that behavioral model structures can be identified. From this research it was determined that only the catchment scale simulations and a few individual road locations could be used for change detection. The storm runoff volumes and peak flows from road ditchflow had linear relationships with storm sediment load. These relationships had to be developed by classes of road locations and types in an intensively managed forest due to variability in road design, hydrologic response, and road use. Sediment from roads estimated from field measurements used with SEDMODL2 or WARSEM provided substantially lower estimates than without field measured adjustments. The use of road runoff for sediment estimation provided even lower catchment scale sediment results. DHSVM simulated road runoff for sediment estimation provided catchment scale results similar to the sediment yield estimated from observed road runoff. Close

• 91. [Article] Modeling climate, vegetation, and water balance at landscape to regional scales

  The general objective of this study was to develop models and datasets that would significantly advance our ability to assess the current and future effects of global change on the biosphere. The focus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling climate, vegetation, and water balance at landscape to regional scales Author: Daly, Christopher The general objective of this study was to develop models and datasets that would significantly advance our ability to assess the current and future effects of global change on the biosphere. The focus was in two areas: (1) preparing environmental datasets at regional to small watershed scales; and (2) developing models to simulate the interactions of climate, hydrology and vegetation distribution at the small watershed/landscape scale. The PRISM modeling system, a method for mapping monthly precipitation over complex terrain, was presented and evaluated. PRISM (Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) brings a unique combination of climatological and statistical concepts to the mapping of orographic (terrain-induced) precipitation, and is very useful in preparing gridded precipitation datasets. Using PRISM and other tools, gridded climate, vegetation, and soils datasets were developed for the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, a small basin in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. The datasets were prepared at a 200-m pixel resolution, and consisted of monthly total precipitation, and mean monthly temperature, vapor pressure, and wind speed for the calendar years 1984, 1985, and 1986. The general methods used in developing these datasets are applicable to other mountainous watersheds in which elevation is the primary determinant of the spatial variability in climatic parameters. The Reynolds Creek datasets were then used in the development of a spatially explicit, hydrology/vegetation distribution model for use in small- to medium-size watersheds. The model was a hybrid of the MAPSS (Mapped Atmosphere Plant-Soil-System) biogeographical model and the Wigmosta hydrology-vegetation model. The intent was to assess the potential for reconfiguring MAPSS, originally developed at a continental scale, to simulate the three-dimensional processes that dominate vegetation and hydrologic patterns at the watershed/landscape scale. The hybrid model, termed MAPSS-W (MAPSS-Watershed), performed well in simulating daily fluctuations in snowpack, basin discharge, and leaf area of non-woody vegetation. Title: Modeling climate, vegetation, and water balance at landscape to regional scales Author: Daly, Christopher The general objective of this study was to develop models and datasets that would significantly advance our ability to assess the current and future effects of global change on the biosphere. The focus was in two areas: (1) preparing environmental datasets at regional to small watershed scales; and (2) developing models to simulate the interactions of climate, hydrology and vegetation distribution at the small watershed/landscape scale. The PRISM modeling system, a method for mapping monthly precipitation over complex terrain, was presented and evaluated. PRISM (Precipitation-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) brings a unique combination of climatological and statistical concepts to the mapping of orographic (terrain-induced) precipitation, and is very useful in preparing gridded precipitation datasets. Using PRISM and other tools, gridded climate, vegetation, and soils datasets were developed for the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, a small basin in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. The datasets were prepared at a 200-m pixel resolution, and consisted of monthly total precipitation, and mean monthly temperature, vapor pressure, and wind speed for the calendar years 1984, 1985, and 1986. The general methods used in developing these datasets are applicable to other mountainous watersheds in which elevation is the primary determinant of the spatial variability in climatic parameters. The Reynolds Creek datasets were then used in the development of a spatially explicit, hydrology/vegetation distribution model for use in small- to medium-size watersheds. The model was a hybrid of the MAPSS (Mapped Atmosphere Plant-Soil-System) biogeographical model and the Wigmosta hydrology-vegetation model. The intent was to assess the potential for reconfiguring MAPSS, originally developed at a continental scale, to simulate the three-dimensional processes that dominate vegetation and hydrologic patterns at the watershed/landscape scale. The hybrid model, termed MAPSS-W (MAPSS-Watershed), performed well in simulating daily fluctuations in snowpack, basin discharge, and leaf area of non-woody vegetation. Close

