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• 1. [Article] Nonmetropolitan hunger and food security in the northwest

  Declared out of print August 2012. Published September 2007.Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nonmetropolitan hunger and food security in the northwest Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Johnson, Carly Declared out of print August 2012. Published September 2007.Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Nonmetropolitan hunger and food security in the northwest Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Johnson, Carly Declared out of print August 2012. Published September 2007.Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 2. [Article] History, Current Conditions, and Wetland Restoration at Killin Wetlands Natural Area, Washington County, Oregon

  Produced by The Wetlands Conservancy and Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University for Metro, August 2015.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: History, Current Conditions, and Wetland Restoration at Killin Wetlands Natural Area, Washington County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Produced by The Wetlands Conservancy and Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University for Metro, August 2015. Title: History, Current Conditions, and Wetland Restoration at Killin Wetlands Natural Area, Washington County, Oregon Author: Christy, John A. Produced by The Wetlands Conservancy and Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University for Metro, August 2015. Close

• 3. [Article] Non-metropolitan hunger and food insecurity in the Northwest

  Using the Current Population Survey and its Food Security Supplement for 2002-2004, this analysis examines food insecurity and hunger in the Northwest. First comparing to earlier analyses, we document ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-metropolitan hunger and food insecurity in the Northwest Author: Edwards, Mark, Grussing, Jay D. Using the Current Population Survey and its Food Security Supplement for 2002-2004, this analysis examines food insecurity and hunger in the Northwest. First comparing to earlier analyses, we document decreasing food insecurity and hunger for Oregon and Washington as a whole. Consolidating those two states and Idaho to describe the Northwest region, non-metro disadvantages for specific socioeconomic characteristics become apparent. Compared to metro locations, non-metro food insecurity is higher among unemployed households as well as among households without an unemployed adult. Moreover, non-metro food insecurity is higher than the metro rate among households with a full-year full-time worker, households with women working in administrative support/ sales occupations, and 2-adult households with children. We hypothesize that in non-metro areas many of the employed women whose families are food insecure are part of 2-adult households with children, and that they, or their partner/spouse, are often full-year full-time employed. Hispanic food insecurity rates are dramatically higher than rates for non-Hispanics, regardless of location. Further exploration of specific occupations indicates that workers in both metro and non-metro food insecure households are concentrated, ironically, in food-preparing and food-serving occupations. Title: Non-metropolitan hunger and food insecurity in the Northwest Author: Edwards, Mark, Grussing, Jay D. Using the Current Population Survey and its Food Security Supplement for 2002-2004, this analysis examines food insecurity and hunger in the Northwest. First comparing to earlier analyses, we document decreasing food insecurity and hunger for Oregon and Washington as a whole. Consolidating those two states and Idaho to describe the Northwest region, non-metro disadvantages for specific socioeconomic characteristics become apparent. Compared to metro locations, non-metro food insecurity is higher among unemployed households as well as among households without an unemployed adult. Moreover, non-metro food insecurity is higher than the metro rate among households with a full-year full-time worker, households with women working in administrative support/ sales occupations, and 2-adult households with children. We hypothesize that in non-metro areas many of the employed women whose families are food insecure are part of 2-adult households with children, and that they, or their partner/spouse, are often full-year full-time employed. Hispanic food insecurity rates are dramatically higher than rates for non-Hispanics, regardless of location. Further exploration of specific occupations indicates that workers in both metro and non-metro food insecure households are concentrated, ironically, in food-preparing and food-serving occupations. Close

• 4. [Article] Existing Vegetation and Site Observations at Killin Wetland, Washington County, Oregon

  Report produced by The Wetlands Conservancy and Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University, submitted August 2015 to Metro.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Existing Vegetation and Site Observations at Killin Wetland, Washington County, Oregon Author: Garvey, Megan, Christy, John A. Report produced by The Wetlands Conservancy and Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University, submitted August 2015 to Metro. Title: Existing Vegetation and Site Observations at Killin Wetland, Washington County, Oregon Author: Garvey, Megan, Christy, John A. Report produced by The Wetlands Conservancy and Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, Institute for Natural Resources, Portland State University, submitted August 2015 to Metro. Close

• 5. [Article] Clackamas River watershed atlas

  Metro received grant funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 to gather digital, or computerized, geographic data for the Clackamas River watershed. This atlas was produced as one ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clackamas River watershed atlas Author: Metro Regional Services Metro received grant funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 to gather digital, or computerized, geographic data for the Clackamas River watershed. This atlas was produced as one way to share the information collected with resource managers, policy makers, and people living in and interested in the Clackamas River watershed. The project study area is the entire land area draining into the Clackamas River in northwestern Oregon, referred to as the Clackamas River watershed. The watershed is part of the lower portion of the Willamette River basin. Title: Clackamas River watershed atlas Author: Metro Regional Services Metro received grant funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 to gather digital, or computerized, geographic data for the Clackamas River watershed. This atlas was produced as one way to share the information collected with resource managers, policy makers, and people living in and interested in the Clackamas River watershed. The project study area is the entire land area draining into the Clackamas River in northwestern Oregon, referred to as the Clackamas River watershed. The watershed is part of the lower portion of the Willamette River basin. Close

• 6. [Article] Historical and Existing Vascular and Bryophyte Flora, Former Blue Heron Paper Mill, Willamette Falls, Oregon City, Oregon: Technical Memo to Metro

  Submitted August 2015

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical and Existing Vascular and Bryophyte Flora, Former Blue Heron Paper Mill, Willamette Falls, Oregon City, Oregon: Technical Memo to Metro Author: Christy, John A., Gaddis, Philip K. Submitted August 2015 Title: Historical and Existing Vascular and Bryophyte Flora, Former Blue Heron Paper Mill, Willamette Falls, Oregon City, Oregon: Technical Memo to Metro Author: Christy, John A., Gaddis, Philip K. Submitted August 2015 Close

• 7. [Article] Differential spectrophotometric determination of titanium

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differential spectrophotometric determination of titanium Author: Pakulak, Jack Metro Title: Differential spectrophotometric determination of titanium Author: Pakulak, Jack Metro Close

• 8. [Article] 1Atlas.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 1Atlas.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Title: 1Atlas.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Close

• 9. [Article] 2Atlas.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 2Atlas.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Title: 2Atlas.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Close

• 10. [Article] 3Atlas.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 3Atlas.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Title: 3Atlas.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Close

• 11. [Article] 4Atlas.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 4Atlas.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Title: 4Atlas.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Close

• 12. [Article] 5Decision-makingHumanImpacts.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 5Decision-makingHumanImpacts.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Title: 5Decision-makingHumanImpacts.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Close

• 13. [Article] 6SampleAnalysisMaps.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 6SampleAnalysisMaps.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Title: 6SampleAnalysisMaps.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Close

• 14. [Article] 7Appendix.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 7Appendix.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Title: 7Appendix.pdf Author: Metro Regional Services Close

• 15. [Article] Constraints to urban park visitation: Conceptual connections and spatial attributes for traditionally well-served and underserved residents

