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• 1. [Article] Historical changes in stream habitats in the Columbia River basin

  Knowledge of how stream habitats change over time in natural and human-influenced ecosystems at large, regional scales is currently limited. A historical stream survey (1934-1945) was compared to current ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical changes in stream habitats in the Columbia River basin Author: McIntosh, Bruce A. Knowledge of how stream habitats change over time in natural and human-influenced ecosystems at large, regional scales is currently limited. A historical stream survey (1934-1945) was compared to current surveys to assess changes in poo1 habitats in the Columbia River basin. Streams from across the basin, representing a wide range of geologies, stream sizes and land-use histories, were used to evaluate habitat change. We classified streams as managed or unmanaged, based on their land-use histories. Managed basins were watersheds managed predominantly for multiple-use (e.g., timber harvest, livestock grazing) and unmanaged basins were minimally affected by human disturbance (e.g., wilderness/roadless areas). The quantity and quality of pool habitats increased or remained the same in unmanaged streams, and decreased in managed streams since the 1930s. Despite differences in stream size and land-use history, the magnitude and direction of theses changes were consistent. In addition, the decrease in pool habitats did not differ between public and private lands. Ecoregions were used to assess regional patterns to these changes. Our analysis showed that pool habitats decreased in all Ecoregions except the North Cascades Ecoregion. Regional land-use histories were documented for the study streams. The overgrazing of most rangelands had been documented by 1900. Grazing practices began to change after 1930, but current information suggests that while uplands have improved, riparian areas have not. By World War II, stream habitats had been affected by the loss of riparian vegetation, large woody debris, and aquatic habitats due to splash dams, log drives, and riparian timber harvest. Timber harvest expanded to the uplands after World War II, as the demand for timber expanded. Rapidly developing road networks increased runoff and sedimentation, which continued the impact of timber harvest on already damaged stream ecosystems. Almost 90% of managed streams had roads along the channel or within the floodplain. "Stream improvements," such as channelization and stream cleaning, also affected stream ecosystems. We concluded that the chronic and persistent effects of land-use practices had simplified stream channels and reduced habitat complexity in most managed watersheds in the Columbia River basin. Title: Historical changes in stream habitats in the Columbia River basin Author: McIntosh, Bruce A. Knowledge of how stream habitats change over time in natural and human-influenced ecosystems at large, regional scales is currently limited. A historical stream survey (1934-1945) was compared to current surveys to assess changes in poo1 habitats in the Columbia River basin. Streams from across the basin, representing a wide range of geologies, stream sizes and land-use histories, were used to evaluate habitat change. We classified streams as managed or unmanaged, based on their land-use histories. Managed basins were watersheds managed predominantly for multiple-use (e.g., timber harvest, livestock grazing) and unmanaged basins were minimally affected by human disturbance (e.g., wilderness/roadless areas). The quantity and quality of pool habitats increased or remained the same in unmanaged streams, and decreased in managed streams since the 1930s. Despite differences in stream size and land-use history, the magnitude and direction of theses changes were consistent. In addition, the decrease in pool habitats did not differ between public and private lands. Ecoregions were used to assess regional patterns to these changes. Our analysis showed that pool habitats decreased in all Ecoregions except the North Cascades Ecoregion. Regional land-use histories were documented for the study streams. The overgrazing of most rangelands had been documented by 1900. Grazing practices began to change after 1930, but current information suggests that while uplands have improved, riparian areas have not. By World War II, stream habitats had been affected by the loss of riparian vegetation, large woody debris, and aquatic habitats due to splash dams, log drives, and riparian timber harvest. Timber harvest expanded to the uplands after World War II, as the demand for timber expanded. Rapidly developing road networks increased runoff and sedimentation, which continued the impact of timber harvest on already damaged stream ecosystems. Almost 90% of managed streams had roads along the channel or within the floodplain. "Stream improvements," such as channelization and stream cleaning, also affected stream ecosystems. We concluded that the chronic and persistent effects of land-use practices had simplified stream channels and reduced habitat complexity in most managed watersheds in the Columbia River basin. Close

• 2. [Article] Historical changes in anadromous fish habitat in the Upper Grande Ronde River, Oregon, 1941-1990

  The U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (now National Marine Fisheries Service) conducted stream habitat surveys in the Upper Grande Ronde River Basin in 1941. This survey was part of an extensive inventory of stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical changes in anadromous fish habitat in the Upper Grande Ronde River, Oregon, 1941-1990 Author: McIntosh, Bruce A. The U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (now National Marine Fisheries Service) conducted stream habitat surveys in the Upper Grande Ronde River Basin in 1941. This survey was part of an extensive inventory of stream habitat conditions for anadromous salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) throughout the Columbia River Basin. The survey systematically inventoried 158 km of streams within the 3000 km2 watershed. Stream habitat was degraded from land-use activities (riparian timber harvest, splash dams, stream channelization, livestock grazing, and mining) prior to the 1941 survey. A 1990 resurvey determined how stream habitat conditions had continued to change. The historical survey and the 1990 resurvey inventoried streams according to pool and substrate characteristics. Pools were classified by size and depth criteria, while substrate was divided into size-classes. Losses in total pools/km (> 20m2 area and > 0.5 m depth) ranged from 43 to 83% (mean = 65%, 12.2 to 4.31km), while the loss in large pools/km (> 20m2 and > 1.0 m depth) ranged from 20 to 89% (mean = 68%, 6.2 to 2.0/1cm) for individual streams. The loss of variability in pool frequencies from 1941 to 1990 (total pools/km a2 = 43.9 to 2.8, large pools/km a2 = 23.2 to 3.2) demonstrates that stream channels have become less diverse. Classifying streams by reach types indicated that the decline in pool frequencies was not significantly related to geomorphic constraints. Substrate composition appears to have shifted toward smaller size-classes, with an increase in fine sediments (< 6mm) in the headwaters. Livestock grazing declined 78% (229,000 to 51,000 aum) from 1911 to 1990, while annual timber harvest increased 172% (36 to 98 mmbf) from the pre-survey period (1896-1940) to the post-survey period (1940-1990). Road densities have increased concurrent with timber harvest, currently averaging 4 miles/mile2. Base discharge has increased 51% (18.5 to 28.0 cfs), while there has been a 27% decrease in annual precipitation (22.0" to 16.0") and snowpack (April 1 water equivalent) (15.0" to 10.5") from 1941 to 1990. In an era of presumably improving management (1941-1990), large-scale losses in the fish habitat necessary for the continued viability of resident and anadromous fish populations continued to occur. Title: Historical changes in anadromous fish habitat in the Upper Grande Ronde River, Oregon, 1941-1990 Author: McIntosh, Bruce A. The U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (now National Marine Fisheries Service) conducted stream habitat surveys in the Upper Grande Ronde River Basin in 1941. This survey was part of an extensive inventory of stream habitat conditions for anadromous salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) throughout the Columbia River Basin. The survey systematically inventoried 158 km of streams within the 3000 km2 watershed. Stream habitat was degraded from land-use activities (riparian timber harvest, splash dams, stream channelization, livestock grazing, and mining) prior to the 1941 survey. A 1990 resurvey determined how stream habitat conditions had continued to change. The historical survey and the 1990 resurvey inventoried streams according to pool and substrate characteristics. Pools were classified by size and depth criteria, while substrate was divided into size-classes. Losses in total pools/km (> 20m2 area and > 0.5 m depth) ranged from 43 to 83% (mean = 65%, 12.2 to 4.31km), while the loss in large pools/km (> 20m2 and > 1.0 m depth) ranged from 20 to 89% (mean = 68%, 6.2 to 2.0/1cm) for individual streams. The loss of variability in pool frequencies from 1941 to 1990 (total pools/km a2 = 43.9 to 2.8, large pools/km a2 = 23.2 to 3.2) demonstrates that stream channels have become less diverse. Classifying streams by reach types indicated that the decline in pool frequencies was not significantly related to geomorphic constraints. Substrate composition appears to have shifted toward smaller size-classes, with an increase in fine sediments (< 6mm) in the headwaters. Livestock grazing declined 78% (229,000 to 51,000 aum) from 1911 to 1990, while annual timber harvest increased 172% (36 to 98 mmbf) from the pre-survey period (1896-1940) to the post-survey period (1940-1990). Road densities have increased concurrent with timber harvest, currently averaging 4 miles/mile2. Base discharge has increased 51% (18.5 to 28.0 cfs), while there has been a 27% decrease in annual precipitation (22.0" to 16.0") and snowpack (April 1 water equivalent) (15.0" to 10.5") from 1941 to 1990. In an era of presumably improving management (1941-1990), large-scale losses in the fish habitat necessary for the continued viability of resident and anadromous fish populations continued to occur. Close

• 3. [Article] The influence of contemporary forest harvesting on summer stream temperatures in headwater streams of Hinkle Creek, Oregon

  Stream temperature is a water quality parameter that directly influences the quality of aquatic habitat, particularly for cold-water species such as Pacific salmonids. Forest harvesting adjacent to a stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of contemporary forest harvesting on summer stream temperatures in headwater streams of Hinkle Creek, Oregon Author: Kibler, Kelly Maren Stream temperature is a water quality parameter that directly influences the quality of aquatic habitat, particularly for cold-water species such as Pacific salmonids. Forest harvesting adjacent to a stream can increase the amount of solar radiation the stream receives, which can elevate stream temperatures and impair aquatic habitat. Oregon Forest Practice Rules mandate that forest operators leave Riparian Management Areas (RMAs) adjacent to streams in order to minimize the water quality impacts from forest harvesting. However, RMAs that contain overstory merchantable conifers are not required for small non-fish-bearing streams in Oregon, thus there is potential for increases in stream temperature to occur in headwater streams after harvesting. There is concern that increases in stream temperatures and changes to onsite processes in non-fish-bearing, headwater streams may propagate downstream and impair habitat in fish-bearing streams. The objectives of the following work are to assess the effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperatures of small non-fish-bearing headwater streams and to develop new knowledge regarding the physical processes that control reach-level stream temperature patterns. Summer stream temperatures were measured for five years in six headwater streams in the Hinkle Creek basin in southern Oregon. After four years, four of the streams were harvested and vegetated RMAs were not left between the streams and harvest units. The watersheds of the two remaining streams were not disturbed. Post-harvest stream temperatures were monitored for one year in all six streams. Each harvested stream was paired with one unharvested stream and regression relationships for maximum, minimum and mean daily stream temperatures were developed. Changes to temperatures of harvested streams were detected by comparing the mean pre-harvest regression relationship to the mean post-harvest relationship. Change detection analyses that considered the mean response among all four harvested streams indicated that maximum daily stream temperatures did not increase after harvesting, but that minimum and mean daily temperatures decreased significantly after harvesting. Additionally, diel stream temperature fluctuations were significantly greater one year after harvesting. Pre- and post-harvest surveys of canopy closure in the harvested and unharvested streams were completed in order to compare levels of stream shading before and after harvest. The post-harvest survey quantified canopy closure from remaining overstory vegetation as well as from logging slash that partially covered the harvested streams. The surveys indicated that mean overstory canopy closure in the harvested streams decreased by 84% as a result of the harvest, but as the logging slash provided considerable cover, total canopy closure decreased by only 20%. It is possible that the logging slash effectively attenuated solar radiation and prevented extreme temperature increases in the harvested streams. However, it is likely that streamflow increased after harvesting and that the increased streamflow also prevented increases to maximum temperatures and contributed to lower minimum and mean stream temperatures. Title: The influence of contemporary forest harvesting on summer stream temperatures in headwater streams of Hinkle Creek, Oregon Author: Kibler, Kelly Maren Stream temperature is a water quality parameter that directly influences the quality of aquatic habitat, particularly for cold-water species such as Pacific salmonids. Forest harvesting adjacent to a stream can increase the amount of solar radiation the stream receives, which can elevate stream temperatures and impair aquatic habitat. Oregon Forest Practice Rules mandate that forest operators leave Riparian Management Areas (RMAs) adjacent to streams in order to minimize the water quality impacts from forest harvesting. However, RMAs that contain overstory merchantable conifers are not required for small non-fish-bearing streams in Oregon, thus there is potential for increases in stream temperature to occur in headwater streams after harvesting. There is concern that increases in stream temperatures and changes to onsite processes in non-fish-bearing, headwater streams may propagate downstream and impair habitat in fish-bearing streams. The objectives of the following work are to assess the effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperatures of small non-fish-bearing headwater streams and to develop new knowledge regarding the physical processes that control reach-level stream temperature patterns. Summer stream temperatures were measured for five years in six headwater streams in the Hinkle Creek basin in southern Oregon. After four years, four of the streams were harvested and vegetated RMAs were not left between the streams and harvest units. The watersheds of the two remaining streams were not disturbed. Post-harvest stream temperatures were monitored for one year in all six streams. Each harvested stream was paired with one unharvested stream and regression relationships for maximum, minimum and mean daily stream temperatures were developed. Changes to temperatures of harvested streams were detected by comparing the mean pre-harvest regression relationship to the mean post-harvest relationship. Change detection analyses that considered the mean response among all four harvested streams indicated that maximum daily stream temperatures did not increase after harvesting, but that minimum and mean daily temperatures decreased significantly after harvesting. Additionally, diel stream temperature fluctuations were significantly greater one year after harvesting. Pre- and post-harvest surveys of canopy closure in the harvested and unharvested streams were completed in order to compare levels of stream shading before and after harvest. The post-harvest survey quantified canopy closure from remaining overstory vegetation as well as from logging slash that partially covered the harvested streams. The surveys indicated that mean overstory canopy closure in the harvested streams decreased by 84% as a result of the harvest, but as the logging slash provided considerable cover, total canopy closure decreased by only 20%. It is possible that the logging slash effectively attenuated solar radiation and prevented extreme temperature increases in the harvested streams. However, it is likely that streamflow increased after harvesting and that the increased streamflow also prevented increases to maximum temperatures and contributed to lower minimum and mean stream temperatures. Close

• 4. [Article] Distribution and juvenile ecology of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Cascade Mountains

  Distribution and juvenile habitat use of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were surveyed in selected areas of the Upper Willamette, Deschutes, upper Yakima, and upper Cedar River basins in Oregon and Washington ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and juvenile ecology of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Cascade Mountains Author: Goetz, Frederick Allen Distribution and juvenile habitat use of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were surveyed in selected areas of the Upper Willamette, Deschutes, upper Yakima, and upper Cedar River basins in Oregon and Washington from 1989 to 1991, using day snorkeling, night snorkeling, and electrofishing. These methods were selected after a preliminary diel streamside study of juvenile bull trout showed fry (age 0) counts were significantly higher (P<0.00l) during the day, while counts of juvenile fish (age 1 and 2) were significantly higher (P<0.00l) at night. The highest counts of juveniles occurred during a "quiet period" immediately after dusk, during which time fish were inactive, out of cover, and easily counted with underwater flashlights. In a comparison of four sampling methods on Jack Creek, electrofishing was significantly correlated (P<0.05) with day (r=0.8l) and night (r=0.89) snorkeling counts, but not with streambank counts. In a comparison of day and night snorkeling in 10 streams, total density estimates were significantly greater (P<0.0l) for night snorkeling than day. The diel study and sampling methods comparison suggested surveys of distribution and habitat use of bull trout should include night surveys as well as day. Distribution surveys found that, except for one stream, juvenile bull trout were found only in, or near, spring-fed areas created by recent lava flows. Presence of bull trout in a stream was related to cold groundwater temperatures, as they were not found in streams with temperatures above 14°C. Distribution of bull trout in Oregon and Washington followed a pattern of decreasing elevation with increasing latitude and longitude(Ra=-0.9l6) Presence at lower than expected elevations were explained when groundwater temperatures were predicted from mean annual air temperatures. Actual water temperatures for these spring-fed streams were significantly lower (p<0.00l) than predicted based on elevation, latitude, and longitude. Comparison of historical distribution of bull trout showed extant bull trout were found in the Willamette and Deschutes River Basins of Oregon, respectively, in only 26.2 and 56.2% of their former ranges. Factors associated with bull trout demise in Oregon Cascade streams were (1) isolation and inundation of spring-fed stream habitat by water control structures, (2) introduction of brook trout and brown trout, and (3) large flood events and habitat degradation. Juvenile habitat use was analyzed at the macrohabitat (habitat unit) level in five river basins. Diel and seasonal microhabitat use was also documented for one spring-fed stream, Jack Creek. There was a clear difference in habitat use day and night, associated with the low water temperature of the spring-fed streams (mean=8.0°C). All habitat unit types (pool, riffle, glide, side channel) were used day and night, but bull trout only elected to use side channels in both time periods. Bull trout were found at night in (1) a higher percentage of habitat units, (2) in higher densities by unit, and (3) in increasing numbers with increasing habitat unit area. In Jack Creek, bull trout elected to use shallow water depths, low mean velocities, instream woody debris, and small substrates. Title: Distribution and juvenile ecology of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Cascade Mountains Author: Goetz, Frederick Allen Distribution and juvenile habitat use of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were surveyed in selected areas of the Upper Willamette, Deschutes, upper Yakima, and upper Cedar River basins in Oregon and Washington from 1989 to 1991, using day snorkeling, night snorkeling, and electrofishing. These methods were selected after a preliminary diel streamside study of juvenile bull trout showed fry (age 0) counts were significantly higher (P<0.00l) during the day, while counts of juvenile fish (age 1 and 2) were significantly higher (P<0.00l) at night. The highest counts of juveniles occurred during a "quiet period" immediately after dusk, during which time fish were inactive, out of cover, and easily counted with underwater flashlights. In a comparison of four sampling methods on Jack Creek, electrofishing was significantly correlated (P<0.05) with day (r=0.8l) and night (r=0.89) snorkeling counts, but not with streambank counts. In a comparison of day and night snorkeling in 10 streams, total density estimates were significantly greater (P<0.0l) for night snorkeling than day. The diel study and sampling methods comparison suggested surveys of distribution and habitat use of bull trout should include night surveys as well as day. Distribution surveys found that, except for one stream, juvenile bull trout were found only in, or near, spring-fed areas created by recent lava flows. Presence of bull trout in a stream was related to cold groundwater temperatures, as they were not found in streams with temperatures above 14°C. Distribution of bull trout in Oregon and Washington followed a pattern of decreasing elevation with increasing latitude and longitude(Ra=-0.9l6) Presence at lower than expected elevations were explained when groundwater temperatures were predicted from mean annual air temperatures. Actual water temperatures for these spring-fed streams were significantly lower (p<0.00l) than predicted based on elevation, latitude, and longitude. Comparison of historical distribution of bull trout showed extant bull trout were found in the Willamette and Deschutes River Basins of Oregon, respectively, in only 26.2 and 56.2% of their former ranges. Factors associated with bull trout demise in Oregon Cascade streams were (1) isolation and inundation of spring-fed stream habitat by water control structures, (2) introduction of brook trout and brown trout, and (3) large flood events and habitat degradation. Juvenile habitat use was analyzed at the macrohabitat (habitat unit) level in five river basins. Diel and seasonal microhabitat use was also documented for one spring-fed stream, Jack Creek. There was a clear difference in habitat use day and night, associated with the low water temperature of the spring-fed streams (mean=8.0°C). All habitat unit types (pool, riffle, glide, side channel) were used day and night, but bull trout only elected to use side channels in both time periods. Bull trout were found at night in (1) a higher percentage of habitat units, (2) in higher densities by unit, and (3) in increasing numbers with increasing habitat unit area. In Jack Creek, bull trout elected to use shallow water depths, low mean velocities, instream woody debris, and small substrates. Close