• 92. [Article] The optimal allocation of watershed conservation funding : a case study of the John Day River Basin, Oregon

  This study determines the optimal allocation of watershed conservation funds in the John Day River Basin, Oregon. Fund managers can use a variety of targeting schemes to allocate their limited resources. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The optimal allocation of watershed conservation funding : a case study of the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Skelton, Katharine This study determines the optimal allocation of watershed conservation funds in the John Day River Basin, Oregon. Fund managers can use a variety of targeting schemes to allocate their limited resources. Depending on which targeting criteria is used, they may or may not be achieving the maximum environmental benefits per dollar expended, a policy goal that is increasingly being adopted for conservation programs. Previous studies have provided the theory behind this optimal allocation of funds, but none, to the researcher's knowledge, have attempted a case study to illustrate the optimal allocation of funds as well as the misallocations that could result. Watershed conservation policies are very important, especially here in the Pacific Northwest where salmonid populations are endangered. As stream temperatures are lowered, salmonid recruitment increases. Improvements in riparian vegetation provide stream shade and bank stability. Shade decreases stream temperatures by preventing solar radiation from reaching the stream, while bank stability allows streams to become narrower and deeper, with more vegetative overhang. Narrower streams have less surface area to come in contact with solar radiation and vegetative overhang provides additional shade. A simultaneous equation system was used to estimate stream temperature and fish recruitment models for the thirteen streams studied, classified into three environmental attribute clusters. Fish recruitment models were developed for rainbow trout, Chinook salmon and speckled dace. Marginal values for rainbow trout and Chinook salmon from previous studies were used to calculate the total marginal benefits to society from increasing cold-water salmonid species. The analytical models were the basis for determining the optimal fund allocation, after considering the cumulative, indirect and correlated benefits derived from improving riparian vegetation conditions. Policy managers and previous studies have failed to consider these additional environmental benefits, particularly jointly produced benefits. Two scenarios were determined for the optimal fund allocation, based on the riparian conditions of the surveyed stream reaches. The riparian conditions are reported using a vegetative use index from one (the worst conditions) to four (the best conditions). Under the first scenario, which assumes a full range of riparian conditions, Granite Creek should receive funding priority with $51,756 in marginal social benefits received from improving the streamside vegetative use rating from one to four, for one mile of stream. Deerdorff Creek and Reynolds Creek would be the next two streams to receive funding, respectively, both for a vegetative use improvement from one to two. The second scenario assumes that only vegetative conditions in the surveyed segments exist in the stream. Under these circumstances, only six of the thirteen streams would even be considered for funding, with Granite Creek again receiving priority. Improving the vegetative use rating in Granite Creek from three to four, for one stream mile, will produce $9355 in marginal social benefits. Murderer's Creek and Camp Creek would be the next streams to receive funding for a vegetative use improvement from three to four and one to two, respectively. In addition to determining the optimal fund allocation, discussion is included about the policy implications that would result from ignoring the cumulative, indirect and correlated benefits. For the fund misallocation discussion Granite Creek was assumed to be the stream that should be given funding priority for an improvement from three to four only, with Murderer's Creek and Camp Creek receiving funds second and third, respectively. If an on-site, physical criterion is used as the targeting criteria, such as stream temperatures or the riparian vegetation conditions, then the cumulative benefits will be ignored. Two possible misallocations could result when the cumulative effects are ignored. First, streams with very high temperatures may receive funding, even if improvements in the vegetative use index will not lower temperatures enough so that salmonids can survive. Second, streams that have temperatures below the optimal range for salmonids, but have poor riparian vegetation may be funded. Improving streamside vegetation in those streams would be a misallocation of funds. Targeting based on the highest stream temperature criteria would only consider the direct benefits received from improving streamside vegetation. Under a temperature- based targeting criteria, Alder Creek would be the first stream funded with Mountain and Murderer's Creek following. If we assume only two streams could be funded, then there will be a loss of almost all marginal benefits per stream mile. If the change in the stream temperatures is used as the targeting criteria, and indirect benefits are ignored, then Camp Creek would receive