  Connecting with nature is associated with social, physical, and emotional benefits such as stress relief, improved physical health, and lower crime. Parks and other natural areas offer spaces in which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Constraints to urban park visitation: Conceptual connections and spatial attributes for traditionally well-served and underserved residents Author: Rushing, Jaclyn R. Connecting with nature is associated with social, physical, and emotional benefits such as stress relief, improved physical health, and lower crime. Parks and other natural areas offer spaces in which to connect with nature and reap these and other benefits (e.g., family bonding, social events, learning). Despite increasing populations of racial and ethnic minorities in the United States of America, these groups are underrepresented in many outdoor recreation activities and in visitation to many parks and other protected areas. This underrepresentation and other attributes of park visitation can be partially explained through the theoretical lens of constraints to recreation. Constraints are factors that limit participation, affect leisure preferences, and / or reduce enjoyment and satisfaction with recreation experiences. Examples of constraints include inability to afford park fees, fear of crime in parks, and lack of available leisure time. This thesis contains two standalone articles focusing on resident constraints to visiting urban parks and other natural areas in the Portland, Oregon (USA) metropolitan region. These articles examine: (a) the most common constraints to visiting these parks and natural areas, and whether these constraints vary between traditionally well-served (i.e., white majority residents) and underserved (i.e., ethnic and racial minorities) populations; (b) relationships among constraints, park visitation, and place attachment for both of these groups of residents; and (c) how constraints groups, different types of constraints, and resident characteristics (e.g., minorities) are distributed spatially across this metropolitan region. Data were obtained from mail and online questionnaires completed by two samples of residents in Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington counties: (a) a proportionate random sample of residents mostly targeting the following groups: African Americans / Blacks, American Indians, Asians, Hispanics / Latinos, Middle Eastern peoples, and Slavic / Eastern European peoples (i.e., probability sample); and (b) a convenience sample of Opt-In panel members (i.e., nonprobability sample). Questionnaires were completed by a total of 3,328 residents across these samples, and the data were weighted by the most recent Census based on county, age, sex (male, female), and education to be representative of adult residents in this region. Race and other demographics were consistent with the Census after weighting. Results of the first article showed that the primary constraints to visiting parks and natural areas in this urban region were being too busy to visit, limited knowledge about Metro parks, and lack of access to these places (Metro parks are managed by Metro, which is the main regional government for Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington counties). There were no differences in these constraints and most other constraints between traditionally underserved and well-served populations. Traditionally underserved residents, however, were significantly more constrained than the well-served residents were by race and cultural issues at parks, as well as lack of facilities and services at Metro parks. Traditionally well-served residents visited all parks and natural areas in the region significantly more often than did the underserved residents, but there were no differences in visitation to Metro parks or their favorite park. There were also no differences between the two groups in their attachment to their favorite park. Constraints and visitation explained 15% of the variance in attachment for well-served residents and 38% for underserved residents, and constraints explained 4% of the variance in visitation for well-served residents and 26% for underserved residents. The strongest negative predictor of attachment for well-served residents was Metro parks are not the best places, followed by limited access to these places and disinterest in visiting parks and natural areas. The strongest positive predictor for well-served resident attachment was frequency of visitation, followed by race and cultural issues at Metro parks, and lack of facilities and services in these areas. For underserved residents, the strongest negative predictor of attachment was costs followed by Metro parks are not the best places and limited knowledge about these places. Positive predictors of attachment for these residents included frequency of visitation and lack of facilities and services at Metro parks. The only predictor of visitation to their favorite park for well-served residents was fear of visiting other areas (positive relationship), whereas visitation for underserved residents was negatively associated with limited access to Metro parks and positively associated with costs of visiting other areas. The second article used a Geographic Information System (GIS) and hot spot analysis of the survey data to determine any spatial patterns in constraints groups, different types of constraints, and resident characteristics (e.g., minorities). Results revealed two major trends: (a) in the northeast area of the region, there is a clustering of minority residents overlapping with the most constrained hot spots and these residents were most affected by constraints associated with health and lack of recreation partners; and (b) residents in the southwest area of the region were most affected by constraints associated with limited knowledge and access to parks. Specific implications of these results for both management and research are discussed in this thesis. In general, however, these results may inform local agency objectives associated with reaching and engaging various populations, including ethnic and racial minorities. These findings also contribute to the literature by exploring relationships among constraints, park visitation, and attachment between traditionally well-served and underserved populations, and also by applying a GIS analysis of survey data to understand spatial aspects of constraints for each of these populations. Title: Constraints to urban park visitation: Conceptual connections and spatial attributes for traditionally well-served and underserved residents Author: Rushing, Jaclyn R. Connecting with nature is associated with social, physical, and emotional benefits such as stress relief, improved physical health, and lower crime. Parks and other natural areas offer spaces in which to connect with nature and reap these and other benefits (e.g., family bonding, social events, learning). Despite increasing populations of racial and ethnic minorities in the United States of America, these groups are underrepresented in many outdoor recreation activities and in visitation to many parks and other protected areas. This underrepresentation and other attributes of park visitation can be partially explained through the theoretical lens of constraints to recreation. Constraints are factors that limit participation, affect leisure preferences, and / or reduce enjoyment and satisfaction with recreation experiences. Examples of constraints include inability to afford park fees, fear of crime in parks, and lack of available leisure time. This thesis contains two standalone articles focusing on resident constraints to visiting urban parks and other natural areas in the Portland, Oregon (USA) metropolitan region. These articles examine: (a) the most common constraints to visiting these parks and natural areas, and whether these constraints vary between traditionally well-served (i.e., white majority residents) and underserved (i.e., ethnic and racial minorities) populations; (b) relationships among constraints, park visitation, and place attachment for both of these groups of residents; and (c) how constraints groups, different types of constraints, and resident characteristics (e.g., minorities) are distributed spatially across this metropolitan region. Data were obtained from mail and online questionnaires completed by two samples of residents in Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington counties: (a) a proportionate random sample of residents mostly targeting the following groups: African Americans / Blacks, American Indians, Asians, Hispanics / Latinos, Middle Eastern peoples, and Slavic / Eastern European peoples (i.e., probability sample); and (b) a convenience sample of Opt-In panel members (i.e., nonprobability sample). Questionnaires were completed by a total of 3,328 residents across these samples, and the data were weighted by the most recent Census based on county, age, sex (male, female), and education to be representative of adult residents in this region. Race and other demographics were consistent with the Census after weighting. Results of the first article showed that the primary constraints to visiting parks and natural areas in this urban region were being too busy to visit, limited knowledge about Metro parks, and lack of access to these places (Metro parks are managed by Metro, which is the main regional government for Clackamas, Multnomah, and Washington counties). There were no differences in these constraints and most other constraints between traditionally underserved and well-served populations. Traditionally underserved residents, however, were significantly more constrained than the well-served residents were by race and cultural issues at parks, as well as lack of facilities and services at Metro parks. Traditionally well-served residents visited all parks and natural areas in the region significantly more often than did the underserved residents, but there were no differences in visitation to Metro parks or their favorite park. There were also no differences between the two groups in their attachment to their favorite park. Constraints and visitation explained 15% of the variance in attachment for well-served residents and 38% for underserved residents, and constraints explained 4% of the variance in visitation for well-served residents and 26% for underserved residents. The strongest negative predictor of attachment for well-served residents was Metro parks are not the best places, followed by limited access to these places and disinterest in visiting parks and natural areas. The strongest positive predictor for well-served resident attachment was frequency of visitation, followed by race and cultural issues at Metro parks, and lack of facilities and services in these areas. For underserved residents, the strongest negative predictor of attachment was costs followed by Metro parks are not the best places and limited knowledge about these places. Positive predictors of attachment for these residents included frequency of visitation and lack of facilities and services at Metro parks. The only predictor of visitation to their favorite park for well-served residents was fear of visiting other areas (positive relationship), whereas visitation for underserved residents was negatively associated with limited access to Metro parks and positively associated with costs of visiting other areas. The second article used a Geographic Information System (GIS) and hot spot analysis of the survey data to determine any spatial patterns in constraints groups, different types of constraints, and resident characteristics (e.g., minorities). Results revealed two major trends: (a) in the northeast area of the region, there is a clustering of minority residents overlapping with the most constrained hot spots and these residents were most affected by constraints associated with health and lack of recreation partners; and (b) residents in the southwest area of the region were most affected by constraints associated with limited knowledge and access to parks. Specific implications of these results for both management and research are discussed in this thesis. In general, however, these results may inform local agency objectives associated with reaching and engaging various populations, including ethnic and racial minorities. These findings also contribute to the literature by exploring relationships among constraints, park visitation, and attachment between traditionally well-served and underserved populations, and also by applying a GIS analysis of survey data to understand spatial aspects of constraints for each of these populations. Close

