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• 1. [Article] Key to the deciduous woody plants of Northwestern Oregon in winter

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Key to the deciduous woody plants of Northwestern Oregon in winter Author: Packard, Patricia Lois Title: Key to the deciduous woody plants of Northwestern Oregon in winter Author: Packard, Patricia Lois Close

• 2. [Article] Lead exposures in radiator shops in a nine-county area of northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lead exposures in radiator shops in a nine-county area of northwestern Oregon Author: Burnham, John William Title: Lead exposures in radiator shops in a nine-county area of northwestern Oregon Author: Burnham, John William Close

• 3. [Article] Distribution and characteristics of loess-like soil parent material in northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and characteristics of loess-like soil parent material in northwestern Oregon Author: Theisen, A. A. (Arthur A.) Title: Distribution and characteristics of loess-like soil parent material in northwestern Oregon Author: Theisen, A. A. (Arthur A.) Close

• 4. [Article] A forest land use policy for northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A forest land use policy for northwestern Oregon Author: Allison, Grant W. Title: A forest land use policy for northwestern Oregon Author: Allison, Grant W. Close

• 5. [Article] Effect of release by logging on diameter growth of residual hemlock in northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of release by logging on diameter growth of residual hemlock in northwestern Oregon Author: Kimmey, Ray I. Title: Effect of release by logging on diameter growth of residual hemlock in northwestern Oregon Author: Kimmey, Ray I. Close

• 6. [Article] Distribution and taxonomy of the small pocket gophers of northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and taxonomy of the small pocket gophers of northwestern Oregon Author: Walker, Kenneth Merriam Title: Distribution and taxonomy of the small pocket gophers of northwestern Oregon Author: Walker, Kenneth Merriam Close

• 7. [Article] Age determination and age-specific reproduction in raccoons in northwestern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age determination and age-specific reproduction in raccoons in northwestern Oregon Author: Fiero, Brad C. Title: Age determination and age-specific reproduction in raccoons in northwestern Oregon Author: Fiero, Brad C. Close

• 8. [Article] Estimating streamflow characteristics for micro-hydro sites in northwestern Oregon

  A methodology for estimating streamf low characteristics on Ungaged streams was developed for northwestern Oregon. Basin area and basin area multiplied by the square root of relief were found to be effective ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating streamflow characteristics for micro-hydro sites in northwestern Oregon Author: Lieuwen, Andrew L. A methodology for estimating streamf low characteristics on Ungaged streams was developed for northwestern Oregon. Basin area and basin area multiplied by the square root of relief were found to be effective independent variables in regression models for estimating the average annual flow, the average daily flood with a two-year recurrence interval, and the seven day average low flow with a twoyear recurrence interval. A method for constructing synthetic flowduration curves from estimates of these three flow characteristics is described. These synthetic flow-duration curves provide important information for assessing hydropower potential for micro-hydro sites in this region. Title: Estimating streamflow characteristics for micro-hydro sites in northwestern Oregon Author: Lieuwen, Andrew L. A methodology for estimating streamf low characteristics on Ungaged streams was developed for northwestern Oregon. Basin area and basin area multiplied by the square root of relief were found to be effective independent variables in regression models for estimating the average annual flow, the average daily flood with a two-year recurrence interval, and the seven day average low flow with a twoyear recurrence interval. A method for constructing synthetic flowduration curves from estimates of these three flow characteristics is described. These synthetic flow-duration curves provide important information for assessing hydropower potential for micro-hydro sites in this region. Close

• 9. [Article] Food and habitat partitioning in two groups of coexisting Accipiter

  Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), and Cooper's Hawks (A. coo erii) in the conifer forests in northwestern Oregon and A. striatus, A. cooperii, and Goshawks (A. gentilis) in the conifer forests ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food and habitat partitioning in two groups of coexisting Accipiter Author: Reynolds, Richard T. Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), and Cooper's Hawks (A. coo erii) in the conifer forests in northwestern Oregon and A. striatus, A. cooperii, and Goshawks (A. gentilis) in the conifer forests of eastern Oregon were syntopic during the nesting season. In this study density of nests, nest success, and utilization of food and habitat resources by each Accipiter in both northwestern and eastern Oregon were determined for 1969 through. 1974. Abundance of birds and small, diurnal mammals in the forests of eastern Oregon and the abundance of birds in the forests of northwestern Oregon were estimated in faunal surveys of a variety of conifer forest types. In addition, the occurrence of small mammals in eastern Oregon and their relative abundances were qualitatively estimated. The physiography and vegetative structure of Accipiter nest sites were quantified in both study areas, and differences in habitat variables among the sites of each species were examined by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. These analyses showed that, while nest sites of each Accipiter in both areas had similar physiographic features, they differed in the structure of the vegetation. These differences were associated with the successional stage of the forest stands selected by each species: A. striatus nested in dense, 40-60-year-old, even-aged stands of conifers, A. cooperii in 50-80-year-old, dense conifer stands with slightly larger, more widely spaced trees, and A. gentilis in dense, conifer stands with large overstory trees and a dense understory of regenerating conifers. The following differences in the prey resources of the two study areas were noted; eastern Oregon had (1) nearly one half the species and density of birds, (2) a size-frequency distribution shifted somewhat toward larger birds, and (3) more species and a greater density of mammals than northwestern Oregon. Mean size of prey (12.8 g) captured by A. striatus in northwestern Oregon was significantly smaller than prey (28.4 g) captured by the same species in eastern Oregon. The diet of A. striatus in both areas was composed almost entirely of birds (<5% mammals). Mean size of prey of A. cooperii in both areas was nearly the same (134.7 g and 136.3 g) and each was significantly larger than mean sizes of prey of A. striatus. However, prey size and taxonomic composition of diets of A. cooperii varied; 74% birds (x = 79.2 g) and 25% mammals (x = 296.4 g) in northwestern Oregon and 47% birds (x = 123.7 g) and 53% mammals (x = 147.5 g) in eastern Oregon. Mean size of prey (306.6 g) of A. gentilis in eastern Oregon was significantly larger than mean size of prey of A. cooperii and consisted of 53% birds (3T = 195.5 g) and 45% mammals (x = 445.2 g). An analysis of the utilization of prey sizes, prey taxa, and foraging height zones demonstrated that partitioning of food in both areas occurred primarily in the prey size dimension. However, A. cooperii and A. gentilis, which broadly overlapped in the size dimension, showed increased partitioning of prey taxa. In eastern Oregon, use of foraging zones by A. cooperii and A. gentilis was nearly identical; both species captured prey primarily from the lower zones (ground-shrub and shrub-canopy). There was, however, little overlap on this dimension between A. striatus and its congeners in either study area as A. striatus almost entirely limited its foraging to the upper canopy. Although it was not determined if food resources were limiting, a review of the feeding ecology of Accipiter in Oregon, in view of some predictions of competition theory, supported the hypothesis that the different body sizes of coexisting members of this genus evolved in response to competition for food resources during the breeding season. Title: Food and habitat partitioning in two groups of coexisting Accipiter Author: Reynolds, Richard T. Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus), and Cooper's Hawks (A. coo erii) in the conifer forests in northwestern Oregon and A. striatus, A. cooperii, and Goshawks (A. gentilis) in the conifer forests of eastern Oregon were syntopic during the nesting season. In this study density of nests, nest success, and utilization of food and habitat resources by each Accipiter in both northwestern and eastern Oregon were determined for 1969 through. 1974. Abundance of birds and small, diurnal mammals in the forests of eastern Oregon and the abundance of birds in the forests of northwestern Oregon were estimated in faunal surveys of a variety of conifer forest types. In addition, the occurrence of small mammals in eastern Oregon and their relative abundances were qualitatively estimated. The physiography and vegetative structure of Accipiter nest sites were quantified in both study areas, and differences in habitat variables among the sites of each species were examined by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. These analyses showed that, while nest sites of each Accipiter in both areas had similar physiographic features, they differed in the structure of the vegetation. These differences were associated with the successional stage of the forest stands selected by each species: A. striatus nested in dense, 40-60-year-old, even-aged stands of conifers, A. cooperii in 50-80-year-old, dense conifer stands with slightly larger, more widely spaced trees, and A. gentilis in dense, conifer stands with large overstory trees and a dense understory of regenerating conifers. The following differences in the prey resources of the two study areas were noted; eastern Oregon had (1) nearly one half the species and density of birds, (2) a size-frequency distribution shifted somewhat toward larger birds, and (3) more species and a greater density of mammals than northwestern Oregon. Mean size of prey (12.8 g) captured by A. striatus in northwestern Oregon was significantly smaller than prey (28.4 g) captured by the same species in eastern Oregon. The diet of A. striatus in both areas was composed almost entirely of birds (<5% mammals). Mean size of prey of A. cooperii in both areas was nearly the same (134.7 g and 136.3 g) and each was significantly larger than mean sizes of prey of A. striatus. However, prey size and taxonomic composition of diets of A. cooperii varied; 74% birds (x = 79.2 g) and 25% mammals (x = 296.4 g) in northwestern Oregon and 47% birds (x = 123.7 g) and 53% mammals (x = 147.5 g) in eastern Oregon. Mean size of prey (306.6 g) of A. gentilis in eastern Oregon was significantly larger than mean size of prey of A. cooperii and consisted of 53% birds (3T = 195.5 g) and 45% mammals (x = 445.2 g). An analysis of the utilization of prey sizes, prey taxa, and foraging height zones demonstrated that partitioning of food in both areas occurred primarily in the prey size dimension. However, A. cooperii and A. gentilis, which broadly overlapped in the size dimension, showed increased partitioning of prey taxa. In eastern Oregon, use of foraging zones by A. cooperii and A. gentilis was nearly identical; both species captured prey primarily from the lower zones (ground-shrub and shrub-canopy). There was, however, little overlap on this dimension between A. striatus and its congeners in either study area as A. striatus almost entirely limited its foraging to the upper canopy. Although it was not determined if food resources were limiting, a review of the feeding ecology of Accipiter in Oregon, in view of some predictions of competition theory, supported the hypothesis that the different body sizes of coexisting members of this genus evolved in response to competition for food resources during the breeding season. Close

• 10. [Article] Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon

  This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis of data from 1,992 plots distributed throughout the study area. Descriptions are provided for eight other plant associations for which there are no plot data. Data were also not available for 114 additional associations reported from the study area (Kagan et al. 2000). The study area includes the north half of both the Coast Range and Western Cascade ecoregions, and all of the Willamette Valley. Vegetation is classified according to the National Vegetation Classification System, and plant associations are assigned to ecological systems that are currently being developed on a nationwide level. Title: Native freshwater wetland plant associations of northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center This guide provides keys, descriptions, and stand tables for 122 native freshwater plant associations (14 forest and woodland, 28 shrub, 78 herbaceous, 2 nonvascular) in northwestern Oregon, based on analysis of data from 1,992 plots distributed throughout the study area. Descriptions are provided for eight other plant associations for which there are no plot data. Data were also not available for 114 additional associations reported from the study area (Kagan et al. 2000). The study area includes the north half of both the Coast Range and Western Cascade ecoregions, and all of the Willamette Valley. Vegetation is classified according to the National Vegetation Classification System, and plant associations are assigned to ecological systems that are currently being developed on a nationwide level. Close

• 11. [Article] The marine air penetration of the southern Willamette Valley and its effect upon agricultural field fires

  This research consists of two related yet distinct studies: an observational study of the surface character of the penetration of marine air into the southern Willamette Valley and a climatological study ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The marine air penetration of the southern Willamette Valley and its effect upon agricultural field fires Author: Sielaff, Carl Ogden This research consists of two related yet distinct studies: an observational study of the surface character of the penetration of marine air into the southern Willamette Valley and a climatological study of the summertime air masses of northwestern Oregon. For the observational study, temperature and estimated wind data were gathered by automobile. Mesoscale analysis of several cases indicate that the Marine Air Penetration (MAP) occurs regularly in approximately the same area and is strongly controlled by the topography. Qualitative observation and reasoning strongly suggests that the strong winds and increased stability at the top of the marine layer have an adverse effect upon agricultural field fires. Results of the climatological study indicated that the application of the partial collective method of analysis to July maximum temperature data from the U.S. Climatological Network yielded a meaningful air mass climatology for northwestern Oregon. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the partial collective method has been applied to a region with mountainous areas west of the Rocky Mountains or to the mesoscale. Title: The marine air penetration of the southern Willamette Valley and its effect upon agricultural field fires Author: Sielaff, Carl Ogden This research consists of two related yet distinct studies: an observational study of the surface character of the penetration of marine air into the southern Willamette Valley and a climatological study of the summertime air masses of northwestern Oregon. For the observational study, temperature and estimated wind data were gathered by automobile. Mesoscale analysis of several cases indicate that the Marine Air Penetration (MAP) occurs regularly in approximately the same area and is strongly controlled by the topography. Qualitative observation and reasoning strongly suggests that the strong winds and increased stability at the top of the marine layer have an adverse effect upon agricultural field fires. Results of the climatological study indicated that the application of the partial collective method of analysis to July maximum temperature data from the U.S. Climatological Network yielded a meaningful air mass climatology for northwestern Oregon. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the partial collective method has been applied to a region with mountainous areas west of the Rocky Mountains or to the mesoscale. Close

• 12. [Article] Winter twigs; a wintertime key to deciduous trees and shrubs of northwestern Oregon and western Washington

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Winter twigs; a wintertime key to deciduous trees and shrubs of northwestern Oregon and western Washington Author: Packard, Patricia Lois, Oregon State University, Gilkey, Helen M., 1886-1972 Title: Winter twigs; a wintertime key to deciduous trees and shrubs of northwestern Oregon and western Washington Author: Packard, Patricia Lois, Oregon State University, Gilkey, Helen M., 1886-1972 Close

• 13. [Article] Predators of hemlock woolly adelgid in northwestern Oregon

  Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is a serious threat to eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, in the eastern United States. Infestations of A. tsugae are spreading rapidly and tree ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predators of hemlock woolly adelgid in northwestern Oregon Author: Byrkit, Maggie K. Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is a serious threat to eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, in the eastern United States. Infestations of A. tsugae are spreading rapidly and tree mortality caused by the insect is increasing yearly. As part of an integrated management approach, a classical biological control program is being implemented in eastern forests impacted by A. tsugae. Two insect predators have been released as control agents, but their impact on A. tsugae to date is uncertain. A priority of the USDA Forest Service Forest Health Techhology Enterprise Team (FHTET) is to identify additional potential control agents. The Pacific Northwest, where A. tsugae inhabits western hemlock (T. heterophylla), was identified as a region to survey for adelgid predators. Thirty-one T. heterophylla infested with A. tsugae in northwestern Oregon were sampled monthly for predatory arthropods from April 2003 to April 2004. Adelges tsugae development was monitored. In September 2003 and March 2004, trees were sampled to determine A. tsugae density. Development of adelgids on study trees was similar to development observed in the eastern U.S., with differences in timing between 2003 and 2004. Trees infested with A. tsugae had only a small amount of defoliation. Small numbers of several predatory arthropod taxa were collected from A. tsugae infested branches, including Laricobius nigrinus Fender, coccinellid beetles, minds, other hemipterans, pseudoscorpions, earwigs and lacewings. The abundance of L. nigrinus appeared to be positively correlated to the density of A. tsugae. Title: Predators of hemlock woolly adelgid in northwestern Oregon Author: Byrkit, Maggie K. Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is a serious threat to eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, in the eastern United States. Infestations of A. tsugae are spreading rapidly and tree mortality caused by the insect is increasing yearly. As part of an integrated management approach, a classical biological control program is being implemented in eastern forests impacted by A. tsugae. Two insect predators have been released as control agents, but their impact on A. tsugae to date is uncertain. A priority of the USDA Forest Service Forest Health Techhology Enterprise Team (FHTET) is to identify additional potential control agents. The Pacific Northwest, where A. tsugae inhabits western hemlock (T. heterophylla), was identified as a region to survey for adelgid predators. Thirty-one T. heterophylla infested with A. tsugae in northwestern Oregon were sampled monthly for predatory arthropods from April 2003 to April 2004. Adelges tsugae development was monitored. In September 2003 and March 2004, trees were sampled to determine A. tsugae density. Development of adelgids on study trees was similar to development observed in the eastern U.S., with differences in timing between 2003 and 2004. Trees infested with A. tsugae had only a small amount of defoliation. Small numbers of several predatory arthropod taxa were collected from A. tsugae infested branches, including Laricobius nigrinus Fender, coccinellid beetles, minds, other hemipterans, pseudoscorpions, earwigs and lacewings. The abundance of L. nigrinus appeared to be positively correlated to the density of A. tsugae. Close

• 14. [Article] The valuation and use of site information for Douglas-fir reforestation in Western Oregon : a decision analysis

  Existing forest site maps have been described as "invaluable tools" in forest management. Their, economic value potentially materializes as the summed advantage from better decisions in all phases of forestry. Via ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The valuation and use of site information for Douglas-fir reforestation in Western Oregon : a decision analysis Author: Schöne, Dieter Hans-Friedrich Existing forest site maps have been described as "invaluable tools" in forest management. Their, economic value potentially materializes as the summed advantage from better decisions in all phases of forestry. Via Bayesian decision analysis, this study establishes optimal use and economic value of site information for one facet of management only: The choice of an optimal planting density in Douglas-fir reforestation. Two case studies were undertaken in extremely different environments of Southwestern and Northwestern Oregon. The prior analysis is based on a review of existing ref3restation records and a simulation model. Optimal prior acts differ substantially from present policies. Their implementation may reduce expected costs by approximately $50 per acre. Based on ecological variables observed an 350 survival plots, prediction aids for first-year survival arid site class, the main sources of uncertainty,are established. Plant water relations, and particularly the available water capacity of soils, emerge as prime determinants of survival and productivity. During preposterior analysis, Bayes' strategy translates ecological knowledge directly into optimal managerial choices for specific site units. Site information is evaluated economically, based on prospective reduction of reforestation costs. Expected values of site information are relatively low and almost identical in both ownerships. In the Northwestern Oregon study, it is a rather uniform environment for reforestation which limits the value of information. In the very diverse environment of the Southwestern Oregon ownership, lower marginal costs for plantation establishment, and smaller opportunity losses set these limits. A larger potential value of site information is likely for activities with high marginal costs in Southwestern Oregon. Bayesian decision analysis emphasizes the duality of ecology and economics in forest management. Combined with a system of collecting and analyzing operational records, it resembles a traditional forestry approach to uncertainty: Biolley's control method. As an extended, economically, statistically and computationally refined equivalent of the control method, Bayesian decision analysis deserves a place in the theory of forestry and in practical management of our forests. Title: The valuation and use of site information for Douglas-fir reforestation in Western Oregon : a decision analysis Author: Schöne, Dieter Hans-Friedrich Existing forest site maps have been described as "invaluable tools" in forest management. Their, economic value potentially materializes as the summed advantage from better decisions in all phases of forestry. Via Bayesian decision analysis, this study establishes optimal use and economic value of site information for one facet of management only: The choice of an optimal planting density in Douglas-fir reforestation. Two case studies were undertaken in extremely different environments of Southwestern and Northwestern Oregon. The prior analysis is based on a review of existing ref3restation records and a simulation model. Optimal prior acts differ substantially from present policies. Their implementation may reduce expected costs by approximately $50 per acre. Based on ecological variables observed an 350 survival plots, prediction aids for first-year survival arid site class, the main sources of uncertainty,are established. Plant water relations, and particularly the available water capacity of soils, emerge as prime determinants of survival and productivity. During preposterior analysis, Bayes' strategy translates ecological knowledge directly into optimal managerial choices for specific site units. Site information is evaluated economically, based on prospective reduction of reforestation costs. Expected values of site information are relatively low and almost identical in both ownerships. In the Northwestern Oregon study, it is a rather uniform environment for reforestation which limits the value of information. In the very diverse environment of the Southwestern Oregon ownership, lower marginal costs for plantation establishment, and smaller opportunity losses set these limits. A larger potential value of site information is likely for activities with high marginal costs in Southwestern Oregon. Bayesian decision analysis emphasizes the duality of ecology and economics in forest management. Combined with a system of collecting and analyzing operational records, it resembles a traditional forestry approach to uncertainty: Biolley's control method. As an extended, economically, statistically and computationally refined equivalent of the control method, Bayesian decision analysis deserves a place in the theory of forestry and in practical management of our forests. Close

• 15. [Article] Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses

  This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Close

• 16. [Article] Field guide to riparian plant communities in northwestern Oregon

  This field guide combines classifications of common streamside plant communities and native freshwater wetland communities in Northwest Oregon. It is a condensed version of two separate works which are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field guide to riparian plant communities in northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, McCain, Cindy, USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region This field guide combines classifications of common streamside plant communities and native freshwater wetland communities in Northwest Oregon. It is a condensed version of two separate works which are both available on the CD that accompanies this book. The information is also available for reference or to download as a zipfile from the Interagency Clearinghouse of Ecological Information, Pacific NW Region website: http://www.reo.gov/ecoshare/Publications/Documents/FieldGuides/NWOriparian/ Title: Field guide to riparian plant communities in northwestern Oregon Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Christy, John A., Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, McCain, Cindy, USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region This field guide combines classifications of common streamside plant communities and native freshwater wetland communities in Northwest Oregon. It is a condensed version of two separate works which are both available on the CD that accompanies this book. The information is also available for reference or to download as a zipfile from the Interagency Clearinghouse of Ecological Information, Pacific NW Region website: http://www.reo.gov/ecoshare/Publications/Documents/FieldGuides/NWOriparian/ Close

• 17. [Article] Clackamas River watershed atlas

  Metro received grant funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 to gather digital, or computerized, geographic data for the Clackamas River watershed. This atlas was produced as one ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clackamas River watershed atlas Author: Metro Regional Services Metro received grant funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 to gather digital, or computerized, geographic data for the Clackamas River watershed. This atlas was produced as one way to share the information collected with resource managers, policy makers, and people living in and interested in the Clackamas River watershed. The project study area is the entire land area draining into the Clackamas River in northwestern Oregon, referred to as the Clackamas River watershed. The watershed is part of the lower portion of the Willamette River basin. Title: Clackamas River watershed atlas Author: Metro Regional Services Metro received grant funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 to gather digital, or computerized, geographic data for the Clackamas River watershed. This atlas was produced as one way to share the information collected with resource managers, policy makers, and people living in and interested in the Clackamas River watershed. The project study area is the entire land area draining into the Clackamas River in northwestern Oregon, referred to as the Clackamas River watershed. The watershed is part of the lower portion of the Willamette River basin. Close

• 18. [Article] Crown profile equations for stand-grown western hemlock trees in northwestern Oregon

  Crown profile equations were developed for stand-grown western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in northwest Oregon. The profile model uses a segmented approach, dividing the crown into an upper ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crown profile equations for stand-grown western hemlock trees in northwestern Oregon Author: Hann, David W., Johnson, Gregory P., Marshall, David D. Crown profile equations were developed for stand-grown western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in northwest Oregon. The profile model uses a segmented approach, dividing the crown into an upper and lower portion at the point of the largest crown width (LCW). The model explains about 86% of the variation in crown width when LCW is known but only 66% when LCW is predicted using a model developed from a larger data set collected in the same area as the data for developing the crown profile models were collected. The model can be adjusted using measurements or predictions of LCW for western hemlock in other populations. Comparisons are made with the crown form of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Title: Crown profile equations for stand-grown western hemlock trees in northwestern Oregon Author: Hann, David W., Johnson, Gregory P., Marshall, David D. Crown profile equations were developed for stand-grown western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in northwest Oregon. The profile model uses a segmented approach, dividing the crown into an upper and lower portion at the point of the largest crown width (LCW). The model explains about 86% of the variation in crown width when LCW is known but only 66% when LCW is predicted using a model developed from a larger data set collected in the same area as the data for developing the crown profile models were collected. The model can be adjusted using measurements or predictions of LCW for western hemlock in other populations. Comparisons are made with the crown form of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Close

• 19. [Article] Evaluating dairy waste management systems ̓influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff

  This paper examines the environmental factors influencing the die-off and transport of fecal coliform bacteria present in wastes applied to the land surface. These factors are examined specifically for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating dairy waste management systems ̓influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff Author: Grismer, Mark Edward This paper examines the environmental factors influencing the die-off and transport of fecal coliform bacteria present in wastes applied to the land surface. These factors are examined specifically for dairy waste management systems and the net effect each system has on runoff water quality. A model is developed that considers the effects of precipitation, season, method of wastes storage and application, die-off of the bacteria in storage, die-off of the bacteria on the land surface, infiltration of bacteria into the soil profile, soil characteristics, overland transport of bacteria (runoff), and buffer zones. The model is then applied to the Tillamook basin in northwestern Oregon to evaluate which waste management procedures significantly decrease bacterial pollution potential in agricultural runoff. Title: Evaluating dairy waste management systems ̓influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff Author: Grismer, Mark Edward This paper examines the environmental factors influencing the die-off and transport of fecal coliform bacteria present in wastes applied to the land surface. These factors are examined specifically for dairy waste management systems and the net effect each system has on runoff water quality. A model is developed that considers the effects of precipitation, season, method of wastes storage and application, die-off of the bacteria in storage, die-off of the bacteria on the land surface, infiltration of bacteria into the soil profile, soil characteristics, overland transport of bacteria (runoff), and buffer zones. The model is then applied to the Tillamook basin in northwestern Oregon to evaluate which waste management procedures significantly decrease bacterial pollution potential in agricultural runoff. Close

• 20. [Article] The geology of the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area, Clatsop County, northwestern Oregon

  Twelve rock units, from upper Eocene to middle Miocene are exposed in the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area. They are, from oldest to youngest: Pittsburg Bluff Formation; Oswald West mudstone; Big Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The geology of the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area, Clatsop County, northwestern Oregon Author: Murphy, Thomas M. Twelve rock units, from upper Eocene to middle Miocene are exposed in the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area. They are, from oldest to youngest: Pittsburg Bluff Formation; Oswald West mudstone; Big Creek sandstone, upper Silver Point mudstone, and Pipeline mudstone members of the Astoria Formation; Depoe Bay Basalt; Grande Ronde Basalt; Cape Foulweather Basalt; and sandstone correlative to the Vantage Member of the Ellensburg Formation; Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt; Clifton, Formation (defined by author); and Pomona Member of the Saddle Mountains Basalt. Upper Eocene Pittsburg Bluff Formation is a fine-grained sandstone and laminated siltstone deposited in an inner to middle continental shelf environment. Concordant onlapping by the upper Oligocene, middle shelf to upper slope glauconitic Oswald West mudstone, establishes a tie between the northeastern and northwestern Oregon Coast Range stratigraphies. The lower to middle Miocene Astoria Formation represents another marine onlap sequence, beginning with the fine-grained cross-bedded inner shelf Big Creek sandstone member. The overlying laminted upper Silver Point and Pipeline mudstone members were deposited in a deepening middle shelf to upper slope environment. The middle Miocene tholeiitic basalts extruded from two sources. Grande Ronde, Frenchman Springs, and Pomona basalts of the Columbia River Group erupted from fissures east of the Cascades and flowed down an ancestral Columbia River valley entering the sea in the study area. Simultaneously, petrologically similar but less voluminous Depoe Bay and Cape Foulweather are correlative to the low MgO Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs in the study area. Abundant dikes and sills and the bathyal mudstone interbeds suggest that the coastal pillow basalts extruded locally onto the sea floor. Subaerial plateau-derived flows are associated with cross-bedded, fluvial to shallow marine arkosic sandstone interbeds. Some of these subaerial lavas flowed into the sea, forming "lava deltas" of foreset pillow palagonite and possibly "invasive" sills. The basalt stratigraphy allows a nearly flow by flow correlation of Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs units from the Clackamas River area (Western Cascades) into this study area. The presence of Pomona Member in this area is the first substantiated recognition of this petrologically and chemically distinctive subaerial flow in northwestern Oregon. The 200-meter thick Clifton formation (previously called the Pliocene (?) sandstone at Clifton) is now dated by diatom assemblages and stratigraphic position as middle Miocene in age. Three lithofacies are recognized. Facies 1, at the base and top of the unit, is an arkosic, fine- to coarse- grained sandstone with cross-bedding, vertical Rosselia burrows, lignitic coal beds, and rare molluscan shells. It represents a river mouth and shallow marine offshore bar deposit. Facies 2, in the middle of the formation, consitst of well-laminated diatom-bearing carbonaceous and micaceous shelf/slope siltstones with thin fine-grained turbidite sandstones. Facies consists of channelized siltstone breccias, chaotic debris flows, thick amalgamated arkosic grain flows, structureless sandstones, and minor volcanic pebble conglomerates. These lithologies suggest a canyon head and slump deposit formed as a submarine channel cut into the shelf/slope siltstones of Facies 2. Sandstone petrography and grain size analyses indicate that the detritus of the Clifton and other sandstones in the area was derived from acid igneous, metamorphic, and intermediate volcanic provenances similar to those drained by the Columbia River today. Despite high measured permeabilities, breaching limits the reservoir potential of the sandstone. Mudstone units are immature to mature hydrocarbon source rocks. A potential for gas exists in the Cowlitz or its equivalent in the subsurface and in the Clifton channel sandstones projected into the offshore area. Title: The geology of the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area, Clatsop County, northwestern Oregon Author: Murphy, Thomas M. Twelve rock units, from upper Eocene to middle Miocene are exposed in the Nicolai Mountain-Gnat Creek area. They are, from oldest to youngest: Pittsburg Bluff Formation; Oswald West mudstone; Big Creek sandstone, upper Silver Point mudstone, and Pipeline mudstone members of the Astoria Formation; Depoe Bay Basalt; Grande Ronde Basalt; Cape Foulweather Basalt; and sandstone correlative to the Vantage Member of the Ellensburg Formation; Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt; Clifton, Formation (defined by author); and Pomona Member of the Saddle Mountains Basalt. Upper Eocene Pittsburg Bluff Formation is a fine-grained sandstone and laminated siltstone deposited in an inner to middle continental shelf environment. Concordant onlapping by the upper Oligocene, middle shelf to upper slope glauconitic Oswald West mudstone, establishes a tie between the northeastern and northwestern Oregon Coast Range stratigraphies. The lower to middle Miocene Astoria Formation represents another marine onlap sequence, beginning with the fine-grained cross-bedded inner shelf Big Creek sandstone member. The overlying laminted upper Silver Point and Pipeline mudstone members were deposited in a deepening middle shelf to upper slope environment. The middle Miocene tholeiitic basalts extruded from two sources. Grande Ronde, Frenchman Springs, and Pomona basalts of the Columbia River Group erupted from fissures east of the Cascades and flowed down an ancestral Columbia River valley entering the sea in the study area. Simultaneously, petrologically similar but less voluminous Depoe Bay and Cape Foulweather are correlative to the low MgO Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs in the study area. Abundant dikes and sills and the bathyal mudstone interbeds suggest that the coastal pillow basalts extruded locally onto the sea floor. Subaerial plateau-derived flows are associated with cross-bedded, fluvial to shallow marine arkosic sandstone interbeds. Some of these subaerial lavas flowed into the sea, forming "lava deltas" of foreset pillow palagonite and possibly "invasive" sills. The basalt stratigraphy allows a nearly flow by flow correlation of Grande Ronde and Frenchman Springs units from the Clackamas River area (Western Cascades) into this study area. The presence of Pomona Member in this area is the first substantiated recognition of this petrologically and chemically distinctive subaerial flow in northwestern Oregon. The 200-meter thick Clifton formation (previously called the Pliocene (?) sandstone at Clifton) is now dated by diatom assemblages and stratigraphic position as middle Miocene in age. Three lithofacies are recognized. Facies 1, at the base and top of the unit, is an arkosic, fine- to coarse- grained sandstone with cross-bedding, vertical Rosselia burrows, lignitic coal beds, and rare molluscan shells. It represents a river mouth and shallow marine offshore bar deposit. Facies 2, in the middle of the formation, consitst of well-laminated diatom-bearing carbonaceous and micaceous shelf/slope siltstones with thin fine-grained turbidite sandstones. Facies consists of channelized siltstone breccias, chaotic debris flows, thick amalgamated arkosic grain flows, structureless sandstones, and minor volcanic pebble conglomerates. These lithologies suggest a canyon head and slump deposit formed as a submarine channel cut into the shelf/slope siltstones of Facies 2. Sandstone petrography and grain size analyses indicate that the detritus of the Clifton and other sandstones in the area was derived from acid igneous, metamorphic, and intermediate volcanic provenances similar to those drained by the Columbia River today. Despite high measured permeabilities, breaching limits the reservoir potential of the sandstone. Mudstone units are immature to mature hydrocarbon source rocks. A potential for gas exists in the Cowlitz or its equivalent in the subsurface and in the Clifton channel sandstones projected into the offshore area. Close

• 21. [Article] Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography.