funding priority, with Mountain Creek, Granite Creek and Murderer's Creek following. If it is again assumed that only two streams could be funded, this targeting scheme would result in an approximate loss to society of up to 87 percent in marginal benefits, per stream mile Additionally, all of the indirect benefits need to be taken into consideration in order to optimally allocate funds. If Chinook salmon are ignored, and rainbow trout are the only cold-water species taken into account, then society will forgo around 50 percent of marginal social benefits, per stream mile. This is if we assume two streams are funded, and the South Fork is the second stream to receive funds, rather than Murderer's Creek. Granite Creek would still receive funding priority. Finally, correlated benefits, or warm-water species, need to be considered. In this study ignoring the warm-water species would not effect fund allocation, as a marginal social value for speckled dace was not found. Even if we assume the speckled dace is a proxy for warm-water sport fish, such as bass, and the correlated benefits are taken into consideration, funding priority would still be given to Granite Creek. However, under the same assumptions, if the correlated benefits are ignored in Camp Creek, then society will misallocate funds and lose a small portion of marginal social benefits per stream mile. This study points towards small, high elevation streams being given funding priority. Granite Creek should be the first stream to receive funds in the John Day River basin, when funds are optimally allocated. However, if not all of the environmental benefits are taken into consideration, different streams may be targeted. When a temperature-based targeting scheme is used, Alder Creek would be given funding priority, even though no marginal social benefits would be derived. If the change in stream temperatures is used, Camp Creek will receive funds, with a large loss to society in marginal benefits. If not all of the indirect benefits are considered, the South Fork will be funded over Murderer's Creek, and only half of the possible marginal benefits will be received. Finally, when correlated benefits were ignored, the fund allocation in this study was not affected. However, fund managers still have to consider the tradeoffs involved between warm and cold-water adapted fish species. This is especially true if warm-water sport fish or endangered species are the jointly produced benefits. Failing to include all of the environmental benefits that are produced when conservation programs are initiated will lead policy managers to target the wrong streams or basins, and misallocate funds. In addition, using the wrong criteria to prioritize watersheds will also lead managers to misallocate funds. Funds should be allocated so that the total value of environmental benefits is maximized, and not the total amount of resources saved. Title: The optimal allocation of watershed conservation funding : a case study of the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Skelton, Katharine This study determines the optimal allocation of watershed conservation funds in the John Day River Basin, Oregon. Fund managers can use a variety of targeting schemes to allocate their limited resources. Depending on which targeting criteria is used, they may or may not be achieving the maximum environmental benefits per dollar expended, a policy goal that is increasingly being adopted for conservation programs. Previous studies have provided the theory behind this optimal allocation of funds, but none, to the researcher's knowledge, have attempted a case study to illustrate the optimal allocation of funds as well as the misallocations that could result. Watershed conservation policies are very important, especially here in the Pacific Northwest where salmonid populations are endangered. As stream temperatures are lowered, salmonid recruitment increases. Improvements in riparian vegetation provide stream shade and bank stability. Shade decreases stream temperatures by preventing solar radiation from reaching the stream, while bank stability allows streams to become narrower and deeper, with more vegetative overhang. Narrower streams have less surface area to come in contact with solar radiation and vegetative overhang provides additional shade. A simultaneous equation system was used to estimate stream temperature and fish recruitment models for the thirteen streams studied, classified into three environmental attribute clusters. Fish recruitment models were developed for rainbow trout, Chinook salmon and speckled dace. Marginal values for rainbow trout and Chinook salmon from previous studies were used to calculate the total marginal benefits to society from increasing cold-water salmonid species. The analytical models were the basis for determining the optimal fund allocation, after considering the cumulative, indirect and correlated benefits derived from improving riparian vegetation conditions. Policy managers and previous studies have failed to consider these additional environmental benefits, particularly jointly produced benefits. Two scenarios were determined for the optimal fund allocation, based on the riparian conditions of the surveyed stream reaches. The riparian conditions are reported using a vegetative use index from one (the worst conditions) to four (the best conditions). Under the first scenario, which assumes a full range of riparian