• 16. [Article] Wetland compensatory mitigation in Oregon : a program evaluation with a focus on Portland metro area projects

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wetland compensatory mitigation in Oregon : a program evaluation with a focus on Portland metro area projects Author: Oregon. Division of State Lands, Franklin, Kenneth T., Shaich, Joel A., United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Region X. Oregon Operations Office Title: Wetland compensatory mitigation in Oregon : a program evaluation with a focus on Portland metro area projects Author: Oregon. Division of State Lands, Franklin, Kenneth T., Shaich, Joel A., United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Region X. Oregon Operations Office Close

• 17. [Article] An instrument system for measurement of evapotranspiration by the eddy correlation method

  A fast response meteorological instrument system for measuring parameters used in calculating evapotranspiration above a forest stand is described. Comprised of Gill-type propeller anemometers, Brady-array ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An instrument system for measurement of evapotranspiration by the eddy correlation method Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Belt, George H., King, Jack, University of Washington, Baily, Everett Minnich, 1938- A fast response meteorological instrument system for measuring parameters used in calculating evapotranspiration above a forest stand is described. Comprised of Gill-type propeller anemometers, Brady-array humidity sensors, thermistor air-temperature sensors and a Metro-Data digital tape recorder, the system was designed to measure eddy fluctuations in the range from one to 0.005 cycles per second. Details of the shop-built signal conditioning circuitry for the Brady-array are presented along with a discussion of apparatus and techniques employed to calibrate the sensors as a part of the instrument system. Problems with electrical noise and condensation within instrument packages which occurred during field trials are also discussed. Title: An instrument system for measurement of evapotranspiration by the eddy correlation method Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Belt, George H., King, Jack, University of Washington, Baily, Everett Minnich, 1938- A fast response meteorological instrument system for measuring parameters used in calculating evapotranspiration above a forest stand is described. Comprised of Gill-type propeller anemometers, Brady-array humidity sensors, thermistor air-temperature sensors and a Metro-Data digital tape recorder, the system was designed to measure eddy fluctuations in the range from one to 0.005 cycles per second. Details of the shop-built signal conditioning circuitry for the Brady-array are presented along with a discussion of apparatus and techniques employed to calibrate the sensors as a part of the instrument system. Problems with electrical noise and condensation within instrument packages which occurred during field trials are also discussed. Close

• 18. [Article] The effectiveness of the spatial assimilation theory in describing current settlement patterns of Polish immigrants in Portland, OR

  The settlement patterns of European immigrants arriving around the turn of the 20th Century have been described using the theory of spatial assimilation. Recent academic literature has called into question ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effectiveness of the spatial assimilation theory in describing current settlement patterns of Polish immigrants in Portland, OR Author: Latta, Brian The settlement patterns of European immigrants arriving around the turn of the 20th Century have been described using the theory of spatial assimilation. Recent academic literature has called into question whether this theory is still relevant in describing the settlement patterns of recent non-European immigrant groups, but has not been addressed whether or not this theory is still effective in describing continued European immigration. This research evaluated US census data to determine that a Polish ethnic enclave in the metro region of Portland, Oregon does not exist. Additionally, the absence of the Polish enclave appears to have a positive impact on the acculturation and assimilation of the Polish immigrants in the study area. Title: The effectiveness of the spatial assimilation theory in describing current settlement patterns of Polish immigrants in Portland, OR Author: Latta, Brian The settlement patterns of European immigrants arriving around the turn of the 20th Century have been described using the theory of spatial assimilation. Recent academic literature has called into question whether this theory is still relevant in describing the settlement patterns of recent non-European immigrant groups, but has not been addressed whether or not this theory is still effective in describing continued European immigration. This research evaluated US census data to determine that a Polish ethnic enclave in the metro region of Portland, Oregon does not exist. Additionally, the absence of the Polish enclave appears to have a positive impact on the acculturation and assimilation of the Polish immigrants in the study area. Close

• 19. [Article] Residents’ drivers and barriers to participation in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program: Study of socio-ecological factors in Madison South neighborhood in NE Portland