• 5. [Article] Results and review of a riparian survey method used in eastern Oregon

  In the late 1970s, approximately 400 miles of streams were inventoried by the Prineville District of the Bureau of Land Management for in-stream and riparian condition. During the summer of 1994, the riparian ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Results and review of a riparian survey method used in eastern Oregon Author: Rasmussen, Christine G. In the late 1970s, approximately 400 miles of streams were inventoried by the Prineville District of the Bureau of Land Management for in-stream and riparian condition. During the summer of 1994, the riparian portion of the survey was repeated on 17 of the original streams miles, contained within 11 stream sections where grazing strategies had been altered. This project was a case study designed to evaluate efficiency of the original methods and identify factors involved in individual stream responses. The streams selected to be resurveyed varied in community types present, gradient, elevation, grazing system, disturbance history, influence of beaver, and restoration efforts. Community types were identified by their major components (grass-shrub, sedge-rush) and measured for length and width. Length of stream bank damage was estimated and causes noted. Stream sections were surveyed between matching points for the 1976-78 and 1994 surveys. Most streams had increases in riparian area and decreases in bank damage and lengths of cutbanks, suggesting an upward trend in condition. The bank damage, riparian area, and community identification portions of the survey were identified as useful though composition measurements were determined to be less dependable and repeatable. Title: Results and review of a riparian survey method used in eastern Oregon Author: Rasmussen, Christine G. In the late 1970s, approximately 400 miles of streams were inventoried by the Prineville District of the Bureau of Land Management for in-stream and riparian condition. During the summer of 1994, the riparian portion of the survey was repeated on 17 of the original streams miles, contained within 11 stream sections where grazing strategies had been altered. This project was a case study designed to evaluate efficiency of the original methods and identify factors involved in individual stream responses. The streams selected to be resurveyed varied in community types present, gradient, elevation, grazing system, disturbance history, influence of beaver, and restoration efforts. Community types were identified by their major components (grass-shrub, sedge-rush) and measured for length and width. Length of stream bank damage was estimated and causes noted. Stream sections were surveyed between matching points for the 1976-78 and 1994 surveys. Most streams had increases in riparian area and decreases in bank damage and lengths of cutbanks, suggesting an upward trend in condition. The bank damage, riparian area, and community identification portions of the survey were identified as useful though composition measurements were determined to be less dependable and repeatable. Close

• 6. [Article] Hydrologic integration of forest roads with stream networks in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon

  This study assessed how logging-access roads may have contributed to observed historical increases in peak discharges associated with small and large logged basins in the western Cascades of Oregon. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrologic integration of forest roads with stream networks in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Wemple, Beverly C. This study assessed how logging-access roads may have contributed to observed historical increases in peak discharges associated with small and large logged basins in the western Cascades of Oregon. The study was conducted on the Lookout Creek (62km²) and the upper Blue River (118km²) basins. Potential road effects on hydrology were examined using a combination of field surveys and spatial modeling with a geographic information system (GIS). Road networks were similar in both basins with respect to hillslope position, orientation, and stream crossings, but roads in Blue River were constructed one or two decades later than roads in Lookout Creek. A total of 20% (62 km) of the road length was sampled to assess routing of surface flow, using 31 2-km transects stratified by decade of construction and hillslope position. Along each transect, ditches and culvert outlets were examined and this information used to predict the probable routing of water to (1) existing stream channels, (2) newly eroded gullies downslope of culvert outlets, or (3) subsurface flow. Nearly 60% of the surveyed road length appeared to route water directly to stream channels or into gullies. Over time, the length of road connected to stream crossings has decreased, while the length of road discharging runoff that reinfiltrates to subsurface flow has increased, as roads have progressed up hillslopes and onto ridges in Lookout Creek and Blue River. The relatively constant proportion of the road network draining to gullies over time suggests that roads have the potential to become integrated into stream networks, even when constructed on unchannelled hillslope positions. An extended stream network, assumed to exist under storm conditions, was simulated for the basins using a digital elevation model. Although gullies and ditches differ from natural channels, extrapolation of field surveys using the GIS suggested that roads might extend the stream network by as much as 40% during storm events. It is hypothesized that such an effect could decrease the time of concentration of stormflow and contribute to higher peak discharges observed after clearcutting and road construction in these basins. Differences in the magnitude of road effects on peak flow generation may occur among road systems according to hillslope position of roads, road age, soil saturation, geologic substrate, and climate. These differences may explain the range of observed results from paired-basin studies examining road effects on hydrologic response. Title: Hydrologic integration of forest roads with stream networks in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Wemple, Beverly C. This study assessed how logging-access roads may have contributed to observed historical increases in peak discharges associated with small and large logged basins in the western Cascades of Oregon. The study was conducted on the Lookout Creek (62km²) and the upper Blue River (118km²) basins. Potential road effects on hydrology were examined using a combination of field surveys and spatial modeling with a geographic information system (GIS). Road networks were similar in both basins with respect to hillslope position, orientation, and stream crossings, but roads in Blue River were constructed one or two decades later than roads in Lookout Creek. A total of 20% (62 km) of the road length was sampled to assess routing of surface flow, using 31 2-km transects stratified by decade of construction and hillslope position. Along each transect, ditches and culvert outlets were examined and this information used to predict the probable routing of water to (1) existing stream channels, (2) newly eroded gullies downslope of culvert outlets, or (3) subsurface flow. Nearly 60% of the surveyed road length appeared to route water directly to stream channels or into gullies. Over time, the length of road connected to stream crossings has decreased, while the length of road discharging runoff that reinfiltrates to subsurface flow has increased, as roads have progressed up hillslopes and onto ridges in Lookout Creek and Blue River. The relatively constant proportion of the road network draining to gullies over time suggests that roads have the potential to become integrated into stream networks, even when constructed on unchannelled hillslope positions. An extended stream network, assumed to exist under storm conditions, was simulated for the basins using a digital elevation model. Although gullies and ditches differ from natural channels, extrapolation of field surveys using the GIS suggested that roads might extend the stream network by as much as 40% during storm events. It is hypothesized that such an effect could decrease the time of concentration of stormflow and contribute to higher peak discharges observed after clearcutting and road construction in these basins. Differences in the magnitude of road effects on peak flow generation may occur among road systems according to hillslope position of roads, road age, soil saturation, geologic substrate, and climate. These differences may explain the range of observed results from paired-basin studies examining road effects on hydrologic response. Close

• 7. [Article] Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion

  The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning of four timber sales on the Reservation of The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR). The CTGR has a 20-year management agreement with the BIA. For the purposes of this consultation the BIA is the action agency. The proposed timber harvest units are in the South Yamhill River subbasin, which supports two species listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Upper Willamette River (UWR) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were listed as threatened under the ESA on May 24, 1999. Upper Willamette River (UWR) steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were listed as threatened under the ESA on March 25, 1999. Critical habitat for both of these species was designated on February 16, 2000 (effective on March 17, 2000). According to the BA, UWR chinook do not currently reside in the action area and there is no recorded data indicating they were present historically. The nearest known occurrence of UWR chinook is near the confluence of Salt creek and the South Yamhill River, over 40 stream miles from the Reservation. Juvenile UWR steelhead reside within the action area and are known to occur in streams on the reservation. Based on the presence of juveniles, CTGR staff suspect that adult UWR steelhead spawn in streams on the Reservation, although little spawning survey work has been done. Title: Year 2000 Timber Sales - Confederated Tribes on Grand Ronde : Biological Opinion The Natural Resources Division (NRD) of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR), in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), proposes the regeneration harvest and commercial thinning of four timber sales on the Reservation of The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR). The CTGR has a 20-year management agreement with the BIA. For the purposes of this consultation the BIA is the action agency. The proposed timber harvest units are in the South Yamhill River subbasin, which supports two species listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Upper Willamette River (UWR) chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were listed as threatened under the ESA on May 24, 1999. Upper Willamette River (UWR) steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were listed as threatened under the ESA on March 25, 1999. Critical habitat for both of these species was designated on February 16, 2000 (effective on March 17, 2000). According to the BA, UWR chinook do not currently reside in the action area and there is no recorded data indicating they were present historically. The nearest known occurrence of UWR chinook is near the confluence of Salt creek and the South Yamhill River, over 40 stream miles from the Reservation. Juvenile UWR steelhead reside within the action area and are known to occur in streams on the reservation. Based on the presence of juveniles, CTGR staff suspect that adult UWR steelhead spawn in streams on the Reservation, although little spawning survey work has been done. Close

• 8. [Article] Is the past present? Historical splash-dam mapping and stream disturbance detection in the Oregon Coastal Province

  Severe scouring from splash damming was one of the earliest reported forms of widespread anthropogenic disturbance in streams of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Splash damming was a common method of log transport ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is the past present? Historical splash-dam mapping and stream disturbance detection in the Oregon Coastal Province Author: Miller, Rebecca R. Severe scouring from splash damming was one of the earliest reported forms of widespread anthropogenic disturbance in streams of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Splash damming was a common method of log transport in western Oregon from the 1880s through the 1950s. Before being released in large freshets to downstream lumber mills, water and logs were stored in reservoirs behind splash dams. Further protocol called for dynamiting downstream obstacles such as large boulders and natural logjams. In recent literature, the legacy effect of historical splash damming is proposed as contributing to currently poor habitat conditions for lotic species, such as Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), but this has never been formally evaluated at a regional scale. In this study, all known splash-dam sites and log drives in western Oregon were recorded in a geo-database and mapped in ArcGIS 9.3 at the 1:24,000 scale. Splash-dam sites were located through intense archival, historical aerial photograph and field searches. The final splash-dam map was overlaid with regionally available continuous and probabilistic stream surveys. After accounting for basin area and channel slope, in-channel variables were compared between reaches upstream and downstream of splash dams (within-basin analysis) and between reaches in splashed and not-splashed basins (among-basin analysis). Only data from sites located in a forested land cover and sedimentary rock type in the Oregon Coastal Province were analyzed. A significant difference (α = 0.1) was seen in either within- or among-basin analyses for each evaluated category of in-channel variable (geomorphology, substrates, pools, and channel complexity). Both analyses demonstrated significantly more bedrock and fewer deep pools in splashed reaches. In the among-basin analysis, three times fewer pieces of key large wood were found in splashed reaches (p = 0.07). Many of the in-channel variables that demonstrated significant differences are regarded as indicators of salmon habitat quality. This is the first regional study to document that splash-dam legacy effects still persist on evaluated stream reaches 50-130 years after the practice ceased. Further, I detected a splash-damming signal in widely used regional monitoring datasets, which suggests that legacy effects should be considered in future applications of these datasets. Splash-damming impacts are pervasive and persistent throughout the Oregon Coastal Province; consequently, extensive and intensive restoration measures may be necessary to accelerate recovery of certain stream habitat characteristics in streams where splash damming and log drives occurred. This study demonstrates the importance of including archival information in modern-day studies, and that history can account for significant variation in the stream environment. Title: Is the past present? Historical splash-dam mapping and stream disturbance detection in the Oregon Coastal Province Author: Miller, Rebecca R. Severe scouring from splash damming was one of the earliest reported forms of widespread anthropogenic disturbance in streams of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Splash damming was a common method of log transport in western Oregon from the 1880s through the 1950s. Before being released in large freshets to downstream lumber mills, water and logs were stored in reservoirs behind splash dams. Further protocol called for dynamiting downstream obstacles such as large boulders and natural logjams. In recent literature, the legacy effect of historical splash damming is proposed as contributing to currently poor habitat conditions for lotic species, such as Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), but this has never been formally evaluated at a regional scale. In this study, all known splash-dam sites and log drives in western Oregon were recorded in a geo-database and mapped in ArcGIS 9.3 at the 1:24,000 scale. Splash-dam sites were located through intense archival, historical aerial photograph and field searches. The final splash-dam map was overlaid with regionally available continuous and probabilistic stream surveys. After accounting for basin area and channel slope, in-channel variables were compared between reaches upstream and downstream of splash dams (within-basin analysis) and between reaches in splashed and not-splashed basins (among-basin analysis). Only data from sites located in a forested land cover and sedimentary rock type in the Oregon Coastal Province were analyzed. A significant difference (α = 0.1) was seen in either within- or among-basin analyses for each evaluated category of in-channel variable (geomorphology, substrates, pools, and channel complexity). Both analyses demonstrated significantly more bedrock and fewer deep pools in splashed reaches. In the among-basin analysis, three times fewer pieces of key large wood were found in splashed reaches (p = 0.07). Many of the in-channel variables that demonstrated significant differences are regarded as indicators of salmon habitat quality. This is the first regional study to document that splash-dam legacy effects still persist on evaluated stream reaches 50-130 years after the practice ceased. Further, I detected a splash-damming signal in widely used regional monitoring datasets, which suggests that legacy effects should be considered in future applications of these datasets. Splash-damming impacts are pervasive and persistent throughout the Oregon Coastal Province; consequently, extensive and intensive restoration measures may be necessary to accelerate recovery of certain stream habitat characteristics in streams where splash damming and log drives occurred. This study demonstrates the importance of including archival information in modern-day studies, and that history can account for significant variation in the stream environment. Close

• 9. [Article] Nature in chains : the effects of Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey on a Pacific Northwest landscape

  Understanding the impact of humans on the environment has long been a topic of scholarly interest and debate. As environmental problems mount, accounts of historic ecological conditions and the factors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nature in chains : the effects of Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey on a Pacific Northwest landscape Author: Schweickert, Tina K. Understanding the impact of humans on the environment has long been a topic of scholarly interest and debate. As environmental problems mount, accounts of historic ecological conditions and the factors of change become increasingly useful. This study considers competing schools of interpretation about human impacts on ecological landscapes and develops a case study of one thirty-six square mile township in Oregon’s Waldo Hills. Built on evidence from 1851 surveyor notes, maps, journals, aerial photos, interviews, and contemporary environmental and ecological data, this study demonstrates a transformation from ecologically diverse ecosystems under the management of native peoples to ecologically depressed monoculture landscapes under industrialized agriculture. This thesis argues that the fundamental beliefs of human societies (i.e., worldviews) become expressed in the landscape. The nature-as-community view of the Kalapuya Indians resulted in a complex, curvilinear mosaic of prairie, savanna, and woodland. The individualized and rationalized view of the Euroamericans resulted in a simplified landscape of squared-off fields, channelized streams, and roads aligned to the survey grid. Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey, built on the ‘virtuous square’, is examined as a symbolic and tangible instrument of rapid expansion and exploitation across the American West. Understanding that worldviews become expressed in physical conditions may benefit those working to create sustainable futures; i.e., long-term and widespread ecological improvements will likely succeed only if society at large shares a fundamental belief in the value of healthy ecosystems. Title: Nature in chains : the effects of Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey on a Pacific Northwest landscape Author: Schweickert, Tina K. Understanding the impact of humans on the environment has long been a topic of scholarly interest and debate. As environmental problems mount, accounts of historic ecological conditions and the factors of change become increasingly useful. This study considers competing schools of interpretation about human impacts on ecological landscapes and develops a case study of one thirty-six square mile township in Oregon’s Waldo Hills. Built on evidence from 1851 surveyor notes, maps, journals, aerial photos, interviews, and contemporary environmental and ecological data, this study demonstrates a transformation from ecologically diverse ecosystems under the management of native peoples to ecologically depressed monoculture landscapes under industrialized agriculture. This thesis argues that the fundamental beliefs of human societies (i.e., worldviews) become expressed in the landscape. The nature-as-community view of the Kalapuya Indians resulted in a complex, curvilinear mosaic of prairie, savanna, and woodland. The individualized and rationalized view of the Euroamericans resulted in a simplified landscape of squared-off fields, channelized streams, and roads aligned to the survey grid. Thomas Jefferson’s rectangular survey, built on the ‘virtuous square’, is examined as a symbolic and tangible instrument of rapid expansion and exploitation across the American West. Understanding that worldviews become expressed in physical conditions may benefit those working to create sustainable futures; i.e., long-term and widespread ecological improvements will likely succeed only if society at large shares a fundamental belief in the value of healthy ecosystems. Close