conditions, Granite Creek should receive funding priority with $51,756 in marginal social benefits received from improving the streamside vegetative use rating from one to four, for one mile of stream. Deerdorff Creek and Reynolds Creek would be the next two streams to receive funding, respectively, both for a vegetative use improvement from one to two. The second scenario assumes that only vegetative conditions in the surveyed segments exist in the stream. Under these circumstances, only six of the thirteen streams would even be considered for funding, with Granite Creek again receiving priority. Improving the vegetative use rating in Granite Creek from three to four, for one stream mile, will produce $9355 in marginal social benefits. Murderer's Creek and Camp Creek would be the next streams to receive funding for a vegetative use improvement from three to four and one to two, respectively. In addition to determining the optimal fund allocation, discussion is included about the policy implications that would result from ignoring the cumulative, indirect and correlated benefits. For the fund misallocation discussion Granite Creek was assumed to be the stream that should be given funding priority for an improvement from three to four only, with Murderer's Creek and Camp Creek receiving funds second and third, respectively. If an on-site, physical criterion is used as the targeting criteria, such as stream temperatures or the riparian vegetation conditions, then the cumulative benefits will be ignored. Two possible misallocations could result when the cumulative effects are ignored. First, streams with very high temperatures may receive funding, even if improvements in the vegetative use index will not lower temperatures enough so that salmonids can survive. Second, streams that have temperatures below the optimal range for salmonids, but have poor riparian vegetation may be funded. Improving streamside vegetation in those streams would be a misallocation of funds. Targeting based on the highest stream temperature criteria would only consider the direct benefits received from improving streamside vegetation. Under a temperature- based targeting criteria, Alder Creek would be the first stream funded with Mountain and Murderer's Creek following. If we assume only two streams could be funded, then there will be a loss of almost all marginal benefits per stream mile. If the change in the stream temperatures is used as the targeting criteria, and indirect benefits are ignored, then Camp Creek would receive funding priority, with Mountain Creek, Granite Creek and Murderer's Creek following. If it is again assumed that only two streams could be funded, this targeting scheme would result in an approximate loss to society of up to 87 percent in marginal benefits, per stream mile Additionally, all of the indirect benefits need to be taken into consideration in order to optimally allocate funds. If Chinook salmon are ignored, and rainbow trout are the only cold-water species taken into account, then society will forgo around 50 percent of marginal social benefits, per stream mile. This is if we assume two streams are funded, and the South Fork is the second stream to receive funds, rather than Murderer's Creek. Granite Creek would still receive funding priority. Finally, correlated benefits, or warm-water species, need to be considered. In this study ignoring the warm-water species would not effect fund allocation, as a marginal social value for speckled dace was not found. Even if we assume the speckled dace is a proxy for warm-water sport fish, such as bass, and the correlated benefits are taken into consideration, funding priority would still be given to Granite Creek. However, under the same assumptions, if the correlated benefits are ignored in Camp Creek, then society will misallocate funds and lose a small portion of marginal social benefits per stream mile. This study points towards small, high elevation streams being given funding priority. Granite Creek should be the first stream to receive funds in the John Day River basin, when funds are optimally allocated. However, if not all of the environmental benefits are taken into consideration, different streams may be targeted. When a temperature-based targeting scheme is used, Alder Creek would be given funding priority, even though no marginal social benefits would be derived. If the change in stream temperatures is used, Camp Creek will receive funds, with a large loss to society in marginal benefits. If not all of the indirect benefits are considered, the South Fork will be funded over Murderer's Creek, and only half of the possible marginal benefits will be received. Finally, when correlated benefits were ignored, the fund allocation in this study was not affected. However, fund managers still have to consider the tradeoffs involved between warm and cold-water adapted fish species. This is especially true if warm-water sport fish or endangered species are the jointly produced benefits. Failing to include all of the environmental benefits that are produced when conservation programs are initiated will lead policy managers to target the wrong streams or basins, and misallocate funds. In addition, using the wrong criteria to prioritize watersheds will also lead managers to misallocate funds. Funds should be allocated so that the total value of environmental benefits is maximized, and not the total amount of resources saved. Close

