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• 1. [Article] Native American representation in museums : a cross cultural comparison of the effects of cultural resources laws

  The image of Native Americans in the United States has changed through the passage of time. Part of this change is directly related to the representation of their cultures in a museum setting and the inception ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American representation in museums : a cross cultural comparison of the effects of cultural resources laws Author: Thorsgard, Misty The image of Native Americans in the United States has changed through the passage of time. Part of this change is directly related to the representation of their cultures in a museum setting and the inception of cultural resource laws that govern them. This research looks at four museums, two in the United States and two in the United Kingdom, and compares their representation of Native Americans. Unlike museums in the United States, museums in the United Kingdom do not have to comply with laws that protect source communities. A source community is defined as the original group that an object found in a museum setting originates. Laws like the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990) have shaped the relationship between museums and Native Americans in the United States. It has fostered a deeper understanding of Native American worldviews in American museum displays. This research demonstrates how American museums have changed the way they plan for and create displays about Native Americans because of cultural resource laws. This research reveals three movements in the United States that have occurred, due in part to cultural resource laws. First, the dichotomy between museums’ relationship to their visitors in comparison to their responsibilities to source communities and how this has shifted; second, funding and the power struggle it has created in museums. Third, the issue of repatriation of objects, both nationally and internationally, due to the variety of opinions that surround this topic; and how this demonstrates a better working relationship with Native Americans in the United States, and is cause for great strife for the United Kingdom and other countries. These three illuminate the uneven relationship between museums and Native Americans and how cultural resource laws in the United States have begun to alter this relationship. NAGPRA has helped to reestablish Native Americans’ legal authority over their culture in the United States. Title: Native American representation in museums : a cross cultural comparison of the effects of cultural resources laws Author: Thorsgard, Misty The image of Native Americans in the United States has changed through the passage of time. Part of this change is directly related to the representation of their cultures in a museum setting and the inception of cultural resource laws that govern them. This research looks at four museums, two in the United States and two in the United Kingdom, and compares their representation of Native Americans. Unlike museums in the United States, museums in the United Kingdom do not have to comply with laws that protect source communities. A source community is defined as the original group that an object found in a museum setting originates. Laws like the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990) have shaped the relationship between museums and Native Americans in the United States. It has fostered a deeper understanding of Native American worldviews in American museum displays. This research demonstrates how American museums have changed the way they plan for and create displays about Native Americans because of cultural resource laws. This research reveals three movements in the United States that have occurred, due in part to cultural resource laws. First, the dichotomy between museums’ relationship to their visitors in comparison to their responsibilities to source communities and how this has shifted; second, funding and the power struggle it has created in museums. Third, the issue of repatriation of objects, both nationally and internationally, due to the variety of opinions that surround this topic; and how this demonstrates a better working relationship with Native Americans in the United States, and is cause for great strife for the United Kingdom and other countries. These three illuminate the uneven relationship between museums and Native Americans and how cultural resource laws in the United States have begun to alter this relationship. NAGPRA has helped to reestablish Native Americans’ legal authority over their culture in the United States. Close

• 2. [Article] Field sensitivity of Native American students at Oregon State University, as determined by the group embedded figures test

  Historically, Native American students have not achieved academic success; ethnic and racial stereotypes are common explanations for the problem. Many perceive the Native American student to be lacking ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field sensitivity of Native American students at Oregon State University, as determined by the group embedded figures test Author: Pelto, Joan McAlmond Historically, Native American students have not achieved academic success; ethnic and racial stereotypes are common explanations for the problem. Many perceive the Native American student to be lacking either academic preparation or socio-cultural support for success. A review of the literature showed emerging research which indicates that significant differences can be shown between the learning styles of Native American students and their non-Native counterparts. It has been claimed that these differences may account for some of the differences in academic achievement. The purpose of this study was an attempt to document more thoroughly the differences between the learning styles of Native American and non-Native university students, employing the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). The GEFT measures degree of field sensitivity, a measure of the degree to which an individual is affected by the surrounding environment or situation within which learning is to take place. It has been postulated that Native American children tend to be reared in a culture which promotes field dependent learning styles. Conversely, children reared in families promoting strong individual identity tend to be more field independent. The results of administering the GEFT to a group of Native American university students and to a comparison group of non-Native students supported the theory. A numerical difference of 2.1, on a scale of 1 to 18, was found between the mean scores of the two study groups with the Native American students scoring in the more field dependent domain. The mean score for the Native American student study group was 9.7, while that for the comparison group was 11.8. In addition to ethnic differences, the data from this study showed differences from previously established norms both by age and gender. Based on the results of this study, educators may be urged to consider the style in which a student learns before categorizing him or her as academically deficient. Further study of learning styles of Native American students and concommitantly of teaching styles which are best suited to Native American students is recommended. Title: Field sensitivity of Native American students at Oregon State University, as determined by the group embedded figures test Author: Pelto, Joan McAlmond Historically, Native American students have not achieved academic success; ethnic and racial stereotypes are common explanations for the problem. Many perceive the Native American student to be lacking either academic preparation or socio-cultural support for success. A review of the literature showed emerging research which indicates that significant differences can be shown between the learning styles of Native American students and their non-Native counterparts. It has been claimed that these differences may account for some of the differences in academic achievement. The purpose of this study was an attempt to document more thoroughly the differences between the learning styles of Native American and non-Native university students, employing the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT). The GEFT measures degree of field sensitivity, a measure of the degree to which an individual is affected by the surrounding environment or situation within which learning is to take place. It has been postulated that Native American children tend to be reared in a culture which promotes field dependent learning styles. Conversely, children reared in families promoting strong individual identity tend to be more field independent. The results of administering the GEFT to a group of Native American university students and to a comparison group of non-Native students supported the theory. A numerical difference of 2.1, on a scale of 1 to 18, was found between the mean scores of the two study groups with the Native American students scoring in the more field dependent domain. The mean score for the Native American student study group was 9.7, while that for the comparison group was 11.8. In addition to ethnic differences, the data from this study showed differences from previously established norms both by age and gender. Based on the results of this study, educators may be urged to consider the style in which a student learns before categorizing him or her as academically deficient. Further study of learning styles of Native American students and concommitantly of teaching styles which are best suited to Native American students is recommended. Close

• 3. [Article] The potential use of GIS as a tool for communicating risk information to American Indian tribes: a consideration of the ethical implications

  American Indians presently face health risks posed by exposure to environmental pollutants through different exposure routes including: inhalation (e.g., air particles), ingestion (e.g., fish, water), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The potential use of GIS as a tool for communicating risk information to American Indian tribes: a consideration of the ethical implications Author: Lizon, K. Michele American Indians presently face health risks posed by exposure to environmental pollutants through different exposure routes including: inhalation (e.g., air particles), ingestion (e.g., fish, water), and dermal contact (e.g., contact with water, soil). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are increasingly being used in the Environmental Health arena as a tool for communicating risk information to Native American populations. GIS-based risk maps can display risk information to Native Americans in a manner that helps reduce risks and protect a traditional tribal lifestyle. GIS-based research involving a Native American community requires careful consideration of ethical issues relating to sovereignty and ownership of data. Using a case study approach, this paper evaluates the use of GIS as a tool for communicating risks to Native Americans and recommends moral guidelines for conducting GIS-based research in a Native American community. The use of GIS-based risk maps in Native American communities is relatively new and warrants further research. Title: The potential use of GIS as a tool for communicating risk information to American Indian tribes: a consideration of the ethical implications Author: Lizon, K. Michele American Indians presently face health risks posed by exposure to environmental pollutants through different exposure routes including: inhalation (e.g., air particles), ingestion (e.g., fish, water), and dermal contact (e.g., contact with water, soil). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are increasingly being used in the Environmental Health arena as a tool for communicating risk information to Native American populations. GIS-based risk maps can display risk information to Native Americans in a manner that helps reduce risks and protect a traditional tribal lifestyle. GIS-based research involving a Native American community requires careful consideration of ethical issues relating to sovereignty and ownership of data. Using a case study approach, this paper evaluates the use of GIS as a tool for communicating risks to Native Americans and recommends moral guidelines for conducting GIS-based research in a Native American community. The use of GIS-based risk maps in Native American communities is relatively new and warrants further research. Close

• 4. [Article] Traditional Native American Healing in Modern Medicine

  Due to proprietary issues, only the abstract is available. Please contact j_faulkn@live.com for additional information.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traditional Native American Healing in Modern Medicine Author: Faulkner, Jaime Due to proprietary issues, only the abstract is available. Please contact j_faulkn@live.com for additional information. Title: Traditional Native American Healing in Modern Medicine Author: Faulkner, Jaime Due to proprietary issues, only the abstract is available. Please contact j_faulkn@live.com for additional information. Close

• 5. [Article] Then and Now: Asserting Anishinabek Identity Through Indigenized Apparel

  The work deals with the subject of designing for Native Americans. The first part of the project broadly examines the field of graphic design as it relates to Native Americans, discussing the lack of Native ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Then and Now: Asserting Anishinabek Identity Through Indigenized Apparel Author: Southall, Neebinnaukzhik The work deals with the subject of designing for Native Americans. The first part of the project broadly examines the field of graphic design as it relates to Native Americans, discussing the lack of Native voices in graphic design, what designing for Native Americans can entail, the role of Native lifeways in design, design barriers and solutions, as well as opportunities and examples. The second part of the project explores designing for a specific Native American audience: Anishinabek youth. A need for positive representation via clothing is discussed, establishing the goal of infusing modern urban wear with a Native perspective. Anishinabek culture is examined, culminating in a series of clothing designs. Title: Then and Now: Asserting Anishinabek Identity Through Indigenized Apparel Author: Southall, Neebinnaukzhik The work deals with the subject of designing for Native Americans. The first part of the project broadly examines the field of graphic design as it relates to Native Americans, discussing the lack of Native voices in graphic design, what designing for Native Americans can entail, the role of Native lifeways in design, design barriers and solutions, as well as opportunities and examples. The second part of the project explores designing for a specific Native American audience: Anishinabek youth. A need for positive representation via clothing is discussed, establishing the goal of infusing modern urban wear with a Native perspective. Anishinabek culture is examined, culminating in a series of clothing designs. Close

• 6. [Article] Traditional medicine and self-determination in resolving mental health problems among southwest Oregon native Americans

  Native Americans in southwest Oregon are a heterogenous group comprising one-quarter of the state's total Indian population. Despite their notable size, Native Americans in this six county area are either ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traditional medicine and self-determination in resolving mental health problems among southwest Oregon native Americans Author: Otis, Alison Taylor Native Americans in southwest Oregon are a heterogenous group comprising one-quarter of the state's total Indian population. Despite their notable size, Native Americans in this six county area are either ineligible for, or inaccessible to, federally sponsored Indian health facilities available to Native peoples elsewhere. Research was conducted over an eight month period to determine the prevalence of Native American mental health problems, rates of service utilization, and cultural appropriateness of available services. For thesis study, inquiries focused on use of traditional medicine and Indian providers as viable alternatives to the established non-Indian mental health system. Under the supervision of the Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project, interviews were held with service providers, clients, and members of local Indian populations. Results show that southwest Oregon Native Americans underutilize county mental health facilities due to real and/or perceived barriers to treatment. Among these are cultural barriers in which non-Indian therapists do not, or are unable to, respond appropriately to tradition-oriented Indian clients. An exception is the alcohol programs which Native Americans use more often. It is clear that participation in these programs is greater due to the higher prevalence of alcohol problems, increased cultural sensitivity among staff, and differing attitudes toward being alcoholic as opposed to "crazy". Three Indian-specific alcohol programs within or adjacent to the service area are particularly attractive to Native American clients. Native peoples frequently expressed interests in developing their own programs, accessing traditional medicine people, and having more input within the existing county system. Indian alcohol programs have become a rallying place for Indian self-determination in mental health care because they adhere to Native beliefs and values, and are refuges for traditionally- oriented providers and clients. Unfortunately, their existence is tenuously linked to non-Indian funding sources and regulations -- a situation difficult to improve from either side. Research conclusions indicate that Native American mental health treatment is in a transitional period. A resurgence of interest in the use of traditional medicine has been part of the transition. Improved legislation for Indian health care and religious freedom have contributed to the articulation and organization of Native American concerns. Answers to self-determination in southwest Oregon Native American mental health care will become more evident as Pan- Indian issues are resolved and communities develop better communications and referral networks with local Indian populations. Infringing economic constraints can be alleviated if community treatment facilities use more sensitive, personalized outreach to Native Americans in their areas, and if they allow them greater control in determining traditional treatment alternatives. Title: Traditional medicine and self-determination in resolving mental health problems among southwest Oregon native Americans Author: Otis, Alison Taylor Native Americans in southwest Oregon are a heterogenous group comprising one-quarter of the state's total Indian population. Despite their notable size, Native Americans in this six county area are either ineligible for, or inaccessible to, federally sponsored Indian health facilities available to Native peoples elsewhere. Research was conducted over an eight month period to determine the prevalence of Native American mental health problems, rates of service utilization, and cultural appropriateness of available services. For thesis study, inquiries focused on use of traditional medicine and Indian providers as viable alternatives to the established non-Indian mental health system. Under the supervision of the Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project, interviews were held with service providers, clients, and members of local Indian populations. Results show that southwest Oregon Native Americans underutilize county mental health facilities due to real and/or perceived barriers to treatment. Among these are cultural barriers in which non-Indian therapists do not, or are unable to, respond appropriately to tradition-oriented Indian clients. An exception is the alcohol programs which Native Americans use more often. It is clear that participation in these programs is greater due to the higher prevalence of alcohol problems, increased cultural sensitivity among staff, and differing attitudes toward being alcoholic as opposed to "crazy". Three Indian-specific alcohol programs within or adjacent to the service area are particularly attractive to Native American clients. Native peoples frequently expressed interests in developing their own programs, accessing traditional medicine people, and having more input within the existing county system. Indian alcohol programs have become a rallying place for Indian self-determination in mental health care because they adhere to Native beliefs and values, and are refuges for traditionally- oriented providers and clients. Unfortunately, their existence is tenuously linked to non-Indian funding sources and regulations -- a situation difficult to improve from either side. Research conclusions indicate that Native American mental health treatment is in a transitional period. A resurgence of interest in the use of traditional medicine has been part of the transition. Improved legislation for Indian health care and religious freedom have contributed to the articulation and organization of Native American concerns. Answers to self-determination in southwest Oregon Native American mental health care will become more evident as Pan- Indian issues are resolved and communities develop better communications and referral networks with local Indian populations. Infringing economic constraints can be alleviated if community treatment facilities use more sensitive, personalized outreach to Native Americans in their areas, and if they allow them greater control in determining traditional treatment alternatives. Close

• 7. [Article] Thesis Paper.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thesis Paper.pdf Author: Reeves, Jennifer Jean Title: Thesis Paper.pdf Author: Reeves, Jennifer Jean Close

• 8. [Article] Thesis Pre-Text Pages.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thesis Pre-Text Pages.pdf Author: Reeves, Jennifer Jean Title: Thesis Pre-Text Pages.pdf Author: Reeves, Jennifer Jean Close

• 9. [Article] Native American women : leadership, activism, and feminism

  In fulfilling their traditional roles as leaders in their communities, American Indian women are often at the core of American Indian resistance and struggles for liberation. Native women have a long history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American women : leadership, activism, and feminism Author: Cole, Spirit Dine'tah In fulfilling their traditional roles as leaders in their communities, American Indian women are often at the core of American Indian resistance and struggles for liberation. Native women have a long history of assuming leadership positions within their particular tribes. Their struggles share many of the characteristics of women's struggles associated with feminism in the larger society, yet many Native American women explicitly reject the label of feminism. This paper explores the reasons some Native women do embrace feminism and why others do not. Through an analysis of literature, cross-cultural research, and in-depth narrative interviews, I examined feminism and its compatibility with Native American female resistance. My framework is critical, it takes into account the historical oppression of Native peoples, as well as relative exclusion of Native women in the existing feminist research. What became apparent upon interviewing Native women activists for this paper was the long history of leadership by women within Native American tribes. What is very apparent from both the existing literature by Native American women and conducted with Native American women is that, despite their more central position in their societies, traditional Native women interviewed tend not to view themselves as feminist. An important theme running through the interviews and apparent from the literature reviewed was despite the fact that Native women in general do not have equality of opportunity within larger American society in terms of economic resources, employment, education, health care, etc. (see Churchill, 1993 and Stiffarm and Lane, 1992), and in many cases are solely responsible for the survival of their families (see Jaimes and Halsey, 1992 and La Duke, 1993), Native women do not view their struggles for more power within their communities and larger society as being incompatible with the primacy of home and family. Title: Native American women : leadership, activism, and feminism Author: Cole, Spirit Dine'tah In fulfilling their traditional roles as leaders in their communities, American Indian women are often at the core of American Indian resistance and struggles for liberation. Native women have a long history of assuming leadership positions within their particular tribes. Their struggles share many of the characteristics of women's struggles associated with feminism in the larger society, yet many Native American women explicitly reject the label of feminism. This paper explores the reasons some Native women do embrace feminism and why others do not. Through an analysis of literature, cross-cultural research, and in-depth narrative interviews, I examined feminism and its compatibility with Native American female resistance. My framework is critical, it takes into account the historical oppression of Native peoples, as well as relative exclusion of Native women in the existing feminist research. What became apparent upon interviewing Native women activists for this paper was the long history of leadership by women within Native American tribes. What is very apparent from both the existing literature by Native American women and conducted with Native American women is that, despite their more central position in their societies, traditional Native women interviewed tend not to view themselves as feminist. An important theme running through the interviews and apparent from the literature reviewed was despite the fact that Native women in general do not have equality of opportunity within larger American society in terms of economic resources, employment, education, health care, etc. (see Churchill, 1993 and Stiffarm and Lane, 1992), and in many cases are solely responsible for the survival of their families (see Jaimes and Halsey, 1992 and La Duke, 1993), Native women do not view their struggles for more power within their communities and larger society as being incompatible with the primacy of home and family. Close

• 10. [Article] Night dreamer walks

  In Night Dreamer Walks, the first eight chapters of a novel of the same name, John M. Groves imagines the predicament of a young Native American man living 8,000 years ago in Oregon's Klamath Basin. Beginning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Night dreamer walks Author: Groves, John M. (John Martin) In Night Dreamer Walks, the first eight chapters of a novel of the same name, John M. Groves imagines the predicament of a young Native American man living 8,000 years ago in Oregon's Klamath Basin. Beginning as a story to avenge his father's death during an unusual outbreak of tribal violence, the novel explores the protagonist's growing involvement in healing and witchcraft practices. The author crafts a prehistoric world by drawing on ethnographic accounts, indigenous mythology, archaeology, and contemporary Native American life. The journey of the protagonist, Night, to the ocean and back becomes a movement across the topography of greed, tradition, transformation, and morality. Title: Night dreamer walks Author: Groves, John M. (John Martin) In Night Dreamer Walks, the first eight chapters of a novel of the same name, John M. Groves imagines the predicament of a young Native American man living 8,000 years ago in Oregon's Klamath Basin. Beginning as a story to avenge his father's death during an unusual outbreak of tribal violence, the novel explores the protagonist's growing involvement in healing and witchcraft practices. The author crafts a prehistoric world by drawing on ethnographic accounts, indigenous mythology, archaeology, and contemporary Native American life. The journey of the protagonist, Night, to the ocean and back becomes a movement across the topography of greed, tradition, transformation, and morality. Close

• 11. [Article] DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia Title: DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia Close

• 12. [Article] DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia Title: DevelopingRelationships_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia Close

• 13. [Article] OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia Title: OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia Close

• 14. [Article] OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia Title: OTAI_ATALM_2013_fernandez_natalia.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia Close

• 15. [Article] Hearing their voices : college experiences of urban American Indian women

  The purpose of this study is to explore, through their own voices, the higher education experiences of selected urban American Indian females in California community colleges. This study is an attempt ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hearing their voices : college experiences of urban American Indian women Author: Berry, Linda Converse The purpose of this study is to explore, through their own voices, the higher education experiences of selected urban American Indian females in California community colleges. This study is an attempt to identify pathways to academic success by teasing out college practices and support systems that help Native women navigate educational paths in community colleges. Five urban Native women were selected through convenience sampling to participate in in-depth interviews that reveal their college-going experiences in community colleges in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California. A narrative inquiry research design was used in this qualitative study as a means to uncover the lived experience of these Native women in California community colleges. Their stories, in their own voices, reveal how they were assisted or hampered in their pursuit of education goals. Six themes in common emerged from their stories: 1. Perseverance in Higher Education 2. Academic Aptitude and Success 3. Institutional Support 4. Challenges and Barriers 5. Native American Identity and Self-Image 6. Invisibility and Isolation The exploration of challenges, barriers, and institutional support that influenced academic success for these five women assists community college leaders in understanding ways in which those challenges and barriers can be overcome. An intended outcome of this study is to influence instructional and student support practices in order to expand opportunities for success for Native women. Title: Hearing their voices : college experiences of urban American Indian women Author: Berry, Linda Converse The purpose of this study is to explore, through their own voices, the higher education experiences of selected urban American Indian females in California community colleges. This study is an attempt to identify pathways to academic success by teasing out college practices and support systems that help Native women navigate educational paths in community colleges. Five urban Native women were selected through convenience sampling to participate in in-depth interviews that reveal their college-going experiences in community colleges in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California. A narrative inquiry research design was used in this qualitative study as a means to uncover the lived experience of these Native women in California community colleges. Their stories, in their own voices, reveal how they were assisted or hampered in their pursuit of education goals. Six themes in common emerged from their stories: 1. Perseverance in Higher Education 2. Academic Aptitude and Success 3. Institutional Support 4. Challenges and Barriers 5. Native American Identity and Self-Image 6. Invisibility and Isolation The exploration of challenges, barriers, and institutional support that influenced academic success for these five women assists community college leaders in understanding ways in which those challenges and barriers can be overcome. An intended outcome of this study is to influence instructional and student support practices in order to expand opportunities for success for Native women. Close

• 16. [Article] An Analysis of Community Attributes Likely to Result in School Districts Repealing Native American Mascots

  Michigan’s State Department of Education issued a resolution in 2003 calling for all public K-12 schools to repeal their American Indian mascots and in 2013 the Michigan Department of Civil Rights filed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Analysis of Community Attributes Likely to Result in School Districts Repealing Native American Mascots Author: Miller, Alethia T. Michigan’s State Department of Education issued a resolution in 2003 calling for all public K-12 schools to repeal their American Indian mascots and in 2013 the Michigan Department of Civil Rights filed a complaint with the United States Department of Education in response to school districts failing to do so. There is much research to suggest that race based mascots not only stigmatize a minority population, but negatively contribute to Indian education and falsely portray Native American culture. Using Michigan school districts and data provided by the American Community Survey, this research sheds light on a larger policy question: what factors influence communities to repeal the mascot and what characteristics do these communities have in common? Out of the 48 school districts in Michigan with an Indian mascot, seven repealed their Indian mascots after the resolution passed. This research uses ten samples, drawing 21 cases from the 48 school districts and uses difference-in-means tests to measure the significance between the mean variables of interest (referenced below) and the group classification of whether the mascot was repealed. Using online media sources, this research also uses qualitative analysis to further identify factors influencing the repeal in three school districts. This research finds that average Native American population, educational attainment and poverty level play no significant relationship in repealing the mascots in school districts. My research suggests that drawing conclusions of communities is near impossible due to the challenge in evaluating factors that cannot be easily quantified on a systematic level. This data was largely limited by a small sample size of Michigan school districts and a small sample of districts who actually repealed their Native American mascots. Title: An Analysis of Community Attributes Likely to Result in School Districts Repealing Native American Mascots Author: Miller, Alethia T. Michigan’s State Department of Education issued a resolution in 2003 calling for all public K-12 schools to repeal their American Indian mascots and in 2013 the Michigan Department of Civil Rights filed a complaint with the United States Department of Education in response to school districts failing to do so. There is much research to suggest that race based mascots not only stigmatize a minority population, but negatively contribute to Indian education and falsely portray Native American culture. Using Michigan school districts and data provided by the American Community Survey, this research sheds light on a larger policy question: what factors influence communities to repeal the mascot and what characteristics do these communities have in common? Out of the 48 school districts in Michigan with an Indian mascot, seven repealed their Indian mascots after the resolution passed. This research uses ten samples, drawing 21 cases from the 48 school districts and uses difference-in-means tests to measure the significance between the mean variables of interest (referenced below) and the group classification of whether the mascot was repealed. Using online media sources, this research also uses qualitative analysis to further identify factors influencing the repeal in three school districts. This research finds that average Native American population, educational attainment and poverty level play no significant relationship in repealing the mascots in school districts. My research suggests that drawing conclusions of communities is near impossible due to the challenge in evaluating factors that cannot be easily quantified on a systematic level. This data was largely limited by a small sample size of Michigan school districts and a small sample of districts who actually repealed their Native American mascots. Close

• 17. [Article] Effect of Native American Fish Smoking Methods on Dietary Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Possible Risks to Human Health

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/loi/jafcau. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of Native American Fish Smoking Methods on Dietary Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Possible Risks to Human Health Author: Stone, Dave, Anderson, Kim A., Harris, Stuart, Forsberg, Norman D., Harding, Anna, Waters, Katrina M., Harper, Barbara, Matzke, Melissa M., Cardenas, Andres This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/loi/jafcau. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Effect of Native American Fish Smoking Methods on Dietary Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Possible Risks to Human Health Author: Stone, Dave, Anderson, Kim A., Harris, Stuart, Forsberg, Norman D., Harding, Anna, Waters, Katrina M., Harper, Barbara, Matzke, Melissa M., Cardenas, Andres This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/loi/jafcau. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 18. [Article] The attitudes of Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmates towards activity programs as a rehabilitative tool

  The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of three Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmate groups - Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans - towards the Activities Programs as a rehabilitative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The attitudes of Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmates towards activity programs as a rehabilitative tool Author: McIntosh, Mathew Allen The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of three Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmate groups - Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans - towards the Activities Programs as a rehabilitative tool. Two other purposes were to (1) determine significant differences among group attitudes, and (2) determine the degree to which each group accepted/rejected rehabilitation achievement. A survey questionnaire of fifty items representing rehabilitation achievement, validated by Delphi technique, was amended for language simplicity and field tested. Instruments were distributed to participating inmates randomly selected from the Oregon State Penitentiary inmate registry. A one-way analysis of variance was applied for analysis of data and hypothesis testing. The Student-Newman-Keuls' test was used where significance was achieved at the .05 level or beyond. The Chi-square technique was also used to determine the degree to which rehabilitation achievement was attained among the three groups. Findings and Conclusions The one-way analysis of variance indicated that no significant difference existed in thirty of the fifty items. As a result of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) Black attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans and Hispanic attitudes regarding rehabilitation achievement through program management. (2) Blacks' attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans regarding rehabilitation achievement through facility provision. (3) Black and Hispanic attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans regarding rehabilitative achievement through personal habits/participation. (4) Black attitudes were evenly split on the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. (5) Hispanic attitudes rejected slightly the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. (6) Native Americans rejected the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. Title: The attitudes of Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmates towards activity programs as a rehabilitative tool Author: McIntosh, Mathew Allen The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of three Oregon State Penitentiary minority inmate groups - Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans - towards the Activities Programs as a rehabilitative tool. Two other purposes were to (1) determine significant differences among group attitudes, and (2) determine the degree to which each group accepted/rejected rehabilitation achievement. A survey questionnaire of fifty items representing rehabilitation achievement, validated by Delphi technique, was amended for language simplicity and field tested. Instruments were distributed to participating inmates randomly selected from the Oregon State Penitentiary inmate registry. A one-way analysis of variance was applied for analysis of data and hypothesis testing. The Student-Newman-Keuls' test was used where significance was achieved at the .05 level or beyond. The Chi-square technique was also used to determine the degree to which rehabilitation achievement was attained among the three groups. Findings and Conclusions The one-way analysis of variance indicated that no significant difference existed in thirty of the fifty items. As a result of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) Black attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans and Hispanic attitudes regarding rehabilitation achievement through program management. (2) Blacks' attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans regarding rehabilitation achievement through facility provision. (3) Black and Hispanic attitudes were significantly different than Native Americans regarding rehabilitative achievement through personal habits/participation. (4) Black attitudes were evenly split on the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. (5) Hispanic attitudes rejected slightly the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. (6) Native Americans rejected the concept of rehabilitation achievement for the Activities Program. Close