• 10. [Article] Factors influencing pool morphology in Oregon coastal streams

  Pool morphology was surveyed in 19 stream sections within the central Oregon Coast Range. Pool locations, sizes, spacings, numbers, and factors affecting pool formation were determined for each stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing pool morphology in Oregon coastal streams Author: Stack, William Robert Pool morphology was surveyed in 19 stream sections within the central Oregon Coast Range. Pool locations, sizes, spacings, numbers, and factors affecting pool formation were determined for each stream section. All sections were underlain by sedimentary rocks, had drainage areas ranging from 1.3 to 17.3 km², and had average water surface slopes from 0.5 to 5.6%. Stream sections were divided into two categories: (1) low timber harvest (<20% of watershed area harvested) and (2) high timber harvest (>45% of watershed area harvested). A "Rapid Bed Profile" (REP) technique was developed to measure residual pool characteristics in each stream section. The REP technique is a survey method that requires only thalweg depths and the average reach gradient. The technique was effective for classifying pools since it is objective, independent of flow, accurate, and time-efficient. Residual pool size characteristics (e.g., volume) for the low timber harvest stream sections were positively correlated to a power function of drainage area. Stream sections with beaver dams, especially those with at least 10% of their reach length in beaver-caused pools, typically had larger residual pools. Pool size characteristics for high timber harvest stream sections were not different from low timber harvest stream sections. The average spacing between residual pools was positively correlated to a power function of drainage area for the low timber harvest stream sections (a negative correlation was found between the number of pools and drainage area). High timber harvest stream sections may be associated with an increased spacing and a decreased number of pools for larger watersheds (i.e., greater than 8 km²). However, the potential effects of previous large storms, changes in timber management practices, and/or the small number of streams surveyed precluded a definitive conclusion. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming processes (e.g., plunge, deflection) was correlated with average water surface slope for the low timber harvest stream sections. The percentage of plunge and impoundment processes increased as water surface slope increased while the percentage of deflection and underflow processes decreased. Two high timber harvest streams had a higher percentage of plunge pools than expected based on the relationships established for the low timber harvest streams. The frequency of occurrence of wood and boulder pool forming elements was correlated with an index of stream power (drainage area times average water slope) for the low timber harvest stream sections. As the stream power index increased, the relative frequency of wood-formed pools decreased while boulder-formed pools increased. Wood and boulder combined, generally, made up 80% of the pool forming elements. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming elements was not different between low and high timber harvest stream sections. Title: Factors influencing pool morphology in Oregon coastal streams Author: Stack, William Robert Pool morphology was surveyed in 19 stream sections within the central Oregon Coast Range. Pool locations, sizes, spacings, numbers, and factors affecting pool formation were determined for each stream section. All sections were underlain by sedimentary rocks, had drainage areas ranging from 1.3 to 17.3 km², and had average water surface slopes from 0.5 to 5.6%. Stream sections were divided into two categories: (1) low timber harvest (<20% of watershed area harvested) and (2) high timber harvest (>45% of watershed area harvested). A "Rapid Bed Profile" (REP) technique was developed to measure residual pool characteristics in each stream section. The REP technique is a survey method that requires only thalweg depths and the average reach gradient. The technique was effective for classifying pools since it is objective, independent of flow, accurate, and time-efficient. Residual pool size characteristics (e.g., volume) for the low timber harvest stream sections were positively correlated to a power function of drainage area. Stream sections with beaver dams, especially those with at least 10% of their reach length in beaver-caused pools, typically had larger residual pools. Pool size characteristics for high timber harvest stream sections were not different from low timber harvest stream sections. The average spacing between residual pools was positively correlated to a power function of drainage area for the low timber harvest stream sections (a negative correlation was found between the number of pools and drainage area). High timber harvest stream sections may be associated with an increased spacing and a decreased number of pools for larger watersheds (i.e., greater than 8 km²). However, the potential effects of previous large storms, changes in timber management practices, and/or the small number of streams surveyed precluded a definitive conclusion. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming processes (e.g., plunge, deflection) was correlated with average water surface slope for the low timber harvest stream sections. The percentage of plunge and impoundment processes increased as water surface slope increased while the percentage of deflection and underflow processes decreased. Two high timber harvest streams had a higher percentage of plunge pools than expected based on the relationships established for the low timber harvest streams. The frequency of occurrence of wood and boulder pool forming elements was correlated with an index of stream power (drainage area times average water slope) for the low timber harvest stream sections. As the stream power index increased, the relative frequency of wood-formed pools decreased while boulder-formed pools increased. Wood and boulder combined, generally, made up 80% of the pool forming elements. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming elements was not different between low and high timber harvest stream sections. Close

• 11. [Article] Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon : Volume 2 Western Oregon

  Statistical summaries of streamflow data at 212 stream-gaging sites are presented in this report to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Western Oregon. Records for 21 gaging stations were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon : Volume 2 Western Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept., Miller, Suzanne J., Friday, John, Geological Survey (U.S.) Statistical summaries of streamflow data at 212 stream-gaging sites are presented in this report to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Western Oregon. Records for 21 gaging stations were compiled into separate periods owing to changes in regulation during the period of data collection. The periods before and after regulation are presented for comparison. Title: Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon : Volume 2 Western Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept., Miller, Suzanne J., Friday, John, Geological Survey (U.S.) Statistical summaries of streamflow data at 212 stream-gaging sites are presented in this report to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Western Oregon. Records for 21 gaging stations were compiled into separate periods owing to changes in regulation during the period of data collection. The periods before and after regulation are presented for comparison. Close

• 12. [Article] Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow

  Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow Author: Anderson, Justin K. Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing between slope breaks in step-pool and pool-riffle streams provides a geomorphic scaling metric that indicates how the length of average hyporheic flow paths change throughout the river continuum. Twelve stream reaches were randomly selected and surveyed in the Lookout Creek basin at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades Mountains of Oregon. Stream reach morphology was examined for patterns that are expressed over a continuum ranging from headwater to mid-order streams that can be predicted from easily measured drainage basin characteristics. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to predict changes in lateral complexity in stream reaches, and to predict how the general shape of the water surface profile changes as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Patterns in the lateral complexity of stream reaches were associated with the degree of channel confinement in valley segments, and longitudinal patterns in bed configuration were strongly associated with the position of a stream reach within the river continuum. Stream reach longitudinal profiles were evaluated to determine how patterns in slope breaks change throughout the portion of the river continuum represented by the study area. Channel units were defined according to slope categories for flat water, steep water, and step units (FLATs, STEEPs and STEPs). A set of regression models was used to predict how slope break spacing and the general shape of the water surface profile change as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Output from these regression equations was tested against independent field data to evaluate model performance. The models generally performed well. Longitudinal transects of piezometers were installed along the thalweg of a second order, and a third order stream reach. Longitudinal profiles in the piezometer transects were surveyed, and piezometers were used to measure hydraulic head in stream beds. Data were used to test a theoretical model that predicts downwelling where stream profiles are convex, and upwelling where stream profiles are concave. Overall, the shape of the water surface profile explained 38% of the variation in the distribution of hydraulic pressure head in the streambed. Results demonstrated the usefulness of quantifying the magnitude of concavities and convexities in stream profiles. A metric for expressing the average water surface concavity (AWSC) is proposed. I demonstrated that this metric could be useful for comparing the potential for hyporheic exchange in stream reaches with varying degrees of stream profile roughness. Results showed a decreasing trend in AWSC as drainage basin area increased. Upwelling and downwelling zones were identified in piezometer transects, and their longitudinal lengths were measured. The lengths of downwelling zones were compared to the spacing between slope breaks in the water surface profile. Average lengths of downwelling zones and FLAT channel slope units increased with increasing basin area at a similar rate, indicating that slope break spacing was a useful indicator for average downwelling zone length. My results demonstrate that patterns in stream morphology are useful for predicting patterns in hyporheic exchange flow throughout the river continuum. I suggest that the potential for gravity driven exchange flow decreases along the river continuum as AWSC decreases. I also suggest that the frequency of hydrologic exchange between the stream and the hyporheic zone decreases, and that the average length of hyporheic flow paths increase, across the river continuum. Title: Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow Author: Anderson, Justin K. Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing between slope breaks in step-pool and pool-riffle streams provides a geomorphic scaling metric that indicates how the length of average hyporheic flow paths change throughout the river continuum. Twelve stream reaches were randomly selected and surveyed in the Lookout Creek basin at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades Mountains of Oregon. Stream reach morphology was examined for patterns that are expressed over a continuum ranging from headwater to mid-order streams that can be predicted from easily measured drainage basin characteristics. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to predict changes in lateral complexity in stream reaches, and to predict how the general shape of the water surface profile changes as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Patterns in the lateral complexity of stream reaches were associated with the degree of channel confinement in valley segments, and longitudinal patterns in bed configuration were strongly associated with the position of a stream reach within the river continuum. Stream reach longitudinal profiles were evaluated to determine how patterns in slope breaks change throughout the portion of the river continuum represented by the study area. Channel units were defined according to slope categories for flat water, steep water, and step units (FLATs, STEEPs and STEPs). A set of regression models was used to predict how slope break spacing and the general shape of the water surface profile change as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Output from these regression equations was tested against independent field data to evaluate model performance. The models generally performed well. Longitudinal transects of piezometers were installed along the thalweg of a second order, and a third order stream reach. Longitudinal profiles in the piezometer transects were surveyed, and piezometers were used to measure hydraulic head in stream beds. Data were used to test a theoretical model that predicts downwelling where stream profiles are convex, and upwelling where stream profiles are concave. Overall, the shape of the water surface profile explained 38% of the variation in the distribution of hydraulic pressure head in the streambed. Results demonstrated the usefulness of quantifying the magnitude of concavities and convexities in stream profiles. A metric for expressing the average water surface concavity (AWSC) is proposed. I demonstrated that this metric could be useful for comparing the potential for hyporheic exchange in stream reaches with varying degrees of stream profile roughness. Results showed a decreasing trend in AWSC as drainage basin area increased. Upwelling and downwelling zones were identified in piezometer transects, and their longitudinal lengths were measured. The lengths of downwelling zones were compared to the spacing between slope breaks in the water surface profile. Average lengths of downwelling zones and FLAT channel slope units increased with increasing basin area at a similar rate, indicating that slope break spacing was a useful indicator for average downwelling zone length. My results demonstrate that patterns in stream morphology are useful for predicting patterns in hyporheic exchange flow throughout the river continuum. I suggest that the potential for gravity driven exchange flow decreases along the river continuum as AWSC decreases. I also suggest that the frequency of hydrologic exchange between the stream and the hyporheic zone decreases, and that the average length of hyporheic flow paths increase, across the river continuum. Close

• 13. [Article] Analysis of streamflow variability in Oregon for regional water quality monitoring programs

  Streamflow variability can provide valuable information for nonpoint source pollution monitoring program planning. The research papers presented in this thesis examine selected properties of streamflow ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of streamflow variability in Oregon for regional water quality monitoring programs Author: Saligoe-Simmel, Julia L. Streamflow variability can provide valuable information for nonpoint source pollution monitoring program planning. The research papers presented in this thesis examine selected properties of streamflow variability in Oregon to advance its application in regional planning of water quality monitoring programs. The products of this research depict Oregon streams by their relative streamflow variability and evaluate factors that may influence that variability. The three manuscripts examine the application of streamflow variability in the context of regional strategic planning by addressing three related questions: 1.) What is the relationship in Oregon between streamflow variability and watershed size, which is often described as a proxy for streamflow variability?, 2.) What geographic factors in Oregon influence streamflow variability, and are regionalscale factors adequate to efficiently predict streamflow variability on ungaged streams?, and 3.) How is streamflow variability in Oregon affected by seasonal climatic variation? Examination of these questions regarding the behavior of streamflow variability of river systems in Oregon is used to assist in the design of regional and local water quality monitoring programs. Data are from historical records of established US Geological Survey gaging stations. Simple linear regression depicts the relationship of streamflow variability to basin size on a statewide basis and stratified by ecoregions. The results indicate that basin area is not an appropriate indicator of streamflow variability. Multiple regression is used to develop regional models of streamflow variability. Three models are developed for natural flow streams and streams with upstream diversions. Regional and watershed scale variables are evaluated for their potential contributions to the models. Watershed scale variables do not increase the predictive capacity of the models; therefore, the regional scale is appropriate for efficiently modeling streamflow variability. Seasonal investigation of streamflow variability in Oregon develops its application for seasonal monitoring programs. Spatial and temporal analysis reveal a weak relationship between annual and monthly streamflow variability, indicating potential for refined application of the variability index. Streamflow variability is an accessible tool for developing water quality monitoring programs. The regional scale distribution of streamflow variability in Oregon demonstrates the ease at which streamflow variability may be estimated on ungaged streams. Title: Analysis of streamflow variability in Oregon for regional water quality monitoring programs Author: Saligoe-Simmel, Julia L. Streamflow variability can provide valuable information for nonpoint source pollution monitoring program planning. The research papers presented in this thesis examine selected properties of streamflow variability in Oregon to advance its application in regional planning of water quality monitoring programs. The products of this research depict Oregon streams by their relative streamflow variability and evaluate factors that may influence that variability. The three manuscripts examine the application of streamflow variability in the context of regional strategic planning by addressing three related questions: 1.) What is the relationship in Oregon between streamflow variability and watershed size, which is often described as a proxy for streamflow variability?, 2.) What geographic factors in Oregon influence streamflow variability, and are regionalscale factors adequate to efficiently predict streamflow variability on ungaged streams?, and 3.) How is streamflow variability in Oregon affected by seasonal climatic variation? Examination of these questions regarding the behavior of streamflow variability of river systems in Oregon is used to assist in the design of regional and local water quality monitoring programs. Data are from historical records of established US Geological Survey gaging stations. Simple linear regression depicts the relationship of streamflow variability to basin size on a statewide basis and stratified by ecoregions. The results indicate that basin area is not an appropriate indicator of streamflow variability. Multiple regression is used to develop regional models of streamflow variability. Three models are developed for natural flow streams and streams with upstream diversions. Regional and watershed scale variables are evaluated for their potential contributions to the models. Watershed scale variables do not increase the predictive capacity of the models; therefore, the regional scale is appropriate for efficiently modeling streamflow variability. Seasonal investigation of streamflow variability in Oregon develops its application for seasonal monitoring programs. Spatial and temporal analysis reveal a weak relationship between annual and monthly streamflow variability, indicating potential for refined application of the variability index. Streamflow variability is an accessible tool for developing water quality monitoring programs. The regional scale distribution of streamflow variability in Oregon demonstrates the ease at which streamflow variability may be estimated on ungaged streams. Close

• 14. [Article] An assessment of a Stream Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation : predicting and detecting flood-induced change in channel stability

  Pre-flood (1995), and post-flood (1996) channel stability surveys were conducted on 22 reaches along Oak Creek, Benton County, Oregon in an effort to note if the flood of February 1996 altered the channel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of a Stream Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation : predicting and detecting flood-induced change in channel stability Author: Morét, Stephanie L. Pre-flood (1995), and post-flood (1996) channel stability surveys were conducted on 22 reaches along Oak Creek, Benton County, Oregon in an effort to note if the flood of February 1996 altered the channel and if the channel stability survey that was being used accurately predicted the channels resistance to change resulting from a flood. The channel stability survey that was used was the method described in the 'Channel Stability Evaluation and Stream Reach Inventory' designed by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, in Colorado (Pfankuch, 1978). This was a non-parametric study, based on an opportunity to reoccupy survey locations from a previous study. A model was proposed to describe the 1995 ratings as predictions for change should a flood event occur. This predicted change was compared to the actual change that occurred as a result of the 1996 flood in order to test the surveys ability to accurately predict change. Changes in the survey totals, the 15 channel stability indicator items that compose the survey, and the sediment distribution were evaluated within and between years at the reach, station and stream scale. An increase in the percentage of fine gravel occurred at all scales when post-flood and pre-flood sediment distribution was compared. Except for an increase in fine gravel, the stream remained similar to its pre-flood state. In 1995, the stream's channel stability was rated as 'fair', indicating that a moderate amount of change should take place if a flood occurred. The 1995 predictions for change did not match the actual change observed after the February 1996 flood at the three scales when defined by the survey totals. When independently evaluating the fifteen individual channel stability indicator items, a considerable amount of change was detected at the reach level. Although change occurred in the indicator items at each reach, the stream average for each of the independent indicator items was similar between the two years. This may indicate that, although change occurred at the reach level, the stream maintained its physical diversity after the flood. The survey method was unable to accurately predict changes to Oak Creek incurred by the February 1996 flood when viewed at the entire stream level, yet it may be more applicable at the reach level when viewing specific changes to channel stability indicator items. In general, the Stream Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation is designed for observational efficiency but does not have sufficient scientific basis or measurement precision to accurately predict the extent or type of channel change. Title: An assessment of a Stream Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation : predicting and detecting flood-induced change in channel stability Author: Morét, Stephanie L. Pre-flood (1995), and post-flood (1996) channel stability surveys were conducted on 22 reaches along Oak Creek, Benton County, Oregon in an effort to note if the flood of February 1996 altered the channel and if the channel stability survey that was being used accurately predicted the channels resistance to change resulting from a flood. The channel stability survey that was used was the method described in the 'Channel Stability Evaluation and Stream Reach Inventory' designed by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, in Colorado (Pfankuch, 1978). This was a non-parametric study, based on an opportunity to reoccupy survey locations from a previous study. A model was proposed to describe the 1995 ratings as predictions for change should a flood event occur. This predicted change was compared to the actual change that occurred as a result of the 1996 flood in order to test the surveys ability to accurately predict change. Changes in the survey totals, the 15 channel stability indicator items that compose the survey, and the sediment distribution were evaluated within and between years at the reach, station and stream scale. An increase in the percentage of fine gravel occurred at all scales when post-flood and pre-flood sediment distribution was compared. Except for an increase in fine gravel, the stream remained similar to its pre-flood state. In 1995, the stream's channel stability was rated as 'fair', indicating that a moderate amount of change should take place if a flood occurred. The 1995 predictions for change did not match the actual change observed after the February 1996 flood at the three scales when defined by the survey totals. When independently evaluating the fifteen individual channel stability indicator items, a considerable amount of change was detected at the reach level. Although change occurred in the indicator items at each reach, the stream average for each of the independent indicator items was similar between the two years. This may indicate that, although change occurred at the reach level, the stream maintained its physical diversity after the flood. The survey method was unable to accurately predict changes to Oak Creek incurred by the February 1996 flood when viewed at the entire stream level, yet it may be more applicable at the reach level when viewing specific changes to channel stability indicator items. In general, the Stream Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation is designed for observational efficiency but does not have sufficient scientific basis or measurement precision to accurately predict the extent or type of channel change. Close