• 93. [Article] Quantitative basin morphology and channel stability with reference to nonpoint sources of pollution in Evans Creek, Oregon

  A Stream Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation procedure has been used to assess the nature and extent of erosional nonpoint sources of pollution in the Evans Creek basin, a tributary to the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantitative basin morphology and channel stability with reference to nonpoint sources of pollution in Evans Creek, Oregon Author: Krupin, Paul J. A Stream Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation procedure has been used to assess the nature and extent of erosional nonpoint sources of pollution in the Evans Creek basin, a tributary to the Rogue River, in southwestern Oregon. The study is based upon the results of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Section 208 Nonpoint Source Assessment Project. A terrain analysis of Evans Creek has been performed using quantitative basin morphologic techniques. Regressions analysis techniques were used to relate the channel stability conditions of the streams of Evans Creek to the morphologic characteristics of the basins. The Channel Stability Rating procedure is demonstrated to distinguish differences in the stability of channels under varying conditions of land use and lithology. The inventory procedure identifies and represents in-stream erosional and depositional processes differentially. Quantitative basin morphologic investigations indicate that streams in the. Evans Creek basin generally conform to hydrophysical laws of drainage composition. Channel stability has been significantly related to 20 morphologic variables describing areal, linear, textural, relief and shape aspects of the Evans Creek basin in streams logged six to ten years ago, in second growth and in old growth. Channel stability ratings appear to be related to watershed characteristics which reflect the development of potential energy in a drainage basin and influence the way potential energy is expended in the channel system. Title: Quantitative basin morphology and channel stability with reference to nonpoint sources of pollution in Evans Creek, Oregon Author: Krupin, Paul J. A Stream Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation procedure has been used to assess the nature and extent of erosional nonpoint sources of pollution in the Evans Creek basin, a tributary to the Rogue River, in southwestern Oregon. The study is based upon the results of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Section 208 Nonpoint Source Assessment Project. A terrain analysis of Evans Creek has been performed using quantitative basin morphologic techniques. Regressions analysis techniques were used to relate the channel stability conditions of the streams of Evans Creek to the morphologic characteristics of the basins. The Channel Stability Rating procedure is demonstrated to distinguish differences in the stability of channels under varying conditions of land use and lithology. The inventory procedure identifies and represents in-stream erosional and depositional processes differentially. Quantitative basin morphologic investigations indicate that streams in the. Evans Creek basin generally conform to hydrophysical laws of drainage composition. Channel stability has been significantly related to 20 morphologic variables describing areal, linear, textural, relief and shape aspects of the Evans Creek basin in streams logged six to ten years ago, in second growth and in old growth. Channel stability ratings appear to be related to watershed characteristics which reflect the development of potential energy in a drainage basin and influence the way potential energy is expended in the channel system. Close

• 94. [Article] Terra ; Vol. 3 No. 2 (Spring 2008)

  24 p.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Terra ; Vol. 3 No. 2 (Spring 2008) Author: Houtman, Nicolas, Sherman, Lee, Valls, Andrew, Kaplan, Jonathan 24 p. Title: Terra ; Vol. 3 No. 2 (Spring 2008) Author: Houtman, Nicolas, Sherman, Lee, Valls, Andrew, Kaplan, Jonathan 24 p. Close

• 95. [Article] Optimizing conservation practices in watersheds: Do community preferences matter?