• 19. [Article] Collaborations between Tribal and Nontribal Organizations: Suggested Best Practices for Sharing Expertise, Cultural Resources, and Knowledge

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Society of American Archivists. The published article can be found at: http://archivists.or...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collaborations between Tribal and Nontribal Organizations: Suggested Best Practices for Sharing Expertise, Cultural Resources, and Knowledge Author: Fernández, Natalia, Joffrion, Elizabeth This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Society of American Archivists. The published article can be found at: http://archivists.org/american-archivist. Title: Collaborations between Tribal and Nontribal Organizations: Suggested Best Practices for Sharing Expertise, Cultural Resources, and Knowledge Author: Fernández, Natalia, Joffrion, Elizabeth This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Society of American Archivists. The published article can be found at: http://archivists.org/american-archivist. Close

• 20. [Article] Unintended consequences of cultural competence: How tailoring services to the needs of tribal children in Klamath County can make the system better for everyone

  In 2011, a study by Freeman and Wornell uncovered that social service providers in Klamath County believed Native American children experiencing maltreatment might be slipping through the cracks. In an ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Unintended consequences of cultural competence: How tailoring services to the needs of tribal children in Klamath County can make the system better for everyone Author: Freeman, Misty In 2011, a study by Freeman and Wornell uncovered that social service providers in Klamath County believed Native American children experiencing maltreatment might be slipping through the cracks. In an effort to find out how to better serve these children and their families, the current study involved interviews with 11 social service providers chosen because of their knowledge about ways services could be more effectively be tailored to the needs of Native Americans in Klamath County. Respondents’ insight informed a number of policy recommendations for the Klamath Tribes and their community partners addressing child maltreatment that are organized here into two concepts: cultural competence and standpoint theory. First, cultural competence calls service providers to learn about ways that some clients may have different needs than others and find ways to provide the tools each child and family needs to be successful. Second, standpoint theory is applied to show that understanding problems with services and the system as a whole from the point of view of the Klamath Tribes, as well as seeking solutions from the same, has the potential to improve outcomes not only for tribal children experiencing maltreatment and their families, but for all families receiving services. Title: Unintended consequences of cultural competence: How tailoring services to the needs of tribal children in Klamath County can make the system better for everyone Author: Freeman, Misty In 2011, a study by Freeman and Wornell uncovered that social service providers in Klamath County believed Native American children experiencing maltreatment might be slipping through the cracks. In an effort to find out how to better serve these children and their families, the current study involved interviews with 11 social service providers chosen because of their knowledge about ways services could be more effectively be tailored to the needs of Native Americans in Klamath County. Respondents’ insight informed a number of policy recommendations for the Klamath Tribes and their community partners addressing child maltreatment that are organized here into two concepts: cultural competence and standpoint theory. First, cultural competence calls service providers to learn about ways that some clients may have different needs than others and find ways to provide the tools each child and family needs to be successful. Second, standpoint theory is applied to show that understanding problems with services and the system as a whole from the point of view of the Klamath Tribes, as well as seeking solutions from the same, has the potential to improve outcomes not only for tribal children experiencing maltreatment and their families, but for all families receiving services. Close

• 21. [Article] Melee at the Edge of Empire: The Manifestation of the Reservation System in Southwest and Western Oregon 1850-1875

  The purpose of this thesis is to explain why the reservation system manifested so disappointingly for the Native American groups of Southwest Oregon. It seeks to characterize the struggle that raged in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Melee at the Edge of Empire: The Manifestation of the Reservation System in Southwest and Western Oregon 1850-1875 Author: Alves, Richard W. The purpose of this thesis is to explain why the reservation system manifested so disappointingly for the Native American groups of Southwest Oregon. It seeks to characterize the struggle that raged in Southwest Oregon from 1850 to 1856 between three main groups there: indigenous peoples, white squatters and miners, and Indian Office officials. It shows how rapidly changing demographics affected Indian-white relations in Oregon, especially with regard to the implementation of Indian Office reservation policy. This paper hopes to answer why the actual reservation system strayed so far from its ideological base, relying especially on letters and reports between Indian Office officials. It basically argues that the reasons for the Indian Office’s departure with its original theories are complex and multifold; they include the contradictory nature of Indian Office promises and the Land Donation Act, broken promises and treaties by white officials, local white neglect of dictates from distant bureaucratic bodies, and ultimately the escalation of racial and territorial hostilities into all-out violence and war. In short, this paper chronicles the relationship between federal reservation policy and the Native American peoples of Southwest Oregon from roughly 1850 through the second reduction of the Coast Reservation in 1875. It interrogates the changing nature of this relationship, and attempts to answer why it played out the way it did in Southwest and Western Oregon, as well as elsewhere throughout the West. Title: Melee at the Edge of Empire: The Manifestation of the Reservation System in Southwest and Western Oregon 1850-1875 Author: Alves, Richard W. The purpose of this thesis is to explain why the reservation system manifested so disappointingly for the Native American groups of Southwest Oregon. It seeks to characterize the struggle that raged in Southwest Oregon from 1850 to 1856 between three main groups there: indigenous peoples, white squatters and miners, and Indian Office officials. It shows how rapidly changing demographics affected Indian-white relations in Oregon, especially with regard to the implementation of Indian Office reservation policy. This paper hopes to answer why the actual reservation system strayed so far from its ideological base, relying especially on letters and reports between Indian Office officials. It basically argues that the reasons for the Indian Office’s departure with its original theories are complex and multifold; they include the contradictory nature of Indian Office promises and the Land Donation Act, broken promises and treaties by white officials, local white neglect of dictates from distant bureaucratic bodies, and ultimately the escalation of racial and territorial hostilities into all-out violence and war. In short, this paper chronicles the relationship between federal reservation policy and the Native American peoples of Southwest Oregon from roughly 1850 through the second reduction of the Coast Reservation in 1875. It interrogates the changing nature of this relationship, and attempts to answer why it played out the way it did in Southwest and Western Oregon, as well as elsewhere throughout the West. Close

• 22. [Article] The Takelma and their Athapascan kin : an ethnographic synthesis of southwestern Oregon

  This study is a synthesis of the available ethnographic and relevant archaeological data pertaining to the Native American groups who formerly occupied the upper Rogue River drainage of southwestern Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Takelma and their Athapascan kin : an ethnographic synthesis of southwestern Oregon Author: Gray, Dennis J. This study is a synthesis of the available ethnographic and relevant archaeological data pertaining to the Native American groups who formerly occupied the upper Rogue River drainage of southwestern Oregon. The information presented in this synthesis concerns the material, social and religious aspects of aboriginal life as practiced by the Takelma of the Rogue River Valley, and their culturally akin Athapascan-neighbors, the Da-ku-be-te-de (Applegate River group) and the Tal-tuc-tun-te-da (Galice Creek group). The ethnographic material is representative of the time period immediately prior to the subjugation of these Native Americans, and their subsequent removal from southwestern Oregon in the 1850s; however, this synthesis has applications to a much greater time period in regional prehistory. Significant new information, extracted from the field notes of J. P. Harrington, Melville Jacobs and P. E. Goddard, adds to what has already been published concerning the lifeways of these Native American cultures, as well as clarifying territorial boundary questions in the region. This study is intended to aid and facilitate the anthropological research of southwestern Oregon prehistory, as well as to propose new directions for future research. Title: The Takelma and their Athapascan kin : an ethnographic synthesis of southwestern Oregon Author: Gray, Dennis J. This study is a synthesis of the available ethnographic and relevant archaeological data pertaining to the Native American groups who formerly occupied the upper Rogue River drainage of southwestern Oregon. The information presented in this synthesis concerns the material, social and religious aspects of aboriginal life as practiced by the Takelma of the Rogue River Valley, and their culturally akin Athapascan-neighbors, the Da-ku-be-te-de (Applegate River group) and the Tal-tuc-tun-te-da (Galice Creek group). The ethnographic material is representative of the time period immediately prior to the subjugation of these Native Americans, and their subsequent removal from southwestern Oregon in the 1850s; however, this synthesis has applications to a much greater time period in regional prehistory. Significant new information, extracted from the field notes of J. P. Harrington, Melville Jacobs and P. E. Goddard, adds to what has already been published concerning the lifeways of these Native American cultures, as well as clarifying territorial boundary questions in the region. This study is intended to aid and facilitate the anthropological research of southwestern Oregon prehistory, as well as to propose new directions for future research. Close

• 23. [Article] The first year experience and persistence of Native American students at one predominantly white four year institution

  The purpose of this study was to explore, from current Native American and Alaskan Native undergraduate students, what their experiences were as first year college students on the Oregon State University ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The first year experience and persistence of Native American students at one predominantly white four year institution Author: Reeves, Jennifer Jean The purpose of this study was to explore, from current Native American and Alaskan Native undergraduate students, what their experiences were as first year college students on the Oregon State University campus. In addition, it was important to learn how these experiences contributed to their success, satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and overall quality of life during that first year. To answer these questions a mixed method research approach was used that included an online survey sent only to current, undergraduate, Native students and personal interviews with current, undergraduate, Native students. The online survey and personal interviews gave students an opportunity to disclose the types of experiences and challenges, campus involvement, and overall satisfaction they have had at OSU. Native students identified time management, financial costs, class/educational work, and missing family as major challenges during their first year on campus. Additionally, students identified positive relationships with faculty and/or advisors, having financial resources from tribal governments, the ability to be involved with student groups, and having a Longhouse as reasons for their success during their first year. As a result of these findings institutions can develop and provide intentional and appropriate programming and services to assist Native American and Alaskan Native students during their first year of college. Title: The first year experience and persistence of Native American students at one predominantly white four year institution Author: Reeves, Jennifer Jean The purpose of this study was to explore, from current Native American and Alaskan Native undergraduate students, what their experiences were as first year college students on the Oregon State University campus. In addition, it was important to learn how these experiences contributed to their success, satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and overall quality of life during that first year. To answer these questions a mixed method research approach was used that included an online survey sent only to current, undergraduate, Native students and personal interviews with current, undergraduate, Native students. The online survey and personal interviews gave students an opportunity to disclose the types of experiences and challenges, campus involvement, and overall satisfaction they have had at OSU. Native students identified time management, financial costs, class/educational work, and missing family as major challenges during their first year on campus. Additionally, students identified positive relationships with faculty and/or advisors, having financial resources from tribal governments, the ability to be involved with student groups, and having a Longhouse as reasons for their success during their first year. As a result of these findings institutions can develop and provide intentional and appropriate programming and services to assist Native American and Alaskan Native students during their first year of college. Close

• 24. [Article] OTAI_Presentation_NWA_2013.ppt

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OTAI_Presentation_NWA_2013.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia, O'Neal, Jennifer, Lewis, David Title: OTAI_Presentation_NWA_2013.ppt Author: Fernández, Natalia, O'Neal, Jennifer, Lewis, David Close

• 25. [Article] OTAI_Presentation_NWA_2013.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OTAI_Presentation_NWA_2013.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia, O'Neal, Jennifer, Lewis, David Title: OTAI_Presentation_NWA_2013.pdf Author: Fernández, Natalia, O'Neal, Jennifer, Lewis, David Close

• 26. [Article] MotorykinOleksiiChemistryDeterminationParentHydroxy.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MotorykinOleksiiChemistryDeterminationParentHydroxy.pdf Author: Stone, David, Harris, Stuart, Sudakin, Daniel, Schrlau, Jill, Harper, Barbara, Jia, Yuling, Motorykin, Oleksii, Kile, Molly, Harding, Anna, Simonich, Staci L. Massey Title: MotorykinOleksiiChemistryDeterminationParentHydroxy.pdf Author: Stone, David, Harris, Stuart, Sudakin, Daniel, Schrlau, Jill, Harper, Barbara, Jia, Yuling, Motorykin, Oleksii, Kile, Molly, Harding, Anna, Simonich, Staci L. Massey Close

• 27. [Article] MotorykinOleksiiChemistryDeterminationParentHydroxy_SupportingInformation.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MotorykinOleksiiChemistryDeterminationParentHydroxy_SupportingInformation.pdf Author: Stone, David, Harris, Stuart, Sudakin, Daniel, Schrlau, Jill, Harper, Barbara, Jia, Yuling, Motorykin, Oleksii, Kile, Molly, Harding, Anna, Simonich, Staci L. Massey Title: MotorykinOleksiiChemistryDeterminationParentHydroxy_SupportingInformation.pdf Author: Stone, David, Harris, Stuart, Sudakin, Daniel, Schrlau, Jill, Harper, Barbara, Jia, Yuling, Motorykin, Oleksii, Kile, Molly, Harding, Anna, Simonich, Staci L. Massey Close

• 28. [Article] Imagining them, reimagining ourselves : a case study of cultural appropriation and the politics of identity

  Several popular cultural movements emphasizing indigenous spirituality have arisen in the United States and Europe within the past thirty years. Spiritual discourses attributed to Native Americans, among ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Imagining them, reimagining ourselves : a case study of cultural appropriation and the politics of identity Author: Smith-Nolan, Mary K. Several popular cultural movements emphasizing indigenous spirituality have arisen in the United States and Europe within the past thirty years. Spiritual discourses attributed to Native Americans, among other groups, are borrowed by Euro-Americans in search of alternatives to dominant ideologies. In such a circumstance, Native Americans become part of a constructed and colonized homogenous category of indigenous people, considered by Euro-Americans as naturally close to the earth and essentially spiritual. The so-called New Age movement has, within it, several sub-movements, which are particularly noted for their emphasis on perceived Native American spiritualism. The Red Cedar Circle, made up primarily of white Americans, focuses on the Si.si.wiss Medicine of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and can be described as falling under the definitional heading of the New Age. The suppression and transformation of the heterogeneous reality of indigenous societies by the imaginings of the Euro-American dominant, has many ethical implications, as does cultural appropriation in a situation of major power differentials. Native communities are becoming increasingly outspoken in their opposition to the practice of Indian, or pseudo-Indian, religions by non-Natives. Many consider such practices to be morally suspect. Both Native and non-Native social critics feel that New Age practitioners involved in appropriated and popularized versions of indigenous religions, are interpreting and using aspects of traditionally subjugated cultures to meet their own needs. What may appear to be a harmless search for enlightenment by Europeans and Euro-Americans might have very real negative consequences for actual Native American lives. This study is based on participant observation of the Corvallis, Oregon Red Cedar Circle, and interviews with its members from June of 1991 to April of 1994. Analysis of data from New Age literature was also conducted, as well as an historical overview of the 'Nobel Savage' myth in Western cultures. Interviews with members of the local Native American community were carried out for feedback on how a given population of Native Americans perceives the Euro-American practice of Native spirituality. The data supports the supposition that cultural borrowing, or appropriation, is both a cause of, and a reaction to, the instability of cultural identity in late twentieth-century America. Title: Imagining them, reimagining ourselves : a case study of cultural appropriation and the politics of identity Author: Smith-Nolan, Mary K. Several popular cultural movements emphasizing indigenous spirituality have arisen in the United States and Europe within the past thirty years. Spiritual discourses attributed to Native Americans, among other groups, are borrowed by Euro-Americans in search of alternatives to dominant ideologies. In such a circumstance, Native Americans become part of a constructed and colonized homogenous category of indigenous people, considered by Euro-Americans as naturally close to the earth and essentially spiritual. The so-called New Age movement has, within it, several sub-movements, which are particularly noted for their emphasis on perceived Native American spiritualism. The Red Cedar Circle, made up primarily of white Americans, focuses on the Si.si.wiss Medicine of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and can be described as falling under the definitional heading of the New Age. The suppression and transformation of the heterogeneous reality of indigenous societies by the imaginings of the Euro-American dominant, has many ethical implications, as does cultural appropriation in a situation of major power differentials. Native communities are becoming increasingly outspoken in their opposition to the practice of Indian, or pseudo-Indian, religions by non-Natives. Many consider such practices to be morally suspect. Both Native and non-Native social critics feel that New Age practitioners involved in appropriated and popularized versions of indigenous religions, are interpreting and using aspects of traditionally subjugated cultures to meet their own needs. What may appear to be a harmless search for enlightenment by Europeans and Euro-Americans might have very real negative consequences for actual Native American lives. This study is based on participant observation of the Corvallis, Oregon Red Cedar Circle, and interviews with its members from June of 1991 to April of 1994. Analysis of data from New Age literature was also conducted, as well as an historical overview of the 'Nobel Savage' myth in Western cultures. Interviews with members of the local Native American community were carried out for feedback on how a given population of Native Americans perceives the Euro-American practice of Native spirituality. The data supports the supposition that cultural borrowing, or appropriation, is both a cause of, and a reaction to, the instability of cultural identity in late twentieth-century America. Close

• 29. [Article] Book Reviews [Multicultural Poetry Books for Young Clients]

  Reviews 5 multicultural poetry books for children and young adult that are appropriate for counselors working with culturally diverse young clients. Cultures addressed include Native American, Black American, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Book Reviews [Multicultural Poetry Books for Young Clients] Author: McMillen, Paula S., Pehrsson, Dale Elizabeth, Doerksen, Dana Reviews 5 multicultural poetry books for children and young adult that are appropriate for counselors working with culturally diverse young clients. Cultures addressed include Native American, Black American, Asian Pacific American and Hispanic American. Title: Book Reviews [Multicultural Poetry Books for Young Clients] Author: McMillen, Paula S., Pehrsson, Dale Elizabeth, Doerksen, Dana Reviews 5 multicultural poetry books for children and young adult that are appropriate for counselors working with culturally diverse young clients. Cultures addressed include Native American, Black American, Asian Pacific American and Hispanic American. Close

• 30. [Article] Archival anthropometry : an analysis of the anthropometric data of Native American children gathered by Franz Boas, 1888-1902

  Franz Boas collected anthropometric data on approximately 15,000 people from over 200 Native American tribal groups between 1888 and 1902. Twelve basic measurements were taken: standing height, shoulder ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Archival anthropometry : an analysis of the anthropometric data of Native American children gathered by Franz Boas, 1888-1902 Author: Kirkpatrick, Kristin A. Franz Boas collected anthropometric data on approximately 15,000 people from over 200 Native American tribal groups between 1888 and 1902. Twelve basic measurements were taken: standing height, shoulder height, height to digit III, arm span, sitting height, shoulder width, head length and width, face height and breadth, and nose height and breadth. At the turn of the century, Boas was unable to efficiently analyze these data. With computers now commonplace, several investigations of the adult anthropometric data have been undertaken in recent years; however, analysis of the child anthropometric data has not been undertaken. This study analyzes child anthropometric data from Western North America, giving special emphasis to children on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. More specifically, this study investigates the occurrence of morphological differences in Native American children as a result of living within the reservation system. It is well known that environmental factors play a crucial role in child growth and development, and the effect of those factors can be measured through anthropometry. Differences in the growth and development of the children on each reservation can be related to their unique histories. An investigation of the literature and records kept by the Bureau of Indian Affairs reveals differing socioeconomic conditions on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. Both reservations failed agriculturally, but while many Klamath became successful in cattle raising and logging, the Siletz were unable to fully enter these lucrative occupations. Additionally, the unratified treaties of many Siletz tribes left the reservation without adequate support from the government, while the Klamath received rations and supplies as stipulated by their ratified treaty. Descriptive statistics and growth distance curves reveal that the Klamath are shorter than the total sample of Western North American Indians, and the Siletz, particularly the males, are shorter than the Klamath. The shorter stature is due to the proportionately shorter legs of the Siletz, a finding that is consistent with other studies of populations living in depressed socioeconomic conditions. Title: Archival anthropometry : an analysis of the anthropometric data of Native American children gathered by Franz Boas, 1888-1902 Author: Kirkpatrick, Kristin A. Franz Boas collected anthropometric data on approximately 15,000 people from over 200 Native American tribal groups between 1888 and 1902. Twelve basic measurements were taken: standing height, shoulder height, height to digit III, arm span, sitting height, shoulder width, head length and width, face height and breadth, and nose height and breadth. At the turn of the century, Boas was unable to efficiently analyze these data. With computers now commonplace, several investigations of the adult anthropometric data have been undertaken in recent years; however, analysis of the child anthropometric data has not been undertaken. This study analyzes child anthropometric data from Western North America, giving special emphasis to children on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. More specifically, this study investigates the occurrence of morphological differences in Native American children as a result of living within the reservation system. It is well known that environmental factors play a crucial role in child growth and development, and the effect of those factors can be measured through anthropometry. Differences in the growth and development of the children on each reservation can be related to their unique histories. An investigation of the literature and records kept by the Bureau of Indian Affairs reveals differing socioeconomic conditions on the Siletz and Klamath Reservations. Both reservations failed agriculturally, but while many Klamath became successful in cattle raising and logging, the Siletz were unable to fully enter these lucrative occupations. Additionally, the unratified treaties of many Siletz tribes left the reservation without adequate support from the government, while the Klamath received rations and supplies as stipulated by their ratified treaty. Descriptive statistics and growth distance curves reveal that the Klamath are shorter than the total sample of Western North American Indians, and the Siletz, particularly the males, are shorter than the Klamath. The shorter stature is due to the proportionately shorter legs of the Siletz, a finding that is consistent with other studies of populations living in depressed socioeconomic conditions. Close

• 31. [Article] Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) and Cultural Reconstruction: A Practical Application at the Red Bluff Recreation Area, Mendocino National Forest, Grindstone District

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) and Cultural Reconstruction: A Practical Application at the Red Bluff Recreation Area, Mendocino National Forest, Grindstone District Author: Riske-Gomez, Jessica Graduation date: 2016 Title: Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK) and Cultural Reconstruction: A Practical Application at the Red Bluff Recreation Area, Mendocino National Forest, Grindstone District Author: Riske-Gomez, Jessica Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 32. [Article] The Kalispel Tribe of Indian’s Contemporary Usage of Traditional Foodways

  Native American traditional foodways serve as one of the most important resources for indigenous communities because these resources provide a variety of non-physical cultural assets and health benefits ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Kalispel Tribe of Indian’s Contemporary Usage of Traditional Foodways Author: Hilborn, Alexander M. Native American traditional foodways serve as one of the most important resources for indigenous communities because these resources provide a variety of non-physical cultural assets and health benefits to Native groups through the medium of food. The demolition of North America’s foodways through colonization has had adverse effects on indigenous communities ranging from chronic diseases to a breakdown of cultural practices and societal cohesion. This study looks to understand how the people of the Kalispel Tribe interact with their traditional foodways through a series of survey questions and ethnographic interviews to ascertain the importance of traditional food resources to a tribe in a modern context. The Kalispel Tribe has a reservation on the Pend Oreille River and consists of 457 enrolled members and additional unenrolled community members. The survey generated 25 responses and three informants provided ethnographic interviews. Like many tribes, the traditional foods of the Kalispel remain a key part of tribal life and have associated meanings and values that relate to the biological, societal, and cultural health of the community. Insuring the viability of traditional foodways and their beneficial properties represents a way for the Kalispel and other indigenous communities to combat food insecurity and practice self-determination through food sovereignty. Title: The Kalispel Tribe of Indian’s Contemporary Usage of Traditional Foodways Author: Hilborn, Alexander M. Native American traditional foodways serve as one of the most important resources for indigenous communities because these resources provide a variety of non-physical cultural assets and health benefits to Native groups through the medium of food. The demolition of North America’s foodways through colonization has had adverse effects on indigenous communities ranging from chronic diseases to a breakdown of cultural practices and societal cohesion. This study looks to understand how the people of the Kalispel Tribe interact with their traditional foodways through a series of survey questions and ethnographic interviews to ascertain the importance of traditional food resources to a tribe in a modern context. The Kalispel Tribe has a reservation on the Pend Oreille River and consists of 457 enrolled members and additional unenrolled community members. The survey generated 25 responses and three informants provided ethnographic interviews. Like many tribes, the traditional foods of the Kalispel remain a key part of tribal life and have associated meanings and values that relate to the biological, societal, and cultural health of the community. Insuring the viability of traditional foodways and their beneficial properties represents a way for the Kalispel and other indigenous communities to combat food insecurity and practice self-determination through food sovereignty. Close

• 33. [Article] Collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal Organizations: Sharing Expertise, Knowledge, and Cultural Resources ~ Best Practices

  In this presentation Fernández, along with Elizabeth Joffrion, describes a research study regarding collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal organizations. The presentation was a part of a gathering ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal Organizations: Sharing Expertise, Knowledge, and Cultural Resources ~ Best Practices Author: Fernández, Natalia In this presentation Fernández, along with Elizabeth Joffrion, describes a research study regarding collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal organizations. The presentation was a part of a gathering to discuss the Protocols for Native American Archival Materials (2006) regarding the the proper care of Indigenous archives housed at non-tribal repositories and how these guidelines should be successfully implemented. Based on the original intent of the Protocols as a living document, this pre-conference Summit brought together original drafters of the Protocols, as well as allies in the United States and Canada, to review and reflect on lessons learned from the Protocols and other key documents, to make clarifying alterations and updates to the document based on case studies, conversations, and research. Title: Collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal Organizations: Sharing Expertise, Knowledge, and Cultural Resources ~ Best Practices Author: Fernández, Natalia In this presentation Fernández, along with Elizabeth Joffrion, describes a research study regarding collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal organizations. The presentation was a part of a gathering to discuss the Protocols for Native American Archival Materials (2006) regarding the the proper care of Indigenous archives housed at non-tribal repositories and how these guidelines should be successfully implemented. Based on the original intent of the Protocols as a living document, this pre-conference Summit brought together original drafters of the Protocols, as well as allies in the United States and Canada, to review and reflect on lessons learned from the Protocols and other key documents, to make clarifying alterations and updates to the document based on case studies, conversations, and research. Close

• 34. [Article] Prehistoric utilization of thermal springs in the Pacific Northwest