• 15. [Article] Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest

  The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Title: Summertime water temperature trends in Steamboat Creek Basin, Umpqua National Forest Author: Holaday, Steven A. The Steamboat Creek basin drains 227 mi² (588 km²) of steep forested terrain into the North Umpqua River of Southwest Oregon, 39 mi (63 km) northeast of Roseburg. Summer base flows for Steamboat Creek average 83 cfs (2.35 m³/sec). Steamboat Creek and its tributaries are considered important to the production of summer-run steelhead; the basin has been closed to angling since 1932. Harvesting has occurred in every subdrainage of the Steamboat Creek basin. Trees were routinely removed from riparian areas when harvesting in the basin began in 1955. Since the mid-1970s to early-1980s, however, buffer strips were left adjacent to streams. In addition, the floods of 1964-65 caused significant damage to riparian vegetation in the basin. This study was undertaken to: (1) determine long-term trends over the period 1969-90 of summertime water temperatures in the mainstem of Steamboat Creek, selected tributaries, and in Boulder Creek, an unharvested control stream in an adjacent watershed and (2) evaluate spacial patterns of maximum water temperatures in the Steamboat Creek basin during the summer of 1990. Significant (P≤0.10) trends of decreasing maximum daily summertime stream temperatures on Steamboat Creek and tributaries occurred from 1969-90. In contrast, an unharvested control stream showed a small, but nonsignificant, increasing trend in stream temperatures. The largest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (7 to 11°F, 3.9 to 6.1°C) occurred on small streams with summer base flows less than 6 cfs (0.17 m³/sec). These streams also had the highest proportion of stream length adjacent to harvesting activities before 1974. The smallest decrease in maximum stream temperatures (0 to 3°F, 0 to 1.7°C) occurred on streams with little or no history of timber harvest activity along riparian areas, or at locations where summer base flows were greater than 15 cfs (0.42 m³/sec). Since no trends in either air temperature or streamflow were apparent over the 1969-90 period, regrowth of riparian vegetation that was previously removed by flooding, debris torrents, or streamside harvesting, appears to be the major cause of trends in decreasing maximum summer stream temperature. Regrowth of riparian vegetation provides shade over small streams, decreasing energy input to the stream from solar radiation. Maximum daily stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek did not change significantly during the 1969-90 study period and stream temperature data in 1960 indicates that maximum stream temperatures in lower Steamboat Creek have historically been high. Any cooling effects by groundwater or tributaries are largely negated by the large volume of water in the main channel. Also, the large stream width renders riparian vegetation relatively ineffective in protecting the stream from solar radiation. Minimum stream temperatures decreased during the 1969-90 study period for all of the long-term stations in the Steamboat Creek basin while the control stream showed a slight increasing trend. Similarly, diurnal stream temperature fluctuations decreased for several tributaries. Close

• 16. [Article] Effects of harvest and roads on in-stream wood abundance in the Blue River Basin, western Cascades, Oregon

  Despite many studies of large wood in streams, few landscape scale studies have been conducted. Large-scale studies can reveal how the history of forest harvest and road building has influenced wood patterns ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of harvest and roads on in-stream wood abundance in the Blue River Basin, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Czarnomski, Nicole M. Despite many studies of large wood in streams, few landscape scale studies have been conducted. Large-scale studies can reveal how the history of forest harvest and road building has influenced wood patterns in streams of the Pacific Northwest. This study examined the relationships between wood in streams, timber harvest, and road building at large (>50 km² ) spatial and long (>25 year) temporal scales, based on longitudinal surveys of 25.2 km of stream length in five sub-basins of the Blue River Basin, Cascade Range, Oregon. In-stream wood was surveyed in six sampling sites, ranging from 1.6 km to 14.1 km in length along 2nd to 5th -order channels in public forests. Wood volumes, numbers of pieces of large wood, numbers of accumulations and timing of emplacement were determined at 50-m intervals. Wood volumes and numbers of pieces were expressed per unit of channel area in order to account for variations in channel width. Wood volumes and piece numbers were related to spatial data on harvest and road building using GIS. Analysis of variance (using SAS) tested how wood volumes and piece numbers were related to the presence of a harvest or road unit within 40 m of the stream, sampling site, timing of harvest, distance harvest was from the channel, and effects of natural processes. P-values for pairwise comparisons were adjusted using a Bonfenoni procedure. Distributed patch clearcutting and road construction were concentrated in the 1950's and 1960's in the Lookout Creek basin and 1960's to the 1980's in the Upper Blue River basin. A total of 66% (Cook Creek), 55% (Mack Creek), 53% (Lower Lookout), 37% (McRae Creek and Upper Lookout), and 7% (Quentin Creek) of stream length had harvests and/or roads within 40 m of the stream. Approximately 80% of the wood volume and 85% of the number of large pieces occurred in accumulations. Wood volumes were lower in 5th-order compared to 3rd -order streams. Lower Lookout (the only 5th-order channel) had significantly lower wood volumes (109 m³/ha) than all other locations (200-378 m³/ha, p<O.O5) and significantly lower numbers of large pieces (23 large pieces/ha) compared to all other locations (39 vs. 64 large pieces/ha, p<O.008). All other locations had fairly similar wood volumes and numbers of large pieces For all study sites combined, 50-m stream segments without harvests or roads had significantly higher volume (356 m³/ha) and number of large pieces (57 pieces/ha), than stream segments with harvests or roads within 40 m (80 to 157 m³/ha, p<O.O3; 19 to 39 pieces/ha, p<O.O4). Stream segments without harvests or roads (32 pieces/ha) also had significantly higher number of accumulations compared to stream segments with roads (16 pieces/ha, p<O.004), or compared to stream segments with harvest on one side and roads (16 pieces/ha, p<O.004). Distance a harvest was from the stream and timing of harvest did not appear to affect wood volume or number of large pieces. Harvests and roads were associated with decreases in wood abundance 50 m upstream and 50 m downstream of harvest units and road crossings. The 50-m stream segments immediately upstream (171.8 m³/ha) and downstream (191.6 m³/ha) of a section of stream with harvest and roads had significantly lower volume than the 50-m stream segments without harvest or roads (427.7 m³/ha, p<O. 1). Natural processes such as floods, windthrow, near-stream toppling, and debris flows from the last 50 years had not obscured the effects of harvest and roads on wood volume and number of pieces in stream channels of Lookout Creek and Blue River. The legacy of harvest and road activities was still apparent in in-stream wood patterns up to 50 years later in this site, which consisted of old-growth forest subjected to dispersed patch clearcutting, road construction, and salvage logging conducted in the 1950's to the 1980s. However, harvest, road, and salvage practices on public lands have changed since that period. Therefore, these results should be extrapolated to other sites only with careful consideration of site history. Title: Effects of harvest and roads on in-stream wood abundance in the Blue River Basin, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Czarnomski, Nicole M. Despite many studies of large wood in streams, few landscape scale studies have been conducted. Large-scale studies can reveal how the history of forest harvest and road building has influenced wood patterns in streams of the Pacific Northwest. This study examined the relationships between wood in streams, timber harvest, and road building at large (>50 km² ) spatial and long (>25 year) temporal scales, based on longitudinal surveys of 25.2 km of stream length in five sub-basins of the Blue River Basin, Cascade Range, Oregon. In-stream wood was surveyed in six sampling sites, ranging from 1.6 km to 14.1 km in length along 2nd to 5th -order channels in public forests. Wood volumes, numbers of pieces of large wood, numbers of accumulations and timing of emplacement were determined at 50-m intervals. Wood volumes and numbers of pieces were expressed per unit of channel area in order to account for variations in channel width. Wood volumes and piece numbers were related to spatial data on harvest and road building using GIS. Analysis of variance (using SAS) tested how wood volumes and piece numbers were related to the presence of a harvest or road unit within 40 m of the stream, sampling site, timing of harvest, distance harvest was from the channel, and effects of natural processes. P-values for pairwise comparisons were adjusted using a Bonfenoni procedure. Distributed patch clearcutting and road construction were concentrated in the 1950's and 1960's in the Lookout Creek basin and 1960's to the 1980's in the Upper Blue River basin. A total of 66% (Cook Creek), 55% (Mack Creek), 53% (Lower Lookout), 37% (McRae Creek and Upper Lookout), and 7% (Quentin Creek) of stream length had harvests and/or roads within 40 m of the stream. Approximately 80% of the wood volume and 85% of the number of large pieces occurred in accumulations. Wood volumes were lower in 5th-order compared to 3rd -order streams. Lower Lookout (the only 5th-order channel) had significantly lower wood volumes (109 m³/ha) than all other locations (200-378 m³/ha, p<O.O5) and significantly lower numbers of large pieces (23 large pieces/ha) compared to all other locations (39 vs. 64 large pieces/ha, p<O.008). All other locations had fairly similar wood volumes and numbers of large pieces For all study sites combined, 50-m stream segments without harvests or roads had significantly higher volume (356 m³/ha) and number of large pieces (57 pieces/ha), than stream segments with harvests or roads within 40 m (80 to 157 m³/ha, p<O.O3; 19 to 39 pieces/ha, p<O.O4). Stream segments without harvests or roads (32 pieces/ha) also had significantly higher number of accumulations compared to stream segments with roads (16 pieces/ha, p<O.004), or compared to stream segments with harvest on one side and roads (16 pieces/ha, p<O.004). Distance a harvest was from the stream and timing of harvest did not appear to affect wood volume or number of large pieces. Harvests and roads were associated with decreases in wood abundance 50 m upstream and 50 m downstream of harvest units and road crossings. The 50-m stream segments immediately upstream (171.8 m³/ha) and downstream (191.6 m³/ha) of a section of stream with harvest and roads had significantly lower volume than the 50-m stream segments without harvest or roads (427.7 m³/ha, p<O. 1). Natural processes such as floods, windthrow, near-stream toppling, and debris flows from the last 50 years had not obscured the effects of harvest and roads on wood volume and number of pieces in stream channels of Lookout Creek and Blue River. The legacy of harvest and road activities was still apparent in in-stream wood patterns up to 50 years later in this site, which consisted of old-growth forest subjected to dispersed patch clearcutting, road construction, and salvage logging conducted in the 1950's to the 1980s. However, harvest, road, and salvage practices on public lands have changed since that period. Therefore, these results should be extrapolated to other sites only with careful consideration of site history. Close

• 17. [Article] Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon : Volume 2, annual low and high flow, and instantaneous peak flow

  Statistical summaries of streamfiow data at 358 stream-gaging sites are presented to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Oregon. Records for 36 stream-gaging stations were compiled into ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon : Volume 2, annual low and high flow, and instantaneous peak flow Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept., Wellman, Roy E, Moffatt, R. L., Gordon, Janice M. Statistical summaries of streamfiow data at 358 stream-gaging sites are presented to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Oregon. Records for 36 stream-gaging stations were compiled into separate periods because of changes in streamflow regulation during the period of data collection. Statistical summaries for the periods before and after regulation are presented for comparison. Title: Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon : Volume 2, annual low and high flow, and instantaneous peak flow Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept., Wellman, Roy E, Moffatt, R. L., Gordon, Janice M. Statistical summaries of streamfiow data at 358 stream-gaging sites are presented to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Oregon. Records for 36 stream-gaging stations were compiled into separate periods because of changes in streamflow regulation during the period of data collection. Statistical summaries for the periods before and after regulation are presented for comparison. Close

• 18. [Article] Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation : progress report, Coastal River section : July 1, 1966-June 30, 1967

  "Activities included spawning ground and physical stream surveys, sampling of shad and striped bass commercial fisheries, population estimates of juvenile coho in selected streams, evaluating releases ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation : progress report, Coastal River section : July 1, 1966-June 30, 1967 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission. Research Division, Oregon. Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation "Activities included spawning ground and physical stream surveys, sampling of shad and striped bass commercial fisheries, population estimates of juvenile coho in selected streams, evaluating releases of adult and fry coho, studying coho in a lake environment, and investigations on the ecology of fall chinook in south coastal streams." (p.1) Title: Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation : progress report, Coastal River section : July 1, 1966-June 30, 1967 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission. Research Division, Oregon. Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation "Activities included spawning ground and physical stream surveys, sampling of shad and striped bass commercial fisheries, population estimates of juvenile coho in selected streams, evaluating releases of adult and fry coho, studying coho in a lake environment, and investigations on the ecology of fall chinook in south coastal streams." (p.1) Close

• 19. [Article] Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon : Volume 1 Eastern Oregon

  Statistical summaries of streamfiow data at 123 stream-gaging sites are presented in this report to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Eastern Oregon. Records for 13 gaging stations were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon : Volume 1 Eastern Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept., Miller, Suzanne J., Friday, John, Geological Survey (U.S.) Statistical summaries of streamfiow data at 123 stream-gaging sites are presented in this report to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Eastern Oregon. Records for 13 gaging stations were compiled into separate periods owing to changes in regulation during the period of data collection. The periods before and after regulation are presented for comparison. A brief station description is given describing the physical and operational features for each gaging station. Following the station description are tables of monthly and annual flow statistics, flood frequency data, low-flow and high-flow frequency data, and flow-duration information. Title: Statistical summaries of streamflow data in Oregon : Volume 1 Eastern Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept., Miller, Suzanne J., Friday, John, Geological Survey (U.S.) Statistical summaries of streamfiow data at 123 stream-gaging sites are presented in this report to aid in appraising the hydrology of river basins in Eastern Oregon. Records for 13 gaging stations were compiled into separate periods owing to changes in regulation during the period of data collection. The periods before and after regulation are presented for comparison. A brief station description is given describing the physical and operational features for each gaging station. Following the station description are tables of monthly and annual flow statistics, flood frequency data, low-flow and high-flow frequency data, and flow-duration information. Close

• 20. [Article] Breeding habitat of harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska

  Breeding habitat of Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) was studied in eastern Prince William Sound, Alaska, during 1991 - 1993. Streams in Prince William Sound were surveyed for Harlequin ducks ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding habitat of harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska Author: Crowley, David W. Breeding habitat of Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) was studied in eastern Prince William Sound, Alaska, during 1991 - 1993. Streams in Prince William Sound were surveyed for Harlequin ducks and monitored with mist nets. Physical characteristics of 24 Harlequin breeding streams were compared to those of 24 streams not used for breeding using 2 sample, principal components and logistic regression analyses. Nests were located using radio-telemetry of marked females. Harlequin ducks resident in eastern Prince William Sound selected the largest anadromous salmon streams available for nesting. Volume discharge of breeding streams averaged 3.2 m³/s and was the most important factor in habitat variation between streams used and not used by breeding Harlequins. Expansive estuaries and intertidal deltas present at the outflow of large streams were important foraging and loafing areas of Harlequin ducks. Although nesting females generally avoided smaller salmon streams their intertidal estuaries were often used for foraging by females and molting males. The largest streams in Prince William Sound, glacially fed rivers, were not used by breeding Harlequins. Ten nest sites of Harlequin ducks in eastern Prince William Sound were located on southwest facing, steeply sloping banks of small, first order tributaries near timberline elevation. Nests were associated with woody debris and shrubs, in shallow depressions or cavities, and were beneath the canopy of old growth forest. Microhabitat produced by a southwest aspect, snow shadow provided by the forest canopy, and sloping stream bank may provide nesting sites earlier in the spring compared to surrounding areas. Title: Breeding habitat of harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska Author: Crowley, David W. Breeding habitat of Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) was studied in eastern Prince William Sound, Alaska, during 1991 - 1993. Streams in Prince William Sound were surveyed for Harlequin ducks and monitored with mist nets. Physical characteristics of 24 Harlequin breeding streams were compared to those of 24 streams not used for breeding using 2 sample, principal components and logistic regression analyses. Nests were located using radio-telemetry of marked females. Harlequin ducks resident in eastern Prince William Sound selected the largest anadromous salmon streams available for nesting. Volume discharge of breeding streams averaged 3.2 m³/s and was the most important factor in habitat variation between streams used and not used by breeding Harlequins. Expansive estuaries and intertidal deltas present at the outflow of large streams were important foraging and loafing areas of Harlequin ducks. Although nesting females generally avoided smaller salmon streams their intertidal estuaries were often used for foraging by females and molting males. The largest streams in Prince William Sound, glacially fed rivers, were not used by breeding Harlequins. Ten nest sites of Harlequin ducks in eastern Prince William Sound were located on southwest facing, steeply sloping banks of small, first order tributaries near timberline elevation. Nests were associated with woody debris and shrubs, in shallow depressions or cavities, and were beneath the canopy of old growth forest. Microhabitat produced by a southwest aspect, snow shadow provided by the forest canopy, and sloping stream bank may provide nesting sites earlier in the spring compared to surrounding areas. Close