  This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Close

• 22. [Article] Physiological and anatomical studies of several groups of Douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings which demonstrated differential survival potential under drought stress

  Several hundred two year old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were planted in an enclosure designed to permit control of soil moisture. The seedlings came from five seed sources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physiological and anatomical studies of several groups of Douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings which demonstrated differential survival potential under drought stress Author: Heiner, Terry Charles, 1941- Several hundred two year old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were planted in an enclosure designed to permit control of soil moisture. The seedlings came from five seed sources in southern Oregon and one seed source in northwestern Oregon. Mortality terminal and lateral budburst, and soil moisture were recorded during the growing season. The final death count showed that the mortality of the northwest Oregon seed source (84%) differed significantly (at the 1% level) from that of four southern Oregon seed sources (ca 44%) and that the mortality of all differed significantly from that of a fifth southern Oregon source (30%). The purpose of this study was to determine what anatomical, morphological, and physiological characteristics were associated with survival. Root length, calcium-potassium ratio, cuticle thickness, shoot-root ratio, and root surface area are not correlated with mortality. A relation between mortality and the amount and rate of budburst was found. The low bud activity and high mortality of the northwest Oregon seedlings may be an expression of their physiological condition. Earlier bud activity by the southern Oregon seedlings may be a response to a lower minimum temperature, and is a survival advantage in areas with severe summer drought. Title: Physiological and anatomical studies of several groups of Douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings which demonstrated differential survival potential under drought stress Author: Heiner, Terry Charles, 1941- Several hundred two year old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were planted in an enclosure designed to permit control of soil moisture. The seedlings came from five seed sources in southern Oregon and one seed source in northwestern Oregon. Mortality terminal and lateral budburst, and soil moisture were recorded during the growing season. The final death count showed that the mortality of the northwest Oregon seed source (84%) differed significantly (at the 1% level) from that of four southern Oregon seed sources (ca 44%) and that the mortality of all differed significantly from that of a fifth southern Oregon source (30%). The purpose of this study was to determine what anatomical, morphological, and physiological characteristics were associated with survival. Root length, calcium-potassium ratio, cuticle thickness, shoot-root ratio, and root surface area are not correlated with mortality. A relation between mortality and the amount and rate of budburst was found. The low bud activity and high mortality of the northwest Oregon seedlings may be an expression of their physiological condition. Earlier bud activity by the southern Oregon seedlings may be a response to a lower minimum temperature, and is a survival advantage in areas with severe summer drought. Close

• 23. [Article] Consumptive use of surface water by Willamette Basin municipalities

  The consumptive water use of six cities in the Willamette Basin of northwestern Oregon was evaluated for the period 1960-66. Consumptive use ratios were obtained by analyzing data from monthly water supply ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Consumptive use of surface water by Willamette Basin municipalities Author: Mittelstadt, Richard Lee The consumptive water use of six cities in the Willamette Basin of northwestern Oregon was evaluated for the period 1960-66. Consumptive use ratios were obtained by analyzing data from monthly water supply and sewage flow records. The average annual consumptive use for the six cities was found to be 26 percent, and the average monthly ratios varied from essentially zero in the winter months to as high as 53 percent in July and August. The principal factors affecting consumptive use were found to be weather conditions, lawn watering, water system losses, cost of water, air conditioning, and proportion of water used for industrial purposes. While not affecting consumptive use, per se, sewer infiltration, storm runoff, and incomplete water or sewer systems can affect the calculated consumptive use ratios. The extent to which a water right is consumptive is inferred by the use to which the water is put. On the basis of existing water law and past court decisions, it is concluded that a city has the legal right to consume the full amount of its municipal water right providing the water is used strictly in accordance with the conditions of its permit. Title: Consumptive use of surface water by Willamette Basin municipalities Author: Mittelstadt, Richard Lee The consumptive water use of six cities in the Willamette Basin of northwestern Oregon was evaluated for the period 1960-66. Consumptive use ratios were obtained by analyzing data from monthly water supply and sewage flow records. The average annual consumptive use for the six cities was found to be 26 percent, and the average monthly ratios varied from essentially zero in the winter months to as high as 53 percent in July and August. The principal factors affecting consumptive use were found to be weather conditions, lawn watering, water system losses, cost of water, air conditioning, and proportion of water used for industrial purposes. While not affecting consumptive use, per se, sewer infiltration, storm runoff, and incomplete water or sewer systems can affect the calculated consumptive use ratios. The extent to which a water right is consumptive is inferred by the use to which the water is put. On the basis of existing water law and past court decisions, it is concluded that a city has the legal right to consume the full amount of its municipal water right providing the water is used strictly in accordance with the conditions of its permit. Close

• 24. [Article] Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring

  The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Close

• 25. [Article] Post-breeding habitat selection by songbirds in the headwaters of the Trask River, northwestern Oregon

  Little is known on the importance of riparian areas to birds near small headwater streams in mesic forests. Progress towards understanding limiting factors that affect bird populations has been difficult ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Post-breeding habitat selection by songbirds in the headwaters of the Trask River, northwestern Oregon Author: Jenkins, Stephanie R. Little is known on the importance of riparian areas to birds near small headwater streams in mesic forests. Progress towards understanding limiting factors that affect bird populations has been difficult because of lack of information beyond the breeding period. I compared bird assemblages between headwater riparian and upland areas throughout the post-breeding period by capturing birds using mist-nets in six paired riparian and upland locations along six headwater streams of the Trask River in northwestern Oregon. In order to assess whether birds prefer headwater riparian areas, I also examined factors affecting habitat selection by juvenile Swainson's thrushes (n=37) using radio telemetry. While riparian and upland locations had similar coarse wood volume and fruiting and tall (> 1.3 m tall) shrub cover, riparian locations had less shrub cover (< 1.3 m tall) and different shrub composition than upland locations. Total capture rate was double that of upland in riparian locations, while bird species richness was similar. Similar numbers of birds were captured in mist-nets oriented perpendicular and parallel to the stream suggesting that birds were not using riparian areas as movement corridors. Adult capture rate was greater in riparian locations than adjacent uplands while results of juvenile capture rates were ambiguous. Riparian locations supported higher capture rates of Swainson's thrushes and winter wrens than adjacent uplands. Higher arthropod abundance in riparian locations may best explain higher capture rates in riparian locations. Radio-tagged juvenile Swainson's thrushes were more likely to select habitat that was near streams with high proportions of deciduous mid-story cover 1.5 - 15 m in the vertical strata and large volumes of coarse wood; possibly due to cover from predation and sources of food (i.e., fruits and arthropods). I observed higher survival (97.3%) than reported in previous studies on independent juveniles which suggests that headwater streams contribute positively to the demography of the Swainson's thrush in the Pacific Northwest. In comparison with adjacent upland, headwater riparian areas appeared to be disproportionately used by songbirds during the post-breeding period even though vegetation differences were minimal. To assess if current policies sufficiently protect avian biodiversity, further research should evaluate how manipulation of vegetation affects bird distribution in headwater areas. Title: Post-breeding habitat selection by songbirds in the headwaters of the Trask River, northwestern Oregon Author: Jenkins, Stephanie R. Little is known on the importance of riparian areas to birds near small headwater streams in mesic forests. Progress towards understanding limiting factors that affect bird populations has been difficult because of lack of information beyond the breeding period. I compared bird assemblages between headwater riparian and upland areas throughout the post-breeding period by capturing birds using mist-nets in six paired riparian and upland locations along six headwater streams of the Trask River in northwestern Oregon. In order to assess whether birds prefer headwater riparian areas, I also examined factors affecting habitat selection by juvenile Swainson's thrushes (n=37) using radio telemetry. While riparian and upland locations had similar coarse wood volume and fruiting and tall (> 1.3 m tall) shrub cover, riparian locations had less shrub cover (< 1.3 m tall) and different shrub composition than upland locations. Total capture rate was double that of upland in riparian locations, while bird species richness was similar. Similar numbers of birds were captured in mist-nets oriented perpendicular and parallel to the stream suggesting that birds were not using riparian areas as movement corridors. Adult capture rate was greater in riparian locations than adjacent uplands while results of juvenile capture rates were ambiguous. Riparian locations supported higher capture rates of Swainson's thrushes and winter wrens than adjacent uplands. Higher arthropod abundance in riparian locations may best explain higher capture rates in riparian locations. Radio-tagged juvenile Swainson's thrushes were more likely to select habitat that was near streams with high proportions of deciduous mid-story cover 1.5 - 15 m in the vertical strata and large volumes of coarse wood; possibly due to cover from predation and sources of food (i.e., fruits and arthropods). I observed higher survival (97.3%) than reported in previous studies on independent juveniles which suggests that headwater streams contribute positively to the demography of the Swainson's thrush in the Pacific Northwest. In comparison with adjacent upland, headwater riparian areas appeared to be disproportionately used by songbirds during the post-breeding period even though vegetation differences were minimal. To assess if current policies sufficiently protect avian biodiversity, further research should evaluate how manipulation of vegetation affects bird distribution in headwater areas. Close

• 26. [Article] Geology, structure, and tectonic history of the Tualatin Basin, northwestern Oregon

  The northwest-trending Neogene Tualatin basin in northwestern Oregon is a pull-apart basin with approximately 750 m of post-middle Miocene structural relief. Gently tilted uplands capped by Columbia River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology, structure, and tectonic history of the Tualatin Basin, northwestern Oregon Author: Popowski, Thomas Allan The northwest-trending Neogene Tualatin basin in northwestern Oregon is a pull-apart basin with approximately 750 m of post-middle Miocene structural relief. Gently tilted uplands capped by Columbia River Basalt Group surround the synclinal basin on all sides. Integrated gravity, aeromagnetic, and seismic reflection data indicated that the basin is underlain by 3 to 4 km of sub-horizontal, upper lower Eocene to middle Miocene age sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Up to 300 m of Columbia River Basalt overlie these older strata, in turn overlain by up to 400 m of late Miocene to Pleistocene, dominantly fluvio-lacustrine sediments. Late middle Eocene strong oblique convergence across the continental margin generated regional northeast-trending fissures in the forearc through which the Tillamook Volcanics and basalt of Waverly Heights erupted. Sinistral strike-slip faults, including the proto-Gales Creek-Mt. Angel structural zone, segmented the forearc into discrete blocks which rotated clockwise independently. A right-step in the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel system generated northeast-directed folding and faulting adjacent to the restraining bend, deforming rocks as young as upper Tillamook Volcanics. Regional uplift culminated in a late Eocene unconformity which removed the arkosic Spencer Formation northeast of the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel system, prior to subsidence of the forearc and burial by late Eocene and Oligocene tuffaceous sedimentary strata. The distribution of middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group flows shows no evidence of a structural or topographic Tualatin basin at that time. The syncline initiated along the present southwestern margin of the basin in late Miocene time, in response to uplift of the Coast Range and Portland Hills anticlines to the southwest and northeast, respectively. A late Pliocene decrease in convergence and consequent relative increase in the oblique component of convergence reactivated the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel structural zone as a dextral shear zone. The right-step acted as a releasing bend, allowing extension, increased subsidence and normal faulting along the basin margins, and volcanism within the basin. Subsequent development of transverse folds and reverse faults, northwest-trending riedel shears, northeast-trending antithetic faults, and basin-marginal normal faults, is consistent with classification of the Tualatin basin as a pull-apart basin in a dextral wrench system. Title: Geology, structure, and tectonic history of the Tualatin Basin, northwestern Oregon Author: Popowski, Thomas Allan The northwest-trending Neogene Tualatin basin in northwestern Oregon is a pull-apart basin with approximately 750 m of post-middle Miocene structural relief. Gently tilted uplands capped by Columbia River Basalt Group surround the synclinal basin on all sides. Integrated gravity, aeromagnetic, and seismic reflection data indicated that the basin is underlain by 3 to 4 km of sub-horizontal, upper lower Eocene to middle Miocene age sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Up to 300 m of Columbia River Basalt overlie these older strata, in turn overlain by up to 400 m of late Miocene to Pleistocene, dominantly fluvio-lacustrine sediments. Late middle Eocene strong oblique convergence across the continental margin generated regional northeast-trending fissures in the forearc through which the Tillamook Volcanics and basalt of Waverly Heights erupted. Sinistral strike-slip faults, including the proto-Gales Creek-Mt. Angel structural zone, segmented the forearc into discrete blocks which rotated clockwise independently. A right-step in the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel system generated northeast-directed folding and faulting adjacent to the restraining bend, deforming rocks as young as upper Tillamook Volcanics. Regional uplift culminated in a late Eocene unconformity which removed the arkosic Spencer Formation northeast of the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel system, prior to subsidence of the forearc and burial by late Eocene and Oligocene tuffaceous sedimentary strata. The distribution of middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group flows shows no evidence of a structural or topographic Tualatin basin at that time. The syncline initiated along the present southwestern margin of the basin in late Miocene time, in response to uplift of the Coast Range and Portland Hills anticlines to the southwest and northeast, respectively. A late Pliocene decrease in convergence and consequent relative increase in the oblique component of convergence reactivated the Gales Creek-Mt. Angel structural zone as a dextral shear zone. The right-step acted as a releasing bend, allowing extension, increased subsidence and normal faulting along the basin margins, and volcanism within the basin. Subsequent development of transverse folds and reverse faults, northwest-trending riedel shears, northeast-trending antithetic faults, and basin-marginal normal faults, is consistent with classification of the Tualatin basin as a pull-apart basin in a dextral wrench system. Close

• 27. [Article] Wildlife Health in Managed Forests : Immunity and Infectious Diseases in Wild Rodents of Oregon

  With continual and worldwide human population growth, our impact on the natural environment expands and intensifies every day. We consume natural resources, burn fossil fuels, and release toxic compounds ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wildlife Health in Managed Forests : Immunity and Infectious Diseases in Wild Rodents of Oregon Author: Hanselmann, Rhea With continual and worldwide human population growth, our impact on the natural environment expands and intensifies every day. We consume natural resources, burn fossil fuels, and release toxic compounds into the air, water, and earth. We build roads that fragment the landscape, construct new settlements, and develop agricultural lands in previously undisturbed areas. And, we introduce non-native species, which compete with and/or prey on native ones. Our actions change the composition of ecosystems by effacing natural environments and decimating plant and animal populations. We have reached a time of unprecedented anthropogenic environmental change. And, while we recognize, and work feverishly to mitigate, countless consequences of our actions, we still lack a profound understanding of just as many of the corollaries of the environmental changes we provoke. One thing we do know is that human-induced changes in environmental conditions can affect health – from individual organisms, to plant and animal populations, all the way to the level of the ecosystem. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such adverse health outcomes are only partially understood. For instance, we know that alterations in the structure of plant and animal communities, the distribution and demographics of populations, and the abundance of individuals can influence the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases. Which species are present in a community, where, when, and in what numbers can all determine the dynamics of pathogens, lead to disease outbreaks, and provide opportunities for spillover into new species. However, given the many environmental-, population-, and organism-level factors involved, and the complexity by which these variables interact, detecting and predicting the ultimate consequences for the health of animal, including human, populations remains difficult. Wild animals play important roles in numerous infectious disease cycles, many of which are shared with humans. Considering this and the well-documented effects that human activity can have on wildlife populations, studying the impacts of anthropogenic environmental change on health in wildlife is highly relevant. To understand how human-induced environmental changes affect wildlife health and to make predictions about potential regional or even global consequences for the dynamics of infectious diseases, however, we first need to understand patterns at a local scale. Here, I describe variation in immune function in captive and wild rodent species native to managed forests in northwestern Oregon, and examine how intensive forest management practices affect these and other physiological processes, and the prevalence of infectious diseases, in a large-scale field experiment. In Chapter 2 of this dissertation, I present baseline data on simple immune parameters in an iconic inhabitant of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest, the red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus). I show that both body condition and age are important for immune defenses in this species. Translating these findings to wild populations leads me to predict that degradation of habitat may affect red tree voles not only at the population scale, as is currently the case, but that less obvious consequences for the health of individuals surviving in disturbed or suboptimal habitat are also possible. It is important, therefore, that efforts to conserve this species consider adverse effects of present forest management practices on red tree vole health, as potentially increased disease susceptibility could have detrimental outcomes for this species. In Chapters 3 and 4, I took advantage of a rare and large-scale experiment to test my predictions regarding the negative consequences of habitat degradation for individual animals in more ubiquitous rodent species known for their resilience to environmental disturbance. I investigated the effects of intensive forest management on stress, health, and immunity (Chapter 3), and on the prevalence of infectious diseases transmissible to humans (Chapter 4) in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), Townsend chipmunks (Tamias townsendii), and creeping voles (Microtus oregoni) inhabiting managed forest plots in northwestern Oregon. The experimental design employed allowed me to test the effect of regionally representative forest management practices on health and disease outcomes with important implications for public health. In Chapter 3, I present results which suggest that intensive forest management can have complex, but highly context-dependent effects on the health of wild deer mice. Intensive forest management can shape animals’ condition and reproductive activity, increase levels of stress hormone, and stimulate some but depress other immune responses. However, deer mice are only able to respond to the extreme stressor of this disturbance when underlying environmental conditions are favorable. When inhabiting inherently harsh habitat, mice appear unable to cope with additional disturbance imposed by intensive forest management, and only the fittest mice survive. Finally, in Chapter 4, I identify moderate prevalence of two important and potentially fatal human infections in rodents inhabiting managed forests in northwestern Oregon. In deer mouse populations, Sin Nombre virus was clustered spatially, and prevalence varied between years. But, in the focus of highest infection, the proportion of infected mice, albeit low, appeared to increase with intensity of forest management. For Leptospirosis, I found a similar pattern in creeping voles, but did not observe an association between infection prevalence and forest management in deer mice or chipmunks. I conclude that forest management may drive infectious disease patterns, but that the direction and magnitude of such effects depends on the host-pathogen system. Taken together, my findings indicate that wild animal health can suffer from declines in habitat quality associated with forest management. For a near-threatened species such as the red tree vole, decreases in the availability of food and nesting habitat have the potential to change susceptibility to infection, which could facilitate disease invasion and further threaten populations. For wild animals that serve as reservoirs for human infections, especially abundant and apparently resilient species, impaired health can drive the dynamics of pathogens and increase the risk of transmission to humans and other animals. Although many more questions remain, my work contributes to our understanding of the effects of anthropogenic environmental change for wildlife and human health. Title: Wildlife Health in Managed Forests : Immunity and Infectious Diseases in Wild Rodents of Oregon Author: Hanselmann, Rhea With continual and worldwide human population growth, our impact on the natural environment expands and intensifies every day. We consume natural resources, burn fossil fuels, and release toxic compounds into the air, water, and earth. We build roads that fragment the landscape, construct new settlements, and develop agricultural lands in previously undisturbed areas. And, we introduce non-native species, which compete with and/or prey on native ones. Our actions change the composition of ecosystems by effacing natural environments and decimating plant and animal populations. We have reached a time of unprecedented anthropogenic environmental change. And, while we recognize, and work feverishly to mitigate, countless consequences of our actions, we still lack a profound understanding of just as many of the corollaries of the environmental changes we provoke. One thing we do know is that human-induced changes in environmental conditions can affect health – from individual organisms, to plant and animal populations, all the way to the level of the ecosystem. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such adverse health outcomes are only partially understood. For instance, we know that alterations in the structure of plant and animal communities, the distribution and demographics of populations, and the abundance of individuals can influence the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases. Which species are present in a community, where, when, and in what numbers can all determine the dynamics of pathogens, lead to disease outbreaks, and provide opportunities for spillover into new species. However, given the many environmental-, population-, and organism-level factors involved, and the complexity by which these variables interact, detecting and predicting the ultimate consequences for the health of animal, including human, populations remains difficult. Wild animals play important roles in numerous infectious disease cycles, many of which are shared with humans. Considering this and the well-documented effects that human activity can have on wildlife populations, studying the impacts of anthropogenic environmental change on health in wildlife is highly relevant. To understand how human-induced environmental changes affect wildlife health and to make predictions about potential regional or even global consequences for the dynamics of infectious diseases, however, we first need to understand patterns at a local scale. Here, I describe variation in immune function in captive and wild rodent species native to managed forests in northwestern Oregon, and examine how intensive forest management practices affect these and other physiological processes, and the prevalence of infectious diseases, in a large-scale field experiment. In Chapter 2 of this dissertation, I present baseline data on simple immune parameters in an iconic inhabitant of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest, the red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus). I show that both body condition and age are important for immune defenses in this species. Translating these findings to wild populations leads me to predict that degradation of habitat may affect red tree voles not only at the population scale, as is currently the case, but that less obvious consequences for the health of individuals surviving in disturbed or suboptimal habitat are also possible. It is important, therefore, that efforts to conserve this species consider adverse effects of present forest management practices on red tree vole health, as potentially increased disease susceptibility could have detrimental outcomes for this species. In Chapters 3 and 4, I took advantage of a rare and large-scale experiment to test my predictions regarding the negative consequences of habitat degradation for individual animals in more ubiquitous rodent species known for their resilience to environmental disturbance. I investigated the effects of intensive forest management on stress, health, and immunity (Chapter 3), and on the prevalence of infectious diseases transmissible to humans (Chapter 4) in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), Townsend chipmunks (Tamias townsendii), and creeping voles (Microtus oregoni) inhabiting managed forest plots in northwestern Oregon. The experimental design employed allowed me to test the effect of regionally representative forest management practices on health and disease outcomes with important implications for public health. In Chapter 3, I present results which suggest that intensive forest management can have complex, but highly context-dependent effects on the health of wild deer mice. Intensive forest management can shape animals’ condition and reproductive activity, increase levels of stress hormone, and stimulate some but depress other immune responses. However, deer mice are only able to respond to the extreme stressor of this disturbance when underlying environmental conditions are favorable. When inhabiting inherently harsh habitat, mice appear unable to cope with additional disturbance imposed by intensive forest management, and only the fittest mice survive. Finally, in Chapter 4, I identify moderate prevalence of two important and potentially fatal human infections in rodents inhabiting managed forests in northwestern Oregon. In deer mouse populations, Sin Nombre virus was clustered spatially, and prevalence varied between years. But, in the focus of highest infection, the proportion of infected mice, albeit low, appeared to increase with intensity of forest management. For Leptospirosis, I found a similar pattern in creeping voles, but did not observe an association between infection prevalence and forest management in deer mice or chipmunks. I conclude that forest management may drive infectious disease patterns, but that the direction and magnitude of such effects depends on the host-pathogen system. Taken together, my findings indicate that wild animal health can suffer from declines in habitat quality associated with forest management. For a near-threatened species such as the red tree vole, decreases in the availability of food and nesting habitat have the potential to change susceptibility to infection, which could facilitate disease invasion and further threaten populations. For wild animals that serve as reservoirs for human infections, especially abundant and apparently resilient species, impaired health can drive the dynamics of pathogens and increase the risk of transmission to humans and other animals. Although many more questions remain, my work contributes to our understanding of the effects of anthropogenic environmental change for wildlife and human health. Close

• 28. [Article] Evaluating dairy waste management systems' influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff

  Published November 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating dairy waste management systems' influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff Author: Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality, Tillamook Soil and Water Conservation District (Or.), Oregon. State Soil and Water Conservation Commission, United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Moore, James A. (James Allan), 1939-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Engineering Dept., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published November 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Evaluating dairy waste management systems' influence on fecal coliform concentration in runoff Author: Oregon. Dept. of Environmental Quality, Tillamook Soil and Water Conservation District (Or.), Oregon. State Soil and Water Conservation Commission, United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Moore, James A. (James Allan), 1939-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Engineering Dept., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published November 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 29. [Article] Influence of hyporheic flow and geomorphology on temperature of a large, gravel-bed river, Clackamas River, Oregon, USA

  The hyporheic zone influences the thermal regime of rivers, buffering temperature by storing and releasing heat over a range of timescales. We examined the relationship between hyporheic exchange and temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of hyporheic flow and geomorphology on temperature of a large, gravel-bed river, Clackamas River, Oregon, USA Author: Burkholder, Barbara K. The hyporheic zone influences the thermal regime of rivers, buffering temperature by storing and releasing heat over a range of timescales. We examined the relationship between hyporheic exchange and temperature along a 24-km reach of the lower Clackamas River, a large gravel-bed river in northwestern Oregon (median discharge = 75.7 m³/s; minimum mean monthly discharge = 22.7 m³/s in August 2006). With a simple mixing model, we estimated how much hyporheic exchange cools the river during hot summer months. Hyporheic exchange was primarily identified by temperature anomalies, which are patches of water that demonstrate at least a 1 °C temperature difference from the main channel. Forty hyporheic temperature anomalies were identified through field investigations and TIR (Thermal-Infrared-Radiometry) in summer 2006. The location of anomalies was associated with specific geomorphic features, primarily bar channels and bar heads that act as preferential pathways for hyporheic flow. Detailed field characterization and groundwater modeling on three Clackamas gravel bars indicate residence times of hyporheic water can vary from hours to weeks and months. This was largely determined by hydraulic conductivity, which is affected by how recently the gravel bar formed or was reworked. Upscaling of modeled discharges and hydrologic parameters from these bars to the other anomalies on the Clackamas network shows that hyporheic discharge from anomalies comprises a small fraction (<< 1 %) of mainstem discharge, resulting in small river cooling effects (0.012 °C). However, the presence of cooler patches of water within rivers can act as thermal refugia for fish and other aquatic organisms, making the creation or enhancement of hyporheic exchange an attractive method in restoring the thermal regime of rivers. Title: Influence of hyporheic flow and geomorphology on temperature of a large, gravel-bed river, Clackamas River, Oregon, USA Author: Burkholder, Barbara K. The hyporheic zone influences the thermal regime of rivers, buffering temperature by storing and releasing heat over a range of timescales. We examined the relationship between hyporheic exchange and temperature along a 24-km reach of the lower Clackamas River, a large gravel-bed river in northwestern Oregon (median discharge = 75.7 m³/s; minimum mean monthly discharge = 22.7 m³/s in August 2006). With a simple mixing model, we estimated how much hyporheic exchange cools the river during hot summer months. Hyporheic exchange was primarily identified by temperature anomalies, which are patches of water that demonstrate at least a 1 °C temperature difference from the main channel. Forty hyporheic temperature anomalies were identified through field investigations and TIR (Thermal-Infrared-Radiometry) in summer 2006. The location of anomalies was associated with specific geomorphic features, primarily bar channels and bar heads that act as preferential pathways for hyporheic flow. Detailed field characterization and groundwater modeling on three Clackamas gravel bars indicate residence times of hyporheic water can vary from hours to weeks and months. This was largely determined by hydraulic conductivity, which is affected by how recently the gravel bar formed or was reworked. Upscaling of modeled discharges and hydrologic parameters from these bars to the other anomalies on the Clackamas network shows that hyporheic discharge from anomalies comprises a small fraction (<< 1 %) of mainstem discharge, resulting in small river cooling effects (0.012 °C). However, the presence of cooler patches of water within rivers can act as thermal refugia for fish and other aquatic organisms, making the creation or enhancement of hyporheic exchange an attractive method in restoring the thermal regime of rivers. Close

• 30. [Article] Post mortem interval and decomposition rates : biological observations and mathematical analysis

  Entomological evidence can be used for estimating post mortem interval (PMI). Decomposition studies have been conducted throughout the world and these studies have demonstrated that insect succession generally ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Post mortem interval and decomposition rates : biological observations and mathematical analysis Author: England, David B. Entomological evidence can be used for estimating post mortem interval (PMI). Decomposition studies have been conducted throughout the world and these studies have demonstrated that insect succession generally follows a similar pattern at a taxonomic level, specifically family, but varies at the genus and species levels with respect to geographic and seasonal differences. Insect succession data developed in one region cannot be used generally to estimate PMI in another region. Research has been conducted in a few regions of North America, but at this time there is no known forensic decomposition data for Northwestern Oregon. OBJECTIVES: (1) establish a preliminary insect succession model that can be used by regional law enforcement personal to establish PMI and (2) present a standardized mathematical model that provides a basis for the empirical analysis and comparison of decomposition rates from different regions. RESULTS: Calliphoridae fly species, L. illustris, was the first insect species to arrive and did so in less than 10 minutes PMI. L. illustris, ovipositing took place 6 hours PMI, thus starting the time clock that measures PMI. Secondly, our mathematical analysis gives indication that decomposition has been over simplified. Decomposition has several parameters that have not been elicited; therefore, the next step in our decomposition rate research is to analyze the characteristics of the maggots mass separately from the decomposing carcass. Such controlled experiments would provide valuable understanding of the dynamics of carcass decay. Title: Post mortem interval and decomposition rates : biological observations and mathematical analysis Author: England, David B. Entomological evidence can be used for estimating post mortem interval (PMI). Decomposition studies have been conducted throughout the world and these studies have demonstrated that insect succession generally follows a similar pattern at a taxonomic level, specifically family, but varies at the genus and species levels with respect to geographic and seasonal differences. Insect succession data developed in one region cannot be used generally to estimate PMI in another region. Research has been conducted in a few regions of North America, but at this time there is no known forensic decomposition data for Northwestern Oregon. OBJECTIVES: (1) establish a preliminary insect succession model that can be used by regional law enforcement personal to establish PMI and (2) present a standardized mathematical model that provides a basis for the empirical analysis and comparison of decomposition rates from different regions. RESULTS: Calliphoridae fly species, L. illustris, was the first insect species to arrive and did so in less than 10 minutes PMI. L. illustris, ovipositing took place 6 hours PMI, thus starting the time clock that measures PMI. Secondly, our mathematical analysis gives indication that decomposition has been over simplified. Decomposition has several parameters that have not been elicited; therefore, the next step in our decomposition rate research is to analyze the characteristics of the maggots mass separately from the decomposing carcass. Such controlled experiments would provide valuable understanding of the dynamics of carcass decay. Close

• 31. [Article] Two thinnings of douglas-fir with crawler tractors : time differences

  Two intermediate cuttings were made in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the Wilark forest management research area in northwestern Oregon. Age of trees in the stand varied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Two thinnings of douglas-fir with crawler tractors : time differences Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Two intermediate cuttings were made in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the Wilark forest management research area in northwestern Oregon. Age of trees in the stand varied from 47 to 62 years at the first cutting. Crawler tractors were used in both extractions. In the first cutting, the time required for log production was 6.21 man-hours for a thousand board feet Scribner log rule at the mill site on the area. An additional 1.01 man-hours a thousand board feet was accounted for in delays not associated with productive time. A total of 19,702 feet of road was constructed. Construction time for 100 feet of road ranged from 1.55 man-hours for skid roads to 9.39 manhours for main road. Road construction increased total time for log production by 0.92 man-hour for a thousand board feet in the first cutting. The time required for log production in the second cutting was 3.78 man-hours for a thousand board feet, and delays amounted to 0.43 man-hour a thousand. A separate time study was made to determine the influence of delays present in the actual extractions on the cost of log production. Frequently ignored factors that appeared to affect economic outcome were favorable weather, efficient technique in extraction, and skilled labor. Title: Two thinnings of douglas-fir with crawler tractors : time differences Author: Kangur, Rudolf, Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory Two intermediate cuttings were made in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand on the Wilark forest management research area in northwestern Oregon. Age of trees in the stand varied from 47 to 62 years at the first cutting. Crawler tractors were used in both extractions. In the first cutting, the time required for log production was 6.21 man-hours for a thousand board feet Scribner log rule at the mill site on the area. An additional 1.01 man-hours a thousand board feet was accounted for in delays not associated with productive time. A total of 19,702 feet of road was constructed. Construction time for 100 feet of road ranged from 1.55 man-hours for skid roads to 9.39 manhours for main road. Road construction increased total time for log production by 0.92 man-hour for a thousand board feet in the first cutting. The time required for log production in the second cutting was 3.78 man-hours for a thousand board feet, and delays amounted to 0.43 man-hour a thousand. A separate time study was made to determine the influence of delays present in the actual extractions on the cost of log production. Frequently ignored factors that appeared to affect economic outcome were favorable weather, efficient technique in extraction, and skilled labor. Close

• 32. [Article] Heuristic solution techniques for a spatial harvest scheduling problem involving wildlife habitat and timber income

  Three heuristic techniques: simulated annealing (SA), tabu search (TS), and tabu search with strategic oscillation (TSSO), were used to schedule silvicultural activities designed to accelerate development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heuristic solution techniques for a spatial harvest scheduling problem involving wildlife habitat and timber income Author: Sharer, Brian K. Three heuristic techniques: simulated annealing (SA), tabu search (TS), and tabu search with strategic oscillation (TSSO), were used to schedule silvicultural activities designed to accelerate development of older forest structure at both stand and landscape scales over a 2450 acre forest located in northwestern Oregon. Goals for the forest over a 100-year planning horizon included reaching at least 500 acres of older forest structure with at least one contiguous 200-acre (or larger) block as soon as possible. The configuration and location, but not the amounts, of the older forest structure acres and the contiguous block were then free to move about the forest through time while best meeting the goal of producing a high, steady revenue flow over the entire planning horizon subject to restrictions on maximum clearcut patch size. The heuristic techniques were able to provide feasible tactical schedules fulfilling the strategic goals over the entire horizon in ways which traditional forest planning tools cannot. Of the three techniques examined, TSSO produced schedules with the best, most consistent objective function values. SA yielded a wider range of values which were always slightly worse but required only a fraction of the computing time. Straightforward TS produced relatively poor objective function values, most likely because of its inability to search the infeasible regions of the diverse solution space. Estimation of the globally optimal objective function value using Weibull distributions suggested that all TSSO solutions were within 1.8% of the optimum, the best being within .03%, while all SA solutions were within 7.6%, the best being within 1 .7%. However, 95% confidence intervals of the Weibull location parameter estimates for the SA and TSSO distributions did not overlap, despite the fact that both distributions of results failed to be rejected as fitting a Weibull distribution. This disparity again suggests that statistical inference by itself of global optima for heuristic results may be an inadequate means of assessing how "good" a heuristic is. Title: Heuristic solution techniques for a spatial harvest scheduling problem involving wildlife habitat and timber income Author: Sharer, Brian K. Three heuristic techniques: simulated annealing (SA), tabu search (TS), and tabu search with strategic oscillation (TSSO), were used to schedule silvicultural activities designed to accelerate development of older forest structure at both stand and landscape scales over a 2450 acre forest located in northwestern Oregon. Goals for the forest over a 100-year planning horizon included reaching at least 500 acres of older forest structure with at least one contiguous 200-acre (or larger) block as soon as possible. The configuration and location, but not the amounts, of the older forest structure acres and the contiguous block were then free to move about the forest through time while best meeting the goal of producing a high, steady revenue flow over the entire planning horizon subject to restrictions on maximum clearcut patch size. The heuristic techniques were able to provide feasible tactical schedules fulfilling the strategic goals over the entire horizon in ways which traditional forest planning tools cannot. Of the three techniques examined, TSSO produced schedules with the best, most consistent objective function values. SA yielded a wider range of values which were always slightly worse but required only a fraction of the computing time. Straightforward TS produced relatively poor objective function values, most likely because of its inability to search the infeasible regions of the diverse solution space. Estimation of the globally optimal objective function value using Weibull distributions suggested that all TSSO solutions were within 1.8% of the optimum, the best being within .03%, while all SA solutions were within 7.6%, the best being within 1 .7%. However, 95% confidence intervals of the Weibull location parameter estimates for the SA and TSSO distributions did not overlap, despite the fact that both distributions of results failed to be rejected as fitting a Weibull distribution. This disparity again suggests that statistical inference by itself of global optima for heuristic results may be an inadequate means of assessing how "good" a heuristic is. Close

• 33. [Article] Preliminary report on the geology of the Molalla quadrangle, Oregon

  The Molalla quadrangle is located in northwestern Oregon along the eastern edge of Willamette Valley about 30 miles south of Portland. The area includes part of the Western Cascade foothills as well as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary report on the geology of the Molalla quadrangle, Oregon Author: Harper, Herbert Ewing The Molalla quadrangle is located in northwestern Oregon along the eastern edge of Willamette Valley about 30 miles south of Portland. The area includes part of the Western Cascade foothills as well as a portion of the Willamette Valley lowland. The rocks in the Cascade foothills are marine and terrestrial sediments interlayered with volcanic flows and pyroclastics which range from Eocene (?) to Pliocene or early Pleistocene in age. The oldest rocks consist of approximately 1500 feet of basaltic and andesitic lavas, present in the southeastern portion of the area, and described here as the Pre-Butte Creek lavas. The base or lower part of the series contains interbedded marine pebble conglomerates presumably of Eocene age. To the southwest the laves are unconformably ever-lain with about 1200 feet of marine and terrestrial sediments which have been termed the Butte Creek beds. Field relations indicate a correlation of these sediments with the Oligocene Illahe sandstone, while the faunal study made by Durham suggests a lower Miocene age. In the southwestern part of the quadrangle the Butte Creek beds are unconformably overlain by the middle Miocene Stayton lavas. Several hundred feet of pyroclastics and terrestrial sediments considered early Pliocene in age and described as the Molalla formation are exposed along Molalla River in the eastern and northeastern part of the quadrangle. They rest unconformably on the Pre-Butte Creek lavas and are overlain by Pliocene or early Pleistocene Boring lavas. Where exposed along the western edge of the Cascade foothills these older formations are covered by middle Pleistocene alluvial deposits which blanket the Willamette valley lowland. All of the Tertiary rocks have been tilted or gently folded. Dips observed in the Butte Creek beds in the southern half of the area average about 6 degrees and indicate an elongate domal fold trending northeasterly. A regional dip of 5 to 8 degrees to the northwest is present in the Molallla formation in the northern part of the area. Minor normal faulting in present locally in the Butte Creek beds. Residual and transported high-alumina clays are present in the Molalla formation. Exploration by the United States Bureau of Mines and Unites States Geological Survey revealed an estimated 53,460,000 wet tons of ore in the Molalla area. Title: Preliminary report on the geology of the Molalla quadrangle, Oregon Author: Harper, Herbert Ewing The Molalla quadrangle is located in northwestern Oregon along the eastern edge of Willamette Valley about 30 miles south of Portland. The area includes part of the Western Cascade foothills as well as a portion of the Willamette Valley lowland. The rocks in the Cascade foothills are marine and terrestrial sediments interlayered with volcanic flows and pyroclastics which range from Eocene (?) to Pliocene or early Pleistocene in age. The oldest rocks consist of approximately 1500 feet of basaltic and andesitic lavas, present in the southeastern portion of the area, and described here as the Pre-Butte Creek lavas. The base or lower part of the series contains interbedded marine pebble conglomerates presumably of Eocene age. To the southwest the laves are unconformably ever-lain with about 1200 feet of marine and terrestrial sediments which have been termed the Butte Creek beds. Field relations indicate a correlation of these sediments with the Oligocene Illahe sandstone, while the faunal study made by Durham suggests a lower Miocene age. In the southwestern part of the quadrangle the Butte Creek beds are unconformably overlain by the middle Miocene Stayton lavas. Several hundred feet of pyroclastics and terrestrial sediments considered early Pliocene in age and described as the Molalla formation are exposed along Molalla River in the eastern and northeastern part of the quadrangle. They rest unconformably on the Pre-Butte Creek lavas and are overlain by Pliocene or early Pleistocene Boring lavas. Where exposed along the western edge of the Cascade foothills these older formations are covered by middle Pleistocene alluvial deposits which blanket the Willamette valley lowland. All of the Tertiary rocks have been tilted or gently folded. Dips observed in the Butte Creek beds in the southern half of the area average about 6 degrees and indicate an elongate domal fold trending northeasterly. A regional dip of 5 to 8 degrees to the northwest is present in the Molallla formation in the northern part of the area. Minor normal faulting in present locally in the Butte Creek beds. Residual and transported high-alumina clays are present in the Molalla formation. Exploration by the United States Bureau of Mines and Unites States Geological Survey revealed an estimated 53,460,000 wet tons of ore in the Molalla area. Close

