Search

Search Results

• 1. [Article] Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96

  The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96 Author: Bonn, Bernadine A., Washington County (Or.). Unified Sewerage Agency., Geological Survey (U.S.) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this study were to: assess the occurrence and magnitude of trace element and selected organic contaminants in streams of the Tualatin River Basin; compare contaminant levels found in Tualatin River Basin streams with published guidelines for the protection of aquatic life; place the contaminant levels found in the Tualatin River Basin streams in context, regionally and nationally, by comparing them with those found in the Willamette Basin and by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program; compare contaminant concentrations in bed sediment with those in fish tissue; and identify contaminant patterns that would help managers make decisions regarding future monitoring and the implementation of pollution prevention and abatement programs. Title: Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96 Author: Bonn, Bernadine A., Washington County (Or.). Unified Sewerage Agency., Geological Survey (U.S.) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this study were to: assess the occurrence and magnitude of trace element and selected organic contaminants in streams of the Tualatin River Basin; compare contaminant levels found in Tualatin River Basin streams with published guidelines for the protection of aquatic life; place the contaminant levels found in the Tualatin River Basin streams in context, regionally and nationally, by comparing them with those found in the Willamette Basin and by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program; compare contaminant concentrations in bed sediment with those in fish tissue; and identify contaminant patterns that would help managers make decisions regarding future monitoring and the implementation of pollution prevention and abatement programs. Close

• 2. [Article] The importance of lake-specific characteristics for water quality across the continental United States

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The importance of lake-specific characteristics for water quality across the continental United States Author: Read, Emily K., Patil, Vijay P., Oliver, Samantha K., et al., Winters, Kirsten M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecap Title: The importance of lake-specific characteristics for water quality across the continental United States Author: Read, Emily K., Patil, Vijay P., Oliver, Samantha K., et al., Winters, Kirsten M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecap Close

• 3. [Article] Assessing water governance capacity in MENA : applying an institutional document analysis to Jordan

  Water governance has been identified as a crucial component to improving conditions and balancing supply and demand of water resources in the water-scarce Middle East North Africa (MENA) region. Finding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing water governance capacity in MENA : applying an institutional document analysis to Jordan Author: Brown, Bridget N. Water governance has been identified as a crucial component to improving conditions and balancing supply and demand of water resources in the water-scarce Middle East North Africa (MENA) region. Finding a method for, and commencing the process of, evaluating water governance is thus imperative. This study analyzes the potential to assess national capacity for water governance through analysis of institutional legal and policy documents relevant to water resources, using Jordan as a case study. Usefulness and completeness of the methodology, as well as findings for Jordan are presented. Several elements of the analysis framework applied appear to be analyzable using this method; others may be ambiguous or require an alternate mode of assessment, such as government or citizen perceptions. Of the analyzable elements of water governance, Jordan demonstrates high capacity for organization in the water sector, water quality regulation, enforcement of water rights limits, infrastructure development and maintenance/operation, use of incentives and sanctions, and collecting and utilizing water data. There is also some evidence that Jordan is moving toward a more participatory and transparent governance process. Potential challenges exist for allocation, particularly where water rights trades are involved, as well as water service related responsibilities, such as enforcing standards and issuing concessions to private service providers. Title: Assessing water governance capacity in MENA : applying an institutional document analysis to Jordan Author: Brown, Bridget N. Water governance has been identified as a crucial component to improving conditions and balancing supply and demand of water resources in the water-scarce Middle East North Africa (MENA) region. Finding a method for, and commencing the process of, evaluating water governance is thus imperative. This study analyzes the potential to assess national capacity for water governance through analysis of institutional legal and policy documents relevant to water resources, using Jordan as a case study. Usefulness and completeness of the methodology, as well as findings for Jordan are presented. Several elements of the analysis framework applied appear to be analyzable using this method; others may be ambiguous or require an alternate mode of assessment, such as government or citizen perceptions. Of the analyzable elements of water governance, Jordan demonstrates high capacity for organization in the water sector, water quality regulation, enforcement of water rights limits, infrastructure development and maintenance/operation, use of incentives and sanctions, and collecting and utilizing water data. There is also some evidence that Jordan is moving toward a more participatory and transparent governance process. Potential challenges exist for allocation, particularly where water rights trades are involved, as well as water service related responsibilities, such as enforcing standards and issuing concessions to private service providers. Close

• 4. [Article] Trask Watershed assessment

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trask Watershed assessment Author: Follansbee, Bruce Title: Trask Watershed assessment Author: Follansbee, Bruce Close

• 5. [Article] Kilchis watershed analysis

  This analysis was performed for two reasons: 1) the KWG needed a way to focus and synthesize the results of applied research on the condition and trends of natural resources, and the factors affecting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kilchis watershed analysis Author: Follansbee, Bruce, Stark, Ann This analysis was performed for two reasons: 1) the KWG needed a way to focus and synthesize the results of applied research on the condition and trends of natural resources, and the factors affecting those resources; and 2) a detailed watershed analysis was needed to supplement watershed assessments planned for the region. Title: Kilchis watershed analysis Author: Follansbee, Bruce, Stark, Ann This analysis was performed for two reasons: 1) the KWG needed a way to focus and synthesize the results of applied research on the condition and trends of natural resources, and the factors affecting those resources; and 2) a detailed watershed analysis was needed to supplement watershed assessments planned for the region. Close

• 6. [Article] Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95

  The purposes of this report are to describe the quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin and to identify relationships between shallow ground-water quality and various ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Geological Survey (U.S.), Hinkle, Stephen R. The purposes of this report are to describe the quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin and to identify relationships between shallow ground-water quality and various natural and anthropogenic factors. Several natural and anthropogenic factors (soil characteristics, cumulative thickness of clay above open interval of well, surficial geology, and land use) were evaluated because of the potential for these factors to either control or be related to contaminant occurrence and spatial distribution. Spatial distributions of nitrite plus nitrite, phosphorous, pesticides and pesticide degradation products, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), trace elements (primarily arsenic, a trace element of local concern), and radon were evaluated for 1993-95. Ancillary chemical data--nitrite, chloride, tritium (H-3), and dissolved-oxygen (DO) concentrations--also are presented. Title: Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Geological Survey (U.S.), Hinkle, Stephen R. The purposes of this report are to describe the quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin and to identify relationships between shallow ground-water quality and various natural and anthropogenic factors. Several natural and anthropogenic factors (soil characteristics, cumulative thickness of clay above open interval of well, surficial geology, and land use) were evaluated because of the potential for these factors to either control or be related to contaminant occurrence and spatial distribution. Spatial distributions of nitrite plus nitrite, phosphorous, pesticides and pesticide degradation products, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), trace elements (primarily arsenic, a trace element of local concern), and radon were evaluated for 1993-95. Ancillary chemical data--nitrite, chloride, tritium (H-3), and dissolved-oxygen (DO) concentrations--also are presented. Close

• 7. [Article] Water Governance Process Assessment : Evaluating the Link between Decision Making Processes and Outcomes in the Columbia River Basin

  Academics and practitioners agree that in water governance, the quality of a decision making process should influence the quality of the outcome and the degree to which it is accepted by interested parties. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Governance Process Assessment : Evaluating the Link between Decision Making Processes and Outcomes in the Columbia River Basin Author: Ogren, Kimberly Academics and practitioners agree that in water governance, the quality of a decision making process should influence the quality of the outcome and the degree to which it is accepted by interested parties. However, finding a feasible way to evaluate and then improve the quality of a decision making process has proven elusive. Systematically collecting evidence of a link between process and outcome is also challenging. In my dissertation, I developed a synthesis framework for evaluating and improving water governance decision making to address these two challenges. The synthesis framework, which I call the Water Governance Process Assessment (Water GPA), draws upon 22 existing frameworks rooted in resilience, adaptive governance, and good governance. From these frameworks, I identified and provided a way to evaluate four characteristics critical to good water governance decision making processes: 1) accountability, 2) inclusivity, and 3) information, and 4) context. I applied the Water GPA framework to the recent reviews of the Columbia River Treaty by the United States and Canada. I collected data for the case studies through semi-structured interviews and surveys of process participants from the federal agencies, Tribal and First Nations, state/provincial governments, local governments, stakeholder interests, and citizens. I coded and analyzed the interviews using the qualitative analysis software QSR NVivo and the characteristics identified in the Water GPA framework. I used the two case study applications to demonstrate how to use the framework. I identified what aspects of the four process categories served as barriers and building blocks for good water governance in each water governance process. I also gleaned lessons learned and recommendations including some for determining process leadership, ensuring meaningful engagement and inclusivity, addressing sovereignty issues, setting decision criteria, sharing decision authority, allocating resources in future processes in the US and BC portions of the Columbia River Basin and similar basins. In my case studies, I also investigated which characteristics of the water governance decision making process influenced the direct outcomes of those processes (the decisions) as well as other non-target outcomes (such as trust, co-produced science, new coalitions, etc.). All four characteristics outlined in the Water Governance Process Assessment (Water GPA), played some role in the development of the content and/or support of the two case study decision documents (US Regional Recommendation and BC Provincial Decision). Generally, when the characteristic of the process was done well, it improved the legitimacy and acceptance of the decision. At the same time performing poorly in one area did not necessarily torpedo the process or decision. In both case studies, it appears that the interplay between the process characteristics (that is where two or more characteristics converge) had a greater influence over the decision. Further work is needed to clearly identify what characteristics of a process are most influential in different situations. The Water GPA is one useful tool for this effort. Title: Water Governance Process Assessment : Evaluating the Link between Decision Making Processes and Outcomes in the Columbia River Basin Author: Ogren, Kimberly Academics and practitioners agree that in water governance, the quality of a decision making process should influence the quality of the outcome and the degree to which it is accepted by interested parties. However, finding a feasible way to evaluate and then improve the quality of a decision making process has proven elusive. Systematically collecting evidence of a link between process and outcome is also challenging. In my dissertation, I developed a synthesis framework for evaluating and improving water governance decision making to address these two challenges. The synthesis framework, which I call the Water Governance Process Assessment (Water GPA), draws upon 22 existing frameworks rooted in resilience, adaptive governance, and good governance. From these frameworks, I identified and provided a way to evaluate four characteristics critical to good water governance decision making processes: 1) accountability, 2) inclusivity, and 3) information, and 4) context. I applied the Water GPA framework to the recent reviews of the Columbia River Treaty by the United States and Canada. I collected data for the case studies through semi-structured interviews and surveys of process participants from the federal agencies, Tribal and First Nations, state/provincial governments, local governments, stakeholder interests, and citizens. I coded and analyzed the interviews using the qualitative analysis software QSR NVivo and the characteristics identified in the Water GPA framework. I used the two case study applications to demonstrate how to use the framework. I identified what aspects of the four process categories served as barriers and building blocks for good water governance in each water governance process. I also gleaned lessons learned and recommendations including some for determining process leadership, ensuring meaningful engagement and inclusivity, addressing sovereignty issues, setting decision criteria, sharing decision authority, allocating resources in future processes in the US and BC portions of the Columbia River Basin and similar basins. In my case studies, I also investigated which characteristics of the water governance decision making process influenced the direct outcomes of those processes (the decisions) as well as other non-target outcomes (such as trust, co-produced science, new coalitions, etc.). All four characteristics outlined in the Water Governance Process Assessment (Water GPA), played some role in the development of the content and/or support of the two case study decision documents (US Regional Recommendation and BC Provincial Decision). Generally, when the characteristic of the process was done well, it improved the legitimacy and acceptance of the decision. At the same time performing poorly in one area did not necessarily torpedo the process or decision. In both case studies, it appears that the interplay between the process characteristics (that is where two or more characteristics converge) had a greater influence over the decision. Further work is needed to clearly identify what characteristics of a process are most influential in different situations. The Water GPA is one useful tool for this effort. Close

• 8. [Article] Essays on land use regulation

  This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and regulation. The first paper focuses on the environmental impacts of land use and their implications for the design on water quality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Essays on land use regulation Author: Hascic, Ivan This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and regulation. The first paper focuses on the environmental impacts of land use and their implications for the design on water quality trading policies. The second and third papers address local land use regulations and their impact on land values and land use patterns. The first paper provides a national-scale, watershed-level assessment of land use impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems in the United States. The results suggest that the level of conventional water pollution in a watershed is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to intensive agriculture and urban development, while the level of toxic water pollution is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to transportation and mining. Implications of the results for the design and implementation of water quality trading policies are discussed. The second paper develops an empirical framework to conduct an exploratory analysis of effects of land use regulations on land values and land use patterns in a GIS-based landscape near Eugene, Oregon. All the land use regulations considered in this study, including exclusive farm use zoning, forest zoning, urban growth boundary designation, residential density zoning, commercial zoning, and industrial zoning, are found to affect land value and use both inside and outside of the designated zones. While there are many issues this framework does not address, preliminary results indicate that regulations (except commercial zoning) tend to increase the value of land outside the designated zones, but reduce the value of land inside the designated zones. The framework is applied to measure the reduction in value due to regulations vs. the value of individual exemptions at the parcel level to illuminate the controversy surrounding Oregon's Measure 37. The reductions in value due to regulations are found to be considerably smaller than the values of individual exemptions for almost all regulations contested in the Measure 37 claims. The third paper evaluates the efficiency of the current system of land use regulation, analyzes the possible changes to the regulatory structure, and studies the role of spatial and temporal interaction among neighboring land uses. Title: Essays on land use regulation Author: Hascic, Ivan This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and regulation. The first paper focuses on the environmental impacts of land use and their implications for the design on water quality trading policies. The second and third papers address local land use regulations and their impact on land values and land use patterns. The first paper provides a national-scale, watershed-level assessment of land use impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems in the United States. The results suggest that the level of conventional water pollution in a watershed is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to intensive agriculture and urban development, while the level of toxic water pollution is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to transportation and mining. Implications of the results for the design and implementation of water quality trading policies are discussed. The second paper develops an empirical framework to conduct an exploratory analysis of effects of land use regulations on land values and land use patterns in a GIS-based landscape near Eugene, Oregon. All the land use regulations considered in this study, including exclusive farm use zoning, forest zoning, urban growth boundary designation, residential density zoning, commercial zoning, and industrial zoning, are found to affect land value and use both inside and outside of the designated zones. While there are many issues this framework does not address, preliminary results indicate that regulations (except commercial zoning) tend to increase the value of land outside the designated zones, but reduce the value of land inside the designated zones. The framework is applied to measure the reduction in value due to regulations vs. the value of individual exemptions at the parcel level to illuminate the controversy surrounding Oregon's Measure 37. The reductions in value due to regulations are found to be considerably smaller than the values of individual exemptions for almost all regulations contested in the Measure 37 claims. The third paper evaluates the efficiency of the current system of land use regulation, analyzes the possible changes to the regulatory structure, and studies the role of spatial and temporal interaction among neighboring land uses. Close