  As urban development fractures and reduces available habitat for birds and other wildlife, conservationists are increasing pursuing strategies to improve the habitat value of privately owned yards in and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Residents’ drivers and barriers to participation in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program: Study of socio-ecological factors in Madison South neighborhood in NE Portland Author: Powel, Jinnet As urban development fractures and reduces available habitat for birds and other wildlife, conservationists are increasing pursuing strategies to improve the habitat value of privately owned yards in and around cities. The Backyard Habitat Certification Program is a collaborative effort between the Portland Audubon Society and the Columbia Land Trust that has a two pronged mission: to increase the amount of available habitat for wildlife in the Portland Metro region by encouraging homeowners of lots one acre or less to naturescape their yards; and to increase stewardship and conservation awareness by broadening their participant base. Backyard Habitat’s agency in achieving both goals is linked to 1) their effectiveness at engaging and enrolling residents, 2) residents’ access to greenspace, and 3) their interest and agency in naturescaping their yards. Based on circumstantial evidence, Backyard Habitat is concerned they are not capturing the racial and ethnic diversity of the communities that they serve. This suggests that cultural and/or structural factors are limiting thier access to private yards and scope in providing conservation education. This study begins to explore the drivers and barriers to participation in the Northeast Portland neighborhood of Madison South with the objective of providing community specific and generalizable recommendations on how Backyard Habitat could broaden and deepen participation. Madison South was chosen as the study site because Backyard Habitat would like to increase participation there in order to enhance the impact of a large-scale habitat restoration project: the Dharma Rain Zen Center’s development at Siskiyou Square. The study used a social-ecological framework to explore both ecological and sociological factors that could serve as drivers or barriers to residents in choosing 1) to naturescape and 2) to participate in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program. The study consisted of three phases and looked at two scales of analysis: structural and cultural factors at the societal level and at the individual scale. Phase 1 assessed societal structural and cultural factors within the neighborhood (n= 5,314) including racial and ethnic diversity, language fluency, tenure status, and the value and distribution of greenspace using a combination of US Census data and publicly available on-line mapping tools (Metro Maps, Portland Maps, and Intertwine Alliance’s Regional Conservation Strategy overlays, Google Maps). Phase 2 and 3 consisted of smaller group of participants(n=28) that lived within 200m Siskiyou Square, and used mixed methods door-to-door surveys and guided interviews to explore individual interests, beliefs, and constraints shaping both desired and actual yard use. Phase 2 included the use of a yard-type instrument that allowed participants to indicate their interest in naturescaped, highly manicured, and predominantly permaculture yards by selecting among photographs. The study found that Madison South would be a good neighborhood for Backyard Habitat to engage with the purpose of diversifying their base since it was a relatively diverse racial and ethnic neighborhood within the Portland Metro region. However, since homeownership was disproportionately limited to White and Asian residents, the author recommends that Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for including renters in order to engage a representative demographic. Considering the percentage of rented, single-family homes with yards around the Siskiyou Square neighborhood, such strategies could serve Backyard Habitat’s ecological goals. The study identified limited English as a likely barrier for engaging some homeowners, particularly elderly Vietnamese. However the participant pool was too small to identify preferences, such desired as yard-type, along racial or ethnic lines. With 19% of homes owned by racial and ethnic minorities, Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for further identifying, and overcoming cultural barriers. The survey, interview questionnaire and yard-type instrument appeared useful at identifying receptivity to naturescaping and strategies for broadening participation. Based on the study’s findings and input from participants, the study makes recommendations for how Backyard Habitat can increase participation by being better known, being appealing, and being feasible to a variety of residents. Title: Residents’ drivers and barriers to participation in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program: Study of socio-ecological factors in Madison South neighborhood in NE Portland Author: Powel, Jinnet As urban development fractures and reduces available habitat for birds and other wildlife, conservationists are increasing pursuing strategies to improve the habitat value of privately owned yards in and around cities. The Backyard Habitat Certification Program is a collaborative effort between the Portland Audubon Society and the Columbia Land Trust that has a two pronged mission: to increase the amount of available habitat for wildlife in the Portland Metro region by encouraging homeowners of lots one acre or less to naturescape their yards; and to increase stewardship and conservation awareness by broadening their participant base. Backyard Habitat’s agency in achieving both goals is linked to 1) their effectiveness at engaging and enrolling residents, 2) residents’ access to greenspace, and 3) their interest and agency in naturescaping their yards. Based on circumstantial evidence, Backyard Habitat is concerned they are not capturing the racial and ethnic diversity of the communities that they serve. This suggests that cultural and/or structural factors are limiting thier access to private yards and scope in providing conservation education. This study begins to explore the drivers and barriers to participation in the Northeast Portland neighborhood of Madison South with the objective of providing community specific and generalizable recommendations on how Backyard Habitat could broaden and deepen participation. Madison South was chosen as the study site because Backyard Habitat would like to increase participation there in order to enhance the impact of a large-scale habitat restoration project: the Dharma Rain Zen Center’s development at Siskiyou Square. The study used a social-ecological framework to explore both ecological and sociological factors that could serve as drivers or barriers to residents in choosing 1) to naturescape and 2) to participate in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program. The study consisted of three phases and looked at two scales of analysis: structural and cultural factors at the societal level and at the individual scale. Phase 1 assessed societal structural and cultural factors within the neighborhood (n= 5,314) including racial and ethnic diversity, language fluency, tenure status, and the value and distribution of greenspace using a combination of US Census data and publicly available on-line mapping tools (Metro Maps, Portland Maps, and Intertwine Alliance’s Regional Conservation Strategy overlays, Google Maps). Phase 2 and 3 consisted of smaller group of participants(n=28) that lived within 200m Siskiyou Square, and used mixed methods door-to-door surveys and guided interviews to explore individual interests, beliefs, and constraints shaping both desired and actual yard use. Phase 2 included the use of a yard-type instrument that allowed participants to indicate their interest in naturescaped, highly manicured, and predominantly permaculture yards by selecting among photographs. The study found that Madison South would be a good neighborhood for Backyard Habitat to engage with the purpose of diversifying their base since it was a relatively diverse racial and ethnic neighborhood within the Portland Metro region. However, since homeownership was disproportionately limited to White and Asian residents, the author recommends that Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for including renters in order to engage a representative demographic. Considering the percentage of rented, single-family homes with yards around the Siskiyou Square neighborhood, such strategies could serve Backyard Habitat’s ecological goals. The study identified limited English as a likely barrier for engaging some homeowners, particularly elderly Vietnamese. However the participant pool was too small to identify preferences, such desired as yard-type, along racial or ethnic lines. With 19% of homes owned by racial and ethnic minorities, Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for further identifying, and overcoming cultural barriers. The survey, interview questionnaire and yard-type instrument appeared useful at identifying receptivity to naturescaping and strategies for broadening participation. Based on the study’s findings and input from participants, the study makes recommendations for how Backyard Habitat can increase participation by being better known, being appealing, and being feasible to a variety of residents. Close

• 20. [Article] Education's effect on poverty: the role of migration and labor markets

  Improving the quality of education and encouraging students to stay in school is one possible strategy for reducing poverty and raising local well-being in rural areas. A potential obstacle to this strategy, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Education's effect on poverty: the role of migration and labor markets Author: Marre, Alexander, Weber, Bruce, Cromartie, John, Gibbs, Robert, Fisher, Monica Improving the quality of education and encouraging students to stay in school is one possible strategy for reducing poverty and raising local well-being in rural areas. A potential obstacle to this strategy, however, is outmigration to metro areas due to the lack of demand for this better-educated rural workforce, and secondarily, the necessity of leaving rural areas to attend college. Even where robust rural job growth exists, the lower wages offered by rural employers dampen the poverty reducing power of education. In this paper, we test for both a "direct" effect of educational attainment on the poverty status of rural adults, which operates through access to higher-quality jobs; and an "indirect" effect, which operates through a higher likelihood of outmigration to urban areas and hence access to higher monetary returns to education. Drawing from a sample of 701 households in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find that, in general, better-educated rural household heads are more likely to move to urban areas during the 1990s and that poverty status is affected by that move. As a first step in assessing the impact of labor market conditions, we examine the effect of the unemployment rate in the county of origin on the migration decision. Education is a key determinant of economic well-being for both individuals and places. Despite overall improvements, however, rural residents still have significantly lower educational attainment than urban residents. Improving the quality of education and encouraging students to stay in school is one possible strategy for reducing poverty and raising local well-being. A better-educated workforce should have higher incomes. Partridge and Rickman showed that both education levels and increases in attainment explained spatial variation in poverty reduction. Outmigration to metro areas is a potential obstacle to this strategy, however. Migration from rural areas occurs because of the lack of demand for a better-educated rural workforce and the necessity of leaving rural areas to attend college (Gibbs). Outmigration may prevent local human capital levels from reaching the threshold required to attract new industry or encourage expansion in the existing economic base. Even where robust rural job growth exists, the lower skill levels and wages offered by rural employers, on average, both dampen the poverty-reducing power of education and hinder long-term development prospects associated with an increasingly high-skill economy. This study documents a direct and an indirect effect of education on household poverty status. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) is used to obtain a sample of 701 working-age (25-64 years of age) household heads that lived in a non-metro county in 1993. The metropolitan and poverty status of their households is observed in 1999. For adults who live in a rural area, greater educational attainment has a direct effect on eventual poverty status by increasing the likelihood of obtaining higher income (wherever they live) and an indirect effect on eventual poverty by increasing the likelihood of moving to an urban place with better income-earning opportunities. Controlling for the fact that better-educated rural adults are more likely to move to urban areas, the study finds that migration has an influence on the likelihood of being poor. Title: Education's effect on poverty: the role of migration and labor markets Author: Marre, Alexander, Weber, Bruce, Cromartie, John, Gibbs, Robert, Fisher, Monica Improving the quality of education and encouraging students to stay in school is one possible strategy for reducing poverty and raising local well-being in rural areas. A potential obstacle to this strategy, however, is outmigration to metro areas due to the lack of demand for this better-educated rural workforce, and secondarily, the necessity of leaving rural areas to attend college. Even where robust rural job growth exists, the lower wages offered by rural employers dampen the poverty reducing power of education. In this paper, we test for both a "direct" effect of educational attainment on the poverty status of rural adults, which operates through access to higher-quality jobs; and an "indirect" effect, which operates through a higher likelihood of outmigration to urban areas and hence access to higher monetary returns to education. Drawing from a sample of 701 households in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find that, in general, better-educated rural household heads are more likely to move to urban areas during the 1990s and that poverty status is affected by that move. As a first step in assessing the impact of labor market conditions, we examine the effect of the unemployment rate in the county of origin on the migration decision. Education is a key determinant of economic well-being for both individuals and places. Despite overall improvements, however, rural residents still have significantly lower educational attainment than urban residents. Improving the quality of education and encouraging students to stay in school is one possible strategy for reducing poverty and raising local well-being. A better-educated workforce should have higher incomes. Partridge and Rickman showed that both education levels and increases in attainment explained spatial variation in poverty reduction. Outmigration to metro areas is a potential obstacle to this strategy, however. Migration from rural areas occurs because of the lack of demand for a better-educated rural workforce and the necessity of leaving rural areas to attend college (Gibbs). Outmigration may prevent local human capital levels from reaching the threshold required to attract new industry or encourage expansion in the existing economic base. Even where robust rural job growth exists, the lower skill levels and wages offered by rural employers, on average, both dampen the poverty-reducing power of education and hinder long-term development prospects associated with an increasingly high-skill economy. This study documents a direct and an indirect effect of education on household poverty status. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) is used to obtain a sample of 701 working-age (25-64 years of age) household heads that lived in a non-metro county in 1993. The metropolitan and poverty status of their households is observed in 1999. For adults who live in a rural area, greater educational attainment has a direct effect on eventual poverty status by increasing the likelihood of obtaining higher income (wherever they live) and an indirect effect on eventual poverty by increasing the likelihood of moving to an urban place with better income-earning opportunities. Controlling for the fact that better-educated rural adults are more likely to move to urban areas, the study finds that migration has an influence on the likelihood of being poor. Close