• 34. [Article] Removing traffic emissions from CO₂ time series measured at a tall tower using mobile measurements and transport modeling

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/atmospheric-envi...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Removing traffic emissions from CO₂ time series measured at a tall tower using mobile measurements and transport modeling Author: Rella, Chris W., Law, Beverly E., Schmidt, Andres, Göckede, Mathias, Yang, Zhenlin, Hanson, Chad This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/atmospheric-environment/ Title: Removing traffic emissions from CO₂ time series measured at a tall tower using mobile measurements and transport modeling Author: Rella, Chris W., Law, Beverly E., Schmidt, Andres, Göckede, Mathias, Yang, Zhenlin, Hanson, Chad This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/atmospheric-environment/ Close

• 35. [Article] A system analysis method for water quality management by flow augmentation

  A rapid expansion of population and industrialization in recent years has created new and difficult problems in water resources management. Prudent management of water quality will require that more efficient ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A system analysis method for water quality management by flow augmentation Author: Worley, John Larry A rapid expansion of population and industrialization in recent years has created new and difficult problems in water resources management. Prudent management of water quality will require that more efficient methods be developed for evaluating large volumes of data on complex river systems, and tabulating the results in a form readily usable by the persons responsible for decisions. The digital computer is the most promising tool for rapid analysis of these complex water problems. The objective of this thesis is the development of a digital computer program which will investigate the dissolved oxygen relationships in flowing streams and provide for automatic adjustment of flows to maintain minimum dissolved oxygen requirements. The computer program herein developed was applied to the Willamette River Basin in Northwestern Oregon to illustrate its use, but it is general in character so that it may be applied to any drainage basin. Three orders of streams including not more than sixty lengths of river (reaches) may be considered in any given study by a computer with sixty thousand digits of core storage. Limitations on the size of the river system which may be considered are imposed by computer storage capacity above the forty thousand digits needed for program use. The results of this study indicate that: 1. A digital computer using the program developed can, in a few minutes, complete an analysis which would require many man hours of manual computation time. 2. The digital computer program developed is a useful tool for investigating the oxygen relationships existing in a river system under present loadings and flows and for predicting the conditions that will be encountered under future loadings. 3. A computer program of this type could be adapted to nearly any of the quality parameters normally considered or possibly a combination of several parameters at such time as mathematical formulations describing their behavior in streams are available. Title: A system analysis method for water quality management by flow augmentation Author: Worley, John Larry A rapid expansion of population and industrialization in recent years has created new and difficult problems in water resources management. Prudent management of water quality will require that more efficient methods be developed for evaluating large volumes of data on complex river systems, and tabulating the results in a form readily usable by the persons responsible for decisions. The digital computer is the most promising tool for rapid analysis of these complex water problems. The objective of this thesis is the development of a digital computer program which will investigate the dissolved oxygen relationships in flowing streams and provide for automatic adjustment of flows to maintain minimum dissolved oxygen requirements. The computer program herein developed was applied to the Willamette River Basin in Northwestern Oregon to illustrate its use, but it is general in character so that it may be applied to any drainage basin. Three orders of streams including not more than sixty lengths of river (reaches) may be considered in any given study by a computer with sixty thousand digits of core storage. Limitations on the size of the river system which may be considered are imposed by computer storage capacity above the forty thousand digits needed for program use. The results of this study indicate that: 1. A digital computer using the program developed can, in a few minutes, complete an analysis which would require many man hours of manual computation time. 2. The digital computer program developed is a useful tool for investigating the oxygen relationships existing in a river system under present loadings and flows and for predicting the conditions that will be encountered under future loadings. 3. A computer program of this type could be adapted to nearly any of the quality parameters normally considered or possibly a combination of several parameters at such time as mathematical formulations describing their behavior in streams are available. Close

• 36. [Article] Habitat selection by juvenile Swainson’s thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) in headwater riparian areas, Northwestern Oregon, USA

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat selection by juvenile Swainson’s thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) in headwater riparian areas, Northwestern Oregon, USA Author: Jenkins, Stephanie R., Huso, Manuela M., Betts, Matthew G., Hagar, Joan C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Habitat selection by juvenile Swainson’s thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) in headwater riparian areas, Northwestern Oregon, USA Author: Jenkins, Stephanie R., Huso, Manuela M., Betts, Matthew G., Hagar, Joan C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 37. [Article] A Multi-Year Longitudinal Study of Water Quality Parameters in Four Salmon-Bearing and Recreational Streams on Mount Hood, Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Multi-Year Longitudinal Study of Water Quality Parameters in Four Salmon-Bearing and Recreational Streams on Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Banet, Nathan, Alexander, David, Kolmes, Elijah, Wasowski, Ronald, Roemer, Derek, Haines, Morgan, Kolmes, Steven, Webber, Sarah, Card, Amy, Northcutt, Kelly This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Title: A Multi-Year Longitudinal Study of Water Quality Parameters in Four Salmon-Bearing and Recreational Streams on Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Banet, Nathan, Alexander, David, Kolmes, Elijah, Wasowski, Ronald, Roemer, Derek, Haines, Morgan, Kolmes, Steven, Webber, Sarah, Card, Amy, Northcutt, Kelly This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Close

• 38. [Article] Using Tabu Search to solve tactical forest planning problems with spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints

  A method was developed to formulate and solve a fifty-year tactical harvest scheduling problem that included spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints for a 4800-acre watershed in Northwestern Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Tabu Search to solve tactical forest planning problems with spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints Author: Boston, Kevin Donald A method was developed to formulate and solve a fifty-year tactical harvest scheduling problem that included spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints for a 4800-acre watershed in Northwestern Oregon under four scenarios. Three goals and two habitat constraints were included in each scenario. The first goal was a volume goal. The second goal was a landscape aggregation goal measured with the contagion index. The third goal was a shape goal using the ratio of the existing perimeter of closed-canopy stands with that of a circle with equivalent area. The first constraint required a minimum cluster of connected closed-canopy stands that spanned opposite edges of a map. The second constraint limited the maximum opening created in any period. The algorithm included both fixed and variable cost components for the transportation network. Tabu Search with both short-term memory restriction and a long-term diversification strategy was used to solve this ten-period problem. The performance of the heuristic was measured by comparing the results with an estimate of the optimal value obtained from extreme value theory using a three-parameter Weibull distribution. In scenario one, the shape goal was reached in most periods and the average contagion index was 0.35. The volume goal was met or exceeded in all periods. The heuristic found one solution within 2 percent of the estimated optimal value, while 75 percent of the solutions were within 80 percent of the estimated optimal value. In scenario two, the average contagion index was 0.40. The goal was met in over 50 percent of the periods. The volume and shape goals were met or exceeded in all periods. The heuristic found one solution within 6 percent of the estimated optimal value, while the remaining solutions were within 83 percent of the estimated optimal value. Two additional scenarios were developed to create specific wildlife habitat. Scenario three developed high quality habitat for pine marten containing a connected landscape of closed-canopy stands with minimum edge habitat. Scenario four was developed for elk. This analysis produced habitat with a mixture of open and closed-canopy stands in a dispersed pattern. Title: Using Tabu Search to solve tactical forest planning problems with spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints Author: Boston, Kevin Donald A method was developed to formulate and solve a fifty-year tactical harvest scheduling problem that included spatial wildlife habitat goals and constraints for a 4800-acre watershed in Northwestern Oregon under four scenarios. Three goals and two habitat constraints were included in each scenario. The first goal was a volume goal. The second goal was a landscape aggregation goal measured with the contagion index. The third goal was a shape goal using the ratio of the existing perimeter of closed-canopy stands with that of a circle with equivalent area. The first constraint required a minimum cluster of connected closed-canopy stands that spanned opposite edges of a map. The second constraint limited the maximum opening created in any period. The algorithm included both fixed and variable cost components for the transportation network. Tabu Search with both short-term memory restriction and a long-term diversification strategy was used to solve this ten-period problem. The performance of the heuristic was measured by comparing the results with an estimate of the optimal value obtained from extreme value theory using a three-parameter Weibull distribution. In scenario one, the shape goal was reached in most periods and the average contagion index was 0.35. The volume goal was met or exceeded in all periods. The heuristic found one solution within 2 percent of the estimated optimal value, while 75 percent of the solutions were within 80 percent of the estimated optimal value. In scenario two, the average contagion index was 0.40. The goal was met in over 50 percent of the periods. The volume and shape goals were met or exceeded in all periods. The heuristic found one solution within 6 percent of the estimated optimal value, while the remaining solutions were within 83 percent of the estimated optimal value. Two additional scenarios were developed to create specific wildlife habitat. Scenario three developed high quality habitat for pine marten containing a connected landscape of closed-canopy stands with minimum edge habitat. Scenario four was developed for elk. This analysis produced habitat with a mixture of open and closed-canopy stands in a dispersed pattern. Close

• 39. [Article] Harvestable moss : communities, hosts, and accumulation

  With the increased recognition of moss as a secondary forest product has come an increased concern for the ecological ramifications of moss harvest. Three issues of primary concern are (1) characterizing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Harvestable moss : communities, hosts, and accumulation Author: Peck, JeriLynn E. With the increased recognition of moss as a secondary forest product has come an increased concern for the ecological ramifications of moss harvest. Three issues of primary concern are (1) characterizing the epiphyte communities impacted by harvest, (2) assessing the host preferences of these epiphytes, and (3) describing the availability of harvestable epiphytes. Harvestable epiphytes are generally large mats of clean, green plant material that can be easily accessed and removed from their substrate by a commercial moss harvester. Harvestable epiphytes on tree trunks and shrub stems were sampled at 10 sites in each of the Cascade and Coast Ranges in northwestern Oregon. Frequency of occurrence and biomass are reported for 50 species found in harvestable epiphyte mats, categorized as "target" (7 species), "nontarget" (37 species), and "incidental" (6 species), according to their commercial utility. Target species were more abundant in stands with relatively high hardwood basal area and densities of harvestable epiphyte hosts. Nontarget and incidental species were more abundant on hosts with relatively large surface areas and in stands with relatively high hardwood basal. All species were less abundant in stands with high conifer basal area. Eleven species of hosts, including seven shrubs and four trees, supported harvestable quantities of epiphytes, although most samples were collected from the clonal shrub vine maple (Acer circinatum). Epiphyte mats on tree trunks and shrub stems differed in epiphyte species composition. Relative frequency of occurence and abundance were used to determine host preference by several epiphytes, including Orthotricum lyellii for A. circinatum and Neckera douglasii for Alnus rubra. Harvestable epiphyte biomass ranged from 24 to 1469 kg/ha (dry weight). Biomass is a function of both site quality and availability of suitable hosts. Epiphyte mat accumulation on Acer circinatum was more rapid, and more variable, in the Coast Range sites than in the Cascade Range sites. A model describing the factors influencing epiphyte mat accumulation is proposed and management implications for the harvestable moss resource are discussed. Title: Harvestable moss : communities, hosts, and accumulation Author: Peck, JeriLynn E. With the increased recognition of moss as a secondary forest product has come an increased concern for the ecological ramifications of moss harvest. Three issues of primary concern are (1) characterizing the epiphyte communities impacted by harvest, (2) assessing the host preferences of these epiphytes, and (3) describing the availability of harvestable epiphytes. Harvestable epiphytes are generally large mats of clean, green plant material that can be easily accessed and removed from their substrate by a commercial moss harvester. Harvestable epiphytes on tree trunks and shrub stems were sampled at 10 sites in each of the Cascade and Coast Ranges in northwestern Oregon. Frequency of occurrence and biomass are reported for 50 species found in harvestable epiphyte mats, categorized as "target" (7 species), "nontarget" (37 species), and "incidental" (6 species), according to their commercial utility. Target species were more abundant in stands with relatively high hardwood basal area and densities of harvestable epiphyte hosts. Nontarget and incidental species were more abundant on hosts with relatively large surface areas and in stands with relatively high hardwood basal. All species were less abundant in stands with high conifer basal area. Eleven species of hosts, including seven shrubs and four trees, supported harvestable quantities of epiphytes, although most samples were collected from the clonal shrub vine maple (Acer circinatum). Epiphyte mats on tree trunks and shrub stems differed in epiphyte species composition. Relative frequency of occurence and abundance were used to determine host preference by several epiphytes, including Orthotricum lyellii for A. circinatum and Neckera douglasii for Alnus rubra. Harvestable epiphyte biomass ranged from 24 to 1469 kg/ha (dry weight). Biomass is a function of both site quality and availability of suitable hosts. Epiphyte mat accumulation on Acer circinatum was more rapid, and more variable, in the Coast Range sites than in the Cascade Range sites. A model describing the factors influencing epiphyte mat accumulation is proposed and management implications for the harvestable moss resource are discussed. Close

• 40. [Article] The development of a methodology to study the grief and adjustment processes of parents following the death of a young child

  Purpose of the Study The primary purpose of this investigation was to develop a methodology by which to objectively study and assess the grief and adjustment processes of bereaved parents. An original ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development of a methodology to study the grief and adjustment processes of parents following the death of a young child Author: Mayhall, Cheron J. Purpose of the Study The primary purpose of this investigation was to develop a methodology by which to objectively study and assess the grief and adjustment processes of bereaved parents. An original research and counseling instrument, the Parental Bereavement Interview and Rating Scale (PBIRS), was formulated, field-tested in a preliminary study, and revised. In pursuit of this purpose, descriptive data about the grief of parents who lost a young child (1-20 years) due to sudden and unexpected circumstances were obtained and reported. Research Questions The thirteen research questions addressed fall into three main categories: (a) methodological considerations regarding the construction and format of the PBIRS, the protocol for its administration, and the age criteria used for selection of subjects; (b) quantitative data describing the nature of the parental grief and adjustment processes; and (c) descriptive information about the general characteristics of the subject group in comparison to other bereaved parents in the U.S. and Canada. Methodology The PBIRS was administered between January and April, 1982, to 20 bereaved parents residing in northwestern Oregon. The instrument is based on an expanded version of Kubler-Ross' grief-stage theory, exploring the grief and adjustment processes through the stages of Denial, Anger, Guilt, Depression and Adaptation. A retrospective research method was employed to examine and assess the subjects' progression through the bereavement experience. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was computed to determine the test-retest reliability for PBIRS items. The data were further presented in graphic and tabular forms to allow for comparison between various time periods in the grief process, and between different sub-groups of subjects. Findings The research methodology and instrument were field-tested with satisfactory results. The preliminary reliability study showed 85 percent of the items to have test-retest coefficients of correlation significant at the .05 level. The instrument and the protocol for its administration were well-received by subjects and by leaders of self-help groups for bereaved parents. Title: The development of a methodology to study the grief and adjustment processes of parents following the death of a young child Author: Mayhall, Cheron J. Purpose of the Study The primary purpose of this investigation was to develop a methodology by which to objectively study and assess the grief and adjustment processes of bereaved parents. An original research and counseling instrument, the Parental Bereavement Interview and Rating Scale (PBIRS), was formulated, field-tested in a preliminary study, and revised. In pursuit of this purpose, descriptive data about the grief of parents who lost a young child (1-20 years) due to sudden and unexpected circumstances were obtained and reported. Research Questions The thirteen research questions addressed fall into three main categories: (a) methodological considerations regarding the construction and format of the PBIRS, the protocol for its administration, and the age criteria used for selection of subjects; (b) quantitative data describing the nature of the parental grief and adjustment processes; and (c) descriptive information about the general characteristics of the subject group in comparison to other bereaved parents in the U.S. and Canada. Methodology The PBIRS was administered between January and April, 1982, to 20 bereaved parents residing in northwestern Oregon. The instrument is based on an expanded version of Kubler-Ross' grief-stage theory, exploring the grief and adjustment processes through the stages of Denial, Anger, Guilt, Depression and Adaptation. A retrospective research method was employed to examine and assess the subjects' progression through the bereavement experience. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was computed to determine the test-retest reliability for PBIRS items. The data were further presented in graphic and tabular forms to allow for comparison between various time periods in the grief process, and between different sub-groups of subjects. Findings The research methodology and instrument were field-tested with satisfactory results. The preliminary reliability study showed 85 percent of the items to have test-retest coefficients of correlation significant at the .05 level. The instrument and the protocol for its administration were well-received by subjects and by leaders of self-help groups for bereaved parents. Close

• 41. [Article] Wood density of young-growth western hemlock: relation to ring age, radial growth, stand density, and site quality

  Breast-high stem sections were sampled from 56 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees growing in 15 plots representing a wide range of tree and site conditions in northwestern Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wood density of young-growth western hemlock: relation to ring age, radial growth, stand density, and site quality Author: Marshall, D. D., Gartner, B. L., Singleton, R., DeBell, D. S. Breast-high stem sections were sampled from 56 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees growing in 15 plots representing a wide range of tree and site conditions in northwestern Oregon. Growth and wood density traits of individual rings were measured via X-ray densitometry, and relationships of ring density and its components to age and growth rate were analyzed. Ring density was highest (0.49 g/cm3) near the pith, declined to 0.40 g/cm3 at age 10, remained stable to about age 25, and then increased gradually and remained between 0.43 and 0.44 g/cm3 from age 38 to 45 and beyond. A negative influence of rapid growth on whole ring density was greatest at young ages and diminished with time, becoming nonsignificant beyond age 30. Earlywood density, latewood density, and latewood proportion were all negatively related to ring width at young ages, but by age 21–25, latewood proportion was the only component of ring density that remained significantly diminished by increased growth rate. Residual differences in wood density (after age and growth rate were considered) did not appear to be related to either stand density or site class. Overall, young-growth hemlock trees are relatively uniform in wood density and likely to be more so if grown in intensively managed stands. Title: Wood density of young-growth western hemlock: relation to ring age, radial growth, stand density, and site quality Author: Marshall, D. D., Gartner, B. L., Singleton, R., DeBell, D. S. Breast-high stem sections were sampled from 56 western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees growing in 15 plots representing a wide range of tree and site conditions in northwestern Oregon. Growth and wood density traits of individual rings were measured via X-ray densitometry, and relationships of ring density and its components to age and growth rate were analyzed. Ring density was highest (0.49 g/cm3) near the pith, declined to 0.40 g/cm3 at age 10, remained stable to about age 25, and then increased gradually and remained between 0.43 and 0.44 g/cm3 from age 38 to 45 and beyond. A negative influence of rapid growth on whole ring density was greatest at young ages and diminished with time, becoming nonsignificant beyond age 30. Earlywood density, latewood density, and latewood proportion were all negatively related to ring width at young ages, but by age 21–25, latewood proportion was the only component of ring density that remained significantly diminished by increased growth rate. Residual differences in wood density (after age and growth rate were considered) did not appear to be related to either stand density or site class. Overall, young-growth hemlock trees are relatively uniform in wood density and likely to be more so if grown in intensively managed stands. Close

• 42. [Article] Systematics of the salamander genus Dicamptodon strauch (Amphibia:Caudata:Ambystomatidae)

  Dicamptodon is the single, extant genus of the ambystomatid subfamily Dicamptodontinae. Two species, D. ensatus (Eschscholtz) and D. copei Nussbaum are recognized. D. ensatus is found in the forested, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systematics of the salamander genus Dicamptodon strauch (Amphibia:Caudata:Ambystomatidae) Author: Nussbaum, Ronald A. Dicamptodon is the single, extant genus of the ambystomatid subfamily Dicamptodontinae. Two species, D. ensatus (Eschscholtz) and D. copei Nussbaum are recognized. D. ensatus is found in the forested, mountain regions of northwestern California and western Oregon, in the Willapa Hills and Cascade Mountains of Washington, in extreme southwestern British Columbia, and in the northern and central Rocky Mountains of Idaho. D. copei is found in the Olympic Mountains, Willapa Hills and southwestern Cascades of Washington; and in the vicinity of the Columbia River Gorge in extreme northwestern Oregon. The two species are sympatric in the Columbia River Gorge, southern Willapa Hills, and southwestern Cascades of Washington. The two species differ, among other characters, in blood serum proteins, sensitivity to thyroxine, mode of life history, body size, relative head size, limb length, tail height, tooth number, gill raker number, color, and degree of ossification of skeletal elements. Geographic variation is prominent in D. ensatus. Multivariate analysis of morphometric characters of larval populations discriminates three groups: a Rocky Mountain Group, a Cascade and Oregon Coast Range Group, and a Californian Group. The first two groups seem to be more similar to each other than either is to the Californian Group. The Californian Group can be divided into a southern subgroup and a northern subgroup; and the northern subgroup can be further separated into a coastal subgroup and an interior highlands subgroup. These groups are all more-or-less verified by analysis of color of larvae and adults, and morphometric characters of adults. These groups correspond geographically with major features of topography in the Pacific Northwest. The California Group is confined south of the geologically old and complex Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains. The southern Californian subgroup is found south of the "North Coast Divide", and the northern subgroup is found north of this Divide in an area of northwestern drainage. The interior highlands subgroup of the northern Californian subgroup is found in the higher, summer-dry mountains of northern California where the substrate is complex and of a different origin than the coastal substrate. Strong morphoclines occur across the Klamath-Siskiyou Region into southwestern Oregon. The Rocky Mountain Group is separated from the Cascade and Oregon Coast Range Group by the broad, arid Columbia Plateau. Variation is slight over the relatively small range of D. copei, and what variation exists seems to be a function of geographic distance. The dicamptodontines have been an evolutionarily conservative group confined to the humid temperate, Arcto-Tertiary environments of western North America throughout their Cretaceous and Tertiary history. A remnant of the once wide-spread, ancestral habitat occurs today in the humid fog belt of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. D. ensatus living in this area today exhibit the most primitive features of all living Dicamptodon. These include: large heads, long limbs and tails, many teeth and gill rakers, propensity to transform, and perhaps the habit of vocalizing as a terrestrial, defensive adaptation. D. copei is viewed as a relatively recent derivitive of an ensatus-like ancestor. This ancestor is believed to have had a propensity for neoteny and body attenuation associated with life in the extreme climatic, physical, and biotic environments imposed by Pleistocene glaciation. Isolation in western Washington during a glacial maximum allowed these tendencies, along with small body size, to be selected for, unhampered by gene flow from outside populations. It is thought that the ensatus-like ancestor of D. copei was more similar to recent northern populations of D. ensatus than to recent Californian populations of D. ensatus. Californian populations were relatively unaffected by Pleistocene climatic extremes, as they passed this period in the milder, ancestral environment of southern, coastal latitudes. During the last glacial maximum, the Rocky Mountain populations were probably continuous with populations on the lower eastern slopes of the Washington Cascades, via a connecting, wet, forested parkland, which existed south of the Cordilleran ice sheet in north-central Washington. This parkland was broken up after the ice retreated, during the Altithermal interval, about 7-4,000 years ago, and it was at this time that the Rocky Mountain Group became isolated. Postglacial readjustments in the ranges of D. copei and D. ensatus account for their current narrow zone of sympatry. Subspecies of D. ensatus and D. copei are not recognized. Title: Systematics of the salamander genus Dicamptodon strauch (Amphibia:Caudata:Ambystomatidae) Author: Nussbaum, Ronald A. Dicamptodon is the single, extant genus of the ambystomatid subfamily Dicamptodontinae. Two species, D. ensatus (Eschscholtz) and D. copei Nussbaum are recognized. D. ensatus is found in the forested, mountain regions of northwestern California and western Oregon, in the Willapa Hills and Cascade Mountains of Washington, in extreme southwestern British Columbia, and in the northern and central Rocky Mountains of Idaho. D. copei is found in the Olympic Mountains, Willapa Hills and southwestern Cascades of Washington; and in the vicinity of the Columbia River Gorge in extreme northwestern Oregon. The two species are sympatric in the Columbia River Gorge, southern Willapa Hills, and southwestern Cascades of Washington. The two species differ, among other characters, in blood serum proteins, sensitivity to thyroxine, mode of life history, body size, relative head size, limb length, tail height, tooth number, gill raker number, color, and degree of ossification of skeletal elements. Geographic variation is prominent in D. ensatus. Multivariate analysis of morphometric characters of larval populations discriminates three groups: a Rocky Mountain Group, a Cascade and Oregon Coast Range Group, and a Californian Group. The first two groups seem to be more similar to each other than either is to the Californian Group. The Californian Group can be divided into a southern subgroup and a northern subgroup; and the northern subgroup can be further separated into a coastal subgroup and an interior highlands subgroup. These groups are all more-or-less verified by analysis of color of larvae and adults, and morphometric characters of adults. These groups correspond geographically with major features of topography in the Pacific Northwest. The California Group is confined south of the geologically old and complex Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains. The southern Californian subgroup is found south of the "North Coast Divide", and the northern subgroup is found north of this Divide in an area of northwestern drainage. The interior highlands subgroup of the northern Californian subgroup is found in the higher, summer-dry mountains of northern California where the substrate is complex and of a different origin than the coastal substrate. Strong morphoclines occur across the Klamath-Siskiyou Region into southwestern Oregon. The Rocky Mountain Group is separated from the Cascade and Oregon Coast Range Group by the broad, arid Columbia Plateau. Variation is slight over the relatively small range of D. copei, and what variation exists seems to be a function of geographic distance. The dicamptodontines have been an evolutionarily conservative group confined to the humid temperate, Arcto-Tertiary environments of western North America throughout their Cretaceous and Tertiary history. A remnant of the once wide-spread, ancestral habitat occurs today in the humid fog belt of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. D. ensatus living in this area today exhibit the most primitive features of all living Dicamptodon. These include: large heads, long limbs and tails, many teeth and gill rakers, propensity to transform, and perhaps the habit of vocalizing as a terrestrial, defensive adaptation. D. copei is viewed as a relatively recent derivitive of an ensatus-like ancestor. This ancestor is believed to have had a propensity for neoteny and body attenuation associated with life in the extreme climatic, physical, and biotic environments imposed by Pleistocene glaciation. Isolation in western Washington during a glacial maximum allowed these tendencies, along with small body size, to be selected for, unhampered by gene flow from outside populations. It is thought that the ensatus-like ancestor of D. copei was more similar to recent northern populations of D. ensatus than to recent Californian populations of D. ensatus. Californian populations were relatively unaffected by Pleistocene climatic extremes, as they passed this period in the milder, ancestral environment of southern, coastal latitudes. During the last glacial maximum, the Rocky Mountain populations were probably continuous with populations on the lower eastern slopes of the Washington Cascades, via a connecting, wet, forested parkland, which existed south of the Cordilleran ice sheet in north-central Washington. This parkland was broken up after the ice retreated, during the Altithermal interval, about 7-4,000 years ago, and it was at this time that the Rocky Mountain Group became isolated. Postglacial readjustments in the ranges of D. copei and D. ensatus account for their current narrow zone of sympatry. Subspecies of D. ensatus and D. copei are not recognized. Close

• 43. [Article] The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69

  Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69 Author: Crowley, William D. Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified in recent years, particularly in those agricultural areas situated near urban centers and recreational areas. The main thrust of the study was directed toward determining the relationship between net real estate income per acre and sale price pier acres of properties in selected agricultural areas of Oregon. Three areas, ostensibly called agricultural areas, were selected for analysis. The areas, as classified, included a basic agricultural production area (dry land grain area in northcentral Oregon), an urban-recreation influenced area (Douglas County in southwestern Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Umpqua National Forest on the east) and an urban influenced area (Marion County in the populous and productive Willamette Valley in northwestern Oregon). In addition to determining the influence of net real estate income on property prices, the influence of other property characteristics on property prices was analyzed in each area. The other property characteristics included: year of sale, number of acres in sale, assessed value of buildings per acre, miles to nearest paved road, and miles to nearest town of at least 1,000 population. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the influence of particular property characteristics on sale price per acre. The same six-variable model was used in each area to test whether partial regression coefficient values on corresponding variables differed significantly among areas. Overlapping of 95 percent confidence intervals around corresponding partial regression coefficient values among areas was observed for all independent variables except net real estate income per acre. The income variable was an important determinant of sale price per acre only for grain area and Douglas County sales. However, the partial regression coefficient value of 49.71 in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County implies an approximate 2.0 percent capitalization rate compared to a coefficient value of 17.11 and a 5.8 percent implied capitalization rate in the grain area. Year of sale was an important influence on sale price per acre in areas influenced more strongly by nonagricultural influences, i.e., Douglas and Marion Counties, as evidenced both by the level of significance of the coefficient value and the value of the coefficient in each of these areas. The annual rate of property price appreciation at the mean was 14.3 percent in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County and 12.1 percent in urban influenced Marion County. While not significantly different from zero, the rate of price change was slightly negative in the grain area. Conclusions from the study were (1) that there is a significant difference in the influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of properties among selected agricultural areas of Oregon, (2) that the nature and degree of relationship between prices oi property sales analyzed and property characteristics of these sales varied considerably within each agricultural area selected for analysis, but especially in the urban-recreation and urban influenced areas, and (3) that in spite of relatively low mean rates of return in all three areas studied, a disparity between the farm use value and current market value of land was found to exist only in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County. Implication of these results are that variously influenced agricultural areas do exist, and that motives for and sources of satisfaction from ownership of property in agricultural areas vary within and among areas. Title: The influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of agricultural properties within and among selected areas of Oregon, 1965-69 Author: Crowley, William D. Concern over the apparent disparity between the farm use value and current market value of property in agricultural areas continues to remain a source of concern in many areas. This concern has intensified in recent years, particularly in those agricultural areas situated near urban centers and recreational areas. The main thrust of the study was directed toward determining the relationship between net real estate income per acre and sale price pier acres of properties in selected agricultural areas of Oregon. Three areas, ostensibly called agricultural areas, were selected for analysis. The areas, as classified, included a basic agricultural production area (dry land grain area in northcentral Oregon), an urban-recreation influenced area (Douglas County in southwestern Oregon bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Umpqua National Forest on the east) and an urban influenced area (Marion County in the populous and productive Willamette Valley in northwestern Oregon). In addition to determining the influence of net real estate income on property prices, the influence of other property characteristics on property prices was analyzed in each area. The other property characteristics included: year of sale, number of acres in sale, assessed value of buildings per acre, miles to nearest paved road, and miles to nearest town of at least 1,000 population. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the influence of particular property characteristics on sale price per acre. The same six-variable model was used in each area to test whether partial regression coefficient values on corresponding variables differed significantly among areas. Overlapping of 95 percent confidence intervals around corresponding partial regression coefficient values among areas was observed for all independent variables except net real estate income per acre. The income variable was an important determinant of sale price per acre only for grain area and Douglas County sales. However, the partial regression coefficient value of 49.71 in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County implies an approximate 2.0 percent capitalization rate compared to a coefficient value of 17.11 and a 5.8 percent implied capitalization rate in the grain area. Year of sale was an important influence on sale price per acre in areas influenced more strongly by nonagricultural influences, i.e., Douglas and Marion Counties, as evidenced both by the level of significance of the coefficient value and the value of the coefficient in each of these areas. The annual rate of property price appreciation at the mean was 14.3 percent in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County and 12.1 percent in urban influenced Marion County. While not significantly different from zero, the rate of price change was slightly negative in the grain area. Conclusions from the study were (1) that there is a significant difference in the influence of net real estate income and other property characteristics on prices of properties among selected agricultural areas of Oregon, (2) that the nature and degree of relationship between prices oi property sales analyzed and property characteristics of these sales varied considerably within each agricultural area selected for analysis, but especially in the urban-recreation and urban influenced areas, and (3) that in spite of relatively low mean rates of return in all three areas studied, a disparity between the farm use value and current market value of land was found to exist only in urban-recreation influenced Douglas County. Implication of these results are that variously influenced agricultural areas do exist, and that motives for and sources of satisfaction from ownership of property in agricultural areas vary within and among areas. Close

• 44. [Article] Butterflies of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest : biological inventory and ecological analysis

  A biological inventory of the butterflies of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest [HJA] in Linn/Lane County, Oregon was conducted during 1994 and 1995. It was the first comprehensive survey of HJA butterflies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Butterflies of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest : biological inventory and ecological analysis Author: Ross, Dana N. R. A biological inventory of the butterflies of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest [HJA] in Linn/Lane County, Oregon was conducted during 1994 and 1995. It was the first comprehensive survey of HJA butterflies for the site and serves as a baseline for future butterfly research. A detailed ecological account is provided for each species documented during this and previous studies from the HJA. Patterns of butterfly richness and abundance are addressed both temporally and spatially. Within-year and between year differences in butterfly richness and abundance are explained. Butterfly richness and abundance were compared between forest, clear-cut, and meadow habitats, as well as along the roads within these habitats. Butterfly richness and abundance comparisons were also made between local butterfly hotspots and immediately adjacent areas. Lastly, the HJA butterfly fauna was compared to those of five other Oregon sites to put it into a regional perspective. Seventy-two species were recorded during this two year period and increased the total documented butterfly fauna of the HJA to seventy-nine species. Butterfly species richness was high from June through early August. Butterfly abundance increased gradually over the season and peaked in early August. Each butterfly species displayed one of four patterns of combined relative abundance and distribution: common and widespread, rare and local, common only at low elevations or common only at high elevations. The results of standardized butterfly counts suggested that subalpine meadows were much higher than clear-cuts or forests in butterfly richness and abundance, and that roads served to increase butterfly richness and abundance on a local scale in most cases. Butterfly hotspots on the HJA appear as relatively small areas of high butterfly richness and abundance and have a correspondingly high number of plant species when compared to adjacent areas. With virtually one-half of all butterfly species known for the state of Oregon, the HJA ranks among the most species-rich locations for its size within the state. This diversity originates from several biogeographical regions of origin, as defined within this study. A total of 31 HJA species have a generalized Western North American distribution, but several other biogeographical regions are also well represented. Some butterfly species appear to be at or near their geographical limits on the HJA. The assemblage of HJA butterfly species is virtually inclusive of those from Mary's Peak and McDonald Forest in northwestern Oregon, whereas it differs by 30% or more from the more biogeographically distinct faunas of Crater Lake National Park, Mount Ashland and Steens Mountain. Future butterfly work on the HJA is recommended. Oregon butterfly distribution maps suggest that several additional butterfly species should be found there. More biogeographical analyses combined with long term monitoring of HJA butterflies could help to both predict and document changes in the Pacific Northwest butterfly fauna due to human disturbance and global climate change. Title: Butterflies of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest : biological inventory and ecological analysis Author: Ross, Dana N. R. A biological inventory of the butterflies of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest [HJA] in Linn/Lane County, Oregon was conducted during 1994 and 1995. It was the first comprehensive survey of HJA butterflies for the site and serves as a baseline for future butterfly research. A detailed ecological account is provided for each species documented during this and previous studies from the HJA. Patterns of butterfly richness and abundance are addressed both temporally and spatially. Within-year and between year differences in butterfly richness and abundance are explained. Butterfly richness and abundance were compared between forest, clear-cut, and meadow habitats, as well as along the roads within these habitats. Butterfly richness and abundance comparisons were also made between local butterfly hotspots and immediately adjacent areas. Lastly, the HJA butterfly fauna was compared to those of five other Oregon sites to put it into a regional perspective. Seventy-two species were recorded during this two year period and increased the total documented butterfly fauna of the HJA to seventy-nine species. Butterfly species richness was high from June through early August. Butterfly abundance increased gradually over the season and peaked in early August. Each butterfly species displayed one of four patterns of combined relative abundance and distribution: common and widespread, rare and local, common only at low elevations or common only at high elevations. The results of standardized butterfly counts suggested that subalpine meadows were much higher than clear-cuts or forests in butterfly richness and abundance, and that roads served to increase butterfly richness and abundance on a local scale in most cases. Butterfly hotspots on the HJA appear as relatively small areas of high butterfly richness and abundance and have a correspondingly high number of plant species when compared to adjacent areas. With virtually one-half of all butterfly species known for the state of Oregon, the HJA ranks among the most species-rich locations for its size within the state. This diversity originates from several biogeographical regions of origin, as defined within this study. A total of 31 HJA species have a generalized Western North American distribution, but several other biogeographical regions are also well represented. Some butterfly species appear to be at or near their geographical limits on the HJA. The assemblage of HJA butterfly species is virtually inclusive of those from Mary's Peak and McDonald Forest in northwestern Oregon, whereas it differs by 30% or more from the more biogeographically distinct faunas of Crater Lake National Park, Mount Ashland and Steens Mountain. Future butterfly work on the HJA is recommended. Oregon butterfly distribution maps suggest that several additional butterfly species should be found there. More biogeographical analyses combined with long term monitoring of HJA butterflies could help to both predict and document changes in the Pacific Northwest butterfly fauna due to human disturbance and global climate change. Close