• 9. [Article] Stormwater Solutions for Improving Water Quality: Supporting the Development of the Amazon Creek Initiative

  The Long Tom Watershed Council (LTWC) is a non-profit organization in Eugene, Oregon that serves to protect and enhance watershed health in the Long Tom River Basin. The Amazon Creek Initiative was launched ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stormwater Solutions for Improving Water Quality: Supporting the Development of the Amazon Creek Initiative Author: Larson, Kristen M. The Long Tom Watershed Council (LTWC) is a non-profit organization in Eugene, Oregon that serves to protect and enhance watershed health in the Long Tom River Basin. The Amazon Creek Initiative was launched by the LTWC in 2011 as Oregon’s newest Pesticide Stewardship Partner. Goals of the initiative are to improve water quality and habitat function in Amazon Creek by encouraging voluntary retrofits of low-impact development (LID) and through outreach and education of pollution prevention practices. This internship involved a series of projects in support of the development of the Amazon Creek Initiative. Accomplishments included surface water sampling, stakeholder research, development of communication tools, creation of an LID cost calculator, site visits and assessments of pesticide retailers, and a review of national efforts to train pesticide retail staff in integrated pest management. This work supports the Amazon Creek Initiative as it moves towards implementation and provided diverse learning opportunities in non-profit and watershed council operations, communicating a scientific message, and low-impact development solutions to stormwater management. Title: Stormwater Solutions for Improving Water Quality: Supporting the Development of the Amazon Creek Initiative Author: Larson, Kristen M. The Long Tom Watershed Council (LTWC) is a non-profit organization in Eugene, Oregon that serves to protect and enhance watershed health in the Long Tom River Basin. The Amazon Creek Initiative was launched by the LTWC in 2011 as Oregon’s newest Pesticide Stewardship Partner. Goals of the initiative are to improve water quality and habitat function in Amazon Creek by encouraging voluntary retrofits of low-impact development (LID) and through outreach and education of pollution prevention practices. This internship involved a series of projects in support of the development of the Amazon Creek Initiative. Accomplishments included surface water sampling, stakeholder research, development of communication tools, creation of an LID cost calculator, site visits and assessments of pesticide retailers, and a review of national efforts to train pesticide retail staff in integrated pest management. This work supports the Amazon Creek Initiative as it moves towards implementation and provided diverse learning opportunities in non-profit and watershed council operations, communicating a scientific message, and low-impact development solutions to stormwater management. Close

• 10. [Article] Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995

  This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Altman, Bob, Henson, Colleen M., Waite, Ian R., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends of three taxonomic groups--algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish--and, to a lesser degree, other selected semi-aquatic taxa (i.e., taxa frequenting but not living wholly in water), including amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals, (2) the types of aquatic and riparian habitat that support and influence aquatic communities and their biotic constituents, (3) the natural and human-associated impacts on that habitat and associated biological communities, amd (4) the levels of enviroinmental contaminants to which biological communities and specific biota are exposed. The information in this report is intended to aid in the identification of data gaps relative to taxa and geographic areas, and to stimulate collaboration and increase coordination in present and future ecological research in the Willamette Basin. Title: Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Altman, Bob, Henson, Colleen M., Waite, Ian R., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends of three taxonomic groups--algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish--and, to a lesser degree, other selected semi-aquatic taxa (i.e., taxa frequenting but not living wholly in water), including amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals, (2) the types of aquatic and riparian habitat that support and influence aquatic communities and their biotic constituents, (3) the natural and human-associated impacts on that habitat and associated biological communities, amd (4) the levels of enviroinmental contaminants to which biological communities and specific biota are exposed. The information in this report is intended to aid in the identification of data gaps relative to taxa and geographic areas, and to stimulate collaboration and increase coordination in present and future ecological research in the Willamette Basin. Close

• 11. [Article] What Lies Below: Options to Improve Sustainable Management of U.S./Mexico TransboundaryAquifers

  Globally, as surface water quality and quantity diminishes there is increasing reliance on groundwater to buffer water demands of growing populations. Today in many arid regions around the world aquifer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What Lies Below: Options to Improve Sustainable Management of U.S./Mexico TransboundaryAquifers Author: Welch, Christina, N. Globally, as surface water quality and quantity diminishes there is increasing reliance on groundwater to buffer water demands of growing populations. Today in many arid regions around the world aquifer pumping rates far exceed recharge rates. Often the groundwater is nonrenewable, or thousands of years old. Despite the known hydrologic connection between surface and groundwater, existing institutions and laws governing surface water are poorly equipped to manage groundwater. While there are more than 600 international treaties governing surface water, only one treaty worldwide explicitly addresses groundwater allocation. Like many other regions of the world, the treaties covering the Paseo del Norte region shared between Mexico and the United States allocate the quantity and timing of surface water deliveries, yet fail to regulate groundwater abstraction. The three transboundary aquifers shared by two countries and three states (New Mexico/U.S., Texas/U.S., and Chihuahua/MX) within Paseo del Norte study area present an ideal microcosm to closer examine water management institutions across the local, state, national, and international scales. This research assesses the United States and Mexico’s institutional capacity to manage groundwater across each scale. The problem is imminent since the Hueco Bolson transboundary aquifer is the primary source of drinking water for nearly 2 million people and the fresh water is predicted to be completely depleted between 2020-2050. The ultimate objective is to identify which future legal, scientific and economic options can best contribute to more sustainable management of transboundary aquifers without compromising water security in both countries. This research proposes three major paths to move forward: the first step is to increase public awareness of the aquifer exploitation problem; second, for water managers to accurately plan for future water demands there should be a binational groundwater model built by scientists on both sides of the border; third, an international treaty or regional joint agreement is necessary to legally support groundwater management efforts. Title: What Lies Below: Options to Improve Sustainable Management of U.S./Mexico TransboundaryAquifers Author: Welch, Christina, N. Globally, as surface water quality and quantity diminishes there is increasing reliance on groundwater to buffer water demands of growing populations. Today in many arid regions around the world aquifer pumping rates far exceed recharge rates. Often the groundwater is nonrenewable, or thousands of years old. Despite the known hydrologic connection between surface and groundwater, existing institutions and laws governing surface water are poorly equipped to manage groundwater. While there are more than 600 international treaties governing surface water, only one treaty worldwide explicitly addresses groundwater allocation. Like many other regions of the world, the treaties covering the Paseo del Norte region shared between Mexico and the United States allocate the quantity and timing of surface water deliveries, yet fail to regulate groundwater abstraction. The three transboundary aquifers shared by two countries and three states (New Mexico/U.S., Texas/U.S., and Chihuahua/MX) within Paseo del Norte study area present an ideal microcosm to closer examine water management institutions across the local, state, national, and international scales. This research assesses the United States and Mexico’s institutional capacity to manage groundwater across each scale. The problem is imminent since the Hueco Bolson transboundary aquifer is the primary source of drinking water for nearly 2 million people and the fresh water is predicted to be completely depleted between 2020-2050. The ultimate objective is to identify which future legal, scientific and economic options can best contribute to more sustainable management of transboundary aquifers without compromising water security in both countries. This research proposes three major paths to move forward: the first step is to increase public awareness of the aquifer exploitation problem; second, for water managers to accurately plan for future water demands there should be a binational groundwater model built by scientists on both sides of the border; third, an international treaty or regional joint agreement is necessary to legally support groundwater management efforts. Close

• 12. [Article] Non-regulatory efforts to combat nonpoint source pollution in Oregon

  This report and accompanying program inventory have been prepared in support of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's statewide nonpoint source pollution control efforts and for use in the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-regulatory efforts to combat nonpoint source pollution in Oregon Author: Lindberg, Roberta J. This report and accompanying program inventory have been prepared in support of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's statewide nonpoint source pollution control efforts and for use in the development of Oregon's new federally mandated Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (CNPCP). When Congress reauthorized the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1990, it added significant new responsibilities for coastal states regarding water pollution from diffuse, widespread sources that in the past have not been regulated. Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) requires states to adopt enforceable programs to address nonpoint source pollution arising from agriculture, forestry, urban runoff, recreational boating and marinas, channelization, dams and eroding stream banks. "Nonpoint source pollution" in this context includes any discharge to the state's waters which is not regulated by the Clean Water Act's permit system, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). When Congress mandated the coastal nonpoint source program, it directed that states' coastal programs and water quality agencies work together in developing and implementing the program. In Oregon, the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) are jointly responsible for the development of the coastal nonpoint control program. DLCD's Coastal Management Program implements provisions of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act. DEQ's Water Quality Division manages the statewide nonpoint source control program pursuant to Section 319 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Staff at DLCD's Coastal Management Program prepared an extensive report and analysis of Oregon's current array of enforceable programs and the extent to which those programs satisfy the federal requirements for the new coastal program. Gaps in program coverage were identified, and efforts to fill those gaps are currently in progress. This report is a companion to the DLCD gap analysis. However, instead of focusing on enforceable programs, this report highlights nonpoint source control and watershed management programs that rely on voluntary efforts to achieve their goals. Staff at DEQ have identified nine types of activities which, together with enforcement, make constitute an effective watershed management program. This report presents an inventory of the state and federal government efforts currently underway within the state of Oregon which contribute to the control of nonpoint source pollution but do not rely on a regulatory program to do so. This is a time of extensive reevaluation and reordering of natural resource priorities and strategies at both the state and federal levels. The Clinton Forest Summit and the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) process have been examining federal forest policy from top to bottom. The two major federal land management agencies, the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, began reviewing their policies and practices well before the Forest Summit, and have made significant changes as a result. At the state level, the Watershed Health Initiative directed $10 million to two regions of the state during the 1993-95 biennium, in an unprecedented effort to restore salmon habitat and improve water quality. The impetus for change comes from the visible results of past natural resource management practices: the collapse of many native salmon runs and the decline in many other species leading to a great expansion of activity under the federal Endangered Species Act. The federal court logging injunction to protect the Northern Spotted Owl triggered much activity at the state and local levels in an effort to avoid further listings and the potential economic dislocations associated with them. Title: Non-regulatory efforts to combat nonpoint source pollution in Oregon Author: Lindberg, Roberta J. This report and accompanying program inventory have been prepared in support of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's statewide nonpoint source pollution control efforts and for use in the development of Oregon's new federally mandated Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program (CNPCP). When Congress reauthorized the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1990, it added significant new responsibilities for coastal states regarding water pollution from diffuse, widespread sources that in the past have not been regulated. Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) requires states to adopt enforceable programs to address nonpoint source pollution arising from agriculture, forestry, urban runoff, recreational boating and marinas, channelization, dams and eroding stream banks. "Nonpoint source pollution" in this context includes any discharge to the state's waters which is not regulated by the Clean Water Act's permit system, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). When Congress mandated the coastal nonpoint source program, it directed that states' coastal programs and water quality agencies work together in developing and implementing the program. In Oregon, the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) are jointly responsible for the development of the coastal nonpoint control program. DLCD's Coastal Management Program implements provisions of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act. DEQ's Water Quality Division manages the statewide nonpoint source control program pursuant to Section 319 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). Staff at DLCD's Coastal Management Program prepared an extensive report and analysis of Oregon's current array of enforceable programs and the extent to which those programs satisfy the federal requirements for the new coastal program. Gaps in program coverage were identified, and efforts to fill those gaps are currently in progress. This report is a companion to the DLCD gap analysis. However, instead of focusing on enforceable programs, this report highlights nonpoint source control and watershed management programs that rely on voluntary efforts to achieve their goals. Staff at DEQ have identified nine types of activities which, together with enforcement, make constitute an effective watershed management program. This report presents an inventory of the state and federal government efforts currently underway within the state of Oregon which contribute to the control of nonpoint source pollution but do not rely on a regulatory program to do so. This is a time of extensive reevaluation and reordering of natural resource priorities and strategies at both the state and federal levels. The Clinton Forest Summit and the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) process have been examining federal forest policy from top to bottom. The two major federal land management agencies, the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, began reviewing their policies and practices well before the Forest Summit, and have made significant changes as a result. At the state level, the Watershed Health Initiative directed $10 million to two regions of the state during the 1993-95 biennium, in an unprecedented effort to restore salmon habitat and improve water quality. The impetus for change comes from the visible results of past natural resource management practices: the collapse of many native salmon runs and the decline in many other species leading to a great expansion of activity under the federal Endangered Species Act. The federal court logging injunction to protect the Northern Spotted Owl triggered much activity at the state and local levels in an effort to avoid further listings and the potential economic dislocations associated with them. Close

• 13. [Article] Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan

  There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Title: Watershed restoration, jobs-in-the-woods, and community assistance : Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan Author: DeForest, Christopher E., Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.) There are many parallels between the 1978 legislation to expand Redwood National Park and the Northwest Forest Plan, which together with the Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative formed the 1993 Pacific Northwest Initiative. In both situations, the Federal Government sought to promote retraining for displaced workers, to undertake watershed assessment and restoration work, and to assist communities with economic planning, grants, and transitions. Both of these efforts point out the inherent conflicts between the economic and ecological objectives of watershed restoration. No one wants to have to choose between reducing sediment an reducing unemployment in coastal forests. Close