  Natural thermal springs occur throughout the Pacific Northwest. The use and importance of this natural environmental feature to Native Americans prior to and during the period of initial white contact ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prehistoric utilization of thermal springs in the Pacific Northwest Author: Griffin, Dennis, 1953- Natural thermal springs occur throughout the Pacific Northwest. The use and importance of this natural environmental feature to Native Americans prior to and during the period of initial white contact is examined. Ethnographic, archaeological, and oral historical information is described in an attempt to reconstruct the role of these naturally-heated springs. This information is examined in relation to the location and temperature of springs in an effort to discover what influence hot springs had on the settlement and subsistence patterns of the early inhabitants of the three cultural regions that constitute the Pacific Northwest (Northwest Coast, Plateau and Northern Great Basin). An analysis of this data is used to make an assessment of the value of thermal spring sites to the archaeological inventory. An analysis of the current interpretation of the term "cultural resource" is examined in its relationship to sites having no empirically obvious and associated cultural remains. An argument is presented for a reliance on off site data including ethnographic and oral historical accounts. The current status of thermal springs in the Northwest Region is reviewed in reference to modern Native American concerns over the development of this natural resource. Title: Prehistoric utilization of thermal springs in the Pacific Northwest Author: Griffin, Dennis, 1953- Natural thermal springs occur throughout the Pacific Northwest. The use and importance of this natural environmental feature to Native Americans prior to and during the period of initial white contact is examined. Ethnographic, archaeological, and oral historical information is described in an attempt to reconstruct the role of these naturally-heated springs. This information is examined in relation to the location and temperature of springs in an effort to discover what influence hot springs had on the settlement and subsistence patterns of the early inhabitants of the three cultural regions that constitute the Pacific Northwest (Northwest Coast, Plateau and Northern Great Basin). An analysis of this data is used to make an assessment of the value of thermal spring sites to the archaeological inventory. An analysis of the current interpretation of the term "cultural resource" is examined in its relationship to sites having no empirically obvious and associated cultural remains. An argument is presented for a reliance on off site data including ethnographic and oral historical accounts. The current status of thermal springs in the Northwest Region is reviewed in reference to modern Native American concerns over the development of this natural resource. Close

• 35. [Article] Columbia Basin Heritage Fish Consumption Rates

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10745

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Columbia Basin Heritage Fish Consumption Rates Author: Harper, Barbara L., Walker, Deward E., Jr. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10745 Title: Columbia Basin Heritage Fish Consumption Rates Author: Harper, Barbara L., Walker, Deward E., Jr. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10745 Close

• 36. [Article] Blood, bondage and chains : a legacy of kinship between black-red people

  My research is looking at the cultural and kinship ties of African and Native peoples and how our worlds were forged together by colonization, bonded during the institutionalize state of shackles and slavery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Blood, bondage and chains : a legacy of kinship between black-red people Author: Bertha, Clarissa My research is looking at the cultural and kinship ties of African and Native peoples and how our worlds were forged together by colonization, bonded during the institutionalize state of shackles and slavery and how the legacy of these tools of genocide are now tearing us apart. Being of mixed African and Native American heritage, I understand the significant role slavery and its aftermath has had on the identity and family connection of people of mixed African and Native Heritage. The disruption of the family and the destruction of identity are part of the legacy left by the institution of chattel slavery. Persons of mixed Native, African and European heritage are products of intertwined heritages that mark the manifestation of the slavery system and the impact the institution has had on how they choose to identify or are forced to identify. Because of the ingrained racialized practices of the United States, identity for persons of color is decided and based on phenotype characteristics of the individual. For a person of mixed heritage identity, description can be further hindered when their identity is measured and challenged by ethnic and racial standards of the larger White society. These standards and trends work their way into the lives and cultures of the smaller groups to the point that their identities no longer belong to them. As a way to maintain a small degree of control over their families and identities, families passed down oral renderings to each generation. Using a collection of oral histories and personal narrative, this study works to preserve information regarding familial and kinship ties between persons of Native and African American heritage. It examines how slavery, by Native Americans against African Americans, affects kinship ties, identity, and its role in the facilitation or hindrance of the transmission of familial and kinship knowledge of peoples of mixed Native and African American heritage. Title: Blood, bondage and chains : a legacy of kinship between black-red people Author: Bertha, Clarissa My research is looking at the cultural and kinship ties of African and Native peoples and how our worlds were forged together by colonization, bonded during the institutionalize state of shackles and slavery and how the legacy of these tools of genocide are now tearing us apart. Being of mixed African and Native American heritage, I understand the significant role slavery and its aftermath has had on the identity and family connection of people of mixed African and Native Heritage. The disruption of the family and the destruction of identity are part of the legacy left by the institution of chattel slavery. Persons of mixed Native, African and European heritage are products of intertwined heritages that mark the manifestation of the slavery system and the impact the institution has had on how they choose to identify or are forced to identify. Because of the ingrained racialized practices of the United States, identity for persons of color is decided and based on phenotype characteristics of the individual. For a person of mixed heritage identity, description can be further hindered when their identity is measured and challenged by ethnic and racial standards of the larger White society. These standards and trends work their way into the lives and cultures of the smaller groups to the point that their identities no longer belong to them. As a way to maintain a small degree of control over their families and identities, families passed down oral renderings to each generation. Using a collection of oral histories and personal narrative, this study works to preserve information regarding familial and kinship ties between persons of Native and African American heritage. It examines how slavery, by Native Americans against African Americans, affects kinship ties, identity, and its role in the facilitation or hindrance of the transmission of familial and kinship knowledge of peoples of mixed Native and African American heritage. Close

• 37. [Article] A study of the attitudes of Japanese American and of native American high school freshmen toward discipline

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the attitudes of Japanese American and of native American high school freshmen toward discipline Author: Price, Cora Natalie Title: A study of the attitudes of Japanese American and of native American high school freshmen toward discipline Author: Price, Cora Natalie Close

• 38. [Article] A Mixed Methods Approach to Measure Cultural Competency in Oregon State University Research Scientists Working with a Pacific Northwest Tribe

  The Community Engagement Core of OSU's Superfund Research Program aims to increase cultural capacity among university scientists while simultaneously supporting research focused on reducing health disparities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Mixed Methods Approach to Measure Cultural Competency in Oregon State University Research Scientists Working with a Pacific Northwest Tribe Author: Allee, Amelia, Harrison, Sydelle The Community Engagement Core of OSU's Superfund Research Program aims to increase cultural capacity among university scientists while simultaneously supporting research focused on reducing health disparities for Pacific Northwest Tribes originating from harmful chemical exposures in the environment. Title: A Mixed Methods Approach to Measure Cultural Competency in Oregon State University Research Scientists Working with a Pacific Northwest Tribe Author: Allee, Amelia, Harrison, Sydelle The Community Engagement Core of OSU's Superfund Research Program aims to increase cultural capacity among university scientists while simultaneously supporting research focused on reducing health disparities for Pacific Northwest Tribes originating from harmful chemical exposures in the environment. Close

• 39. [Article] Native American programs as socio-cultural adaptive mechanisms to the college environment : a case comparison of the University of Oregon and Oregon State University

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American programs as socio-cultural adaptive mechanisms to the college environment : a case comparison of the University of Oregon and Oregon State University Author: McComb, Marlin Richard Title: Native American programs as socio-cultural adaptive mechanisms to the college environment : a case comparison of the University of Oregon and Oregon State University Author: McComb, Marlin Richard Close

• 40. [Article] AFLP Discrimination of Native North American and Cultivated Hop

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AFLP Discrimination of Native North American and Cultivated Hop Author: Townsend, M. Shaun, Henning, John A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/cs. Title: AFLP Discrimination of Native North American and Cultivated Hop Author: Townsend, M. Shaun, Henning, John A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Crop Science Society of America and can be found at: https://www.crops.org/publications/cs. Close

• 41. [Article] Comparing Native Oral History and Scientific Research to Produce Historical Evidence Of Native Occupation During and After the Missoula Floods

  The Missoula Floods occurred approximately fifteen thousand to thirteen thousand years ago during the last ice age. The floods occurred when waters held back by a finger of the Purcell Ice Lobe gave way ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing Native Oral History and Scientific Research to Produce Historical Evidence Of Native Occupation During and After the Missoula Floods Author: Woodside, Gail J. The Missoula Floods occurred approximately fifteen thousand to thirteen thousand years ago during the last ice age. The floods occurred when waters held back by a finger of the Purcell Ice Lobe gave way allowing water which covered present day Missoula, Montana to inundate areas of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. The flooding moved mass amounts of silt and aggregates on its way to the sea. The flooding also carved out and deepened the Columbia Gorge and caused slack water areas or temporary lakes to form when narrow channels backed up the flooding currents. Native American oral history tells about the flooding and the deep formation of the Columbia River, though some scientists feel that human occupation of the areas ravaged by the floods had not taken place. Native historians hold information regarding Tribal occupation of the areas flooded as well as information regarding survivability by noting techniques of survival and as well as significant peaks used as resting places until flood water subsided. Anthropological dating of the ancient Native people does point to human occupation of these lands with findings of human feces in caves found in Oregon dating approximately fifteen thousand years ago, although occupation by current tribes may not have occurred until later. An equation created out of the histories of Native people from the affected regions gives validity to survival by proving tensile rope strength on cedar ropes used as well as drag force on canoes under force by the moving water. The equation was populated by actual canoe dimensions from similarly made modern canoes. The strength of the ropes, drag force on the canoes, and comparison of the histories in regard to peaks and places for survivorship fit together in a time frame best described in geologic time for the people who emerged in the regions affected by the cataclysmic floods. Title: Comparing Native Oral History and Scientific Research to Produce Historical Evidence Of Native Occupation During and After the Missoula Floods Author: Woodside, Gail J. The Missoula Floods occurred approximately fifteen thousand to thirteen thousand years ago during the last ice age. The floods occurred when waters held back by a finger of the Purcell Ice Lobe gave way allowing water which covered present day Missoula, Montana to inundate areas of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. The flooding moved mass amounts of silt and aggregates on its way to the sea. The flooding also carved out and deepened the Columbia Gorge and caused slack water areas or temporary lakes to form when narrow channels backed up the flooding currents. Native American oral history tells about the flooding and the deep formation of the Columbia River, though some scientists feel that human occupation of the areas ravaged by the floods had not taken place. Native historians hold information regarding Tribal occupation of the areas flooded as well as information regarding survivability by noting techniques of survival and as well as significant peaks used as resting places until flood water subsided. Anthropological dating of the ancient Native people does point to human occupation of these lands with findings of human feces in caves found in Oregon dating approximately fifteen thousand years ago, although occupation by current tribes may not have occurred until later. An equation created out of the histories of Native people from the affected regions gives validity to survival by proving tensile rope strength on cedar ropes used as well as drag force on canoes under force by the moving water. The equation was populated by actual canoe dimensions from similarly made modern canoes. The strength of the ropes, drag force on the canoes, and comparison of the histories in regard to peaks and places for survivorship fit together in a time frame best described in geologic time for the people who emerged in the regions affected by the cataclysmic floods. Close

• 42. [Article] Traditional ecological knowledge to develop and maintain fire regimes in northwestern California, Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion : management and restoration of culturally significant habitats

  The use of Native American fire regimes evolved in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion over millennia. A mixture of Native American and Euro-American sociocultural management has developed from adaptations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traditional ecological knowledge to develop and maintain fire regimes in northwestern California, Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion : management and restoration of culturally significant habitats Author: Lake, Frank K. The use of Native American fire regimes evolved in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion over millennia. A mixture of Native American and Euro-American sociocultural management has developed from adaptations to climate, topography, ecological processes, and land use practices. This research incorporates Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) to partially examine the role of tribal fire uses and ethnobotany. Research methods use an interdisciplinary approach to characterize fuels and fire management issues in culturally significant riparian and terrestrial habitats. Tribal fuels and fire management practices were investigated. Understanding past tribal fire management systems is needed to place contemporary Native American fuels and fire management issues in to context for government agencies and private interest that have altered tribal opportunities to continue fire uses. This study examined fire effects on sandbar willow (Salix exigua) in valley riparian zones along the lower mid-Klamath River. Prescribed fire was used to induce sprouting of sandbar willow and reduce insect populations to improve basket material quantity and quality. Results indicate that flooding had greater affects on the structure, composition, and abundance of vegetation and fuels than prescribed fire. A second experiment to compare the effect of propane burning and pruning sandbar willow indicated that propane burning was less effective than pruning to improve stem morphology for basket weaving. Consultation with tribal basket weavers and research of the proportion of useable willow shoots, amount of insect damage and the relationship of stem diameter and length revealed these attributes were important criteria for determining usability for weaving. This research also included other basketry plants. TEK is used to better understand fire effects on culturally significant resources and the consequences of fire suppression on terrestrial and riparian habitats. The mechanisms of how fire suppression impacts tribes, resources and tribal land uses are presented. Recommendations are presented for additional research to improve collaboration with tribes, tribal organizations and communities based on contemporary tribal values and priorities for fuels and fire management. Title: Traditional ecological knowledge to develop and maintain fire regimes in northwestern California, Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion : management and restoration of culturally significant habitats Author: Lake, Frank K. The use of Native American fire regimes evolved in the Klamath-Siskiyou bioregion over millennia. A mixture of Native American and Euro-American sociocultural management has developed from adaptations to climate, topography, ecological processes, and land use practices. This research incorporates Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) to partially examine the role of tribal fire uses and ethnobotany. Research methods use an interdisciplinary approach to characterize fuels and fire management issues in culturally significant riparian and terrestrial habitats. Tribal fuels and fire management practices were investigated. Understanding past tribal fire management systems is needed to place contemporary Native American fuels and fire management issues in to context for government agencies and private interest that have altered tribal opportunities to continue fire uses. This study examined fire effects on sandbar willow (Salix exigua) in valley riparian zones along the lower mid-Klamath River. Prescribed fire was used to induce sprouting of sandbar willow and reduce insect populations to improve basket material quantity and quality. Results indicate that flooding had greater affects on the structure, composition, and abundance of vegetation and fuels than prescribed fire. A second experiment to compare the effect of propane burning and pruning sandbar willow indicated that propane burning was less effective than pruning to improve stem morphology for basket weaving. Consultation with tribal basket weavers and research of the proportion of useable willow shoots, amount of insect damage and the relationship of stem diameter and length revealed these attributes were important criteria for determining usability for weaving. This research also included other basketry plants. TEK is used to better understand fire effects on culturally significant resources and the consequences of fire suppression on terrestrial and riparian habitats. The mechanisms of how fire suppression impacts tribes, resources and tribal land uses are presented. Recommendations are presented for additional research to improve collaboration with tribes, tribal organizations and communities based on contemporary tribal values and priorities for fuels and fire management. Close

• 43. [Article] Grape phylloxera biology and management in the Pacific Northwest

  Published June 2009. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grape phylloxera biology and management in the Pacific Northwest Author: Skinkis, P. (Patty), Walton, V. M. (Vaughn Martin), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Kaiser, C. (Clive) Published June 2009. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Grape phylloxera biology and management in the Pacific Northwest Author: Skinkis, P. (Patty), Walton, V. M. (Vaughn Martin), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Kaiser, C. (Clive) Published June 2009. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 44. [Article] The Federal Trust Responsibility and Treaty Protected Resources on Ceded Public Lands: A Huckleberry Case Study

  Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are an important aspect of the forest that has often been overlooked. NTFPs have been especially important to Native American people because of their subsistence, cultural, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Federal Trust Responsibility and Treaty Protected Resources on Ceded Public Lands: A Huckleberry Case Study Author: Goschke, Lauren Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are an important aspect of the forest that has often been overlooked. NTFPs have been especially important to Native American people because of their subsistence, cultural, and economic values. As a result of their economic value, there have been an increased number of people harvesting NTFPs on public lands. In the Pacific Northwest, many Native American tribes have reserved treaty rights that guarantee that they can hunt fish and gather in usual and accustomed places. Many of these traditional food-gathering areas lie on what is now national forest land. As demand for NTFPs on public lands has increased, the U.S. Forest Service must find a way to reconcile its federal trust responsibility to the tribes with their responsibility to manage national forest lands for the general public. The research has focused on the ways in which the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) has gone about creating and implementing policies to fulfill the Trust responsibilities to the Tribes. Two case studies of treaty protected huckleberry harvests were conducted with two groups of Tribes and the associated National Forests where they exercise their treaty protected rights. The research involves an assessment of these policies and their implementation using two public policy frameworks: social construction and institutional rational choice. The majority of Forest Service offices in the Pacific Northwest have relied on informal agreements with the tribes to balance these responsibilities. Little formal policy has been created or implemented to manage user conflicts, and problems continue to plague NTFP management. These findings indicate that the USFS and the tribes need to find new ways of developing NTFP management policies that will satisfy tribal needs. Title: The Federal Trust Responsibility and Treaty Protected Resources on Ceded Public Lands: A Huckleberry Case Study Author: Goschke, Lauren Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are an important aspect of the forest that has often been overlooked. NTFPs have been especially important to Native American people because of their subsistence, cultural, and economic values. As a result of their economic value, there have been an increased number of people harvesting NTFPs on public lands. In the Pacific Northwest, many Native American tribes have reserved treaty rights that guarantee that they can hunt fish and gather in usual and accustomed places. Many of these traditional food-gathering areas lie on what is now national forest land. As demand for NTFPs on public lands has increased, the U.S. Forest Service must find a way to reconcile its federal trust responsibility to the tribes with their responsibility to manage national forest lands for the general public. The research has focused on the ways in which the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) has gone about creating and implementing policies to fulfill the Trust responsibilities to the Tribes. Two case studies of treaty protected huckleberry harvests were conducted with two groups of Tribes and the associated National Forests where they exercise their treaty protected rights. The research involves an assessment of these policies and their implementation using two public policy frameworks: social construction and institutional rational choice. The majority of Forest Service offices in the Pacific Northwest have relied on informal agreements with the tribes to balance these responsibilities. Little formal policy has been created or implemented to manage user conflicts, and problems continue to plague NTFP management. These findings indicate that the USFS and the tribes need to find new ways of developing NTFP management policies that will satisfy tribal needs. Close

• 45. [Article] The Oregon Tribal Archives Institute: Providing a Professional Development and Networking Opportunity for Oregon’s Tribal Communities

  Session Moderator: Jennifer O'Neal, Historian and Archivist, University of Oregon Libraries. Session Presenters: Omar Poler, Associate Outreach Specialist, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon Tribal Archives Institute: Providing a Professional Development and Networking Opportunity for Oregon’s Tribal Communities Author: Fernández, Natalia Session Moderator: Jennifer O'Neal, Historian and Archivist, University of Oregon Libraries. Session Presenters: Omar Poler, Associate Outreach Specialist, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Library and Information Studies; Jonathan Pringle, Curator of Visual Materials, Cline Library, Special Collections and Archives, Northern Arizona University; Natalia Fernandez, Oregon Multicultural Librarian Oregon Multicultural Archives Title: The Oregon Tribal Archives Institute: Providing a Professional Development and Networking Opportunity for Oregon’s Tribal Communities Author: Fernández, Natalia Session Moderator: Jennifer O'Neal, Historian and Archivist, University of Oregon Libraries. Session Presenters: Omar Poler, Associate Outreach Specialist, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Library and Information Studies; Jonathan Pringle, Curator of Visual Materials, Cline Library, Special Collections and Archives, Northern Arizona University; Natalia Fernandez, Oregon Multicultural Librarian Oregon Multicultural Archives Close

• 46. [Article] Oregon Wildlife; Vol.37 No.12 (December 1982)

  Contents: Why do the Indians "Get All the Fish?" [Columbia River closed to non-Native American chinook fishing in September] - p.3-6; Sportsmen Work for Wildlife - p.7; It Was a Blast! [Using pyrotechnics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Wildlife; Vol.37 No.12 (December 1982) Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife Contents: Why do the Indians "Get All the Fish?" [Columbia River closed to non-Native American chinook fishing in September] - p.3-6; Sportsmen Work for Wildlife - p.7; It Was a Blast! [Using pyrotechnics to create ponds] - p.8-9; Managing Timber for Wildlife - p.10-11; O&C Wildlife on the Way Out? [Logging Oregon and California lands] - p.12-13; American Avocet - p.13 Title: Oregon Wildlife; Vol.37 No.12 (December 1982) Author: Oregon. Department of Fish and Wildlife Contents: Why do the Indians "Get All the Fish?" [Columbia River closed to non-Native American chinook fishing in September] - p.3-6; Sportsmen Work for Wildlife - p.7; It Was a Blast! [Using pyrotechnics to create ponds] - p.8-9; Managing Timber for Wildlife - p.10-11; O&C Wildlife on the Way Out? [Logging Oregon and California lands] - p.12-13; American Avocet - p.13 Close

• 47. [Article] The effect of selected materials on the achievement of students in the intermediate grades in Native American cultural instruction

  Materials concerning ethnic and minority groups are a concern for many curriculum leaders. Inappropriate materials perpetuate stereotypes, in many cases due to a lack of study concerning the information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of selected materials on the achievement of students in the intermediate grades in Native American cultural instruction Author: Paul, Mary Elaine Bowen Materials concerning ethnic and minority groups are a concern for many curriculum leaders. Inappropriate materials perpetuate stereotypes, in many cases due to a lack of study concerning the information within the materials. The materials concerning Native Americans typically presented in public school classrooms tend to overgeneralize information about the cultural groups of native people found in North America. This study addressed the content of materials pertaining to one specific group, the Native American of the Great Plains region. The researcher questioned the traditional curriculum materials found in the Kansas history program used in fourth, fifth, and sixth grade instruction, which concerned the Indians who resided in the area. Traditional materials addressed only the culture found after the horse was an established part of the culture of the native inhabitants. The prehistory of the native people before Anglo-Saxon intervention and the changes that occurred because of the introduction of the horse into the cultures of the Great Plains region was limited. Materials that contained descriptions of the history before white settlement and changes that occurred because of the horse were developed by the researcher. In an effort to determine the most suitable grade level to implement such curriculum, the researcher tested self-developed materials in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. A pretest posttest design was utilized for the study. Descriptive statistics were compiled for all data sets and for the total sample. Pretest mean scores and posttest mean scores for each grade level were compared employing a t-test for repeated measures. Analysis of covariance using pretest scores as the covariant was employed to compare performance at the grade levels investigated (4-6). Multiple comparisons of the adjusted posttest means were made employing least square means. The results cited in the study indicate that the posttest mean score was significantly larger than the pretest mean score for all groups tested. The most significant increase was noted at the fourth grade level. Based upon the achievement of the students tested, after adjustments were made for preknowledge, the developed materials appeared to be most ideally suited for fourth grade level students. Samples of the materials that were developed by the researcher are included in the Appendices of the paper. Title: The effect of selected materials on the achievement of students in the intermediate grades in Native American cultural instruction Author: Paul, Mary Elaine Bowen Materials concerning ethnic and minority groups are a concern for many curriculum leaders. Inappropriate materials perpetuate stereotypes, in many cases due to a lack of study concerning the information within the materials. The materials concerning Native Americans typically presented in public school classrooms tend to overgeneralize information about the cultural groups of native people found in North America. This study addressed the content of materials pertaining to one specific group, the Native American of the Great Plains region. The researcher questioned the traditional curriculum materials found in the Kansas history program used in fourth, fifth, and sixth grade instruction, which concerned the Indians who resided in the area. Traditional materials addressed only the culture found after the horse was an established part of the culture of the native inhabitants. The prehistory of the native people before Anglo-Saxon intervention and the changes that occurred because of the introduction of the horse into the cultures of the Great Plains region was limited. Materials that contained descriptions of the history before white settlement and changes that occurred because of the horse were developed by the researcher. In an effort to determine the most suitable grade level to implement such curriculum, the researcher tested self-developed materials in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. A pretest posttest design was utilized for the study. Descriptive statistics were compiled for all data sets and for the total sample. Pretest mean scores and posttest mean scores for each grade level were compared employing a t-test for repeated measures. Analysis of covariance using pretest scores as the covariant was employed to compare performance at the grade levels investigated (4-6). Multiple comparisons of the adjusted posttest means were made employing least square means. The results cited in the study indicate that the posttest mean score was significantly larger than the pretest mean score for all groups tested. The most significant increase was noted at the fourth grade level. Based upon the achievement of the students tested, after adjustments were made for preknowledge, the developed materials appeared to be most ideally suited for fourth grade level students. Samples of the materials that were developed by the researcher are included in the Appendices of the paper. Close

• 48. [Article] Recreational fisheries in the USA: economics, management strategies, and ecological threats

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/125...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recreational fisheries in the USA: economics, management strategies, and ecological threats Author: Hughes, Robert M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/12562 Title: Recreational fisheries in the USA: economics, management strategies, and ecological threats Author: Hughes, Robert M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science and published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/12562 Close

• 49. [Article] Land and water values in Klamath County, Oregon : application of Hedonic Price Modeling

  The West is undergoing a period of change where water rights, range rights, and other attributes historically attached to land, are being reevaluated. To date, not all of these relationships have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land and water values in Klamath County, Oregon : application of Hedonic Price Modeling Author: Heffner, James The West is undergoing a period of change where water rights, range rights, and other attributes historically attached to land, are being reevaluated. To date, not all of these relationships have been hammered out or confirmed to exist. One such example of this is Klamath County, Oregon. Here we see the mitigation of reassigned water rights as it pertains to agricultural, Native American, and environmental users and applications. In order to determine these relationships with land values, if they exist, and the magnitude of them, some dollar figures must be assigned. This project applied the Hedonic Price Model to a set of county land sales in an attempt to effectively separate out these individual characteristics. Title: Land and water values in Klamath County, Oregon : application of Hedonic Price Modeling Author: Heffner, James The West is undergoing a period of change where water rights, range rights, and other attributes historically attached to land, are being reevaluated. To date, not all of these relationships have been hammered out or confirmed to exist. One such example of this is Klamath County, Oregon. Here we see the mitigation of reassigned water rights as it pertains to agricultural, Native American, and environmental users and applications. In order to determine these relationships with land values, if they exist, and the magnitude of them, some dollar figures must be assigned. This project applied the Hedonic Price Model to a set of county land sales in an attempt to effectively separate out these individual characteristics. Close

• 50. [Article] Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses

  This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Close

• 51. [Article] The Indian New Deal and the effects it had on federally recognized tribes

  This paper covers the impact of Franklin D Roosevelt's, "Indian New Deal" and the effect it had on federally recognized Indian tribes. I have taken an in-depth look at specific areas of New Deal legislation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Indian New Deal and the effects it had on federally recognized tribes Author: Hall, Gabriann This paper covers the impact of Franklin D Roosevelt's, "Indian New Deal" and the effect it had on federally recognized Indian tribes. I have taken an in-depth look at specific areas of New Deal legislation including the Indian Reorganization Act, the Johnson O'Malley Act, and the Indian Arts and Crafts Board Act. I then explain how this legislation impacted Native Americans at the time as well as how it continues to have an impact on Indian communities today. Title: The Indian New Deal and the effects it had on federally recognized tribes Author: Hall, Gabriann This paper covers the impact of Franklin D Roosevelt's, "Indian New Deal" and the effect it had on federally recognized Indian tribes. I have taken an in-depth look at specific areas of New Deal legislation including the Indian Reorganization Act, the Johnson O'Malley Act, and the Indian Arts and Crafts Board Act. I then explain how this legislation impacted Native Americans at the time as well as how it continues to have an impact on Indian communities today. Close