• 45. [Article] Influence of light on the growth of advance regeneration in the understory of Douglas-fir dominated forests in western Oregon

  The growth potential of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration in the forest understory of Douglas-fir-dominated forests was investigated to detennine the feasibility of selection ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of light on the growth of advance regeneration in the understory of Douglas-fir dominated forests in western Oregon Author: Deisenhofer, Florian The growth potential of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration in the forest understory of Douglas-fir-dominated forests was investigated to detennine the feasibility of selection cutting systems in northwest Oregon. This study compared the growth of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration along a light gradient with hemispherical photography, modeled the relative importance of light, competition, subject tree and stand characteristics on growth and reported observations on the growth response of advance regeneration to stand manipulation. Western hemlock, grand fir and Douglas-fir advance regeneration was found at 5, 6, and 7 % of diffuse skylight in selection thinned stands respectively, indicating that all three species are capable of survival and growth in low light and, therefore, are suitable for uneven-aged management. Growth of advance regeneration in terms of height, diameter and volume followed the order: Western hemlock > Douglas-fir> grand fir, although there was seldom a significant difference between Douglas-fir and grand fir. Overtopping shrub vegetation significantly reduced growth and light availability in comparison to trees that were not overtopped. Height, radial and volume growth of all three species increased with increasing light. Regression analysis revealed that along the measured light gradient (6 44 % of diffuse skylight) i; growth of western hemlock was superior (different intercepts) to Douglas-fir at one interior Coast Range site but there was no significant difference in the relationship of growth to increased light levels (equal slopes) ii; Douglas-fir advance regeneration growth was superior (different intercepts) to grand fir at three sites but there was no significant difference in the relationship of growth to increased light levels (equal slopes). Growth modeling explained 36 to 67 % of the variation in Douglas-fir, western hemlock and grand fir advance regeneration growth and revealed that tree characteristics were better predictors of advance regeneration growth than environmental variables. Independent of species, live crown ratio was the most important variable explaining variation in absolute height growth. The best-growing trees were in general taller than competing shrub vegetation and characterized by higher live crown ratios. Western hemlock was particularly sensitive to shrub cover and grew best when shnib cover was low (< 35 %). Therefore, where possible, select future crop trees with a live crown ratio of at least 50 % for Douglas-fir and grand fir and 60 % for western hemlock and remove competing vegetation. Studying the release of midstory and understory trees at the four sites in northwestern Oregon after thinning revealed in general that Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock grew better following release. However, the vigor of response differed for the three species and increased in the order of western hemlock, grand fir and Douglas-fir. Douglas-fir generally released more rapidly and more vigorously than grand fir, but also decreased more rapidly. To keep a significant proportion of the advance regeneration in a very vigorous state, thinning cycles of 6 to 10 years appear necessary. Since advance regeneration of Douglas-fir and grand fir released to thinning, thinning cycles of 10 to 15 years are possible for keeping a large proportion of the advance regeneration in stable condition. Even highly suppressed Douglas-fir were capable of release after thinning. Title: Influence of light on the growth of advance regeneration in the understory of Douglas-fir dominated forests in western Oregon Author: Deisenhofer, Florian The growth potential of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration in the forest understory of Douglas-fir-dominated forests was investigated to detennine the feasibility of selection cutting systems in northwest Oregon. This study compared the growth of Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock advance regeneration along a light gradient with hemispherical photography, modeled the relative importance of light, competition, subject tree and stand characteristics on growth and reported observations on the growth response of advance regeneration to stand manipulation. Western hemlock, grand fir and Douglas-fir advance regeneration was found at 5, 6, and 7 % of diffuse skylight in selection thinned stands respectively, indicating that all three species are capable of survival and growth in low light and, therefore, are suitable for uneven-aged management. Growth of advance regeneration in terms of height, diameter and volume followed the order: Western hemlock > Douglas-fir> grand fir, although there was seldom a significant difference between Douglas-fir and grand fir. Overtopping shrub vegetation significantly reduced growth and light availability in comparison to trees that were not overtopped. Height, radial and volume growth of all three species increased with increasing light. Regression analysis revealed that along the measured light gradient (6 44 % of diffuse skylight) i; growth of western hemlock was superior (different intercepts) to Douglas-fir at one interior Coast Range site but there was no significant difference in the relationship of growth to increased light levels (equal slopes) ii; Douglas-fir advance regeneration growth was superior (different intercepts) to grand fir at three sites but there was no significant difference in the relationship of growth to increased light levels (equal slopes). Growth modeling explained 36 to 67 % of the variation in Douglas-fir, western hemlock and grand fir advance regeneration growth and revealed that tree characteristics were better predictors of advance regeneration growth than environmental variables. Independent of species, live crown ratio was the most important variable explaining variation in absolute height growth. The best-growing trees were in general taller than competing shrub vegetation and characterized by higher live crown ratios. Western hemlock was particularly sensitive to shrub cover and grew best when shnib cover was low (< 35 %). Therefore, where possible, select future crop trees with a live crown ratio of at least 50 % for Douglas-fir and grand fir and 60 % for western hemlock and remove competing vegetation. Studying the release of midstory and understory trees at the four sites in northwestern Oregon after thinning revealed in general that Douglas-fir, grand fir and western hemlock grew better following release. However, the vigor of response differed for the three species and increased in the order of western hemlock, grand fir and Douglas-fir. Douglas-fir generally released more rapidly and more vigorously than grand fir, but also decreased more rapidly. To keep a significant proportion of the advance regeneration in a very vigorous state, thinning cycles of 6 to 10 years appear necessary. Since advance regeneration of Douglas-fir and grand fir released to thinning, thinning cycles of 10 to 15 years are possible for keeping a large proportion of the advance regeneration in stable condition. Even highly suppressed Douglas-fir were capable of release after thinning. Close

• 46. [Article] Coastal hazards and community exposure in a changing climate : the development of probabilistic coastal change hazard zones

  Documented trends in rising sea levels, storminess, and extreme wave heights have the potential to increase the frequency and magnitude of coastal change hazards, increasing risks to coastal infrastructure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal hazards and community exposure in a changing climate : the development of probabilistic coastal change hazard zones Author: Baron, Heather M. Documented trends in rising sea levels, storminess, and extreme wave heights have the potential to increase the frequency and magnitude of coastal change hazards, increasing risks to coastal infrastructure and environmental resources. Coastal planners and decision makers need information about the impacts of future hazards in order to apply mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, making quantitative predictions of beach and dune erosion is complicated by uncertainties surrounding the drivers and impacts of climate change as well as our understanding of climate controls on coastal change hazards. Furthermore, these changes are occurring in a dynamic environment where beach geomorphology evolves over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Here a new, probabilistic approach for quantifying future coastal change hazards that incorporates the uncertainty associated with both climate change and morphological variability is presented. First, a suite of synthetic time series of total water levels (TWLs) through 2100 are produced by applying various climate change scenarios, composed of projections of sea-level rise, wave climate, and the frequency of major El Niños, to historical datasets of waves and measured tidal elevations. These time series allow extreme design events to be computed for any time period in the future (e.g., 100-year TWL event in 2030). Using simple coastal change models that require TWLs and various beach morphometrics as input, future coastal change is quantified over a wide range of possible climate futures for sandy, dune-backed coastlines. The new methodology has been applied to the Tillamook County coast in northwestern Oregon to develop coastal change hazard zones of arbitrary confidence levels for both the 100% and 1% annual chance TWL events at present (2009) and for years 2030, 2050, and 2100. The nature of the probabilistic approach, however, allows for coastal decision makers to determine the desired level of confidence (or exceedance probability), extremity of the event, and planning horizon to consider. The hazard zones are then integrated with various socioeconomic datasets (e.g., structures, roads) to evaluate the exposure of coastal communities to the predicted coastal change hazards at various levels of confidence. When paired with community vulnerability assessments, the hazard map products developed will provide coastal planners with the tools and information to allow for science-based decisions that will increase the adaptive capacity of coastal communities as they prepare for the uncertainties of future climate change. Title: Coastal hazards and community exposure in a changing climate : the development of probabilistic coastal change hazard zones Author: Baron, Heather M. Documented trends in rising sea levels, storminess, and extreme wave heights have the potential to increase the frequency and magnitude of coastal change hazards, increasing risks to coastal infrastructure and environmental resources. Coastal planners and decision makers need information about the impacts of future hazards in order to apply mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, making quantitative predictions of beach and dune erosion is complicated by uncertainties surrounding the drivers and impacts of climate change as well as our understanding of climate controls on coastal change hazards. Furthermore, these changes are occurring in a dynamic environment where beach geomorphology evolves over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Here a new, probabilistic approach for quantifying future coastal change hazards that incorporates the uncertainty associated with both climate change and morphological variability is presented. First, a suite of synthetic time series of total water levels (TWLs) through 2100 are produced by applying various climate change scenarios, composed of projections of sea-level rise, wave climate, and the frequency of major El Niños, to historical datasets of waves and measured tidal elevations. These time series allow extreme design events to be computed for any time period in the future (e.g., 100-year TWL event in 2030). Using simple coastal change models that require TWLs and various beach morphometrics as input, future coastal change is quantified over a wide range of possible climate futures for sandy, dune-backed coastlines. The new methodology has been applied to the Tillamook County coast in northwestern Oregon to develop coastal change hazard zones of arbitrary confidence levels for both the 100% and 1% annual chance TWL events at present (2009) and for years 2030, 2050, and 2100. The nature of the probabilistic approach, however, allows for coastal decision makers to determine the desired level of confidence (or exceedance probability), extremity of the event, and planning horizon to consider. The hazard zones are then integrated with various socioeconomic datasets (e.g., structures, roads) to evaluate the exposure of coastal communities to the predicted coastal change hazards at various levels of confidence. When paired with community vulnerability assessments, the hazard map products developed will provide coastal planners with the tools and information to allow for science-based decisions that will increase the adaptive capacity of coastal communities as they prepare for the uncertainties of future climate change. Close

• 47. [Article] Response to fenamiphos, extraction techniques and population dynamics of Pratylenchus penetrans on western Oregon red raspberry

  The effects of fenamiphos on soil and root populations of Pratylenchus penetrans were evaluated in four red raspberry cv. Willamette fields in Northwestern Oregon. Field 1 was a silty clay loam with 53% ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response to fenamiphos, extraction techniques and population dynamics of Pratylenchus penetrans on western Oregon red raspberry Author: Lolas, Mauricio The effects of fenamiphos on soil and root populations of Pratylenchus penetrans were evaluated in four red raspberry cv. Willamette fields in Northwestern Oregon. Field 1 was a silty clay loam with 53% organic matter (OM). Field 2 and 3 were silty loam soils with 3.25 and 2.55% OM, respectively and field 4 was a silty clay with 7.1% OM. The nematicide, fenamiphos (10 kg a.i./ha) was applied in broadcast or band treatments on November 15, 1989. Additional plots in field 3, received a band-nematicide treatment on December 28, 1989 to evaluate the effect of application date on the control of P. penetrans in red raspberry. Field 4 had plots in sites with and without grass and weed ground cover in the aisles between raspberry rows to examine effects of ground cover on nematicide efficacy. Nematodes from soil and roots were sampled monthly from all plots in each field from October 1989 to October 1990. Soil populations of P. penetrans sampled within rows decreased between the October and December sampling dates in all four fields. Soil populations in 3 fields increased in density during mid-summer and reached their highest peak in the middle of September. A similar pattern occurred in P. penetrans soil populations from plots with or without ground cover in aisles between rows of raspberry in field 4. However, in this field, numbers increased in July and reached their peak density in August. Root populations of P. penetrans from red raspberry reached their highest number during spring and summer at all fields. No significant (P>0.05) differences in effectiveness of fenamiphos were detected between band and broadcast method of application and, also between the 2 application dates. Seasonal mean densities of soil populations from band application was only significantly lower than in nontreated controls in areas with ground cover in field 4, respectively. High variability in the numbers of P. penetrans in soil and roots of raspberry was observed throughout the year. Therefore, conclusions about the effectiveness of fenamiphos were difficult to assess. The efficiency of Baermann funnels was 43.9%, when a known number of P. penetrans was added to soil. Total yields of P. penetrans extracted from raspberry roots by mist chamber root extraction (MCRE) were higher (P = 0.05) than yields extracted by polyethylene plastic bag root incubation (PBRI). Approximately 90% of the total P. penetrans recovered was achieved after three and seven days of extraction for PBRI and MCRE, respectively. However, the extraction efficiency of MCRE was 30% higher than PBRI and the daily recovery lasted 28 and 18 days, respectively. Title: Response to fenamiphos, extraction techniques and population dynamics of Pratylenchus penetrans on western Oregon red raspberry Author: Lolas, Mauricio The effects of fenamiphos on soil and root populations of Pratylenchus penetrans were evaluated in four red raspberry cv. Willamette fields in Northwestern Oregon. Field 1 was a silty clay loam with 53% organic matter (OM). Field 2 and 3 were silty loam soils with 3.25 and 2.55% OM, respectively and field 4 was a silty clay with 7.1% OM. The nematicide, fenamiphos (10 kg a.i./ha) was applied in broadcast or band treatments on November 15, 1989. Additional plots in field 3, received a band-nematicide treatment on December 28, 1989 to evaluate the effect of application date on the control of P. penetrans in red raspberry. Field 4 had plots in sites with and without grass and weed ground cover in the aisles between raspberry rows to examine effects of ground cover on nematicide efficacy. Nematodes from soil and roots were sampled monthly from all plots in each field from October 1989 to October 1990. Soil populations of P. penetrans sampled within rows decreased between the October and December sampling dates in all four fields. Soil populations in 3 fields increased in density during mid-summer and reached their highest peak in the middle of September. A similar pattern occurred in P. penetrans soil populations from plots with or without ground cover in aisles between rows of raspberry in field 4. However, in this field, numbers increased in July and reached their peak density in August. Root populations of P. penetrans from red raspberry reached their highest number during spring and summer at all fields. No significant (P>0.05) differences in effectiveness of fenamiphos were detected between band and broadcast method of application and, also between the 2 application dates. Seasonal mean densities of soil populations from band application was only significantly lower than in nontreated controls in areas with ground cover in field 4, respectively. High variability in the numbers of P. penetrans in soil and roots of raspberry was observed throughout the year. Therefore, conclusions about the effectiveness of fenamiphos were difficult to assess. The efficiency of Baermann funnels was 43.9%, when a known number of P. penetrans was added to soil. Total yields of P. penetrans extracted from raspberry roots by mist chamber root extraction (MCRE) were higher (P = 0.05) than yields extracted by polyethylene plastic bag root incubation (PBRI). Approximately 90% of the total P. penetrans recovered was achieved after three and seven days of extraction for PBRI and MCRE, respectively. However, the extraction efficiency of MCRE was 30% higher than PBRI and the daily recovery lasted 28 and 18 days, respectively. Close

• 48. [Article] Soil and growth studies in Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stands near Molalla, Oregon

  In 1957 three Douglas-fir stands (15-, 25-, and 40-year-old age classes) were selected on a tree farm in the Cascade foothills of northwestern Oregon to study factors affecting site productivity. Soil-moisture, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil and growth studies in Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stands near Molalla, Oregon Author: Strand, Robert Fenton In 1957 three Douglas-fir stands (15-, 25-, and 40-year-old age classes) were selected on a tree farm in the Cascade foothills of northwestern Oregon to study factors affecting site productivity. Soil-moisture, soil-temperature and seasonal radial- growth pattern measurements were made with a Colman moisture meter and a dial gauge dendrometer on thinned and unthinned subareas. Soil temperatures were significantly increased by thinning in each stand. This effect decreased with soil depth and increased with increasing intensity of thinning. Root distribution studies eight years after thinning showed that a heavily thinned stand had relatively few roots in the lower profile between the remaining trees, in contrast to the complete distribution throughout the profile in the unthinned subareas. This would indicate less overall soil-moisture depletion with thinning since the available soil-moisture levels measured within the fully rooted zone were not significantly different for the various thinning treatments. As expected radial growth increased significantly with increasing intensity of thinning. The amount and proportion of late season growth tended to increase with increasing thinning intensity although the observed differences were not statistically significant. Late season growth, however, was significantly increased by increasing crown position (intermediate to dominant) regardless of thinning treatment. Irrigation of selected trees at a ridgetop area extended the spring maximum radial growth rate throughout most of the summer. On comparable non-irrigated trees growth retardation was detectable in the range of one-half to one atmospheres of soil-moisture tension. Growth cessation occurred when soil-moisture-tension values reached the two to five atmosphere range. Irrigation of trees in a young hillside bench stand slightly increased radial growth rate during the first two years, but decreased growth in relation to non-irrigated trees during the next two years apparently as a result of excess irrigation. Fertilization with high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased the late season radial growth of irrigated and non-irrigated trees in both stands. The late season response is attributed to a dwindling supply of mineralized soil nitrogen in the late summer and early fall. Irrigation and fertilization combined gave approximately additive increases in radial growth which ranged from 35 to 60 percent. It is hypothesized that potential radial growth (except for short periods at the start and end of the growing season) is equivalent to the maximum spring rate. Departures from this maximum result from deficiencies in moisture, mineral nutrient elements, or heat. Thus the maximum growth rate is proposed as an important characteristic, reflecting the potential carbohydrate productive capacity of the crown when raw material levels exceed rate limiting supplies. The fertility status of each research area was assessed by various means including soil chemical and physical analyses, sampling and chemical analyses of forest floor and litter fall material and pot fertility tests. The relative ranking of these areas in terms of fertility was consistent with their site index or productivity rating. Monterey pine and Douglas-fir seedling test plants grown on the potted soils from the different horizons in each profile responded to nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur additions. In field tests nitrogen fertilization stimulated radial growth of Douglas-fir whereas phosphorus fertilizer at high application rates resulted in a growth depression. Title: Soil and growth studies in Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stands near Molalla, Oregon Author: Strand, Robert Fenton In 1957 three Douglas-fir stands (15-, 25-, and 40-year-old age classes) were selected on a tree farm in the Cascade foothills of northwestern Oregon to study factors affecting site productivity. Soil-moisture, soil-temperature and seasonal radial- growth pattern measurements were made with a Colman moisture meter and a dial gauge dendrometer on thinned and unthinned subareas. Soil temperatures were significantly increased by thinning in each stand. This effect decreased with soil depth and increased with increasing intensity of thinning. Root distribution studies eight years after thinning showed that a heavily thinned stand had relatively few roots in the lower profile between the remaining trees, in contrast to the complete distribution throughout the profile in the unthinned subareas. This would indicate less overall soil-moisture depletion with thinning since the available soil-moisture levels measured within the fully rooted zone were not significantly different for the various thinning treatments. As expected radial growth increased significantly with increasing intensity of thinning. The amount and proportion of late season growth tended to increase with increasing thinning intensity although the observed differences were not statistically significant. Late season growth, however, was significantly increased by increasing crown position (intermediate to dominant) regardless of thinning treatment. Irrigation of selected trees at a ridgetop area extended the spring maximum radial growth rate throughout most of the summer. On comparable non-irrigated trees growth retardation was detectable in the range of one-half to one atmospheres of soil-moisture tension. Growth cessation occurred when soil-moisture-tension values reached the two to five atmosphere range. Irrigation of trees in a young hillside bench stand slightly increased radial growth rate during the first two years, but decreased growth in relation to non-irrigated trees during the next two years apparently as a result of excess irrigation. Fertilization with high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers increased the late season radial growth of irrigated and non-irrigated trees in both stands. The late season response is attributed to a dwindling supply of mineralized soil nitrogen in the late summer and early fall. Irrigation and fertilization combined gave approximately additive increases in radial growth which ranged from 35 to 60 percent. It is hypothesized that potential radial growth (except for short periods at the start and end of the growing season) is equivalent to the maximum spring rate. Departures from this maximum result from deficiencies in moisture, mineral nutrient elements, or heat. Thus the maximum growth rate is proposed as an important characteristic, reflecting the potential carbohydrate productive capacity of the crown when raw material levels exceed rate limiting supplies. The fertility status of each research area was assessed by various means including soil chemical and physical analyses, sampling and chemical analyses of forest floor and litter fall material and pot fertility tests. The relative ranking of these areas in terms of fertility was consistent with their site index or productivity rating. Monterey pine and Douglas-fir seedling test plants grown on the potted soils from the different horizons in each profile responded to nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur additions. In field tests nitrogen fertilization stimulated radial growth of Douglas-fir whereas phosphorus fertilizer at high application rates resulted in a growth depression. Close

• 49. [Article] Characterization of selected plant communities within the Tillamook Burn in northwestern Oregon

  A study was initiated in 1961 to characterize seral plant communities in a part of the Cedar Creek drainage in the Tillamook Burn. Stratification of vegetation into ecological units was a necessary first ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of selected plant communities within the Tillamook Burn in northwestern Oregon Author: Bailey, Arthur W. A study was initiated in 1961 to characterize seral plant communities in a part of the Cedar Creek drainage in the Tillamook Burn. Stratification of vegetation into ecological units was a necessary first step in conifer-animal damage studies supported by the Oregon State Game Commission. Reconnaissance information was recorded in 92 stands and seven major plant communities were tentatively recognized. Association tables were constructed for analysis of the constancy and canopy coverage data recorded in 42 intensively sampled stands. Two communities that occupied small parts of the study area were described using reconnaissance only. The plant associes is recognized as the seral equivalent to the climax plant association. Five soil series previously mapped were in the study area. The Meda, Astoria, Trask and Kilchis soil series were recognizeable and adequately characterized. The Hembre soil series was found to be too general for application to either synecological research or land management. For this investigation, the series was separated and described as the Hembre I and Hembre II soil series. The Alnus rubra/Polystichum munitum associes is on lower elevation, north-facing slopes. The associes is in a topographic position to benefit from lateral seepage and to have low summer transpiration rates. It is on Meda, Astoria and Hembre II soil series. The Alnus rubra-Acer circinatum associes is on convex, north-facing slopes at usually slightly higher elevations than the Alnus/Polystichum associes. It is topographically located to benefit from lateral seepage and to have a low summer transpiration rate. The associes is on Hembre II and Trask soils. The Acer circinatum-Corylus californica associes is highly variable in species composition and cover. It has a xeric and a mesic phase. Stands are always located in positions to benefit from lateral ground water seepage and are generally located on all but north-facing slopes. The associes is generally on deep Astoria or Hembre II soils, but on bottom slopes it may be on the lithosolic Trask series. The Rubus parviflorus/Trientalis latifolia associes is on upper slopes and on nearly all aspects at higher elevations. It is usually on lithosolic Kilchis soils. The Pteridium aquilinum/Lotus crassifolius is on the deeply weathered Hembre I soil series. It is at higher elevations on most slope directions. The Vaccinium parvifolium/Gaultheria shallon associes is dominated by two late seral or climax species. Drainage is good to excessive on south-facing convex slopes or ridgetops. Macro-climate is apparently the major controlling factor since there is little relation between soil series or solum depth. The Acer macrophyllum/Symphoricarpos mollis and the Acer macrophyllum-Alnus rubra associes are described with reconnaissance data only. The former is on extremely steep, south-facing rock and talus slopes. The latter is on floodplains of major streams. It may have a water table in the rooting zone part of the year. Both shade-intolerant, early seral species and shade-tolerant, late seral or climax species have specific environmental requirements for growth and survival. The vegetation, 17 years after fire, reflects environmental controls and may be used to stratify the landscape into units of equivalent effective environment. Succession is apparently slow in most communities and under natural conditions most communities would have remained in a dynamic, seral state for many years. Implications of the study to game management are discussed. A basis of vegetation stratification suitable for game management studies was established. A relatively rapid method of inventorying and mapping winter deer forage production by plant communities has been demonstrated. A key for recognizing the plant associes was developed. Title: Characterization of selected plant communities within the Tillamook Burn in northwestern Oregon Author: Bailey, Arthur W. A study was initiated in 1961 to characterize seral plant communities in a part of the Cedar Creek drainage in the Tillamook Burn. Stratification of vegetation into ecological units was a necessary first step in conifer-animal damage studies supported by the Oregon State Game Commission. Reconnaissance information was recorded in 92 stands and seven major plant communities were tentatively recognized. Association tables were constructed for analysis of the constancy and canopy coverage data recorded in 42 intensively sampled stands. Two communities that occupied small parts of the study area were described using reconnaissance only. The plant associes is recognized as the seral equivalent to the climax plant association. Five soil series previously mapped were in the study area. The Meda, Astoria, Trask and Kilchis soil series were recognizeable and adequately characterized. The Hembre soil series was found to be too general for application to either synecological research or land management. For this investigation, the series was separated and described as the Hembre I and Hembre II soil series. The Alnus rubra/Polystichum munitum associes is on lower elevation, north-facing slopes. The associes is in a topographic position to benefit from lateral seepage and to have low summer transpiration rates. It is on Meda, Astoria and Hembre II soil series. The Alnus rubra-Acer circinatum associes is on convex, north-facing slopes at usually slightly higher elevations than the Alnus/Polystichum associes. It is topographically located to benefit from lateral seepage and to have a low summer transpiration rate. The associes is on Hembre II and Trask soils. The Acer circinatum-Corylus californica associes is highly variable in species composition and cover. It has a xeric and a mesic phase. Stands are always located in positions to benefit from lateral ground water seepage and are generally located on all but north-facing slopes. The associes is generally on deep Astoria or Hembre II soils, but on bottom slopes it may be on the lithosolic Trask series. The Rubus parviflorus/Trientalis latifolia associes is on upper slopes and on nearly all aspects at higher elevations. It is usually on lithosolic Kilchis soils. The Pteridium aquilinum/Lotus crassifolius is on the deeply weathered Hembre I soil series. It is at higher elevations on most slope directions. The Vaccinium parvifolium/Gaultheria shallon associes is dominated by two late seral or climax species. Drainage is good to excessive on south-facing convex slopes or ridgetops. Macro-climate is apparently the major controlling factor since there is little relation between soil series or solum depth. The Acer macrophyllum/Symphoricarpos mollis and the Acer macrophyllum-Alnus rubra associes are described with reconnaissance data only. The former is on extremely steep, south-facing rock and talus slopes. The latter is on floodplains of major streams. It may have a water table in the rooting zone part of the year. Both shade-intolerant, early seral species and shade-tolerant, late seral or climax species have specific environmental requirements for growth and survival. The vegetation, 17 years after fire, reflects environmental controls and may be used to stratify the landscape into units of equivalent effective environment. Succession is apparently slow in most communities and under natural conditions most communities would have remained in a dynamic, seral state for many years. Implications of the study to game management are discussed. A basis of vegetation stratification suitable for game management studies was established. A relatively rapid method of inventorying and mapping winter deer forage production by plant communities has been demonstrated. A key for recognizing the plant associes was developed. Close

• 50. [Article] Factors Influencing Growth and Bioenergetics of Fish in Forested Headwater Streams Downstream of Forest Harvest

  In this study, we used a combination of conventional statistical analyses and mechanistic bioenergetics models to understand the potential effects of environmental variability on growth of stream-living ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors Influencing Growth and Bioenergetics of Fish in Forested Headwater Streams Downstream of Forest Harvest Author: Jensen, Leslie R. In this study, we used a combination of conventional statistical analyses and mechanistic bioenergetics models to understand the potential effects of environmental variability on growth of stream-living fishes in four headwater streams subject to upstream forest harvest. We focused on two common fish consumers in headwater streams in the Pacific Northwest, USA: trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii and O. mykiss) and sculpin (Cottus spp.). Statistical analyses focused on patterns of summer growth in relation to upstream forest harvest, and the effects of annually variable stream temperatures, stream discharges, and biomasses of conspecifics. Statistical and bioenergetics models were based on 2,524 individual measurements of growth for trout and 208 measurements for sculpin observed over 8 summers (July-Sept) in four headwater streams in the northwestern Oregon Coast Range. Statistical analyses of patterns of growth indicated no effect of forest harvest on growth of either species. However, increased temperature was associated with increased growth rates, after adjusting for stream discharge and biomass of conspecifics. To further elaborate processes driving growth of fish in the streams we studied, bioenergetics simulations were applied to estimate relative consumption (observed consumption / maximum consumption) based on energy inputs (prey energy densities), temperature and size-dependent physiological costs, and measured growth. Simulations yielded relative consumption values that ranged from 0 to 0.19 (mean = 0.076) for trout and from 0.016 to 0.63 (mean 0.33) for sculpin. Although sculpin exhibited higher levels of relative consumption than trout, 66% of individuals lost weight. In contrast, most trout gained weight (53%), even with lower relative consumption levels. These contrasts reflected higher modelled physiological maintenance costs for sculpin relative to trout. We applied the bioenergetics model to evaluate warming and cooling of stream temperatures within and outside of the range of observed variation and estimated that trout would continue to have positive summer growth, if relative consumption remained unchanged, over a large range of temperatures. Sculpin, on the other hand, were expected to have increased growth rates if mean water temperature increased by up to 1°C, but would be sensitive to further temperature perturbations (positive or negative), unless consumption levels increased. Additionally, sculpin were the dominant fish in terms of biomass and abundance in three of the four stream sites. Collectively, these findings point to a suite of key processes driving growth of fish in headwater streams of the Pacific Northwest Coast, variability in sensitivity of species to environmental conditions, and the importance of sculpin: a group of typically overlooked species that appear to be more abundant and sensitive to environmental conditions than more commonly-studied trout. Title: Factors Influencing Growth and Bioenergetics of Fish in Forested Headwater Streams Downstream of Forest Harvest Author: Jensen, Leslie R. In this study, we used a combination of conventional statistical analyses and mechanistic bioenergetics models to understand the potential effects of environmental variability on growth of stream-living fishes in four headwater streams subject to upstream forest harvest. We focused on two common fish consumers in headwater streams in the Pacific Northwest, USA: trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii and O. mykiss) and sculpin (Cottus spp.). Statistical analyses focused on patterns of summer growth in relation to upstream forest harvest, and the effects of annually variable stream temperatures, stream discharges, and biomasses of conspecifics. Statistical and bioenergetics models were based on 2,524 individual measurements of growth for trout and 208 measurements for sculpin observed over 8 summers (July-Sept) in four headwater streams in the northwestern Oregon Coast Range. Statistical analyses of patterns of growth indicated no effect of forest harvest on growth of either species. However, increased temperature was associated with increased growth rates, after adjusting for stream discharge and biomass of conspecifics. To further elaborate processes driving growth of fish in the streams we studied, bioenergetics simulations were applied to estimate relative consumption (observed consumption / maximum consumption) based on energy inputs (prey energy densities), temperature and size-dependent physiological costs, and measured growth. Simulations yielded relative consumption values that ranged from 0 to 0.19 (mean = 0.076) for trout and from 0.016 to 0.63 (mean 0.33) for sculpin. Although sculpin exhibited higher levels of relative consumption than trout, 66% of individuals lost weight. In contrast, most trout gained weight (53%), even with lower relative consumption levels. These contrasts reflected higher modelled physiological maintenance costs for sculpin relative to trout. We applied the bioenergetics model to evaluate warming and cooling of stream temperatures within and outside of the range of observed variation and estimated that trout would continue to have positive summer growth, if relative consumption remained unchanged, over a large range of temperatures. Sculpin, on the other hand, were expected to have increased growth rates if mean water temperature increased by up to 1°C, but would be sensitive to further temperature perturbations (positive or negative), unless consumption levels increased. Additionally, sculpin were the dominant fish in terms of biomass and abundance in three of the four stream sites. Collectively, these findings point to a suite of key processes driving growth of fish in headwater streams of the Pacific Northwest Coast, variability in sensitivity of species to environmental conditions, and the importance of sculpin: a group of typically overlooked species that appear to be more abundant and sensitive to environmental conditions than more commonly-studied trout. Close

• 51. [Article] Analysis of dating decisions made by college freshmen women while random and steady dating

  The purpose of this study was to seek information regarding issues around which dating decisions were made and some of the steps college freshmen women considered in deciding for or against certain courses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of dating decisions made by college freshmen women while random and steady dating Author: Hartness, Helen Thun The purpose of this study was to seek information regarding issues around which dating decisions were made and some of the steps college freshmen women considered in deciding for or against certain courses of action while random and steady dating. A second more general purpose was to determine if the interpersonal values held by the subjects were related to the decisions made by them on selected issues. Subjects were 78 selected college freshmen women students who had been on campus for six months at a coeducational church-affiliated liberal arts college in northwestern Oregon. Data were collected by administering A Personal Data Inventory, A Dating-Decision Check Sheet, and the Gordon Survey of Interpersonal Values. Chi-square analyses were used to test the three null hypotheses concerning (1) the utilization of family or non-family persons as consultants in decision-making on selected issues; (2) the consideration of personal or parental factors in decision-making on selected issues; and (3) the kinds of decisions made on any selected issue. Of the 14 issues tested the findings indicated that the only issue significantly related to the utilization of Family and Non-Family persons was Kissing. This same issue was the only one involved in a significant relationship with Personal or Parental Factors. In the first instance, subjects in a random dating situation relied on themselves more often than they did anyone else in reaching a decision and this tendency was in direct contrast to persons in the steady dating situation. In the second instance, individuals in both random and steady dating situations relied most heavily on Personal Factors rather than Parental Factors in reaching their decision. Since the significant findings were limited to only one of the 14 issues, extended interpretations did not seem warranted. With regard to decisions made, the analysis of the Issue Categories reflected significant relations for three of the four categories tested: Background Differences; Use of Alcohol and Drugs and Physical Expressions. Subsequent analyses of the specific issues within these categories yielded only one significant finding on the issue Age within the category Background Differences. Apparently the significance attributed to the other categories was the result of a cumulative effect from the specific issues contained in them. Other than a notable tendency by individuals in a random dating situation to discontinue the relationship clear patterns of decision-making around the selected issues did not emerge. Contrary to expectations the distributions of value scores of groups of individuals involved in selected issues were not in marked contrast to the distributions of the peer group. Possible interpretations of the significant findings and trends in the data were discussed and sections dealing with limitations of the study, possible contributions of the study, and suggestions for further research were presented. Title: Analysis of dating decisions made by college freshmen women while random and steady dating Author: Hartness, Helen Thun The purpose of this study was to seek information regarding issues around which dating decisions were made and some of the steps college freshmen women considered in deciding for or against certain courses of action while random and steady dating. A second more general purpose was to determine if the interpersonal values held by the subjects were related to the decisions made by them on selected issues. Subjects were 78 selected college freshmen women students who had been on campus for six months at a coeducational church-affiliated liberal arts college in northwestern Oregon. Data were collected by administering A Personal Data Inventory, A Dating-Decision Check Sheet, and the Gordon Survey of Interpersonal Values. Chi-square analyses were used to test the three null hypotheses concerning (1) the utilization of family or non-family persons as consultants in decision-making on selected issues; (2) the consideration of personal or parental factors in decision-making on selected issues; and (3) the kinds of decisions made on any selected issue. Of the 14 issues tested the findings indicated that the only issue significantly related to the utilization of Family and Non-Family persons was Kissing. This same issue was the only one involved in a significant relationship with Personal or Parental Factors. In the first instance, subjects in a random dating situation relied on themselves more often than they did anyone else in reaching a decision and this tendency was in direct contrast to persons in the steady dating situation. In the second instance, individuals in both random and steady dating situations relied most heavily on Personal Factors rather than Parental Factors in reaching their decision. Since the significant findings were limited to only one of the 14 issues, extended interpretations did not seem warranted. With regard to decisions made, the analysis of the Issue Categories reflected significant relations for three of the four categories tested: Background Differences; Use of Alcohol and Drugs and Physical Expressions. Subsequent analyses of the specific issues within these categories yielded only one significant finding on the issue Age within the category Background Differences. Apparently the significance attributed to the other categories was the result of a cumulative effect from the specific issues contained in them. Other than a notable tendency by individuals in a random dating situation to discontinue the relationship clear patterns of decision-making around the selected issues did not emerge. Contrary to expectations the distributions of value scores of groups of individuals involved in selected issues were not in marked contrast to the distributions of the peer group. Possible interpretations of the significant findings and trends in the data were discussed and sections dealing with limitations of the study, possible contributions of the study, and suggestions for further research were presented. Close