• 14. [Article] The conceptual development and use of ecoregion classifications

  This thesis explores the genesis of the ecoregion concept, examines the conceptual development of ecoregion classification systems, investigates applications of ecoregion classification systems for a broad ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The conceptual development and use of ecoregion classifications Author: Brewer, Isaac This thesis explores the genesis of the ecoregion concept, examines the conceptual development of ecoregion classification systems, investigates applications of ecoregion classification systems for a broad range of purposes, and discusses the prospects for the further evolution of this concept. An ecoregion is an area that exhibits patterns of homogeneity in specified criteria such as soils, vegetation, climate, geology, physiography, land use, and hydrology. Ecoregions provide a unifying spatial framework for environmental research, assessment, management, and monitoring and are appropriate tools at continental, national, and state plarming levels. Recent years have seen marked interest in the development, use, and application of ecoregion classifications. A literature review provides a thorough look at the geographer's concept of regions and regionalization, and identifies ecoregion classifications in use today, including Bailey's, the EPA's, and others' frameworks in the context of their specialized perspectives, purposes, and differences. The contemporary uses, applications, and trends of ecoregion classifications are also discussed. Conclusions are made regarding the proliferation of ecoregions to meet diverse information needs, trends in expanded use, and concerns about the information value of ecoregion classification frameworks. This analysis has shown that ecoregions have been used effectively for a wide array of applications, including broad-based holistic resource analysis, development of biological criteria for water quality standards, evaluation of protected area representativeness, wetland mitigation, and calibration of remote sensing data. Over 40% of all ecoregion uses between 1976 and 1998 were for water quality management; however, recent trends indicate ecoregions are being used for more holistic assessment of terrestrial, aquatic, abiotic, and biotic resources with increasing interagency collaboration. Ecoregion theory has developed rapidly within the past thirty years, and this thesis identifies the current utility of ecoregion classifications in the international arena. Title: The conceptual development and use of ecoregion classifications Author: Brewer, Isaac This thesis explores the genesis of the ecoregion concept, examines the conceptual development of ecoregion classification systems, investigates applications of ecoregion classification systems for a broad range of purposes, and discusses the prospects for the further evolution of this concept. An ecoregion is an area that exhibits patterns of homogeneity in specified criteria such as soils, vegetation, climate, geology, physiography, land use, and hydrology. Ecoregions provide a unifying spatial framework for environmental research, assessment, management, and monitoring and are appropriate tools at continental, national, and state plarming levels. Recent years have seen marked interest in the development, use, and application of ecoregion classifications. A literature review provides a thorough look at the geographer's concept of regions and regionalization, and identifies ecoregion classifications in use today, including Bailey's, the EPA's, and others' frameworks in the context of their specialized perspectives, purposes, and differences. The contemporary uses, applications, and trends of ecoregion classifications are also discussed. Conclusions are made regarding the proliferation of ecoregions to meet diverse information needs, trends in expanded use, and concerns about the information value of ecoregion classification frameworks. This analysis has shown that ecoregions have been used effectively for a wide array of applications, including broad-based holistic resource analysis, development of biological criteria for water quality standards, evaluation of protected area representativeness, wetland mitigation, and calibration of remote sensing data. Over 40% of all ecoregion uses between 1976 and 1998 were for water quality management; however, recent trends indicate ecoregions are being used for more holistic assessment of terrestrial, aquatic, abiotic, and biotic resources with increasing interagency collaboration. Ecoregion theory has developed rapidly within the past thirty years, and this thesis identifies the current utility of ecoregion classifications in the international arena. Close

• 15. [Article] An Ecoregion-Based Reference Condition and Classification Scheme for Determining Nutrient Criteria in Oregon Lakes

  The anthropogenic introduction of nutrients to water bodies has been shown to alter the structure and function of natural aquatic ecosystems, yet national EPA lake and reservoir nutrient criteria remain ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Ecoregion-Based Reference Condition and Classification Scheme for Determining Nutrient Criteria in Oregon Lakes Author: Brenner, Jacqueline M. The anthropogenic introduction of nutrients to water bodies has been shown to alter the structure and function of natural aquatic ecosystems, yet national EPA lake and reservoir nutrient criteria remain too broad for effective regional water quality management. This study uses a reference site approach to propose numeric nutrient criteria for concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) specifically applicable to lakes and reservoirs in Oregon. Oregon lake watersheds with existing lakewater nutrient data were characterized using GIS techniques to eliminate lakes with known point and non-point sources of anthropogenic nutrient contributions, resulting in 98 minimally or least-altered Oregon lakes. These minimally altered lakes were used as reference sites for their corresponding Omernik Level III ecoregion based on majority ecoregion composition of the lake watershed. CART regression and other statistical procedures were used to relate existing data on summer nutrient concentrations to reference site factors, including: water residence time, soil properties, elevation, lake depth, precipitation, and watershed deciduous forests and wetlands. Lake classifications from this analysis were only significantly related to precipitation and supported aggregate ecoregion groupings of the Western Forested Mountains (Coast Range, Willamette Valley, Cascades, Klamath Mountains, and Blue Mountains), Xeric West (Northern Basin and Range, Columbia Plateau, and Snake River Plain), and Eastern Cascades were used to set ecoregional criteria for TP. For TN, the Eastern Cascades were not significantly different from the Xeric West and aggregated into the Xeric West ecoregion. As per EPA guidelines, the 75th percentile of reference site nutrient concentrations in an ecoregion were used to set ecoregional nutrient criteria with the following results; Western Forested Mountains: 11 μg TP/L and 277 μg TN/L; Eastern Cascades: 78.5 μg TP/L; and Xeric West: 490 μg TP/L and 760 μgTN/L. Nutrient concentrations in a random sample of Oregon lakes taken from EPA's 2007 and 2012 National Lake Assessment surveys were assessed using the proposed criteria. Statewide, 21- 37% of lakes had TP below criteria and 40 - 64% of lakes had TN below criteria in the two surveys. These results contribute to nutrient management efforts and inform agency scientists and decision makers regarding the complexity of nutrient – land use relationships in lakes and their watersheds. Title: An Ecoregion-Based Reference Condition and Classification Scheme for Determining Nutrient Criteria in Oregon Lakes Author: Brenner, Jacqueline M. The anthropogenic introduction of nutrients to water bodies has been shown to alter the structure and function of natural aquatic ecosystems, yet national EPA lake and reservoir nutrient criteria remain too broad for effective regional water quality management. This study uses a reference site approach to propose numeric nutrient criteria for concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) specifically applicable to lakes and reservoirs in Oregon. Oregon lake watersheds with existing lakewater nutrient data were characterized using GIS techniques to eliminate lakes with known point and non-point sources of anthropogenic nutrient contributions, resulting in 98 minimally or least-altered Oregon lakes. These minimally altered lakes were used as reference sites for their corresponding Omernik Level III ecoregion based on majority ecoregion composition of the lake watershed. CART regression and other statistical procedures were used to relate existing data on summer nutrient concentrations to reference site factors, including: water residence time, soil properties, elevation, lake depth, precipitation, and watershed deciduous forests and wetlands. Lake classifications from this analysis were only significantly related to precipitation and supported aggregate ecoregion groupings of the Western Forested Mountains (Coast Range, Willamette Valley, Cascades, Klamath Mountains, and Blue Mountains), Xeric West (Northern Basin and Range, Columbia Plateau, and Snake River Plain), and Eastern Cascades were used to set ecoregional criteria for TP. For TN, the Eastern Cascades were not significantly different from the Xeric West and aggregated into the Xeric West ecoregion. As per EPA guidelines, the 75th percentile of reference site nutrient concentrations in an ecoregion were used to set ecoregional nutrient criteria with the following results; Western Forested Mountains: 11 μg TP/L and 277 μg TN/L; Eastern Cascades: 78.5 μg TP/L; and Xeric West: 490 μg TP/L and 760 μgTN/L. Nutrient concentrations in a random sample of Oregon lakes taken from EPA's 2007 and 2012 National Lake Assessment surveys were assessed using the proposed criteria. Statewide, 21- 37% of lakes had TP below criteria and 40 - 64% of lakes had TN below criteria in the two surveys. These results contribute to nutrient management efforts and inform agency scientists and decision makers regarding the complexity of nutrient – land use relationships in lakes and their watersheds. Close

• 16. [Article] EWEB’s Vision: Payments for Ecosystem Services through a Voluntary Incentives Program; An Innovative, Incentive-Based Approach for Preserving Water Quality in the McKenzie River Watershed

  EWEB envisions the development of an investment mechanism that makes payments for ecosystem services (PES) as a way to maintain and improve water quality within the McKenzie River Watershed, Eugene’s sole ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: EWEB’s Vision: Payments for Ecosystem Services through a Voluntary Incentives Program; An Innovative, Incentive-Based Approach for Preserving Water Quality in the McKenzie River Watershed Author: Lurie, Sue, Toth, Nancy, Morgenstern, Karl, Duncan, Sally, Fishler, Hillary, Bennett, Drew EWEB envisions the development of an investment mechanism that makes payments for ecosystem services (PES) as a way to maintain and improve water quality within the McKenzie River Watershed, Eugene’s sole source of drinking water. The public name for this concept is the Voluntary Incentives Program. Under the envisioned Voluntary Incentives Program (VIP), EWEB will provide annual dividend payments to landowners for the valuable services their properties provide including water filtration and purification. These dividends recognize the value of the natural capital provided by these lands and their downstream benefits to the residents of Eugene. A fund with sustainable financing will be established to support the dividend payments and the infrastructure necessary to operate the Voluntary Incentives Program. Financing will come from a variety of sources but could be initially endowed through existing water funds (under existing rate structure) or another utility funding mechanism. Additional possible financing sources other than EWEB include corporations, a voter approved bond measure, development impact fees, and state and federal mitigation programs. EWEB will establish a stewardship boundary identifying riparian forests and floodplains that are eligible to enroll in the VIP. Participation is open to private landowners, local governments, and non-profit organizations that own land within the designated boundary. Based on EWEB’s preliminary analysis, an estimated 6,500 acres of riparian and floodplain areas along the McKenzie and major tributaries are eligible to enroll. Land within the stewardship boundary will need to meet a threshold in order to receive payments. This threshold will be determined by adapting existing riparian forest and wetland habitat standards and definitions from NRCS, USFS, Defenders of Wildlife and other entities to establish the criteria for participation in the VIP. Appropriate infrastructure is essential to implement and run the incentives program: critical tasks include managing the fund, making payments to VIP participants, assessing the quality of land enrolled, negotiating agreements, monitoring properties and verifying compliance, and educating and communicating with the community. The VIP will rely upon a coalition of existing organizations, which will form a watershed investment district (WID), to provide this critical infrastructure, without which successful implementation of the VIP is highly unlikely. Title: EWEB’s Vision: Payments for Ecosystem Services through a Voluntary Incentives Program; An Innovative, Incentive-Based Approach for Preserving Water Quality in the McKenzie River Watershed Author: Lurie, Sue, Toth, Nancy, Morgenstern, Karl, Duncan, Sally, Fishler, Hillary, Bennett, Drew EWEB envisions the development of an investment mechanism that makes payments for ecosystem services (PES) as a way to maintain and improve water quality within the McKenzie River Watershed, Eugene’s sole source of drinking water. The public name for this concept is the Voluntary Incentives Program. Under the envisioned Voluntary Incentives Program (VIP), EWEB will provide annual dividend payments to landowners for the valuable services their properties provide including water filtration and purification. These dividends recognize the value of the natural capital provided by these lands and their downstream benefits to the residents of Eugene. A fund with sustainable financing will be established to support the dividend payments and the infrastructure necessary to operate the Voluntary Incentives Program. Financing will come from a variety of sources but could be initially endowed through existing water funds (under existing rate structure) or another utility funding mechanism. Additional possible financing sources other than EWEB include corporations, a voter approved bond measure, development impact fees, and state and federal mitigation programs. EWEB will establish a stewardship boundary identifying riparian forests and floodplains that are eligible to enroll in the VIP. Participation is open to private landowners, local governments, and non-profit organizations that own land within the designated boundary. Based on EWEB’s preliminary analysis, an estimated 6,500 acres of riparian and floodplain areas along the McKenzie and major tributaries are eligible to enroll. Land within the stewardship boundary will need to meet a threshold in order to receive payments. This threshold will be determined by adapting existing riparian forest and wetland habitat standards and definitions from NRCS, USFS, Defenders of Wildlife and other entities to establish the criteria for participation in the VIP. Appropriate infrastructure is essential to implement and run the incentives program: critical tasks include managing the fund, making payments to VIP participants, assessing the quality of land enrolled, negotiating agreements, monitoring properties and verifying compliance, and educating and communicating with the community. The VIP will rely upon a coalition of existing organizations, which will form a watershed investment district (WID), to provide this critical infrastructure, without which successful implementation of the VIP is highly unlikely. Close

• 17. [Article] Probabilistic assessment of wildfire hazard and municipal watershed exposure

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/natural+hazards/journal/11069. To the best ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Probabilistic assessment of wildfire hazard and municipal watershed exposure Author: Thompson, Matthew P., Marcille, Kate, Calkin, David E., Scott, Joe, Helmbrecht, Don This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/natural+hazards/journal/11069. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Probabilistic assessment of wildfire hazard and municipal watershed exposure Author: Thompson, Matthew P., Marcille, Kate, Calkin, David E., Scott, Joe, Helmbrecht, Don This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/natural+hazards/journal/11069. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 18. [Article] Effects of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) canopy cover on seasonal herbage production, foliar cover, and nutritive quality in the Mamora National Forest of Morocco