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-7973.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimizing conservation practices in watersheds: Do community preferences matter? Author: Babbar-Sebens, Meghna, Luzar, E. Jane, Piemonti, Adriana D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-7973. Title: Optimizing conservation practices in watersheds: Do community preferences matter? Author: Babbar-Sebens, Meghna, Luzar, E. Jane, Piemonti, Adriana D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-7973. Close

• 96. [Article] Report of the aquatic modeling group : round one

  The aquatic modeling group, consisting of Davis, Donaldson, Hall, Higley, Lyford, McIntire, Mullooly, Overton, Strand, Waring, and Warren, met in four 2-hour sessions from July 7 to July 26. The charge ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report of the aquatic modeling group : round one Author: Hall, James D., Higley, Duane Lee, McIntire, C. David, University of Washington, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome The aquatic modeling group, consisting of Davis, Donaldson, Hall, Higley, Lyford, McIntire, Mullooly, Overton, Strand, Waring, and Warren, met in four 2-hour sessions from July 7 to July 26. The charge to the group was: 1. Define an appropriate internal structure for the aquatic subsystem; 2. Define significant couplings between the aquatic and terrestrial systems; and 3. Begin to evaluate the present program with the above as background. In general, the discussion centered around stream systems, and specifically around the Lookout Creek drainage on the H. J. Andrews Forest, site of most of the Oregon field research. Much consideration. was given to the best means of incorporating data from earlier studies on Berry Creek, the Drift Creek streams (Alsea Watershed Study), and the Oak Creek Experimental Streams into present modeling efforts. Higley is charged with the responsibility of bringing together a listing of the pertinent publications and theses that might be most applicable to this effort. A tentative listing is included with this report. Title: Report of the aquatic modeling group : round one Author: Hall, James D., Higley, Duane Lee, McIntire, C. David, University of Washington, U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome The aquatic modeling group, consisting of Davis, Donaldson, Hall, Higley, Lyford, McIntire, Mullooly, Overton, Strand, Waring, and Warren, met in four 2-hour sessions from July 7 to July 26. The charge to the group was: 1. Define an appropriate internal structure for the aquatic subsystem; 2. Define significant couplings between the aquatic and terrestrial systems; and 3. Begin to evaluate the present program with the above as background. In general, the discussion centered around stream systems, and specifically around the Lookout Creek drainage on the H. J. Andrews Forest, site of most of the Oregon field research. Much consideration. was given to the best means of incorporating data from earlier studies on Berry Creek, the Drift Creek streams (Alsea Watershed Study), and the Oak Creek Experimental Streams into present modeling efforts. Higley is charged with the responsibility of bringing together a listing of the pertinent publications and theses that might be most applicable to this effort. A tentative listing is included with this report. Close

• 97. [Article] Wolf Creek Monitoring

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wolf Creek Monitoring Author: Dammann, Daniel Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Wolf Creek Monitoring Author: Dammann, Daniel Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 98. [Article] Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids

  Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Close

• 99. [Article] Patterns of hillslope and channel recovery following disturbances in steep, forested basins