• 52. [Article] Local Variability Mediates Vulnerability of Trout Populations to Land Use and Climate Change

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local Variability Mediates Vulnerability of Trout Populations to Land Use and Climate Change Author: Skaugset, Arne E., Arismendi, Ivan, Bilby, Robert E., Johnson, Sherri L., Railsback, Steve F., Penaluna, Brooke E., Safeeq, Mohammad, Dunham, Jason B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Local Variability Mediates Vulnerability of Trout Populations to Land Use and Climate Change Author: Skaugset, Arne E., Arismendi, Ivan, Bilby, Robert E., Johnson, Sherri L., Railsback, Steve F., Penaluna, Brooke E., Safeeq, Mohammad, Dunham, Jason B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 53. [Article] An evaluation of family income variation on low-income farms in western Oregon

  The primary purpose of this thesis is to determine the economic nature of low incomes on low-income farms in western Oregon. An economic model containing variables that contribute to family income is developed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of family income variation on low-income farms in western Oregon Author: Long, Donald Eugene The primary purpose of this thesis is to determine the economic nature of low incomes on low-income farms in western Oregon. An economic model containing variables that contribute to family income is developed for farm operators in the study area. Regression analysis is used to determine the significant variables contributing to family income variation. From the results of the regression analysis, an income function is derived for low-income farm families of western Oregon. An analysis of the variables included in the income function is presented, as well as a discussion of the variables that were determined not to be significant from the regression analysis. It is concluded that insufficient farm size, inadequate capital for farm expansion, lack of training or skill, inefficient use of available resources, age of the operator, lack of formal education, and lack of mobility are the main causes of low incomes in the thirteen northwestern counties of Oregon. The findings of this study tend to support other studies of a similar nature. Finally, policy alternatives and recommendations are given. It is determined the avenues of assistance open to older low-income farm operators and those with less formal education are direct aid programs. The training necessary to obtain non-farm employment is the most feasible means for the younger, low-income farm operators. It is determined that there is a relatively small number of low-income farm operators in western Oregon with adequate resources to farm their way out of poverty. Title: An evaluation of family income variation on low-income farms in western Oregon Author: Long, Donald Eugene The primary purpose of this thesis is to determine the economic nature of low incomes on low-income farms in western Oregon. An economic model containing variables that contribute to family income is developed for farm operators in the study area. Regression analysis is used to determine the significant variables contributing to family income variation. From the results of the regression analysis, an income function is derived for low-income farm families of western Oregon. An analysis of the variables included in the income function is presented, as well as a discussion of the variables that were determined not to be significant from the regression analysis. It is concluded that insufficient farm size, inadequate capital for farm expansion, lack of training or skill, inefficient use of available resources, age of the operator, lack of formal education, and lack of mobility are the main causes of low incomes in the thirteen northwestern counties of Oregon. The findings of this study tend to support other studies of a similar nature. Finally, policy alternatives and recommendations are given. It is determined the avenues of assistance open to older low-income farm operators and those with less formal education are direct aid programs. The training necessary to obtain non-farm employment is the most feasible means for the younger, low-income farm operators. It is determined that there is a relatively small number of low-income farm operators in western Oregon with adequate resources to farm their way out of poverty. Close

• 54. [Article] Geology of the Saddle and Humbug Mountain area, Clatsop County, northwestern Oregon

  Six early to middle Tertiary geologic units crop out in the Saddle and Humbug Mountain area. They include the late Eocene to early Miocene Oswald West muds tones, the lower Silver Point and the upper Silver ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Saddle and Humbug Mountain area, Clatsop County, northwestern Oregon Author: Penoyer, Peter E. Six early to middle Tertiary geologic units crop out in the Saddle and Humbug Mountain area. They include the late Eocene to early Miocene Oswald West muds tones, the lower Silver Point and the upper Silver Point tongues of the middle Miocene Astoria Formation, and the middle Miocene Depoe Bay and Cape Foulweather Basalts. One new lithologically distinct unit, the Falls Creek member of the Oswald West muds tones, is mapped, described, and named informally herein. These Tertiary units are locally overlain by Quaternary stream alluvium and landslide deposits. The Oswald West mudstones consist of more than 500 meters of thickly bedded grayish to yellowish orange bioturbated tuffaceous siltstones and mudstones interstratified with minor glauconitic sandstones and tuff beds. An open-marine, deep-water, slightly reducing depositional environment (outer shelf-continental slope) is indicated by Foraminifera, trace fossils, glauconite, and the predominantly fine-grained character of the unit. Deposition of the Falls Creek silts tone member which contains a very shallow water molluscan fossil assemblage probably occurred during gradual shallowing near the end of the late Oligocene, possibly due to adjacent deltaic progradation. An angular unconformity separates the Oswald West muds tones from the overlying lower Silver Point tongue and suggests that a broad uplift occurred during an early Miocene hiatus. Thin feldspathic sandstone lenses occur locally above the unconformity and mark the beginning of a middle Miocene marine transgression during lower Silver Point time. The approximately 300-meter thick Silver Point member is composed of two intertonguing lithosomes. The lower tongue consists of rhythmically bedded, light gray, laminated, micaceous and carbonaceous sandstones and dark gray siltstones. Graded bedding and partial Bouma sequences suggest that these sandstones were deposited by turbidity currents, possibly on a delta slope or outer delta platform. Paleocurrent measurements and facies patterns indicate that these turbidity flows originated at a south to southeasterly source, probably by slumping off the nearby Angora Peak delta front. Thick-bedded, structureless, arkosic sandstones which locally interfinger with the basal part of the lower Silver Point tongue probably also reflect redeposition of "clean" delta front sheet sands into deeper water delta slope environments. The lower Silver Point tongue grades upward into the 200-meter thick upper Silver Point tongue which consists of dark gray structureless to finely laminated mudstones and rare thin sandstone beds. Foraminifera and the overall fine-grained lithology indicate that this unit was deposited under deep marine (upper bathyal), low energy conditions and reflects continuing marine transgression over the region. Postulated underthrusting caused by convergence of the Juan de Fuca oceanic plate and the North American continental plate along the middle Miocene Oregon continental margin (Ku lm and Fowler, 1974a, 1974b), may have caused the uplift and high-angle faulting and development of an unconformity which followed upper Silver Point marine deposition. Rapid subsidence and marine transgression ended this short-lived erosion period as evidenced by the local eruption of over 600 meters of palagonitized Depoe Bay submarine basaltic breccias and pillow lavas and more than 200 meters of sparsely porphyritic Cape Foulweather submarine pillow lavas. The Depoe Bay Basalt lies with angular unconformity over the faulted Silver Point member and Oswald West mudstones. A local basaltic conglomerate interbed within the Depoe Bay breccias (near the base) suggests that some early Depoe Bay volcanic buildups developed above wave base. Chemical analyses show that these basalts are tholeiites and are comparable to the type Cape Foulweather and Depoe Bay petrologic-types along the central Oregon Coast. All Tertiary sedimentary units are intruded by numerous dikes, sills, and irregular-shaped plutons. Regional dike swarms and local feeder dikes to Depoe Bay Basalt eruptive centers such as Saddle Mountain, commonly, either parallel or coincide with northeasttrending or northwest-trending lineaments and high-angle faults, suggesting a structural control for the emplacement of the intrusives and location of the volcanic centers. The largest fault in the study area (Humbug Mountain fault) is co-linear with the northwest-trending Gales Creek Fault and another unnamed fault southeast of the study area. In total, these three faults form an almost continuous line of faults across the northern Oregon Coast Range for a distance of 100 km. Title: Geology of the Saddle and Humbug Mountain area, Clatsop County, northwestern Oregon Author: Penoyer, Peter E. Six early to middle Tertiary geologic units crop out in the Saddle and Humbug Mountain area. They include the late Eocene to early Miocene Oswald West muds tones, the lower Silver Point and the upper Silver Point tongues of the middle Miocene Astoria Formation, and the middle Miocene Depoe Bay and Cape Foulweather Basalts. One new lithologically distinct unit, the Falls Creek member of the Oswald West muds tones, is mapped, described, and named informally herein. These Tertiary units are locally overlain by Quaternary stream alluvium and landslide deposits. The Oswald West mudstones consist of more than 500 meters of thickly bedded grayish to yellowish orange bioturbated tuffaceous siltstones and mudstones interstratified with minor glauconitic sandstones and tuff beds. An open-marine, deep-water, slightly reducing depositional environment (outer shelf-continental slope) is indicated by Foraminifera, trace fossils, glauconite, and the predominantly fine-grained character of the unit. Deposition of the Falls Creek silts tone member which contains a very shallow water molluscan fossil assemblage probably occurred during gradual shallowing near the end of the late Oligocene, possibly due to adjacent deltaic progradation. An angular unconformity separates the Oswald West muds tones from the overlying lower Silver Point tongue and suggests that a broad uplift occurred during an early Miocene hiatus. Thin feldspathic sandstone lenses occur locally above the unconformity and mark the beginning of a middle Miocene marine transgression during lower Silver Point time. The approximately 300-meter thick Silver Point member is composed of two intertonguing lithosomes. The lower tongue consists of rhythmically bedded, light gray, laminated, micaceous and carbonaceous sandstones and dark gray siltstones. Graded bedding and partial Bouma sequences suggest that these sandstones were deposited by turbidity currents, possibly on a delta slope or outer delta platform. Paleocurrent measurements and facies patterns indicate that these turbidity flows originated at a south to southeasterly source, probably by slumping off the nearby Angora Peak delta front. Thick-bedded, structureless, arkosic sandstones which locally interfinger with the basal part of the lower Silver Point tongue probably also reflect redeposition of "clean" delta front sheet sands into deeper water delta slope environments. The lower Silver Point tongue grades upward into the 200-meter thick upper Silver Point tongue which consists of dark gray structureless to finely laminated mudstones and rare thin sandstone beds. Foraminifera and the overall fine-grained lithology indicate that this unit was deposited under deep marine (upper bathyal), low energy conditions and reflects continuing marine transgression over the region. Postulated underthrusting caused by convergence of the Juan de Fuca oceanic plate and the North American continental plate along the middle Miocene Oregon continental margin (Ku lm and Fowler, 1974a, 1974b), may have caused the uplift and high-angle faulting and development of an unconformity which followed upper Silver Point marine deposition. Rapid subsidence and marine transgression ended this short-lived erosion period as evidenced by the local eruption of over 600 meters of palagonitized Depoe Bay submarine basaltic breccias and pillow lavas and more than 200 meters of sparsely porphyritic Cape Foulweather submarine pillow lavas. The Depoe Bay Basalt lies with angular unconformity over the faulted Silver Point member and Oswald West mudstones. A local basaltic conglomerate interbed within the Depoe Bay breccias (near the base) suggests that some early Depoe Bay volcanic buildups developed above wave base. Chemical analyses show that these basalts are tholeiites and are comparable to the type Cape Foulweather and Depoe Bay petrologic-types along the central Oregon Coast. All Tertiary sedimentary units are intruded by numerous dikes, sills, and irregular-shaped plutons. Regional dike swarms and local feeder dikes to Depoe Bay Basalt eruptive centers such as Saddle Mountain, commonly, either parallel or coincide with northeasttrending or northwest-trending lineaments and high-angle faults, suggesting a structural control for the emplacement of the intrusives and location of the volcanic centers. The largest fault in the study area (Humbug Mountain fault) is co-linear with the northwest-trending Gales Creek Fault and another unnamed fault southeast of the study area. In total, these three faults form an almost continuous line of faults across the northern Oregon Coast Range for a distance of 100 km. Close

• 55. [Article] Aerial photographs as an aid in preparing a management plan for the Blodgett tract

  There are approximately 4,000,000 acres of cut-over and burned-over land in western Washington and Oregon which are either non-stocked or unsatisfactorily stocked with young forest growth. This brings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial photographs as an aid in preparing a management plan for the Blodgett tract Author: Voorhies, Ray Van There are approximately 4,000,000 acres of cut-over and burned-over land in western Washington and Oregon which are either non-stocked or unsatisfactorily stocked with young forest growth. This brings about a great need for a quick and efficient method of land examination from which to plan reforestation measures and make up management plans. This thesis is an explanation of one method, that of using aerial photographs in conjunction with limited ground observation. An example is given which illustrates that each $l.00 saved in the planning stage of forest regeneration means $l9.23 more profit at the end of 100 years using an interest rate of 3% compounded annually. More and more forest industries are beginning to use aerial photos for management plans, reforestation programs, and even cutting plans and preliminary road location. The first part of this thesis deals with the using of the aerial photographs and the recognition of the information found on them as substantiated by ground examination. The Blodgett tract is 2400 acres of logged and burned-over land in northwestern Oregon which was deeded to the Oregon State College School of Forestry for the purpose of establishing a reforestation study area. The photographs used were standard 9 x 9 inch contact prints of negative photographed with a f-l2" Aerial Mapping Camera by Delano Aerial Surveys of Portland, Oregon. The average scale of photography was 1:12,000. The photographs were taken to the Blodgett tract and used as a guide in examining certain areas of the tract. Next a base map was made of the area using a slotted template laydown for horizontal control. The planimetry was transferred to the base map from the aerial photos by means of a multiscope. Fuel types were also determined from the photos. Other maps, including the proposed road and water development map, the hour control map and the seen area map, were also prepared. They were not particularly dependent upon the photographs for their information, except that the roads were located along old railroad grades and the water holes were beaver ponds, both of which could be observed on the photographs. A second land examination was made to correlate the types of vegetation on representative areas with the vegetational types given those areas from aerial photograph interpretation. Certain changes were made where the land examination showed the stocking or the species composition to differ from the photo interpretation. Well defined areas of each type were examined by the stocked quadrat method of reproduction examination and final classifications were based on the results. In conclusion to the first part of the thesis the author states that the field work in preparing a reforestation plan can be reduced to one-fifth of the time required by land examination alone. Forest boundaries and type boundaries may be easily recognized on the photographs and transferred to the base map. Fuel type and hour control maps may be made from the photos. Seen area maps may not be made from photographs without first constructing a topographic map. Tree species can be recognized to a certain degree from the photographs. Pure fir stands can be differentiated from pure hemlock stands, but they are not easily separated when in a mixture. Alder stands can be separated from the willow-vine maple stands, but again not in mixtures. However it is easy to distinguish coniferous stands from the hardwoods. The degree of stocking on reforestated areas can be determined from aerial photo examination, but only when the young trees average better than five feet in height and two feet in crown diameter. Part Two of the thesis is a brief management plan for the Blodgett tract. It includes the history, physiographic features, and condition of the forest on the tract. Silivicultural recommendations are made and also the fire protection maps previously mentioned. The area has high site quality, ample moisture, deep soil, and is ideally suited to the growing of Douglas-fir veneer stock on a rotation of between 100 and 150 years. It is located close to the Columbia River, which facilitates the transportation of the timber products. There is an adequate supply of local labor. The author recommends the planting of non-stocked and understocked areas, the pruning of selected crop tress, and periodic thinnings. Also recommended is the construction of access and fire roads, and a program of rodent and game control to assist in the re-establishment of the forest. Title: Aerial photographs as an aid in preparing a management plan for the Blodgett tract Author: Voorhies, Ray Van There are approximately 4,000,000 acres of cut-over and burned-over land in western Washington and Oregon which are either non-stocked or unsatisfactorily stocked with young forest growth. This brings about a great need for a quick and efficient method of land examination from which to plan reforestation measures and make up management plans. This thesis is an explanation of one method, that of using aerial photographs in conjunction with limited ground observation. An example is given which illustrates that each $l.00 saved in the planning stage of forest regeneration means $l9.23 more profit at the end of 100 years using an interest rate of 3% compounded annually. More and more forest industries are beginning to use aerial photos for management plans, reforestation programs, and even cutting plans and preliminary road location. The first part of this thesis deals with the using of the aerial photographs and the recognition of the information found on them as substantiated by ground examination. The Blodgett tract is 2400 acres of logged and burned-over land in northwestern Oregon which was deeded to the Oregon State College School of Forestry for the purpose of establishing a reforestation study area. The photographs used were standard 9 x 9 inch contact prints of negative photographed with a f-l2" Aerial Mapping Camera by Delano Aerial Surveys of Portland, Oregon. The average scale of photography was 1:12,000. The photographs were taken to the Blodgett tract and used as a guide in examining certain areas of the tract. Next a base map was made of the area using a slotted template laydown for horizontal control. The planimetry was transferred to the base map from the aerial photos by means of a multiscope. Fuel types were also determined from the photos. Other maps, including the proposed road and water development map, the hour control map and the seen area map, were also prepared. They were not particularly dependent upon the photographs for their information, except that the roads were located along old railroad grades and the water holes were beaver ponds, both of which could be observed on the photographs. A second land examination was made to correlate the types of vegetation on representative areas with the vegetational types given those areas from aerial photograph interpretation. Certain changes were made where the land examination showed the stocking or the species composition to differ from the photo interpretation. Well defined areas of each type were examined by the stocked quadrat method of reproduction examination and final classifications were based on the results. In conclusion to the first part of the thesis the author states that the field work in preparing a reforestation plan can be reduced to one-fifth of the time required by land examination alone. Forest boundaries and type boundaries may be easily recognized on the photographs and transferred to the base map. Fuel type and hour control maps may be made from the photos. Seen area maps may not be made from photographs without first constructing a topographic map. Tree species can be recognized to a certain degree from the photographs. Pure fir stands can be differentiated from pure hemlock stands, but they are not easily separated when in a mixture. Alder stands can be separated from the willow-vine maple stands, but again not in mixtures. However it is easy to distinguish coniferous stands from the hardwoods. The degree of stocking on reforestated areas can be determined from aerial photo examination, but only when the young trees average better than five feet in height and two feet in crown diameter. Part Two of the thesis is a brief management plan for the Blodgett tract. It includes the history, physiographic features, and condition of the forest on the tract. Silivicultural recommendations are made and also the fire protection maps previously mentioned. The area has high site quality, ample moisture, deep soil, and is ideally suited to the growing of Douglas-fir veneer stock on a rotation of between 100 and 150 years. It is located close to the Columbia River, which facilitates the transportation of the timber products. There is an adequate supply of local labor. The author recommends the planting of non-stocked and understocked areas, the pruning of selected crop tress, and periodic thinnings. Also recommended is the construction of access and fire roads, and a program of rodent and game control to assist in the re-establishment of the forest. Close

• 56. [Article] Assessing Potato Psyllid Haplotypes in Potato Crops in the Pacific Northwestern United States

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Potato Association ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Potato Psyllid Haplotypes in Potato Crops in the Pacific Northwestern United States Author: Rondon, Silvia I., Dixon, Jacob, Murphy, Alexzandra F., Swisher, Kylie D., et al., Sengoda, Venkatesan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Potato Association of America and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/12230. Title: Assessing Potato Psyllid Haplotypes in Potato Crops in the Pacific Northwestern United States Author: Rondon, Silvia I., Dixon, Jacob, Murphy, Alexzandra F., Swisher, Kylie D., et al., Sengoda, Venkatesan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Potato Association of America and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/12230. Close

• 57. [Article] Origin and distribution of polyploid Achillea (Compositae) in western North America

  A cytogeographical study was made of populations of tetraploid (n=18) and hexaploid (n=27) Achillea millefolium (Compositae- Anthemideae) from the Pacific Coast states. There is a complex distributional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Origin and distribution of polyploid Achillea (Compositae) in western North America Author: Tyrl, Ronald J. A cytogeographical study was made of populations of tetraploid (n=18) and hexaploid (n=27) Achillea millefolium (Compositae- Anthemideae) from the Pacific Coast states. There is a complex distributional pattern, involving overlapping ranges, mixed populations, migration of one form into areas occuplied by the other, pentaploid hybrids, and septaploid and octoploid plants. The distributions of the coastal tetraploids in the areas of southwestern Oregon, northwestern California, and northwestern Washington, are correlated with the distinctive geological regions of the Klamath and the Olympic Mountains. Tetraploid plants of these areas frequently produce unreduced micros pores with a chromosome number of n=36. On the basis of these observations, several inferences are advanced. First, the distributions of the two chromosome forms are not static, but rather dynamic, with man being instrumental in dispersal and establishment of Achillea populations. Second, the North American hexaploid is indigenous, having its origins in the tetraploid through the union of unreduced or tetraploid gametes with normal diploid gametes. Evidence for this hypothesis is found in the reproductive barriers between American and Eurasian hexaploids; the meiotic configurations of the pentaploid hybrids; the existence of mixed populations in which single hexaploid plants occur among tetraploids that are producing unreduced gametes; and the morphological and ecological similarities indicative of an autoploid system of evolution. From the distributional patterns detected, it is believed that the tetraploid, established during Tertiary times in the Klamath and Olympic Mountains, gave rise to the hexaploids at the geological margins of these areas. Due to these observations and the complete intergrading morphological variation characterizing the genus, it is suggested that Achillea in western North America is adequately and meaningfully described as a single species, highly polymorphic and with two or more ploidy levels. Title: Origin and distribution of polyploid Achillea (Compositae) in western North America Author: Tyrl, Ronald J. A cytogeographical study was made of populations of tetraploid (n=18) and hexaploid (n=27) Achillea millefolium (Compositae- Anthemideae) from the Pacific Coast states. There is a complex distributional pattern, involving overlapping ranges, mixed populations, migration of one form into areas occuplied by the other, pentaploid hybrids, and septaploid and octoploid plants. The distributions of the coastal tetraploids in the areas of southwestern Oregon, northwestern California, and northwestern Washington, are correlated with the distinctive geological regions of the Klamath and the Olympic Mountains. Tetraploid plants of these areas frequently produce unreduced micros pores with a chromosome number of n=36. On the basis of these observations, several inferences are advanced. First, the distributions of the two chromosome forms are not static, but rather dynamic, with man being instrumental in dispersal and establishment of Achillea populations. Second, the North American hexaploid is indigenous, having its origins in the tetraploid through the union of unreduced or tetraploid gametes with normal diploid gametes. Evidence for this hypothesis is found in the reproductive barriers between American and Eurasian hexaploids; the meiotic configurations of the pentaploid hybrids; the existence of mixed populations in which single hexaploid plants occur among tetraploids that are producing unreduced gametes; and the morphological and ecological similarities indicative of an autoploid system of evolution. From the distributional patterns detected, it is believed that the tetraploid, established during Tertiary times in the Klamath and Olympic Mountains, gave rise to the hexaploids at the geological margins of these areas. Due to these observations and the complete intergrading morphological variation characterizing the genus, it is suggested that Achillea in western North America is adequately and meaningfully described as a single species, highly polymorphic and with two or more ploidy levels. Close

• 58. [Article] Tradition and change across generations of Japanese American women

  This was a generational study on Japanese American women that evaluated Hill's propositions regarding discontinuity in values and acceleration of achievement in occupational level across generations. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tradition and change across generations of Japanese American women Author: Sanabe-Mao, Mary This was a generational study on Japanese American women that evaluated Hill's propositions regarding discontinuity in values and acceleration of achievement in occupational level across generations. The domains examined were 1) elder care, 2) family structure, and 3) employment & occupation. It was hypothesized that there will be differences between the second and third generations, that there will be a trend towards greater discontinuity in traditional Japanese values and rules across Japanese American generations in elder care, family structure, and employment. Further, it was hypothesized that there will be an advancement in occupational level across these generations. A survey instrument incorporating both close and open-ended questions was used to explore these research statements and hypotheses. Participants for this study included 168 Japanese American women in Northwestern region, mainly Oregon (89 second generation and 79 third generation). Quantitative methodologies were employed to analyze the data obtained from self-administered questionnaires. Results revealed a mixed support to Hill's intergenerational propositions. For example, second generation women lean towards non-traditional attitudes with regard to elder care but were more traditional with regard to women's employment, particularly for mothers of small children. This could reflect a complicated process in which second generation women draw on the traditional value of sacrificial motherhood and extend it throughout the lifecourse by adjusting it through their own caregiving experiences to their elderly parents: an example of how an unique synthesis emerges out of the conflicting old and new ideas. Such finding gives an important indication that generational change is not of linear characteristics as Hill suggests but of non-linear one. Title: Tradition and change across generations of Japanese American women Author: Sanabe-Mao, Mary This was a generational study on Japanese American women that evaluated Hill's propositions regarding discontinuity in values and acceleration of achievement in occupational level across generations. The domains examined were 1) elder care, 2) family structure, and 3) employment & occupation. It was hypothesized that there will be differences between the second and third generations, that there will be a trend towards greater discontinuity in traditional Japanese values and rules across Japanese American generations in elder care, family structure, and employment. Further, it was hypothesized that there will be an advancement in occupational level across these generations. A survey instrument incorporating both close and open-ended questions was used to explore these research statements and hypotheses. Participants for this study included 168 Japanese American women in Northwestern region, mainly Oregon (89 second generation and 79 third generation). Quantitative methodologies were employed to analyze the data obtained from self-administered questionnaires. Results revealed a mixed support to Hill's intergenerational propositions. For example, second generation women lean towards non-traditional attitudes with regard to elder care but were more traditional with regard to women's employment, particularly for mothers of small children. This could reflect a complicated process in which second generation women draw on the traditional value of sacrificial motherhood and extend it throughout the lifecourse by adjusting it through their own caregiving experiences to their elderly parents: an example of how an unique synthesis emerges out of the conflicting old and new ideas. Such finding gives an important indication that generational change is not of linear characteristics as Hill suggests but of non-linear one. Close

• 59. [Article] Geology, flooding & human activities : establishing a hierarchy of influence for controls on historic channel change, Willamette River, Oregon

  Channel evolution and influences of changing floodplain characteristics, heterogenous bank materials, and altered flow regimes were examined along the Willamette River, a large alluvial river in northwestern Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology, flooding & human activities : establishing a hierarchy of influence for controls on historic channel change, Willamette River, Oregon Author: Wallick, Jennifer Rose Channel evolution and influences of changing floodplain characteristics, heterogenous bank materials, and altered flow regimes were examined along the Willamette River, a large alluvial river in northwestern Oregon. The Willamette River is composed of a series of geomorphically diverse reaches, which have each evolved uniquely in the century following Euro-American settlement. The river was divided into three large (30-50 km) alluvial reaches according to physiographic characteristics. The historically anastomosing and relatively steep McKenzie Reach (uppermost study reach), extends between the confluences of the McKenzie and Long Tom Rivers. The Willamette along the lower-gradient Santiam Reach (between the confluences of the Santiam and Yamhill Rivers is primarily contained within a single channel and has experienced lower rates of erosion than upper reaches. The Long Tom Reach (extending between the confluences of the Long Tom and Santiam Rivers), acts as a transition between the upper and lower Willamette, as it is here that the channel adopts a single-thread planform and becomes more stable. To assess the role of bank materials on bank-erosion rates, a method for detecting relative differences in erodibility between bank materials along large floodplains was developed. Coupling historic patterns of channel change with a simple model of bank erodibility enabled tracking of relative changes in bank erodibility among time intervals and bank materials. The analysis was applied to the McKenzie Reach for three time periods: 1850-1895, 1895-1932, and 1972-1995, and relative differences in bank erodibility were calculated for Holocene alluvium, partially cemented Pleistocene gravels, and revetments constructed in the 20th century. This simple model of bank erodibility reveals that, for all three periods, banks composed of Holocene alluvium were at least 2-5 times more erodible than banks composed of Pleistocene gravels. Revetment installed in the twentieth century was highly resistant to erosion and was at least 10 times less erodible than Pleistocene gravels. To examine larger-scale controls of geology, flooding, and human intervention on channel stability, rates and styles of historic channel change were determined for the McKenzie, Long Tom and Santiam Reaches and were linked with events or factors that may have triggered the observed patterns of channel change. Effects of anthropogenic activities on channel change were assessed by reviewing historic documents describing settlement patterns, riparian deforestation, channel improvements, and other actions. The role of flooding was assessed by compiling gauge records, anecdotal accounts of flooding, and by comparing stream-power distributions of large historic floods against smaller, post-dam floods with a 2-D flood model. Analyses of these larger-scale controls revealed that between 1850 and 1895, a period marked by the 3 largest floods of record, all reaches experienced numerous avulsions, increases in channel width, and decreases in centerline length. During the interval 1895-1932, a period with frequent, moderate-sized floods, migration rates increased by 50-300%, sinuosity increased and channel width decreased. The interval 1932-1995 was initially marked by rapid migration, but channel stabilization and dam building slowed erosion rates, causing the Long Tom and Santiam Reaches to display similar migration rates as those recorded for 1850-1895. Along the upper Willamette (McKenzie Reach), channel change during 1972 to 1995 was primarily limited to lateral migration along areas unrestricted by revetments and occurred at rates similar to 1850-1895 levels. Channel width decreased along all reaches during the 20th century. It is hypothesized that flooding may have been the primary factor responsible for the large-scale straightening and widening that occurred during 1850-1895. Actions taken to reduce streamside wood and side-channels along the McKenzie and Long Tom Reaches may have also contributed to widening. Along some areas of the floodplain, where the largely straightened and widened 1895 channel flowed through Holocene alluvium, the channel developed small bends that subsequently migrated rapidly downstream, and triggered rapid migration of adjacent bends. This concurrence of events and conditions suggests that accelerated erosion during the period 1895-1932 results from a combination of a "primed" planform, highly erodible bank materials, and a highly erosive flow regime with many moderate-sized floods. Migration rates 1895-1932 may have also increased as a result of land clearing and snag removal, as increasing numbers of settlers occupied floodplain lands in this interval. Anthropogenic activities have no clear effect on planform or erosion rates until the 193 D's, when widespread bank stabilization and dam construction resulted in diminished migration rates, fewer avulsions, and channel narrowing. By the late century, 30-45% of each reach was stabilized with revetments, while naturally resistant bank materials bordered an additional 13-30% of the channel length. Results indicate that revetments, naturally resistant bank materials, and flow regulation restrict migration and channel movement along the modern Willamette River. Efforts aiming to increase lateral migration on the Willamette River might consider removing revetment from bends bordered by Holocene alluvium along higher-gradient areas of the floodplain. However, such efforts may not create the suite of floodplain dynamics displayed by the historic Willamette, as much of the rapid migration, side channel maintenance and avulsions were related to flooding, channel change along adjacent bends, and large wood; all of which are largely absent from the modern floodplain. Title: Geology, flooding & human activities : establishing a hierarchy of influence for controls on historic channel change, Willamette River, Oregon Author: Wallick, Jennifer Rose Channel evolution and influences of changing floodplain characteristics, heterogenous bank materials, and altered flow regimes were examined along the Willamette River, a large alluvial river in northwestern Oregon. The Willamette River is composed of a series of geomorphically diverse reaches, which have each evolved uniquely in the century following Euro-American settlement. The river was divided into three large (30-50 km) alluvial reaches according to physiographic characteristics. The historically anastomosing and relatively steep McKenzie Reach (uppermost study reach), extends between the confluences of the McKenzie and Long Tom Rivers. The Willamette along the lower-gradient Santiam Reach (between the confluences of the Santiam and Yamhill Rivers is primarily contained within a single channel and has experienced lower rates of erosion than upper reaches. The Long Tom Reach (extending between the confluences of the Long Tom and Santiam Rivers), acts as a transition between the upper and lower Willamette, as it is here that the channel adopts a single-thread planform and becomes more stable. To assess the role of bank materials on bank-erosion rates, a method for detecting relative differences in erodibility between bank materials along large floodplains was developed. Coupling historic patterns of channel change with a simple model of bank erodibility enabled tracking of relative changes in bank erodibility among time intervals and bank materials. The analysis was applied to the McKenzie Reach for three time periods: 1850-1895, 1895-1932, and 1972-1995, and relative differences in bank erodibility were calculated for Holocene alluvium, partially cemented Pleistocene gravels, and revetments constructed in the 20th century. This simple model of bank erodibility reveals that, for all three periods, banks composed of Holocene alluvium were at least 2-5 times more erodible than banks composed of Pleistocene gravels. Revetment installed in the twentieth century was highly resistant to erosion and was at least 10 times less erodible than Pleistocene gravels. To examine larger-scale controls of geology, flooding, and human intervention on channel stability, rates and styles of historic channel change were determined for the McKenzie, Long Tom and Santiam Reaches and were linked with events or factors that may have triggered the observed patterns of channel change. Effects of anthropogenic activities on channel change were assessed by reviewing historic documents describing settlement patterns, riparian deforestation, channel improvements, and other actions. The role of flooding was assessed by compiling gauge records, anecdotal accounts of flooding, and by comparing stream-power distributions of large historic floods against smaller, post-dam floods with a 2-D flood model. Analyses of these larger-scale controls revealed that between 1850 and 1895, a period marked by the 3 largest floods of record, all reaches experienced numerous avulsions, increases in channel width, and decreases in centerline length. During the interval 1895-1932, a period with frequent, moderate-sized floods, migration rates increased by 50-300%, sinuosity increased and channel width decreased. The interval 1932-1995 was initially marked by rapid migration, but channel stabilization and dam building slowed erosion rates, causing the Long Tom and Santiam Reaches to display similar migration rates as those recorded for 1850-1895. Along the upper Willamette (McKenzie Reach), channel change during 1972 to 1995 was primarily limited to lateral migration along areas unrestricted by revetments and occurred at rates similar to 1850-1895 levels. Channel width decreased along all reaches during the 20th century. It is hypothesized that flooding may have been the primary factor responsible for the large-scale straightening and widening that occurred during 1850-1895. Actions taken to reduce streamside wood and side-channels along the McKenzie and Long Tom Reaches may have also contributed to widening. Along some areas of the floodplain, where the largely straightened and widened 1895 channel flowed through Holocene alluvium, the channel developed small bends that subsequently migrated rapidly downstream, and triggered rapid migration of adjacent bends. This concurrence of events and conditions suggests that accelerated erosion during the period 1895-1932 results from a combination of a "primed" planform, highly erodible bank materials, and a highly erosive flow regime with many moderate-sized floods. Migration rates 1895-1932 may have also increased as a result of land clearing and snag removal, as increasing numbers of settlers occupied floodplain lands in this interval. Anthropogenic activities have no clear effect on planform or erosion rates until the 193 D's, when widespread bank stabilization and dam construction resulted in diminished migration rates, fewer avulsions, and channel narrowing. By the late century, 30-45% of each reach was stabilized with revetments, while naturally resistant bank materials bordered an additional 13-30% of the channel length. Results indicate that revetments, naturally resistant bank materials, and flow regulation restrict migration and channel movement along the modern Willamette River. Efforts aiming to increase lateral migration on the Willamette River might consider removing revetment from bends bordered by Holocene alluvium along higher-gradient areas of the floodplain. However, such efforts may not create the suite of floodplain dynamics displayed by the historic Willamette, as much of the rapid migration, side channel maintenance and avulsions were related to flooding, channel change along adjacent bends, and large wood; all of which are largely absent from the modern floodplain. Close