  This research was conducted in the Mamora National Forest of Morocco to: (1) Evaluate the effect of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) crown cover on seasonal herbage production, nutritive quality, and foliar ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) canopy cover on seasonal herbage production, foliar cover, and nutritive quality in the Mamora National Forest of Morocco Author: Ibnattya, Abdelhai Andaloussi This research was conducted in the Mamora National Forest of Morocco to: (1) Evaluate the effect of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) crown cover on seasonal herbage production, nutritive quality, and foliar cover on two distinctive sites in each of two years (1982, 1983) and to (2) assess the effects of one and two growing seasons' protection from grazing on herbage production and foliar cover. Sites differed in the dominance (81% cover) of a 1.5-3m tall legumeshrub (Genista linifolia L.) on one (G) and the near absence of this layer on the other (NG). Understory herbage yields on G were over twice as much as the NG regardless of oak cover, plant phenology or years. On the G yields were similar from 25% to full oak canopy cover and declined approximately one-third at less than 25%. Yields on the NG were essentially the same regardless of canopy cover. Yields peaked at the pre-reproductive phase and then declined by approximately one-third by maturity. Herbage under canopied stands contained more crude protein, fat and water but less crude fiber than in the open. Nutritive quality of herbage from the G site was approximately three times greater than that from the NG. Living vegetation ground cover was 70% at canopy cover of 25% or less but was 85% above 25% canopy. Annual grasses decreased in cover from 57% to 30% as crown cover decreased. Annual forbs were less under the densest canopy but were approximately 30% as canopy declined. Perennials tended to be similar (13%) under all canopy treatments. Foliar cover was higher on the G site. Vegetation and soil characteristics showed G having higher production potential. The amount of rest from grazing had pronounced effects. Average herbage yields were 30% more protected two growing seasons as compared to one. Percent cover of annual grasses, perennial grasses and oak seedlings was higher when contrasting two to one seasons' protection. Results suggest that both tree canopy cover and site characteristics such as intermediate shrub layer were major determinants in affecting herbage yields, quality, cover and composition. Rest from grazing also had important effects. Such information will be helpful in developing future Mamora management plan. Title: Effects of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) canopy cover on seasonal herbage production, foliar cover, and nutritive quality in the Mamora National Forest of Morocco Author: Ibnattya, Abdelhai Andaloussi This research was conducted in the Mamora National Forest of Morocco to: (1) Evaluate the effect of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) crown cover on seasonal herbage production, nutritive quality, and foliar cover on two distinctive sites in each of two years (1982, 1983) and to (2) assess the effects of one and two growing seasons' protection from grazing on herbage production and foliar cover. Sites differed in the dominance (81% cover) of a 1.5-3m tall legumeshrub (Genista linifolia L.) on one (G) and the near absence of this layer on the other (NG). Understory herbage yields on G were over twice as much as the NG regardless of oak cover, plant phenology or years. On the G yields were similar from 25% to full oak canopy cover and declined approximately one-third at less than 25%. Yields on the NG were essentially the same regardless of canopy cover. Yields peaked at the pre-reproductive phase and then declined by approximately one-third by maturity. Herbage under canopied stands contained more crude protein, fat and water but less crude fiber than in the open. Nutritive quality of herbage from the G site was approximately three times greater than that from the NG. Living vegetation ground cover was 70% at canopy cover of 25% or less but was 85% above 25% canopy. Annual grasses decreased in cover from 57% to 30% as crown cover decreased. Annual forbs were less under the densest canopy but were approximately 30% as canopy declined. Perennials tended to be similar (13%) under all canopy treatments. Foliar cover was higher on the G site. Vegetation and soil characteristics showed G having higher production potential. The amount of rest from grazing had pronounced effects. Average herbage yields were 30% more protected two growing seasons as compared to one. Percent cover of annual grasses, perennial grasses and oak seedlings was higher when contrasting two to one seasons' protection. Results suggest that both tree canopy cover and site characteristics such as intermediate shrub layer were major determinants in affecting herbage yields, quality, cover and composition. Rest from grazing also had important effects. Such information will be helpful in developing future Mamora management plan. Close

• 19. [Article] Temperature and infiltration characterization of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment

  The City of Woodburn, Oregon's Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) has been investigating several natural alternatives for improving effluent quality. Based on its current National Pollution Discharge Elimination ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temperature and infiltration characterization of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment Author: Gregory, Christopher T. (Christopher Thomas) The City of Woodburn, Oregon's Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) has been investigating several natural alternatives for improving effluent quality. Based on its current National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, the WWTP will require additional reduction of temperature and ammonia levels in the summer, especially in the critical month of September. The present research focuses on the performance of a 0.15 ha constructed pilot wetland during the summer and early fall of 2009. The wetland was intended to demonstrate the feasibility of using treatment wetlands to lower temperature and ammonia during an annual operational period (approximately June through October). Point sensors and a fiber optic distributed temperature sensor (DTS) were used to assess temperature treatment during the study. Infiltration was monitored to characterize the hydrogeologic behavior of the site. A wetland water budget was used to determine system-wide infiltration, and heat pulses applied to a subsurface fiber optic cable were used to assess infiltrative variability. The results showed that temperature reduction in the pilot wetland was marginal over the study period. In the September critical month, significantly more treatment occurred in the WWTP storage lagoon than in the wetland (about 4°C cooling compared to 1.2°C in the wetland). Decreasing the hydraulic retention time from 2.5 to 0.5 days in mid-September did not change the average temperature treatment. DTS data demonstrated that all temperature reduction occurred in the first half of the wetland. Infiltration was greater than outflow for most of the study, and steadily decreased through time. The highest and lowest infiltration velocities were within a factor of 2, and this range also declined between November 2008 and June 2009. Potential explanations for decreasing infiltration include soil clogging and settling. The study showed the utility of DTS for assessing the spatial and temporal variability of infiltration processes. Title: Temperature and infiltration characterization of a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment Author: Gregory, Christopher T. (Christopher Thomas) The City of Woodburn, Oregon's Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) has been investigating several natural alternatives for improving effluent quality. Based on its current National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, the WWTP will require additional reduction of temperature and ammonia levels in the summer, especially in the critical month of September. The present research focuses on the performance of a 0.15 ha constructed pilot wetland during the summer and early fall of 2009. The wetland was intended to demonstrate the feasibility of using treatment wetlands to lower temperature and ammonia during an annual operational period (approximately June through October). Point sensors and a fiber optic distributed temperature sensor (DTS) were used to assess temperature treatment during the study. Infiltration was monitored to characterize the hydrogeologic behavior of the site. A wetland water budget was used to determine system-wide infiltration, and heat pulses applied to a subsurface fiber optic cable were used to assess infiltrative variability. The results showed that temperature reduction in the pilot wetland was marginal over the study period. In the September critical month, significantly more treatment occurred in the WWTP storage lagoon than in the wetland (about 4°C cooling compared to 1.2°C in the wetland). Decreasing the hydraulic retention time from 2.5 to 0.5 days in mid-September did not change the average temperature treatment. DTS data demonstrated that all temperature reduction occurred in the first half of the wetland. Infiltration was greater than outflow for most of the study, and steadily decreased through time. The highest and lowest infiltration velocities were within a factor of 2, and this range also declined between November 2008 and June 2009. Potential explanations for decreasing infiltration include soil clogging and settling. The study showed the utility of DTS for assessing the spatial and temporal variability of infiltration processes. Close

• 20. [Article] Methods for multi-spatial scale characterization riparian corridors

  This paper describes the application of aerial photography and GIS technology to develop flexible and transferable methods for multi-spatial scale characterization and analysis of riparian corridors. Relationships ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methods for multi-spatial scale characterization riparian corridors Author: Moser, Thomas J., Lindeman, Dale R., Schuft, Michael, Van Sickle, John, Wigington, P.J. This paper describes the application of aerial photography and GIS technology to develop flexible and transferable methods for multi-spatial scale characterization and analysis of riparian corridors. Relationships between structural attributes of riparian corridors and indicators of stream ecological conditions are not well established. As part of a research project focused on assessing riparian-stream systems in agricultural landscapes of Oregon's Willamette Valley, GIS land cover/land use databases were created from 1997 aerial photography and digital orthophotography for 23 predominantly agricultural watersheds, including detailed land cover-land use coverages within 150 m of perennial and intermittent streams. GIS functions were used to partition the stream networks at various lateral-longitudinal scales to quantify land cover/land use and to generate functionally relevant metrics of riparian vegetation, such as its composition, width, and continuity. The methods developed provide considerable flexibility for generating metrics characterizing attributes of riparian corridors and for exploring relationships among these metrics and indicators of stream ecological condition. Title: Methods for multi-spatial scale characterization riparian corridors Author: Moser, Thomas J., Lindeman, Dale R., Schuft, Michael, Van Sickle, John, Wigington, P.J. This paper describes the application of aerial photography and GIS technology to develop flexible and transferable methods for multi-spatial scale characterization and analysis of riparian corridors. Relationships between structural attributes of riparian corridors and indicators of stream ecological conditions are not well established. As part of a research project focused on assessing riparian-stream systems in agricultural landscapes of Oregon's Willamette Valley, GIS land cover/land use databases were created from 1997 aerial photography and digital orthophotography for 23 predominantly agricultural watersheds, including detailed land cover-land use coverages within 150 m of perennial and intermittent streams. GIS functions were used to partition the stream networks at various lateral-longitudinal scales to quantify land cover/land use and to generate functionally relevant metrics of riparian vegetation, such as its composition, width, and continuity. The methods developed provide considerable flexibility for generating metrics characterizing attributes of riparian corridors and for exploring relationships among these metrics and indicators of stream ecological condition. Close

• 21. [Article] Habitat segregation of two ambystomatids in mountain ponds, Mount Rainier National Park

  Ambystoma macrodactylum (long-toed salamander) and A. gracile (northwestern salamander) are two common salamander species occupying key trophic positions in mountain ponds of Mount Rainier National Park. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat segregation of two ambystomatids in mountain ponds, Mount Rainier National Park Author: Brokes, Brendan J. Ambystoma macrodactylum (long-toed salamander) and A. gracile (northwestern salamander) are two common salamander species occupying key trophic positions in mountain ponds of Mount Rainier National Park. The objective of this research was to document and evaluate the distributions and abundances of the two species, relative to habitat characteristics of ponds in the park. Amphibian distributions and abundances were assessed in 20 ponds from June through September 1993 to 1996. Nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen, Kjeldahl-N, total phosphorus, and orthophosphate-P), habitat characteristics (surface area, depth, elevation, substratum organic content lost on ignition, amount of coarse woody debris, aquatic vegetation, and bottom firmness), and water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, conductivity, and pH) were measured. Distinct habitat associations were found for each Ambystoma species. Ponds with one species only were different in surface area, maximum depth, substratum organic content, and elevation. Ponds with A. macrodactylum were small, shallow, high in elevation, and had firm sediments low in organic matter relative to A. gracile ponds. Ambystoma macrodactylum ponds typically contained little coarse woody debris relative to the amount of aquatic vegetation. Ambystoma gracile ponds were large, deep, low in elevation, had flocculent sediment high in organic content, abundant coarse woody debris, and little aquatic vegetation relative to A. macrodactylum ponds. Two ponds supported reproducing populations of both species and exhibited habitat characteristics intermediate to the allopatric pond types. These findings suggest that habitat complexity plays an important role in the segregation of A. macrodactylum and A. gracile. Title: Habitat segregation of two ambystomatids in mountain ponds, Mount Rainier National Park Author: Brokes, Brendan J. Ambystoma macrodactylum (long-toed salamander) and A. gracile (northwestern salamander) are two common salamander species occupying key trophic positions in mountain ponds of Mount Rainier National Park. The objective of this research was to document and evaluate the distributions and abundances of the two species, relative to habitat characteristics of ponds in the park. Amphibian distributions and abundances were assessed in 20 ponds from June through September 1993 to 1996. Nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen, Kjeldahl-N, total phosphorus, and orthophosphate-P), habitat characteristics (surface area, depth, elevation, substratum organic content lost on ignition, amount of coarse woody debris, aquatic vegetation, and bottom firmness), and water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, conductivity, and pH) were measured. Distinct habitat associations were found for each Ambystoma species. Ponds with one species only were different in surface area, maximum depth, substratum organic content, and elevation. Ponds with A. macrodactylum were small, shallow, high in elevation, and had firm sediments low in organic matter relative to A. gracile ponds. Ambystoma macrodactylum ponds typically contained little coarse woody debris relative to the amount of aquatic vegetation. Ambystoma gracile ponds were large, deep, low in elevation, had flocculent sediment high in organic content, abundant coarse woody debris, and little aquatic vegetation relative to A. macrodactylum ponds. Two ponds supported reproducing populations of both species and exhibited habitat characteristics intermediate to the allopatric pond types. These findings suggest that habitat complexity plays an important role in the segregation of A. macrodactylum and A. gracile. Close

• 22. [Article] Resilience of large river basins : applying social-ecological systems theory, conflict management, and collaboration on the Mekong and Columbia Basins