  Geomorphic response to watershed disturbances commonly results in alterations of landforms. Subsequent geomorphic recovery is dependent on the ability of flows to entrain, transport, and organize inorganic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of hillslope and channel recovery following disturbances in steep, forested basins Author: Madej, Mary Ann Geomorphic response to watershed disturbances commonly results in alterations of landforms. Subsequent geomorphic recovery is dependent on the ability of flows to entrain, transport, and organize inorganic and organic material on hillslopes and in channels. This research analyzed changes in sediment production, channel structure, and channel organization following disturbances in steep, forested terrain. Examining a range of channel environments following sediment pulses permitted the development of a conceptual model predicting trajectories of channel change. Extensive road construction and timber harvest on steep, forested hillslopes in the Redwood Creek basin, north coastal California, caused increased sediment yields to streams. This study examined the effectiveness of erosion control efforts on these disturbed hillslopes following a 12-year storm. The erosional response of treated logging roads was strongly related to their geomorphic setting: roads on gentle, convex, upper hillslopes contributed much less sediment than roads on steep, lower hillslopes (10 and 550 m³ of sediment/kilometer of treated road, respectively). Since 1980, 300 km of treated roads contributed about two percent of the total sediment load of Redwood Creek, north coastal California. Minimal treatment of roads in upper hillslope positions was effective in reducing sediment production, but more intensive treatments are needed for roads in middle and lower slope positions. The response of channels to sediment pulses was also examined. Channels exhibited self-organizing behavior as they processed previously random hillslope inputs into regularly spaced bedforms at characteristic spatial scales. Variability and spatial patterns of channel bed elevations were related to the dominant bed material, presence of wood, channel gradient, and time since disturbance. Typical trajectories of change were increased magnitude and variability of water depths, and increased number, size, and regularity of bedforms. Concurrent with increasing development of bedforms was an increase in channel roughness. The time scale of recovery varied with channel type. The frequency of flows capable of reorganizing bed material in steep, coarse-grained channels was low, and consequently the development of channel structure and organization was slow. In contrast, lower gradient rivers with easily mobilized gravel beds attained regular bar and pool spacing within two decades of a sediment pulse. Title: Patterns of hillslope and channel recovery following disturbances in steep, forested basins Author: Madej, Mary Ann Geomorphic response to watershed disturbances commonly results in alterations of landforms. Subsequent geomorphic recovery is dependent on the ability of flows to entrain, transport, and organize inorganic and organic material on hillslopes and in channels. This research analyzed changes in sediment production, channel structure, and channel organization following disturbances in steep, forested terrain. Examining a range of channel environments following sediment pulses permitted the development of a conceptual model predicting trajectories of channel change. Extensive road construction and timber harvest on steep, forested hillslopes in the Redwood Creek basin, north coastal California, caused increased sediment yields to streams. This study examined the effectiveness of erosion control efforts on these disturbed hillslopes following a 12-year storm. The erosional response of treated logging roads was strongly related to their geomorphic setting: roads on gentle, convex, upper hillslopes contributed much less sediment than roads on steep, lower hillslopes (10 and 550 m³ of sediment/kilometer of treated road, respectively). Since 1980, 300 km of treated roads contributed about two percent of the total sediment load of Redwood Creek, north coastal California. Minimal treatment of roads in upper hillslope positions was effective in reducing sediment production, but more intensive treatments are needed for roads in middle and lower slope positions. The response of channels to sediment pulses was also examined. Channels exhibited self-organizing behavior as they processed previously random hillslope inputs into regularly spaced bedforms at characteristic spatial scales. Variability and spatial patterns of channel bed elevations were related to the dominant bed material, presence of wood, channel gradient, and time since disturbance. Typical trajectories of change were increased magnitude and variability of water depths, and increased number, size, and regularity of bedforms. Concurrent with increasing development of bedforms was an increase in channel roughness. The time scale of recovery varied with channel type. The frequency of flows capable of reorganizing bed material in steep, coarse-grained channels was low, and consequently the development of channel structure and organization was slow. In contrast, lower gradient rivers with easily mobilized gravel beds attained regular bar and pool spacing within two decades of a sediment pulse. Close

• 100. [Article] Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use and herbage (or biomass) removal from grazing at Jack Creek, Klamath County, Oregon