• 60. [Article] Cytogeography of Achillea millefolium L. in western Oregon

  A cytogeographic study, the relationship between chromosome number and geographical and ecological distribution, was made of the tetraploid and hexaploid chromosome forms of Achillea millefolium L. in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cytogeography of Achillea millefolium L. in western Oregon Author: Tyrl, Ronald J. A cytogeographic study, the relationship between chromosome number and geographical and ecological distribution, was made of the tetraploid and hexaploid chromosome forms of Achillea millefolium L. in western Oregon. Principal objectives of the investigation were three. First was a determination of the exact distributions of the two levels, as previous studies had indicated only the general distributional patterns. Second was a search for pentaploid hybrids at any contact zones between the two levels; and third was a determination of the factors enabling the interior tetraploid form to invade the coastal areas of Coos and Curry Counties, Oregon. Distributional studies were carried out by chromosome counts of population samples from transects in western Oregon and northwestern California, the counts being from squashed mounts of microspores undergoing the first post-meiotic division. Internal pollen diameters were utilized as indicators of ploidy level. Results disclosed that the distributions of the two chromosome forms are not as simple as previously reported, but involve overlapping distributions, mixed populations, disjunct populations, and penetration of one form into areas occupied by the other. Pentaploid hybrids were found to occur in nature, morphologically resembling their tetraploid and hexaploid progenitors, and showing meiotic pairing of 18 II's and 9 I's with random distribution of the univalents. The maximum internal diameter of good binucleate pollen grains can be utilized as an indicator of ploidy level, although with some reservations. The distribution of the coastal tetraploid form in southwestern Oregon was correlated with the Klamath Mountains geological area. Plants of this area, especially those at its distributional limits, were observed to be producing a large number of tetraploid pollen grains that were apparently viable. Several hypotheses are advanced as to the nature of the distributional pattern in western Oregon, the origins of the North American hexaploid chromosome form, and the cytogeographical patterns exhibited by the two chromosomal levels. Title: Cytogeography of Achillea millefolium L. in western Oregon Author: Tyrl, Ronald J. A cytogeographic study, the relationship between chromosome number and geographical and ecological distribution, was made of the tetraploid and hexaploid chromosome forms of Achillea millefolium L. in western Oregon. Principal objectives of the investigation were three. First was a determination of the exact distributions of the two levels, as previous studies had indicated only the general distributional patterns. Second was a search for pentaploid hybrids at any contact zones between the two levels; and third was a determination of the factors enabling the interior tetraploid form to invade the coastal areas of Coos and Curry Counties, Oregon. Distributional studies were carried out by chromosome counts of population samples from transects in western Oregon and northwestern California, the counts being from squashed mounts of microspores undergoing the first post-meiotic division. Internal pollen diameters were utilized as indicators of ploidy level. Results disclosed that the distributions of the two chromosome forms are not as simple as previously reported, but involve overlapping distributions, mixed populations, disjunct populations, and penetration of one form into areas occupied by the other. Pentaploid hybrids were found to occur in nature, morphologically resembling their tetraploid and hexaploid progenitors, and showing meiotic pairing of 18 II's and 9 I's with random distribution of the univalents. The maximum internal diameter of good binucleate pollen grains can be utilized as an indicator of ploidy level, although with some reservations. The distribution of the coastal tetraploid form in southwestern Oregon was correlated with the Klamath Mountains geological area. Plants of this area, especially those at its distributional limits, were observed to be producing a large number of tetraploid pollen grains that were apparently viable. Several hypotheses are advanced as to the nature of the distributional pattern in western Oregon, the origins of the North American hexaploid chromosome form, and the cytogeographical patterns exhibited by the two chromosomal levels. Close

• 61. [Article] Analysis of two late-prehistoric archeological sites on the upper Applegate River of southern Oregon

  Excavation of two archeological sites, 353A47 and 35JA49, in the upper Applegate River Valley of southwestern Oregon was conducted in 1978 by the Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University. Site ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of two late-prehistoric archeological sites on the upper Applegate River of southern Oregon Author: MacDonald, Lynne Bright Excavation of two archeological sites, 353A47 and 35JA49, in the upper Applegate River Valley of southwestern Oregon was conducted in 1978 by the Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University. Site 353A47 is a multi-component site, of which only the late-prehistoric stratum, containing one complete and two partial housepits and a possible sweathouse, was the subject of analysis. Site 35JA49 is the peripheral remnant of a once more-extensive single component late-prehistoric site. Each site was subjected to an activity area analysis to locate specialized work areas and develop a picture of space use by the occupants. At site 35JA47, seven cultural assemblages were identified from at least two successive late-prehistoric occupations. Inside housepit One, activity areas were identified for food processing, lithic manufacture, storage, and sleeping, and similar areas, less the food processing focus, were identified in the sweathouse. At site 35JA47, three activity areas related to lithic manufacture and general work areas were located. Vertical alignment of the areas indicates that site 35JA49 had also been occupied several times. The range and morphological styles of artifacts, with a few minor variations, are consistent through the various occupation levels and between sites. Theoretically, similarity of style implies similarity of culture system. Therefore, it can be said that a largely similar culture system was employed by the site occupants across time and space, implying that a "culture steady state" was in effect in the upper Applegate River Valley in the late-prehistoric period. Cultural ties can also be assumed between the Applegate sites and other late-prehistoric sites in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California, also on the basis of a strong similarity of tool types and house style. This similarity lends support to A. L. Kroeber's hypothesis of a related culture system common between populations in that geographic region. Evidence provided by the Applegate sites indicates that this culture area has existed, however, far longer than Kroeber anticipated, perhaps for 2,000 to 3,000 years. Title: Analysis of two late-prehistoric archeological sites on the upper Applegate River of southern Oregon Author: MacDonald, Lynne Bright Excavation of two archeological sites, 353A47 and 35JA49, in the upper Applegate River Valley of southwestern Oregon was conducted in 1978 by the Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University. Site 353A47 is a multi-component site, of which only the late-prehistoric stratum, containing one complete and two partial housepits and a possible sweathouse, was the subject of analysis. Site 35JA49 is the peripheral remnant of a once more-extensive single component late-prehistoric site. Each site was subjected to an activity area analysis to locate specialized work areas and develop a picture of space use by the occupants. At site 35JA47, seven cultural assemblages were identified from at least two successive late-prehistoric occupations. Inside housepit One, activity areas were identified for food processing, lithic manufacture, storage, and sleeping, and similar areas, less the food processing focus, were identified in the sweathouse. At site 35JA47, three activity areas related to lithic manufacture and general work areas were located. Vertical alignment of the areas indicates that site 35JA49 had also been occupied several times. The range and morphological styles of artifacts, with a few minor variations, are consistent through the various occupation levels and between sites. Theoretically, similarity of style implies similarity of culture system. Therefore, it can be said that a largely similar culture system was employed by the site occupants across time and space, implying that a "culture steady state" was in effect in the upper Applegate River Valley in the late-prehistoric period. Cultural ties can also be assumed between the Applegate sites and other late-prehistoric sites in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California, also on the basis of a strong similarity of tool types and house style. This similarity lends support to A. L. Kroeber's hypothesis of a related culture system common between populations in that geographic region. Evidence provided by the Applegate sites indicates that this culture area has existed, however, far longer than Kroeber anticipated, perhaps for 2,000 to 3,000 years. Close

• 62. [Article] Systematics and ecology of chubs (Gila : Cyprinidae) of the Alvord Basin, Oregon and Nevada

  Seventeen populations of Gila Baird and Girard are identified from the Alvord Basin of southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada. Gila in the Alvord Basin occupy a wide range of habitats, including warm ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systematics and ecology of chubs (Gila : Cyprinidae) of the Alvord Basin, Oregon and Nevada Author: Williams, Jack Edward Seventeen populations of Gila Baird and Girard are identified from the Alvord Basin of southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada. Gila in the Alvord Basin occupy a wide range of habitats, including warm springs, cool springs, creeks, reservoirs, and a thermal lake. These populations became isolated in remnant habitats when waters of pluvial Lake Alvord receded 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. Taxonomic analyses; based on morphological, meristic, and osteological characters; indicated local adaptation and subsequent differentiation among populations. Gila inhabiting the Borax Lake area are considered specifically distinct from other populations. The Borax Lake chub is a dwarf species differentiated from other Alvord Basin populations of Gila by their small size at maturity, notably large head and orbit, long snout, long predorsal length, and narrow caudal peduncle. This species also exhibits reduced pectoral fin ray numbers and reduced cephalic and body lateral-line systems. All other Alvord Basin populations of Gila are referred to Gila alvordensis Hubbs and Miller. Both G. alvordensis and the Borax Lake species are placed in the subgenus Siphateles. Alvord Basin fishes of the genus Gila are opportunistic omnivores. Many intestines contained one food in predominance, indicating highly exploitive feeding. Alvord Basin Gila typically consume benthic and midwater foods; however, the Gila inhabiting Borax Lake consumed large amounts of foods of terrestrial origin during the summer and autumn. Reproductive characteristics of the Gila from Borax Lake parallel those of many Southwestern cyprinodontids inhabiting warm springs. Females are asynchronous, with a high degree of individual periodicity, and typically spawn twice. Borax Lake chubs usually have a one year lifespan, with few age I, II, and III fish present. The Borax Lake species is endangered by geothermal development and surface disturbance in the Borax Lake area. The ability of the habitat and the unique species to survive these threats is uncertain. Title: Systematics and ecology of chubs (Gila : Cyprinidae) of the Alvord Basin, Oregon and Nevada Author: Williams, Jack Edward Seventeen populations of Gila Baird and Girard are identified from the Alvord Basin of southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada. Gila in the Alvord Basin occupy a wide range of habitats, including warm springs, cool springs, creeks, reservoirs, and a thermal lake. These populations became isolated in remnant habitats when waters of pluvial Lake Alvord receded 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. Taxonomic analyses; based on morphological, meristic, and osteological characters; indicated local adaptation and subsequent differentiation among populations. Gila inhabiting the Borax Lake area are considered specifically distinct from other populations. The Borax Lake chub is a dwarf species differentiated from other Alvord Basin populations of Gila by their small size at maturity, notably large head and orbit, long snout, long predorsal length, and narrow caudal peduncle. This species also exhibits reduced pectoral fin ray numbers and reduced cephalic and body lateral-line systems. All other Alvord Basin populations of Gila are referred to Gila alvordensis Hubbs and Miller. Both G. alvordensis and the Borax Lake species are placed in the subgenus Siphateles. Alvord Basin fishes of the genus Gila are opportunistic omnivores. Many intestines contained one food in predominance, indicating highly exploitive feeding. Alvord Basin Gila typically consume benthic and midwater foods; however, the Gila inhabiting Borax Lake consumed large amounts of foods of terrestrial origin during the summer and autumn. Reproductive characteristics of the Gila from Borax Lake parallel those of many Southwestern cyprinodontids inhabiting warm springs. Females are asynchronous, with a high degree of individual periodicity, and typically spawn twice. Borax Lake chubs usually have a one year lifespan, with few age I, II, and III fish present. The Borax Lake species is endangered by geothermal development and surface disturbance in the Borax Lake area. The ability of the habitat and the unique species to survive these threats is uncertain. Close

• 63. [Article] The Tillamook : stories from a created forest

  Starting more than 60 years ago, a complex of four forest fires occurring at six-year intervals burned almost 400 square miles of virgin Douglas-fir forest in the northwestern Coast Range of Oregon. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Tillamook : stories from a created forest Author: Wells, Gail Elizabeth Starting more than 60 years ago, a complex of four forest fires occurring at six-year intervals burned almost 400 square miles of virgin Douglas-fir forest in the northwestern Coast Range of Oregon. The area, which became known as the Tillamook Burn, was the focus of an unprecedented reforestation effort drawing on the combined skills and resources of many Oregonians. Because of the cooperative character of the reforestation and the wide agreement of opinion on its rationale-to furnish timber for future generations-the Tillamook State Forest, as it was renamed, came to occupy a distinct niche in the culture of the West, at once shaping and exemplifying Oregonians' cultural values regarding forests. In recent years, American culture has become highly divided with respect to the relationship of humans with "nature." At the same time, the trees planted on the Tillamook Burn are reaching maturity and are being prepared by managers for their original destiny, to be cut for timber. Yet the Forest no longer exemplifies near-unanimous cultural values about the purpose and worth of forests. The original rationale of the Forest will likely be strongly challenged by disparate competing interests, and as the timber becomes more valuable those challenges will likely be met with equal force by defenders of the status quo. These conflicts may harden into a standoff such as now exists between timber interests and environmental activists and may eventually result in distinct winning and losing factions. However, if certain conditions are in place, the Tillamook's unique cultural associations may make it a crucible in which a more inclusive, participatory, and universally acceptable forestry can be forged. Title: The Tillamook : stories from a created forest Author: Wells, Gail Elizabeth Starting more than 60 years ago, a complex of four forest fires occurring at six-year intervals burned almost 400 square miles of virgin Douglas-fir forest in the northwestern Coast Range of Oregon. The area, which became known as the Tillamook Burn, was the focus of an unprecedented reforestation effort drawing on the combined skills and resources of many Oregonians. Because of the cooperative character of the reforestation and the wide agreement of opinion on its rationale-to furnish timber for future generations-the Tillamook State Forest, as it was renamed, came to occupy a distinct niche in the culture of the West, at once shaping and exemplifying Oregonians' cultural values regarding forests. In recent years, American culture has become highly divided with respect to the relationship of humans with "nature." At the same time, the trees planted on the Tillamook Burn are reaching maturity and are being prepared by managers for their original destiny, to be cut for timber. Yet the Forest no longer exemplifies near-unanimous cultural values about the purpose and worth of forests. The original rationale of the Forest will likely be strongly challenged by disparate competing interests, and as the timber becomes more valuable those challenges will likely be met with equal force by defenders of the status quo. These conflicts may harden into a standoff such as now exists between timber interests and environmental activists and may eventually result in distinct winning and losing factions. However, if certain conditions are in place, the Tillamook's unique cultural associations may make it a crucible in which a more inclusive, participatory, and universally acceptable forestry can be forged. Close

• 64. [Article] Survival, movements and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) on the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada

  I investigated survival, movements, home range sizes, and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada from June 2005 to June 2007. I trapped ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Survival, movements and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) on the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada Author: Crawford, Justin A. I investigated survival, movements, home range sizes, and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada from June 2005 to June 2007. I trapped 298 rabbits on four sites and fitted each with radio transmitters. More than 13,000 locations of telemetered rabbits were recorded. I used known fate models in program MARK to estimate survival of radio-marked pygmy rabbits from September 2005 – August 2006. The most appropriate model, based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), indicated survival rates varied among study sites, sexes, and with monthly interval in a parallel pattern [model S(area * sex + t)]. The estimated annual survival rate on the four study sites was notably low, varying from 0.003 (SE = 0.003) to 0.173 (SE = 0.066). Predation on collared rabbits was high for both adult (88.6%) and juvenile (89.4%) rabbits. When the cause of mortality could be determined, the most common predators of pygmy rabbits were coyotes (Canis latrans)–19.6%, avian predators–18.5%, and weasels (Mustela spp.)–9.8%. Spatial use by pygmy rabbits was strongly influenced by sex and season. Males used larger annual (mean = 1.70 ha ± 0.69 SE) and breeding (1.67 ± 0.27 ha) home ranges than females (Annual: 0.90 ± 0.26 ha; Breeding: 0.92 ± 0.16 ha), likely influenced by mate-searching behaviors exhibited by males. Both sexes utilized larger home ranges during the breeding season than during the nonbreeding season (Male: 0.63 ± 0.11 ha; Female: 0.50 ± 0.09 ha). Core area sizes of males (0.10 ± 0.04 ha) also were larger than females (0.07 ± 0.03 ha). Twenty-four radio-marked individuals dispersed greater than 0.5 km, with a maximal observed dispersal distance of 8.5 km. The majority (62.5%) of these long distance movements were by juvenile males, which likely represented dispersal from natal areas. Many of these individuals apparently crossed low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula) communities and relatively open areas. The ability of this species to cross unsuitable habitats, previously considered barriers to movement, may suggest that fragmented populations of pygmy rabbits may not be as isolated as once thought. To examine resource selection by pygmy rabbits, I sampled vegetative and soil characteristics at locations used by radio-marked rabbits (n = 178) and available (n = 100) sites and compared them using logistic regression. The top model, based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), indicated that the increased density and height of live shrubs, higher silt content of soil, and lower clay content of soil were the primary variables related to pygmy rabbit occupation relative to available habitat. Habitat-use patterns also varied among study sites as I did not find a consensus model that described habitat selection among pygmy rabbits for each study site. Further, my analysis demonstrated that soils at pygmy rabbit burrows were deeper, had greater subsurface strengths, lower strengths at the surface, and lower clay composition than was randomly available in the study area. The findings in this study provide needed information to management agencies making land-use decisions. Given the concern over the status of this species throughout its range, a more thorough understanding of survival rates, spatial use, dispersal capabilities, and habitat associations of this sagebrush obligate species is essential to identify factors influencing their conservation. Title: Survival, movements and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) on the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada Author: Crawford, Justin A. I investigated survival, movements, home range sizes, and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada from June 2005 to June 2007. I trapped 298 rabbits on four sites and fitted each with radio transmitters. More than 13,000 locations of telemetered rabbits were recorded. I used known fate models in program MARK to estimate survival of radio-marked pygmy rabbits from September 2005 – August 2006. The most appropriate model, based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), indicated survival rates varied among study sites, sexes, and with monthly interval in a parallel pattern [model S(area * sex + t)]. The estimated annual survival rate on the four study sites was notably low, varying from 0.003 (SE = 0.003) to 0.173 (SE = 0.066). Predation on collared rabbits was high for both adult (88.6%) and juvenile (89.4%) rabbits. When the cause of mortality could be determined, the most common predators of pygmy rabbits were coyotes (Canis latrans)–19.6%, avian predators–18.5%, and weasels (Mustela spp.)–9.8%. Spatial use by pygmy rabbits was strongly influenced by sex and season. Males used larger annual (mean = 1.70 ha ± 0.69 SE) and breeding (1.67 ± 0.27 ha) home ranges than females (Annual: 0.90 ± 0.26 ha; Breeding: 0.92 ± 0.16 ha), likely influenced by mate-searching behaviors exhibited by males. Both sexes utilized larger home ranges during the breeding season than during the nonbreeding season (Male: 0.63 ± 0.11 ha; Female: 0.50 ± 0.09 ha). Core area sizes of males (0.10 ± 0.04 ha) also were larger than females (0.07 ± 0.03 ha). Twenty-four radio-marked individuals dispersed greater than 0.5 km, with a maximal observed dispersal distance of 8.5 km. The majority (62.5%) of these long distance movements were by juvenile males, which likely represented dispersal from natal areas. Many of these individuals apparently crossed low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula) communities and relatively open areas. The ability of this species to cross unsuitable habitats, previously considered barriers to movement, may suggest that fragmented populations of pygmy rabbits may not be as isolated as once thought. To examine resource selection by pygmy rabbits, I sampled vegetative and soil characteristics at locations used by radio-marked rabbits (n = 178) and available (n = 100) sites and compared them using logistic regression. The top model, based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), indicated that the increased density and height of live shrubs, higher silt content of soil, and lower clay content of soil were the primary variables related to pygmy rabbit occupation relative to available habitat. Habitat-use patterns also varied among study sites as I did not find a consensus model that described habitat selection among pygmy rabbits for each study site. Further, my analysis demonstrated that soils at pygmy rabbit burrows were deeper, had greater subsurface strengths, lower strengths at the surface, and lower clay composition than was randomly available in the study area. The findings in this study provide needed information to management agencies making land-use decisions. Given the concern over the status of this species throughout its range, a more thorough understanding of survival rates, spatial use, dispersal capabilities, and habitat associations of this sagebrush obligate species is essential to identify factors influencing their conservation. Close

• 65. [Article] Morphological variation in the clouded salamander, Aneides ferreus (Cope) (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae)

  Multivariate morphometric analyses performed on ten populations of Aneides ferreus indicate that phenotypic expression in this species is exceedingly similar, but that on a fine scale there is considerable significant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Morphological variation in the clouded salamander, Aneides ferreus (Cope) (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae) Author: Beatty, Joseph J. Multivariate morphometric analyses performed on ten populations of Aneides ferreus indicate that phenotypic expression in this species is exceedingly similar, but that on a fine scale there is considerable significant heterogeneity between most populations as well as between regional groups of populations. in terms of variation between California, Oregon, and Vancouver Island specimens. California is differentiated from Vancouver Island at of 2.13; Oregon-California D² of 2.13; Oregon-California D² = 1.35, and Oregon-Vancouver Island exhibited D² of 1.38. These values represent significant F-ratio comparisons at p <<.01. These slight but significant differences in phenotypic expression are not unexpected for a species which ranges over such a wide and varied geographic area, and can be correlated with major topographic features of the Pacific Northwest. Prior to Pleistocene glaciation, populations of A. ferreus were probably continuous throughout northwestern California, western Oregon and Washington, as well as Vancouver Island and British Columbia. As Cordilleran ice advanced and inundated most of British Columbia, and Vancouver Island, populations became isolated in refugia on Vancouver Island, and were probably extirpated from British Columbia proper. The slight, but significant levels of heterogeneity produced from comparisons of Vancouver Island specimens with California and Oregon specimens indicate that the observed disjunction between Vancouver Island populations and those inhabiting coterminous U.S. is probably a relatively recent occurrence, correlating well with events produced by the Fraser Glaciation approximately 15,000 yr BP. Since other plethodontids inhabit Vancouver Island and Washington it is impossible to utilize Pleistocene glaciation as a direct causal mechanism which produced the disjunction, accounting for the absence of A. ferreus in Washington. On a finer scale, significant phenotypic dissimilarity was found to exist between a majority of the pairwise comparisons between populations within each of the three regions. Patterns of heterogeneity within California populations are consistent with predictions derived by utilizing a model based upon a gradual latitudinal environmental dine. No apparent pattern can be seen when pairwise comparisons are made between Oregon populations, although all populations exhibit slight but significant levels of heterogeneity. The effects of Pleistocene climatic events upon California and Oregon populations were probably slight since the maximum southern incursion of Cordilleran ice reached latitudes just south of Olympia, Washington. Montaine glaciers in the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains provided potential barriers to gene flow between California and Oregon populations until about 10,000 yr BP. The equable redwood forest ecosystem in northwestern California must be considered to be the ancestral habitat for Aneides in general and A. ferreus in particular. Specimens from this region exhibit high tooth counts, a character that has been considered to be primitive by Wake (1963; 1966). Also, all three western Aneides occur in sympatry in northwestern California redwood associations, and the earliest known fossil Aneides were associated with redwood forests during Eocene times in Montana. Comparison of morphological relationships with electrophoretic and chromosomal data for each region and population indicates that there is little agreement between morphological and electrophoretic relationships, but that karyotypic variation is present which allows classification of a collection of individuals to one of the three regions with a high degree of certainty. Title: Morphological variation in the clouded salamander, Aneides ferreus (Cope) (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae) Author: Beatty, Joseph J. Multivariate morphometric analyses performed on ten populations of Aneides ferreus indicate that phenotypic expression in this species is exceedingly similar, but that on a fine scale there is considerable significant heterogeneity between most populations as well as between regional groups of populations. in terms of variation between California, Oregon, and Vancouver Island specimens. California is differentiated from Vancouver Island at of 2.13; Oregon-California D² of 2.13; Oregon-California D² = 1.35, and Oregon-Vancouver Island exhibited D² of 1.38. These values represent significant F-ratio comparisons at p <<.01. These slight but significant differences in phenotypic expression are not unexpected for a species which ranges over such a wide and varied geographic area, and can be correlated with major topographic features of the Pacific Northwest. Prior to Pleistocene glaciation, populations of A. ferreus were probably continuous throughout northwestern California, western Oregon and Washington, as well as Vancouver Island and British Columbia. As Cordilleran ice advanced and inundated most of British Columbia, and Vancouver Island, populations became isolated in refugia on Vancouver Island, and were probably extirpated from British Columbia proper. The slight, but significant levels of heterogeneity produced from comparisons of Vancouver Island specimens with California and Oregon specimens indicate that the observed disjunction between Vancouver Island populations and those inhabiting coterminous U.S. is probably a relatively recent occurrence, correlating well with events produced by the Fraser Glaciation approximately 15,000 yr BP. Since other plethodontids inhabit Vancouver Island and Washington it is impossible to utilize Pleistocene glaciation as a direct causal mechanism which produced the disjunction, accounting for the absence of A. ferreus in Washington. On a finer scale, significant phenotypic dissimilarity was found to exist between a majority of the pairwise comparisons between populations within each of the three regions. Patterns of heterogeneity within California populations are consistent with predictions derived by utilizing a model based upon a gradual latitudinal environmental dine. No apparent pattern can be seen when pairwise comparisons are made between Oregon populations, although all populations exhibit slight but significant levels of heterogeneity. The effects of Pleistocene climatic events upon California and Oregon populations were probably slight since the maximum southern incursion of Cordilleran ice reached latitudes just south of Olympia, Washington. Montaine glaciers in the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains provided potential barriers to gene flow between California and Oregon populations until about 10,000 yr BP. The equable redwood forest ecosystem in northwestern California must be considered to be the ancestral habitat for Aneides in general and A. ferreus in particular. Specimens from this region exhibit high tooth counts, a character that has been considered to be primitive by Wake (1963; 1966). Also, all three western Aneides occur in sympatry in northwestern California redwood associations, and the earliest known fossil Aneides were associated with redwood forests during Eocene times in Montana. Comparison of morphological relationships with electrophoretic and chromosomal data for each region and population indicates that there is little agreement between morphological and electrophoretic relationships, but that karyotypic variation is present which allows classification of a collection of individuals to one of the three regions with a high degree of certainty. Close

• 66. [Article] Geology of the Elsie-lower Nehalem River area, south-central Clatsop and northern Tillamook counties, northwestern Oregon

  The middle Eocene Tillamook Volcanics form the oldest rock unit in the Elsie-lower Nehalem River area. K-Ar age determinations and age constraints imposed by foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil assemblages ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Elsie-lower Nehalem River area, south-central Clatsop and northern Tillamook counties, northwestern Oregon Author: Mumford, Daniel Franklin The middle Eocene Tillamook Volcanics form the oldest rock unit in the Elsie-lower Nehalem River area. K-Ar age determinations and age constraints imposed by foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil assemblages of overlying sedimentary strata indicate an absolute age of about 42 Ma for the uppermost Tillamook Volcanics. Major oxide values indicate that the upper Tillamook Volcanics are highly fractionated high Fe-Ti tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites. These volcanics were erupted in a developing forearc under an extensional plate tectonic setting and formed a moderately large oceanic island. These subaerial flows are predominantly aphyric to plagioclase-augite porphyritic and have a pilotaxitic flow texture. Epochs of both normal and reverse magnetic polarity are recorded. Thermal subsidence related to the end of the volcanism resulted in deposition of the transgressive late Eocene Hamlet formation over the "Tillamook island". The informal Hamlet formation consists of three members. From oldest to youngest they are: the Roy Creek member, the Sunset Highway member, and the Sweet Home Creek member. Three lithofacies are present in the Roy Creek member. The stratigraphically lowest of these consists of basaltic boulder-pebble conglomerate and locally fossiliferous pebbly basaltic sandstones which were deposited in a high energy nearshore environment around rocky basaltic headlands and sea stacks of the Tillamook Volcanics. Molluscan fossils in this lithofacies are correlative to the middle to late Eocene "CowlitzCoaledo" fauna. Successively overlying lithofacies are a very coarseto coarse-grained shallow marine basaltic sandstone lithofacies and a medium- to fine-grained basaltic sandstone lithofacies. This fining upward sequenced documents progressive deepening of the depositional basin. Framework clasts in all three Roy Creek member lithofacies were predominantly derived from the Tillamook Volcanics. Pore-filling diagenetic chlorite, smectite (nontronite), calcite, and zeolite (clinoptilolite and heulandite) cements severely reduce the porosity of Roy Creek member sandstones. The Sunset Highway member of the Hamlet formation conformably overlies the Roy Creek member in eastern Clatsop and western Columbia counties and pinches out to the west at about the longitude of the Nehalem River in T. 4 N., R. 8 W.. The Sunset Highway member is predominantly composed of interbedded micaceous arkosic sandstone, lithic arkose, and muddy micaceous arkosic siltstone with a few beds of basaltic sandstone and basaltic debris flow breccias. The dominant micaceous arkosic composition of the Sunset Highway member reflects a distant extrabasinal granitic-metamorphic provenance and contrasts with that of the locally derived underlying basaltic Roy Creek member. Low angle trough cross-bedding, hummocky bedding, and microcross-laminations in fine to medium-grained arkosic sandstones are interpreted to have been produced by large storm-generated waves and on a high energy inner shelf. Thin interbeds of bioturbated mudstone and mollusc-bearing bioturbated sandstones formed during periods of fairweather conditions and during lower sedimentation rates. Rare matrix supported, basaltic debris-flow breccias and basaltic sandstones were derived from nearby basaltic headlands and by rivers draining the Tillamook Volcanics. Minor secondary intraparticle porosity occurs with some primary intergranular porosity in relatively matrix-free Sunset Highway member arkosic sandstones. However, much of the porosity and permeability of these potential sandstones has been reduced by diagenetic smectite coatings on framework grains and potassium feldspar overgrowths of feldspars. The mudstone-dominated Sweet Home Creek member was conformably deposited on the Sunset Highway member in eastern Clatsop and western Columbia counties. In western Clatsop County the Sweet Home Creek member directly and conformably overlies the Roy Creek member due to pinch out of the Sunset Highway member. Upper Narizian to lowermost Refugian benthic foraminiferal assemblages from this unit indicate outer shelf to upper slope sedimentation and continued subsidence of the depositional (Astoria) basin. Micromicaceous and carbonaceous silty mudatone dominates this unit but thin-bedded micaceous arkosic turbidite sandstones are present in the lower part, and rare, thin basaltic turbidites are present in the upper half. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the dominant clay minerals in the Sweet Home Creek member niudstone are smectite (montmorillonite), kaolinite, and illite. The Cole Mountain basalt (informal) intrudes and locally overlies the Sweet Home Creek member. This caic-alkaline basaltic andesite is thought to have formed in a compressional plate tectonic regime and been emplaced on the outer shelf and upper slope as shallow irregular sills and dikes and minor submarine pillow basalt-hyaloclastite complexes. Siliceous nodules associated with pillowed units locally contains a few per cent pyrite and are associated with small areas of high-grade supergene copper-silver mineralization. The normally polarized Cole Mountain basalt is chemically, petrographically, and lithologically distinct from the Tillamook Volcanics and Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group. The uppermost Narizian and Refugian (late Eocene) Jewell member of the Keasey Formation disconformably overlies the Cole Mountain basalt and Sweet Home Creek member. A thin basal glauconitic sandstone-siltstone reflects a period of reduced sedimentation under slightly reducing conditions and marks the disconformity. The unit primarily consists of laminated to thin bedded tuffaceous mudstone with a few thin tuff beds, small micaceous arkosic sandstone channels and clastic dikes. Clay minerals in the Jewell member are dominated by smectite (montmorillonite), with minor kaolinite and illite (degraded mica) in the lower part of the unit. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the unit indicate bathyal or slope depths and have been assigned to the lower Refugian to upper Narizian stages. In the middle Miocene, irregular dikes and sills of the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group intruded the late Eocene sedimentary strata in the thesis area. Two magneto-chemical types of Grande Ronde Basalt, N2/low MgO-low Ti02 and N2/ high MgO, were identified in the thesis area. These were geochemically and magnetically correlated to subaerial flows of magneto-chemical types IA and 5A of Mangan and others (1986) on the Columbia Plateau. The intrusions or invasive flows are interpreted to have been derived from voluminous plateau eruptions by invasion into soft, unconsolidated Neogene sediments at the marine/coast interface and then into the more brittle but ductile Paleogene strata of the area as first proposed by Beeson and others (1979). Uplift of the Coast Range was initiated in the late Miocene as a result of rapid offshore underthrusting in the subduction zone (Snavely and others, 1983). This has resulted in subaerial erosion and exposure of the faulted and gently folded forearc ridge and deposition of Quaternary alluvial gravels and sands along major rivers and creek in the thesis area. The dominant structural features of the Elsie-lower Nehalem River area are generally down-to-the-north, east-west-trending high angle faults with oblique offset and a conjugate set of oblique slip northwest-trending right-lateral and northeast-trending left-lateral faults. Folds are broad and relatively minor. The major east-west-trending fault pattern may have been initially produced by extensional stresses related to subsidence of the "Tillamook island". The conjugate strike-slip fault pattern may have been created by partial coupling of the forearc basin with oblique subduction of the Farallon plate. Other than timber, locally used rock aggregate from small quarries is the only resource that has been realized in the thesis area. Most quarries are developed in dikes and sills of Grande Ronde Basalt and the aggregate is used to macadamize logging roads. Diagenetic events have resulted in significant loss of porosity and permeability of potential reservoir sandstones in the area. The most favorable targets are relatively matrix-free micaceous arkosic sandstones in the Sunset Highway member, but these have been breached by erosion in the eastern part of the thesis area and pinch out in the western part of the area where potential mudstone cap rocks (e.g., Hamlet and Keasey formations) are present. Mudstones in the area contain woody-structured kerogen and average about 1% total organic carbon. These potential source rocks are generally thermally immature but have locally been baked by basaltic intrusions. This results in elevated vitrinite reflectance values (in the oil window and beyond) and, therefore, the mudstones may be potential source rocks for methane generation. Mineralized fault zones have substantial width and length but do not appear to carry anomalous concentrations of any metals other than arsenic. High-grade supergene copper-silver mineralization associated with Cole Mountain basalt intrusions has been documented but appears to be very localized and is not thought to be a viable exploration target. Title: Geology of the Elsie-lower Nehalem River area, south-central Clatsop and northern Tillamook counties, northwestern Oregon Author: Mumford, Daniel Franklin The middle Eocene Tillamook Volcanics form the oldest rock unit in the Elsie-lower Nehalem River area. K-Ar age determinations and age constraints imposed by foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil assemblages of overlying sedimentary strata indicate an absolute age of about 42 Ma for the uppermost Tillamook Volcanics. Major oxide values indicate that the upper Tillamook Volcanics are highly fractionated high Fe-Ti tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites. These volcanics were erupted in a developing forearc under an extensional plate tectonic setting and formed a moderately large oceanic island. These subaerial flows are predominantly aphyric to plagioclase-augite porphyritic and have a pilotaxitic flow texture. Epochs of both normal and reverse magnetic polarity are recorded. Thermal subsidence related to the end of the volcanism resulted in deposition of the transgressive late Eocene Hamlet formation over the "Tillamook island". The informal Hamlet formation consists of three members. From oldest to youngest they are: the Roy Creek member, the Sunset Highway member, and the Sweet Home Creek member. Three lithofacies are present in the Roy Creek member. The stratigraphically lowest of these consists of basaltic boulder-pebble conglomerate and locally fossiliferous pebbly basaltic sandstones which were deposited in a high energy nearshore environment around rocky basaltic headlands and sea stacks of the Tillamook Volcanics. Molluscan fossils in this lithofacies are correlative to the middle to late Eocene "CowlitzCoaledo" fauna. Successively overlying lithofacies are a very coarseto coarse-grained shallow marine basaltic sandstone lithofacies and a medium- to fine-grained basaltic sandstone lithofacies. This fining upward sequenced documents progressive deepening of the depositional basin. Framework clasts in all three Roy Creek member lithofacies were predominantly derived from the Tillamook Volcanics. Pore-filling diagenetic chlorite, smectite (nontronite), calcite, and zeolite (clinoptilolite and heulandite) cements severely reduce the porosity of Roy Creek member sandstones. The Sunset Highway member of the Hamlet formation conformably overlies the Roy Creek member in eastern Clatsop and western Columbia counties and pinches out to the west at about the longitude of the Nehalem River in T. 4 N., R. 8 W.. The Sunset Highway member is predominantly composed of interbedded micaceous arkosic sandstone, lithic arkose, and muddy micaceous arkosic siltstone with a few beds of basaltic sandstone and basaltic debris flow breccias. The dominant micaceous arkosic composition of the Sunset Highway member reflects a distant extrabasinal granitic-metamorphic provenance and contrasts with that of the locally derived underlying basaltic Roy Creek member. Low angle trough cross-bedding, hummocky bedding, and microcross-laminations in fine to medium-grained arkosic sandstones are interpreted to have been produced by large storm-generated waves and on a high energy inner shelf. Thin interbeds of bioturbated mudstone and mollusc-bearing bioturbated sandstones formed during periods of fairweather conditions and during lower sedimentation rates. Rare matrix supported, basaltic debris-flow breccias and basaltic sandstones were derived from nearby basaltic headlands and by rivers draining the Tillamook Volcanics. Minor secondary intraparticle porosity occurs with some primary intergranular porosity in relatively matrix-free Sunset Highway member arkosic sandstones. However, much of the porosity and permeability of these potential sandstones has been reduced by diagenetic smectite coatings on framework grains and potassium feldspar overgrowths of feldspars. The mudstone-dominated Sweet Home Creek member was conformably deposited on the Sunset Highway member in eastern Clatsop and western Columbia counties. In western Clatsop County the Sweet Home Creek member directly and conformably overlies the Roy Creek member due to pinch out of the Sunset Highway member. Upper Narizian to lowermost Refugian benthic foraminiferal assemblages from this unit indicate outer shelf to upper slope sedimentation and continued subsidence of the depositional (Astoria) basin. Micromicaceous and carbonaceous silty mudatone dominates this unit but thin-bedded micaceous arkosic turbidite sandstones are present in the lower part, and rare, thin basaltic turbidites are present in the upper half. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the dominant clay minerals in the Sweet Home Creek member niudstone are smectite (montmorillonite), kaolinite, and illite. The Cole Mountain basalt (informal) intrudes and locally overlies the Sweet Home Creek member. This caic-alkaline basaltic andesite is thought to have formed in a compressional plate tectonic regime and been emplaced on the outer shelf and upper slope as shallow irregular sills and dikes and minor submarine pillow basalt-hyaloclastite complexes. Siliceous nodules associated with pillowed units locally contains a few per cent pyrite and are associated with small areas of high-grade supergene copper-silver mineralization. The normally polarized Cole Mountain basalt is chemically, petrographically, and lithologically distinct from the Tillamook Volcanics and Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group. The uppermost Narizian and Refugian (late Eocene) Jewell member of the Keasey Formation disconformably overlies the Cole Mountain basalt and Sweet Home Creek member. A thin basal glauconitic sandstone-siltstone reflects a period of reduced sedimentation under slightly reducing conditions and marks the disconformity. The unit primarily consists of laminated to thin bedded tuffaceous mudstone with a few thin tuff beds, small micaceous arkosic sandstone channels and clastic dikes. Clay minerals in the Jewell member are dominated by smectite (montmorillonite), with minor kaolinite and illite (degraded mica) in the lower part of the unit. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the unit indicate bathyal or slope depths and have been assigned to the lower Refugian to upper Narizian stages. In the middle Miocene, irregular dikes and sills of the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group intruded the late Eocene sedimentary strata in the thesis area. Two magneto-chemical types of Grande Ronde Basalt, N2/low MgO-low Ti02 and N2/ high MgO, were identified in the thesis area. These were geochemically and magnetically correlated to subaerial flows of magneto-chemical types IA and 5A of Mangan and others (1986) on the Columbia Plateau. The intrusions or invasive flows are interpreted to have been derived from voluminous plateau eruptions by invasion into soft, unconsolidated Neogene sediments at the marine/coast interface and then into the more brittle but ductile Paleogene strata of the area as first proposed by Beeson and others (1979). Uplift of the Coast Range was initiated in the late Miocene as a result of rapid offshore underthrusting in the subduction zone (Snavely and others, 1983). This has resulted in subaerial erosion and exposure of the faulted and gently folded forearc ridge and deposition of Quaternary alluvial gravels and sands along major rivers and creek in the thesis area. The dominant structural features of the Elsie-lower Nehalem River area are generally down-to-the-north, east-west-trending high angle faults with oblique offset and a conjugate set of oblique slip northwest-trending right-lateral and northeast-trending left-lateral faults. Folds are broad and relatively minor. The major east-west-trending fault pattern may have been initially produced by extensional stresses related to subsidence of the "Tillamook island". The conjugate strike-slip fault pattern may have been created by partial coupling of the forearc basin with oblique subduction of the Farallon plate. Other than timber, locally used rock aggregate from small quarries is the only resource that has been realized in the thesis area. Most quarries are developed in dikes and sills of Grande Ronde Basalt and the aggregate is used to macadamize logging roads. Diagenetic events have resulted in significant loss of porosity and permeability of potential reservoir sandstones in the area. The most favorable targets are relatively matrix-free micaceous arkosic sandstones in the Sunset Highway member, but these have been breached by erosion in the eastern part of the thesis area and pinch out in the western part of the area where potential mudstone cap rocks (e.g., Hamlet and Keasey formations) are present. Mudstones in the area contain woody-structured kerogen and average about 1% total organic carbon. These potential source rocks are generally thermally immature but have locally been baked by basaltic intrusions. This results in elevated vitrinite reflectance values (in the oil window and beyond) and, therefore, the mudstones may be potential source rocks for methane generation. Mineralized fault zones have substantial width and length but do not appear to carry anomalous concentrations of any metals other than arsenic. High-grade supergene copper-silver mineralization associated with Cole Mountain basalt intrusions has been documented but appears to be very localized and is not thought to be a viable exploration target. Close