• 52. [Article] Plant-based research & application in the northwest

  This document contains a series of locations and examples of and for plant-based research.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant-based research & application in the northwest Author: SPROUT This document contains a series of locations and examples of and for plant-based research. Title: Plant-based research & application in the northwest Author: SPROUT This document contains a series of locations and examples of and for plant-based research. Close

• 53. [Article] Attitudes of high school students toward three selected ethnic groups as affected by participation in an ethnic studies program

  The purpose of the study was to determine whether taking a course of study about ethnic minorities and racial prejudice in the United States would produce a statistically significant change in the attitudes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Attitudes of high school students toward three selected ethnic groups as affected by participation in an ethnic studies program Author: Orzech, Miriam Weitz The purpose of the study was to determine whether taking a course of study about ethnic minorities and racial prejudice in the United States would produce a statistically significant change in the attitudes of white, middle-class high school students toward three ethnic minorities i. e., Blacks, Native Americans, and Chicanos. An additional purpose was to determine whether an extended and in-depth contact with a number of ethnic minority teachers would have the effect of changing students' racial attitudes in the direction of lessened prejudice. A special Thurstone type attitude inventory was administered to groups of white high school students at the beginning and end of an 18 week school term. The control group, consisting of 118 students, chose to enroll in the regular 11th grade United States history course. A total of 91 experimental group students chose to enroll in a two-part course consisting of a first 9 week class called The Nature of Prejudice, and a second 9 week class in either Black Studies or Native American Studies. The distinguishing characteristic of all experimental classes was that a team of ethnic teachers (students at the local University) participated as equals with the regular high school teachers in all classroom activities. It was hypothesized that the attitudes towards minorities of the two self-selected groups would be the same at the beginning of the experiment, and that neither the special classes nor the U. S. history class would have any effect on the attitudes of either experimental or control group students. The data which resulted from the pretest and posttest scores on the attitude inventory were analyzed by applying t-tests, paired t-tests and one-way analysis of variance at the .05 level of significance. Analysis of the data revealed the following: 1. The scores of both experimental and control group students indicated a positive attitude toward the three ethnic minorities. 2. Native Americans were regarded most positively by both experimental and control group students. 3. Experimental group students were significantly more positive in their attitudes toward minorities before the experiment began than were control group students. 4. Attitudes of experimental group students toward ethnic minorities became slightly less positive after students had completed the special course. The change was not statistically significant and the total score remained definitely positive vis-a-vis ethnic minorities. 5. Attitudes of control group students toward ethnic minorities were unaffected by the course in United States history. Title: Attitudes of high school students toward three selected ethnic groups as affected by participation in an ethnic studies program Author: Orzech, Miriam Weitz The purpose of the study was to determine whether taking a course of study about ethnic minorities and racial prejudice in the United States would produce a statistically significant change in the attitudes of white, middle-class high school students toward three ethnic minorities i. e., Blacks, Native Americans, and Chicanos. An additional purpose was to determine whether an extended and in-depth contact with a number of ethnic minority teachers would have the effect of changing students' racial attitudes in the direction of lessened prejudice. A special Thurstone type attitude inventory was administered to groups of white high school students at the beginning and end of an 18 week school term. The control group, consisting of 118 students, chose to enroll in the regular 11th grade United States history course. A total of 91 experimental group students chose to enroll in a two-part course consisting of a first 9 week class called The Nature of Prejudice, and a second 9 week class in either Black Studies or Native American Studies. The distinguishing characteristic of all experimental classes was that a team of ethnic teachers (students at the local University) participated as equals with the regular high school teachers in all classroom activities. It was hypothesized that the attitudes towards minorities of the two self-selected groups would be the same at the beginning of the experiment, and that neither the special classes nor the U. S. history class would have any effect on the attitudes of either experimental or control group students. The data which resulted from the pretest and posttest scores on the attitude inventory were analyzed by applying t-tests, paired t-tests and one-way analysis of variance at the .05 level of significance. Analysis of the data revealed the following: 1. The scores of both experimental and control group students indicated a positive attitude toward the three ethnic minorities. 2. Native Americans were regarded most positively by both experimental and control group students. 3. Experimental group students were significantly more positive in their attitudes toward minorities before the experiment began than were control group students. 4. Attitudes of experimental group students toward ethnic minorities became slightly less positive after students had completed the special course. The change was not statistically significant and the total score remained definitely positive vis-a-vis ethnic minorities. 5. Attitudes of control group students toward ethnic minorities were unaffected by the course in United States history. Close

• 54. [Article] The Potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific Lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians

  The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific Lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Author: Palacios, Kelly C. The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted to learn why the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), a culturally and ecologically important species, was declining in the streams within their native land area. The project included interviewing native elders, characterizing stream habitat, monitoring water quality, creating a geographic information system (GIS) and educating tribal members on the cultural and ecological importance of the Pacific lamprey. Dynamic segmentation, a GIS data structure, was used to link standard stream survey data on the river unit scale to a base stream coverage (1:24,000). Dynamic segmentation efficiently associates georeferenced data to a linear feature, thus allowing the data to be readily assessable on desktop computer systems. To be more useful to the tribal and local resource managers, it is recommended that these GIS coverages of aquatic habitat should be used in conjunction with additional data coverages and basic regional models for watershed analysis and better management of aquatic ecosystems. Title: The Potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific Lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Author: Palacios, Kelly C. The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted to learn why the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), a culturally and ecologically important species, was declining in the streams within their native land area. The project included interviewing native elders, characterizing stream habitat, monitoring water quality, creating a geographic information system (GIS) and educating tribal members on the cultural and ecological importance of the Pacific lamprey. Dynamic segmentation, a GIS data structure, was used to link standard stream survey data on the river unit scale to a base stream coverage (1:24,000). Dynamic segmentation efficiently associates georeferenced data to a linear feature, thus allowing the data to be readily assessable on desktop computer systems. To be more useful to the tribal and local resource managers, it is recommended that these GIS coverages of aquatic habitat should be used in conjunction with additional data coverages and basic regional models for watershed analysis and better management of aquatic ecosystems. Close

• 55. [Article] Ethnic minorities in Oregon: an annotated bibliography

  This will be published as an appendix in the upcoming Oregon State University Press book: Oregon Mosaic.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ethnic minorities in Oregon: an annotated bibliography Author: Wilkinson, Richenda This will be published as an appendix in the upcoming Oregon State University Press book: Oregon Mosaic. Title: Ethnic minorities in Oregon: an annotated bibliography Author: Wilkinson, Richenda This will be published as an appendix in the upcoming Oregon State University Press book: Oregon Mosaic. Close

• 56. [Article] The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey

  The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey Author: Close, David A., Li, Hiram W., Fitzpatrick, Martin S. The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, who elevated the issue and initiated research to restore its populations, at least in the Columbia Basin. They regard Pacific lamprey as a highly valued resource and as a result ksuyas (lamprey) has become one of their cultural icons. Ksuyas are harvested to this day as a subsistence food by various tribes along the Pacific coast and are highly regarded for their cultural value. Interestingly, our review suggests that the Pacific lamprey plays an important role in the food web, may have acted as a buffer for salmon from predators, and may have been an important source of marine nutrients to oligotrophic watersheds. This is very different from the Euro- American perception that lampreys are pests. We suggest that cultural biases affected management policies. Title: The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey Author: Close, David A., Li, Hiram W., Fitzpatrick, Martin S. The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, who elevated the issue and initiated research to restore its populations, at least in the Columbia Basin. They regard Pacific lamprey as a highly valued resource and as a result ksuyas (lamprey) has become one of their cultural icons. Ksuyas are harvested to this day as a subsistence food by various tribes along the Pacific coast and are highly regarded for their cultural value. Interestingly, our review suggests that the Pacific lamprey plays an important role in the food web, may have acted as a buffer for salmon from predators, and may have been an important source of marine nutrients to oligotrophic watersheds. This is very different from the Euro- American perception that lampreys are pests. We suggest that cultural biases affected management policies. Close

• 57. [Article] Wildlife Encounters by Lewis and Clark: A Spatial Analysis of Interactions between Native Americans and Wildlife

  The Lewis and Clark journals contain some of the earliest and most detailed written descriptions of a large part of the United States before Euro-American settlement.We used the journal entries to assess ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wildlife Encounters by Lewis and Clark: A Spatial Analysis of Interactions between Native Americans and Wildlife Author: Laliberte, Andrea S., Ripple, William J. The Lewis and Clark journals contain some of the earliest and most detailed written descriptions of a large part of the United States before Euro-American settlement.We used the journal entries to assess the influence of humans on wildlife distribution and abundance. Areas with denser human population, such as the Columbia Basin and the Pacific Coast, had lower species diversity and a lower abundance of large mammals. The opposite effect was observed on the Plains.We believe that overhunting before Euro-American contact and the introduction of the horse, which heightened the effects of hunting, may have been major contributors to the historical absence of some species that are present in the archaeological record. The results show considerable human influence on wildlife even under relatively low human population densities. This finding has major implications for conservation biology and ecological restoration, as human influence is often underestimated when considering presettlement conditions. Title: Wildlife Encounters by Lewis and Clark: A Spatial Analysis of Interactions between Native Americans and Wildlife Author: Laliberte, Andrea S., Ripple, William J. The Lewis and Clark journals contain some of the earliest and most detailed written descriptions of a large part of the United States before Euro-American settlement.We used the journal entries to assess the influence of humans on wildlife distribution and abundance. Areas with denser human population, such as the Columbia Basin and the Pacific Coast, had lower species diversity and a lower abundance of large mammals. The opposite effect was observed on the Plains.We believe that overhunting before Euro-American contact and the introduction of the horse, which heightened the effects of hunting, may have been major contributors to the historical absence of some species that are present in the archaeological record. The results show considerable human influence on wildlife even under relatively low human population densities. This finding has major implications for conservation biology and ecological restoration, as human influence is often underestimated when considering presettlement conditions. Close

• 58. [Article] Ecological Change on California’s Channel Islands from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by Oxford University ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological Change on California’s Channel Islands from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene Author: Ghalambor, Cameron K., Still, Christopher, Rick, Torben C., et al., Sillett, T. Scott To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/. Title: Ecological Change on California’s Channel Islands from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene Author: Ghalambor, Cameron K., Still, Christopher, Rick, Torben C., et al., Sillett, T. Scott To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/. Close

• 59. [Article] Megascopic plant remains from three housepits along the Applegate River, southwest Oregon

  In 1982 a protohistoric archaeological site along the Applegate River in southwest Oregon was excavated by Oregon State University Department of Anthropology. Three housepits and a possible menstrual but ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Megascopic plant remains from three housepits along the Applegate River, southwest Oregon Author: Cole, Madeline L. In 1982 a protohistoric archaeological site along the Applegate River in southwest Oregon was excavated by Oregon State University Department of Anthropology. Three housepits and a possible menstrual but were uncovered with lithic, faunal, and archaeobotanical elements recovered from house floors and hearths. Seven botanical taxa were represented by carbonized seeds in the hearth and house floor soil samples: Arctostaphylos, Ouercus, Compositae, Pinus, Vitis, Abies, and Chenopodiaceae. By far the most abundant was Arctostaphylos which was represented in 100% of the sample units. Data derived from analysis of macrobotanical remains supported hypotheses of season of site occupation, site function, and subsistence resource preferences of site inhabitants, while neither supporting nor refuting hypotheses of chronological placement and trade relationships. This research has added to the expanding store of information on ethnobotanical practices of aboriginal inhabitants of upland streamside terrace sites in the Applegate drainage where preservation of organic material has been extremely rare. Essentially, protohistoric Native American plant use in this area does not appear to differ substantially from practices described by early ethnographers for the Takelma/Tolowa/Applegate and Galice Creek Athapascans. Title: Megascopic plant remains from three housepits along the Applegate River, southwest Oregon Author: Cole, Madeline L. In 1982 a protohistoric archaeological site along the Applegate River in southwest Oregon was excavated by Oregon State University Department of Anthropology. Three housepits and a possible menstrual but were uncovered with lithic, faunal, and archaeobotanical elements recovered from house floors and hearths. Seven botanical taxa were represented by carbonized seeds in the hearth and house floor soil samples: Arctostaphylos, Ouercus, Compositae, Pinus, Vitis, Abies, and Chenopodiaceae. By far the most abundant was Arctostaphylos which was represented in 100% of the sample units. Data derived from analysis of macrobotanical remains supported hypotheses of season of site occupation, site function, and subsistence resource preferences of site inhabitants, while neither supporting nor refuting hypotheses of chronological placement and trade relationships. This research has added to the expanding store of information on ethnobotanical practices of aboriginal inhabitants of upland streamside terrace sites in the Applegate drainage where preservation of organic material has been extremely rare. Essentially, protohistoric Native American plant use in this area does not appear to differ substantially from practices described by early ethnographers for the Takelma/Tolowa/Applegate and Galice Creek Athapascans. Close

• 60. [Article] Focus on Forestry ; Spring 1995

  magazine of the OSU College of Forestry

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Focus on Forestry ; Spring 1995 Author: Wells, Gail, Brown, George, Oregon State University. College of Forestry magazine of the OSU College of Forestry Title: Focus on Forestry ; Spring 1995 Author: Wells, Gail, Brown, George, Oregon State University. College of Forestry magazine of the OSU College of Forestry Close

• 61. [Article] A new method for the analysis of human hair : a morphological case study of five sample populations

  Hair is an important piece of evidence in forensic and archaeological investigations. Analysis of the morphological features of hair has been reported since at least the early 1800's. However, many questions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A new method for the analysis of human hair : a morphological case study of five sample populations Author: Weitzel, Misty A. Hair is an important piece of evidence in forensic and archaeological investigations. Analysis of the morphological features of hair has been reported since at least the early 1800's. However, many questions still remain unanswered such as, how can human groups (or local populations) be analyzed and possibly distinguished from each other based on the morphology of their hair? This investigation successfully established a set of procedures for analysis of human hair morphology and explored the possibility of separating populations by examining a case study of 40 hairs from five sample populations (Mongolian, English, Vietnamese, Native American Sioux and Oneida). The methodology leads the investigator from the point of receiving a single hair to acquiring a list of specific, discernible traits characterizing that hair. These methods included a variety laboratory procedures (cleaning, casting, mounting and microtome sectioning of the hair) and examination procedures (microscope and computer imaging and developing a key and database). Statistical analysis was then utilized in order to determine the variability and/or relationships between the populations. Although the results were not statistically significant, they weakly support a division of three groups: English, Mongolian and Vietnamese, and Sioux and Oneida. The small sample size and overlap between the five populations is a limiting factor in attempting to discriminate between populations and should be taken into consideration in future investigations. Title: A new method for the analysis of human hair : a morphological case study of five sample populations Author: Weitzel, Misty A. Hair is an important piece of evidence in forensic and archaeological investigations. Analysis of the morphological features of hair has been reported since at least the early 1800's. However, many questions still remain unanswered such as, how can human groups (or local populations) be analyzed and possibly distinguished from each other based on the morphology of their hair? This investigation successfully established a set of procedures for analysis of human hair morphology and explored the possibility of separating populations by examining a case study of 40 hairs from five sample populations (Mongolian, English, Vietnamese, Native American Sioux and Oneida). The methodology leads the investigator from the point of receiving a single hair to acquiring a list of specific, discernible traits characterizing that hair. These methods included a variety laboratory procedures (cleaning, casting, mounting and microtome sectioning of the hair) and examination procedures (microscope and computer imaging and developing a key and database). Statistical analysis was then utilized in order to determine the variability and/or relationships between the populations. Although the results were not statistically significant, they weakly support a division of three groups: English, Mongolian and Vietnamese, and Sioux and Oneida. The small sample size and overlap between the five populations is a limiting factor in attempting to discriminate between populations and should be taken into consideration in future investigations. Close

• 62. [Article] Salmon anchor habitats in northwest Oregon state forests : a review of the policy-making process.

  The purpose of this document is to provide the SAH Workgroup with a summary of SAH strategy development and identify issues that have arisen so that all work group members have a common understanding of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitats in northwest Oregon state forests : a review of the policy-making process. Author: Behan, Jeff, Institute for Natural Resources The purpose of this document is to provide the SAH Workgroup with a summary of SAH strategy development and identify issues that have arisen so that all work group members have a common understanding of the context for their work. The second section discusses the background of state forests. Salmonid protection and restoration strategies and policies are summarized in the third section. In the fourth section Northwest Oregon forest planning relating to salmonids is reviewed. Stakeholder positions and concerns regarding the SAH strategy are discussed in the fifth section. A brief conclusion follows. Title: Salmon anchor habitats in northwest Oregon state forests : a review of the policy-making process. Author: Behan, Jeff, Institute for Natural Resources The purpose of this document is to provide the SAH Workgroup with a summary of SAH strategy development and identify issues that have arisen so that all work group members have a common understanding of the context for their work. The second section discusses the background of state forests. Salmonid protection and restoration strategies and policies are summarized in the third section. In the fourth section Northwest Oregon forest planning relating to salmonids is reviewed. Stakeholder positions and concerns regarding the SAH strategy are discussed in the fifth section. A brief conclusion follows. Close

• 63. [Article] Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography.

  This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Close

• 64. [Article] Sweatlodge participation among Nez Perce women

  This research was undertaken to examine the symbolism surrounding the sweatlodge and how it pertained to women in Native American cultures. After an extensive literature search I determined that there ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sweatlodge participation among Nez Perce women Author: Carman, Carol J. This research was undertaken to examine the symbolism surrounding the sweatlodge and how it pertained to women in Native American cultures. After an extensive literature search I determined that there was little or no information concerning the use of the sweatlodge by women. The goal of the research was an attempt to fill the gap concerning womens' usage of the sweatlodge and the reason for the continuation of the sweatlodge tradition when so many other traditions had become lost. To fulfill this goal I chose to work with women from the Nez Perce reservation at Lapwai, Idaho. The women of the Nez Perce use the sweatlodge to cleanse the body and to achieve social harmony in their daily lives. It is a forum for releasing tensions, an opportunity of marriage counseling, and a method of communing with the spiritworid. In spite of the fact that my women consultants denied any religious motivations, it appears that the sweatlodge is in fact a religious activity. By participating in the sweatlodge the spiritual traditions are being kept alive. Change has occurred with great regularity since the appearance of the Europeans, but even with all that has been lost, the sweatlodge is still an integral part of the culture. Title: Sweatlodge participation among Nez Perce women Author: Carman, Carol J. This research was undertaken to examine the symbolism surrounding the sweatlodge and how it pertained to women in Native American cultures. After an extensive literature search I determined that there was little or no information concerning the use of the sweatlodge by women. The goal of the research was an attempt to fill the gap concerning womens' usage of the sweatlodge and the reason for the continuation of the sweatlodge tradition when so many other traditions had become lost. To fulfill this goal I chose to work with women from the Nez Perce reservation at Lapwai, Idaho. The women of the Nez Perce use the sweatlodge to cleanse the body and to achieve social harmony in their daily lives. It is a forum for releasing tensions, an opportunity of marriage counseling, and a method of communing with the spiritworid. In spite of the fact that my women consultants denied any religious motivations, it appears that the sweatlodge is in fact a religious activity. By participating in the sweatlodge the spiritual traditions are being kept alive. Change has occurred with great regularity since the appearance of the Europeans, but even with all that has been lost, the sweatlodge is still an integral part of the culture. Close

• 65. [Article] Report and recommendations of salmon anchor habitat strategy work group

  The 2003 Oregon Legislature directed the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) to convene a citizen work group to review and evaluate the ODF Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy for state forests in northwest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report and recommendations of salmon anchor habitat strategy work group Author: McCollister, Mark, Wilkeson, Ray, Hanneman, Paul, Westbrook, Helen, Moskowitz, Dave, Institute for Natural Resources, Griffith, John The 2003 Oregon Legislature directed the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) to convene a citizen work group to review and evaluate the ODF Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy for state forests in northwest Oregon. In November, 2003 ODF contracted with the Institute for Natural Resources (INR) to support the SAH Work Group. INR designed and oversaw a process for the SAH Work Group that facilitated dialogue among interested parties, scientists, land management professionals, and policy makers. The goal was to illuminate the SAH policy, identify issues and develop recommendations while respecting the perspectives held by all parties. Title: Report and recommendations of salmon anchor habitat strategy work group Author: McCollister, Mark, Wilkeson, Ray, Hanneman, Paul, Westbrook, Helen, Moskowitz, Dave, Institute for Natural Resources, Griffith, John The 2003 Oregon Legislature directed the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) to convene a citizen work group to review and evaluate the ODF Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy for state forests in northwest Oregon. In November, 2003 ODF contracted with the Institute for Natural Resources (INR) to support the SAH Work Group. INR designed and oversaw a process for the SAH Work Group that facilitated dialogue among interested parties, scientists, land management professionals, and policy makers. The goal was to illuminate the SAH policy, identify issues and develop recommendations while respecting the perspectives held by all parties. Close

• 66. [Article] The Returner : a First Nations autobiographical study : understanding the causes of First Nations language decline and extinction from the perspective of a First Nations language worker

  This study documents thick-description single-source data from the life and experiences of a Native American / Native Canadian language worker. The worker, raised and educated in the United States, was ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Returner : a First Nations autobiographical study : understanding the causes of First Nations language decline and extinction from the perspective of a First Nations language worker Author: Kelly, John Medicine Horse This study documents thick-description single-source data from the life and experiences of a Native American / Native Canadian language worker. The worker, raised and educated in the United States, was separated from his ancestral village until his thirties. The worker, with a Masters degree in education from Oregon State University, returned to live in his village in Canada in 1993, dedicating his life to assisting with preserving and revitalising his people's language and culture. As such, the socio-psychological parameters of his life from birth until the present provide vital insights into the lives, the problems and the angst typically faced by First Nations language workers. The purpose of this study is twofold. 1. Through the traditional genre of Aboriginal autobiography, the dissertation provides crucial insights and primary-source data regarding First Nations realities. The intent is to encourage further studies of the plight of the few existing First Nations language workers, many of whom leave their work due to becoming overwhelmed and discouraged. 2. The author advocates for the founding of an international Aboriginal Peace Corps, a proposed coalition of First Nations communities, national governments and the private sector. The goal of the Aboriginal Peace Corps would be to put skilled workers into indigenous communities to work alongside community members. In view of the high rate of deaths among elders, the last language speakers in most communities, immediate assistance is urgently needed. While time remains, only through an Aboriginal Peace Corps can communities obtain sufficient expertise in accelerated language learning and in resource technologies to revitalise and perpetuate their languages. Title: The Returner : a First Nations autobiographical study : understanding the causes of First Nations language decline and extinction from the perspective of a First Nations language worker Author: Kelly, John Medicine Horse This study documents thick-description single-source data from the life and experiences of a Native American / Native Canadian language worker. The worker, raised and educated in the United States, was separated from his ancestral village until his thirties. The worker, with a Masters degree in education from Oregon State University, returned to live in his village in Canada in 1993, dedicating his life to assisting with preserving and revitalising his people's language and culture. As such, the socio-psychological parameters of his life from birth until the present provide vital insights into the lives, the problems and the angst typically faced by First Nations language workers. The purpose of this study is twofold. 1. Through the traditional genre of Aboriginal autobiography, the dissertation provides crucial insights and primary-source data regarding First Nations realities. The intent is to encourage further studies of the plight of the few existing First Nations language workers, many of whom leave their work due to becoming overwhelmed and discouraged. 2. The author advocates for the founding of an international Aboriginal Peace Corps, a proposed coalition of First Nations communities, national governments and the private sector. The goal of the Aboriginal Peace Corps would be to put skilled workers into indigenous communities to work alongside community members. In view of the high rate of deaths among elders, the last language speakers in most communities, immediate assistance is urgently needed. While time remains, only through an Aboriginal Peace Corps can communities obtain sufficient expertise in accelerated language learning and in resource technologies to revitalise and perpetuate their languages. Close

• 67. [Article] Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon

  A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon Author: Dustrude, Ann Marie A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project listing of Indian households in the six-county area. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained by interview method from 504 individuals, representing 226 Indian households; a food frequency questionnaire served as a cross-check. Ages of the participants ranged from 1 to 81 years. The dietary intakes, excluding supplements, of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid were computer analyzed for 13 age-sex groupings. Mean and median nutrient intakes were compared to the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and discussed as meeting 33.3 percent or less of the RDA, meeting 33.4 to 66.6 percent of the RDA, meeting 66.7 to 99.9 percent of the RDA, or meeting the RDA fully. Iron was the nutrient found to be low most often, with children ages 1 to 3 years and females 11 to 50 years having mean intakes from 61 to 87 percent of the 1980 RDA. Calcium intakes were low for all female groups age 11 years and beyond; females 51 years and over had the lowest intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Mean and median dietary intakes of protein, riboflavin, and niacin were close to or in excess of the appropriate RDA for all age-sex groups. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A were consumed in adequate mean amounts, but there were large numbers of low intakes in some age-sex groups. Data concerning shopping habits, sources of food, food aid, tribal affiliation(s), cooking and refrigeration adequacy, consumption of "traditional" Indian foods, and income were obtained by means of a household questionnaire. A comparison was made between selected demographic factors and Household Diet Scores, which were based on individual nutrient intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Households which obtained food from a home garden and households which canned or froze food for later use had significantly higher (p [less than or equal to] .05) mean Household Diet Scores than did households which did not have these characteristics. Income levels and the practice of obtaining meat from hunting or from fishing lacked a significant relationship to Household Diet Scores at p [less than or equal to] 0.05. The percentage contributions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to caloric intakes were: 45 percent from carbohydrate, 39 percent from fat, and 16 percent from protein. In general, the diets of the Southwest Oregon Native American population were found to approximate the diets of the general United States population as reported in the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey in relation to nutrient intakes and caloric sources. Title: Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon Author: Dustrude, Ann Marie A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project listing of Indian households in the six-county area. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained by interview method from 504 individuals, representing 226 Indian households; a food frequency questionnaire served as a cross-check. Ages of the participants ranged from 1 to 81 years. The dietary intakes, excluding supplements, of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid were computer analyzed for 13 age-sex groupings. Mean and median nutrient intakes were compared to the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and discussed as meeting 33.3 percent or less of the RDA, meeting 33.4 to 66.6 percent of the RDA, meeting 66.7 to 99.9 percent of the RDA, or meeting the RDA fully. Iron was the nutrient found to be low most often, with children ages 1 to 3 years and females 11 to 50 years having mean intakes from 61 to 87 percent of the 1980 RDA. Calcium intakes were low for all female groups age 11 years and beyond; females 51 years and over had the lowest intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Mean and median dietary intakes of protein, riboflavin, and niacin were close to or in excess of the appropriate RDA for all age-sex groups. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A were consumed in adequate mean amounts, but there were large numbers of low intakes in some age-sex groups. Data concerning shopping habits, sources of food, food aid, tribal affiliation(s), cooking and refrigeration adequacy, consumption of "traditional" Indian foods, and income were obtained by means of a household questionnaire. A comparison was made between selected demographic factors and Household Diet Scores, which were based on individual nutrient intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Households which obtained food from a home garden and households which canned or froze food for later use had significantly higher (p [less than or equal to] .05) mean Household Diet Scores than did households which did not have these characteristics. Income levels and the practice of obtaining meat from hunting or from fishing lacked a significant relationship to Household Diet Scores at p [less than or equal to] 0.05. The percentage contributions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to caloric intakes were: 45 percent from carbohydrate, 39 percent from fat, and 16 percent from protein. In general, the diets of the Southwest Oregon Native American population were found to approximate the diets of the general United States population as reported in the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey in relation to nutrient intakes and caloric sources. Close