• 21. [Article] A study of in stream complexity in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds

  This study investigates patterns of physical structure organization in stream networks. In particular, it seeks to describe patterns of wood, boulders, pools and slope that are evident in stream channels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of in stream complexity in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds Author: Anderson, Paul Khalil This study investigates patterns of physical structure organization in stream networks. In particular, it seeks to describe patterns of wood, boulders, pools and slope that are evident in stream channels and to determine whether patterns of these elements are influenced by network-level controls. The four in-stream parameters were combined to produce a metric of complexity, which was used to investigate differences in patters and organization of in-stream structure within and between watersheds. Research was conducted in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds' Rogers Creek in the Northern Oregon Coast Range, and Turner and Elk Creeks in the South Central Oregon Coast Range. Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks were 26km2, 12km2, and 17km2 respectively and fell into two distinct geologic regions, basalt geology in the north and sandstone geology in the south. Fifteen km of stream were surveyed in 60 meter segments for a total of 246 stream segments observations. There were 77, 70, and 99 study segments in Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks respectively. The network-level controls investigated were stream junctions, channel constraint, and debris flows. It was hypothesized that these network-level controls influence in-stream complexity by encouraging uneven distribution of large material which in turn influences stream slope and pooi abundance. Network-level controls where associated with differing patterns of complexity in each watershed. The influence of the network-level control was in part dependent on factors including: geologic setting, stream slope differences and difference in disturbance regimes. Stream junctions and constrained segments were found to be associated with some of the highest values of complexity, while recent debris flows were associated with lower complexity values. Several of the hypotheses described in the Network Dynamics Hypothesis (Benda et al. 2004b) were investigated using a geographic information system (GIS) and data derived from a digital elevation model (DEM). The GIS was used to test for relationships between field measured complexity and stream network parameters that were developed using a program for DEM analysis. DEM derived data for the contributing area, junction angle and debris flow potential at sample points illustrated a weak relationship with complexity. By better understanding the influence of network level controls on complexity it may be possible to improve the understanding of how stream networks connect hillslope and riparian environments, thereby aiding watershed management and identifying locations of diverse habitat in the stream network. Title: A study of in stream complexity in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds Author: Anderson, Paul Khalil This study investigates patterns of physical structure organization in stream networks. In particular, it seeks to describe patterns of wood, boulders, pools and slope that are evident in stream channels and to determine whether patterns of these elements are influenced by network-level controls. The four in-stream parameters were combined to produce a metric of complexity, which was used to investigate differences in patters and organization of in-stream structure within and between watersheds. Research was conducted in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds' Rogers Creek in the Northern Oregon Coast Range, and Turner and Elk Creeks in the South Central Oregon Coast Range. Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks were 26km2, 12km2, and 17km2 respectively and fell into two distinct geologic regions, basalt geology in the north and sandstone geology in the south. Fifteen km of stream were surveyed in 60 meter segments for a total of 246 stream segments observations. There were 77, 70, and 99 study segments in Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks respectively. The network-level controls investigated were stream junctions, channel constraint, and debris flows. It was hypothesized that these network-level controls influence in-stream complexity by encouraging uneven distribution of large material which in turn influences stream slope and pooi abundance. Network-level controls where associated with differing patterns of complexity in each watershed. The influence of the network-level control was in part dependent on factors including: geologic setting, stream slope differences and difference in disturbance regimes. Stream junctions and constrained segments were found to be associated with some of the highest values of complexity, while recent debris flows were associated with lower complexity values. Several of the hypotheses described in the Network Dynamics Hypothesis (Benda et al. 2004b) were investigated using a geographic information system (GIS) and data derived from a digital elevation model (DEM). The GIS was used to test for relationships between field measured complexity and stream network parameters that were developed using a program for DEM analysis. DEM derived data for the contributing area, junction angle and debris flow potential at sample points illustrated a weak relationship with complexity. By better understanding the influence of network level controls on complexity it may be possible to improve the understanding of how stream networks connect hillslope and riparian environments, thereby aiding watershed management and identifying locations of diverse habitat in the stream network. Close

• 22. [Article] Behavior of stream inflows to a stratifying field reservoir

  The behavior of a stream upon entering a field reservoir was studied at various stages of stratification. The principal field techniques included fluorometric and temperature surveys. General relationships ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behavior of stream inflows to a stratifying field reservoir Author: Chasse, James Peter The behavior of a stream upon entering a field reservoir was studied at various stages of stratification. The principal field techniques included fluorometric and temperature surveys. General relationships were obtained, between dimensional and locational characteristics of the inflow current and the thermal structure of the impoundment. As predicted by analytical and experimental development, the entrainment of the ambient water body by the entering stream was primarily a function of the entrance velocity and the temperature differential between the two bodies of water. Entrainment displayed a seasonal variation. Field temperature profiles were applied to an analytical model and the results reviewed with respect to the entrance mixing. Inflow mixing was among the least significant of the energy exchange mechanisms in influencing reservoir temperature structure. Title: Behavior of stream inflows to a stratifying field reservoir Author: Chasse, James Peter The behavior of a stream upon entering a field reservoir was studied at various stages of stratification. The principal field techniques included fluorometric and temperature surveys. General relationships were obtained, between dimensional and locational characteristics of the inflow current and the thermal structure of the impoundment. As predicted by analytical and experimental development, the entrainment of the ambient water body by the entering stream was primarily a function of the entrance velocity and the temperature differential between the two bodies of water. Entrainment displayed a seasonal variation. Field temperature profiles were applied to an analytical model and the results reviewed with respect to the entrance mixing. Inflow mixing was among the least significant of the energy exchange mechanisms in influencing reservoir temperature structure. Close

• 23. [Article] Historical alterations to the Columbia River Gorge as a result of transportation infrastructure, 1850-1900

  Featuring high waterfalls and forested cliffs, and displaying a remarkable transition between the Pacific and Interior west, the Columbia River Gorge reveals the grandeur of western landscapes. Yet the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical alterations to the Columbia River Gorge as a result of transportation infrastructure, 1850-1900 Author: Daniel, Isaac B. Featuring high waterfalls and forested cliffs, and displaying a remarkable transition between the Pacific and Interior west, the Columbia River Gorge reveals the grandeur of western landscapes. Yet the landscape that one sees today is an amalgamation of the Gorge's natural setting and its unique human history. Historical research on the Gorge is deficient, as few studies have addressed landscape change that occurred prior to the twentieth century. This research explores a significant yet underrepresented chapter in the Gorge's history, focusing on the second half of the nineteenth century. Specifically, this research examines changes in the land that resulted from building transportation infrastructure during this era, namely the development of portage, wagon, and military roads and in-stream navigational aids. Utilizing methods drawn from historical geography, this research employs a wide range of primary source materials, including journals, photographs, surveys, and construction records, to assess landscape change. Results from this study indicate a high spatial extent of landscape impacts resulting from transportation infrastructure put in place between 1850 and 1900. The clearing of floodplain forests, coupled with changes in the hydrography of the river channel brought about by the construction of the Cascade canal and lock, led to significant changes in ecological functions, including nutrient cycling and sediment retention. These results provide suggestions for restoration efforts in the Gorge and also hold important applications for historical interpretation in the contemporary National Scenic Area. There are also broad implications for researchers seeking a broader understanding of changes in western riparian landscapes during this period. Title: Historical alterations to the Columbia River Gorge as a result of transportation infrastructure, 1850-1900 Author: Daniel, Isaac B. Featuring high waterfalls and forested cliffs, and displaying a remarkable transition between the Pacific and Interior west, the Columbia River Gorge reveals the grandeur of western landscapes. Yet the landscape that one sees today is an amalgamation of the Gorge's natural setting and its unique human history. Historical research on the Gorge is deficient, as few studies have addressed landscape change that occurred prior to the twentieth century. This research explores a significant yet underrepresented chapter in the Gorge's history, focusing on the second half of the nineteenth century. Specifically, this research examines changes in the land that resulted from building transportation infrastructure during this era, namely the development of portage, wagon, and military roads and in-stream navigational aids. Utilizing methods drawn from historical geography, this research employs a wide range of primary source materials, including journals, photographs, surveys, and construction records, to assess landscape change. Results from this study indicate a high spatial extent of landscape impacts resulting from transportation infrastructure put in place between 1850 and 1900. The clearing of floodplain forests, coupled with changes in the hydrography of the river channel brought about by the construction of the Cascade canal and lock, led to significant changes in ecological functions, including nutrient cycling and sediment retention. These results provide suggestions for restoration efforts in the Gorge and also hold important applications for historical interpretation in the contemporary National Scenic Area. There are also broad implications for researchers seeking a broader understanding of changes in western riparian landscapes during this period. Close

• 24. [Article] Oregon Stream Gaging Network Evaluation: Meeting the Oregon Water Resources Department’s Current and Future Data Needs

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Stream Gaging Network Evaluation: Meeting the Oregon Water Resources Department’s Current and Future Data Needs Author: La Marche, Jonathan L. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Oregon Stream Gaging Network Evaluation: Meeting the Oregon Water Resources Department’s Current and Future Data Needs Author: La Marche, Jonathan L. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 25. [Article] Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters

  We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters Author: Robison, E. George, Seeliger, Curt, Levine, Paul, Peck, David V., Kaufmann, Phillip R. We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison (in PB99-139156). We provide guidance for calculating measures or indices of stream size and gradient, sinuosity, substrate size and stability, habitat complexity and cover, woody debris size and abundance, residual pool dimensions and frequency, riparian vegetation cover and structure, anthropogenic disturbances, and channel-riparian interaction. We evaluated sampling precision of field habitat survey methods employed by EMAP in several hundred streams in Oregon and the Mid-Atlantic region, comparing variance among streams ('signals') with variance between repeat stream visits (measurement 'noise'). The final measure of the utility of a habitat approach is whether it is useful for interpreting controls on biota or impacts of human activity. Title: Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters Author: Robison, E. George, Seeliger, Curt, Levine, Paul, Peck, David V., Kaufmann, Phillip R. We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison (in PB99-139156). We provide guidance for calculating measures or indices of stream size and gradient, sinuosity, substrate size and stability, habitat complexity and cover, woody debris size and abundance, residual pool dimensions and frequency, riparian vegetation cover and structure, anthropogenic disturbances, and channel-riparian interaction. We evaluated sampling precision of field habitat survey methods employed by EMAP in several hundred streams in Oregon and the Mid-Atlantic region, comparing variance among streams ('signals') with variance between repeat stream visits (measurement 'noise'). The final measure of the utility of a habitat approach is whether it is useful for interpreting controls on biota or impacts of human activity. Close

• 26. [Article] The influence of climate change and restoration on stream temperature

  Water temperature is an essential property of a stream. Temperature regulates physical and biochemical processes in aquatic habitats. Various factors related to climatic conditions, landscape characteristics, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of climate change and restoration on stream temperature Author: Diabat, Mousa Water temperature is an essential property of a stream. Temperature regulates physical and biochemical processes in aquatic habitats. Various factors related to climatic conditions, landscape characteristics, and channel structure directly influence stream temperature. Numerous studies indicate that increased average air temperature during the past century has led to stream warming across the world. The trend of stream warming was also present in spring-fed watersheds, where summer flow has decreased. In addition, anthropogenic practices that alter the natural landscape and channel structure, such as forest management, agriculture, and mining contributed to stream warming. For example, deforested and unshaded stream reaches or dredged channels were warmer than shaded reaches and meandering streams. Stream temperatures in North American lotic habitats are of a specific concern due to their significant economic, cultural, and ecological value. With climate projections indicating that air temperature will only continue to rise throughout the 21st century, cold- or cool-water organisms, especially fishes, will be affected. Therefore, there is a strong need to better understand the impacts of changing climate, riparian landscape, and channel structure on a stream's heat budget. This may assist in restoring the historic thermal regime in impacted sites and mitigating the impacts of future climate change. This study looks into the relative influences of the different factors on a stream's heat budget with three manuscripts: one on stream temperature response to diel timing of air warming, one on stream temperature response to changes in air temperature, flow, and riparian vegetation, and one on stream temperature response to air warming and channel reconstruction. I used the software Heat Source version 8.05 to simulate stream temperature for all three analyses along the Middle Fork John Day River, Oregon USA. Two of the manuscripts were applied to an upper 37 km section of the Middle Fork John Day River (presented in chapter 2 and 3), where the third manuscript was applied to a 1.5-km section. The sensitivity analysis of stream temperature response to diel timing of air warming (Chapter 2: Diel Timing of Warmer Air under Climate Change Affects Magnitude, Timing, and Duration of Stream Temperature Change) was based on scenarios representing uniform air warming over the diel period, daytime warming, and nighttime warming. Uniform warming of air temperature is a simple representation of increases in the average daily or monthly temperatures generated by the 'delta method'. The delta method relies on adding a constant value to the air temperature time-series data. This constant value is the difference (delta) between base case average air temperatures and the projected one. Scenarios of daytime or nighttime warming represent conditions under which most of the warming of the air occurs during the daytime or the nighttime, respectively. I simulated the stream temperature response to warmer air conditions of +2 °C and +4 °C in daily average for all three cases of air warming conditions. The three cases of different diel distributions of air warming generated 7-day average daily maximum stream temperature (7DADM) increases of approximately +1.8 °C ± 0.1 °C at the downstream end of the study section relative to the base case. In most parts of the reach, the three distributions of air warming generated different ranges of stream temperatures, different 7DADM values, different durations of stream temperature changes, and different average daily temperatures. Changes of stream temperature were out of phase with imposed changes of air temperature. Therefore, nighttime warming of air temperatures would cause the greatest increase in maximum daily stream temperature, which typically occurs during the daytime. The sensitivity analysis of the relative influences of changes in air temperature, stream flow, and riparian vegetation on stream temperature (Chapter 3: Assessing Stream Temperature Response to Cumulative Influence of Changing Air Temperature, Flow, and Riparian Vegetation). This study summarized stream temperature simulation in 36 scenarios representing possible manifestations of 21st century climate conditions and land management strategies. In addition to existing conditions (base case) of flow, air temperature, and riparian vegetation, scenarios consisted of: two air temperature increases of 2 °C and 4 °C, two stream flow variations of +30% and -30%, three spatially uniform riparian vegetation conditions that create averages of effective shade 7%, 34%, and 79%, in addition to 14% for base case conditions. Results suggest that variation in riparian vegetation was the dominant factor influencing stream temperature because it regulates incoming shortwave radiation, the largest heat input to the stream, while variation in stream flow has a negligible influence. Results indicated that increasing the effective shade along the study section, particularly in the currently unshaded sections, could mitigate the influence of increasing air temperature, and would reduce stream temperature maxima below current values even under future climate conditions of warmer air. With the small influence it had, increasing stream flow reduced the 7DADM under low shade conditions. However, increasing stream flow showed counterintuitive results as it contributed to increasing stream temperature maxima when the stream was heavily shaded. The applied study examined the stream temperature response to restoration practices and their potential to mitigate the influence of warmer air conditions (Chapter 4: Estimating Stream Temperature Response to Restoring Channel and Riparian Vegetation and the Potential to Mitigate Warmer Air Conditions). This study focused on a 1.5 km section along the upper part of the Middle Fork John Day River that was modified due to past anthropogenic activities of mining for gold and timber harvest. Currently, the riparian vegetation of the study site is mostly shrubs and stands of short trees. Restoration designs call for the restoration of both the channel structure and replanting the riparian vegetation. Simulation results showed that the 7DADM was higher in the restored channel than the existing channel with both conditions of low and high effective shade conditions. However, a combined restoration practice of channel reconstruction and medium effective shade conditions reduced stream temperature maxima more than restoring riparian vegetation alone. In addition, results showed that restoring riparian vegetation was sufficient to mitigate the influence of warmer air on stream temperature, while restoring the channel alone is not. Heat budget analysis showed that heat accumulation during the daytime increased in the restored channel, which was longer, narrower, and deeper than the existing channel. It is important to emphasize that stream temperature is one of many goals that restoration activities aim to improve. Furthermore, differences in 7DADM among the different scenarios of restoration are negligible. Such small differences could hardly be measure. While this study examined a short section of 1.5 km, longer stream sections may increase the differences in 7DADM. Primary conclusions of this study are: 1) daily maxima of stream temperature will increase in response to increased air temperature regardless of the distribution of air warming during the diel cycle; 2) nighttime air warming caused a greater increase in stream temperature maximum than daytime warming; 3) riparian vegetation was the dominant factor on stream's heat budget, more than air temperature or stream flow; 4) restoring riparian vegetation mitigated the influence of warmer air; 5) restoring channel structure alone was not sufficient to lower temperature maxima; and 6) restoration project was most successful in improving degraded stream temperature when combined with channel reconstruction and improved riparian shade. Title: The influence of climate change and restoration on stream temperature Author: Diabat, Mousa Water temperature is an essential property of a stream. Temperature regulates physical and biochemical processes in aquatic habitats. Various factors related to climatic conditions, landscape characteristics, and channel structure directly influence stream temperature. Numerous studies indicate that increased average air temperature during the past century has led to stream warming across the world. The trend of stream warming was also present in spring-fed watersheds, where summer flow has decreased. In addition, anthropogenic practices that alter the natural landscape and channel structure, such as forest management, agriculture, and mining contributed to stream warming. For example, deforested and unshaded stream reaches or dredged channels were warmer than shaded reaches and meandering streams. Stream temperatures in North American lotic habitats are of a specific concern due to their significant economic, cultural, and ecological value. With climate projections indicating that air temperature will only continue to rise throughout the 21st century, cold- or cool-water organisms, especially fishes, will be affected. Therefore, there is a strong need to better understand the impacts of changing climate, riparian landscape, and channel structure on a stream's heat budget. This may assist in restoring the historic thermal regime in impacted sites and mitigating the impacts of future climate change. This study looks into the relative influences of the different factors on a stream's heat budget with three manuscripts: one on stream temperature response to diel timing of air warming, one on stream temperature response to changes in air temperature, flow, and riparian vegetation, and one on stream temperature response to air warming and channel reconstruction. I used the software Heat Source version 8.05 to simulate stream temperature for all three analyses along the Middle Fork John Day River, Oregon USA. Two of the manuscripts were applied to an upper 37 km section of the Middle Fork John Day River (presented in chapter 2 and 3), where the third manuscript was applied to a 1.5-km section. The sensitivity analysis of stream temperature response to diel timing of air warming (Chapter 2: Diel Timing of Warmer Air under Climate Change Affects Magnitude, Timing, and Duration of Stream Temperature Change) was based on scenarios representing uniform air warming over the diel period, daytime warming, and nighttime warming. Uniform warming of air temperature is a simple representation of increases in the average daily or monthly temperatures generated by the 'delta method'. The delta method relies on adding a constant value to the air temperature time-series data. This constant value is the difference (delta) between base case average air temperatures and the projected one. Scenarios of daytime or nighttime warming represent conditions under which most of the warming of the air occurs during the daytime or the nighttime, respectively. I simulated the stream temperature response to warmer air conditions of +2 °C and +4 °C in daily average for all three cases of air warming conditions. The three cases of different diel distributions of air warming generated 7-day average daily maximum stream temperature (7DADM) increases of approximately +1.8 °C ± 0.1 °C at the downstream end of the study section relative to the base case. In most parts of the reach, the three distributions of air warming generated different ranges of stream temperatures, different 7DADM values, different durations of stream temperature changes, and different average daily temperatures. Changes of stream temperature were out of phase with imposed changes of air temperature. Therefore, nighttime warming of air temperatures would cause the greatest increase in maximum daily stream temperature, which typically occurs during the daytime. The sensitivity analysis of the relative influences of changes in air temperature, stream flow, and riparian vegetation on stream temperature (Chapter 3: Assessing Stream Temperature Response to Cumulative Influence of Changing Air Temperature, Flow, and Riparian Vegetation). This study summarized stream temperature simulation in 36 scenarios representing possible manifestations of 21st century climate conditions and land management strategies. In addition to existing conditions (base case) of flow, air temperature, and riparian vegetation, scenarios consisted of: two air temperature increases of 2 °C and 4 °C, two stream flow variations of +30% and -30%, three spatially uniform riparian vegetation conditions that create averages of effective shade 7%, 34%, and 79%, in addition to 14% for base case conditions. Results suggest that variation in riparian vegetation was the dominant factor influencing stream temperature because it regulates incoming shortwave radiation, the largest heat input to the stream, while variation in stream flow has a negligible influence. Results indicated that increasing the effective shade along the study section, particularly in the currently unshaded sections, could mitigate the influence of increasing air temperature, and would reduce stream temperature maxima below current values even under future climate conditions of warmer air. With the small influence it had, increasing stream flow reduced the 7DADM under low shade conditions. However, increasing stream flow showed counterintuitive results as it contributed to increasing stream temperature maxima when the stream was heavily shaded. The applied study examined the stream temperature response to restoration practices and their potential to mitigate the influence of warmer air conditions (Chapter 4: Estimating Stream Temperature Response to Restoring Channel and Riparian Vegetation and the Potential to Mitigate Warmer Air Conditions). This study focused on a 1.5 km section along the upper part of the Middle Fork John Day River that was modified due to past anthropogenic activities of mining for gold and timber harvest. Currently, the riparian vegetation of the study site is mostly shrubs and stands of short trees. Restoration designs call for the restoration of both the channel structure and replanting the riparian vegetation. Simulation results showed that the 7DADM was higher in the restored channel than the existing channel with both conditions of low and high effective shade conditions. However, a combined restoration practice of channel reconstruction and medium effective shade conditions reduced stream temperature maxima more than restoring riparian vegetation alone. In addition, results showed that restoring riparian vegetation was sufficient to mitigate the influence of warmer air on stream temperature, while restoring the channel alone is not. Heat budget analysis showed that heat accumulation during the daytime increased in the restored channel, which was longer, narrower, and deeper than the existing channel. It is important to emphasize that stream temperature is one of many goals that restoration activities aim to improve. Furthermore, differences in 7DADM among the different scenarios of restoration are negligible. Such small differences could hardly be measure. While this study examined a short section of 1.5 km, longer stream sections may increase the differences in 7DADM. Primary conclusions of this study are: 1) daily maxima of stream temperature will increase in response to increased air temperature regardless of the distribution of air warming during the diel cycle; 2) nighttime air warming caused a greater increase in stream temperature maximum than daytime warming; 3) riparian vegetation was the dominant factor on stream's heat budget, more than air temperature or stream flow; 4) restoring riparian vegetation mitigated the influence of warmer air; 5) restoring channel structure alone was not sufficient to lower temperature maxima; and 6) restoration project was most successful in improving degraded stream temperature when combined with channel reconstruction and improved riparian shade. Close