• 67. [Article] Midlife pregnancy, a comparative study of the parental attitudes of the mature primigravida and the younger primigravida

  This study compared the parental attitudes of mothers under 35 years of age, who are having their first child, called primigravidas, with the parental attitudes of mothers 35 years old and older, called ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Midlife pregnancy, a comparative study of the parental attitudes of the mature primigravida and the younger primigravida Author: Beeson, Luana J. This study compared the parental attitudes of mothers under 35 years of age, who are having their first child, called primigravidas, with the parental attitudes of mothers 35 years old and older, called mature primigravidas, who are having their first child. Historically, most women in America had to choose between having a career or having children. Today, in America women have more choices. They can choose to have a career, children and family, or both. Many women ages 20 to 35 are choosing to have children before pursuing a career. Other women are choosing to develop their careers first and not have children until they are 35 years of age or older. Often the women who choose a career first increase their education and socioeconomic status significantly before having their first child. In this study the population sample consisted of 80 primigravidas. Fifty of the primigravidas were under the age of 35. Thirty of the primigravidas were 35 years and older. The sample population of 80 primigravidas was generated from primigravidas participating in birthing classes held in 12 of Oregon's northwestern counties. The findings of this study were based upon responses to the 115 Likert instrument, Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), developed by S. C. Schaefer and Richard Q. Bell. The Mann-Whitney U̲ test, at the .05 level of significance, was used to evaluate the results. Seventeen of the 25 null hypotheses were rejected, supporting the hypothesis that there is a difference in the parental attitudes of primigravidas when age, education, and socioeconomic status are the quantitative measurements. In accordance with the review of literature and the research findings, the following recommendations are suggested: 1) Educators need to update their information on birthing and parenting in order to present available options for the "new" age group of mature primigravidas. 2) The "new" age group of first-time mature primigravidas need references that are specifically applicable to their first parenting experience. 3) Informative, new materials need to be disseminated to physicians and other medical practitioners regarding mature primigravidas and their opportunities for a normal birth at ages not historically acceptable. 4) Writers of textbooks in health education need new perspectives that deal with later pregnancies of primigravidas 35 years of age and older in a more positive, supportive posture. Title: Midlife pregnancy, a comparative study of the parental attitudes of the mature primigravida and the younger primigravida Author: Beeson, Luana J. This study compared the parental attitudes of mothers under 35 years of age, who are having their first child, called primigravidas, with the parental attitudes of mothers 35 years old and older, called mature primigravidas, who are having their first child. Historically, most women in America had to choose between having a career or having children. Today, in America women have more choices. They can choose to have a career, children and family, or both. Many women ages 20 to 35 are choosing to have children before pursuing a career. Other women are choosing to develop their careers first and not have children until they are 35 years of age or older. Often the women who choose a career first increase their education and socioeconomic status significantly before having their first child. In this study the population sample consisted of 80 primigravidas. Fifty of the primigravidas were under the age of 35. Thirty of the primigravidas were 35 years and older. The sample population of 80 primigravidas was generated from primigravidas participating in birthing classes held in 12 of Oregon's northwestern counties. The findings of this study were based upon responses to the 115 Likert instrument, Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), developed by S. C. Schaefer and Richard Q. Bell. The Mann-Whitney U̲ test, at the .05 level of significance, was used to evaluate the results. Seventeen of the 25 null hypotheses were rejected, supporting the hypothesis that there is a difference in the parental attitudes of primigravidas when age, education, and socioeconomic status are the quantitative measurements. In accordance with the review of literature and the research findings, the following recommendations are suggested: 1) Educators need to update their information on birthing and parenting in order to present available options for the "new" age group of mature primigravidas. 2) The "new" age group of first-time mature primigravidas need references that are specifically applicable to their first parenting experience. 3) Informative, new materials need to be disseminated to physicians and other medical practitioners regarding mature primigravidas and their opportunities for a normal birth at ages not historically acceptable. 4) Writers of textbooks in health education need new perspectives that deal with later pregnancies of primigravidas 35 years of age and older in a more positive, supportive posture. Close

• 68. [Article] The use of a three-stage sample to estimate the effect of commercial thinning on the growth of two stands of Douglas-fir

  A three stage sale was taken of two high-site, second growth Doug1as-fir (Pseudtsuga menziesii) stands located in the extreme northwestern portion of the Oregon Coast Range. Permanent plots were established ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of a three-stage sample to estimate the effect of commercial thinning on the growth of two stands of Douglas-fir Author: Graham, Joseph Nelson A three stage sale was taken of two high-site, second growth Doug1as-fir (Pseudtsuga menziesii) stands located in the extreme northwestern portion of the Oregon Coast Range. Permanent plots were established during the first stage variable-plot cruise. A Hartley- List sample, taken from the first stage Douglas-fir in trees, selected second stage sample trees in proportion to their estimated total height. A subsequent equal probability systematic sample was taken to choose the third stage sample trees. First stage variable-plot cruise data provided a conventional estimate of stand volume per acre and the basis for expansion of estimates from subsequent sample stages. Second stage sample trees were measured for form and volume with a Barr and Stroud Type FP15 dendometer. These measurements were converted to tree volume estimates and expanded to volume per acre estimates for the stand. Third stage sample trees were felled. Cross-sectional disks were cut at measured intervals along the bole. Radial increment measurements from these disks provided the basis for estimating growth of individual trees and stand parameters. Findings indicate that the average tarif number, for use with the DNR (Department of Natural Resources, State of Washington) tarif volume tables, computed from stem analysis. data for the present Douglas-fir component of these stands is significantly different from that estimated by conventional methods using tree height and diameter. This suggests that the growth habit and stem form of Douglas-fir may be altered as a result of commercial thinning. It also implies that volume tables constructed for natural stands may underestimate volume in thinned stands Evaluation of King's site index revealed a decreasing trend in apparent site index of about one site class from 15 to 30 years breast height age. This downward trend appears to subside about the tire of the initial thinning operations and remain relatively constant thereafter. Examination of stem analysis data from an unthinned stand about 25 miles east of the project area revealed a similar trend in site index. Present volume per acre for an unthinned stand was predicted using past stand parameters and the DNR yield tables for the Douglas-fir zone. Results indicate that volume in the surviving stand plus that removed by commercial thinnings exceeds the predicted stand yield. This amounted to about 5 percent in one stand and about 16 percent in the higher density, more heavily thinned stand. This comparison implies that total yield in Douglas-fir stands 50 to 55 years of age may be slightly increased by repeated commercial thinnings. Title: The use of a three-stage sample to estimate the effect of commercial thinning on the growth of two stands of Douglas-fir Author: Graham, Joseph Nelson A three stage sale was taken of two high-site, second growth Doug1as-fir (Pseudtsuga menziesii) stands located in the extreme northwestern portion of the Oregon Coast Range. Permanent plots were established during the first stage variable-plot cruise. A Hartley- List sample, taken from the first stage Douglas-fir in trees, selected second stage sample trees in proportion to their estimated total height. A subsequent equal probability systematic sample was taken to choose the third stage sample trees. First stage variable-plot cruise data provided a conventional estimate of stand volume per acre and the basis for expansion of estimates from subsequent sample stages. Second stage sample trees were measured for form and volume with a Barr and Stroud Type FP15 dendometer. These measurements were converted to tree volume estimates and expanded to volume per acre estimates for the stand. Third stage sample trees were felled. Cross-sectional disks were cut at measured intervals along the bole. Radial increment measurements from these disks provided the basis for estimating growth of individual trees and stand parameters. Findings indicate that the average tarif number, for use with the DNR (Department of Natural Resources, State of Washington) tarif volume tables, computed from stem analysis. data for the present Douglas-fir component of these stands is significantly different from that estimated by conventional methods using tree height and diameter. This suggests that the growth habit and stem form of Douglas-fir may be altered as a result of commercial thinning. It also implies that volume tables constructed for natural stands may underestimate volume in thinned stands Evaluation of King's site index revealed a decreasing trend in apparent site index of about one site class from 15 to 30 years breast height age. This downward trend appears to subside about the tire of the initial thinning operations and remain relatively constant thereafter. Examination of stem analysis data from an unthinned stand about 25 miles east of the project area revealed a similar trend in site index. Present volume per acre for an unthinned stand was predicted using past stand parameters and the DNR yield tables for the Douglas-fir zone. Results indicate that volume in the surviving stand plus that removed by commercial thinnings exceeds the predicted stand yield. This amounted to about 5 percent in one stand and about 16 percent in the higher density, more heavily thinned stand. This comparison implies that total yield in Douglas-fir stands 50 to 55 years of age may be slightly increased by repeated commercial thinnings. Close

• 69. [Article] Morphogentic studies of intraspecific hybrids of Microseris laciniata (Hook.) Sch.-Bip.

  Microseris laciniata is a perennial, self-incompatible species classified in subgenus Scorzonella. It is morphologically the least specialized species in the genus, in contrast to the members of subgenus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Morphogentic studies of intraspecific hybrids of Microseris laciniata (Hook.) Sch.-Bip. Author: Pires, Maria Joaquina Pinheiro Microseris laciniata is a perennial, self-incompatible species classified in subgenus Scorzonella. It is morphologically the least specialized species in the genus, in contrast to the members of subgenus Microseris, which are morphologically advanced, self-compatible annuals. First-generation hybrids were available from crosses involving eight populations of two subspecies of Microseris laciniata from southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. This study focused on the morphology and reproductive behavior of twelve different intraspecific crosses of this group. One of the morphological characters investigated was the number of pappus-parts per achene. This trait was chosen not only for the ease with which it can be analysed, but also because it was used in recent studies on evolutionary genetics of Microseris. All the ten families of hybrids tested, except four, showed significant variation in the distribution of pappus-part numbers within themselves. Most of the distribution patterns resembled the "high determining" genotypes reported in the literature. The other morphological trait investigated was the number of phyllaries of the involucre. The phyllaries are an important character in distinguishing the two sub-species of M. laciniata. The proportion of outer versus inner phyllaries was tested statistically to determine whether there were significant differences among the siblings of each hybrid family. This characteristic was found to be uniform in each family, although different families seemed to differ among themselves. The results could not be compared with earlier published accounts, due to differences in cultural conditions for the plants. The reproductive behavior of the intraspecific hybrids was studies with respect to (1) seed fertility, (2) pollen stainability, and (3) chromosomal behavior at meiosis. The test plants were crossed in the greenhouse with siblings and sometimes with half-sib plants. The percentage of pollinations that yielded fruits with normal embryos was calculated. The results of these hand pollinations showed widely varying success in seed formation. Sometimes a particular sibling cross would yield one capitulum with no fertile fruits and a second capitulum with mostly normal fruits. There was no tendency for F l's within the same subspecies to be more fertile than F l's between subspecies. The low seed productivity of many sibling crosses, despite their high pollen fertility, is suggestive of shared self-incompatibility factors among sister plants. Pollen stainability was investigated for eight intraspecific and three interspecific hybrids of M. laciniata. Among the intraspecific hybrids studied only two had markedly reduced pollen stainability. Pollen germinability in vitro failed in several attempts. In vivo only a few pollen tubes were observed on the styles of two of the four hybrids crossed to their siblings, indicating a strong rejection reaction in all four hybrids tested. Chromosomal behavior at meiosis in intraspecific hybrids was mostly normal, but minor irregularities were seen especially from prophase to first anaphase. No gross structural changes in the chromosomes of M. laciniata were observed, despite the probable antiquity of the species and spatial isolation of its populations. Title: Morphogentic studies of intraspecific hybrids of Microseris laciniata (Hook.) Sch.-Bip. Author: Pires, Maria Joaquina Pinheiro Microseris laciniata is a perennial, self-incompatible species classified in subgenus Scorzonella. It is morphologically the least specialized species in the genus, in contrast to the members of subgenus Microseris, which are morphologically advanced, self-compatible annuals. First-generation hybrids were available from crosses involving eight populations of two subspecies of Microseris laciniata from southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. This study focused on the morphology and reproductive behavior of twelve different intraspecific crosses of this group. One of the morphological characters investigated was the number of pappus-parts per achene. This trait was chosen not only for the ease with which it can be analysed, but also because it was used in recent studies on evolutionary genetics of Microseris. All the ten families of hybrids tested, except four, showed significant variation in the distribution of pappus-part numbers within themselves. Most of the distribution patterns resembled the "high determining" genotypes reported in the literature. The other morphological trait investigated was the number of phyllaries of the involucre. The phyllaries are an important character in distinguishing the two sub-species of M. laciniata. The proportion of outer versus inner phyllaries was tested statistically to determine whether there were significant differences among the siblings of each hybrid family. This characteristic was found to be uniform in each family, although different families seemed to differ among themselves. The results could not be compared with earlier published accounts, due to differences in cultural conditions for the plants. The reproductive behavior of the intraspecific hybrids was studies with respect to (1) seed fertility, (2) pollen stainability, and (3) chromosomal behavior at meiosis. The test plants were crossed in the greenhouse with siblings and sometimes with half-sib plants. The percentage of pollinations that yielded fruits with normal embryos was calculated. The results of these hand pollinations showed widely varying success in seed formation. Sometimes a particular sibling cross would yield one capitulum with no fertile fruits and a second capitulum with mostly normal fruits. There was no tendency for F l's within the same subspecies to be more fertile than F l's between subspecies. The low seed productivity of many sibling crosses, despite their high pollen fertility, is suggestive of shared self-incompatibility factors among sister plants. Pollen stainability was investigated for eight intraspecific and three interspecific hybrids of M. laciniata. Among the intraspecific hybrids studied only two had markedly reduced pollen stainability. Pollen germinability in vitro failed in several attempts. In vivo only a few pollen tubes were observed on the styles of two of the four hybrids crossed to their siblings, indicating a strong rejection reaction in all four hybrids tested. Chromosomal behavior at meiosis in intraspecific hybrids was mostly normal, but minor irregularities were seen especially from prophase to first anaphase. No gross structural changes in the chromosomes of M. laciniata were observed, despite the probable antiquity of the species and spatial isolation of its populations. Close

• 70. [Article] Shrub reestablishment following fire in the mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) alliance

  Currently, the of lack information on shrub reestablishment following fire and the wide variability in rates of recovery have lead to uncertainty in using prescribed burning as a management tool in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shrub reestablishment following fire in the mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) alliance Author: Ziegenhagen, Lori L. Currently, the of lack information on shrub reestablishment following fire and the wide variability in rates of recovery have lead to uncertainty in using prescribed burning as a management tool in the mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) alliance. This study examined the recovery of shrub density and percent canopy cover of mountain big sagebrush and other associated shrub species across 16 large fires, with between 4-49 years of recovery, in southeastern Oregon, northwestern Nevada, and northeastern California. Sagebrush recovery within the interior of these large (400 to 4000 ha each), uniform burns resulted from existing soil seed pools and in the absence of seed rain from adjacent unburned plants. We sampled 175 sites with over 31 km of line intercept and 6.3 ha of shrub density plots. On four of the fires, Badger Mountain (6 years since fire), Miller Canyon (10 yrs), Kiger (15 yrs) and Murdock (41 yrs) we further explored the chronosequence of shrub reestablishment by harvesting over 1400 mountain big sagebrush and 450 bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D.C.) plants from interior locations where post-fire seed sources were limited to soil seed pools and unclaimed rodent seed caches. Shrub crowns were prepared in the lab and aged by at least two separate technicians using binocular dissecting microscopes. In our study area, the median % live canopy cover of mountain big sagebrush returned to 20-25% within 32-36 years after the fire event. Linear regression analysis showed that median % live canopy cover increased 3.429 times (3.932 to 2.990, 90% CI, p-value 0.001) with doubling of years since fire. Similarly, mean sagebrush densities increased 0.227 shrubs / m2 (0.267 to 0.188, 90% CI, p-value 0.001) with each doubling of years since fire. Years since fire explained 57% to 36% of the cover and density variation respectively and variation increased as recovery time increased. Shrub chronology suggests that where seed is limited to surviving soil seed pools, shrub reestablishment following fire occurred in three phases: Phase One) the opportunity for immediate shrub establishment from surviving soil seed pools, Phase Two) a lull in seedling establishment resulting from depleted soil seed pools, and Phase Three) the beginning of modal establishment from newly established on-site seed sources. The success or failure of soil seed pools to establish shrub densities during Phase One probably explains some of the variability in the formulas describing the rate of % shrub cover and density recovery following fire. Both regression analysis and the chronology data emphasize the importance of shrub reestablishment in the first 3-4 years following the fire (Phase One) in influencing the rate of shrub recovery. It would appear that quantifying sagebrush density and % cover after the first 3-4 years following fire will aid land managers in developing long-term, landscape level fire management plans by estimating future shrub recovery. Title: Shrub reestablishment following fire in the mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) alliance Author: Ziegenhagen, Lori L. Currently, the of lack information on shrub reestablishment following fire and the wide variability in rates of recovery have lead to uncertainty in using prescribed burning as a management tool in the mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) alliance. This study examined the recovery of shrub density and percent canopy cover of mountain big sagebrush and other associated shrub species across 16 large fires, with between 4-49 years of recovery, in southeastern Oregon, northwestern Nevada, and northeastern California. Sagebrush recovery within the interior of these large (400 to 4000 ha each), uniform burns resulted from existing soil seed pools and in the absence of seed rain from adjacent unburned plants. We sampled 175 sites with over 31 km of line intercept and 6.3 ha of shrub density plots. On four of the fires, Badger Mountain (6 years since fire), Miller Canyon (10 yrs), Kiger (15 yrs) and Murdock (41 yrs) we further explored the chronosequence of shrub reestablishment by harvesting over 1400 mountain big sagebrush and 450 bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D.C.) plants from interior locations where post-fire seed sources were limited to soil seed pools and unclaimed rodent seed caches. Shrub crowns were prepared in the lab and aged by at least two separate technicians using binocular dissecting microscopes. In our study area, the median % live canopy cover of mountain big sagebrush returned to 20-25% within 32-36 years after the fire event. Linear regression analysis showed that median % live canopy cover increased 3.429 times (3.932 to 2.990, 90% CI, p-value 0.001) with doubling of years since fire. Similarly, mean sagebrush densities increased 0.227 shrubs / m2 (0.267 to 0.188, 90% CI, p-value 0.001) with each doubling of years since fire. Years since fire explained 57% to 36% of the cover and density variation respectively and variation increased as recovery time increased. Shrub chronology suggests that where seed is limited to surviving soil seed pools, shrub reestablishment following fire occurred in three phases: Phase One) the opportunity for immediate shrub establishment from surviving soil seed pools, Phase Two) a lull in seedling establishment resulting from depleted soil seed pools, and Phase Three) the beginning of modal establishment from newly established on-site seed sources. The success or failure of soil seed pools to establish shrub densities during Phase One probably explains some of the variability in the formulas describing the rate of % shrub cover and density recovery following fire. Both regression analysis and the chronology data emphasize the importance of shrub reestablishment in the first 3-4 years following the fire (Phase One) in influencing the rate of shrub recovery. It would appear that quantifying sagebrush density and % cover after the first 3-4 years following fire will aid land managers in developing long-term, landscape level fire management plans by estimating future shrub recovery. Close

• 71. [Article] Patterns of crown damage within a large wildfire in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion

  The 2002 Biscuit Fire burned through more than 200,000 ha of mixed conifer/ evergreen hardwood forests in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The remarkable size of the fire and the diversity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns of crown damage within a large wildfire in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion Author: Thompson, Jonathan R. The 2002 Biscuit Fire burned through more than 200,000 ha of mixed conifer/ evergreen hardwood forests in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The remarkable size of the fire and the diversity of conditions through which it burned provided an opportunity to analyze the correlates of burn severity across vegetation types and disturbance histories and to describe the weather, topographical, and fuel conditions that gave rise to the mosaic of crown damage. In chapter two, I focused on a region that had burned previously by the 1987 Silver Fire then was subject, in part, to salvage-logging and conifer planting before being reburned by the Biscuit Fire. I used the Landsat-based differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) to quantify severity in both fires and took a hypothesis-testing approach to answering two questions: First, was severity in the Biscuit Fire associated with severity in the Silver Fire in unmanaged areas? And second, did areas that were salvaged-logged and planted with conifers after the Silver Fire burn more or less severely in the Biscuit Fire than comparable unmanaged areas? I found that areas that burned severely in 1987 tended to re-burn at high severity in 2002, after controlling for the influence of several topographical and biophysical covariates. Areas unaffected by the initial fire tended to burn at the lowest severities in 2002. In addition, areas that were salvage-logged and planted after the initial fire burned more severely than comparable unmanaged areas, suggesting that post-fire logging and planting did not reduce future fire severity as had been suggested by some. In chapter three, I again focused on the twice-burned landscape, but this time I used a temporal sequence of digital aerial photography plots (6.25 ha) to measure changes in shrub-stratum, hardwood, and conifer cover. I estimated the strength and nature of relationships between crown damage and several fuel, topographical, weather, and management variables. Median crown damage, including damage to the shrub-stratum, on unmanaged plots was 63% after the Biscuit Fire and was most strongly related to damage in the Silver Fire. Plots that burned severely in the Silver Fire and had succeeded to a mix of shrubs and tree regeneration experienced high levels of Biscuit Fire damage. Plots dominated by large conifer cover after the Silver Fire had the lowest levels of Biscuit Fire canopy damage. Median crown damage was 39% for conifer cover and 85% for hardwood cover, and was most strongly related to daily average temperature and "burn period," an index of fire weather and fire suppression effort. Damage in the tree-stratum was largely independent of Silver Fire severity. Plots that had experienced stand replacing fire in 1987 and then were logged and planted with conifers had median crown damage of 100%. Plots that experienced a stand replacing fire but were unmanaged had median crown damage of 95%. The managed areas were at higher topographical positions and had greater total pre-fire cover, which may explain the small difference. These results suggest that in productive, fire-prone landscapes, the patch mosaic of young regenerating forest created by mixed-severity fire can structure the severity pattern of future wildfires occurring at short intervals and support the previous studies findings that post-fire logging and planting did not reduce fire severity. In Chapter four, I expanded my focus to include the entire region burned by the Biscuit Fire and again used digital aerial photos taken before and after the fire to interpret patterns of crown damage and relate them to several fuel, topographical, weather, and management variables. Ninety-eight percent of plots experienced some level of crown damage, but only 10% experienced complete crown damage. The median level of crown damage on unmanaged plots was 74%. Median conifer damage was 52%. The most important predictors of total crown damage were the percentage of pre-fire shrub-stratum vegetation cover and average daily temperature. The most important predictors of conifer damage were average daily temperature and burn period. Increasing levels of shrub-stratum cover were associated with increasing levels of conifer damage and hardwood damage. Large conifers had 32% median crown damage while small conifers had 62% median crown damage. Owing largely to widespread shrub-stratum cover, low-productivity ultramafic soils had 92% median crown damage compared to 59% on non-ultramafic sites. Patterns of damage were similar within the area that burned previously in the 1987 Silver Fire and edaphically comparable areas without a recently history of fire. Median crown damage in conifer plantations was 89% and plantation age was, by far, the most important predictor of the level of damage. Plantations under 20 years old experienced the highest rates of damage. I conclude that weather and vegetation conditions--not topography--were the primary determinants of Biscuit Fire crown damage. These findings suggest that in productive fire-prone ecosystems, fuel treatments that open tree canopies and stimulate shrub-stratum development may be counterproductive. Title: Patterns of crown damage within a large wildfire in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion Author: Thompson, Jonathan R. The 2002 Biscuit Fire burned through more than 200,000 ha of mixed conifer/ evergreen hardwood forests in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The remarkable size of the fire and the diversity of conditions through which it burned provided an opportunity to analyze the correlates of burn severity across vegetation types and disturbance histories and to describe the weather, topographical, and fuel conditions that gave rise to the mosaic of crown damage. In chapter two, I focused on a region that had burned previously by the 1987 Silver Fire then was subject, in part, to salvage-logging and conifer planting before being reburned by the Biscuit Fire. I used the Landsat-based differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) to quantify severity in both fires and took a hypothesis-testing approach to answering two questions: First, was severity in the Biscuit Fire associated with severity in the Silver Fire in unmanaged areas? And second, did areas that were salvaged-logged and planted with conifers after the Silver Fire burn more or less severely in the Biscuit Fire than comparable unmanaged areas? I found that areas that burned severely in 1987 tended to re-burn at high severity in 2002, after controlling for the influence of several topographical and biophysical covariates. Areas unaffected by the initial fire tended to burn at the lowest severities in 2002. In addition, areas that were salvage-logged and planted after the initial fire burned more severely than comparable unmanaged areas, suggesting that post-fire logging and planting did not reduce future fire severity as had been suggested by some. In chapter three, I again focused on the twice-burned landscape, but this time I used a temporal sequence of digital aerial photography plots (6.25 ha) to measure changes in shrub-stratum, hardwood, and conifer cover. I estimated the strength and nature of relationships between crown damage and several fuel, topographical, weather, and management variables. Median crown damage, including damage to the shrub-stratum, on unmanaged plots was 63% after the Biscuit Fire and was most strongly related to damage in the Silver Fire. Plots that burned severely in the Silver Fire and had succeeded to a mix of shrubs and tree regeneration experienced high levels of Biscuit Fire damage. Plots dominated by large conifer cover after the Silver Fire had the lowest levels of Biscuit Fire canopy damage. Median crown damage was 39% for conifer cover and 85% for hardwood cover, and was most strongly related to daily average temperature and "burn period," an index of fire weather and fire suppression effort. Damage in the tree-stratum was largely independent of Silver Fire severity. Plots that had experienced stand replacing fire in 1987 and then were logged and planted with conifers had median crown damage of 100%. Plots that experienced a stand replacing fire but were unmanaged had median crown damage of 95%. The managed areas were at higher topographical positions and had greater total pre-fire cover, which may explain the small difference. These results suggest that in productive, fire-prone landscapes, the patch mosaic of young regenerating forest created by mixed-severity fire can structure the severity pattern of future wildfires occurring at short intervals and support the previous studies findings that post-fire logging and planting did not reduce fire severity. In Chapter four, I expanded my focus to include the entire region burned by the Biscuit Fire and again used digital aerial photos taken before and after the fire to interpret patterns of crown damage and relate them to several fuel, topographical, weather, and management variables. Ninety-eight percent of plots experienced some level of crown damage, but only 10% experienced complete crown damage. The median level of crown damage on unmanaged plots was 74%. Median conifer damage was 52%. The most important predictors of total crown damage were the percentage of pre-fire shrub-stratum vegetation cover and average daily temperature. The most important predictors of conifer damage were average daily temperature and burn period. Increasing levels of shrub-stratum cover were associated with increasing levels of conifer damage and hardwood damage. Large conifers had 32% median crown damage while small conifers had 62% median crown damage. Owing largely to widespread shrub-stratum cover, low-productivity ultramafic soils had 92% median crown damage compared to 59% on non-ultramafic sites. Patterns of damage were similar within the area that burned previously in the 1987 Silver Fire and edaphically comparable areas without a recently history of fire. Median crown damage in conifer plantations was 89% and plantation age was, by far, the most important predictor of the level of damage. Plantations under 20 years old experienced the highest rates of damage. I conclude that weather and vegetation conditions--not topography--were the primary determinants of Biscuit Fire crown damage. These findings suggest that in productive fire-prone ecosystems, fuel treatments that open tree canopies and stimulate shrub-stratum development may be counterproductive. Close

• 72. [Article] Establishment and distribution of the larch casebearer parasite, Agathis pumila in Idaho, Montana, Washington, Oregon and British Columbia

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Establishment and distribution of the larch casebearer parasite, Agathis pumila in Idaho, Montana, Washington, Oregon and British Columbia Author: Bousfield, Wayne E. Title: Establishment and distribution of the larch casebearer parasite, Agathis pumila in Idaho, Montana, Washington, Oregon and British Columbia Author: Bousfield, Wayne E. Close

• 73. [Article] Northwestern American plants

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Northwestern American plants Author: Oregon State College, Gilkey, Helen M., 1886-1972 Title: Northwestern American plants Author: Oregon State College, Gilkey, Helen M., 1886-1972 Close

• 74. [Article] Coming of age in rural America : sense of purpose, coping, and perceived progress toward adulthood

  Individuals in their 20s today have more diverse experiences with school, work, and family transitions than previous cohorts. Contemporary young adults take longer to finish school, settle into marriages ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coming of age in rural America : sense of purpose, coping, and perceived progress toward adulthood Author: Dolenc, Brooke J. Individuals in their 20s today have more diverse experiences with school, work, and family transitions than previous cohorts. Contemporary young adults take longer to finish school, settle into marriages or partnerships, and begin parenting; they frequently change jobs or hold multiple part-time positions. Little is known about how young adults evaluate their progress toward adulthood in light of these prolonged and variable transitions, especially among rural youth. Rural communities are often idealized as being supportive of youth, yet rural communities also bring limited opportunities and unique challenges for young people. This study examines perceptions of progress toward adulthood among 201 young adults aged 18-32 who were raised in a rural setting. Using survey data and path analyses, the project explores how perceived progress toward adulthood is shaped by community support, adult transitions (e.g., living apart from parents), sense of purpose, and proactive coping. Results indicate that those who have a more purposeful outlook and stronger coping skills also have a stronger sense of progress toward adulthood. In addition, the achievement of a greater number of transitions indirectly influences perceived progress toward adulthood through sense of purpose and proactive coping. Participants who feel more supported by their community also have stronger proactive coping skills. These mitigating factors yield insights into how families, schools, and communities might facilitate a more stable transition to adulthood for rural youth. Title: Coming of age in rural America : sense of purpose, coping, and perceived progress toward adulthood Author: Dolenc, Brooke J. Individuals in their 20s today have more diverse experiences with school, work, and family transitions than previous cohorts. Contemporary young adults take longer to finish school, settle into marriages or partnerships, and begin parenting; they frequently change jobs or hold multiple part-time positions. Little is known about how young adults evaluate their progress toward adulthood in light of these prolonged and variable transitions, especially among rural youth. Rural communities are often idealized as being supportive of youth, yet rural communities also bring limited opportunities and unique challenges for young people. This study examines perceptions of progress toward adulthood among 201 young adults aged 18-32 who were raised in a rural setting. Using survey data and path analyses, the project explores how perceived progress toward adulthood is shaped by community support, adult transitions (e.g., living apart from parents), sense of purpose, and proactive coping. Results indicate that those who have a more purposeful outlook and stronger coping skills also have a stronger sense of progress toward adulthood. In addition, the achievement of a greater number of transitions indirectly influences perceived progress toward adulthood through sense of purpose and proactive coping. Participants who feel more supported by their community also have stronger proactive coping skills. These mitigating factors yield insights into how families, schools, and communities might facilitate a more stable transition to adulthood for rural youth. Close