  River basins provide essential services for both humans and ecosystems. Understanding the connections between ecosystems and society and their function has been at the heart of resilience studies and has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resilience of large river basins : applying social-ecological systems theory, conflict management, and collaboration on the Mekong and Columbia Basins Author: MacQuarrie, Patrick R. River basins provide essential services for both humans and ecosystems. Understanding the connections between ecosystems and society and their function has been at the heart of resilience studies and has become an increasing important endeavor in research and practice. In this dissertation, I define basin resilience as a river basin system's capacity to absorb, manage, and adapt to biophysical, social-economic, and political changes (or stressors) while still maintaining its essential structure, feedbacks, and functional integrity. I address the question of resilience, scale, and development in the Mekong and Columbia River Basins. This dissertation answers the following questions: 1) is systems theory an appropriate model to evaluate basin resilience, 2) is the Mekong Basin resilient, 3) are the Mekong and Columbia River Basins resilient across multiple scales, 4) can conflict management and collaborative learning enhance resilience, 5) can a resilience framework be used for basin comparisons, and 6) what lessons can the Mekong basin take from rapid development in the Columbia basin? In Chapter 2, I create and apply a social-ecological systems (SES) model of the Mekong River Basin to assess resilience at sub-basin (provincial), watershed (national), and basin (regional) scales. Feedbacks, thresholds, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity are determined and used as inputs into an overall basin resilience assessment. Drawing upon field work done in the Mekong Basin, Chapter 3 uses Conflict Management and Collaborative Learning processes to address resilience weaknesses across multiple scales in the Mekong Basin. Chapter 4 uses the basin resilience framework to compare the Mekong and Columbia Basins against physical characteristics, development rate, conflict and cooperation, and institutional responses to development projects. In this dissertation I find the Mekong has medium-low basin resilience and that scale is a critical determinant in basin resilience assessments. I find that in this study, vulnerability is inversely proportional to resilience, and low resilience at one scale, for example fisheries in the Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia, decreases resilience for the entire basin. I find that Cambodia and Lao PDR are the least resilience and Thailand the most resilient countries in the Mekong Basin – Thailand more resilient in some sectors than the Mekong River Commission (MRC). I find that the MRC's conflict management strategy is hampered by a restrictive mandate and weakness in capacity building at tributary and national scales but that Collaborative Learning processes are effective in enhancing resilience at the sub-basin scale. Finally, I demonstrate through the basin comparison that the Mekong has a highly resilient biophysical system and traditionally a resilient institutional system however, the proposed rate of development is unsustainable with trends indicating a significant erosion of resilience. I find the Columbia Basin lacking resilience in fishing, hydropower, and water quality – sectors mitigating the effects of development in the Columbia Basin, manifesting as overall negative trends in cooperation. However, the Columbia shows signs of increasing cooperation due recent inclusion of Tribal Nations in water management. Flexible and inclusive institutional responses to water resource development challenges, in the Mekong to rapid development on the mainstream and in the Columbia to negotiations over renewal of the Columbia River Treaty, are key determinants to whether or not each basin can halt the current negative trends and strengthen basin resilience to face the challenges now and those coming in the future. Title: Resilience of large river basins : applying social-ecological systems theory, conflict management, and collaboration on the Mekong and Columbia Basins Author: MacQuarrie, Patrick R. River basins provide essential services for both humans and ecosystems. Understanding the connections between ecosystems and society and their function has been at the heart of resilience studies and has become an increasing important endeavor in research and practice. In this dissertation, I define basin resilience as a river basin system's capacity to absorb, manage, and adapt to biophysical, social-economic, and political changes (or stressors) while still maintaining its essential structure, feedbacks, and functional integrity. I address the question of resilience, scale, and development in the Mekong and Columbia River Basins. This dissertation answers the following questions: 1) is systems theory an appropriate model to evaluate basin resilience, 2) is the Mekong Basin resilient, 3) are the Mekong and Columbia River Basins resilient across multiple scales, 4) can conflict management and collaborative learning enhance resilience, 5) can a resilience framework be used for basin comparisons, and 6) what lessons can the Mekong basin take from rapid development in the Columbia basin? In Chapter 2, I create and apply a social-ecological systems (SES) model of the Mekong River Basin to assess resilience at sub-basin (provincial), watershed (national), and basin (regional) scales. Feedbacks, thresholds, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity are determined and used as inputs into an overall basin resilience assessment. Drawing upon field work done in the Mekong Basin, Chapter 3 uses Conflict Management and Collaborative Learning processes to address resilience weaknesses across multiple scales in the Mekong Basin. Chapter 4 uses the basin resilience framework to compare the Mekong and Columbia Basins against physical characteristics, development rate, conflict and cooperation, and institutional responses to development projects. In this dissertation I find the Mekong has medium-low basin resilience and that scale is a critical determinant in basin resilience assessments. I find that in this study, vulnerability is inversely proportional to resilience, and low resilience at one scale, for example fisheries in the Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia, decreases resilience for the entire basin. I find that Cambodia and Lao PDR are the least resilience and Thailand the most resilient countries in the Mekong Basin – Thailand more resilient in some sectors than the Mekong River Commission (MRC). I find that the MRC's conflict management strategy is hampered by a restrictive mandate and weakness in capacity building at tributary and national scales but that Collaborative Learning processes are effective in enhancing resilience at the sub-basin scale. Finally, I demonstrate through the basin comparison that the Mekong has a highly resilient biophysical system and traditionally a resilient institutional system however, the proposed rate of development is unsustainable with trends indicating a significant erosion of resilience. I find the Columbia Basin lacking resilience in fishing, hydropower, and water quality – sectors mitigating the effects of development in the Columbia Basin, manifesting as overall negative trends in cooperation. However, the Columbia shows signs of increasing cooperation due recent inclusion of Tribal Nations in water management. Flexible and inclusive institutional responses to water resource development challenges, in the Mekong to rapid development on the mainstream and in the Columbia to negotiations over renewal of the Columbia River Treaty, are key determinants to whether or not each basin can halt the current negative trends and strengthen basin resilience to face the challenges now and those coming in the future. Close

• 23. [Article] Population Genetics of American Pika (Ochotona princeps) : Investigating Gene Flow and Genetic Diversity Across Multiple, Complex Landscapes

  American pikas (Ochotona princeps) are considered an indicator species of climate change. Adaptations for cold climates and active winters make pikas particularly sensitive to increasing temperatures. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population Genetics of American Pika (Ochotona princeps) : Investigating Gene Flow and Genetic Diversity Across Multiple, Complex Landscapes Author: Castillo, Jessica A. American pikas (Ochotona princeps) are considered an indicator species of climate change. Adaptations for cold climates and active winters make pikas particularly sensitive to increasing temperatures. This, combined with evidence that multiple historically occupied populations have been extirpated within the past century, contributed to American pikas becoming a focal species for climate change research. This dissertation is primarily the product of a collaboration among the National Parks Service and multiple academic institutions whose principal goal was to assess the vulnerability of the American pika within eight national parks representing a variety of habitat types and environmental conditions. While much of the previous climate change-related research on American pikas has focused on how climate affects occupancy, this work sought to establish how landscape characteristics and climate may interact and influence dispersal, population connectivity, and ultimately population vulnerability or resilience. I addressed these questions using population and landscape genetics approaches within nine national parks, two national wildlife refuges, and a national forest. American pikas represent one of the best described mammalian metapopulation systems. They are restricted to rocky habitats, such as talus and lava, which are frequently patchily distributed on the landscape, both at the local and regional scales. Functional connectivity, the combination of habitat configuration and an organism’s ability to move through the landscape, is essential for maintaining robust genetic populations. This is particularly true within metapopulations which, by definition, rely on dispersal of individuals among habitat patches for overall long-term stability. In Chapters 1 and 2, I used a landscape genetics approach to identify features that either promote or inhibit dispersal of American pikas. There has been significant debate over the past few years about the best statistical approaches within landscape genetics and the appropriateness of certain methods in particular. In Chapter 1, I used Crater Lake National Park as a test case to evaluate the effectiveness of Mantel and partial Mantel tests in a causal modeling framework to correctly identify underlying landscape variables (e.g., topography, aspect, water barriers) and their effect on gene flow. I demonstrated, through simulations, that this approach was able to correctly identify the landscape variables, but not precisely the magnitude of their effect on gene flow. I concluded that while results need to be interpreted with caution, this method was effective for identifying which variables are important in shaping functional connectivity. In Chapter 2, I applied the causal modeling approach from Chapter 1 to seven additional study sites. I identified a general trend that south-west facing aspects pose greater resistance to dispersal than north and east-facing aspects, suggesting that exposure to high temperatures may limit dispersal in American pikas. I also found that amount and configuration of habitat (i.e., rocky substrate) influenced the degree to which other landscape variables impact dispersal. I then applied the models of landscape resistance to investigate habitat patch connectivity within each site using a graph theoretic approach. This allowed me to assess overall patch connectivity, as well as identify specific patches and areas within study sites that are particularly important for maintaining functional connectivity, or in contrast, at risk of becoming isolated. Functional connectivity is an important component when assessing population vulnerability because it describes the ability of genetic material to flow through the landscape. A loss of gene flow can lead to isolation of population segments, reduction of effective population size, loss of genetic diversity and subsequent erosion of evolutionary potential, and ultimately metapopulation collapse. However, other factors including habitat area and quality, affect effective population size and population stability. Genetic diversity is the material upon which evolution acts. In the face of rapid environmental change, species must either shift their range in order to track their ecological niche, or adapt in situ to the new environment. The former strategy requires sufficient available habitat as well as dispersal ability, which is unlikely for American pikas. Genetic diversity, therefore, is an important indicator of long-term population viability. In Chapter 3, I quantified genetic diversity within thirteen study sites and investigated the relationship between genetic diversity and environmental variables related to climate as well as habitat configuration and quality. As expected, habitat area was important at both the local and regional scales. Temperature was also a significant predictor of genetic diversity, with hotter sites having lower genetic diversity. However, and somewhat surprisingly, precipitation was a better predictor of genetic diversity than temperature, with sites receiving moderate levels of precipitation having higher genetic diversity. I also compared population differentiation among study sites and identified sites that are particularly distinct. In the process of the above analyses, I also identified a previously undescribed contact zone between the northern and southern Rocky Mountain genetic lineages, recognized as separate subspecies, within Rocky Mountain National Park. Climate change is predicted to affect habitat quality and landscape permeability, both of which have detectable genetic consequences. In Chapter 4, I quantified genetic diversity and structure within two study sites, Yosemite and Lassen Volcanic National Parks, from two sampling periods separated by approximately a century in time. I extracted DNA from historic study skins housed in the University of California Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ) and compared multilocus microsatellite genotypes to those generated from modern fecal and tissue samples. Additionally, the historic survey data, including specimens, field journals, and other artifacts, were used in a series of systematic resurveys and subsequent species distribution modelling by other researchers. The nature of national parks as protected areas affords the opportunity to isolate the effects of climate change to a greater degree than other areas that have also experienced significant land use changes. I found no evidence for a change in genetic diversity within these two sites, consistent with observations from other studies that occupancy has remained relatively stable. I did find some evidence suggesting increasing population differentiation, potentially as a result of eroding landscape permeability. These results provide an important baseline for comparison with other sites, as well as reference points for future genetic monitoring of these populations. In Chapter 5, I provide general synthesis and conclusions, as well as considerations for future research. Title: Population Genetics of American Pika (Ochotona princeps) : Investigating Gene Flow and Genetic Diversity Across Multiple, Complex Landscapes Author: Castillo, Jessica A. American pikas (Ochotona princeps) are considered an indicator species of climate change. Adaptations for cold climates and active winters make pikas particularly sensitive to increasing temperatures. This, combined with evidence that multiple historically occupied populations have been extirpated within the past century, contributed to American pikas becoming a focal species for climate change research. This dissertation is primarily the product of a collaboration among the National Parks Service and multiple academic institutions whose principal goal was to assess the vulnerability of the American pika within eight national parks representing a variety of habitat types and environmental conditions. While much of the previous climate change-related research on American pikas has focused on how climate affects occupancy, this work sought to establish how landscape characteristics and climate may interact and influence dispersal, population connectivity, and ultimately population vulnerability or resilience. I addressed these questions using population and landscape genetics approaches within nine national parks, two national wildlife refuges, and a national forest. American pikas represent one of the best described mammalian metapopulation systems. They are restricted to rocky habitats, such as talus and lava, which are frequently patchily distributed on the landscape, both at the local and regional scales. Functional connectivity, the combination of habitat configuration and an organism’s ability to move through the landscape, is essential for maintaining robust genetic populations. This is particularly true within metapopulations which, by definition, rely on dispersal of individuals among habitat patches for overall long-term stability. In Chapters 1 and 2, I used a landscape genetics approach to identify features that either promote or inhibit dispersal of American pikas. There has been significant debate over the past few years about the best statistical approaches within landscape genetics and the appropriateness of certain methods in particular. In Chapter 1, I used Crater Lake National Park as a test case to evaluate the effectiveness of Mantel and partial Mantel tests in a causal modeling framework to correctly identify underlying landscape variables (e.g., topography, aspect, water barriers) and their effect on gene flow. I demonstrated, through simulations, that this approach was able to correctly identify the landscape variables, but not precisely the magnitude of their effect on gene flow. I concluded that while results need to be interpreted with caution, this method was effective for identifying which variables are important in shaping functional connectivity. In Chapter 2, I applied the causal modeling approach from Chapter 1 to seven additional study sites. I identified a general trend that south-west facing aspects pose greater resistance to dispersal than north and east-facing aspects, suggesting that exposure to high temperatures may limit dispersal in American pikas. I also found that amount and configuration of habitat (i.e., rocky substrate) influenced the degree to which other landscape variables impact dispersal. I then applied the models of landscape resistance to investigate habitat patch connectivity within each site using a graph theoretic approach. This allowed me to assess overall patch connectivity, as well as identify specific patches and areas within study sites that are particularly important for maintaining functional connectivity, or in contrast, at risk of becoming isolated. Functional connectivity is an important component when assessing population vulnerability because it describes the ability of genetic material to flow through the landscape. A loss of gene flow can lead to isolation of population segments, reduction of effective population size, loss of genetic diversity and subsequent erosion of evolutionary potential, and ultimately metapopulation collapse. However, other factors including habitat area and quality, affect effective population size and population stability. Genetic diversity is the material upon which evolution acts. In the face of rapid environmental change, species must either shift their range in order to track their ecological niche, or adapt in situ to the new environment. The former strategy requires sufficient available habitat as well as dispersal ability, which is unlikely for American pikas. Genetic diversity, therefore, is an important indicator of long-term population viability. In Chapter 3, I quantified genetic diversity within thirteen study sites and investigated the relationship between genetic diversity and environmental variables related to climate as well as habitat configuration and quality. As expected, habitat area was important at both the local and regional scales. Temperature was also a significant predictor of genetic diversity, with hotter sites having lower genetic diversity. However, and somewhat surprisingly, precipitation was a better predictor of genetic diversity than temperature, with sites receiving moderate levels of precipitation having higher genetic diversity. I also compared population differentiation among study sites and identified sites that are particularly distinct. In the process of the above analyses, I also identified a previously undescribed contact zone between the northern and southern Rocky Mountain genetic lineages, recognized as separate subspecies, within Rocky Mountain National Park. Climate change is predicted to affect habitat quality and landscape permeability, both of which have detectable genetic consequences. In Chapter 4, I quantified genetic diversity and structure within two study sites, Yosemite and Lassen Volcanic National Parks, from two sampling periods separated by approximately a century in time. I extracted DNA from historic study skins housed in the University of California Berkeley Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ) and compared multilocus microsatellite genotypes to those generated from modern fecal and tissue samples. Additionally, the historic survey data, including specimens, field journals, and other artifacts, were used in a series of systematic resurveys and subsequent species distribution modelling by other researchers. The nature of national parks as protected areas affords the opportunity to isolate the effects of climate change to a greater degree than other areas that have also experienced significant land use changes. I found no evidence for a change in genetic diversity within these two sites, consistent with observations from other studies that occupancy has remained relatively stable. I did find some evidence suggesting increasing population differentiation, potentially as a result of eroding landscape permeability. These results provide an important baseline for comparison with other sites, as well as reference points for future genetic monitoring of these populations. In Chapter 5, I provide general synthesis and conclusions, as well as considerations for future research. Close

• 24. [Article] Transboundary river floods : vulnerability of continents, international river basins and countries