• 68. [Article] The long and short of it : the reliability and inter-populational applicability of stature regression equations

  In this thesis, stature reconstruction of three prehistoric/protohistoric Native American populations (from Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, and South Dakota) was performed using the Fully Anatomical method ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The long and short of it : the reliability and inter-populational applicability of stature regression equations Author: McCarthy, Donna In this thesis, stature reconstruction of three prehistoric/protohistoric Native American populations (from Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, and South Dakota) was performed using the Fully Anatomical method in order to formulate regression equations and analyze the ability of regression equations of other researchers to accurately estimate the statures within my study populations. The calculation of regression equations demonstrated that even though there was a significant difference in the statures of the three populations, they were similar enough in body proportions such that regression equations from the pooled sample could be used to accurately estimate statures from all three groups as well as 12 randomly chosen individuals from outside the study sample. Results of statures calculated using the regression formulae of other researchers on my sample populations forced me to conclude that there is too much variation between populations to allow for much inter-populational applicability except in those cases where the populations are similar enough in proportion. For my study groups, the best equations for estimating statures (besides the ones formulated specifically for them) were those of Sciulli et al. for Ohio native Americans, followed closely by Trotter and Gleser's 1952 and 1958 equations. The femur/stature ratio of Feldesman et al (1990) performed relatively poorly, and the formulae of Genoves' for Mesoamericans (1967) were the least accurate. While individual statures may be more highly influenced by genes, the mean statures of populations or homogeneous geographical groups is more controlled by common levels of nutrition, stress, and environment of the individuals within that group. The Arikara were the tallest population: the female mean of that group were as tall as the male means from both the Alaskan and Aleutian populations. The populations in this study differed in their degree of sexual dimorphism, with the Arikara individuals showing the greatest stature difference and dimorphism between males and females. The distal limb bones of the arms and the legs of the individuals from both Alaska and the Aleutian Islands show significant shortening when compared to those of the Arikara, supporting "biogeographical" rules of human adaptations to chronically cold environments. The results of this study illustrate how important it is for researchers to keep studying (and publishing regression equations for) statures of prehistoric and historic populations. Until someone develops a formulae that can truly be applied to populations everywhere-as the femur/stature ratio and the line of organic correlation attempted to-there is too much variation between groups to allow researchers to continue to apply equations not applicable to their population. Title: The long and short of it : the reliability and inter-populational applicability of stature regression equations Author: McCarthy, Donna In this thesis, stature reconstruction of three prehistoric/protohistoric Native American populations (from Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, and South Dakota) was performed using the Fully Anatomical method in order to formulate regression equations and analyze the ability of regression equations of other researchers to accurately estimate the statures within my study populations. The calculation of regression equations demonstrated that even though there was a significant difference in the statures of the three populations, they were similar enough in body proportions such that regression equations from the pooled sample could be used to accurately estimate statures from all three groups as well as 12 randomly chosen individuals from outside the study sample. Results of statures calculated using the regression formulae of other researchers on my sample populations forced me to conclude that there is too much variation between populations to allow for much inter-populational applicability except in those cases where the populations are similar enough in proportion. For my study groups, the best equations for estimating statures (besides the ones formulated specifically for them) were those of Sciulli et al. for Ohio native Americans, followed closely by Trotter and Gleser's 1952 and 1958 equations. The femur/stature ratio of Feldesman et al (1990) performed relatively poorly, and the formulae of Genoves' for Mesoamericans (1967) were the least accurate. While individual statures may be more highly influenced by genes, the mean statures of populations or homogeneous geographical groups is more controlled by common levels of nutrition, stress, and environment of the individuals within that group. The Arikara were the tallest population: the female mean of that group were as tall as the male means from both the Alaskan and Aleutian populations. The populations in this study differed in their degree of sexual dimorphism, with the Arikara individuals showing the greatest stature difference and dimorphism between males and females. The distal limb bones of the arms and the legs of the individuals from both Alaska and the Aleutian Islands show significant shortening when compared to those of the Arikara, supporting "biogeographical" rules of human adaptations to chronically cold environments. The results of this study illustrate how important it is for researchers to keep studying (and publishing regression equations for) statures of prehistoric and historic populations. Until someone develops a formulae that can truly be applied to populations everywhere-as the femur/stature ratio and the line of organic correlation attempted to-there is too much variation between groups to allow researchers to continue to apply equations not applicable to their population. Close

• 69. [Article] Determination of Parent and Hydroxy PAHs in Personal PM₂.₅ and Urine Samples Collected During Native American Fish Smoking Activities

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/science-of-the-t...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of Parent and Hydroxy PAHs in Personal PM₂.₅ and Urine Samples Collected During Native American Fish Smoking Activities Author: Stone, David, Harris, Stuart, Sudakin, Daniel, Schrlau, Jill, Harper, Barbara, Simonich, Staci L. Massey, Motorykin, Oleksii, Kile, Molly, Harding, Anna, Jia, Yuling This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/science-of-the-total-environment/ Title: Determination of Parent and Hydroxy PAHs in Personal PM₂.₅ and Urine Samples Collected During Native American Fish Smoking Activities Author: Stone, David, Harris, Stuart, Sudakin, Daniel, Schrlau, Jill, Harper, Barbara, Simonich, Staci L. Massey, Motorykin, Oleksii, Kile, Molly, Harding, Anna, Jia, Yuling This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/science-of-the-total-environment/ Close

• 70. [Article] Beyond the ballot : the Women's Christian Temperance Union and the politics of Oregon Women, 1880-1900

  Between 1880 and 1900, the Oregon Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) significantly impacted the lives of Oregon women. Not simply an organization of middle class white women, the Oregon WCTU enlisted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond the ballot : the Women's Christian Temperance Union and the politics of Oregon Women, 1880-1900 Author: Gelser, Sara Anne Acres Between 1880 and 1900, the Oregon Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) significantly impacted the lives of Oregon women. Not simply an organization of middle class white women, the Oregon WCTU enlisted Native American and African American women, and persistently advocated for improved conditions for working women. The WCTU aspired to be more than a simple temperance union, taking on a broad social agenda which had as its goal the social emancipation of women. It successfully secured positive changes for women in the areas of sexuality, labor, personal safety, education, and prison life in addition to successfully advocating several temperance issues on the state and national level. The union also served to solidify the bond between women, mobilizing them into a social class. Despite their commitment to improving the lives of women, not all WCTU members were supportive of the suffrage movement. Open conflict between the WCTU and the state suffrage association, led by Abigail Scott Duniway, highlights the complexity of women's politics in Oregon at the end of the nineteenth century. Divisions between women on the issues of suffrage and temperance reveal early disagreements as to the best route to increased freedom for women. Such division led to a delay in achieving equal suffrage in the state of Oregon. Despite their disenfranchisement, women's work in the public arena shaped the development of communities and the state of Oregon. Through petition circulation, public speaking, industrial schools, labor union organization, and political lobbying, Oregon women influenced the decisions made by voting men. The activities of Oregon women at the end of the nineteenth century suggest that women wielded political power long before they gained the right to vote. Title: Beyond the ballot : the Women's Christian Temperance Union and the politics of Oregon Women, 1880-1900 Author: Gelser, Sara Anne Acres Between 1880 and 1900, the Oregon Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) significantly impacted the lives of Oregon women. Not simply an organization of middle class white women, the Oregon WCTU enlisted Native American and African American women, and persistently advocated for improved conditions for working women. The WCTU aspired to be more than a simple temperance union, taking on a broad social agenda which had as its goal the social emancipation of women. It successfully secured positive changes for women in the areas of sexuality, labor, personal safety, education, and prison life in addition to successfully advocating several temperance issues on the state and national level. The union also served to solidify the bond between women, mobilizing them into a social class. Despite their commitment to improving the lives of women, not all WCTU members were supportive of the suffrage movement. Open conflict between the WCTU and the state suffrage association, led by Abigail Scott Duniway, highlights the complexity of women's politics in Oregon at the end of the nineteenth century. Divisions between women on the issues of suffrage and temperance reveal early disagreements as to the best route to increased freedom for women. Such division led to a delay in achieving equal suffrage in the state of Oregon. Despite their disenfranchisement, women's work in the public arena shaped the development of communities and the state of Oregon. Through petition circulation, public speaking, industrial schools, labor union organization, and political lobbying, Oregon women influenced the decisions made by voting men. The activities of Oregon women at the end of the nineteenth century suggest that women wielded political power long before they gained the right to vote. Close

• 71. [Article] Governmental policies and the preservation and display of Native American cultural resources in the middle Columbia Basin

  Prior to advent of Europeans in the Pacific Northwest, the Middle Columbia River Basin was the location of highly developed native cultures. For centuries it was the center of very important native trade ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Governmental policies and the preservation and display of Native American cultural resources in the middle Columbia Basin Author: Michael, Elva Olson Prior to advent of Europeans in the Pacific Northwest, the Middle Columbia River Basin was the location of highly developed native cultures. For centuries it was the center of very important native trade networks that extended over western North America and a site of important intertribal rituals relating to renewal of natural and food resources. It possessed remarkably rich cultural resources which are part of our national heritage and trust. Today the Pacific Northwest Region is the locus of 53 dam's which have inundated former villages, fishing grounds, and prehistoric sites of Indian people. This is especially true along the Columbia River. The construction of The Dalles Dam in 1952 instituted prior removal of approximately forty of the 450 prehistoric petroglyphs along the banks of the Long Narrows and Celilo Falls, just east of The Dalles, Oregon. Following the removal of these native works of art, they were stored at The Dalles Dam site where they have remained for twenty-seven years. The situation of the petroglyphs prompted the question of who is responsible for their care, preservation, and proper interpretation. Research was conducted to examine pertinent federal and state policies as revealed in laws, regulations, executive orders, and in the actions and statements of public officials whose responsibilities relate to cultural resources. It was determined that laxity in enforcement of the Federal Antiquities Act of 1906 allows the petroglyphs to have remained in obscurity over the years and to never have been properly cared for or interpreted in a scientific or educational context. A review of the history of antiquities legislation and directives clearly shows that such a circumstance could not happen today because of more stringent regulations and enforcement procedures. Interviews with today's public officials reveal that they are fully aware of present legal responsibilities and requirements and that they are sympathetic to any private efforts to properly install and display The Dalles petroglyphs. Research further reveals, however, that public officials claim no responsibility or jurisdiction over the petroglyphs, nor are they inclined to assume leadership or to pursue jurisdiction in order to deal with clearly correctible omissions of past regulations and procedures. Title: Governmental policies and the preservation and display of Native American cultural resources in the middle Columbia Basin Author: Michael, Elva Olson Prior to advent of Europeans in the Pacific Northwest, the Middle Columbia River Basin was the location of highly developed native cultures. For centuries it was the center of very important native trade networks that extended over western North America and a site of important intertribal rituals relating to renewal of natural and food resources. It possessed remarkably rich cultural resources which are part of our national heritage and trust. Today the Pacific Northwest Region is the locus of 53 dam's which have inundated former villages, fishing grounds, and prehistoric sites of Indian people. This is especially true along the Columbia River. The construction of The Dalles Dam in 1952 instituted prior removal of approximately forty of the 450 prehistoric petroglyphs along the banks of the Long Narrows and Celilo Falls, just east of The Dalles, Oregon. Following the removal of these native works of art, they were stored at The Dalles Dam site where they have remained for twenty-seven years. The situation of the petroglyphs prompted the question of who is responsible for their care, preservation, and proper interpretation. Research was conducted to examine pertinent federal and state policies as revealed in laws, regulations, executive orders, and in the actions and statements of public officials whose responsibilities relate to cultural resources. It was determined that laxity in enforcement of the Federal Antiquities Act of 1906 allows the petroglyphs to have remained in obscurity over the years and to never have been properly cared for or interpreted in a scientific or educational context. A review of the history of antiquities legislation and directives clearly shows that such a circumstance could not happen today because of more stringent regulations and enforcement procedures. Interviews with today's public officials reveal that they are fully aware of present legal responsibilities and requirements and that they are sympathetic to any private efforts to properly install and display The Dalles petroglyphs. Research further reveals, however, that public officials claim no responsibility or jurisdiction over the petroglyphs, nor are they inclined to assume leadership or to pursue jurisdiction in order to deal with clearly correctible omissions of past regulations and procedures. Close

• 72. [Article] Family, Community, & Tribal Influence on Native American Student Success

  The history of American Indian and Alaska Natives (AIAN) in education is filled with conflict and painful memories for many. Indian boarding schools that lasted through the early 1900s were used as a tool ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family, Community, & Tribal Influence on Native American Student Success Author: Croucher, Racheal L. The history of American Indian and Alaska Natives (AIAN) in education is filled with conflict and painful memories for many. Indian boarding schools that lasted through the early 1900s were used as a tool for forced assimilation of AIAN people. With the disturbing motto of “Kill the Indian, save the man” as guidance, these schools stripped AIAN children of their language, culture, and dignity. Today, AIAN students attend and graduate from college at far lower rates than the national average. Of the AIAN students that do receive a high school diploma, only about one-third will enroll in college, compared to nearly two-thirds of their non-Native peers. Only 37% of AIAN college students complete a bachelor’s degree within 6 years, compared to the 56% in the general population. Prior research has identified supports promoting AIAN higher education success: family support, giving back to community motivations, university resources, on-campus social supports, college preparation courses, financial support, and maintaining cultural ties. Prior research has also identified barriers to higher education success: family, inadequate financial support, lack of academic preparation, and cultural barriers. With the conflict-filled history of AIAN education, AIAN education disparities, and the dearth of AIAN college success research in mind the aims of this study are to 1. identify how family, community, and Tribe influence student success for AIAN students, and 2. begin a dialogue around student experiences and success to promote a sense community within the AIAN population at Oregon State University (OSU). Together these aims identify the needs of the AIAN population at OSU and begin the process of addressing those needs to promote student success. AIAN students enrolled at OSU, 18 years of age or older were invited to participate in a focus group around their higher education experiences. Participants were asked to share on the topics of family, community and Tribe and its influence on their higher education experience. Through four focus groups comprised of self-identifying AIAN students (N=16), this qualitative study found family as support and barrier, Tribe as support and barrier, Native identity, culture clash, OSU resources, and OSU-Tribal connections to be predominant themes relating to student success. Financial support, Tribal unfairness, paradoxical cultural pressure, AIAN advising, and blood quantum were found to be supporting themes. Family and Tribe were found to provide supports, but also act as barriers to AIAN student success while community was found to be neither a support nor a barrier. Students described finding family-like supports away from their family by creating a sense of family through their friends while at college. Students identified other individuals outside of their family and Tribe that were valuable supports. Students identified conflict in the historical context of the education system and Native identity that may play a role in AIAN student success. Students rejected the roots of the higher education system for several reasons, but especially because its original purpose was to provide White men the credentials to run the government, which is the same government that oppressed our ancestors and utilized the education system as a tool for deculturation and assimilation. Students described their primary motivation to succeed in college as being able to return to their Tribe and give back to their Tribal community, despite this devaluation of higher education. Participants provided suggestions for OSU and the 9 Tribes of Oregon to consider in providing better supports to AIAN students. The primary suggestion was to improve communication and collaboration between OSU and the local Tribes of Oregon. Suggestions included hiring an AIAN academic advisor, promoting culturally knowledgeable services at Counseling and Psychological Services, and several suggestions for AIAN community events. The participant-identified issues of Native identity, culture clash, blood quantum, and paradoxical cultural pressures; how these issues relate to success in higher education for these students, is discussed. The results of this study add to the sparse literature on AIAN college success, reinforcing the importance of family and Tribe and underlining the complexity of AIAN issues in higher education. Further research should look into Participatory Action Research to promote change through research. The active dissemination of these results to OSU, the Tribes of Oregon, and identified supports is absolutely essential in promoting higher education success for American Indian/Alaska Native students at Oregon State University. Title: Family, Community, & Tribal Influence on Native American Student Success Author: Croucher, Racheal L. The history of American Indian and Alaska Natives (AIAN) in education is filled with conflict and painful memories for many. Indian boarding schools that lasted through the early 1900s were used as a tool for forced assimilation of AIAN people. With the disturbing motto of “Kill the Indian, save the man” as guidance, these schools stripped AIAN children of their language, culture, and dignity. Today, AIAN students attend and graduate from college at far lower rates than the national average. Of the AIAN students that do receive a high school diploma, only about one-third will enroll in college, compared to nearly two-thirds of their non-Native peers. Only 37% of AIAN college students complete a bachelor’s degree within 6 years, compared to the 56% in the general population. Prior research has identified supports promoting AIAN higher education success: family support, giving back to community motivations, university resources, on-campus social supports, college preparation courses, financial support, and maintaining cultural ties. Prior research has also identified barriers to higher education success: family, inadequate financial support, lack of academic preparation, and cultural barriers. With the conflict-filled history of AIAN education, AIAN education disparities, and the dearth of AIAN college success research in mind the aims of this study are to 1. identify how family, community, and Tribe influence student success for AIAN students, and 2. begin a dialogue around student experiences and success to promote a sense community within the AIAN population at Oregon State University (OSU). Together these aims identify the needs of the AIAN population at OSU and begin the process of addressing those needs to promote student success. AIAN students enrolled at OSU, 18 years of age or older were invited to participate in a focus group around their higher education experiences. Participants were asked to share on the topics of family, community and Tribe and its influence on their higher education experience. Through four focus groups comprised of self-identifying AIAN students (N=16), this qualitative study found family as support and barrier, Tribe as support and barrier, Native identity, culture clash, OSU resources, and OSU-Tribal connections to be predominant themes relating to student success. Financial support, Tribal unfairness, paradoxical cultural pressure, AIAN advising, and blood quantum were found to be supporting themes. Family and Tribe were found to provide supports, but also act as barriers to AIAN student success while community was found to be neither a support nor a barrier. Students described finding family-like supports away from their family by creating a sense of family through their friends while at college. Students identified other individuals outside of their family and Tribe that were valuable supports. Students identified conflict in the historical context of the education system and Native identity that may play a role in AIAN student success. Students rejected the roots of the higher education system for several reasons, but especially because its original purpose was to provide White men the credentials to run the government, which is the same government that oppressed our ancestors and utilized the education system as a tool for deculturation and assimilation. Students described their primary motivation to succeed in college as being able to return to their Tribe and give back to their Tribal community, despite this devaluation of higher education. Participants provided suggestions for OSU and the 9 Tribes of Oregon to consider in providing better supports to AIAN students. The primary suggestion was to improve communication and collaboration between OSU and the local Tribes of Oregon. Suggestions included hiring an AIAN academic advisor, promoting culturally knowledgeable services at Counseling and Psychological Services, and several suggestions for AIAN community events. The participant-identified issues of Native identity, culture clash, blood quantum, and paradoxical cultural pressures; how these issues relate to success in higher education for these students, is discussed. The results of this study add to the sparse literature on AIAN college success, reinforcing the importance of family and Tribe and underlining the complexity of AIAN issues in higher education. Further research should look into Participatory Action Research to promote change through research. The active dissemination of these results to OSU, the Tribes of Oregon, and identified supports is absolutely essential in promoting higher education success for American Indian/Alaska Native students at Oregon State University. Close

• 73. [Article] Nature in chains : the effects of Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey on a Pacific Northwest landscape

  Understanding the impact of humans on the environment has long been a topic of scholarly interest and debate. As environmental problems mount, accounts of historic ecological conditions and the factors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nature in chains : the effects of Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey on a Pacific Northwest landscape Author: Schweickert, Tina K. Understanding the impact of humans on the environment has long been a topic of scholarly interest and debate. As environmental problems mount, accounts of historic ecological conditions and the factors of change become increasingly useful. This study considers competing schools of interpretation about human impacts on ecological landscapes and develops a case study of one thirty-six square mile township in Oregon’s Waldo Hills. Built on evidence from 1851 surveyor notes, maps, journals, aerial photos, interviews, and contemporary environmental and ecological data, this study demonstrates a transformation from ecologically diverse ecosystems under the management of native peoples to ecologically depressed monoculture landscapes under industrialized agriculture. This thesis argues that the fundamental beliefs of human societies (i.e., worldviews) become expressed in the landscape. The nature-as-community view of the Kalapuya Indians resulted in a complex, curvilinear mosaic of prairie, savanna, and woodland. The individualized and rationalized view of the Euroamericans resulted in a simplified landscape of squared-off fields, channelized streams, and roads aligned to the survey grid. Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey, built on the ‘virtuous square’, is examined as a symbolic and tangible instrument of rapid expansion and exploitation across the American West. Understanding that worldviews become expressed in physical conditions may benefit those working to create sustainable futures; i.e., long-term and widespread ecological improvements will likely succeed only if society at large shares a fundamental belief in the value of healthy ecosystems. Title: Nature in chains : the effects of Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey on a Pacific Northwest landscape Author: Schweickert, Tina K. Understanding the impact of humans on the environment has long been a topic of scholarly interest and debate. As environmental problems mount, accounts of historic ecological conditions and the factors of change become increasingly useful. This study considers competing schools of interpretation about human impacts on ecological landscapes and develops a case study of one thirty-six square mile township in Oregon’s Waldo Hills. Built on evidence from 1851 surveyor notes, maps, journals, aerial photos, interviews, and contemporary environmental and ecological data, this study demonstrates a transformation from ecologically diverse ecosystems under the management of native peoples to ecologically depressed monoculture landscapes under industrialized agriculture. This thesis argues that the fundamental beliefs of human societies (i.e., worldviews) become expressed in the landscape. The nature-as-community view of the Kalapuya Indians resulted in a complex, curvilinear mosaic of prairie, savanna, and woodland. The individualized and rationalized view of the Euroamericans resulted in a simplified landscape of squared-off fields, channelized streams, and roads aligned to the survey grid. Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey, built on the ‘virtuous square’, is examined as a symbolic and tangible instrument of rapid expansion and exploitation across the American West. Understanding that worldviews become expressed in physical conditions may benefit those working to create sustainable futures; i.e., long-term and widespread ecological improvements will likely succeed only if society at large shares a fundamental belief in the value of healthy ecosystems. Close

• 74. [Article] Plains Indian decorated saddle blankets : development of an innovative art form

  The decorated saddle blankets that are part of many museum collections are a distinctive facet of Native American culture. They exhibit the craftsmanship and artistic merit that characterize the Plains ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plains Indian decorated saddle blankets : development of an innovative art form Author: Mace, Mariana L. The decorated saddle blankets that are part of many museum collections are a distinctive facet of Native American culture. They exhibit the craftsmanship and artistic merit that characterize the Plains art style. This study examines decorated saddle blankets from three viewpoints. An historical overview suggests that although the horse and horsegear originated with Spanish occupation of the New World, the Plains decorated saddle blanket was an indigenous innovation. Available literary and pictorial information for Hispanic horsegear indicate that Spanish traditions of decoration did not include saddle blankets of the types found among Plains peoples. Saddle blankets are examples of the material culture of the Plains. In this respect they have been examined in terms of materials, construction, decoration, and use. Verbal and pictorial information, as well as extant examples provided information. Saddle blankets exhibit characteristics of shape and decorative style that are related to region and specific groups. They used both native and introduced materials and techniques. With some exceptions, they appear to have been made by and for women. As works of art, saddle blankets are part of a tradition that stressed the importance of the horse to Plains culture and used horse decoration to provide social messages about the rider to onlookers. This tradition included gender specific art styles, elaborate horse gear as a sign of wealth and generosity, and personal skill as a means of acquiring prestige. Decorated blankets are an example of a functional object achieving artistic value, alone and in combination with other objects. Title: Plains Indian decorated saddle blankets : development of an innovative art form Author: Mace, Mariana L. The decorated saddle blankets that are part of many museum collections are a distinctive facet of Native American culture. They exhibit the craftsmanship and artistic merit that characterize the Plains art style. This study examines decorated saddle blankets from three viewpoints. An historical overview suggests that although the horse and horsegear originated with Spanish occupation of the New World, the Plains decorated saddle blanket was an indigenous innovation. Available literary and pictorial information for Hispanic horsegear indicate that Spanish traditions of decoration did not include saddle blankets of the types found among Plains peoples. Saddle blankets are examples of the material culture of the Plains. In this respect they have been examined in terms of materials, construction, decoration, and use. Verbal and pictorial information, as well as extant examples provided information. Saddle blankets exhibit characteristics of shape and decorative style that are related to region and specific groups. They used both native and introduced materials and techniques. With some exceptions, they appear to have been made by and for women. As works of art, saddle blankets are part of a tradition that stressed the importance of the horse to Plains culture and used horse decoration to provide social messages about the rider to onlookers. This tradition included gender specific art styles, elaborate horse gear as a sign of wealth and generosity, and personal skill as a means of acquiring prestige. Decorated blankets are an example of a functional object achieving artistic value, alone and in combination with other objects. Close

• 75. [Article] Crescent Lake : archaeological journeys into central Oregon's Cascade Range

  The rugged Cascade Range of central Oregon has been long regarded as an enigmatic, archaeological puzzle in the study of the Pacific Northwest's ancient past. While ethnographic and archaeological research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crescent Lake : archaeological journeys into central Oregon's Cascade Range Author: Mulligan, Daniel M. The rugged Cascade Range of central Oregon has been long regarded as an enigmatic, archaeological puzzle in the study of the Pacific Northwest's ancient past. While ethnographic and archaeological research in the adjacent northern Great Basin, Columbia Plateau and Willamette Valley have revealed a rich and ancient tapestry of Native American peoples, cultures, histories and lifestyles, little is known about the human past of the intervening mountainous area. Factors such as scattered and/or small-scale investigations, limited research funding, complex terrain, variable environmental conditions and a poor historical record have tended to compel the archaeological community to shy away from casting an in-depth, contemplative eye on the central Oregon Cascades. However, recent research at Crescent Lake and other high elevation lake areas have produced evidence that suggests native peoples made seasonal use of the central Oregon uplands for at least the past 8,000 years. Analysis of cultural material recovered at the Crescent Lake Site (35KL749) suggests small, mobile groups repeatedly made seasonal journeys to Crescent Lake during both pre-Mazama (eg., pre-7000 B.P.) and post-Mazama (eg., post-6800 B.P.) times. Numerous artifacts found buried between late Pleistocene glacial till and recent surface soils suggest that Crescent Lake may have been a popular upland destination throughout the Holocene. Title: Crescent Lake : archaeological journeys into central Oregon's Cascade Range Author: Mulligan, Daniel M. The rugged Cascade Range of central Oregon has been long regarded as an enigmatic, archaeological puzzle in the study of the Pacific Northwest's ancient past. While ethnographic and archaeological research in the adjacent northern Great Basin, Columbia Plateau and Willamette Valley have revealed a rich and ancient tapestry of Native American peoples, cultures, histories and lifestyles, little is known about the human past of the intervening mountainous area. Factors such as scattered and/or small-scale investigations, limited research funding, complex terrain, variable environmental conditions and a poor historical record have tended to compel the archaeological community to shy away from casting an in-depth, contemplative eye on the central Oregon Cascades. However, recent research at Crescent Lake and other high elevation lake areas have produced evidence that suggests native peoples made seasonal use of the central Oregon uplands for at least the past 8,000 years. Analysis of cultural material recovered at the Crescent Lake Site (35KL749) suggests small, mobile groups repeatedly made seasonal journeys to Crescent Lake during both pre-Mazama (eg., pre-7000 B.P.) and post-Mazama (eg., post-6800 B.P.) times. Numerous artifacts found buried between late Pleistocene glacial till and recent surface soils suggest that Crescent Lake may have been a popular upland destination throughout the Holocene. Close