• 27. [Article] Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams

  Simulations of stream-subsurface water exchange (hyporheic exchange) using a three-dimensional steady state groundwater flow model and a particle tracking model in unconstrained and constrained reaches ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams Author: Kasahara, Tamao Simulations of stream-subsurface water exchange (hyporheic exchange) using a three-dimensional steady state groundwater flow model and a particle tracking model in unconstrained and constrained reaches of small (2nd-order) and intermediate (5th-order) mountain streams were conducted to estimate the effects of geomorphic features on the extent, volume and residence time of hyporheic exchange flow. Study sites were located in the Lookout Creek drainage in the western Cascades of Oregon. Stream water and water table elevations and saturated hydraulic conductivity were collected from four field sites. Steps were the dominant geomorphic features creating vertical complexity in 2nd-order streams and dominating hyporheic exchange flow. The removal of steps from the simulation models of 2nd-order stream reduced the total volume of hyporheic exchange by 54 %. Furthermore, hyporheic exchange flows resulting from steps had relatively short residence times. Horizontal complexity, resulting from secondary channels and channel splits, had strong effects on hyporheic exchange, as did vertically extensive features, such as riffles, in 5th-order streams. Removal of secondary channels, channel splits and riffles from the simulation models reduced hyporheic exchange flow by 25 %, 30 % and 40 %, respectively. Secondary channels contributed to hyporheic exchange with relatively long residence time, where as channel splits and riffles contributed to hyporheic exchange with short residence time. Thus, multiple features strongly contributed to the creation of hyporheic exchange flow and drove various types of the exchange flows. Also, the simulation results and stream survey showed that the interactions between multiple features, for example secondary channels and riffles, enhanced hyporheic exchange. Because horizontally extensive features were important in driving hyporheic exchange flow in the studied unconstrained reaches, the width of the valley floor strongly controlled hyporheic exchange flow in 5th-order streams. Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow differed between the two stream sizes sampled. Second-order streams had a single key geomorphic feature (i.e. steps) influencing the hyporheic exchange flow, whereas multiple geomorphic features (i.e. riffles, secondary channels and channel splits) were important in 5 b-order streams. As a result, residence time distribution of hyporheic exchange flow was narrow in 2nd- order stream and wide in 5th-order stream. Title: Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams Author: Kasahara, Tamao Simulations of stream-subsurface water exchange (hyporheic exchange) using a three-dimensional steady state groundwater flow model and a particle tracking model in unconstrained and constrained reaches of small (2nd-order) and intermediate (5th-order) mountain streams were conducted to estimate the effects of geomorphic features on the extent, volume and residence time of hyporheic exchange flow. Study sites were located in the Lookout Creek drainage in the western Cascades of Oregon. Stream water and water table elevations and saturated hydraulic conductivity were collected from four field sites. Steps were the dominant geomorphic features creating vertical complexity in 2nd-order streams and dominating hyporheic exchange flow. The removal of steps from the simulation models of 2nd-order stream reduced the total volume of hyporheic exchange by 54 %. Furthermore, hyporheic exchange flows resulting from steps had relatively short residence times. Horizontal complexity, resulting from secondary channels and channel splits, had strong effects on hyporheic exchange, as did vertically extensive features, such as riffles, in 5th-order streams. Removal of secondary channels, channel splits and riffles from the simulation models reduced hyporheic exchange flow by 25 %, 30 % and 40 %, respectively. Secondary channels contributed to hyporheic exchange with relatively long residence time, where as channel splits and riffles contributed to hyporheic exchange with short residence time. Thus, multiple features strongly contributed to the creation of hyporheic exchange flow and drove various types of the exchange flows. Also, the simulation results and stream survey showed that the interactions between multiple features, for example secondary channels and riffles, enhanced hyporheic exchange. Because horizontally extensive features were important in driving hyporheic exchange flow in the studied unconstrained reaches, the width of the valley floor strongly controlled hyporheic exchange flow in 5th-order streams. Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow differed between the two stream sizes sampled. Second-order streams had a single key geomorphic feature (i.e. steps) influencing the hyporheic exchange flow, whereas multiple geomorphic features (i.e. riffles, secondary channels and channel splits) were important in 5 b-order streams. As a result, residence time distribution of hyporheic exchange flow was narrow in 2nd- order stream and wide in 5th-order stream. Close

• 28. [Article] Ecology of populations of Van Dyke's salamanders in the Cascade Range of Washington State

  The Van Dyke's salamander (Plethodon vandyke,) is a rare species endemic to Washington State. It has been found in cool moist microhabitats along streams, splash zones of waterfalls, and headwater seeps. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology of populations of Van Dyke's salamanders in the Cascade Range of Washington State Author: McIntyre, Aimee P. The Van Dyke's salamander (Plethodon vandyke,) is a rare species endemic to Washington State. It has been found in cool moist microhabitats along streams, splash zones of waterfalls, and headwater seeps. We explored the association of the Van Dyke's salamander with hydrologic condition, geomorphology, disturbance characteristics, and vegetation structure in first- and second-order streams, and headwater seeps in the Cascade Range of Washington. We conducted salamander surveys and measured habitat characteristics at 50 streams and 40 seeps May-October 2000-2002. We described Van Dyke's salamander occurrence in stream and seep sites at three spatial scales: between sites, within sites, and between microhabitat sites. Using presence and absence as the response, we fit logistic regression models predicting Van Dyke's salamander occurrence. To identify the model that best fit the data, we ranked a priori models using Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results were consistent for both stream and seep sites, at all three spatial scales. Best approximating models indicated that Van Dyke's salamander occurrence at sites was related to geological and hydrological habitat characteristics that provided hydnc and thermal stability. The probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence along streams was associated with habitat characteristics that protected salamanders from exposure, provided a source cover, and stream habitat types providing splash zone areas. Between streams, Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was positively associated with the proportion of valley walls with canopy cover <5%, the proportion of the stream channel dominated by bedrock, boulder, or soil substrates, and additional stream channels entering the main channel. Within streams, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence increased with the presence of non-forested areas, the presence of bedrock dominated stream habitat types, and the presence of vertical or V-shaped valley wall morphology. Between microhabitat sites, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence increased with an absence of trees, the presence of seeps, and the presence of small cobble sized substrates. The probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence in seeps was associated with habitat characteristics that protected salamanders within the larger landscape, provided a moisture gradient from dry to saturated, and the presence of cover objects. Between seeps, Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was positively associated with seep faces having a dry and sheeting hydrology, and with seep faces >5 m high. Within seeps, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was negatively associated with seeps that had proportionately more point measures of total overhead cover that were >25%. Between microhabitat sites, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was positively associated with an increase in the percent cover of small cobble, small gravel, and bedrock substrates. We conducted mark-recapture surveys of the Van Dyke's salamander at two high-gradient stream sites located within the Cascade Range of Washington State, June-November 2002. Sites known to support populations of the Van Dyke's salamander were chosen, and were ecologically different. One site, lacking significant overstory and located within the blast zone created by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, was surveyed 10 times. The other site, located in an old-growth coniferous stand, was surveyed 11 times. Abundance of salamanders at the blast zone site was estimated to be 458 (95% Cl: 306-739). Abundance of salamanders at the old-growth site was estimated to be 100 individuals (95% Cl: 61-209). Capture probabilities were extremely low (5 = <0.10) for all trapping occasions at both sites, with an average capture probability for the two sites of 0.038 (range = 0.02-0.09). Analysis of movement patterns suggested that most individual salamanders had home ranges <2 m, at least when moving on or near the surface. Individuals were recaptured under the same cover object as initial capture 36% of the time, and 89% of the recaptured individuals moved <2 m. Our results indicated that populations of the Van Dyke's salamander were rare on the landscape, even within the species documented range. Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was associated with geological and hydrological habitat characteristics that created microhabitats favorable for a species that is especially sensitive to heat and drying due to physiological constraints. Animals were difficult to detect due to fossorial habits and low capture probabilities, and it is likely that the Van Dyke's salamander was not detected even at sites where it existed. Life history characteristics, such as lunglessness and fossorial habits, low capture probabilities, and low abundances make it difficult to manage for and protect the Van Dyke's salamander. However, habitat associations may be used to identify and protect habitats suitable for Van Dyke's salamander occurrence. Title: Ecology of populations of Van Dyke's salamanders in the Cascade Range of Washington State Author: McIntyre, Aimee P. The Van Dyke's salamander (Plethodon vandyke,) is a rare species endemic to Washington State. It has been found in cool moist microhabitats along streams, splash zones of waterfalls, and headwater seeps. We explored the association of the Van Dyke's salamander with hydrologic condition, geomorphology, disturbance characteristics, and vegetation structure in first- and second-order streams, and headwater seeps in the Cascade Range of Washington. We conducted salamander surveys and measured habitat characteristics at 50 streams and 40 seeps May-October 2000-2002. We described Van Dyke's salamander occurrence in stream and seep sites at three spatial scales: between sites, within sites, and between microhabitat sites. Using presence and absence as the response, we fit logistic regression models predicting Van Dyke's salamander occurrence. To identify the model that best fit the data, we ranked a priori models using Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results were consistent for both stream and seep sites, at all three spatial scales. Best approximating models indicated that Van Dyke's salamander occurrence at sites was related to geological and hydrological habitat characteristics that provided hydnc and thermal stability. The probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence along streams was associated with habitat characteristics that protected salamanders from exposure, provided a source cover, and stream habitat types providing splash zone areas. Between streams, Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was positively associated with the proportion of valley walls with canopy cover <5%, the proportion of the stream channel dominated by bedrock, boulder, or soil substrates, and additional stream channels entering the main channel. Within streams, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence increased with the presence of non-forested areas, the presence of bedrock dominated stream habitat types, and the presence of vertical or V-shaped valley wall morphology. Between microhabitat sites, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence increased with an absence of trees, the presence of seeps, and the presence of small cobble sized substrates. The probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence in seeps was associated with habitat characteristics that protected salamanders within the larger landscape, provided a moisture gradient from dry to saturated, and the presence of cover objects. Between seeps, Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was positively associated with seep faces having a dry and sheeting hydrology, and with seep faces >5 m high. Within seeps, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was negatively associated with seeps that had proportionately more point measures of total overhead cover that were >25%. Between microhabitat sites, the probability of Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was positively associated with an increase in the percent cover of small cobble, small gravel, and bedrock substrates. We conducted mark-recapture surveys of the Van Dyke's salamander at two high-gradient stream sites located within the Cascade Range of Washington State, June-November 2002. Sites known to support populations of the Van Dyke's salamander were chosen, and were ecologically different. One site, lacking significant overstory and located within the blast zone created by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, was surveyed 10 times. The other site, located in an old-growth coniferous stand, was surveyed 11 times. Abundance of salamanders at the blast zone site was estimated to be 458 (95% Cl: 306-739). Abundance of salamanders at the old-growth site was estimated to be 100 individuals (95% Cl: 61-209). Capture probabilities were extremely low (5 = <0.10) for all trapping occasions at both sites, with an average capture probability for the two sites of 0.038 (range = 0.02-0.09). Analysis of movement patterns suggested that most individual salamanders had home ranges <2 m, at least when moving on or near the surface. Individuals were recaptured under the same cover object as initial capture 36% of the time, and 89% of the recaptured individuals moved <2 m. Our results indicated that populations of the Van Dyke's salamander were rare on the landscape, even within the species documented range. Van Dyke's salamander occurrence was associated with geological and hydrological habitat characteristics that created microhabitats favorable for a species that is especially sensitive to heat and drying due to physiological constraints. Animals were difficult to detect due to fossorial habits and low capture probabilities, and it is likely that the Van Dyke's salamander was not detected even at sites where it existed. Life history characteristics, such as lunglessness and fossorial habits, low capture probabilities, and low abundances make it difficult to manage for and protect the Van Dyke's salamander. However, habitat associations may be used to identify and protect habitats suitable for Van Dyke's salamander occurrence. Close

• 29. [Article] Amphibian communities and physical characteristics of intermittent streams in old-growth and young forest stands in western Oregon