  Floods are the most frequent and damaging of all types of natural disasters and annually affect the lives of millions all over the globe. However, researchers seem to have overlooked the fact that floods ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transboundary river floods : vulnerability of continents, international river basins and countries Author: Bakker, Marloes H.N. Floods are the most frequent and damaging of all types of natural disasters and annually affect the lives of millions all over the globe. However, researchers seem to have overlooked the fact that floods do not recognize national boundaries. Therefore, the phenomena of shared, or transboundary floods occurring in international river basins (IRBs) is rarely touched upon. Consequently, vulnerability to shared floods is poorly understood and not much is known about the present quantity and quality of institutional capacity to deal with such events. Hence the primary purpose of the present work is to fill this gap in knowledge. We explore transboundary river flood events and related institutional capacity in more detail, starting at a global scale, zooming in on international river basins (IRBs) and ending with a country-scale perspective. The first section assesses how many of all floods were riverine and how much of these were shared between two or more countries. The results show that transboundary floods are more severe in their magnitude, affect larger areas, result in higher death tolls, and cause more financial damage than non-shared river floods do. The second section reveals an alarmingly low institutional capacity related to transboundary river floods: more than 15% of the IRBs do not have any type of institutional capacity in the form of a river basin institution, nor any focused on floods. The third section examines flood events, international water treaties signed and institutions created in the Netherlands and Mozambique. The comparison indicates that lower levels of development or the absence of development capital do not necessarily have to result in future (shared) flood-related disasters. Collectively, these results significantly increase our current knowledge on vulnerability to –transboundary– river floods and indicate that there might be more need for official international institutions dealing with these events. However, selecting the one country, continent or IRB that is the most vulnerable to –transboundary– river floods is impossible since the answer greatly depends upon the specific definition of vulnerability. This indicates that vulnerability to floods is a complex phenomenon that cannot be explained by using the results of only this study. Title: Transboundary river floods : vulnerability of continents, international river basins and countries Author: Bakker, Marloes H.N. Floods are the most frequent and damaging of all types of natural disasters and annually affect the lives of millions all over the globe. However, researchers seem to have overlooked the fact that floods do not recognize national boundaries. Therefore, the phenomena of shared, or transboundary floods occurring in international river basins (IRBs) is rarely touched upon. Consequently, vulnerability to shared floods is poorly understood and not much is known about the present quantity and quality of institutional capacity to deal with such events. Hence the primary purpose of the present work is to fill this gap in knowledge. We explore transboundary river flood events and related institutional capacity in more detail, starting at a global scale, zooming in on international river basins (IRBs) and ending with a country-scale perspective. The first section assesses how many of all floods were riverine and how much of these were shared between two or more countries. The results show that transboundary floods are more severe in their magnitude, affect larger areas, result in higher death tolls, and cause more financial damage than non-shared river floods do. The second section reveals an alarmingly low institutional capacity related to transboundary river floods: more than 15% of the IRBs do not have any type of institutional capacity in the form of a river basin institution, nor any focused on floods. The third section examines flood events, international water treaties signed and institutions created in the Netherlands and Mozambique. The comparison indicates that lower levels of development or the absence of development capital do not necessarily have to result in future (shared) flood-related disasters. Collectively, these results significantly increase our current knowledge on vulnerability to –transboundary– river floods and indicate that there might be more need for official international institutions dealing with these events. However, selecting the one country, continent or IRB that is the most vulnerable to –transboundary– river floods is impossible since the answer greatly depends upon the specific definition of vulnerability. This indicates that vulnerability to floods is a complex phenomenon that cannot be explained by using the results of only this study. Close

• 25. [Article] Boating in Alaska's Prince William Sound : modeling and assessment of recreational use

  This study measures the recreational boating use in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Improved access conditions to the Sound over the last decade coupled with a statewide increase in outdoor recreation participation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Boating in Alaska's Prince William Sound : modeling and assessment of recreational use Author: Wolfe, Phillip E. This study measures the recreational boating use in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Improved access conditions to the Sound over the last decade coupled with a statewide increase in outdoor recreation participation among both resident and out of state tourists have made the Sound a focal point for recreational boating in Alaska. The goal study is to provide baseline data for future assessment of recreational use in the Sound and evaluation of management issues. A primary objective is to determine the type of users, level of use and spatial distribution of recreational use in the Sound. Accurate information on visitor use aids management with a particular emphasis on maintaining the wilderness quality as well as providing ecological protection throughout the Sound. As such, a second objective of this study is to determine the potential interactions between recreation use and five wildlife species which aids in the mission of the recovery of the Sound from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. A large marine environment with highly dispersed recreation use, however, poses difficulties in applying conventional methods of visitor monitoring and identifying where potential conflicts may occur. This study is the first to address recreational use across the entire Sound by employing recreational modeling techniques. Survey participants provided mapped travel diaries detailing the location of their stops and the various activities in which they participated. These diaries were digitized and analyzed using GIS. A total of 2085 surveys were distributed with a 27% sample rate and 31% return rate. Results indicate that use levels are highest in the western portion of the Sound. Nearly 75% of trips reported participating in water-based activities. Rates of participation in recreational activities varied based on vessel type. Although landbased activities were reported relatively infrequently, their location and impact on the Sound are of significant interest to the Chugach National Forest. Recreation use in proximity to known wildlife sites was limited. Several areas such as Naked Island and Dutch Group, however have a high concentration of both black oystercatchers and pigeon guillemot nest sites and relatively high visitor use associated with them. Results of this study are intended to aid in the development of a framework, at an appropriate scale, to manage the future growth of recreation use in the Sound. Title: Boating in Alaska's Prince William Sound : modeling and assessment of recreational use Author: Wolfe, Phillip E. This study measures the recreational boating use in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Improved access conditions to the Sound over the last decade coupled with a statewide increase in outdoor recreation participation among both resident and out of state tourists have made the Sound a focal point for recreational boating in Alaska. The goal study is to provide baseline data for future assessment of recreational use in the Sound and evaluation of management issues. A primary objective is to determine the type of users, level of use and spatial distribution of recreational use in the Sound. Accurate information on visitor use aids management with a particular emphasis on maintaining the wilderness quality as well as providing ecological protection throughout the Sound. As such, a second objective of this study is to determine the potential interactions between recreation use and five wildlife species which aids in the mission of the recovery of the Sound from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. A large marine environment with highly dispersed recreation use, however, poses difficulties in applying conventional methods of visitor monitoring and identifying where potential conflicts may occur. This study is the first to address recreational use across the entire Sound by employing recreational modeling techniques. Survey participants provided mapped travel diaries detailing the location of their stops and the various activities in which they participated. These diaries were digitized and analyzed using GIS. A total of 2085 surveys were distributed with a 27% sample rate and 31% return rate. Results indicate that use levels are highest in the western portion of the Sound. Nearly 75% of trips reported participating in water-based activities. Rates of participation in recreational activities varied based on vessel type. Although landbased activities were reported relatively infrequently, their location and impact on the Sound are of significant interest to the Chugach National Forest. Recreation use in proximity to known wildlife sites was limited. Several areas such as Naked Island and Dutch Group, however have a high concentration of both black oystercatchers and pigeon guillemot nest sites and relatively high visitor use associated with them. Results of this study are intended to aid in the development of a framework, at an appropriate scale, to manage the future growth of recreation use in the Sound. Close

• 26. [Article] Radiometric Calibration of EAARL‐B Bathymetric Lidar Data.

  The Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar ‐ B (EAARL‐B), which was built and deployed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2014, is a novel topographic‐bathymetric lidar system. While retaining ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Radiometric Calibration of EAARL‐B Bathymetric Lidar Data. Author: Wilson, Nicholas C. The Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar ‐ B (EAARL‐B), which was built and deployed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2014, is a novel topographic‐bathymetric lidar system. While retaining a number of features that were pioneered in the original National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) EAARL system (e.g., low energy, short pulse width, narrow receiver field of view, green‐only laser wavelength), the EAARL‐B added a split‐beam, four‐channel design to improve bathymetric data density and depth measurement range (up to 44 m in clear water). In 2014, the EAARL‐B was used to acquire bathymetric data in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), in support of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA) Biogeography Branch. The enhanced capabilities of the EAARL‐B system, combined with updated algorithms in the processing software, provided high‐quality data covering over 600 km2 in the USVI, filling critical data gaps. However, the EAARL‐B processing software and workflows were lacking a set of tools and procedures to exploit return waveforms (digitized samples of the backscattered signal) for generating seafloor reflectance mosaics and characterizing seafloor composition. This functionality is of significant interest to CCMA to support benthic habitat mapping and management of coral reef ecosystems. While seafloor reflectance mapping and waveform feature extraction tools do exist, in varying degrees and forms, for other bathymetric lidar systems, the extension of these capabilities to the EAARL‐B is challenging, due to the system’s unique design. The goal of this study was to address this need, through development and testing of a new set of processing procedures and algorithms for generating seafloor relative reflectance mosaics and gridded waveform features from EAARL‐B data. The procedures were developed using data from two test sites: Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, and Buck Island, north of Saint Croix. After testing and refining the methods, a seafloor relative reflectance mosaic was generated for a large site south of Saint Thomas. Additionally, raster grids of waveform shape features were produced for a smaller study site encompassing Flat Cays, south of Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas. The procedures have been demonstrated to enable generation of seamless seafloor data products, in which the effects of confounding variables, such as depth, incidence angle, and flight direction, have been virtually eliminated. Current research, led by project partners at NOAA CCMA and the University of New Hampshire, is focusing on using the results of this work to predict species richness, canopy cover, complexity, and coral health (including disease and bleaching) and other parameters for the USVI project sites. Title: Radiometric Calibration of EAARL‐B Bathymetric Lidar Data. Author: Wilson, Nicholas C. The Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar ‐ B (EAARL‐B), which was built and deployed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2014, is a novel topographic‐bathymetric lidar system. While retaining a number of features that were pioneered in the original National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) EAARL system (e.g., low energy, short pulse width, narrow receiver field of view, green‐only laser wavelength), the EAARL‐B added a split‐beam, four‐channel design to improve bathymetric data density and depth measurement range (up to 44 m in clear water). In 2014, the EAARL‐B was used to acquire bathymetric data in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), in support of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA) Biogeography Branch. The enhanced capabilities of the EAARL‐B system, combined with updated algorithms in the processing software, provided high‐quality data covering over 600 km2 in the USVI, filling critical data gaps. However, the EAARL‐B processing software and workflows were lacking a set of tools and procedures to exploit return waveforms (digitized samples of the backscattered signal) for generating seafloor reflectance mosaics and characterizing seafloor composition. This functionality is of significant interest to CCMA to support benthic habitat mapping and management of coral reef ecosystems. While seafloor reflectance mapping and waveform feature extraction tools do exist, in varying degrees and forms, for other bathymetric lidar systems, the extension of these capabilities to the EAARL‐B is challenging, due to the system’s unique design. The goal of this study was to address this need, through development and testing of a new set of processing procedures and algorithms for generating seafloor relative reflectance mosaics and gridded waveform features from EAARL‐B data. The procedures were developed using data from two test sites: Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, and Buck Island, north of Saint Croix. After testing and refining the methods, a seafloor relative reflectance mosaic was generated for a large site south of Saint Thomas. Additionally, raster grids of waveform shape features were produced for a smaller study site encompassing Flat Cays, south of Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas. The procedures have been demonstrated to enable generation of seamless seafloor data products, in which the effects of confounding variables, such as depth, incidence angle, and flight direction, have been virtually eliminated. Current research, led by project partners at NOAA CCMA and the University of New Hampshire, is focusing on using the results of this work to predict species richness, canopy cover, complexity, and coral health (including disease and bleaching) and other parameters for the USVI project sites. Close

• 27. [Article] Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the main-stem Willamette River floodplain of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012