• 76. [Article] Sovereignty Under Arrest? Public Law 280 and its Discontents

  Law enforcement in Indian Country has been characterized as a “maze of injustice”—one in which offenders too easily escape and victims are too easily lost (Amnesty International, 2007). Tribal, state, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sovereignty Under Arrest? Public Law 280 and its Discontents Author: Cline, Sarah N. Law enforcement in Indian Country has been characterized as a “maze of injustice”—one in which offenders too easily escape and victims are too easily lost (Amnesty International, 2007). Tribal, state, and federal governments have recently sought to amend this through the passage of the Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA) in 2010 and the expansion of cross-deputization agreements. Positioning itself amid these developments, this study seeks to determine the administrative impact of Public Law 280 (P.L. 280), which creates a concurrent jurisdictional regime between states and tribes. Taking a mixed-methodological approach, the law’s effect on the sovereignty and resource capacity of tribal justice systems is first analyzed using existing data for 162 American Indian reservations. Through a series of logistic regressions, hypotheses are tested to determine whether a statistically significant difference emerges between policy treatments under P.L. 280. This quantitative analysis is then grounded in a case study of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, who are unique for their 1981 retrocession of criminal jurisdiction in the mandatory P.L. 280 state of Oregon. Both content analysis of archival records and semi-structured interviews with tribal, state, and federal public officials shed light on experiences of the criminal justice system before, during, and after P.L. 280. This research contributes to the overarching objectives of TLOA, which seek to locate best practices and administrative models in reducing crime and victimization on reservations. Title: Sovereignty Under Arrest? Public Law 280 and its Discontents Author: Cline, Sarah N. Law enforcement in Indian Country has been characterized as a “maze of injustice”—one in which offenders too easily escape and victims are too easily lost (Amnesty International, 2007). Tribal, state, and federal governments have recently sought to amend this through the passage of the Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA) in 2010 and the expansion of cross-deputization agreements. Positioning itself amid these developments, this study seeks to determine the administrative impact of Public Law 280 (P.L. 280), which creates a concurrent jurisdictional regime between states and tribes. Taking a mixed-methodological approach, the law’s effect on the sovereignty and resource capacity of tribal justice systems is first analyzed using existing data for 162 American Indian reservations. Through a series of logistic regressions, hypotheses are tested to determine whether a statistically significant difference emerges between policy treatments under P.L. 280. This quantitative analysis is then grounded in a case study of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, who are unique for their 1981 retrocession of criminal jurisdiction in the mandatory P.L. 280 state of Oregon. Both content analysis of archival records and semi-structured interviews with tribal, state, and federal public officials shed light on experiences of the criminal justice system before, during, and after P.L. 280. This research contributes to the overarching objectives of TLOA, which seek to locate best practices and administrative models in reducing crime and victimization on reservations. Close

• 77. [Article] Narrowing the college opportunity gap : helping students and families navigate the financial aid process

  The number of students enrolling in post-secondary institutions in the U.S. has slowly been rising over the last 10 years, yet gaps continue to exist in terms of who attends college and persists through ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Narrowing the college opportunity gap : helping students and families navigate the financial aid process Author: Owen, Laura (Laura Estelle) The number of students enrolling in post-secondary institutions in the U.S. has slowly been rising over the last 10 years, yet gaps continue to exist in terms of who attends college and persists through graduation. Minority and low income students often lack the guidance needed to navigate the college enrollment process and as a result, remain underrepresented at U.S. colleges and universities. The prospect of attending college is frequently ruled-out based on fears surrounding college costs and lack of awareness and exposure to financial aid programs. This dissertation study looked at the impact of increased school counselor outreach on FAFSA completion and college enrollment in a large urban school district in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Researchers found robust treatment effects on both FAFSA completion .103 (sd=.01) and college enrollment .117 (sd=.01) suggesting a strong correlation between student contact with a school counselor and these two essential tasks for successful college matriculation. The opportunity gap was narrowed for all groups measured with the greatest improvement noted for African American, Asian, and Native American students. Title: Narrowing the college opportunity gap : helping students and families navigate the financial aid process Author: Owen, Laura (Laura Estelle) The number of students enrolling in post-secondary institutions in the U.S. has slowly been rising over the last 10 years, yet gaps continue to exist in terms of who attends college and persists through graduation. Minority and low income students often lack the guidance needed to navigate the college enrollment process and as a result, remain underrepresented at U.S. colleges and universities. The prospect of attending college is frequently ruled-out based on fears surrounding college costs and lack of awareness and exposure to financial aid programs. This dissertation study looked at the impact of increased school counselor outreach on FAFSA completion and college enrollment in a large urban school district in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Researchers found robust treatment effects on both FAFSA completion .103 (sd=.01) and college enrollment .117 (sd=.01) suggesting a strong correlation between student contact with a school counselor and these two essential tasks for successful college matriculation. The opportunity gap was narrowed for all groups measured with the greatest improvement noted for African American, Asian, and Native American students. Close

• 78. [Article] Trends and Discrepancies in Program Completion Rates in a Dual Enrollment Program

  The United States is struggling to improve the educational attainment of high school students in order to meet workforce needs and remain internationally competitive. Fewer than 80% of U.S. students graduate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trends and Discrepancies in Program Completion Rates in a Dual Enrollment Program Author: Erstad, Rachel J. The United States is struggling to improve the educational attainment of high school students in order to meet workforce needs and remain internationally competitive. Fewer than 80% of U.S. students graduate from high school despite 30 years of policy initiatives aimed at improving graduation rates. This study focuses on completion rates within one national network, referred to as Breaking Barriers, which provides dual enrollment programs in over 20 states to students who have or are in danger of dropping out of high school. This student population (high school drop-outs) is statistically more likely to be in underrepresented student populations. In this research, underrepresented student populations refer to student groups who have been depicted in the literature as having higher high school dropout rates, including students of color- specifically black, Latino, and Native American students, males, and students with low socioeconomic status. Through applying Astin’s Input-Environment-Outcomes (I-E-O Framework) to a logistic regres-sion analysis of program disenrollment, this study seeks to determine what trends and discrepan-cies may exist in program disenrollment. The analysis finds certain populations, specifically fe-males, white students, and students with higher levels of socioeconomic status have a greater chance of program completion. Program GPA was the only variable which maintained signifi-cance at the 1% level, which indicates predictors of disenrollment within Breaking Barriers are comparable to those identified in literature examining high school dropout predictors. Title: Trends and Discrepancies in Program Completion Rates in a Dual Enrollment Program Author: Erstad, Rachel J. The United States is struggling to improve the educational attainment of high school students in order to meet workforce needs and remain internationally competitive. Fewer than 80% of U.S. students graduate from high school despite 30 years of policy initiatives aimed at improving graduation rates. This study focuses on completion rates within one national network, referred to as Breaking Barriers, which provides dual enrollment programs in over 20 states to students who have or are in danger of dropping out of high school. This student population (high school drop-outs) is statistically more likely to be in underrepresented student populations. In this research, underrepresented student populations refer to student groups who have been depicted in the literature as having higher high school dropout rates, including students of color- specifically black, Latino, and Native American students, males, and students with low socioeconomic status. Through applying Astin’s Input-Environment-Outcomes (I-E-O Framework) to a logistic regres-sion analysis of program disenrollment, this study seeks to determine what trends and discrepan-cies may exist in program disenrollment. The analysis finds certain populations, specifically fe-males, white students, and students with higher levels of socioeconomic status have a greater chance of program completion. Program GPA was the only variable which maintained signifi-cance at the 1% level, which indicates predictors of disenrollment within Breaking Barriers are comparable to those identified in literature examining high school dropout predictors. Close

• 79. [Article] Metabolism and Excretion Rates of Parent and Hydroxy-PAHs in Urine Collected after Consumption of Traditionally Smoked Salmon for Native American Volunteers

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/science-of-the-t...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Metabolism and Excretion Rates of Parent and Hydroxy-PAHs in Urine Collected after Consumption of Traditionally Smoked Salmon for Native American Volunteers Author: Santiago-Delgado, Lisandra, Harris, Stuart, Schrlau, Jill E., Harding, Anna, Rohlman, Diana, Harper, Barbara, Simonich, Staci L. Massey, Kile, Molly L., Motorykin, Oleksii This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/science-of-the-total-environment/ Title: Metabolism and Excretion Rates of Parent and Hydroxy-PAHs in Urine Collected after Consumption of Traditionally Smoked Salmon for Native American Volunteers Author: Santiago-Delgado, Lisandra, Harris, Stuart, Schrlau, Jill E., Harding, Anna, Rohlman, Diana, Harper, Barbara, Simonich, Staci L. Massey, Kile, Molly L., Motorykin, Oleksii This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/science-of-the-total-environment/ Close

• 80. [Article] Integrating Climate Adaptation Planning and Watershed Assessments to Improve Community-Engaged Watershed Management: A Case Study from the Klamath Basin, Oregon

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating Climate Adaptation Planning and Watershed Assessments to Improve Community-Engaged Watershed Management: A Case Study from the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Vynne, Stacy, Rosenthal, Ethan, Fisk, Terry, Bierly, Ken, Addington, Greg, Jackson, Nathan Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Integrating Climate Adaptation Planning and Watershed Assessments to Improve Community-Engaged Watershed Management: A Case Study from the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Vynne, Stacy, Rosenthal, Ethan, Fisk, Terry, Bierly, Ken, Addington, Greg, Jackson, Nathan Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 81. [Article] Traditional ecological knowledge of Siletz tribal members

  This research effort examined Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of Siletz tribal members of the environment they live and/or lived in, and how both Western societal beliefs and land reduction to the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traditional ecological knowledge of Siletz tribal members Author: Hatfield, Samantha Chisholm This research effort examined Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of Siletz tribal members of the environment they live and/or lived in, and how both Western societal beliefs and land reduction to the initially established reservation location affected and altered how the area TEK has been maintained and passed down. The theory being tested was that "The knowledge gathered by Tribal members was significantly altered by the influence of Western societal beliefs and land reductions." Confederated Tribes of Siletz tribal members older than eighteen years of age were interviewed, and these interviews were analyzed. Identification of tribal members' information, experience, and corroboration with Western scientific validation was examined and illustrated the validity of juxtaposing TEK application and information with existing Western scientific methods. Tribal members' utilization of TEK showed a routinely employed system of identification as well as selective collection and natural management of resources for future replenishment based on natural ecological patterns and behaviors rather than Western scientific principles. The conclusion of this research effort was that the system of TEK has been employed in a predictable and consistent manner that operates in relation to the environment and gathering information from environmental changes, reflecting human adaptation rather than Western scientific ideology. Title: Traditional ecological knowledge of Siletz tribal members Author: Hatfield, Samantha Chisholm This research effort examined Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of Siletz tribal members of the environment they live and/or lived in, and how both Western societal beliefs and land reduction to the initially established reservation location affected and altered how the area TEK has been maintained and passed down. The theory being tested was that "The knowledge gathered by Tribal members was significantly altered by the influence of Western societal beliefs and land reductions." Confederated Tribes of Siletz tribal members older than eighteen years of age were interviewed, and these interviews were analyzed. Identification of tribal members' information, experience, and corroboration with Western scientific validation was examined and illustrated the validity of juxtaposing TEK application and information with existing Western scientific methods. Tribal members' utilization of TEK showed a routinely employed system of identification as well as selective collection and natural management of resources for future replenishment based on natural ecological patterns and behaviors rather than Western scientific principles. The conclusion of this research effort was that the system of TEK has been employed in a predictable and consistent manner that operates in relation to the environment and gathering information from environmental changes, reflecting human adaptation rather than Western scientific ideology. Close

• 82. [Article] The Oregon Tribal Archives Institute: Providing a Professional Development and Networking Opportunity for Oregon’s Tribal Communities

  Presenters: Natalia Fernández, Oregon State University; David Lewis, Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon; and Jennifer O’Neal, University of Oregon. The session chair was Larry Landis, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon Tribal Archives Institute: Providing a Professional Development and Networking Opportunity for Oregon’s Tribal Communities Author: Fernández, Natalia, O'Neal, Jennifer, Lewis, David Presenters: Natalia Fernández, Oregon State University; David Lewis, Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon; and Jennifer O’Neal, University of Oregon. The session chair was Larry Landis, Oregon State University Title: The Oregon Tribal Archives Institute: Providing a Professional Development and Networking Opportunity for Oregon’s Tribal Communities Author: Fernández, Natalia, O'Neal, Jennifer, Lewis, David Presenters: Natalia Fernández, Oregon State University; David Lewis, Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon; and Jennifer O’Neal, University of Oregon. The session chair was Larry Landis, Oregon State University Close

• 83. [Article] Opportunities for Collaboration: Relationships between Tribal Communities and Non-Tribal Cultural Heritage Institutions

  Session Moderator: Elizabeth Joffrion, Director of Heritage Resources, Western Washington University. Session Presenters: Natalia Fernandez, Oregon Multicultural Librarian, Oregon Multicultural Archives, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Opportunities for Collaboration: Relationships between Tribal Communities and Non-Tribal Cultural Heritage Institutions Author: Fernández, Natalia Session Moderator: Elizabeth Joffrion, Director of Heritage Resources, Western Washington University. Session Presenters: Natalia Fernandez, Oregon Multicultural Librarian, Oregon Multicultural Archives, Oregon State University; Kimberly Christen, Associate Professor, Washington State University; Jennifer O'Neal, University Historian and Archivist, University of Oregon Libraries; Cheryl Hinton, Director Emeritus/ Curator of Collections, Barona Cultural Center & Museum Title: Opportunities for Collaboration: Relationships between Tribal Communities and Non-Tribal Cultural Heritage Institutions Author: Fernández, Natalia Session Moderator: Elizabeth Joffrion, Director of Heritage Resources, Western Washington University. Session Presenters: Natalia Fernandez, Oregon Multicultural Librarian, Oregon Multicultural Archives, Oregon State University; Kimberly Christen, Associate Professor, Washington State University; Jennifer O'Neal, University Historian and Archivist, University of Oregon Libraries; Cheryl Hinton, Director Emeritus/ Curator of Collections, Barona Cultural Center & Museum Close

• 84. [Article] Collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal Organizations: Sharing Expertise, Knowledge, and Cultural Resources ~ A Research Study

  Collaborations between tribal and non-tribal organizations bring diverse communities together, often for the first time, to educate and learn, to address misinterpretations of the past, and to share cultural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal Organizations: Sharing Expertise, Knowledge, and Cultural Resources ~ A Research Study Author: Fernández, Natalia Collaborations between tribal and non-tribal organizations bring diverse communities together, often for the first time, to educate and learn, to address misinterpretations of the past, and to share cultural resources and knowledge. Through an examination of data obtained through a national survey, this session will introduce a variety of collaborative practices and investigate how successful partnerships are initiated, developed, and maintained; the degree to which the Protocols for Native American Archival Materials are referenced in the development of policies and procedures; and "lessons learned" across a wide-range of collaborative projects and partnerships. This overview of a variety of models of collaboration is intended to offer a set of best practices for both tribal and non-tribal organizations interested in sharing useful skills, knowledge, and resources through partnerships. We presented our research findings, followed by a panel discussion featuring participants from several successful collaborative projects explored in the research data. Title: Collaborations between Tribal and Non-Tribal Organizations: Sharing Expertise, Knowledge, and Cultural Resources ~ A Research Study Author: Fernández, Natalia Collaborations between tribal and non-tribal organizations bring diverse communities together, often for the first time, to educate and learn, to address misinterpretations of the past, and to share cultural resources and knowledge. Through an examination of data obtained through a national survey, this session will introduce a variety of collaborative practices and investigate how successful partnerships are initiated, developed, and maintained; the degree to which the Protocols for Native American Archival Materials are referenced in the development of policies and procedures; and "lessons learned" across a wide-range of collaborative projects and partnerships. This overview of a variety of models of collaboration is intended to offer a set of best practices for both tribal and non-tribal organizations interested in sharing useful skills, knowledge, and resources through partnerships. We presented our research findings, followed by a panel discussion featuring participants from several successful collaborative projects explored in the research data. Close

• 85. [Article] Tales from the trenches : the people, policies, and procedures of cultural resource management

  Since the late 1970s, archaeology has grown into an industry whose practitioners work in both public and private sectors. As an industry, modern archeology is commonly known as Cultural Resources Management, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tales from the trenches : the people, policies, and procedures of cultural resource management Author: Wilson, Michele L. Since the late 1970s, archaeology has grown into an industry whose practitioners work in both public and private sectors. As an industry, modern archeology is commonly known as Cultural Resources Management, or CRM. CRM emerged from a surplus of employment opportunities made available to archeologists after the passing of National heritage legislation. This legislation defines the importance of discovering, documenting, and recovering the places and objects associated with people and events important to United States' history. As there are many different people who are considered to be important to United States' history (e.g., past presidents, Native Americans), there are as many different archeologists seeking to participate in its interpretation, each with various educational and experience backgrounds. While CRM has been successful in partially piecing back together history, its practitioners confront numerous challenges. These challenges are often associated with meeting the standards outlined by the legislation but also include challenges associated with industry personnel. In some cases, the industry's efforts to meet these standards have led to labor problems. As a result, many CRM employees today see a separation between industry managers and industry laborers that has made it increasingly difficult to fulfill the goals of the legislation and to ultimately contribute to our understanding of the past. Primarily, the role and contribution of field technicians to CRM is being debated by many CRM practitioners. This thesis explores the relationship between the two primary CRM personnel parties - the managers and laborers in an effort to define the labor problems confronting CRM personnel, how they have evolved, and what solutions are available to them (both managers and laborers). To this end, I surveyed industry managers and field technicians to better understand how each perceives the role of field technicians. Challenges confronting CRM personnel will be shown to partially stem from low industry wages, deficient safety policies and procedures, out-dated academic curricula, and a lack of communication between managers and field technicians. Investigations of the relationship between management and labor provide a unique opportunity to explore a multitude of questions related to CRM employment over the past two decades and in the future. Title: Tales from the trenches : the people, policies, and procedures of cultural resource management Author: Wilson, Michele L. Since the late 1970s, archaeology has grown into an industry whose practitioners work in both public and private sectors. As an industry, modern archeology is commonly known as Cultural Resources Management, or CRM. CRM emerged from a surplus of employment opportunities made available to archeologists after the passing of National heritage legislation. This legislation defines the importance of discovering, documenting, and recovering the places and objects associated with people and events important to United States' history. As there are many different people who are considered to be important to United States' history (e.g., past presidents, Native Americans), there are as many different archeologists seeking to participate in its interpretation, each with various educational and experience backgrounds. While CRM has been successful in partially piecing back together history, its practitioners confront numerous challenges. These challenges are often associated with meeting the standards outlined by the legislation but also include challenges associated with industry personnel. In some cases, the industry's efforts to meet these standards have led to labor problems. As a result, many CRM employees today see a separation between industry managers and industry laborers that has made it increasingly difficult to fulfill the goals of the legislation and to ultimately contribute to our understanding of the past. Primarily, the role and contribution of field technicians to CRM is being debated by many CRM practitioners. This thesis explores the relationship between the two primary CRM personnel parties - the managers and laborers in an effort to define the labor problems confronting CRM personnel, how they have evolved, and what solutions are available to them (both managers and laborers). To this end, I surveyed industry managers and field technicians to better understand how each perceives the role of field technicians. Challenges confronting CRM personnel will be shown to partially stem from low industry wages, deficient safety policies and procedures, out-dated academic curricula, and a lack of communication between managers and field technicians. Investigations of the relationship between management and labor provide a unique opportunity to explore a multitude of questions related to CRM employment over the past two decades and in the future. Close

• 86. [Article] Data and Information Needs for Effective Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning: A Washington State Case Study

  Washington state is currently developing a marine spatial plan for its outer coast under a mandate from its Legislature.  One key mandate for the plan involves mapping areas that have “high potential for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data and Information Needs for Effective Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning: A Washington State Case Study Author: Niles, Corey Washington state is currently developing a marine spatial plan for its outer coast under a mandate from its Legislature.  One key mandate for the plan involves mapping areas that have “high potential for renewable energy production with minimal potential for conflicts with existing uses and sensitive environments.”  Fisheries are a major focus with the Legislature mandating that the plan “minimize the negative impacts” on commercial and recreational fishing.  The plan will apply directly to state waters and also seek to influence the siting of projects in federal waters through the Coastal Zone Management Act and linkages to federal marine spatial planning efforts. The prospect of renewable energy projects in the ocean has been controversial. Washington’s coast is not heavily populated but no area of the ocean clearly shows “minimal potential for conflict.”  The northern coast is home to Native American tribes who hold treaty rights to fish in the ocean, a national marine sanctuary, a national park, and hundreds of offshore rocks and reefs managed as national wildlife refuges.  The southern coast is the center of the Dungeness Crab fishery, the most important commercial fishery for the coast's fishing communities. Planning has been ongoing for a number of years with the plan now scheduled for completion in 2017.  This talk will reflect on the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife’s experience with the process and will discuss how the innovations sought by marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based management have played out so far.  Title: Data and Information Needs for Effective Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning: A Washington State Case Study Author: Niles, Corey Washington state is currently developing a marine spatial plan for its outer coast under a mandate from its Legislature.  One key mandate for the plan involves mapping areas that have “high potential for renewable energy production with minimal potential for conflicts with existing uses and sensitive environments.”  Fisheries are a major focus with the Legislature mandating that the plan “minimize the negative impacts” on commercial and recreational fishing.  The plan will apply directly to state waters and also seek to influence the siting of projects in federal waters through the Coastal Zone Management Act and linkages to federal marine spatial planning efforts. The prospect of renewable energy projects in the ocean has been controversial. Washington’s coast is not heavily populated but no area of the ocean clearly shows “minimal potential for conflict.”  The northern coast is home to Native American tribes who hold treaty rights to fish in the ocean, a national marine sanctuary, a national park, and hundreds of offshore rocks and reefs managed as national wildlife refuges.  The southern coast is the center of the Dungeness Crab fishery, the most important commercial fishery for the coast's fishing communities. Planning has been ongoing for a number of years with the plan now scheduled for completion in 2017.  This talk will reflect on the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife’s experience with the process and will discuss how the innovations sought by marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based management have played out so far.  Close

• 87. [Article] Temporal and spatial variability of historic fire frequency in the southern Willamette Valley foothills of Oregon

  A crossdated fire history was reconstructed for a 1562 km2 area in the southern Willamette foothills of Oregon, using fire scars and tree origin years from twelve sites. The purpose of this study was to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temporal and spatial variability of historic fire frequency in the southern Willamette Valley foothills of Oregon Author: Robbins, Danielle A crossdated fire history was reconstructed for a 1562 km2 area in the southern Willamette foothills of Oregon, using fire scars and tree origin years from twelve sites. The purpose of this study was to determine fire frequency for each site and to quantify temporal and spatial variability of fire frequency. Fire frequency distributions were related to climate history and the patterns of human settlement, and compared with other regional fire histories. Dendrochronological methods were used to assign calendar years to fire scars and pith dates. General Land Office maps and surveyor notes were used to determine site and study area level changes in vegetation and Euro-American land use patterns. Climatic influence on fire over time was determined using superposed epoch analysis. Forty-three fire dates were reconstructed for the 290 year period from 1700 to 1990. The minimum and maximum fire intervals were two years and 191 years; the study area mean fire return interval was 49 years. Over two-thirds of all site level fire intervals were less than 40 years, and less than one-fifth were longer than 80 years. Fire frequency differed between the east and west sides of the Willamette Valley. West side sites experienced more frequent fires on average than the east side sites: 57% of all west side site fire intervals were less than 20 years, while 68% of all east side site fire intervals were less than 40 years. Both human and vegetative factors were potentially influencing the fire regimes of each side of the valley. West side sites were within, or adjacent to, woodland forest cover types and were closer to earlier and more intensive Euro-American settlement. Fire frequency throughout the study area did not change substantially over time. Fire occurred every decade or so, with occasional longer fire intervals, until after 1905, at which time fire occurred roughly every 15 to 20 years until 1979. Unlike other regional fire history studies, this study found no statistically significant differences in the number of fires by time periods of varying land use and climate. When the rule set for defining fire events was modified, fire frequency could be shown to be weakly significantly associated with these time periods. This indicates that methodology can appreciably influence the results of fire history reconstruction. Moreover, the sample size of trees dating from the 1 700s was small, so the estimate of fire frequency for the 1 700s is uncertain. Fire frequency was not related to drought over the whole study period (1700- 1990), but fire was more likely to occur three years following a drought year over the period from 1700 to 1849, whereas after 1850, fire was significantly associated with drought years. Fire occurrence was as expected (but not significantly so) during the period 1700 to 1800, slightly higher than expected (but not significantly) for the period 1800 to 1850, higher than expected (but not significantly) after 1850, and lower than expected (but not significantly) after 1925. Several hypotheses could explain these findings: (1) the relationship between wildfire and drought is different during cooler, wetter periods than warm, dry periods; (2) Native Americans influenced fire during the 1700-1849 period, obscuring the relationship between fire and drought; (3) European settlement of the Willamette Valley in the mid to late 1 800s increased the occurrence of fire and enhanced the effects of a warming climate, and (4) fire suppression after 1920 resulted in a decrease in fire occurrence. More sampling of older stumps in the Willamette Valley foothills would likely lend credibility to the record of fire frequency before 1800 and would increase the sample depth for use in the Superposed Epoch Analysis of the fire-drought relationship. Sampling along transects extending from the foothills into the Cascades and Coast Ranges would foster a better understanding of the spatial scope to which Native American burning influenced forests adjacent to the valley floor. Title: Temporal and spatial variability of historic fire frequency in the southern Willamette Valley foothills of Oregon Author: Robbins, Danielle A crossdated fire history was reconstructed for a 1562 km2 area in the southern Willamette foothills of Oregon, using fire scars and tree origin years from twelve sites. The purpose of this study was to determine fire frequency for each site and to quantify temporal and spatial variability of fire frequency. Fire frequency distributions were related to climate history and the patterns of human settlement, and compared with other regional fire histories. Dendrochronological methods were used to assign calendar years to fire scars and pith dates. General Land Office maps and surveyor notes were used to determine site and study area level changes in vegetation and Euro-American land use patterns. Climatic influence on fire over time was determined using superposed epoch analysis. Forty-three fire dates were reconstructed for the 290 year period from 1700 to 1990. The minimum and maximum fire intervals were two years and 191 years; the study area mean fire return interval was 49 years. Over two-thirds of all site level fire intervals were less than 40 years, and less than one-fifth were longer than 80 years. Fire frequency differed between the east and west sides of the Willamette Valley. West side sites experienced more frequent fires on average than the east side sites: 57% of all west side site fire intervals were less than 20 years, while 68% of all east side site fire intervals were less than 40 years. Both human and vegetative factors were potentially influencing the fire regimes of each side of the valley. West side sites were within, or adjacent to, woodland forest cover types and were closer to earlier and more intensive Euro-American settlement. Fire frequency throughout the study area did not change substantially over time. Fire occurred every decade or so, with occasional longer fire intervals, until after 1905, at which time fire occurred roughly every 15 to 20 years until 1979. Unlike other regional fire history studies, this study found no statistically significant differences in the number of fires by time periods of varying land use and climate. When the rule set for defining fire events was modified, fire frequency could be shown to be weakly significantly associated with these time periods. This indicates that methodology can appreciably influence the results of fire history reconstruction. Moreover, the sample size of trees dating from the 1 700s was small, so the estimate of fire frequency for the 1 700s is uncertain. Fire frequency was not related to drought over the whole study period (1700- 1990), but fire was more likely to occur three years following a drought year over the period from 1700 to 1849, whereas after 1850, fire was significantly associated with drought years. Fire occurrence was as expected (but not significantly so) during the period 1700 to 1800, slightly higher than expected (but not significantly) for the period 1800 to 1850, higher than expected (but not significantly) after 1850, and lower than expected (but not significantly) after 1925. Several hypotheses could explain these findings: (1) the relationship between wildfire and drought is different during cooler, wetter periods than warm, dry periods; (2) Native Americans influenced fire during the 1700-1849 period, obscuring the relationship between fire and drought; (3) European settlement of the Willamette Valley in the mid to late 1 800s increased the occurrence of fire and enhanced the effects of a warming climate, and (4) fire suppression after 1920 resulted in a decrease in fire occurrence. More sampling of older stumps in the Willamette Valley foothills would likely lend credibility to the record of fire frequency before 1800 and would increase the sample depth for use in the Superposed Epoch Analysis of the fire-drought relationship. Sampling along transects extending from the foothills into the Cascades and Coast Ranges would foster a better understanding of the spatial scope to which Native American burning influenced forests adjacent to the valley floor. Close