• 21. [Article] Sustaining Oregon’s Cross-Sector Partnerships in STEM Education

  2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustaining Oregon’s Cross-Sector Partnerships in STEM Education Author: Becker, Gretchen 2016 Title: Sustaining Oregon’s Cross-Sector Partnerships in STEM Education Author: Becker, Gretchen 2016 Close

• 22. [Article] Vocalization patterns of captive Francois ́langurs (Presbytis francoisi)

  Vocalization patterns of two groups of captive Francois' langurs (Presbytis francoisi) were studied between August 1989 and June 1990. During the 11 months of observation, 109 hours of vocalization recordings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vocalization patterns of captive Francois ́langurs (Presbytis francoisi) Author: Krishnamurthy, Ramesh S. (Ramesh Saligrama), 1964- Vocalization patterns of two groups of captive Francois' langurs (Presbytis francoisi) were studied between August 1989 and June 1990. During the 11 months of observation, 109 hours of vocalization recordings were made at Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland, and the San Diego Zoo, San Diego. Based on the behavioral observations and the vocalization recordings, two categories of vocalization types are described. Type I consists of 20 basic patterns including infant vocalizations and a vocalization recorded by other observers. Type II consists of 3 patterns related to stereotypic behavior and possible stress under captive conditions. Physical characteristics and the context of behavior for each call type are described. Spectrograms are given for all call types except the loud call. Among the calls recorded, whistle vocalizations of infants are the longest in duration. Comparison of vocalization patterns of P. francoisi to those of other species of the genus Presbytis revealed similarities in behavior and context among some call types in the species of P. entellus and P. johnii. Title: Vocalization patterns of captive Francois ́langurs (Presbytis francoisi) Author: Krishnamurthy, Ramesh S. (Ramesh Saligrama), 1964- Vocalization patterns of two groups of captive Francois' langurs (Presbytis francoisi) were studied between August 1989 and June 1990. During the 11 months of observation, 109 hours of vocalization recordings were made at Metro Washington Park Zoo, Portland, and the San Diego Zoo, San Diego. Based on the behavioral observations and the vocalization recordings, two categories of vocalization types are described. Type I consists of 20 basic patterns including infant vocalizations and a vocalization recorded by other observers. Type II consists of 3 patterns related to stereotypic behavior and possible stress under captive conditions. Physical characteristics and the context of behavior for each call type are described. Spectrograms are given for all call types except the loud call. Among the calls recorded, whistle vocalizations of infants are the longest in duration. Comparison of vocalization patterns of P. francoisi to those of other species of the genus Presbytis revealed similarities in behavior and context among some call types in the species of P. entellus and P. johnii. Close

• 23. [Article] Comparing Vegetation and Soils of Remnant and Restored Wetland Prairies in the Northern Willamette Valley

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Northwest Scientific Association and can be found at: http://www.northwests...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing Vegetation and Soils of Remnant and Restored Wetland Prairies in the Northern Willamette Valley Author: Taylor, Sara M., Santelmann, Mary V. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Northwest Scientific Association and can be found at: http://www.northwestscience.org/page-937324 Title: Comparing Vegetation and Soils of Remnant and Restored Wetland Prairies in the Northern Willamette Valley Author: Taylor, Sara M., Santelmann, Mary V. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Northwest Scientific Association and can be found at: http://www.northwestscience.org/page-937324 Close

• 24. [Article] A household production approach to modeling household recycling effort

  Household recycling is an important means by which social costs of solid waste disposal may be reduced. These costs include energy and resource costs of collection and disposal as well as environmental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A household production approach to modeling household recycling effort Author: Martini, Roger Household recycling is an important means by which social costs of solid waste disposal may be reduced. These costs include energy and resource costs of collection and disposal as well as environmental costs from emissions from landfills, incinerators, and collection vehicles. In this thesis, a household production model is used to represent the decision faced by the household in determining the level of effort to commit to recycling activities. The decision regarding the level of effort the household commits to recycling is hypothesized to be a function of economic variables such as the cost of solid waste disposal and expenditure on goods for both direct consumption and as inputs into production in the home, as well as of the demographic characteristics of the household. Two empirical models are developed, using data collected by the Portland Metro Association. The first of these models specifies a linear relationship between recycling behavior and the economic and demographic variables in the model. The second model is somewhat more complex, making use of the indirect utility function of the household. Redacted for Privacy The results of the empirical analysis show that the greater the price change associated with increasing solid waste disposal volume, the greater the probability that the household will devote more effort to recycling. As well, the age and education of the female head of the household and the presence of a child in the home also affect the households decision to recycle. Household recycling may be encouraged by municipal planners by using an escalating price structure for solid waste disposal. Additionally, recycling programs should emphasize convenience over other considerations such as variety of materials collected. Title: A household production approach to modeling household recycling effort Author: Martini, Roger Household recycling is an important means by which social costs of solid waste disposal may be reduced. These costs include energy and resource costs of collection and disposal as well as environmental costs from emissions from landfills, incinerators, and collection vehicles. In this thesis, a household production model is used to represent the decision faced by the household in determining the level of effort to commit to recycling activities. The decision regarding the level of effort the household commits to recycling is hypothesized to be a function of economic variables such as the cost of solid waste disposal and expenditure on goods for both direct consumption and as inputs into production in the home, as well as of the demographic characteristics of the household. Two empirical models are developed, using data collected by the Portland Metro Association. The first of these models specifies a linear relationship between recycling behavior and the economic and demographic variables in the model. The second model is somewhat more complex, making use of the indirect utility function of the household. Redacted for Privacy The results of the empirical analysis show that the greater the price change associated with increasing solid waste disposal volume, the greater the probability that the household will devote more effort to recycling. As well, the age and education of the female head of the household and the presence of a child in the home also affect the households decision to recycle. Household recycling may be encouraged by municipal planners by using an escalating price structure for solid waste disposal. Additionally, recycling programs should emphasize convenience over other considerations such as variety of materials collected. Close