  Intermittent, headwater streams recently have been recognized as important components of forest ecosystems and have been provided increased protection by the Northwest Forest Plan. However, few studies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Amphibian communities and physical characteristics of intermittent streams in old-growth and young forest stands in western Oregon Author: Lee, Yu Man Intermittent, headwater streams recently have been recognized as important components of forest ecosystems and have been provided increased protection by the Northwest Forest Plan. However, few studies have examined their distribution, dynamics, and ecological roles, such as habitat for wildlife. My goal was to provide additional information on the ecology of intermittent streams in the Pacific Northwest. I examined and compared hydrologic, water quality, and physical characteristics of 16 intermittent streams in old-growth and young forest stands in the central Cascade Range in western Oregon. I documented amphibian communities and habitat associations in these streams during spring and summer. I used comparisons of current habitat conditions and amphibian communities between stand types to gain insight into potential impacts of timber harvesting on these stream systems. Of the streams surveyed in old-growth and young forest stands, relatively few (23%) were designated as intermittent based on my definition which included presence of a definable channel, evidence of annual scour and deposition, and lack of surface flow along at least 90% of the stream length. Intermittent streams in old-growth stands exhibited the following characteristics: (1) annual flow pattern in which streams started to dry in May and June and were mostly dry by July; (2) lengthy annual flow durations (range 6-11 months); (3) cool and stable daily stream temperatures; (4) primarily coarse substrates, such as cobbles and pebbles; (5) streamside vegetation comprised of predominantly coniferous overstories, and plant species associated with uplands or dry site conditions, such as Oregon-grape and salal, as well as riparian areas or wet site site conditions, such as Oregon-grape and salal, as well as riparian areas or wet site conditions, such as red alder, oxalis, red huckleberry, and vine maple (Steinblums et al. 1984, Bilby 1988); and (6) low to moderate densities of large wood, mostly moderately- and well-decayed. Study streams in young forest appeared to dry about one to two months later than the streams in old growth but had similar annual flow durations. They also were characterized by higher daily stream temperatures, similar diel fluctuations, finer substrates, more deciduous overstory and herbaceous understory cover, and lower densities of moderately-decayed large wood. Differences in habitat conditions between stand types may be attributed to timber harvesting as well as discrepancies in physiographic and geological factors, such as elevationgradient, and soil type. Amphibian communities in spring and summer were comprised primarily of the Cascade torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton cascadae), Dunn's salamander (Plethodon dunni), and Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). Amphibian communities in streams in young forest stands exhibited different species composition and seasonal patterns in total density from those in old growth. Cascade torrent salamanders and Dunn's salamanders maintained similar densities and biomass between spring and summer by potentially adopting drought avoidance strategies. Species differed in their use of habitat types and associations with habitat features. In general, amphibian species were positively correlated with percent surface flow, water depth, intermediate-sized substrates and negatively associated with overstory canopy cover, elevation, and wood cover. Results of my study suggest that intermittent streams may warrant protection for their potential effects on downstream habitat and water quality and for their role as habitat for aquatic species, such as amphibians. Streamside vegetation should be maintained along intermittent channels to provide shade protection for water temperature regulation and sources of large woody debris and other allochthonous energy input, to help stabilize slopes, and to minimize erosion and sedimentation. At a minimum, intermittent stream channels should receive protection from physical disturbance during timber harvesting operations. However, since intermittent stream systems are highly variable, management should address individual site conditions and vary accordingly. Title: Amphibian communities and physical characteristics of intermittent streams in old-growth and young forest stands in western Oregon Author: Lee, Yu Man Intermittent, headwater streams recently have been recognized as important components of forest ecosystems and have been provided increased protection by the Northwest Forest Plan. However, few studies have examined their distribution, dynamics, and ecological roles, such as habitat for wildlife. My goal was to provide additional information on the ecology of intermittent streams in the Pacific Northwest. I examined and compared hydrologic, water quality, and physical characteristics of 16 intermittent streams in old-growth and young forest stands in the central Cascade Range in western Oregon. I documented amphibian communities and habitat associations in these streams during spring and summer. I used comparisons of current habitat conditions and amphibian communities between stand types to gain insight into potential impacts of timber harvesting on these stream systems. Of the streams surveyed in old-growth and young forest stands, relatively few (23%) were designated as intermittent based on my definition which included presence of a definable channel, evidence of annual scour and deposition, and lack of surface flow along at least 90% of the stream length. Intermittent streams in old-growth stands exhibited the following characteristics: (1) annual flow pattern in which streams started to dry in May and June and were mostly dry by July; (2) lengthy annual flow durations (range 6-11 months); (3) cool and stable daily stream temperatures; (4) primarily coarse substrates, such as cobbles and pebbles; (5) streamside vegetation comprised of predominantly coniferous overstories, and plant species associated with uplands or dry site conditions, such as Oregon-grape and salal, as well as riparian areas or wet site site conditions, such as Oregon-grape and salal, as well as riparian areas or wet site conditions, such as red alder, oxalis, red huckleberry, and vine maple (Steinblums et al. 1984, Bilby 1988); and (6) low to moderate densities of large wood, mostly moderately- and well-decayed. Study streams in young forest appeared to dry about one to two months later than the streams in old growth but had similar annual flow durations. They also were characterized by higher daily stream temperatures, similar diel fluctuations, finer substrates, more deciduous overstory and herbaceous understory cover, and lower densities of moderately-decayed large wood. Differences in habitat conditions between stand types may be attributed to timber harvesting as well as discrepancies in physiographic and geological factors, such as elevationgradient, and soil type. Amphibian communities in spring and summer were comprised primarily of the Cascade torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton cascadae), Dunn's salamander (Plethodon dunni), and Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). Amphibian communities in streams in young forest stands exhibited different species composition and seasonal patterns in total density from those in old growth. Cascade torrent salamanders and Dunn's salamanders maintained similar densities and biomass between spring and summer by potentially adopting drought avoidance strategies. Species differed in their use of habitat types and associations with habitat features. In general, amphibian species were positively correlated with percent surface flow, water depth, intermediate-sized substrates and negatively associated with overstory canopy cover, elevation, and wood cover. Results of my study suggest that intermittent streams may warrant protection for their potential effects on downstream habitat and water quality and for their role as habitat for aquatic species, such as amphibians. Streamside vegetation should be maintained along intermittent channels to provide shade protection for water temperature regulation and sources of large woody debris and other allochthonous energy input, to help stabilize slopes, and to minimize erosion and sedimentation. At a minimum, intermittent stream channels should receive protection from physical disturbance during timber harvesting operations. However, since intermittent stream systems are highly variable, management should address individual site conditions and vary accordingly. Close

• 30. [Article] The optimal allocation of watershed conservation funding : a case study of the John Day River Basin, Oregon

  This study determines the optimal allocation of watershed conservation funds in the John Day River Basin, Oregon. Fund managers can use a variety of targeting schemes to allocate their limited resources. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The optimal allocation of watershed conservation funding : a case study of the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Skelton, Katharine This study determines the optimal allocation of watershed conservation funds in the John Day River Basin, Oregon. Fund managers can use a variety of targeting schemes to allocate their limited resources. Depending on which targeting criteria is used, they may or may not be achieving the maximum environmental benefits per dollar expended, a policy goal that is increasingly being adopted for conservation programs. Previous studies have provided the theory behind this optimal allocation of funds, but none, to the researcher's knowledge, have attempted a case study to illustrate the optimal allocation of funds as well as the misallocations that could result. Watershed conservation policies are very important, especially here in the Pacific Northwest where salmonid populations are endangered. As stream temperatures are lowered, salmonid recruitment increases. Improvements in riparian vegetation provide stream shade and bank stability. Shade decreases stream temperatures by preventing solar radiation from reaching the stream, while bank stability allows streams to become narrower and deeper, with more vegetative overhang. Narrower streams have less surface area to come in contact with solar radiation and vegetative overhang provides additional shade. A simultaneous equation system was used to estimate stream temperature and fish recruitment models for the thirteen streams studied, classified into three environmental attribute clusters. Fish recruitment models were developed for rainbow trout, Chinook salmon and speckled dace. Marginal values for rainbow trout and Chinook salmon from previous studies were used to calculate the total marginal benefits to society from increasing cold-water salmonid species. The analytical models were the basis for determining the optimal fund allocation, after considering the cumulative, indirect and correlated benefits derived from improving riparian vegetation conditions. Policy managers and previous studies have failed to consider these additional environmental benefits, particularly jointly produced benefits. Two scenarios were determined for the optimal fund allocation, based on the riparian conditions of the surveyed stream reaches. The riparian conditions are reported using a vegetative use index from one (the worst conditions) to four (the best conditions). Under the first scenario, which assumes a full range of riparian conditions, Granite Creek should receive funding priority with $51,756 in marginal social benefits received from improving the streamside vegetative use rating from one to four, for one mile of stream. Deerdorff Creek and Reynolds Creek would be the next two streams to receive funding, respectively, both for a vegetative use improvement from one to two. The second scenario assumes that only vegetative conditions in the surveyed segments exist in the stream. Under these circumstances, only six of the thirteen streams would even be considered for funding, with Granite Creek again receiving priority. Improving the vegetative use rating in Granite Creek from three to four, for one stream mile, will produce $9355 in marginal social benefits. Murderer's Creek and Camp Creek would be the next streams to receive funding for a vegetative use improvement from three to four and one to two, respectively. In addition to determining the optimal fund allocation, discussion is included about the policy implications that would result from ignoring the cumulative, indirect and correlated benefits. For the fund misallocation discussion Granite Creek was assumed to be the stream that should be given funding priority for an improvement from three to four only, with Murderer's Creek and Camp Creek receiving funds second and third, respectively. If an on-site, physical criterion is used as the targeting criteria, such as stream temperatures or the riparian vegetation conditions, then the cumulative benefits will be ignored. Two possible misallocations could result when the cumulative effects are ignored. First, streams with very high temperatures may receive funding, even if improvements in the vegetative use index will not lower temperatures enough so that salmonids can survive. Second, streams that have temperatures below the optimal range for salmonids, but have poor riparian vegetation may be funded. Improving streamside vegetation in those streams would be a misallocation of funds. Targeting based on the highest stream temperature criteria would only consider the direct benefits received from improving streamside vegetation. Under a temperature- based targeting criteria, Alder Creek would be the first stream funded with Mountain and Murderer's Creek following. If we assume only two streams could be funded, then there will be a loss of almost all marginal benefits per stream mile. If the change in the stream temperatures is used as the targeting criteria, and indirect benefits are ignored, then Camp Creek would receive funding priority, with Mountain Creek, Granite Creek and Murderer's Creek following. If it is again assumed that only two streams could be funded, this targeting scheme would result in an approximate loss to society of up to 87 percent in marginal benefits, per stream mile Additionally, all of the indirect benefits need to be taken into consideration in order to optimally allocate funds. If Chinook salmon are ignored, and rainbow trout are the only cold-water species taken into account, then society will forgo around 50 percent of marginal social benefits, per stream mile. This is if we assume two streams are funded, and the South Fork is the second stream to receive funds, rather than Murderer's Creek. Granite Creek would still receive funding priority. Finally, correlated benefits, or warm-water species, need to be considered. In this study ignoring the warm-water species would not effect fund allocation, as a marginal social value for speckled dace was not found. Even if we assume the speckled dace is a proxy for warm-water sport fish, such as bass, and the correlated benefits are taken into consideration, funding priority would still be given to Granite Creek. However, under the same assumptions, if the correlated benefits are ignored in Camp Creek, then society will misallocate funds and lose a small portion of marginal social benefits per stream mile. This study points towards small, high elevation streams being given funding priority. Granite Creek should be the first stream to receive funds in the John Day River basin, when funds are optimally allocated. However, if not all of the environmental benefits are taken into consideration, different streams may be targeted. When a temperature-based targeting scheme is used, Alder Creek would be given funding priority, even though no marginal social benefits would be derived. If the change in stream temperatures is used, Camp Creek will receive funds, with a large loss to society in marginal benefits. If not all of the indirect benefits are considered, the South Fork will be funded over Murderer's Creek, and only half of the possible marginal benefits will be received. Finally, when correlated benefits were ignored, the fund allocation in this study was not affected. However, fund managers still have to consider the tradeoffs involved between warm and cold-water adapted fish species. This is especially true if warm-water sport fish or endangered species are the jointly produced benefits. Failing to include all of the environmental benefits that are produced when conservation programs are initiated will lead policy managers to target the wrong streams or basins, and misallocate funds. In addition, using the wrong criteria to prioritize watersheds will also lead managers to misallocate funds. Funds should be allocated so that the total value of environmental benefits is maximized, and not the total amount of resources saved. Title: The optimal allocation of watershed conservation funding : a case study of the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Skelton, Katharine This study determines the optimal allocation of watershed conservation funds in the John Day River Basin, Oregon. Fund managers can use a variety of targeting schemes to allocate their limited resources. Depending on which targeting criteria is used, they may or may not be achieving the maximum environmental benefits per dollar expended, a policy goal that is increasingly being adopted for conservation programs. Previous studies have provided the theory behind this optimal allocation of funds, but none, to the researcher's knowledge, have attempted a case study to illustrate the optimal allocation of funds as well as the misallocations that could result. Watershed conservation policies are very important, especially here in the Pacific Northwest where salmonid populations are endangered. As stream temperatures are lowered, salmonid recruitment increases. Improvements in riparian vegetation provide stream shade and bank stability. Shade decreases stream temperatures by preventing solar radiation from reaching the stream, while bank stability allows streams to become narrower and deeper, with more vegetative overhang. Narrower streams have less surface area to come in contact with solar radiation and vegetative overhang provides additional shade. A simultaneous equation system was used to estimate stream temperature and fish recruitment models for the thirteen streams studied, classified into three environmental attribute clusters. Fish recruitment models were developed for rainbow trout, Chinook salmon and speckled dace. Marginal values for rainbow trout and Chinook salmon from previous studies were used to calculate the total marginal benefits to society from increasing cold-water salmonid species. The analytical models were the basis for determining the optimal fund allocation, after considering the cumulative, indirect and correlated benefits derived from improving riparian vegetation conditions. Policy managers and previous studies have failed to consider these additional environmental benefits, particularly jointly produced benefits. Two scenarios were determined for the optimal fund allocation, based on the riparian conditions of the surveyed stream reaches. The riparian conditions are reported using a vegetative use index from one (the worst conditions) to four (the best conditions). Under the first scenario, which assumes a full range of riparian conditions, Granite Creek should receive funding priority with $51,756 in marginal social benefits received from improving the streamside vegetative use rating from one to four, for one mile of stream. Deerdorff Creek and Reynolds Creek would be the next two streams to receive funding, respectively, both for a vegetative use improvement from one to two. The second scenario assumes that only vegetative conditions in the surveyed segments exist in the stream. Under these circumstances, only six of the thirteen streams would even be considered for funding, with Granite Creek again receiving priority. Improving the vegetative use rating in Granite Creek from three to four, for one stream mile, will produce $9355 in marginal social benefits. Murderer's Creek and Camp Creek would be the next streams to receive funding for a vegetative use improvement from three to four and one to two, respectively. In addition to determining the optimal fund allocation, discussion is included about the policy implications that would result from ignoring the cumulative, indirect and correlated benefits. For the fund misallocation discussion Granite Creek was assumed to be the stream that should be given funding priority for an improvement from three to four only, with Murderer's Creek and Camp Creek receiving funds second and third, respectively. If an on-site, physical criterion is used as the targeting criteria, such as stream temperatures or the riparian vegetation conditions, then the cumulative benefits will be ignored. Two possible misallocations could result when the cumulative effects are ignored. First, streams with very high temperatures may receive funding, even if improvements in the vegetative use index will not lower temperatures enough so that salmonids can survive. Second, streams that have temperatures below the optimal range for salmonids, but have poor riparian vegetation may be funded. Improving streamside vegetation in those streams would be a misallocation of funds. Targeting based on the highest stream temperature criteria would only consider the direct benefits received from improving streamside vegetation. Under a temperature- based targeting criteria, Alder Creek would be the first stream funded with Mountain and Murderer's Creek following. If we assume only two streams could be funded, then there will be a loss of almost all marginal benefits per stream mile. If the change in the stream temperatures is used as the targeting criteria, and indirect benefits are ignored, then Camp Creek would receive funding priority, with Mountain Creek, Granite Creek and Murderer's Creek following. If it is again assumed that only two streams could be funded, this targeting scheme would result in an approximate loss to society of up to 87 percent in marginal benefits, per stream mile Additionally, all of the indirect benefits need to be taken into consideration in order to optimally allocate funds. If Chinook salmon are ignored, and rainbow trout are the only cold-water species taken into account, then society will forgo around 50 percent of marginal social benefits, per stream mile. This is if we assume two streams are funded, and the South Fork is the second stream to receive funds, rather than Murderer's Creek. Granite Creek would still receive funding priority. Finally, correlated benefits, or warm-water species, need to be considered. In this study ignoring the warm-water species would not effect fund allocation, as a marginal social value for speckled dace was not found. Even if we assume the speckled dace is a proxy for warm-water sport fish, such as bass, and the correlated benefits are taken into consideration, funding priority would still be given to Granite Creek. However, under the same assumptions, if the correlated benefits are ignored in Camp Creek, then society will misallocate funds and lose a small portion of marginal social benefits per stream mile. This study points towards small, high elevation streams being given funding priority. Granite Creek should be the first stream to receive funds in the John Day River basin, when funds are optimally allocated. However, if not all of the environmental benefits are taken into consideration, different streams may be targeted. When a temperature-based targeting scheme is used, Alder Creek would be given funding priority, even though no marginal social benefits would be derived. If the change in stream temperatures is used, Camp Creek will receive funds, with a large loss to society in marginal benefits. If not all of the indirect benefits are considered, the South Fork will be funded over Murderer's Creek, and only half of the possible marginal benefits will be received. Finally, when correlated benefits were ignored, the fund allocation in this study was not affected. However, fund managers still have to consider the tradeoffs involved between warm and cold-water adapted fish species. This is especially true if warm-water sport fish or endangered species are the jointly produced benefits. Failing to include all of the environmental benefits that are produced when conservation programs are initiated will lead policy managers to target the wrong streams or basins, and misallocate funds. In addition, using the wrong criteria to prioritize watersheds will also lead managers to misallocate funds. Funds should be allocated so that the total value of environmental benefits is maximized, and not the total amount of resources saved. Close

• 31. [Article] Trout studies and a stream survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trout studies and a stream survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Wallis, O. L. Title: Trout studies and a stream survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Wallis, O. L. Close