  We evaluated the effects of herbage removal from livestock grazing on Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use by monitoring frog locations in grazed and matched ungrazed treatments across a range ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use and herbage (or biomass) removal from grazing at Jack Creek, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Shovlain, Amie M. We evaluated the effects of herbage removal from livestock grazing on Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use by monitoring frog locations in grazed and matched ungrazed treatments across a range of grazing intensities at Jack Creek, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Oregon. Thirteen cattle exclosures were deployed along Jack Creek in the summer of 2003. Movements were monitored using radio telemetry on adult frogs (N = 24 frogs) within treatments sites from July through October 2004. Individual frogs were located 1 to 28 times ([mean]=11.7) and were tracked from 1 to 74 days [mean]=35.8 days). A 10-pinpoint intercept frame was used to estimate relative differences in removed vegetation cover. This difference between ungrazed treatments and paired grazed controls was used as a measure of grazing pressure at treatment sites, and examined in relation to frog habitat preference. Pin measurements ranged from an average monthly difference of -1.2 to 2.97 pin hits between an exclosure and its control. As pin differences increased by one unit, the odds of finding a frog in the exclosure increased by a factor of 1.62 (F1,4 = 3.90, p = 0.05) with an approximate 95% confidence interval of 1.00 to 2.74. Based on the proportion of time frogs spent inside exclosures, there was evidence that as grazing pressure increased, frogs preferred ungrazed livestock exclosures. Secondary objectives of this study were to describe migration routes and identify overwintering sites of the R. pretiosa population on Jack Creek. From August to mid-December 2003, frogs (N = 36) were tracked from 5 to 92 days ([mean] = 49.5 days) and located 2 to 39 times ([mean] = 23.2 times). In mid-October, individuals were located in sheltered areas along the creek such as willow root complexes and abandoned beaver runs. Frogs also were found in deep (130 cm) pools associated with active springs and individuals in these areas were active within the pools under 5 cm of ice. Using mark-recapture techniques and deployment of cattle exclosures, we examined 1) frog migration and 2) grazing effects on frog habitat use for the Jack Creek R. pretiosa population in 2003-2004. Ultimately, a more complete understanding of the natural history of this species and how anthropogenic activities affect amphibians such as R. pretiosa will aid managers in mitigating potential adverse affects, especially in riparian systems, and contribute to recovery and restoration strategies. Title: Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use and herbage (or biomass) removal from grazing at Jack Creek, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Shovlain, Amie M. We evaluated the effects of herbage removal from livestock grazing on Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) habitat use by monitoring frog locations in grazed and matched ungrazed treatments across a range of grazing intensities at Jack Creek, Fremont-Winema National Forest, Oregon. Thirteen cattle exclosures were deployed along Jack Creek in the summer of 2003. Movements were monitored using radio telemetry on adult frogs (N = 24 frogs) within treatments sites from July through October 2004. Individual frogs were located 1 to 28 times ([mean]=11.7) and were tracked from 1 to 74 days [mean]=35.8 days). A 10-pinpoint intercept frame was used to estimate relative differences in removed vegetation cover. This difference between ungrazed treatments and paired grazed controls was used as a measure of grazing pressure at treatment sites, and examined in relation to frog habitat preference. Pin measurements ranged from an average monthly difference of -1.2 to 2.97 pin hits between an exclosure and its control. As pin differences increased by one unit, the odds of finding a frog in the exclosure increased by a factor of 1.62 (F1,4 = 3.90, p = 0.05) with an approximate 95% confidence interval of 1.00 to 2.74. Based on the proportion of time frogs spent inside exclosures, there was evidence that as grazing pressure increased, frogs preferred ungrazed livestock exclosures. Secondary objectives of this study were to describe migration routes and identify overwintering sites of the R. pretiosa population on Jack Creek. From August to mid-December 2003, frogs (N = 36) were tracked from 5 to 92 days ([mean] = 49.5 days) and located 2 to 39 times ([mean] = 23.2 times). In mid-October, individuals were located in sheltered areas along the creek such as willow root complexes and abandoned beaver runs. Frogs also were found in deep (130 cm) pools associated with active springs and individuals in these areas were active within the pools under 5 cm of ice. Using mark-recapture techniques and deployment of cattle exclosures, we examined 1) frog migration and 2) grazing effects on frog habitat use for the Jack Creek R. pretiosa population in 2003-2004. Ultimately, a more complete understanding of the natural history of this species and how anthropogenic activities affect amphibians such as R. pretiosa will aid managers in mitigating potential adverse affects, especially in riparian systems, and contribute to recovery and restoration strategies. Close