• 25. [Article] Residential water conservation and energy efficiency impacts through effective scheduling and opportunities for regional expansion : a case study of a gas tankless water heater with recirculation loop

  This study focused on the potential water and energy savings from implementing a revised schedule of a recirculation pump connected to a condensing gas tankless water heater located in a study home in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Residential water conservation and energy efficiency impacts through effective scheduling and opportunities for regional expansion : a case study of a gas tankless water heater with recirculation loop Author: Johnson, Erica M. (Erica Marie) This study focused on the potential water and energy savings from implementing a revised schedule of a recirculation pump connected to a condensing gas tankless water heater located in a study home in Portland, Oregon. The existing recirculation pump activation schedule was studied for its impact on the overall water use and energy efficiency of the water heater. Utilizing the recirculation pump for water events was found to reduce overall water consumption by 14.84 times the consumption when not using the recirculation pump. The use of the recirculation pump was also found to reduce the energy efficiency of the water heater by 7.82%. Based on these findings, a revised schedule was developed for homeowner adoption. Regional expansion of this technology was examined through the development of a suitability index that highlighted building and homeowner characteristics likely to lead to technological adoption. This suitability index was applied to a map of the Portland metro area to identify suitability hotspots for energy policy applications on a larger scale. Results of the expanded analysis indicated that there are significant impacts to water consumption and energy efficiency with the adoption of this technology. Policy issues, including incentives for adoption, are discussed in broader context. Title: Residential water conservation and energy efficiency impacts through effective scheduling and opportunities for regional expansion : a case study of a gas tankless water heater with recirculation loop Author: Johnson, Erica M. (Erica Marie) This study focused on the potential water and energy savings from implementing a revised schedule of a recirculation pump connected to a condensing gas tankless water heater located in a study home in Portland, Oregon. The existing recirculation pump activation schedule was studied for its impact on the overall water use and energy efficiency of the water heater. Utilizing the recirculation pump for water events was found to reduce overall water consumption by 14.84 times the consumption when not using the recirculation pump. The use of the recirculation pump was also found to reduce the energy efficiency of the water heater by 7.82%. Based on these findings, a revised schedule was developed for homeowner adoption. Regional expansion of this technology was examined through the development of a suitability index that highlighted building and homeowner characteristics likely to lead to technological adoption. This suitability index was applied to a map of the Portland metro area to identify suitability hotspots for energy policy applications on a larger scale. Results of the expanded analysis indicated that there are significant impacts to water consumption and energy efficiency with the adoption of this technology. Policy issues, including incentives for adoption, are discussed in broader context. Close

• 26. [Article] Do Community Development Financial Institutions Promote Economic Growth in Neighborhoods? A Multi-Metro Area Analysis of Home Values

  2017

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Do Community Development Financial Institutions Promote Economic Growth in Neighborhoods? A Multi-Metro Area Analysis of Home Values Author: McRae, Caitlin 2017 Title: Do Community Development Financial Institutions Promote Economic Growth in Neighborhoods? A Multi-Metro Area Analysis of Home Values Author: McRae, Caitlin 2017 Close

• 27. [Article] An application of regression tree methodology in freeway travel time estimation using speed as a proxy

  Accurate freeway travel time estimation is of increasing importance for the travelers’ information and route guidance system. A non-parametric statistical methodology known as regression trees is deployed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An application of regression tree methodology in freeway travel time estimation using speed as a proxy Author: Wang, Lijuan Accurate freeway travel time estimation is of increasing importance for the travelers’ information and route guidance system. A non-parametric statistical methodology known as regression trees is deployed in this research for dynamically and accurately estimating freeway travel times for the I5-I205 loop in the Portland Metro area of Oregon using speed as a proxy. In the absence of historical travel time data on PORTAL (Portland Oregon Regional Transportation Archive Listing), which is the source of data collection in this research, regression tree models are built to predict speeds first and the predicted speeds are in turn used to estimate travel times by mid-point algorithm. The regression tree models in this research are built based on historical data sets, including not only the traffic flow data but also the incident related data, weather data and time of day. This ensures the models will maintain stable prediction ability under both free flow conditions and non-free flow conditions on freeways. Model construction and validation are implemented in the statistical software package S-PLUS. A full regression tree model is constructed on one test data set including 227 daily test data sets randomly selected from the total of 342 daily test data sets collected in the entire year of 2005. To determine what kind of regression tree model should be selected to predict speed or estimate travel time for a certain day under dynamic conditions, a characterization approach is deployed and four characterization standards are setup to track the characteristics of both test data sets and validation data sets. Two experimental designs are constructed to evaluate and compare the performances of eleven regression tree models ─ the full regression tree model and the ten characterization regression tree models. The results show that these eleven tree models possess the ability to accurately predict speeds or estimate travel times. In addition, meaningful results are obtained showing which of these eleven tree models are best to choose for dynamically estimating travel times for a future day. Title: An application of regression tree methodology in freeway travel time estimation using speed as a proxy Author: Wang, Lijuan Accurate freeway travel time estimation is of increasing importance for the travelers’ information and route guidance system. A non-parametric statistical methodology known as regression trees is deployed in this research for dynamically and accurately estimating freeway travel times for the I5-I205 loop in the Portland Metro area of Oregon using speed as a proxy. In the absence of historical travel time data on PORTAL (Portland Oregon Regional Transportation Archive Listing), which is the source of data collection in this research, regression tree models are built to predict speeds first and the predicted speeds are in turn used to estimate travel times by mid-point algorithm. The regression tree models in this research are built based on historical data sets, including not only the traffic flow data but also the incident related data, weather data and time of day. This ensures the models will maintain stable prediction ability under both free flow conditions and non-free flow conditions on freeways. Model construction and validation are implemented in the statistical software package S-PLUS. A full regression tree model is constructed on one test data set including 227 daily test data sets randomly selected from the total of 342 daily test data sets collected in the entire year of 2005. To determine what kind of regression tree model should be selected to predict speed or estimate travel time for a certain day under dynamic conditions, a characterization approach is deployed and four characterization standards are setup to track the characteristics of both test data sets and validation data sets. Two experimental designs are constructed to evaluate and compare the performances of eleven regression tree models ─ the full regression tree model and the ten characterization regression tree models. The results show that these eleven tree models possess the ability to accurately predict speeds or estimate travel times. In addition, meaningful results are obtained showing which of these eleven tree models are best to choose for dynamically estimating travel times for a future day. Close

• 28. [Article] Growth Management-oriented Water Conservation and Reuse in Oregon: Operationalizing Integrated Watershed and Water Resources Management

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth Management-oriented Water Conservation and Reuse in Oregon: Operationalizing Integrated Watershed and Water Resources Management Author: Cavallaro, Jamison Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Growth Management-oriented Water Conservation and Reuse in Oregon: Operationalizing Integrated Watershed and Water Resources Management Author: Cavallaro, Jamison Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 29. [Article] Economic impact study for Detroit Lake and the Upper North Santiam Canyon

  Published May 2006. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic impact study for Detroit Lake and the Upper North Santiam Canyon Author: Sorte, Bruce, Buerger, Chris, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 2006. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Economic impact study for Detroit Lake and the Upper North Santiam Canyon Author: Sorte, Bruce, Buerger, Chris, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 2006. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 30. [Article] Northwest forest plan effects on county net migration and employment growth : causality of policy variables, timing of response, relevant time periods, rural vs. metro policy effects and effects on industry employment