  Despite holding substantial ecological value, wetlands in the United States have experienced a significant decline in both area and function over the past century with the majority of freshwater wetland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the main-stem Willamette River floodplain of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012 Author: Fickas, Kate, Colleen Despite holding substantial ecological value, wetlands in the United States have experienced a significant decline in both area and function over the past century with the majority of freshwater wetland loss attributed to agricultural conversion. Agriculture is the second largest industry in the State of Oregon and the State places substantial emphasis in its land use planning goals on the preservation of agricultural land. Oregon’s Willamette Valley accounts for the majority of agricultural output with 53% of the valley bottom classified as agricultural land. Additionally, the valley houses 70% of the state's population. The valley was once comprised of extensive wet prairies and abundant riparian forests along the Willamette River floodplain, but native ecosystems have been reduced to a fraction of their original distribution since Euro-American settlement in the mid 1800s. The few wetlands that remain are at high risk to loss and degradation from agricultural activity. Following national wetland conservation policies, Oregon has since attempted to monitor and regulate losses due to disturbance and modification of the State's remaining wetlands through a "no-net-loss" policy aiming to decrease wetland losses and replace disturbed wetlands through mitigation. The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was designed to produce detailed maps and status reports of the characteristics and extent of the nation's wetlands and help determine the efficacy of no-net-loss policy implementation on the nation’s wetlands. In some cases, the NWI has been found to have low categorical and spatial accuracy and coarse temporal resolution, with some maps over two decades old. Although Landsat satellite imagery was originally found to lack the needed spatial resolution for classification detail and wetness designation that aerial photography provided, Landsat has 40 years of freely available, high quality annual imagery and should be explored for use in annual wetland change detection. Our objectives were to: (1) Quantify and characterize spatial and ecological trends in annual wetland change through gain, loss, and conversion in the Willamette Valley; (2) Evaluate the effect of the no-net-loss federal wetland conservation policy change enacted in 1990 on trends in net wetland area; and (3) Describe a new methodology that reaches back through the over 40-year Landsat archive to map fine scale wetland and related land-use changes from 1972-2012. We used annual Landsat MSS and TM/ETM+ images from 1972 to 2012 to manually interpret loss, gain, and type conversion of wetland area in the two-year inundation floodplain of the Main-Stem Willamette River using TimeSync, Google Earth, and ArcMap. By creating Tasseled Cap Brightness, Greenness, and Wetness indices for MSS data that visually match TM/ETM+ Tasseled Cap images, we were able to construct a complete and consistent annual time series and utilize the entire Landsat archive. Additionally, with an extended time series, we were able to compare trends of annual net change in wetland area before and after the no-net-loss policy established under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act in 1990. We found that wetlands experienced annual loss, gain, and type conversion across the entire study period. Vegetated wetlands (emergent and riparian wetlands) experienced a 314 ha net loss of wetland area across the 40 year study period whereas non-vegetated wetlands (lacustrine and riverine wetlands) experienced a 393 ha net gain. All wetland types combined saw a 79 ha net increase in wetland area across the full study period. The majority of both gain and loss in the study area was attributed to and from agricultural conversion followed by urban land use. Time series analysis of the rate of change of net wetland area was calculated using the Theil-Sen (TS) Slope estimate analysis. For annual change of wetland area before and after 1990 no-net-loss policy implementations, the rate of annual wetland area lost slowed for riparian wetlands and reversed into trends of annual net gain in area of emergent wetlands. The rate of annual net area gained for lacustrine wetlands was slowed post-policy. Accuracy assessment of land use change polygons in the field was only able to capture 12% of our interpretations due to access restrictions associated with private land. In spite of a low sample size (n=45), overall accuracy of land use classification through wetland change polygons was at 80%. This accuracy increased to 91.1% when land use classes were aggregated to either wetland or upland categories, indicating that our methodology was more accurate at distinguishing between general upland and wetland than finer categorical classes. Title: Landsat-based monitoring of annual wetland change in the main-stem Willamette River floodplain of Oregon, USA from 1972 to 2012 Author: Fickas, Kate, Colleen Despite holding substantial ecological value, wetlands in the United States have experienced a significant decline in both area and function over the past century with the majority of freshwater wetland loss attributed to agricultural conversion. Agriculture is the second largest industry in the State of Oregon and the State places substantial emphasis in its land use planning goals on the preservation of agricultural land. Oregon’s Willamette Valley accounts for the majority of agricultural output with 53% of the valley bottom classified as agricultural land. Additionally, the valley houses 70% of the state's population. The valley was once comprised of extensive wet prairies and abundant riparian forests along the Willamette River floodplain, but native ecosystems have been reduced to a fraction of their original distribution since Euro-American settlement in the mid 1800s. The few wetlands that remain are at high risk to loss and degradation from agricultural activity. Following national wetland conservation policies, Oregon has since attempted to monitor and regulate losses due to disturbance and modification of the State's remaining wetlands through a "no-net-loss" policy aiming to decrease wetland losses and replace disturbed wetlands through mitigation. The National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) was designed to produce detailed maps and status reports of the characteristics and extent of the nation's wetlands and help determine the efficacy of no-net-loss policy implementation on the nation’s wetlands. In some cases, the NWI has been found to have low categorical and spatial accuracy and coarse temporal resolution, with some maps over two decades old. Although Landsat satellite imagery was originally found to lack the needed spatial resolution for classification detail and wetness designation that aerial photography provided, Landsat has 40 years of freely available, high quality annual imagery and should be explored for use in annual wetland change detection. Our objectives were to: (1) Quantify and characterize spatial and ecological trends in annual wetland change through gain, loss, and conversion in the Willamette Valley; (2) Evaluate the effect of the no-net-loss federal wetland conservation policy change enacted in 1990 on trends in net wetland area; and (3) Describe a new methodology that reaches back through the over 40-year Landsat archive to map fine scale wetland and related land-use changes from 1972-2012. We used annual Landsat MSS and TM/ETM+ images from 1972 to 2012 to manually interpret loss, gain, and type conversion of wetland area in the two-year inundation floodplain of the Main-Stem Willamette River using TimeSync, Google Earth, and ArcMap. By creating Tasseled Cap Brightness, Greenness, and Wetness indices for MSS data that visually match TM/ETM+ Tasseled Cap images, we were able to construct a complete and consistent annual time series and utilize the entire Landsat archive. Additionally, with an extended time series, we were able to compare trends of annual net change in wetland area before and after the no-net-loss policy established under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act in 1990. We found that wetlands experienced annual loss, gain, and type conversion across the entire study period. Vegetated wetlands (emergent and riparian wetlands) experienced a 314 ha net loss of wetland area across the 40 year study period whereas non-vegetated wetlands (lacustrine and riverine wetlands) experienced a 393 ha net gain. All wetland types combined saw a 79 ha net increase in wetland area across the full study period. The majority of both gain and loss in the study area was attributed to and from agricultural conversion followed by urban land use. Time series analysis of the rate of change of net wetland area was calculated using the Theil-Sen (TS) Slope estimate analysis. For annual change of wetland area before and after 1990 no-net-loss policy implementations, the rate of annual wetland area lost slowed for riparian wetlands and reversed into trends of annual net gain in area of emergent wetlands. The rate of annual net area gained for lacustrine wetlands was slowed post-policy. Accuracy assessment of land use change polygons in the field was only able to capture 12% of our interpretations due to access restrictions associated with private land. In spite of a low sample size (n=45), overall accuracy of land use classification through wetland change polygons was at 80%. This accuracy increased to 91.1% when land use classes were aggregated to either wetland or upland categories, indicating that our methodology was more accurate at distinguishing between general upland and wetland than finer categorical classes. Close

• 28. [Article] Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon

  Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon Author: Agapito, Melinda T. Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response to the need for a comprehensive lithologic map that will be used in the identification, evaluation and design of marine reserves in Oregon. While future multibeam mapping of the Oregon Territorial Sea will likely replace this product in the next few years, the ground truth data from which the map is constructed will continue in use in future efforts. This mapping project utilized a classical geologic approach aided by GIS technology in which all relevant thematic geologic layers were applied to interpret patterns of seafloor lithology. The discovery of approximately 9,600 NOS bottom samples from the National Ocean Service (NOS) historic hydrographic smooth sheet archives has tremendously improved upon the original sample dataset (305 bottom samples) used in previous characterization of Oregon's territorial seabed. Supplementing the NOS bottom samples, other existing datasets including historic kelp distribution (used as proxy for rock), a triangulated irregular network (TIN) surface model derived from bathymetric soundings, rock outcrops digitized from 0.5 meter aerial photos, subsurface structure, and the adjacent onshore Oregon digital geologic map were used. While the collection of smooth sheet data from historic surveys utilized leadline sampling techniques and traditional navigation methods such as three-point sextant positioning, it was observed that the typical positional error averaged ~28 meters relative to contemporary aerial photography where comparison was possible. GIS software was used for simultaneous display of varied thematic layers, qualitative interpretation, quantitative accuracy assessment, and density mapping processes in this project. This current mapping effort showed that the NOS "smooth sheet" data collected from 1858 to 1958 compares well with modern data and that the NOS datasets and methods are able to capture the general outlines of rocky outcrops particularly in shallow areas. The territorial lithologic map shows a reasonable overall accuracy of 64 % relative to existing habitat interpretation of rocky reefs based on high-resolution multibeam data. Furthermore, the NOS bottom samples provide an opportunity to map additional sediment types that are not represented in the existing Surficial Geologic Habitat (SGH) map of the territorial sea. Finally, a companion product to the maps, a composite density map was created from the underlying datasets (kelp, bathymetry and bottom samples) to represent the spatial variation in data quality and quantity used in the interpretation of seafloor lithology. It is anticipated that the data obtained from this study will serve as a useful tool for scientific investigation and management efforts such as the ocean zoning in the nearshore region of the Oregon coast, which includes the upcoming designation and evaluation of marine reserves. Title: Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon Author: Agapito, Melinda T. Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response to the need for a comprehensive lithologic map that will be used in the identification, evaluation and design of marine reserves in Oregon. While future multibeam mapping of the Oregon Territorial Sea will likely replace this product in the next few years, the ground truth data from which the map is constructed will continue in use in future efforts. This mapping project utilized a classical geologic approach aided by GIS technology in which all relevant thematic geologic layers were applied to interpret patterns of seafloor lithology. The discovery of approximately 9,600 NOS bottom samples from the National Ocean Service (NOS) historic hydrographic smooth sheet archives has tremendously improved upon the original sample dataset (305 bottom samples) used in previous characterization of Oregon's territorial seabed. Supplementing the NOS bottom samples, other existing datasets including historic kelp distribution (used as proxy for rock), a triangulated irregular network (TIN) surface model derived from bathymetric soundings, rock outcrops digitized from 0.5 meter aerial photos, subsurface structure, and the adjacent onshore Oregon digital geologic map were used. While the collection of smooth sheet data from historic surveys utilized leadline sampling techniques and traditional navigation methods such as three-point sextant positioning, it was observed that the typical positional error averaged ~28 meters relative to contemporary aerial photography where comparison was possible. GIS software was used for simultaneous display of varied thematic layers, qualitative interpretation, quantitative accuracy assessment, and density mapping processes in this project. This current mapping effort showed that the NOS "smooth sheet" data collected from 1858 to 1958 compares well with modern data and that the NOS datasets and methods are able to capture the general outlines of rocky outcrops particularly in shallow areas. The territorial lithologic map shows a reasonable overall accuracy of 64 % relative to existing habitat interpretation of rocky reefs based on high-resolution multibeam data. Furthermore, the NOS bottom samples provide an opportunity to map additional sediment types that are not represented in the existing Surficial Geologic Habitat (SGH) map of the territorial sea. Finally, a companion product to the maps, a composite density map was created from the underlying datasets (kelp, bathymetry and bottom samples) to represent the spatial variation in data quality and quantity used in the interpretation of seafloor lithology. It is anticipated that the data obtained from this study will serve as a useful tool for scientific investigation and management efforts such as the ocean zoning in the nearshore region of the Oregon coast, which includes the upcoming designation and evaluation of marine reserves. Close

• 29. [Article] Re‐establishment of the native oyster, Ostrea conchaphila, in Netarts Bay, Oregon, USA

  Olympia oysters, “Ostrea conchaphila,” were once common along the west coast of North America. A popular delicacy, native oyster populations began to decline in the late 1800’s due to over‐harvest, degraded ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Re‐establishment of the native oyster, Ostrea conchaphila, in Netarts Bay, Oregon, USA Author: Archer, Pamela Emily Olympia oysters, “Ostrea conchaphila,” were once common along the west coast of North America. A popular delicacy, native oyster populations began to decline in the late 1800’s due to over‐harvest, degraded water quality, and habitat loss. Interest in re‐establishing the native oyster in a small Oregon estuary, Netarts Bay, culminated in a partnership among The Nature Conservancy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, and Oregon State University. This study was designed to assess the reestablishment progress of the Olympia oyster restoration in Netarts Bay along with subsequent impacts of the restoration on eelgrass (“Zostera marina”), an important estuarine species. Two brood years (2005 & 2006) of cultch, consisting of O. conchaphila set on clean “Crassostrea gigas” shell substrate, were outplanted within an extensive, relatively uniform eelgrass bed. Cultch was placed in two experimental locations to determine the effect of cultch cover on native oyster survival, growth, and eelgrass abundance. The percent cover of cultch varied among treatments: “control” (no cultch), “low” (4% cultch cover), “medium” (11% cultch), and “high” (19% cultch). Research objectives were: (1) determination of O. conchaphila density, growth, and reproduction; and (2) quantification of the response of ”Z. marina” abundance and reproduction to cultch cover. Results from 2007 demonstrated that Olympia oysters were capable of growth, reproduction, and recruitment within their former habitat. Cultch cover within treatments did not change throughout the summer and there was minimal shell export out of the experimental location. Oyster size increased from March‐September, 2007: the mean size of the 2005 brood year increased by 10.5 mm, while the 2006 brood year increased by 16.2 mm. Sperm and larvae were found in individuals from both brood years, indicating that oysters were reproductively active. Declines in eelgrass mean percent leaf cover and shoot density were observed with increasing cultch cover. The mean eelgrass percent leaf cover was 15‐22% lower and shoot density was 27‐36% lower in high treatment (19% cultch) plots than in control plots. There were no discernable patterns in the eelgrass response variables of flowering shoot count, blade length, or blade width. The medium treatment (11% cultch), in which oyster densities were statistically similar to the high treatment (19% cultch), did not have statistically significant impacts on eelgrass percent cover or shoot density. We recommend continued testing of the medium treatment (11% cultch), as well as other cultch densities, such as a 50% cultch treatment. Additional monitoring will be needed to determine what, if any, long‐term impacts occur to the eelgrass bed. We also recommend long‐term monitoring of both oysters and eelgrass beds to detect any additional changes at the re‐establishment site. Title: Re‐establishment of the native oyster, Ostrea conchaphila, in Netarts Bay, Oregon, USA Author: Archer, Pamela Emily Olympia oysters, “Ostrea conchaphila,” were once common along the west coast of North America. A popular delicacy, native oyster populations began to decline in the late 1800’s due to over‐harvest, degraded water quality, and habitat loss. Interest in re‐establishing the native oyster in a small Oregon estuary, Netarts Bay, culminated in a partnership among The Nature Conservancy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, and Oregon State University. This study was designed to assess the reestablishment progress of the Olympia oyster restoration in Netarts Bay along with subsequent impacts of the restoration on eelgrass (“Zostera marina”), an important estuarine species. Two brood years (2005 & 2006) of cultch, consisting of O. conchaphila set on clean “Crassostrea gigas” shell substrate, were outplanted within an extensive, relatively uniform eelgrass bed. Cultch was placed in two experimental locations to determine the effect of cultch cover on native oyster survival, growth, and eelgrass abundance. The percent cover of cultch varied among treatments: “control” (no cultch), “low” (4% cultch cover), “medium” (11% cultch), and “high” (19% cultch). Research objectives were: (1) determination of O. conchaphila density, growth, and reproduction; and (2) quantification of the response of ”Z. marina” abundance and reproduction to cultch cover. Results from 2007 demonstrated that Olympia oysters were capable of growth, reproduction, and recruitment within their former habitat. Cultch cover within treatments did not change throughout the summer and there was minimal shell export out of the experimental location. Oyster size increased from March‐September, 2007: the mean size of the 2005 brood year increased by 10.5 mm, while the 2006 brood year increased by 16.2 mm. Sperm and larvae were found in individuals from both brood years, indicating that oysters were reproductively active. Declines in eelgrass mean percent leaf cover and shoot density were observed with increasing cultch cover. The mean eelgrass percent leaf cover was 15‐22% lower and shoot density was 27‐36% lower in high treatment (19% cultch) plots than in control plots. There were no discernable patterns in the eelgrass response variables of flowering shoot count, blade length, or blade width. The medium treatment (11% cultch), in which oyster densities were statistically similar to the high treatment (19% cultch), did not have statistically significant impacts on eelgrass percent cover or shoot density. We recommend continued testing of the medium treatment (11% cultch), as well as other cultch densities, such as a 50% cultch treatment. Additional monitoring will be needed to determine what, if any, long‐term impacts occur to the eelgrass bed. We also recommend long‐term monitoring of both oysters and eelgrass beds to detect any additional changes at the re‐establishment site. Close

• 30. [Article] An evaluation of the likelihood of successful implementation of the long term coral reef monitoring program on the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