• 75. [Article] Diseases of the filbert in the Pacific Northwest and their control

  Published July 1945. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diseases of the filbert in the Pacific Northwest and their control Author: Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, P. W. (Paul William), 1901- Published July 1945. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Diseases of the filbert in the Pacific Northwest and their control Author: Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, P. W. (Paul William), 1901- Published July 1945. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 76. [Article] Pacific Northwest wheat

  Page 18 is a blank page in document.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pacific Northwest wheat Author: Hollands, Harold F. (Harold Fuller), 1899-, Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Page 18 is a blank page in document. Title: Pacific Northwest wheat Author: Hollands, Harold F. (Harold Fuller), 1899-, Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Page 18 is a blank page in document. Close

• 77. [Article] Argumentation and equity in inquiry-based science instruction : reasoning patterns of teachers and students

  This multiple case study explores issues of equity in science education through an examination of how teachers' reasoning patterns compare with students' reasoning patterns during inquiry-based lessons. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Argumentation and equity in inquiry-based science instruction : reasoning patterns of teachers and students Author: Irish, Tobias E. L. This multiple case study explores issues of equity in science education through an examination of how teachers' reasoning patterns compare with students' reasoning patterns during inquiry-based lessons. It also examines the ways in which teachers utilize students' cultural and linguistic resources, or funds of knowledge, during inquiry-based lessons and the ways in which students utilize their funds of knowledge, during inquiry-based lessons. Three middle school teachers and a total of 57 middle school students participated in this study. The data collection involved classroom observations and multiple interviews with each of the teachers individually and with small groups of students. The findings indicate that the students are capable of far more complex reasoning than what was elicited by the lessons observed or what was modeled and expected by the teachers, but that during the inquiry-based lessons they conformed to the more simplistic reasoning patterns they perceived as the expected norm of classroom dialogue. The findings also indicate that the students possess funds of knowledge that are relevant to science topics, but very seldom use these funds in the context of their inquiry-based lessons. In addition, the teachers in this study very seldom worked to elicit students' use of their funds in these contexts. The few attempts they did make involved the use of analogies, examples, or questions. The findings from this study have implications for both teachers and teacher educators in that they highlight similarities and differences in reasoning that can help teachers establish instructional congruence and facilitate more equitable science instruction. They also provide insight into how students' cultural and linguistic resources are utilized during inquiry-based science lessons. Title: Argumentation and equity in inquiry-based science instruction : reasoning patterns of teachers and students Author: Irish, Tobias E. L. This multiple case study explores issues of equity in science education through an examination of how teachers' reasoning patterns compare with students' reasoning patterns during inquiry-based lessons. It also examines the ways in which teachers utilize students' cultural and linguistic resources, or funds of knowledge, during inquiry-based lessons and the ways in which students utilize their funds of knowledge, during inquiry-based lessons. Three middle school teachers and a total of 57 middle school students participated in this study. The data collection involved classroom observations and multiple interviews with each of the teachers individually and with small groups of students. The findings indicate that the students are capable of far more complex reasoning than what was elicited by the lessons observed or what was modeled and expected by the teachers, but that during the inquiry-based lessons they conformed to the more simplistic reasoning patterns they perceived as the expected norm of classroom dialogue. The findings also indicate that the students possess funds of knowledge that are relevant to science topics, but very seldom use these funds in the context of their inquiry-based lessons. In addition, the teachers in this study very seldom worked to elicit students' use of their funds in these contexts. The few attempts they did make involved the use of analogies, examples, or questions. The findings from this study have implications for both teachers and teacher educators in that they highlight similarities and differences in reasoning that can help teachers establish instructional congruence and facilitate more equitable science instruction. They also provide insight into how students' cultural and linguistic resources are utilized during inquiry-based science lessons. Close

• 78. [Article] Astoria, or, anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Astoria, or, anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains Author: Irving, Washington, 1783-1859 Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Astoria, or, anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains Author: Irving, Washington, 1783-1859 Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 79. [Article] Walnut tree decline and loss in the Pacific Northwest : causes and control

  Published June 1948. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Walnut tree decline and loss in the Pacific Northwest : causes and control Author: Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, P. W. (Paul William), 1901-, Schuster, C. E. (Carl Ephraim), 1889- Published June 1948. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Walnut tree decline and loss in the Pacific Northwest : causes and control Author: Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, P. W. (Paul William), 1901-, Schuster, C. E. (Carl Ephraim), 1889- Published June 1948. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 80. [Article] A taxonomic comparison of the northwestern species of Cicuta and Oenanthe

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A taxonomic comparison of the northwestern species of Cicuta and Oenanthe Author: Collett, Arlie Benton Title: A taxonomic comparison of the northwestern species of Cicuta and Oenanthe Author: Collett, Arlie Benton Close

• 81. [Article] The Oregonian's handbook of the Pacific Northwest

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregonian's handbook of the Pacific Northwest Author: Jones, Edward Gardner Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: The Oregonian's handbook of the Pacific Northwest Author: Jones, Edward Gardner Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 82. [Article] Sedimentation in small active-margin estuaries of the northwestern United States

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sedimentation in small active-margin estuaries of the northwestern United States Author: Peterson, Curt D. Title: Sedimentation in small active-margin estuaries of the northwestern United States Author: Peterson, Curt D. Close

• 83. [Article] Some factors in the development of northwestern entomology

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors in the development of northwestern entomology Author: Bonnell, Daniel Ernest Title: Some factors in the development of northwestern entomology Author: Bonnell, Daniel Ernest Close

• 84. [Article] Growing healthy seedlings : identification and management of pests in Northwest forest nurseries

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growing healthy seedlings : identification and management of pests in Northwest forest nurseries Author: Sutherland, Jack R., Kanaskie, Alan, Schowalter, Timothy D., Hamm, Philip B., James, Robert L., Hansen, Everett M., Landis, Thomas D., Capizzi, Joseph, Russell, Kenelm, Kliejunas, John T., Overhulser, David L., McElroy, Fred D., Steinfeld, David E., Hermann, Richard K., Littke, Willis R., Campbell, Sally J. Title: Growing healthy seedlings : identification and management of pests in Northwest forest nurseries Author: Sutherland, Jack R., Kanaskie, Alan, Schowalter, Timothy D., Hamm, Philip B., James, Robert L., Hansen, Everett M., Landis, Thomas D., Capizzi, Joseph, Russell, Kenelm, Kliejunas, John T., Overhulser, David L., McElroy, Fred D., Steinfeld, David E., Hermann, Richard K., Littke, Willis R., Campbell, Sally J. Close

• 85. [Article] Habitat selection by American martens (Martes americana) in coastal northwestern California

  The Humboldt marten, Martes americana humboldtensis, has undergone a dramatic decline throughout its historical distribution in coastal Northwestern California. There is currently only one known population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat selection by American martens (Martes americana) in coastal northwestern California Author: Slauson, Keith M. The Humboldt marten, Martes americana humboldtensis, has undergone a dramatic decline throughout its historical distribution in coastal Northwestern California. There is currently only one known population occupying an area occurring in <5% of the historical distribution of the subspecies. Conservation and management efforts to benefit this population are hampered by lack of information on the habitat ecology of martens in the coastal forest of northwestern California. Furthermore there have been no investigations of the habitat ecology of marten populations anywhere in the coastal forests of the Pacific States. I investigated habitat relationships of the only known population of martens within the historical distribution of M a. humboldtensis at three spatial scales (microhabitat, stand, and home range) and in relation to four forest management regimes (industrial timberlands, and U. S. Forest Service (USFS) matrix lands, late-successional reserves, and wilderness). Over 12 months of fieldwork during 2000 and 2001, I detected martens at 26 of 159 track plate sample units distributed on a systematic grid located over the region known to be occupied by the population. I used an information-theoretic approach to rank 56 a priori candidate models that described hypothesized habitat relationships at each spatial scale. Marten detections occurred in two distinct habitat types, those with forests on serpentine soils and forests associated with more productive soil types, which are more common in the region. At the microhabitat scale in serpentine habitats, martens were detected at sites with dense shrub cover, sparse tree cover, and abundant surface rocks. Dense shrub cover and abundant surface rocks may provide key overhead and escape cover for martens in serpentine habitats. At the microhabitat scale in non-serpentine habitats martens were detected at sites having the most mesic aspects, with dense tree and shrub cover, and with a higher abundance of large diameter snags. At the stand scale martens selected conifer-dominated stands with dense shrub cover in the latest seral stages (old growth and late-mature) in non-serpentine habitats and variable seral stages in serpentine habitats. At the home-range scale the probability of detecting a marten decreased with increasing amounts of logging within 1-km of the sample unit and increased with increasing maximum patch size of old growth, old growth plus late-mature, or serpentine habitat within 1-km of the sample unit. Martens were detected significantly more frequently in USFS lands than in private industrial timberlands. Within USFS lands, martens were detected most frequently in matrix and late-successional reserves, and least frequently in the wilderness area. This study provides new information on the habitat ecology of martens in the coastal forests of northwestern California. It demonstrates the importance of investigating marten habitat at multiple spatial scales and provides insights to linkages among scales and how martens respond to forest management. It also provides information to aid conservation and restoration of martens in northwestern California through identification of areas currently occupied or with suitable habitat, information to identify suitable habitat in areas outside the study area, and information to guide conservation planning for martens and site-specific habitat restoration. Title: Habitat selection by American martens (Martes americana) in coastal northwestern California Author: Slauson, Keith M. The Humboldt marten, Martes americana humboldtensis, has undergone a dramatic decline throughout its historical distribution in coastal Northwestern California. There is currently only one known population occupying an area occurring in <5% of the historical distribution of the subspecies. Conservation and management efforts to benefit this population are hampered by lack of information on the habitat ecology of martens in the coastal forest of northwestern California. Furthermore there have been no investigations of the habitat ecology of marten populations anywhere in the coastal forests of the Pacific States. I investigated habitat relationships of the only known population of martens within the historical distribution of M a. humboldtensis at three spatial scales (microhabitat, stand, and home range) and in relation to four forest management regimes (industrial timberlands, and U. S. Forest Service (USFS) matrix lands, late-successional reserves, and wilderness). Over 12 months of fieldwork during 2000 and 2001, I detected martens at 26 of 159 track plate sample units distributed on a systematic grid located over the region known to be occupied by the population. I used an information-theoretic approach to rank 56 a priori candidate models that described hypothesized habitat relationships at each spatial scale. Marten detections occurred in two distinct habitat types, those with forests on serpentine soils and forests associated with more productive soil types, which are more common in the region. At the microhabitat scale in serpentine habitats, martens were detected at sites with dense shrub cover, sparse tree cover, and abundant surface rocks. Dense shrub cover and abundant surface rocks may provide key overhead and escape cover for martens in serpentine habitats. At the microhabitat scale in non-serpentine habitats martens were detected at sites having the most mesic aspects, with dense tree and shrub cover, and with a higher abundance of large diameter snags. At the stand scale martens selected conifer-dominated stands with dense shrub cover in the latest seral stages (old growth and late-mature) in non-serpentine habitats and variable seral stages in serpentine habitats. At the home-range scale the probability of detecting a marten decreased with increasing amounts of logging within 1-km of the sample unit and increased with increasing maximum patch size of old growth, old growth plus late-mature, or serpentine habitat within 1-km of the sample unit. Martens were detected significantly more frequently in USFS lands than in private industrial timberlands. Within USFS lands, martens were detected most frequently in matrix and late-successional reserves, and least frequently in the wilderness area. This study provides new information on the habitat ecology of martens in the coastal forests of northwestern California. It demonstrates the importance of investigating marten habitat at multiple spatial scales and provides insights to linkages among scales and how martens respond to forest management. It also provides information to aid conservation and restoration of martens in northwestern California through identification of areas currently occupied or with suitable habitat, information to identify suitable habitat in areas outside the study area, and information to guide conservation planning for martens and site-specific habitat restoration. Close

• 86. [Article] Haplotypes of the Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, on the Wild Host Plant, Solanum dulcamara, in the Pacific Northwestern United States

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Potato Association ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Haplotypes of the Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, on the Wild Host Plant, Solanum dulcamara, in the Pacific Northwestern United States Author: Rondon, Silvia I., Dixon, Jacob, Crosslin, James M., Murphy, Alexzandra F., Swisher, Kylie D., Echegaray, Erik, Sengoda, Venkatesan G., Munyaneza, Joseph E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Potato Association of America and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/12230. Title: Haplotypes of the Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, on the Wild Host Plant, Solanum dulcamara, in the Pacific Northwestern United States Author: Rondon, Silvia I., Dixon, Jacob, Crosslin, James M., Murphy, Alexzandra F., Swisher, Kylie D., Echegaray, Erik, Sengoda, Venkatesan G., Munyaneza, Joseph E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Potato Association of America and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/12230. Close

• 87. [Article] Bees of northwestern America : Halictus (Hymenoptera : Halictidae)

  Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bees of northwestern America : Halictus (Hymenoptera : Halictidae) Author: Roberts, Radclyffe B. (Radclyffe Burnand), 1938- Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Title: Bees of northwestern America : Halictus (Hymenoptera : Halictidae) Author: Roberts, Radclyffe B. (Radclyffe Burnand), 1938- Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Close

• 88. [Article] Measuring costs of carbon sequestration in northwest Russia

  Global warming that may cause environmental catastrophes, dramatic economic losses and, in extreme case, may lead to an extinction of human race, is driven by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring costs of carbon sequestration in northwest Russia Author: Panchenko, Valentyn Global warming that may cause environmental catastrophes, dramatic economic losses and, in extreme case, may lead to an extinction of human race, is driven by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and others) into atmosphere. It has been shown that forests can efficiently absorb carbon from the atmosphere and reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases mitigating climatic change. In this study we explore environmentally oriented forest management options for carbon mitigation. We concentrate on Northwest Russia, St. Petersburg region in particular. This research is a part of larger project comparing carbon dynamics in two ecosystems: U.S. Pacific Northwest and Northwest Russia. We use STANIDCARB model to simulate the growth of forest and account for sequestered carbon that allow exploring the effect of different management regimes on carbon storage and economic value. We evaluate 140 regimes with different combinations of rotation length, regeneration type, intensity and frequency of thinnings. We employ Data Envelopment Analysis to identify the set of carbon and profit efficient management regimes. The set of efficient points comprises production possibility frontier that shows a tradeoff between stored carbon and monetary value. Then, we measure the marginal costs of carbon sequestration along the production possibility frontier. The results suggested that the marginal costs of carbon sequestration exhibit diminishing returns and are negatively correlated with the discount rate. At 4% discount rate the marginal costs vary from 0.08 to 4.71 USD. Title: Measuring costs of carbon sequestration in northwest Russia Author: Panchenko, Valentyn Global warming that may cause environmental catastrophes, dramatic economic losses and, in extreme case, may lead to an extinction of human race, is driven by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and others) into atmosphere. It has been shown that forests can efficiently absorb carbon from the atmosphere and reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases mitigating climatic change. In this study we explore environmentally oriented forest management options for carbon mitigation. We concentrate on Northwest Russia, St. Petersburg region in particular. This research is a part of larger project comparing carbon dynamics in two ecosystems: U.S. Pacific Northwest and Northwest Russia. We use STANIDCARB model to simulate the growth of forest and account for sequestered carbon that allow exploring the effect of different management regimes on carbon storage and economic value. We evaluate 140 regimes with different combinations of rotation length, regeneration type, intensity and frequency of thinnings. We employ Data Envelopment Analysis to identify the set of carbon and profit efficient management regimes. The set of efficient points comprises production possibility frontier that shows a tradeoff between stored carbon and monetary value. Then, we measure the marginal costs of carbon sequestration along the production possibility frontier. The results suggested that the marginal costs of carbon sequestration exhibit diminishing returns and are negatively correlated with the discount rate. At 4% discount rate the marginal costs vary from 0.08 to 4.71 USD. Close

• 89. [Article] Economic analysis of potential Camelina oil crop supplies in the Northwest U.S.

  The demand for biofuels continues to increase due in part to government standards and promotion as well as the ambitious goals set by various companies and industries. Camelina is considered to be an ideal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic analysis of potential Camelina oil crop supplies in the Northwest U.S. Author: Stein, Lukas (Lukas Colin) The demand for biofuels continues to increase due in part to government standards and promotion as well as the ambitious goals set by various companies and industries. Camelina is considered to be an ideal energy crop because of its low input requirements, suitability for marginal soils, and naturally competitiveness with weeds. A partial equilibrium model with a break-even price approach is used to estimate the potential supply curves for Camelina in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. The supply curves are used to determine if the 50 million gallon goal set by the "Farm to Fly" initiative can be met. Given the current price of Camelina, $0.15/lb, the estimated supply of Camelina in all 4 states is 1,756,076,887 lbs and 1,493,684 acres. This estimation assumes that if the wheat-Camelina rotation is more profitable than the current crop rotation, then all of the acres will be converted to a wheat-Camelina rotation. When a 5% adoption rate is applied to the low and the intermediate rainfall zones and a 1% to the high rainfall zones, the number of acres converted to Camelina decreases to 72,213. These results suggest that given current market conditions, the supply of Camelina in the Northwest is not enough to meet the biofuel goal without an increase in yield and government promotion. Title: Economic analysis of potential Camelina oil crop supplies in the Northwest U.S. Author: Stein, Lukas (Lukas Colin) The demand for biofuels continues to increase due in part to government standards and promotion as well as the ambitious goals set by various companies and industries. Camelina is considered to be an ideal energy crop because of its low input requirements, suitability for marginal soils, and naturally competitiveness with weeds. A partial equilibrium model with a break-even price approach is used to estimate the potential supply curves for Camelina in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. The supply curves are used to determine if the 50 million gallon goal set by the "Farm to Fly" initiative can be met. Given the current price of Camelina, $0.15/lb, the estimated supply of Camelina in all 4 states is 1,756,076,887 lbs and 1,493,684 acres. This estimation assumes that if the wheat-Camelina rotation is more profitable than the current crop rotation, then all of the acres will be converted to a wheat-Camelina rotation. When a 5% adoption rate is applied to the low and the intermediate rainfall zones and a 1% to the high rainfall zones, the number of acres converted to Camelina decreases to 72,213. These results suggest that given current market conditions, the supply of Camelina in the Northwest is not enough to meet the biofuel goal without an increase in yield and government promotion. Close

• 90. [Article] The structure and stratigraphy of the Virgin Valley-McGee Mountain area, Humboldt County, Nevada

  The Virgin Valley-McGee Mountain area is located in the northwest corner of Nevada in the northwestern part of the Basin and Range structural province. Rocks within the area consist predominantly of Miocene ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The structure and stratigraphy of the Virgin Valley-McGee Mountain area, Humboldt County, Nevada Author: Wendell, William Glen The Virgin Valley-McGee Mountain area is located in the northwest corner of Nevada in the northwestern part of the Basin and Range structural province. Rocks within the area consist predominantly of Miocene to Pleistocene volcanic rocks and volcanic derived sedimentary rocks. The volcanic rocks include rhyolite, rhyolite welded tuffs, and basalt. Sedimentary rocks are volcanic conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones with subordinate amounts of diatomite, lignite, opaline chert, and volcanic tuff. Unconsolidated deposits include Quaternary alluvium, landslide debris, and playa sediments. The entire sequence is 2200± feet thick. Rock units within the thesis area can be correlated with units of the same age throughout northeastern California, northwestern Nevada, central and southern Oregon, and western Idaho. The principal structural features within the area are the Virgin Valley syncline, Big Mountain-McGee Mountain anticline, and the tilted fault-block mountain that gives rise to the Big Mountain- McGee Mountain complex. The deformation that produced the broad, gentle folds and fault-block mountain were part of the Basin and Range orogeny. The episode of greatest faulting occurred during Pleistocene time, producing the present features of the Basin and Range structure within the thesis area and the surrounding region. Title: The structure and stratigraphy of the Virgin Valley-McGee Mountain area, Humboldt County, Nevada Author: Wendell, William Glen The Virgin Valley-McGee Mountain area is located in the northwest corner of Nevada in the northwestern part of the Basin and Range structural province. Rocks within the area consist predominantly of Miocene to Pleistocene volcanic rocks and volcanic derived sedimentary rocks. The volcanic rocks include rhyolite, rhyolite welded tuffs, and basalt. Sedimentary rocks are volcanic conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones with subordinate amounts of diatomite, lignite, opaline chert, and volcanic tuff. Unconsolidated deposits include Quaternary alluvium, landslide debris, and playa sediments. The entire sequence is 2200± feet thick. Rock units within the thesis area can be correlated with units of the same age throughout northeastern California, northwestern Nevada, central and southern Oregon, and western Idaho. The principal structural features within the area are the Virgin Valley syncline, Big Mountain-McGee Mountain anticline, and the tilted fault-block mountain that gives rise to the Big Mountain- McGee Mountain complex. The deformation that produced the broad, gentle folds and fault-block mountain were part of the Basin and Range orogeny. The episode of greatest faulting occurred during Pleistocene time, producing the present features of the Basin and Range structure within the thesis area and the surrounding region. Close

• 91. [Article] United States Turtle Mapping Project with a Focus on Western Pond Turtle and Painted Turtle

  We compiled Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata) and Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) locations in northwestern North America, consolidating data from multiple sources including nine U.S. State and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: United States Turtle Mapping Project with a Focus on Western Pond Turtle and Painted Turtle Author: Barela, Kimberly L. We compiled Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata) and Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) locations in northwestern North America, consolidating data from multiple sources including nine U.S. State and Canadian Provincial jurisdictions. We assessed numbers of discrete locations, and analyzed distribution patterns temporally and spatially. Western Pond Turtle observation records ranged from years 1850 to 2011 and for the Painted Turtle, from 1805 to 2011. For the Western Pond Turtle, 2,935 locations were compiled range-wide; using a 500-m buffer criterion to aggregate adjacent coordinates, we consolidated these to 2,111 discrete sites. We compiled 2,953 locations for the Painted Turtle, which consolidated to 1,219 discrete sites in the United States using the same 500-m criterion. Our occurrence maps and spatiotemporal patterns can be used to advance new efforts toward northwestern North America turtle management. Title: United States Turtle Mapping Project with a Focus on Western Pond Turtle and Painted Turtle Author: Barela, Kimberly L. We compiled Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata) and Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) locations in northwestern North America, consolidating data from multiple sources including nine U.S. State and Canadian Provincial jurisdictions. We assessed numbers of discrete locations, and analyzed distribution patterns temporally and spatially. Western Pond Turtle observation records ranged from years 1850 to 2011 and for the Painted Turtle, from 1805 to 2011. For the Western Pond Turtle, 2,935 locations were compiled range-wide; using a 500-m buffer criterion to aggregate adjacent coordinates, we consolidated these to 2,111 discrete sites. We compiled 2,953 locations for the Painted Turtle, which consolidated to 1,219 discrete sites in the United States using the same 500-m criterion. Our occurrence maps and spatiotemporal patterns can be used to advance new efforts toward northwestern North America turtle management. Close

• 92. [Article] Production of information for marketing decisions in forest industry firms

  Understanding marketing research begins with understanding marketing and marketing management. This study builds a concise normative model for marketing management and infers from it the scope and nature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production of information for marketing decisions in forest industry firms Author: Sainio, Jorma Kalevi Understanding marketing research begins with understanding marketing and marketing management. This study builds a concise normative model for marketing management and infers from it the scope and nature of marketing research and the role various organizations should take in conducting it. Marketing research activities in the Pacific Northwestern forest industry are examined against this model, and implications of the study from the viewpoint of the researcher's university position in Finland are discussed. The way marketing research is viewed by individual Pacific Northwestern forest industry marketing managers and researchers varies considerably from person to person. A specialized marketing research function is established in. only a few organizations, and even within these organizations intensity of research work varies greatly. Marketing research work concentrates in these companies on the definition of market potentials for new and established products, which also is an important topic for trade association studies. Little research is conducted on consumer behavior. Applications of operations research in marketing management are few. Methodology applied is relatively unsophisticated. Marketing managers thought that time and monetary constraints mostly restrict marketing research work in the industry. Researchers mentioned as such factors production orientation of managers and their lack of understanding new research concepts. Future growth of marketing research in the industry was anticipated by most of the researchers. A study similar to this is expected to prove useful in Finland for coordinating marketing research work in the Finnish forest industry. Title: Production of information for marketing decisions in forest industry firms Author: Sainio, Jorma Kalevi Understanding marketing research begins with understanding marketing and marketing management. This study builds a concise normative model for marketing management and infers from it the scope and nature of marketing research and the role various organizations should take in conducting it. Marketing research activities in the Pacific Northwestern forest industry are examined against this model, and implications of the study from the viewpoint of the researcher's university position in Finland are discussed. The way marketing research is viewed by individual Pacific Northwestern forest industry marketing managers and researchers varies considerably from person to person. A specialized marketing research function is established in. only a few organizations, and even within these organizations intensity of research work varies greatly. Marketing research work concentrates in these companies on the definition of market potentials for new and established products, which also is an important topic for trade association studies. Little research is conducted on consumer behavior. Applications of operations research in marketing management are few. Methodology applied is relatively unsophisticated. Marketing managers thought that time and monetary constraints mostly restrict marketing research work in the industry. Researchers mentioned as such factors production orientation of managers and their lack of understanding new research concepts. Future growth of marketing research in the industry was anticipated by most of the researchers. A study similar to this is expected to prove useful in Finland for coordinating marketing research work in the Finnish forest industry. Close

• 93. [Article] Geology of a northern part of the Pine Forest Mountains, northwestern Nevada

  The Pine Forest Mountains lie within the northern part of the Basin and Range province, near Denio, northwestern Nevada. They are tilted, fault block mountains composed in part of schists and quartzites ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of a northern part of the Pine Forest Mountains, northwestern Nevada Author: Graichen, Ronald Edward The Pine Forest Mountains lie within the northern part of the Basin and Range province, near Denio, northwestern Nevada. They are tilted, fault block mountains composed in part of schists and quartzites of Triassic-Jurassic (?) age. In addition, they are intruded by Cretaceous diorites, granodiorites, and quartz monzonites which are probably related to the Sierra Nevada batholith. The Mesozoic metamorphic and igneous intrusive rocks of the thesis area are covered by a sequence of Tertiary basalt flows, ash flow tuffs, and volcanic sandstones. These volcanic rocks record successive stages of Pine Forest uplift throughout Early Cenozoic time. The volcanics are divided into two rock stratigraphic sequences--older and younger. The older units lie within the younger rock stratigraphic terrane as an angular unconformable inlier. Two additional angular unconformities occur within the younger rock stratigraphic units. From older to younger, the Tertiary rocks are steeply dipping to gently dipping. Quaternary deposits in the area include valley fill alluvium, currently being deposited, and coiluvial fans currently being dissected. The largest mining property in the area is the Ashdown mine, presently dormant. Gold-quartz prospects are abundant in the area. Title: Geology of a northern part of the Pine Forest Mountains, northwestern Nevada Author: Graichen, Ronald Edward The Pine Forest Mountains lie within the northern part of the Basin and Range province, near Denio, northwestern Nevada. They are tilted, fault block mountains composed in part of schists and quartzites of Triassic-Jurassic (?) age. In addition, they are intruded by Cretaceous diorites, granodiorites, and quartz monzonites which are probably related to the Sierra Nevada batholith. The Mesozoic metamorphic and igneous intrusive rocks of the thesis area are covered by a sequence of Tertiary basalt flows, ash flow tuffs, and volcanic sandstones. These volcanic rocks record successive stages of Pine Forest uplift throughout Early Cenozoic time. The volcanics are divided into two rock stratigraphic sequences--older and younger. The older units lie within the younger rock stratigraphic terrane as an angular unconformable inlier. Two additional angular unconformities occur within the younger rock stratigraphic units. From older to younger, the Tertiary rocks are steeply dipping to gently dipping. Quaternary deposits in the area include valley fill alluvium, currently being deposited, and coiluvial fans currently being dissected. The largest mining property in the area is the Ashdown mine, presently dormant. Gold-quartz prospects are abundant in the area. Close

• 94. [Article] Communications, natural resources, and policy

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Communications, natural resources, and policy Author: Thomas, Jack Ward, Marston, Ed, Shelby, Bo, 1948-, Achterman, Gail L., Gordan, John C., Arbogast, Sandie, Oregon State University. College of Forestry Title: Communications, natural resources, and policy Author: Thomas, Jack Ward, Marston, Ed, Shelby, Bo, 1948-, Achterman, Gail L., Gordan, John C., Arbogast, Sandie, Oregon State University. College of Forestry Close

• 95. [Article] Apple Clearwing Moth Survey in Washington State and Northwestern Washington Detections, 2008

  Section I: Surveys of Invasive and Emerging Pests

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Apple Clearwing Moth Survey in Washington State and Northwestern Washington Detections, 2008 Author: LaGasa, Eric Year: 2009 Section I: Surveys of Invasive and Emerging Pests Title: Apple Clearwing Moth Survey in Washington State and Northwestern Washington Detections, 2008 Author: LaGasa, Eric Year: 2009 Section I: Surveys of Invasive and Emerging Pests Close

• 96. [Article] Soil genesis, classification, and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems of the northwestern Rif region of Morocco

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil genesis, classification, and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems of the northwestern Rif region of Morocco Author: Ben Jelloun, Hassane Title: Soil genesis, classification, and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems of the northwestern Rif region of Morocco Author: Ben Jelloun, Hassane Close

• 97. [Article] The biology and external morphology of bees ; with a synopsis of the genera of northwestern America

  Published November 1969. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The biology and external morphology of bees ; with a synopsis of the genera of northwestern America Author: Torchio, Philip F., Stephen, William Procuronoff, 1927-, Bohart, George Edward Published November 1969. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: The biology and external morphology of bees ; with a synopsis of the genera of northwestern America Author: Torchio, Philip F., Stephen, William Procuronoff, 1927-, Bohart, George Edward Published November 1969. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 98. [Article] Semi-volatile organic compounds as molecular markers for atmospheric and ecosystem transport

  The use of semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) as molecular markers to identify the contributions of regional and long-range atmospheric transport, as well as current and historic sources, and contaminant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Semi-volatile organic compounds as molecular markers for atmospheric and ecosystem transport Author: Genualdi, Susan A. The use of semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) as molecular markers to identify the contributions of regional and long-range atmospheric transport, as well as current and historic sources, and contaminant deposition in remote ecosystems of the Western U.S. was investigated. Trans-Pacific air masses influenced by Siberian biomass burning events had elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the historic use pesticides dieldrin and alpha-HCH, while air masses influenced by regional fires in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. had enhanced concentrations of PAHs and the current-use pesticides dacthal and endosulfan. This suggests that previously deposited SOCs, such as pesticides, revolatilize to the atmosphere during forest fires. In addition, forest soils collected from a burned area in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. had significantly lower SOC concentrations (34 to 100 %) than soils collected from an un-burned area separated only by a two lane road. This confirms that SOCs re-volatilize and/or degrade from soils and vegetation during the burning process. The chiral signatures of alpha-HCH in air masses at three sites in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. indicated that the boundary layer has a non-racemic alpha-HCH signature likely due to re-volatilization of alpha-HCH from the Pacific Ocean and that the free troposphere is a source of racemic alpha-HCH. Racemic alpha-HCH was also associated with Asian and trans-Pacific air masses. Racemic cis and trans-chlordane in Pacific Northwestern U.S. air masses indicated that U.S. urban areas continue to be a source of chlordane to the atmosphere. The deposition of non-racemic alpha-HCH in seasonal snowpack in continental Western U.S. national park high elevation ecosystems reflected regional transport, while the high latitude, Alaskan national parks were influenced by long-range atmospheric transport of racemic alpha-HCH. The chiral signature of alpha-HCH in fish collected from high elevation and high latitude ecosystems in Western U.S. national parks reflected the chiral signature of the seasonal snowpack in the lake catchment. This indicates that the fish in these ecosystems do not enantioselectively biotransform alpha-HCH. Racemic cis-chlordane was measured in seasonal snowpack and lake sediments in Sequoia National Park due to the high population density surrounding the park and the past use of chlordane as a termiticide in urban areas. Non-racemic cis-chlordane was measured in sediment collected from Rocky Mountain National Park because this park receives chlordane due to re-volatilization from regional agricultural soil. Title: Semi-volatile organic compounds as molecular markers for atmospheric and ecosystem transport Author: Genualdi, Susan A. The use of semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) as molecular markers to identify the contributions of regional and long-range atmospheric transport, as well as current and historic sources, and contaminant deposition in remote ecosystems of the Western U.S. was investigated. Trans-Pacific air masses influenced by Siberian biomass burning events had elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the historic use pesticides dieldrin and alpha-HCH, while air masses influenced by regional fires in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. had enhanced concentrations of PAHs and the current-use pesticides dacthal and endosulfan. This suggests that previously deposited SOCs, such as pesticides, revolatilize to the atmosphere during forest fires. In addition, forest soils collected from a burned area in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. had significantly lower SOC concentrations (34 to 100 %) than soils collected from an un-burned area separated only by a two lane road. This confirms that SOCs re-volatilize and/or degrade from soils and vegetation during the burning process. The chiral signatures of alpha-HCH in air masses at three sites in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. indicated that the boundary layer has a non-racemic alpha-HCH signature likely due to re-volatilization of alpha-HCH from the Pacific Ocean and that the free troposphere is a source of racemic alpha-HCH. Racemic alpha-HCH was also associated with Asian and trans-Pacific air masses. Racemic cis and trans-chlordane in Pacific Northwestern U.S. air masses indicated that U.S. urban areas continue to be a source of chlordane to the atmosphere. The deposition of non-racemic alpha-HCH in seasonal snowpack in continental Western U.S. national park high elevation ecosystems reflected regional transport, while the high latitude, Alaskan national parks were influenced by long-range atmospheric transport of racemic alpha-HCH. The chiral signature of alpha-HCH in fish collected from high elevation and high latitude ecosystems in Western U.S. national parks reflected the chiral signature of the seasonal snowpack in the lake catchment. This indicates that the fish in these ecosystems do not enantioselectively biotransform alpha-HCH. Racemic cis-chlordane was measured in seasonal snowpack and lake sediments in Sequoia National Park due to the high population density surrounding the park and the past use of chlordane as a termiticide in urban areas. Non-racemic cis-chlordane was measured in sediment collected from Rocky Mountain National Park because this park receives chlordane due to re-volatilization from regional agricultural soil. Close

• 99. [Article] Common garter snake : Thamnophis sirtalis

  Published April 2007. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Common garter snake : Thamnophis sirtalis Author: Donovan, B. (Ben), Allen, N. (Nancy), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 2007. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Common garter snake : Thamnophis sirtalis Author: Donovan, B. (Ben), Allen, N. (Nancy), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 2007. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 100. [Article] Cherry bark tortrix moth

  Published 1992. Reviewed May 2015. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cherry bark tortrix moth Author: DeAngelis, Jack D., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Westcott, R. L. Published 1992. Reviewed May 2015. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/catalog Title: Cherry bark tortrix moth Author: DeAngelis, Jack D., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Westcott, R. L. Published 1992. Reviewed May 2015. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/catalog Close