  County-level net migration and employment growth rates associated with the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) are examined. The NWFP area encompasses federal land in 53 Oregon, Washington and California counties; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Northwest forest plan effects on county net migration and employment growth : causality of policy variables, timing of response, relevant time periods, rural vs. metro policy effects and effects on industry employment Author: Eichman, Henry N. County-level net migration and employment growth rates associated with the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) are examined. The NWFP area encompasses federal land in 53 Oregon, Washington and California counties; 20 counties adjacent to NWFP counties are also included in the sample. The NWFP was enacted in December of 1993, however, this analysis examines the 24 year time period from 1980 through 2003. Net migration (the change in population due to in-migration and out-migration) and employment growth are represented by a simultaneous equation model (SEM) that is corrected for spatial autocorrelation. While the NWFP land allocations are expected to influence net migration and employment growth, they are potentially determined by similar processes as the endogenous economic indicators. Logistic regression analysis shows the probability that NWFP lands were allocated to biodiversity purposes or to land uses subject to timber harvest depends on natural, political and economic variables. The SEM is run on a yearly basis to explore changes in net migration and employment growth due to policy enactment, future expectations about land allocations, and market fluctuations. These results suggest the time period was characterized by many changes the endogenous variables from the effects of land management. In addition, the yearly analysis suggests that variation in yearly employment growth and net migration may not be sufficient for precise estimation of the effects of the exogenous variables. Pooling the yearly data over policy-relevant time periods is thus appropriate and provides insight into the NWFP effects on the economic indicators. Counties with more land reserved for biodiversity purposes had higher net migration and employment growth. In contrast, counties with more land allocated to extractive uses experienced low net migration. During the period following NWFP enactment, from 1994 to 2003, the classification of land according to NWFP management yields no significant relationship, suggesting adjustment to the NWFP had occurred. The effects of land management variables for rural and metropolitan counties are distinguished in another SEM. Contrary to the popular notion that employment effects were felt in large part by rural counties, this analysis shows changes in employment growth due to policy effects were felt primarily in metropolitan counties within the NWFP region. In addition, higher net migration occurred in rural and metropolitan counties containing land reserved for biodiversity purposes. These counties also experienced a simultaneous increase in employment growth as a result of allocation of these lands. Analysis of employment growth changes in specific industry sectors indicates manufacturing jobs were lost, however, service industry growth was encouraged as a result of NWFP land allocations. In addition, land allocated solely for the purpose of biodiversity services was not associated with changes in the manufacturing employment while potentially promoting growth in service sector employment. Title: Northwest forest plan effects on county net migration and employment growth : causality of policy variables, timing of response, relevant time periods, rural vs. metro policy effects and effects on industry employment Author: Eichman, Henry N. County-level net migration and employment growth rates associated with the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) are examined. The NWFP area encompasses federal land in 53 Oregon, Washington and California counties; 20 counties adjacent to NWFP counties are also included in the sample. The NWFP was enacted in December of 1993, however, this analysis examines the 24 year time period from 1980 through 2003. Net migration (the change in population due to in-migration and out-migration) and employment growth are represented by a simultaneous equation model (SEM) that is corrected for spatial autocorrelation. While the NWFP land allocations are expected to influence net migration and employment growth, they are potentially determined by similar processes as the endogenous economic indicators. Logistic regression analysis shows the probability that NWFP lands were allocated to biodiversity purposes or to land uses subject to timber harvest depends on natural, political and economic variables. The SEM is run on a yearly basis to explore changes in net migration and employment growth due to policy enactment, future expectations about land allocations, and market fluctuations. These results suggest the time period was characterized by many changes the endogenous variables from the effects of land management. In addition, the yearly analysis suggests that variation in yearly employment growth and net migration may not be sufficient for precise estimation of the effects of the exogenous variables. Pooling the yearly data over policy-relevant time periods is thus appropriate and provides insight into the NWFP effects on the economic indicators. Counties with more land reserved for biodiversity purposes had higher net migration and employment growth. In contrast, counties with more land allocated to extractive uses experienced low net migration. During the period following NWFP enactment, from 1994 to 2003, the classification of land according to NWFP management yields no significant relationship, suggesting adjustment to the NWFP had occurred. The effects of land management variables for rural and metropolitan counties are distinguished in another SEM. Contrary to the popular notion that employment effects were felt in large part by rural counties, this analysis shows changes in employment growth due to policy effects were felt primarily in metropolitan counties within the NWFP region. In addition, higher net migration occurred in rural and metropolitan counties containing land reserved for biodiversity purposes. These counties also experienced a simultaneous increase in employment growth as a result of allocation of these lands. Analysis of employment growth changes in specific industry sectors indicates manufacturing jobs were lost, however, service industry growth was encouraged as a result of NWFP land allocations. In addition, land allocated solely for the purpose of biodiversity services was not associated with changes in the manufacturing employment while potentially promoting growth in service sector employment. Close

• 31. [Article] Three essays on food security, food assistance, and migration

  This dissertation's three essays explore the determinants of food insecurity for rural farm households, the influence of rainfall variability and long-run changes in rainfall levels on the migration decisions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Three essays on food security, food assistance, and migration Author: Lewin, Paul A. This dissertation's three essays explore the determinants of food insecurity for rural farm households, the influence of rainfall variability and long-run changes in rainfall levels on the migration decisions of working-age household heads, and the distributional impacts in core and periphery regions of food assistance to households in the hinterland. The first essay examines how socio-economic characteristics of households, local conditions, and public programs are associated with the probability that a farm household in rural Malawi is food insecure. The statistical analysis uses nationally representative data for 7,965 randomly-selected households interviewed during 2004/05 for the second Malawi Integrated Household Survey (IHS-2). Regressions are estimated separately for households in the north, center, and south of Malawi to account for spatial heterogeneity. Results of a Probit regression model reveal that households are less likely to be food insecure if they have more cultivated land per capita, receive agricultural field assistance, reside in a community with an irrigation scheme, and are headed by an individual with a high school degree. Factors that positively correlate with a household's food insecurity are number of household members and distance to markets. The second essay uses nationally representative data from Malawi's 2004/05 Integrated Household Survey (IHS-2) to examine whether rainfall conditions influence a rural worker’s decision to make a long-term move to an urban or another rural area. Results of a Full Information Maximum Likelihood regression model reveal that (1) rainfall shocks constrain migration, most likely by making it difficult for prospective migrants to cover costs of migration, (2) migrants choose to move to communities where rainfall variability is lower, and (3) rainfall shocks have larger negative effects on the earnings of recent migrants than on long-time residents’ earnings. The third essay examines how benefits from food assistance programs to needy households spillover between areas and among household income groups in the United States. We study the effect of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in the Portland Oregon metro Core and its Periphery trade area, using a Multiregional Input- Output (MRIO) model based on a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The analysis captures direct, indirect and induced effects of SNAP on each region and spillover effects on the other region. SNAP benefits to the lower income household classes in each region are traced to their effects on the local economy in each region, and to the effects on household income by income class. The analysis finds that (1) the economic impact on the Portland Core from a given level of SNAP benefits to households in the Periphery is greater than the economic impact in the Periphery from the same level of SNAP benefits to households in the Core; (2) high-income households benefit more than low-income households from the indirect and induced economic impact of SNAP. Title: Three essays on food security, food assistance, and migration Author: Lewin, Paul A. This dissertation's three essays explore the determinants of food insecurity for rural farm households, the influence of rainfall variability and long-run changes in rainfall levels on the migration decisions of working-age household heads, and the distributional impacts in core and periphery regions of food assistance to households in the hinterland. The first essay examines how socio-economic characteristics of households, local conditions, and public programs are associated with the probability that a farm household in rural Malawi is food insecure. The statistical analysis uses nationally representative data for 7,965 randomly-selected households interviewed during 2004/05 for the second Malawi Integrated Household Survey (IHS-2). Regressions are estimated separately for households in the north, center, and south of Malawi to account for spatial heterogeneity. Results of a Probit regression model reveal that households are less likely to be food insecure if they have more cultivated land per capita, receive agricultural field assistance, reside in a community with an irrigation scheme, and are headed by an individual with a high school degree. Factors that positively correlate with a household's food insecurity are number of household members and distance to markets. The second essay uses nationally representative data from Malawi's 2004/05 Integrated Household Survey (IHS-2) to examine whether rainfall conditions influence a rural worker’s decision to make a long-term move to an urban or another rural area. Results of a Full Information Maximum Likelihood regression model reveal that (1) rainfall shocks constrain migration, most likely by making it difficult for prospective migrants to cover costs of migration, (2) migrants choose to move to communities where rainfall variability is lower, and (3) rainfall shocks have larger negative effects on the earnings of recent migrants than on long-time residents’ earnings. The third essay examines how benefits from food assistance programs to needy households spillover between areas and among household income groups in the United States. We study the effect of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in the Portland Oregon metro Core and its Periphery trade area, using a Multiregional Input- Output (MRIO) model based on a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The analysis captures direct, indirect and induced effects of SNAP on each region and spillover effects on the other region. SNAP benefits to the lower income household classes in each region are traced to their effects on the local economy in each region, and to the effects on household income by income class. The analysis finds that (1) the economic impact on the Portland Core from a given level of SNAP benefits to households in the Periphery is greater than the economic impact in the Periphery from the same level of SNAP benefits to households in the Core; (2) high-income households benefit more than low-income households from the indirect and induced economic impact of SNAP. Close