• 88. [Article] Overstory composition and stand structure shifts within inter-mixed ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine stands of the south-central Oregon pumice zone

  Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana) forests of south-central Oregon have been extensively researched over the last century. However, little information has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Overstory composition and stand structure shifts within inter-mixed ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine stands of the south-central Oregon pumice zone Author: Shuffield, Chaylon D. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana) forests of south-central Oregon have been extensively researched over the last century. However, little information has been reported on overstory composition and stand structure shifts associated with fire exclusion within inter-mixed ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine stands of the south-central Oregon pumice zone. In recent time, the lack of disturbance history and quantitative information needed to reconstruct historic stand conditions has become a growing concern for many ecologists. The need to collect quantitative information from remnant old-growth stands is imperative to improve restoration activities, incorporate stand-level diversity, identify the degree of successional departure, and to ensure valuable data is archived for future reference and ecological analysis. In Chapter 1, an exhaustive search for published information on early land-use practices specific to our study area was performed to: (1) identify the degree of Native American influence on vegetation; (2) identify direct and indirect Euro-American disturbances involving the loss of natural processes; and (3) establish a reference period for appropriate representation of historic conditions. In Chapter 2, remnant old-growth stands were analyzed using dendrochronological techniques and statistical comparisons to quantify: (1) shifts in overstory composition and stand structure; (2) growth and development of ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine across time; and to (3) characterize the influence of climate and fire on species recruitment. Our analysis indicated successional trajectory shifts occurred shortly after the loss of Native American influence beginning around 1850 and associated affects of intensive grazing following 1880. Age reconstruction displayed an exponential pattern of recruitment between 1880 and 1950. Since 1850, our analysis revealed a reduction in average tree basal area growth and height development of understory ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine. Ponderosa pine greater than 150 years old accounted for less than 5.0% of the total contemporary density, but composed 45.0% of the total basal area. Lodgepole pine greater than 100 years old accounted for approximately 3.0% of the total contemporary density and composed 12.8% of the total basal area. Stand density for our study area averaged 25.3 trees per hectare for ponderosa pine greater than 53.3 centimeters diameter at 1.4 meters. We report low levels of lodgepole pine recruitment (2/hectare/decade) prior to 1880 and suggest the long-term development of less fire-resistant lodgepole pine has been favored since fire exclusion. Furthermore, contemporary settings support conditions associated to atypical mountain pine beetle outbreaks and fire behavior known to cause mortality of large diameter ponderosa pine. Restoration of remnant inter-mixed stands requires the aggressive removal of lodgepole pine and re-introduction of fire to provide long-term sustainability of ecosystem health and preservation of large diameter ponderosa pine. Title: Overstory composition and stand structure shifts within inter-mixed ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine stands of the south-central Oregon pumice zone Author: Shuffield, Chaylon D. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana) forests of south-central Oregon have been extensively researched over the last century. However, little information has been reported on overstory composition and stand structure shifts associated with fire exclusion within inter-mixed ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine stands of the south-central Oregon pumice zone. In recent time, the lack of disturbance history and quantitative information needed to reconstruct historic stand conditions has become a growing concern for many ecologists. The need to collect quantitative information from remnant old-growth stands is imperative to improve restoration activities, incorporate stand-level diversity, identify the degree of successional departure, and to ensure valuable data is archived for future reference and ecological analysis. In Chapter 1, an exhaustive search for published information on early land-use practices specific to our study area was performed to: (1) identify the degree of Native American influence on vegetation; (2) identify direct and indirect Euro-American disturbances involving the loss of natural processes; and (3) establish a reference period for appropriate representation of historic conditions. In Chapter 2, remnant old-growth stands were analyzed using dendrochronological techniques and statistical comparisons to quantify: (1) shifts in overstory composition and stand structure; (2) growth and development of ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine across time; and to (3) characterize the influence of climate and fire on species recruitment. Our analysis indicated successional trajectory shifts occurred shortly after the loss of Native American influence beginning around 1850 and associated affects of intensive grazing following 1880. Age reconstruction displayed an exponential pattern of recruitment between 1880 and 1950. Since 1850, our analysis revealed a reduction in average tree basal area growth and height development of understory ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine. Ponderosa pine greater than 150 years old accounted for less than 5.0% of the total contemporary density, but composed 45.0% of the total basal area. Lodgepole pine greater than 100 years old accounted for approximately 3.0% of the total contemporary density and composed 12.8% of the total basal area. Stand density for our study area averaged 25.3 trees per hectare for ponderosa pine greater than 53.3 centimeters diameter at 1.4 meters. We report low levels of lodgepole pine recruitment (2/hectare/decade) prior to 1880 and suggest the long-term development of less fire-resistant lodgepole pine has been favored since fire exclusion. Furthermore, contemporary settings support conditions associated to atypical mountain pine beetle outbreaks and fire behavior known to cause mortality of large diameter ponderosa pine. Restoration of remnant inter-mixed stands requires the aggressive removal of lodgepole pine and re-introduction of fire to provide long-term sustainability of ecosystem health and preservation of large diameter ponderosa pine. Close

• 89. [Article] Strawberry cultivars for Oregon

  Published March 2008. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://ex...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strawberry cultivars for Oregon Author: Finn, Chad Elliott, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Strik, Bernadine C. (Bernadine Cornelia), 1962- Published March 2008. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Strawberry cultivars for Oregon Author: Finn, Chad Elliott, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Strik, Bernadine C. (Bernadine Cornelia), 1962- Published March 2008. A more recent revision exists. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 90. [Article] Susceptiblity of golden chinquapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla) to Phytophthora cambivora

  In early 2000, unusual mortality of a native North American tree, golden chinquapin, was reported by the USDA-Forest Service. Dying trees exhibited girdling cankers in the inner bark of the lower bole, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Susceptiblity of golden chinquapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla) to Phytophthora cambivora Author: Saavedra, Angel Luis In early 2000, unusual mortality of a native North American tree, golden chinquapin, was reported by the USDA-Forest Service. Dying trees exhibited girdling cankers in the inner bark of the lower bole, branch flagging and defoliation. Isolations from necrotic tissues and soil associated with diseased or killed trees yielded Phytophthora cambivora, a pathogen that is known to infect and kill chestnut species in Europe and in the United States. Morphological, physiological and molecular testing confirmed the identity of isolates recovered as P. cambivora. Pairing tests showed that both mating types, A1 and A2, of this species were present in forest soil in Oregon. Pathogenicity tests were conducted to confirm the susceptibility of golden chinquapin to P. cambivora. Two inoculation trials were conducted: 1) Trees were wound inoculated with mycelial plugs of P. cambivora; after 35 days necrotic tissues were formed in the inner bark of all the inoculated trees, as seen in natural infections. 2) Seedlings were inoculated with a zoospore suspension of P. cambivora; after 38 days all inoculated seedlings were killed, the roots were rotted and the inner bark of lower stems was necrotic. Phytophthora cambivora was re-isolated from necrotic tissues in both trials, completing Koch's postulates. Title: Susceptiblity of golden chinquapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla) to Phytophthora cambivora Author: Saavedra, Angel Luis In early 2000, unusual mortality of a native North American tree, golden chinquapin, was reported by the USDA-Forest Service. Dying trees exhibited girdling cankers in the inner bark of the lower bole, branch flagging and defoliation. Isolations from necrotic tissues and soil associated with diseased or killed trees yielded Phytophthora cambivora, a pathogen that is known to infect and kill chestnut species in Europe and in the United States. Morphological, physiological and molecular testing confirmed the identity of isolates recovered as P. cambivora. Pairing tests showed that both mating types, A1 and A2, of this species were present in forest soil in Oregon. Pathogenicity tests were conducted to confirm the susceptibility of golden chinquapin to P. cambivora. Two inoculation trials were conducted: 1) Trees were wound inoculated with mycelial plugs of P. cambivora; after 35 days necrotic tissues were formed in the inner bark of all the inoculated trees, as seen in natural infections. 2) Seedlings were inoculated with a zoospore suspension of P. cambivora; after 38 days all inoculated seedlings were killed, the roots were rotted and the inner bark of lower stems was necrotic. Phytophthora cambivora was re-isolated from necrotic tissues in both trials, completing Koch's postulates. Close

• 91. [Article] Use of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among American Indians and Alaska Natives including the Role of the Great Recession : Evidence from the National Survey of Family Growth

  American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) have more negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes than non-Hispanic whites. Little is known, however, about the factors that lead to sexual and reproductive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among American Indians and Alaska Natives including the Role of the Great Recession : Evidence from the National Survey of Family Growth Author: Cahn, Megan A. American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) have more negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes than non-Hispanic whites. Little is known, however, about the factors that lead to sexual and reproductive health disparities for AIANs, including the role of sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS). Logistic regression analyses were performed on data from the 2002 and 2006- 2010 National Survey of Family Growth to 1) provide baseline data on SRHS use prior to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act for a nationally representative sample of AIAN women and men, 2) identify factors associated with SRHS use among AIANs, and 3) assess the impact of the Great Recession on AIAN SRHS use. AIAN women in urban areas were less likely to receive SRHS and birth control services than non-Hispanic whites. Additionally, AIAN women living in the South and with incomes above 133% of the federal poverty level were less likely than non-Hispanic white women to use birth control services. Conversely, AIAN men were equally likely as non-Hispanic whites to use birth control services. AIAN women and men were as likely or more likely to use STI/HIV services than their non- Hispanic white counterparts. Additionally, AIANs use of SRHS did not change as a result of the Recession. However, disparities in birth control service use between AIANs and NHWs persisted during the Recession. Title: Use of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services among American Indians and Alaska Natives including the Role of the Great Recession : Evidence from the National Survey of Family Growth Author: Cahn, Megan A. American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) have more negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes than non-Hispanic whites. Little is known, however, about the factors that lead to sexual and reproductive health disparities for AIANs, including the role of sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS). Logistic regression analyses were performed on data from the 2002 and 2006- 2010 National Survey of Family Growth to 1) provide baseline data on SRHS use prior to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act for a nationally representative sample of AIAN women and men, 2) identify factors associated with SRHS use among AIANs, and 3) assess the impact of the Great Recession on AIAN SRHS use. AIAN women in urban areas were less likely to receive SRHS and birth control services than non-Hispanic whites. Additionally, AIAN women living in the South and with incomes above 133% of the federal poverty level were less likely than non-Hispanic white women to use birth control services. Conversely, AIAN men were equally likely as non-Hispanic whites to use birth control services. AIAN women and men were as likely or more likely to use STI/HIV services than their non- Hispanic white counterparts. Additionally, AIANs use of SRHS did not change as a result of the Recession. However, disparities in birth control service use between AIANs and NHWs persisted during the Recession. Close

• 92. [Article] Man and the land : an ecological history of fire and grazing on eastern Oregon rangelands

  Ecological and historical information are combined in examining the environmental influence of fire and grazing on rangelands in eastern Oregon through time. Competitive relationships between herbaceous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Man and the land : an ecological history of fire and grazing on eastern Oregon rangelands Author: Shinn, Dean Allison Ecological and historical information are combined in examining the environmental influence of fire and grazing on rangelands in eastern Oregon through time. Competitive relationships between herbaceous and woody flora in the northern Great Basin are discussed, focusing broadly on the shrubsteppe regions 'of Franklin and Dyrness (1973) but with special reference to the Artemisia/Agropyron association. Impacts of native and domestic grazing animals and of cultural burning are traced from the distant past into recent history. During the Pleistocene Epoch North America supported a wide diversity of large mammals. Toward the end of the Pleistocene, many of these fauna became extinct, perhaps as a result of post-glacial climatic change, perhaps also under the influence of incoming primitive hunting cultures and their broadcast burning practices. Some question exists about the intensity of native grazing in the northern Great Basin during the last few thousand years. Actual levels of bison populations and the duration of their residence in the study area have not been determined. The character of indigenous vegetations, however, indicates that native grazing was relatively light for an extended period primevally. Twenty-four references to native cultural burning at the time of European contact were found in historical journals. Though the antiquity of these customs is uncertain, an analysis of Native American fire myths demonstrates the depth of native cultural perceptions of the relationship between man and fire, and supports the likelihood that fire was used primevally in the northern Great Basin as it was used by aboriginal peoples elsewhere in North America. With the influx of European culture during the 19th century, misapprehensions about fire among whites distorted the influence of native cultural burning. Exotic flora and fauna were introduced, and ecosystems began to change. Large herds of livestock depleted native herbaceous populations. Early irresponsible burning by whites became associated with declining rangeland resources, and efforts toward total fire suppression became incorporated in developing conservation policies. Native woody flora and exotics began to invade open rangeland communities. Climatic flux during the period of European settlement in the northern Great Basin may have exacerbated the impacts of intensified grazing and elimination of burning. Early photographs of rangelands in east-central Oregon were gathered; their dates range from 1880 to the early 1930's. Sites represented in these pictures were re-photographed in 1976. Photo-set comparisons show expansion of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) populations into rangeland ecosystems, demonstrating the consequences of cultural disturbances during the last 150 to 200 years. Title: Man and the land : an ecological history of fire and grazing on eastern Oregon rangelands Author: Shinn, Dean Allison Ecological and historical information are combined in examining the environmental influence of fire and grazing on rangelands in eastern Oregon through time. Competitive relationships between herbaceous and woody flora in the northern Great Basin are discussed, focusing broadly on the shrubsteppe regions 'of Franklin and Dyrness (1973) but with special reference to the Artemisia/Agropyron association. Impacts of native and domestic grazing animals and of cultural burning are traced from the distant past into recent history. During the Pleistocene Epoch North America supported a wide diversity of large mammals. Toward the end of the Pleistocene, many of these fauna became extinct, perhaps as a result of post-glacial climatic change, perhaps also under the influence of incoming primitive hunting cultures and their broadcast burning practices. Some question exists about the intensity of native grazing in the northern Great Basin during the last few thousand years. Actual levels of bison populations and the duration of their residence in the study area have not been determined. The character of indigenous vegetations, however, indicates that native grazing was relatively light for an extended period primevally. Twenty-four references to native cultural burning at the time of European contact were found in historical journals. Though the antiquity of these customs is uncertain, an analysis of Native American fire myths demonstrates the depth of native cultural perceptions of the relationship between man and fire, and supports the likelihood that fire was used primevally in the northern Great Basin as it was used by aboriginal peoples elsewhere in North America. With the influx of European culture during the 19th century, misapprehensions about fire among whites distorted the influence of native cultural burning. Exotic flora and fauna were introduced, and ecosystems began to change. Large herds of livestock depleted native herbaceous populations. Early irresponsible burning by whites became associated with declining rangeland resources, and efforts toward total fire suppression became incorporated in developing conservation policies. Native woody flora and exotics began to invade open rangeland communities. Climatic flux during the period of European settlement in the northern Great Basin may have exacerbated the impacts of intensified grazing and elimination of burning. Early photographs of rangelands in east-central Oregon were gathered; their dates range from 1880 to the early 1930's. Sites represented in these pictures were re-photographed in 1976. Photo-set comparisons show expansion of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) populations into rangeland ecosystems, demonstrating the consequences of cultural disturbances during the last 150 to 200 years. Close

• 93. [Article] The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology

  Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology Author: Highland, Steven A. Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape and have contracted by over 50% in the past two hundred years in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (hereafter Andrews Forest). Many studies have linked the loss of meadows with local extirpation of species and loss of regional biodiversity, but these processes depend upon the factors that create and maintain meadows, and how species respond to meadow configuration. The prehistory of these meadows is poorly understood, as is the contemporary ecology. This study combined previously collected archeological and moth datasets, aerial photographs, and new plant, tree core, and moth data to investigate interactions between landforms, disturbance, vegetation, and moth abundance and diversity in montane meadows of the western Cascades of Oregon. Burning by prehistoric people may have created and maintained montane meadows, but relatively little evidence remains of the activities of prehistoric peoples in the western Cascades. This study assessed the extent to which prehistoric people preferentially used different landforms and vegetation types by inferring use from landscape distributions of archaeological sites. Descriptions of 359 previously recorded and four newly discovered archeological sites in the McKenzie River watershed of western Oregon were examined using GIS and chi-square analysis to determine how sites were distributed relative to classified vegetation and landforms of the 3700-km² McKenzie River watershed. The high ridges of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection and archaeological field surveys to identify how archeological sites were distributed relative to landforms and vegetation communities, including meadows. The field surveys documented physical evidence (archeological sites) confirming Native American use of the meadows and surrounding open forests. The locations of these sites indicate that Native Americans utilized the edges between large open meadows and open forests, as well as gently sloping open meadows. The prior extent of meadows (before air photos) was estimated by dendrochronology of 220 trees along present-day and inferred past meadow edges. Forest age structure and the open-grown forms of Douglas fir suggests a much more open habitat, potentially due to fire, was present more than 200 years ago. Moths are major consumers of vegetation when in caterpillar stage and are food sources for many birds and mammals, and contribute greatly to the insect diversity in a region. Moth species richness and abundance may be associated with the distribution of vegetation communities and seasonal timing, and the conservation of rare moths may depend on the conservation of rare vegetation habitats. A dataset of moths sampled 10 times/year at 20 locations in the 64-km² Andrews Forest over the period 2004-2008 was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two tailed t-test to identify the overall patterns of rare and common moth distribution as well as moth community relationships to structurally and taxonomically derived vegetation classes and seasonality. Five hundred fourteen species and 69,168 macromoth individuals were identified. Moth species abundance and diversity were significantly higher in low elevation coniferous forests than in other vegetation types, according to the GLMM. Sixty-six rare moth species were significantly associated with high elevation open habitats. Species associated with meadows also were significantly more likely to be hardwood or herb-feeders than conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. The 26 most common moth species were significantly associated with low elevation coniferous forests and were more likely to be conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. Common moth species were significantly more likely to emerge earlier in warmer years than in cooler years, based on a two-tailed t-test. Managing the western Cascades landscape for moth biodiversity and for moth abundance requires maintenance and potentially expansion of rare upland habitats as well as lowland coniferous forests. Montane meadows in the Andrews Forest are contracting in size, but it is not known how these changes have affected moth and plant biodiversity. The rate and pattern of meadow contraction from 1949 to 2005 along the high ridges of the Andrews Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection. Overall meadows contracted by nearly 50% from 1949 to 2005, but rates of meadow loss were much higher for the largest meadow complexes. Plant community diversity in seventeen meadows and the diversity, abundance, and community structure of moths at 98 locations sampled in the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were related to measures of meadow size, isolation, and other variables using cluster analysis (CLA), MRPP, NMS, and generalized additive models (GAMs). Plant diversity in meadows was significantly positively related to meadow area in 1949 and the distance of the meadow from the road, based on GAM analysis. Plant community structure was most closely correlated with meadow area in 1949 and slope, based on CLA, MRPP, and NMS analysis. Calendar day explained the most variation in moth species richness, abundance, and community structure, but the next most important explanatory variables differed according to feeding guild, based on GAMs. Richness, abundance, and community structure of herb-feeding moths was related to meadow area in 1949 and elevation. For angiosperm-feeding moths, area-perimeter ratio in 2005 explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. For gymnosperm-feeding moths, meadow area change from 1949-2005, a variable measuring the amount of increase in coniferous tree cover, explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. The abundance and diversity of herb-feeding moths and meadow plants exhibited a lagged response to habitat loss, which may indicate an extinction debt. In contrast, angiosperm-and gymnosperm-feeding moths responded quickly (within 50 years) to increases in their habitat. Managing for the conservation of biodiversity in the upper elevations of the Andrews Forest will require targeted management strategies for different groups of organisms. Herb-feeding moths and meadow plants will benefit from expansion of open meadow habitat, while angiosperm and gymnosperm-feeders will require the maintenance of edge environments and coniferous forests. Title: The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology Author: Highland, Steven A. Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape and have contracted by over 50% in the past two hundred years in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (hereafter Andrews Forest). Many studies have linked the loss of meadows with local extirpation of species and loss of regional biodiversity, but these processes depend upon the factors that create and maintain meadows, and how species respond to meadow configuration. The prehistory of these meadows is poorly understood, as is the contemporary ecology. This study combined previously collected archeological and moth datasets, aerial photographs, and new plant, tree core, and moth data to investigate interactions between landforms, disturbance, vegetation, and moth abundance and diversity in montane meadows of the western Cascades of Oregon. Burning by prehistoric people may have created and maintained montane meadows, but relatively little evidence remains of the activities of prehistoric peoples in the western Cascades. This study assessed the extent to which prehistoric people preferentially used different landforms and vegetation types by inferring use from landscape distributions of archaeological sites. Descriptions of 359 previously recorded and four newly discovered archeological sites in the McKenzie River watershed of western Oregon were examined using GIS and chi-square analysis to determine how sites were distributed relative to classified vegetation and landforms of the 3700-km² McKenzie River watershed. The high ridges of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection and archaeological field surveys to identify how archeological sites were distributed relative to landforms and vegetation communities, including meadows. The field surveys documented physical evidence (archeological sites) confirming Native American use of the meadows and surrounding open forests. The locations of these sites indicate that Native Americans utilized the edges between large open meadows and open forests, as well as gently sloping open meadows. The prior extent of meadows (before air photos) was estimated by dendrochronology of 220 trees along present-day and inferred past meadow edges. Forest age structure and the open-grown forms of Douglas fir suggests a much more open habitat, potentially due to fire, was present more than 200 years ago. Moths are major consumers of vegetation when in caterpillar stage and are food sources for many birds and mammals, and contribute greatly to the insect diversity in a region. Moth species richness and abundance may be associated with the distribution of vegetation communities and seasonal timing, and the conservation of rare moths may depend on the conservation of rare vegetation habitats. A dataset of moths sampled 10 times/year at 20 locations in the 64-km² Andrews Forest over the period 2004-2008 was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two tailed t-test to identify the overall patterns of rare and common moth distribution as well as moth community relationships to structurally and taxonomically derived vegetation classes and seasonality. Five hundred fourteen species and 69,168 macromoth individuals were identified. Moth species abundance and diversity were significantly higher in low elevation coniferous forests than in other vegetation types, according to the GLMM. Sixty-six rare moth species were significantly associated with high elevation open habitats. Species associated with meadows also were significantly more likely to be hardwood or herb-feeders than conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. The 26 most common moth species were significantly associated with low elevation coniferous forests and were more likely to be conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. Common moth species were significantly more likely to emerge earlier in warmer years than in cooler years, based on a two-tailed t-test. Managing the western Cascades landscape for moth biodiversity and for moth abundance requires maintenance and potentially expansion of rare upland habitats as well as lowland coniferous forests. Montane meadows in the Andrews Forest are contracting in size, but it is not known how these changes have affected moth and plant biodiversity. The rate and pattern of meadow contraction from 1949 to 2005 along the high ridges of the Andrews Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection. Overall meadows contracted by nearly 50% from 1949 to 2005, but rates of meadow loss were much higher for the largest meadow complexes. Plant community diversity in seventeen meadows and the diversity, abundance, and community structure of moths at 98 locations sampled in the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were related to measures of meadow size, isolation, and other variables using cluster analysis (CLA), MRPP, NMS, and generalized additive models (GAMs). Plant diversity in meadows was significantly positively related to meadow area in 1949 and the distance of the meadow from the road, based on GAM analysis. Plant community structure was most closely correlated with meadow area in 1949 and slope, based on CLA, MRPP, and NMS analysis. Calendar day explained the most variation in moth species richness, abundance, and community structure, but the next most important explanatory variables differed according to feeding guild, based on GAMs. Richness, abundance, and community structure of herb-feeding moths was related to meadow area in 1949 and elevation. For angiosperm-feeding moths, area-perimeter ratio in 2005 explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. For gymnosperm-feeding moths, meadow area change from 1949-2005, a variable measuring the amount of increase in coniferous tree cover, explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. The abundance and diversity of herb-feeding moths and meadow plants exhibited a lagged response to habitat loss, which may indicate an extinction debt. In contrast, angiosperm-and gymnosperm-feeding moths responded quickly (within 50 years) to increases in their habitat. Managing for the conservation of biodiversity in the upper elevations of the Andrews Forest will require targeted management strategies for different groups of organisms. Herb-feeding moths and meadow plants will benefit from expansion of open meadow habitat, while angiosperm and gymnosperm-feeders will require the maintenance of edge environments and coniferous forests. Close

• 94. [Article] Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus : integrating traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary values into conservation planning, and stream substrate associations with larval abundance in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A.

  Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a valuable icon and traditional food source for Indigenous people of western North America. Native Americans have utilized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus : integrating traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary values into conservation planning, and stream substrate associations with larval abundance in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Sheoships, Gabe Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a valuable icon and traditional food source for Indigenous people of western North America. Native Americans have utilized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) since time immemorial to guide their ways of life, transmitting cultural values and natural history to further generational knowledge. Pacific lamprey are in decline throughout their range, and have historically been disregarded in western science. The Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A currently supports a traditional harvest location, Willamette Falls, which continues to persist, despite great losses in adjacent basins and remains a harvest stronghold amongst Columbia River Basin Tribes. To further understand Pacific lamprey, we utilized both Indigenous knowledge and western science to gain information that would aid recovery. My first goal was to determine traditional ecological knowledge and the cultural values of Pacific lamprey to provide guidance for future conservation planning. My second goal was to evaluate the fine scale habitat characteristics of larval Pacific lamprey. To determine tribal values for the purpose of informing conservation planning of Pacific lamprey, I used: 1) oral history interviews of tribal elders, and 2) questionnaires distributed across entire adult (18 years and older) tribal populations. We conducted semi-structured interviews with tribal elders to gain insights into the biology, distribution, and cultural value of lamprey. I interviewed 32 tribal elders, 11 from the Grand Ronde, 10 from the Siletz, and 11 from the Umatilla. To understand modern fishing practices and current values of lamprey, I distributed a standardized questionnaire (n = 753) to a sample of each adult (18 years and older) tribal population, and received a total of 188 responses total: 38 from the Grand Ronde, 60 from the Siletz, and 90 from the Umatilla. From my interviews, I found that each tribe has noticed a decline in Pacific lamprey populations within their ceded areas, and has witnessed traditional harvest locations lost due to population declines and/or anthropogenic damage, leaving Willamette Falls as the sole harvest site for the three tribes. Questionnaire results showed that the strongest issues relating to the traditional usage of Pacific lamprey amongst each tribe are cultural awareness, harvest accessibility, and Pacific lamprey populations. I evaluated two fine scale habitat associations of larval Pacific lamprey in the Willamette River Basin to understand the association of stream sediment and larval abundance. Study objectives were to: 1) evaluate the substrate size most closely associated with larval abundance, and 2) to evaluate the influence of organic material upon larval abundance. We used a backpack electrofisher to enumerate larval lamprey in six wadeable Willamette River tributaries, using a nested two-pass sample design at a lower, middle, and upper reach (each reach composed of ten 1-m² quadrats). Stream sediment cores were collected for subsequent determination of particle size and organic composition content. I used particle size sieve analysis to estimate dominant substrate size class per sample, from the following size classes: silt (< 0.063 mm), very fine sand (0.063–0.125 mm), fine sand (0.125-0.25 mm), medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), coarse sand (0.50-1.0 mm), very coarse sand (1.0-2.36 mm), and fine gravel (>2.36 mm). I analyzed organic content by loss of weight through combustion. Larvae were present in 17 of 18 reaches (94%) 18), but only detected in 37% of the quadrats. Larval Pacific lamprey abundance was highest in habitats with predominantly medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm) substrate. I fit negative binomial mixed models using parameters for sediment depth, percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. My top model consisted of percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. At the fine scale, substrate characteristics were associated with the abundance of larval Pacific lamprey. Appropriate conservation measures should be taken to address the restoration of Pacific lamprey, activities that promote natural river flow and distribution of sediment could be of benefit. Efforts that educate mainstream society should be implemented to reduce further species decline. With the continued decline of Pacific lamprey, there is potential for further degradation of tribal cultural values. Conservation work that promotes the restoration of Pacific lamprey is crucial to the tradition and culture of the Grand Ronde, Siletz, and Umatilla Tribes. Title: Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus : integrating traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary values into conservation planning, and stream substrate associations with larval abundance in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Sheoships, Gabe Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a valuable icon and traditional food source for Indigenous people of western North America. Native Americans have utilized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) since time immemorial to guide their ways of life, transmitting cultural values and natural history to further generational knowledge. Pacific lamprey are in decline throughout their range, and have historically been disregarded in western science. The Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A currently supports a traditional harvest location, Willamette Falls, which continues to persist, despite great losses in adjacent basins and remains a harvest stronghold amongst Columbia River Basin Tribes. To further understand Pacific lamprey, we utilized both Indigenous knowledge and western science to gain information that would aid recovery. My first goal was to determine traditional ecological knowledge and the cultural values of Pacific lamprey to provide guidance for future conservation planning. My second goal was to evaluate the fine scale habitat characteristics of larval Pacific lamprey. To determine tribal values for the purpose of informing conservation planning of Pacific lamprey, I used: 1) oral history interviews of tribal elders, and 2) questionnaires distributed across entire adult (18 years and older) tribal populations. We conducted semi-structured interviews with tribal elders to gain insights into the biology, distribution, and cultural value of lamprey. I interviewed 32 tribal elders, 11 from the Grand Ronde, 10 from the Siletz, and 11 from the Umatilla. To understand modern fishing practices and current values of lamprey, I distributed a standardized questionnaire (n = 753) to a sample of each adult (18 years and older) tribal population, and received a total of 188 responses total: 38 from the Grand Ronde, 60 from the Siletz, and 90 from the Umatilla. From my interviews, I found that each tribe has noticed a decline in Pacific lamprey populations within their ceded areas, and has witnessed traditional harvest locations lost due to population declines and/or anthropogenic damage, leaving Willamette Falls as the sole harvest site for the three tribes. Questionnaire results showed that the strongest issues relating to the traditional usage of Pacific lamprey amongst each tribe are cultural awareness, harvest accessibility, and Pacific lamprey populations. I evaluated two fine scale habitat associations of larval Pacific lamprey in the Willamette River Basin to understand the association of stream sediment and larval abundance. Study objectives were to: 1) evaluate the substrate size most closely associated with larval abundance, and 2) to evaluate the influence of organic material upon larval abundance. We used a backpack electrofisher to enumerate larval lamprey in six wadeable Willamette River tributaries, using a nested two-pass sample design at a lower, middle, and upper reach (each reach composed of ten 1-m² quadrats). Stream sediment cores were collected for subsequent determination of particle size and organic composition content. I used particle size sieve analysis to estimate dominant substrate size class per sample, from the following size classes: silt (< 0.063 mm), very fine sand (0.063–0.125 mm), fine sand (0.125-0.25 mm), medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), coarse sand (0.50-1.0 mm), very coarse sand (1.0-2.36 mm), and fine gravel (>2.36 mm). I analyzed organic content by loss of weight through combustion. Larvae were present in 17 of 18 reaches (94%) 18), but only detected in 37% of the quadrats. Larval Pacific lamprey abundance was highest in habitats with predominantly medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm) substrate. I fit negative binomial mixed models using parameters for sediment depth, percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. My top model consisted of percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. At the fine scale, substrate characteristics were associated with the abundance of larval Pacific lamprey. Appropriate conservation measures should be taken to address the restoration of Pacific lamprey, activities that promote natural river flow and distribution of sediment could be of benefit. Efforts that educate mainstream society should be implemented to reduce further species decline. With the continued decline of Pacific lamprey, there is potential for further degradation of tribal cultural values. Conservation work that promotes the restoration of Pacific lamprey is crucial to the tradition and culture of the Grand Ronde, Siletz, and Umatilla Tribes. Close

• 95. [Article] Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment

  The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment Author: Chapman, Judith Sanders The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists with necessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the form and function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of the mission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishing their task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. They built shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the new environment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionary duties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presence of the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon country was significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region. Title: Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment Author: Chapman, Judith Sanders The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists with necessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the form and function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of the mission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishing their task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. They built shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the new environment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionary duties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presence of the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon country was significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region. Close

• 96. [Article] Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment

  The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment Author: Weber, Mary K. (Mary Kathryn) The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists with necessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the form and function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of the mission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishing their task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. They built shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the new environment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionary duties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presence of the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon country was significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region. Title: Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment Author: Weber, Mary K. (Mary Kathryn) The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists with necessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the form and function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of the mission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishing their task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. They built shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the new environment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionary duties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presence of the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon country was significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region. Close

• 97. [Article] Indigenous language preservation programs and language policy in education : a web-based intertextual analysis

  There are more than 6,900 known living languages in the world, half of which could be extinct within one hundred years. Approximately 150 indigenous American languages are still spoken in the United States; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indigenous language preservation programs and language policy in education : a web-based intertextual analysis Author: Muniz, Gloria J. Bock There are more than 6,900 known living languages in the world, half of which could be extinct within one hundred years. Approximately 150 indigenous American languages are still spoken in the United States; however, it is estimated that by the year 2050 only twenty of them will remain. Language preservation programs are a part of the struggle for the cultural and economic self-determination of indigenous peoples. These programs often operate within public school systems governed by laws and policies that are linked both with the goals of economic globalization and with basic human rights. This study explored the congruity of these policies, and their impact on indigenous language preservation programs. Its purpose was to provide information that can be used for planning and advocacy for indigenous language preservation programs that reflect the interests and values of indigenous cultural and linguistic communities. The research question addressed by this study was, In what ways do educational standards impact indigenous language preservation efforts? During the process of determining the impact of state policies and standards on language preservation program implementation, the context for the programs and the process of bridging the differences between university research procedures and building relationships with Indian tribes was explored. Using policy documents available online through state department of education websites, the study used intertextual analysis and a set of criteria to evaluate of the degree of alignment of state standards with the national standards movement and with national content standards, and to evaluate the degree to which state education standards are compatible with American Indian language and cultural preservation efforts. States that had policy support for American Indian language preservation programs were those least closely aligned with the national standards movement and grounded their education standards in state needs and values. These states had formal venues for American Indian participation in policy development, gave foreign language credit for American Indian languages, addressed American Indian sovereignty in social studies standards or benchmarks, and included standards on cultural processes. Title: Indigenous language preservation programs and language policy in education : a web-based intertextual analysis Author: Muniz, Gloria J. Bock There are more than 6,900 known living languages in the world, half of which could be extinct within one hundred years. Approximately 150 indigenous American languages are still spoken in the United States; however, it is estimated that by the year 2050 only twenty of them will remain. Language preservation programs are a part of the struggle for the cultural and economic self-determination of indigenous peoples. These programs often operate within public school systems governed by laws and policies that are linked both with the goals of economic globalization and with basic human rights. This study explored the congruity of these policies, and their impact on indigenous language preservation programs. Its purpose was to provide information that can be used for planning and advocacy for indigenous language preservation programs that reflect the interests and values of indigenous cultural and linguistic communities. The research question addressed by this study was, In what ways do educational standards impact indigenous language preservation efforts? During the process of determining the impact of state policies and standards on language preservation program implementation, the context for the programs and the process of bridging the differences between university research procedures and building relationships with Indian tribes was explored. Using policy documents available online through state department of education websites, the study used intertextual analysis and a set of criteria to evaluate of the degree of alignment of state standards with the national standards movement and with national content standards, and to evaluate the degree to which state education standards are compatible with American Indian language and cultural preservation efforts. States that had policy support for American Indian language preservation programs were those least closely aligned with the national standards movement and grounded their education standards in state needs and values. These states had formal venues for American Indian participation in policy development, gave foreign language credit for American Indian languages, addressed American Indian sovereignty in social studies standards or benchmarks, and included standards on cultural processes. Close

• 98. [Article] Evaluation of assay systems for the determination of susceptibility of the hop (Humulus lupulus) to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae

  A rapid and reliable assay is needed to evaluate hop resistance to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae. Assays used in the past are laborious, require long incubation periods, and usually ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of assay systems for the determination of susceptibility of the hop (Humulus lupulus) to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Author: Shufelt, Eileen Marie A rapid and reliable assay is needed to evaluate hop resistance to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae. Assays used in the past are laborious, require long incubation periods, and usually produce mild symptoms which are difficult to evaluate and are often not consistent. A study comparing several methods for evaluating resistance of hops to Verticillium wilt was conducted. Results from isolate pathogenicity / host range tests showed the isolates used in these experiments to differ in their pathogenicity on each host tested. More severe symptoms generally occurred with an increase in inoculum concentration. In the first assay method, cuttings of resistant (R) cultivars Yakima Cluster and Bullion, moderately resistant (MR) Willamette, susceptible (S) Fuggle and Columbia, and three native North American hop types were grown in non sterile field soil artificially infested with microsclerotia of V. dahliae. After seven months, plants of the susceptible cultivars were very stunted and chlorotic. Cultivars reported to be resistant were less stunted. Three native North American hop clones resembled the resistant hop cultivars in visual symptom expression. Although vascular discoloration was observed, Verticillium was not recovered on three isolation media, but an attempt to isolate the fungus by a sterile filter paper method was successful. Analysis of the infested soil by the wet sieve method showed a decreased number of microsclerotia by the end of the trial which may have resulted in the low recovery. In general, root weight increased with increased inoculum concentration among inoculated susceptible cultivars, and decreased for resistant cultivars. Bine dry weight varied significantly among cultivars and in relation to inoculum density, but there were no apparent trends among the cultivars. In the second assay method, roots of the susceptible hop cultivar Hallertauer were inoculated by conidial root dip. Symptoms were mild, with symptomatic plants generally recovering from wilt. Differences in the ability of the isolates to induce symptoms of Verticillium wilt were apparent. There was no significant difference among root or bine dry weight of inoculated versus non-inoculated plants. The proportion of infected plants was significantly different among isolates. Marked symptom expression and recovery of the pathogen were positively correlated. In the third method, standardized conidial suspensions were placed on detached leaves of a number of hop cultivars with different levels of field resistance to Verticillium wilt. Although this method has been used successfully elsewhere, no reaction was seen on the hop leaves in trials repeated numerous times. In a fourth assay method, drops of V. dahliae culture filtrate containing presumed toxin were applied to detached leaves from hop cultivars differing in resistance to Verticillium wilt. Distinctive chlorotic spots were induced on leaves of susceptible cultivars Fuggle and Willamette, while little or no chlorosis was induced on leaves of resistant cultivars Bullion and Yakima Cluster. Boiling the filtrate for 1 min decreased the activity by almost 50%; autoclaving at 15 psi/15 min destroyed the activity. The results of this study suggest that the application of culture filtrates to detached hop leaves is the best assay system of those compared, being both rapid and reliable, and useful to distinguish the relative susceptibility and resistance of hop cultivars to V. dahliae. This method correlated best with field observations on cultivar resistance to Verticillium wilt. Mechanical and physiological responses, however, may be equally important in determining overall resistance. For this reason, initial screening of new plant material or isolates should be done by comparing the results from conidial root dips and tests with the culture filtrate. Title: Evaluation of assay systems for the determination of susceptibility of the hop (Humulus lupulus) to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Author: Shufelt, Eileen Marie A rapid and reliable assay is needed to evaluate hop resistance to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae. Assays used in the past are laborious, require long incubation periods, and usually produce mild symptoms which are difficult to evaluate and are often not consistent. A study comparing several methods for evaluating resistance of hops to Verticillium wilt was conducted. Results from isolate pathogenicity / host range tests showed the isolates used in these experiments to differ in their pathogenicity on each host tested. More severe symptoms generally occurred with an increase in inoculum concentration. In the first assay method, cuttings of resistant (R) cultivars Yakima Cluster and Bullion, moderately resistant (MR) Willamette, susceptible (S) Fuggle and Columbia, and three native North American hop types were grown in non sterile field soil artificially infested with microsclerotia of V. dahliae. After seven months, plants of the susceptible cultivars were very stunted and chlorotic. Cultivars reported to be resistant were less stunted. Three native North American hop clones resembled the resistant hop cultivars in visual symptom expression. Although vascular discoloration was observed, Verticillium was not recovered on three isolation media, but an attempt to isolate the fungus by a sterile filter paper method was successful. Analysis of the infested soil by the wet sieve method showed a decreased number of microsclerotia by the end of the trial which may have resulted in the low recovery. In general, root weight increased with increased inoculum concentration among inoculated susceptible cultivars, and decreased for resistant cultivars. Bine dry weight varied significantly among cultivars and in relation to inoculum density, but there were no apparent trends among the cultivars. In the second assay method, roots of the susceptible hop cultivar Hallertauer were inoculated by conidial root dip. Symptoms were mild, with symptomatic plants generally recovering from wilt. Differences in the ability of the isolates to induce symptoms of Verticillium wilt were apparent. There was no significant difference among root or bine dry weight of inoculated versus non-inoculated plants. The proportion of infected plants was significantly different among isolates. Marked symptom expression and recovery of the pathogen were positively correlated. In the third method, standardized conidial suspensions were placed on detached leaves of a number of hop cultivars with different levels of field resistance to Verticillium wilt. Although this method has been used successfully elsewhere, no reaction was seen on the hop leaves in trials repeated numerous times. In a fourth assay method, drops of V. dahliae culture filtrate containing presumed toxin were applied to detached leaves from hop cultivars differing in resistance to Verticillium wilt. Distinctive chlorotic spots were induced on leaves of susceptible cultivars Fuggle and Willamette, while little or no chlorosis was induced on leaves of resistant cultivars Bullion and Yakima Cluster. Boiling the filtrate for 1 min decreased the activity by almost 50%; autoclaving at 15 psi/15 min destroyed the activity. The results of this study suggest that the application of culture filtrates to detached hop leaves is the best assay system of those compared, being both rapid and reliable, and useful to distinguish the relative susceptibility and resistance of hop cultivars to V. dahliae. This method correlated best with field observations on cultivar resistance to Verticillium wilt. Mechanical and physiological responses, however, may be equally important in determining overall resistance. For this reason, initial screening of new plant material or isolates should be done by comparing the results from conidial root dips and tests with the culture filtrate. Close

• 99. [Article] Threat assessment in community colleges

  The field of threat assessment and management in higher education is in the early stages of development. In particular, little is noted in the research literature about the practices of threat assessment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Threat assessment in community colleges Author: Bolante, Rebecca The field of threat assessment and management in higher education is in the early stages of development. In particular, little is noted in the research literature about the practices of threat assessment teams in this environment. To fill this knowledge gap, a random national sample of 15% (n = 148) of public community colleges were surveyed as to: (1) threat assessment practices, (2) continuing education needs, and (3) training delivery preferences. Community colleges were randomly selected and the lead threat assessment practitioner for that institution was queried using the gold-standard for survey research: the Tailored Design Method (Dillman, Smyth, & Christian, 2009). A total of 113 participants returned a completed survey. This number represented a return rate of 76%. A post hoc power analysis reported an actual power (i.e., 1-β error probability) of 0.84. Survey respondents were 83 men and 28 women ranging in age from 29 to 70 years (M = 53, SD = 9). Most were non-Hispanic Whites (75%), with 10 Hispanics, 12 African Americans, 2 Native Americans, and 1 Pacific Islander. Almost half of the participants held a master's degree (48%). The professional breakdown of respondents was law enforcement/security (n = 52), college administration (n = 55), and other (n = 6). The professions that comprised the "other" category included: (a) counselor, (b) human resource professional, and (c) attorney. Because of the small number and heterogeneity of persons in the "other" category (n = 6), this category was not used for the inferential statistical analyses. A total of 67% reported fewer than 40 hours of threat assessment training. The average number of new threat assessment cases received each month was 4.13 (SD = 8.61). The vast majority of the community colleges operated with a formalized threat assessment team (73%). The leading types of team composition were: (1) employees only (57%), and (2) mix of employees and outside personnel (32%). Most college threat assessment teams addressed more than just students as threat sources (69%). In rank order, the top 5 continuing education needs reported were: (1) legal implications, (2) confidentiality implications, (3) ethical considerations when conducting threat assessment, (4) basic overview of threat assessment and management, and (5) advanced training of threat assessment and management. Inferential statistical analyses revealed that, in reference to their professional background, threat assessment practitioners similarly rank their: (a) continuing education needs, and (b) training delivery preferences (i.e., in-person v. online). Implications for both research and practice were discussed. Title: Threat assessment in community colleges Author: Bolante, Rebecca The field of threat assessment and management in higher education is in the early stages of development. In particular, little is noted in the research literature about the practices of threat assessment teams in this environment. To fill this knowledge gap, a random national sample of 15% (n = 148) of public community colleges were surveyed as to: (1) threat assessment practices, (2) continuing education needs, and (3) training delivery preferences. Community colleges were randomly selected and the lead threat assessment practitioner for that institution was queried using the gold-standard for survey research: the Tailored Design Method (Dillman, Smyth, & Christian, 2009). A total of 113 participants returned a completed survey. This number represented a return rate of 76%. A post hoc power analysis reported an actual power (i.e., 1-β error probability) of 0.84. Survey respondents were 83 men and 28 women ranging in age from 29 to 70 years (M = 53, SD = 9). Most were non-Hispanic Whites (75%), with 10 Hispanics, 12 African Americans, 2 Native Americans, and 1 Pacific Islander. Almost half of the participants held a master's degree (48%). The professional breakdown of respondents was law enforcement/security (n = 52), college administration (n = 55), and other (n = 6). The professions that comprised the "other" category included: (a) counselor, (b) human resource professional, and (c) attorney. Because of the small number and heterogeneity of persons in the "other" category (n = 6), this category was not used for the inferential statistical analyses. A total of 67% reported fewer than 40 hours of threat assessment training. The average number of new threat assessment cases received each month was 4.13 (SD = 8.61). The vast majority of the community colleges operated with a formalized threat assessment team (73%). The leading types of team composition were: (1) employees only (57%), and (2) mix of employees and outside personnel (32%). Most college threat assessment teams addressed more than just students as threat sources (69%). In rank order, the top 5 continuing education needs reported were: (1) legal implications, (2) confidentiality implications, (3) ethical considerations when conducting threat assessment, (4) basic overview of threat assessment and management, and (5) advanced training of threat assessment and management. Inferential statistical analyses revealed that, in reference to their professional background, threat assessment practitioners similarly rank their: (a) continuing education needs, and (b) training delivery preferences (i.e., in-person v. online). Implications for both research and practice were discussed. Close

• 100. [Article] A characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range

  Riparian areas that can be used as reference sites on which to base goals of vegetation restoration have not been documented in the Oregon Coast Range. I examined the composition and distribution of unmanaged ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Nierenberg, Tara R. Riparian areas that can be used as reference sites on which to base goals of vegetation restoration have not been documented in the Oregon Coast Range. I examined the composition and distribution of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range along nine streams which have experienced minimal disturbance from Native Americans and no detectable disturbance since Euro- American settlement. I systematically located transects along nine streams, alternating sides of the streams. Each transect ran perpendicular to the stream and was subjectively divided into different vegetative and/or topographic units called landscape units (LU's). Rectangular plots were placed in each LU for characterization. LU l's were units that were closest to the stream, and LU2's were farther from the stream. Red alder was the most frequently found tree species on both terraces and slopes, and on all LU1 's. On LU2 terraces, alder was also the most frequently found species, but on LU2 slopes, Douglas-fir had the highest frequency. Red alder, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple were most commonly found occupying terrace sites, although bigleaf maple might be best adapted to conditions on terraces towards the base of slopes. Conversely, western hemlock and Douglas-fir were most commonly found occupying slope sites. Western redcedar was infrequently found, likely due to seed source limitations. Age distributions and tree frequencies indicate that near-stream communities (LUI 's) and terraces experience both intense and minor disturbances, and they experience both types of disturbances more frequently than communities farther from the stream (LU2's) or on slopes. According to fire records and reconnaissance, all streams appear to have been burned about 145 years ago. When equating a shade-intolerant tree age that was younger than this last catastrophic fire date with a disturbance, calculations of disturbance frequency using four different approaches indicate that between 2.6 and 4.5 disturbances per km per century large enough to regenerate trees occurred since the last stand-resetting fire along the nine creeks sampled. Fifty-two percent of near-stream communities (LU1's) and 23% of communities farther from the stream (LU2's) contained no trees. This could be due to small plot size and/or high shrub competition. The No Tree overstory type was most similar in topographic conditions to the Pure Hardwood overstory type, suggesting that red alder and/or bigleaf maple might have previously occupied the No Tree sites and have since died leaving no or little evidence. It appears that a large-scale, intense disturbance such as fire is needed to allow the recruitment of trees into the shrub-dominated, No Tree areas, especially shade-intolerant trees such as Douglas-fir. Any single definition of natural riparian vegetation is nearly impossible to construct, mainly because most ecosystems are composed of vegetation mosaics that are always changing in time and space. This change is associated with environmental variability, disturbance, and inter- and intra-specific competition. Also, differences in exogenous environmental conditions between pre-settlement times (circa 1850) and today, suggest that historic vegetation, ecological conditions, and resulting successional pathways might not mirror the vegetation, ecological conditions, and successional pathways of currently unmanaged riparian areas. Instead, results from this study, revealing the existence of mixtures of hardwoods, conifers, and no-tree areas over lengths of a stream, should be perceived as just one of many possibilities for a riparian overstory reference model. Title: A characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Nierenberg, Tara R. Riparian areas that can be used as reference sites on which to base goals of vegetation restoration have not been documented in the Oregon Coast Range. I examined the composition and distribution of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range along nine streams which have experienced minimal disturbance from Native Americans and no detectable disturbance since Euro- American settlement. I systematically located transects along nine streams, alternating sides of the streams. Each transect ran perpendicular to the stream and was subjectively divided into different vegetative and/or topographic units called landscape units (LU's). Rectangular plots were placed in each LU for characterization. LU l's were units that were closest to the stream, and LU2's were farther from the stream. Red alder was the most frequently found tree species on both terraces and slopes, and on all LU1 's. On LU2 terraces, alder was also the most frequently found species, but on LU2 slopes, Douglas-fir had the highest frequency. Red alder, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple were most commonly found occupying terrace sites, although bigleaf maple might be best adapted to conditions on terraces towards the base of slopes. Conversely, western hemlock and Douglas-fir were most commonly found occupying slope sites. Western redcedar was infrequently found, likely due to seed source limitations. Age distributions and tree frequencies indicate that near-stream communities (LUI 's) and terraces experience both intense and minor disturbances, and they experience both types of disturbances more frequently than communities farther from the stream (LU2's) or on slopes. According to fire records and reconnaissance, all streams appear to have been burned about 145 years ago. When equating a shade-intolerant tree age that was younger than this last catastrophic fire date with a disturbance, calculations of disturbance frequency using four different approaches indicate that between 2.6 and 4.5 disturbances per km per century large enough to regenerate trees occurred since the last stand-resetting fire along the nine creeks sampled. Fifty-two percent of near-stream communities (LU1's) and 23% of communities farther from the stream (LU2's) contained no trees. This could be due to small plot size and/or high shrub competition. The No Tree overstory type was most similar in topographic conditions to the Pure Hardwood overstory type, suggesting that red alder and/or bigleaf maple might have previously occupied the No Tree sites and have since died leaving no or little evidence. It appears that a large-scale, intense disturbance such as fire is needed to allow the recruitment of trees into the shrub-dominated, No Tree areas, especially shade-intolerant trees such as Douglas-fir. Any single definition of natural riparian vegetation is nearly impossible to construct, mainly because most ecosystems are composed of vegetation mosaics that are always changing in time and space. This change is associated with environmental variability, disturbance, and inter- and intra-specific competition. Also, differences in exogenous environmental conditions between pre-settlement times (circa 1850) and today, suggest that historic vegetation, ecological conditions, and resulting successional pathways might not mirror the vegetation, ecological conditions, and successional pathways of currently unmanaged riparian areas. Instead, results from this study, revealing the existence of mixtures of hardwoods, conifers, and no-tree areas over lengths of a stream, should be perceived as just one of many possibilities for a riparian overstory reference model. Close