  Coral reef ecosystems are the oceanic equivalent of tropical rainforests, in terms of biodiversity. The estimated 1,037,000 square kilometers worldwide of reef provide habitat for over one million species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the likelihood of successful implementation of the long term coral reef monitoring program on the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Author: Kylstra, Pam Coral reef ecosystems are the oceanic equivalent of tropical rainforests, in terms of biodiversity. The estimated 1,037,000 square kilometers worldwide of reef provide habitat for over one million species of plants and animals (Hinrichsen, 1997). Coral reefs are important to the economy of coastal nations because of the fisheries and tourism industries they support. Reef ecosystems provide a host of important natural services such as storm buffering, a protein source for islanders, breeding and nursery grounds for marine organisms, water filtration and a source of biomedically important products. Coral reef areas also have aesthetic and intrinsic value that is reason enough to protect them. Coral reefs are also among the most endangered ecosystems on Earth. Naturally occurring disturbances are compounded by the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance. Factors that threaten the health of coral reef ecosystems on a global scale include global warming, the continuing increase in coastal populations and associated impacts such as nutrient pollution, sedimentation and runoff, coral mining, ship groundings, overfishing, and recreational overuse. Globally, coastal areas accommodate about 60% of Earth's human population. A significant portion of the population lies within tropical regions. This population pressure subjects coral reef environments to effects of increased competition for coastal resources, increased coastal pollution and problems related to coastal construction. The synergistic effect of stressors has been the irreversible degradation worldwide of 10% of reefs and another 60% in critical condition leaving, only 30% as stable (Wilkinson, 1993). The coral reefs of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) are a good example of how the combination of increasing human population and the associated environmental pressure has resulted in degradation of the reef ecosystem. The CNMI has undergone significant change in economic and population growth within the past decade. To accommodate the rapid and continuing development of the tourism industry, numerous golf courses and resort hotels have been constructed on Saipan. The population of Saipan has increased over 30% in the last ten years. Currently, the local/resident population is 60,000 while the visitor population is 750,000 per year. This rapid growth has had serious ecological consequences. Coral roads have been converted to four lane highways and infrastructure such as septic tank systems has not been improved to meet higher demand. More and more development projects have been proposed without adequate consideration of environmental impacts. Conflicts over the use and conservation of marine and watershed resources continue to arise. The continuing decline of reef systems globally and in specific areas like the CNMI, highlights the need for effective methods of assessing change in nearshore ecosystems. This paper explores the ways that coral reef monitoring can provide information about reef health that serves to affect positive changes in management strategies for marine systems. Using a criteria drawn from case study comparisons of ongoing, well established coral monitoring programs and evaluation framework proposed by policy analysts Using criteria drawn from case, the Long Term Marine Monitoring Program (LTMMP) on Saipan, CNMI is evaluated. The evaluation provides insight about coral monitoring plan components that are essential to the effectiveness of coral reef monitoring programs. This report is an outgrowth of an internship the author performed with the CNMI Division of Environmental Quality on the island of Saipan from June to October of 1997. The University of Oregon Micronesia and South Pacific Program and the government of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CMNI) sponsored the internship project. The objectives of the internship were to assist in field data collection and continuing development of the ongoing Long Term Marine Monitoring Plan (LTMMP) Assist and instruct Marine Monitoring Team (MMT) members in basic computer skills, understanding of data applicability, management, interpretation and analysis, basic biology and resource management techniques as it relates to marine monitoring work Facilitate inter-governmental agency coordination of marine monitoring activities Assess likelihood of success and explore challenges facing Saipan in implementation of the monitoring program This report first describes functions and services provided by coral reefs and an introduction to the stresses and disturbances that compromise the health of reef systems globally. Using examples from case studies of established marine monitoring programs, this report considers how effective monitoring can reveal changes in the reef system over time, enabling conservation measures to be taken. It then turns to the island of Saipan and briefly describes the environmental and socio-economic framework within which the coral reef related provisions of the CNMI coastal management program are considered. This background information is used to evaluate the Long Term Marine Monitoring Plan currently in place on the CNMI. This evaluation provides insight into the challenges to implementation of coral reef monitoring plans and recommendations for improvements in the LTMMP on Saipan. Title: An evaluation of the likelihood of successful implementation of the long term coral reef monitoring program on the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Author: Kylstra, Pam Coral reef ecosystems are the oceanic equivalent of tropical rainforests, in terms of biodiversity. The estimated 1,037,000 square kilometers worldwide of reef provide habitat for over one million species of plants and animals (Hinrichsen, 1997). Coral reefs are important to the economy of coastal nations because of the fisheries and tourism industries they support. Reef ecosystems provide a host of important natural services such as storm buffering, a protein source for islanders, breeding and nursery grounds for marine organisms, water filtration and a source of biomedically important products. Coral reef areas also have aesthetic and intrinsic value that is reason enough to protect them. Coral reefs are also among the most endangered ecosystems on Earth. Naturally occurring disturbances are compounded by the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance. Factors that threaten the health of coral reef ecosystems on a global scale include global warming, the continuing increase in coastal populations and associated impacts such as nutrient pollution, sedimentation and runoff, coral mining, ship groundings, overfishing, and recreational overuse. Globally, coastal areas accommodate about 60% of Earth's human population. A significant portion of the population lies within tropical regions. This population pressure subjects coral reef environments to effects of increased competition for coastal resources, increased coastal pollution and problems related to coastal construction. The synergistic effect of stressors has been the irreversible degradation worldwide of 10% of reefs and another 60% in critical condition leaving, only 30% as stable (Wilkinson, 1993). The coral reefs of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) are a good example of how the combination of increasing human population and the associated environmental pressure has resulted in degradation of the reef ecosystem. The CNMI has undergone significant change in economic and population growth within the past decade. To accommodate the rapid and continuing development of the tourism industry, numerous golf courses and resort hotels have been constructed on Saipan. The population of Saipan has increased over 30% in the last ten years. Currently, the local/resident population is 60,000 while the visitor population is 750,000 per year. This rapid growth has had serious ecological consequences. Coral roads have been converted to four lane highways and infrastructure such as septic tank systems has not been improved to meet higher demand. More and more development projects have been proposed without adequate consideration of environmental impacts. Conflicts over the use and conservation of marine and watershed resources continue to arise. The continuing decline of reef systems globally and in specific areas like the CNMI, highlights the need for effective methods of assessing change in nearshore ecosystems. This paper explores the ways that coral reef monitoring can provide information about reef health that serves to affect positive changes in management strategies for marine systems. Using a criteria drawn from case study comparisons of ongoing, well established coral monitoring programs and evaluation framework proposed by policy analysts Using criteria drawn from case, the Long Term Marine Monitoring Program (LTMMP) on Saipan, CNMI is evaluated. The evaluation provides insight about coral monitoring plan components that are essential to the effectiveness of coral reef monitoring programs. This report is an outgrowth of an internship the author performed with the CNMI Division of Environmental Quality on the island of Saipan from June to October of 1997. The University of Oregon Micronesia and South Pacific Program and the government of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CMNI) sponsored the internship project. The objectives of the internship were to assist in field data collection and continuing development of the ongoing Long Term Marine Monitoring Plan (LTMMP) Assist and instruct Marine Monitoring Team (MMT) members in basic computer skills, understanding of data applicability, management, interpretation and analysis, basic biology and resource management techniques as it relates to marine monitoring work Facilitate inter-governmental agency coordination of marine monitoring activities Assess likelihood of success and explore challenges facing Saipan in implementation of the monitoring program This report first describes functions and services provided by coral reefs and an introduction to the stresses and disturbances that compromise the health of reef systems globally. Using examples from case studies of established marine monitoring programs, this report considers how effective monitoring can reveal changes in the reef system over time, enabling conservation measures to be taken. It then turns to the island of Saipan and briefly describes the environmental and socio-economic framework within which the coral reef related provisions of the CNMI coastal management program are considered. This background information is used to evaluate the Long Term Marine Monitoring Plan currently in place on the CNMI. This evaluation provides insight into the challenges to implementation of coral reef monitoring plans and recommendations for improvements in the LTMMP on Saipan. Close

• 31. [Article] A cooperative effort to track Humboldt squid invasions in Oregon

  Interannual variability of Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) occurrence in the northern California Current System is largely unknown. In Oregon, the distribution of this versatile predator and what is influencing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A cooperative effort to track Humboldt squid invasions in Oregon Author: Chesney, Tanya A. Interannual variability of Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) occurrence in the northern California Current System is largely unknown. In Oregon, the distribution of this versatile predator and what is influencing their range expansion from Mexico is poorly understood due to the recent nature of their "invasion" and a lack of monitoring. Humboldt squid are large predators that have the potential to affect ecosystem structure and fisheries because of their high-energy demands and ability to exploit a variety of oceanographic conditions and prey sources. Developing baseline distribution information is a critical first step to assess their potential ecological, social, and economic impacts, and to develop models to predict future range expansion. This study has two main objectives: (1) to document where and when Humboldt squid have been present in Oregon through cooperative fisheries research, and (2) to correlate the sightings with oceanographic conditions using a geographic information system (GIS) and species distribution modeling (SDM). I conducted 54 interviews with local fishermen and aggregated their squid sightings with available fishery-independent survey and fishery-dependent observer data from the National Marine Fisheries Service. I compiled a total of 339 Humboldt squid sightings, reported for the years 2002-2011 from the Oregon coast to 131° west longitude. Correlation analyses were performed for Humboldt squid sightings and sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a content (chla), sea surface height anomalies (SSH), dissolved oxygen at 30 m depth (30 m DO), and sea surface salinity (SSS) using a GIS, nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) habitat modeling, and maximum entropy modeling (Maxent). Results indicate that oceanographic conditions have the potential to influence Humboldt squid occurrence, and in Oregon, sightings vary temporally and spatially. Combining the sightings from fishermen and scientific surveys greatly enhanced the spatial extent of the data. Humboldt squid were most frequently observed between 124.4°W and 125°W in proximity to the shelf-break at the 200 m isobath, with peak sightings (116) recorded in 2009 and the fewest (6) reported in 2003 and 2011. The highest occurrence of Humboldt squid were observed at a SST of 10.5-13.0°C, 0.26-3.0 mg m⁻³ chla content, -4.0-1.0 m SSH anomalies, 32.2-32.8 psu SSS, and at 3-4.5 ml L⁻¹ and 6-7 ml L⁻¹ 30 m depth DO. Maps of estimated likelihood of occurrence generated by NPMR were consistent with overlayed observations from fishermen, which were not used in the model because they were limited to presence-only information. An interdisciplinary approach that incorporates cooperative fisheries research and ecosystem-based management is necessary for monitoring Humboldt squid in Oregon. Traditional methods are insufficient because Humboldt squid are data-poor, highly migratory, and are main predators of many commercially important fisheries in Oregon. Based on my findings, sightings recorded by fishermen covered a much larger area over a longer time frame than the scientific survey and observer data, and excluding their knowledge would have led to a different interpretation of Humboldt squid distribution and environmental tolerances. Although there is uncertainty in the data from potential map bias or misidentification of smaller Humboldt squid, incorporating sightings from fishermen with traditional fisheries research increases the quantity and quality of information. Cooperative monitoring for Humboldt squid could include training in species identification and sea condition reporting in logbooks. Future "invasions" are likely, and more eyes on the water will improve our understanding of the behavior and impacts of Humboldt squid on coastal resources. Title: A cooperative effort to track Humboldt squid invasions in Oregon Author: Chesney, Tanya A. Interannual variability of Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) occurrence in the northern California Current System is largely unknown. In Oregon, the distribution of this versatile predator and what is influencing their range expansion from Mexico is poorly understood due to the recent nature of their "invasion" and a lack of monitoring. Humboldt squid are large predators that have the potential to affect ecosystem structure and fisheries because of their high-energy demands and ability to exploit a variety of oceanographic conditions and prey sources. Developing baseline distribution information is a critical first step to assess their potential ecological, social, and economic impacts, and to develop models to predict future range expansion. This study has two main objectives: (1) to document where and when Humboldt squid have been present in Oregon through cooperative fisheries research, and (2) to correlate the sightings with oceanographic conditions using a geographic information system (GIS) and species distribution modeling (SDM). I conducted 54 interviews with local fishermen and aggregated their squid sightings with available fishery-independent survey and fishery-dependent observer data from the National Marine Fisheries Service. I compiled a total of 339 Humboldt squid sightings, reported for the years 2002-2011 from the Oregon coast to 131° west longitude. Correlation analyses were performed for Humboldt squid sightings and sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a content (chla), sea surface height anomalies (SSH), dissolved oxygen at 30 m depth (30 m DO), and sea surface salinity (SSS) using a GIS, nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) habitat modeling, and maximum entropy modeling (Maxent). Results indicate that oceanographic conditions have the potential to influence Humboldt squid occurrence, and in Oregon, sightings vary temporally and spatially. Combining the sightings from fishermen and scientific surveys greatly enhanced the spatial extent of the data. Humboldt squid were most frequently observed between 124.4°W and 125°W in proximity to the shelf-break at the 200 m isobath, with peak sightings (116) recorded in 2009 and the fewest (6) reported in 2003 and 2011. The highest occurrence of Humboldt squid were observed at a SST of 10.5-13.0°C, 0.26-3.0 mg m⁻³ chla content, -4.0-1.0 m SSH anomalies, 32.2-32.8 psu SSS, and at 3-4.5 ml L⁻¹ and 6-7 ml L⁻¹ 30 m depth DO. Maps of estimated likelihood of occurrence generated by NPMR were consistent with overlayed observations from fishermen, which were not used in the model because they were limited to presence-only information. An interdisciplinary approach that incorporates cooperative fisheries research and ecosystem-based management is necessary for monitoring Humboldt squid in Oregon. Traditional methods are insufficient because Humboldt squid are data-poor, highly migratory, and are main predators of many commercially important fisheries in Oregon. Based on my findings, sightings recorded by fishermen covered a much larger area over a longer time frame than the scientific survey and observer data, and excluding their knowledge would have led to a different interpretation of Humboldt squid distribution and environmental tolerances. Although there is uncertainty in the data from potential map bias or misidentification of smaller Humboldt squid, incorporating sightings from fishermen with traditional fisheries research increases the quantity and quality of information. Cooperative monitoring for Humboldt squid could include training in species identification and sea condition reporting in logbooks. Future "invasions" are likely, and more eyes on the water will improve our understanding of the behavior and impacts of Humboldt squid on coastal resources. Close