• 32. [Article] Flying Under the Radar: An Exploratory Assessment of Portland’s Burmese Refugee Parent Needs

  War and persecution have devastating consequences, and the United States (U.S.) has a time-honored commitment to providing refuge to those most afflicted. Over the last four decades, the U.S. has provided ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flying Under the Radar: An Exploratory Assessment of Portland’s Burmese Refugee Parent Needs Author: Thogmartin, Asia A. War and persecution have devastating consequences, and the United States (U.S.) has a time-honored commitment to providing refuge to those most afflicted. Over the last four decades, the U.S. has provided sanctuary to more than 3.2 million refugees through its resettlement programs (U.S. Department of State, 2015a). Burma’s long-standing civil war has made it one of the major contributors to the U.S. resettled refugee population (South & Jolliffe, 2015; U.S. Department of State, 2015a; 2016d, n.d.-a). Because of the vast differences between U.S. and Burmese people and their lived experiences, Burmese refugees as a group are potentially more vulnerable to resettlement-related stressors. The stressors of resettlement are especially amplified for refugee parents (e.g., Berry, 2005; Dumbrill, 2009; Renzaho & Vignievic, 2011). Refugee parents face challenges that go beyond the difficulties faced by non-refugee, native parents, in part because refugee parents are faced with increased familial conflict as a result of resettlement challenges (Atwell, Gifford, &McDonald-Wilmsen, 2009; Reed, Fazel, Jones, Panter-Brick, & Stein, 2012). The purpose of this study is therefore to identify the needs of Portland’s Burmese refugee parents, both from the perspective of Burmese refugee parents and the perspectives of Portland-based social service providers. Using a life course perspective, the main research questions of this study are: (a) What are the most prevalent Burmese refugee parent needs, as perceived by Burmese refugee parents? (b) Do these perceived needs vary based on refugee participant age? (c) What are the needs of Burmese refugee parents according to U.S. social systems representatives? This study uses primary and secondary data in the form of in-depth, one-on-one interviews gathered between 2015 and 2017. Burmese refugee parents (N = 32) and local social service providers (N= 10) shared stories and experiences reflecting challenges and needs faced by refugees living in the Portland metro area. Social service providers shared stories from a professional perspective. Each provider was a representative from one of five social domains namely, education, employment, health care, safety and security, and social networks. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the fact that Burmese refugee parents and social service providers view the needs of the Burmese refugee community differently. Most notable are differences between the relative importance of what refugees need in theory versus in practice. Findings also suggest there are differences in the needs of Burmese refugees based on age, such that indicate there is a need for programs designed with age in mind. The information gathered from social service representatives in this study can be used by various organizations in the design of resettlement programs that work to effectively fulfill U.S. commitments to refugees. Title: Flying Under the Radar: An Exploratory Assessment of Portland’s Burmese Refugee Parent Needs Author: Thogmartin, Asia A. War and persecution have devastating consequences, and the United States (U.S.) has a time-honored commitment to providing refuge to those most afflicted. Over the last four decades, the U.S. has provided sanctuary to more than 3.2 million refugees through its resettlement programs (U.S. Department of State, 2015a). Burma’s long-standing civil war has made it one of the major contributors to the U.S. resettled refugee population (South & Jolliffe, 2015; U.S. Department of State, 2015a; 2016d, n.d.-a). Because of the vast differences between U.S. and Burmese people and their lived experiences, Burmese refugees as a group are potentially more vulnerable to resettlement-related stressors. The stressors of resettlement are especially amplified for refugee parents (e.g., Berry, 2005; Dumbrill, 2009; Renzaho & Vignievic, 2011). Refugee parents face challenges that go beyond the difficulties faced by non-refugee, native parents, in part because refugee parents are faced with increased familial conflict as a result of resettlement challenges (Atwell, Gifford, &McDonald-Wilmsen, 2009; Reed, Fazel, Jones, Panter-Brick, & Stein, 2012). The purpose of this study is therefore to identify the needs of Portland’s Burmese refugee parents, both from the perspective of Burmese refugee parents and the perspectives of Portland-based social service providers. Using a life course perspective, the main research questions of this study are: (a) What are the most prevalent Burmese refugee parent needs, as perceived by Burmese refugee parents? (b) Do these perceived needs vary based on refugee participant age? (c) What are the needs of Burmese refugee parents according to U.S. social systems representatives? This study uses primary and secondary data in the form of in-depth, one-on-one interviews gathered between 2015 and 2017. Burmese refugee parents (N = 32) and local social service providers (N= 10) shared stories and experiences reflecting challenges and needs faced by refugees living in the Portland metro area. Social service providers shared stories from a professional perspective. Each provider was a representative from one of five social domains namely, education, employment, health care, safety and security, and social networks. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the fact that Burmese refugee parents and social service providers view the needs of the Burmese refugee community differently. Most notable are differences between the relative importance of what refugees need in theory versus in practice. Findings also suggest there are differences in the needs of Burmese refugees based on age, such that indicate there is a need for programs designed with age in mind. The information gathered from social service representatives in this study can be used by various organizations in the design of resettlement programs that work to effectively fulfill U.S. commitments to refugees. Close

• 33. [Article] Improving the Supply Chain of Tilapia Industry of the Philippines

  This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving the Supply Chain of Tilapia Industry of the Philippines Author: Jamandre, Wilfred, Hatch, Upton, Borski, Russell, Bolivar, Remedios This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Improving the Supply Chain of Tilapia Industry of the Philippines Author: Jamandre, Wilfred, Hatch, Upton, Borski, Russell, Bolivar, Remedios This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close