• 32. [Article] A survey of the waters of the South Umpqua Ranger District : Umpqua National Forest

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A survey of the waters of the South Umpqua Ranger District : Umpqua National Forest Author: Roth, A. R. Title: A survey of the waters of the South Umpqua Ranger District : Umpqua National Forest Author: Roth, A. R. Close

• 33. [Article] A suggested outline and procedure for making a sanitary stream survey with particular reference to Mary's River of Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A suggested outline and procedure for making a sanitary stream survey with particular reference to Mary's River of Oregon Author: Morgan, William D. Title: A suggested outline and procedure for making a sanitary stream survey with particular reference to Mary's River of Oregon Author: Morgan, William D. Close

• 34. [Article] Ocean data assimilation using optimal interpolation with a quasi-geostrophic model

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ocean data assimilation using optimal interpolation with a quasi-geostrophic model Author: Miller, Robert N., Rienecker, Michele M. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Ocean data assimilation using optimal interpolation with a quasi-geostrophic model Author: Miller, Robert N., Rienecker, Michele M. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 35. [Article] Response of western Oregon stream temperatures to contemporary forest management

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final draft as accepted by the publisher. The final version is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at the Forest Ecology and Management website: http://www.elsev...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of western Oregon stream temperatures to contemporary forest management Author: Madsen, Lisa J., Dent, Liz, Groom, Jeremiah D., Fleuret, Jennifer This is the author's peer-reviewed final draft as accepted by the publisher. The final version is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at the Forest Ecology and Management website: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503310/description Title: Response of western Oregon stream temperatures to contemporary forest management Author: Madsen, Lisa J., Dent, Liz, Groom, Jeremiah D., Fleuret, Jennifer This is the author's peer-reviewed final draft as accepted by the publisher. The final version is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at the Forest Ecology and Management website: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503310/description Close

• 36. [Article] Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populations in two coastal Oregon streams

  The effects of beaver (Castor canadensis) on stream morphology, riparian zones, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry in Cape and Cummins Creeks, Oregon, were examined using stream surveys, vegetation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populations in two coastal Oregon streams Author: Bruner, Karen L. The effects of beaver (Castor canadensis) on stream morphology, riparian zones, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry in Cape and Cummins Creeks, Oregon, were examined using stream surveys, vegetation transects, and coho salmon fry counts in 1987. The basin around Cape Creek has been extensively logged since the late 1940's. Cummins Creek is surrounded by primarily old-growth forest. Cape Creek had higher densities of coho fry (P < 0.0004) than Cummins Creek. Coho fry were two to ten times more numerous in pools (P < 0.001) than in glides or riffles, respectively. The density of beaver dams in the autumn on the two streams was 1.2 and 1.1 dams/km on Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. By building dams, beaver added 7% and 14% more pool habitat in Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. This extra pool habitat was used by coho fry. Beaver ponds were larger than non-beaver ponds and thus contained more coho fry per pond. Densities of coho fry were, however, the same between beaver and non-beaver ponds. Beaver preferred to cut salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), alder (Alnus rubra), and vine maple (Acer circinatum) stems 2-9 cm in diameter for food and dam construction. Mean distance from the stream for foraging was 17.5 m (SDS=10.1). Beaver foraged up to 90 in from the stream bank along tributaries. The percentage of available stems (for salmonberry, alder, and vine maple) cut for the small size class (0.5-3 cm) decreased after 5 in from the stream, after 20 in for the medium size class (3-9 cm) and remained stable out to 30 m for the large size class ( > 9 cm). Most cutting tended to be upstream of the dam site. The mean area affected by cutting around the dam site was 1944 sq. in (SD=921 sq. m). Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide; midstory conifer cover; overstory conifer cover; and vine maple cover were factors that separated used beaver sites from unused random sites using stepwise discriminant analysis. Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide was positively associated with the discriminant function and accounted for 50% of the variability in the discriminant function. Vine maple cover was also positively associated with dam location in the discriminant function, while midstory and overstory conifer covers were negatively associated with the dam location. Based on the results of this study, I believe beaver provide extra coho salmon rearing habitat, especially in late summer during reduced water flows. In heavily managed streams, beaver may be able to provide structure and stability in the stream at a much lower cost than stream rehabilitation projects. Title: Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populations in two coastal Oregon streams Author: Bruner, Karen L. The effects of beaver (Castor canadensis) on stream morphology, riparian zones, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry in Cape and Cummins Creeks, Oregon, were examined using stream surveys, vegetation transects, and coho salmon fry counts in 1987. The basin around Cape Creek has been extensively logged since the late 1940's. Cummins Creek is surrounded by primarily old-growth forest. Cape Creek had higher densities of coho fry (P < 0.0004) than Cummins Creek. Coho fry were two to ten times more numerous in pools (P < 0.001) than in glides or riffles, respectively. The density of beaver dams in the autumn on the two streams was 1.2 and 1.1 dams/km on Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. By building dams, beaver added 7% and 14% more pool habitat in Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. This extra pool habitat was used by coho fry. Beaver ponds were larger than non-beaver ponds and thus contained more coho fry per pond. Densities of coho fry were, however, the same between beaver and non-beaver ponds. Beaver preferred to cut salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), alder (Alnus rubra), and vine maple (Acer circinatum) stems 2-9 cm in diameter for food and dam construction. Mean distance from the stream for foraging was 17.5 m (SDS=10.1). Beaver foraged up to 90 in from the stream bank along tributaries. The percentage of available stems (for salmonberry, alder, and vine maple) cut for the small size class (0.5-3 cm) decreased after 5 in from the stream, after 20 in for the medium size class (3-9 cm) and remained stable out to 30 m for the large size class ( > 9 cm). Most cutting tended to be upstream of the dam site. The mean area affected by cutting around the dam site was 1944 sq. in (SD=921 sq. m). Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide; midstory conifer cover; overstory conifer cover; and vine maple cover were factors that separated used beaver sites from unused random sites using stepwise discriminant analysis. Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide was positively associated with the discriminant function and accounted for 50% of the variability in the discriminant function. Vine maple cover was also positively associated with dam location in the discriminant function, while midstory and overstory conifer covers were negatively associated with the dam location. Based on the results of this study, I believe beaver provide extra coho salmon rearing habitat, especially in late summer during reduced water flows. In heavily managed streams, beaver may be able to provide structure and stability in the stream at a much lower cost than stream rehabilitation projects. Close

• 37. [Article] A physical inventory of streams in the Upper Willamette Watershed above the confluence of middle and coast forks of Willamette River : 1964

  Dimensions of paper map: 37" x 37.5".

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A physical inventory of streams in the Upper Willamette Watershed above the confluence of middle and coast forks of Willamette River : 1964 Author: Oregon. State Game Commission. Basin Investigations Section, Thompson, Kenneth E. Dimensions of paper map: 37" x 37.5". Title: A physical inventory of streams in the Upper Willamette Watershed above the confluence of middle and coast forks of Willamette River : 1964 Author: Oregon. State Game Commission. Basin Investigations Section, Thompson, Kenneth E. Dimensions of paper map: 37" x 37.5". Close

• 38. [Article] FEMA floodplain geographic data for select streams in Wallowa County, Oregon

  This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: FEMA floodplain geographic data for select streams in Wallowa County, Oregon Author: Smith, Dawn, Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Title: FEMA floodplain geographic data for select streams in Wallowa County, Oregon Author: Smith, Dawn, Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Close

• 39. [Article] Geospatial depiction of rivers and streams located within Wallowa County, Oregon

  This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geospatial depiction of rivers and streams located within Wallowa County, Oregon Author: Northwest Hydrography Framework, Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Title: Geospatial depiction of rivers and streams located within Wallowa County, Oregon Author: Northwest Hydrography Framework, Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Close

• 40. [Article] Stream channel response to peak flows in a fifth-order mountain watershed

  This investigation explored how the magnitude, style, and frequency of channel adjustments vary spatially and over time within a 5th-order mountain watershed. Historical data sets, including repeated cross ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream channel response to peak flows in a fifth-order mountain watershed Author: Faustini, John M. This investigation explored how the magnitude, style, and frequency of channel adjustments vary spatially and over time within a 5th-order mountain watershed. Historical data sets, including repeated cross section surveys spanning up to 20 years at five sites on 2nd to 5th-order channels and streamflow records spanning up to 50 years, were supplemented by mapping and field reconnaissance activities. The study had two major parts. The first focused on two adjacent, contrasting stream reaches to examine the influence of large woody debris (LWD) on channel morphology and channel response to peak flows in a 3rd-order stream. The upper reach flows through old-growth forest with abundant LWD, while the lower reach was clearcut in 1964-65 and contains little LWD. A 25-year flood in 1996 caused deposition upstream of LWD steps in the old-growth reach alternating with scour between steps, resulting in no net gain or loss of sediment within the reach, while extensive scour and coarsening of the bed occurred in the clearcut reach. These observations suggest that reach-scale channel response was strongly influenced by LWD abundance, but that response at finer scales depends critically on the details of the location and arrangement of LWD. The second part of the study examined the dynamics of channel response to peak flows over two decades, and to two particular large floods during that period, in different portions of the channel network. The cross section data show that the streambed at the study sites is very stable, particularly in lower-order channels. Peak flows that produced detectable change at 90% of cross sections-flows able to cause significant channel adjustments-recur approximately three times as frequently (every 6-7 years) in 4`" to 5`h-order Lookout Creek as in 3rd-order Mack Creek (20-25 years). Flows that produced detectable change at 25% of cross sections are estimated to occur on average every 1.7 to 3.0 years at the study sites. It is estimated that if peak flows of all sizes were increased by only 10% due to anthropogenic impacts (e.g., logging) or climate change, the frequency of peak flows of a magnitude observed to produce significant channel adjustments would increase by approximately 30% in Lookout Creek and 60% in Mack Creek. Title: Stream channel response to peak flows in a fifth-order mountain watershed Author: Faustini, John M. This investigation explored how the magnitude, style, and frequency of channel adjustments vary spatially and over time within a 5th-order mountain watershed. Historical data sets, including repeated cross section surveys spanning up to 20 years at five sites on 2nd to 5th-order channels and streamflow records spanning up to 50 years, were supplemented by mapping and field reconnaissance activities. The study had two major parts. The first focused on two adjacent, contrasting stream reaches to examine the influence of large woody debris (LWD) on channel morphology and channel response to peak flows in a 3rd-order stream. The upper reach flows through old-growth forest with abundant LWD, while the lower reach was clearcut in 1964-65 and contains little LWD. A 25-year flood in 1996 caused deposition upstream of LWD steps in the old-growth reach alternating with scour between steps, resulting in no net gain or loss of sediment within the reach, while extensive scour and coarsening of the bed occurred in the clearcut reach. These observations suggest that reach-scale channel response was strongly influenced by LWD abundance, but that response at finer scales depends critically on the details of the location and arrangement of LWD. The second part of the study examined the dynamics of channel response to peak flows over two decades, and to two particular large floods during that period, in different portions of the channel network. The cross section data show that the streambed at the study sites is very stable, particularly in lower-order channels. Peak flows that produced detectable change at 90% of cross sections-flows able to cause significant channel adjustments-recur approximately three times as frequently (every 6-7 years) in 4`" to 5`h-order Lookout Creek as in 3rd-order Mack Creek (20-25 years). Flows that produced detectable change at 25% of cross sections are estimated to occur on average every 1.7 to 3.0 years at the study sites. It is estimated that if peak flows of all sizes were increased by only 10% due to anthropogenic impacts (e.g., logging) or climate change, the frequency of peak flows of a magnitude observed to produce significant channel adjustments would increase by approximately 30% in Lookout Creek and 60% in Mack Creek. Close

• 41. [Article] Thinning and in-stream wood recruitment in riparian second growth forests in coastal Oregon and the use of buffers and tree tipping as mitigation

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Northeast Forestry ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thinning and in-stream wood recruitment in riparian second growth forests in coastal Oregon and the use of buffers and tree tipping as mitigation Author: Litschert, S. E., Reeves, Gordon, Pabst, Robert, Benda, Lee E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag. It is published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11676 Title: Thinning and in-stream wood recruitment in riparian second growth forests in coastal Oregon and the use of buffers and tree tipping as mitigation Author: Litschert, S. E., Reeves, Gordon, Pabst, Robert, Benda, Lee E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag. It is published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11676 Close

• 42. [Article] Studies on increasing the production of anadromous salmonids in Oregon coast lakes and streams : annual report July 1, 1967 - June 30, 1968

  This report on departmental activities describes "physical stream and lake surveys, spawning fish surveys and individual investigations of particular human activities which might affeot the well being ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies on increasing the production of anadromous salmonids in Oregon coast lakes and streams : annual report July 1, 1967 - June 30, 1968 Author: Oregon. Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation This report on departmental activities describes "physical stream and lake surveys, spawning fish surveys and individual investigations of particular human activities which might affeot the well being of the salmon resource. The advent of federal cooperation has allowed an expansion of activities to include intensive collection of data on streams and lakes which have potential for salmon hatcheries." (from the Introduction) Title: Studies on increasing the production of anadromous salmonids in Oregon coast lakes and streams : annual report July 1, 1967 - June 30, 1968 Author: Oregon. Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation This report on departmental activities describes "physical stream and lake surveys, spawning fish surveys and individual investigations of particular human activities which might affeot the well being of the salmon resource. The advent of federal cooperation has allowed an expansion of activities to include intensive collection of data on streams and lakes which have potential for salmon hatcheries." (from the Introduction) Close

• 43. [Article] A physical and chemical characterization of stream water draining three Oregon Coast Range catchments

  Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was conducted to determine if current physical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A physical and chemical characterization of stream water draining three Oregon Coast Range catchments Author: Hale, V. Cody Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was conducted to determine if current physical and chemical properties of water in three streams located in the Oregon Coast Range differed from historically measured conditions, taking differences in past management regimes into account. In addition, this research provides an assessment of spatial and temporal variability in nitratenitrogen (N) concentrations and summer stream temperatures within each catchment. The three research catchments were part of the Alsea Watershed Study (1959- 1973), where effects of forest management practices were examined using a pairedwatershed study design. One catchment, Needle Branch, was clear-cut with no protection provided to the stream. Harvesting in Needle Branch was followed by an intense broadcast burn to remove logging slash. Another catchment, Deer Creek, was patch-cut in three small units resulting in a 25% harvest of the total catchment area, but buffers were retained along fish-bearing streams. The third catchment, Flynn Creek, was used as a control. In this revisit to the Alsea Watersheds, measurements were conducted continuously (discharge, turbidity), intermittently (suspended sediments), and at regular intervals (nitrate-N) for one year between October 2005 and September 2006. Summertime stream temperature was also measured every half-hour from mid-June to mid-September. Comparisons of recent data with historic data show no detectable changes over time for streamflow characteristics (annual runoff volume, peak flow discharges, and number of low-flow days), annual sediment yield, or summer maximum stream temperatures. Current nitrate-N export was similar to historically measured values for Flynn Creek and Deer Creek; however, export at Needle Branch was increased over past levels. This observation may be caused by dense colonization of the riparian area with red alder (Alnus rubra), a N-fixing species, following the 1966 harvest. Patterns of nitrate-N concentration varied throughout each catchment and are likely influenced by the current distribution of red alder stands. Synoptically measured stream temperatures were variable along each stream’s longitudinal profile. The ability to meet Oregon’s water quality standard for temperature was dependent on measurement location and method of analysis. Evaluating individual sampling points as discrete records resulted in each stream exceeding the standard for at least one measurement location, whereas evaluating the criteria based on the mean of all data collected within the mainstem stream excluded Flynn Creek and Needle Branch from violation. These results highlight the physical and chemical variability of stream water draining Oregon Coast Range headwater catchments and provide insight as to where future work should be focused to gain a more thorough understanding of these dynamic systems. Title: A physical and chemical characterization of stream water draining three Oregon Coast Range catchments Author: Hale, V. Cody Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was conducted to determine if current physical and chemical properties of water in three streams located in the Oregon Coast Range differed from historically measured conditions, taking differences in past management regimes into account. In addition, this research provides an assessment of spatial and temporal variability in nitratenitrogen (N) concentrations and summer stream temperatures within each catchment. The three research catchments were part of the Alsea Watershed Study (1959- 1973), where effects of forest management practices were examined using a pairedwatershed study design. One catchment, Needle Branch, was clear-cut with no protection provided to the stream. Harvesting in Needle Branch was followed by an intense broadcast burn to remove logging slash. Another catchment, Deer Creek, was patch-cut in three small units resulting in a 25% harvest of the total catchment area, but buffers were retained along fish-bearing streams. The third catchment, Flynn Creek, was used as a control. In this revisit to the Alsea Watersheds, measurements were conducted continuously (discharge, turbidity), intermittently (suspended sediments), and at regular intervals (nitrate-N) for one year between October 2005 and September 2006. Summertime stream temperature was also measured every half-hour from mid-June to mid-September. Comparisons of recent data with historic data show no detectable changes over time for streamflow characteristics (annual runoff volume, peak flow discharges, and number of low-flow days), annual sediment yield, or summer maximum stream temperatures. Current nitrate-N export was similar to historically measured values for Flynn Creek and Deer Creek; however, export at Needle Branch was increased over past levels. This observation may be caused by dense colonization of the riparian area with red alder (Alnus rubra), a N-fixing species, following the 1966 harvest. Patterns of nitrate-N concentration varied throughout each catchment and are likely influenced by the current distribution of red alder stands. Synoptically measured stream temperatures were variable along each stream’s longitudinal profile. The ability to meet Oregon’s water quality standard for temperature was dependent on measurement location and method of analysis. Evaluating individual sampling points as discrete records resulted in each stream exceeding the standard for at least one measurement location, whereas evaluating the criteria based on the mean of all data collected within the mainstem stream excluded Flynn Creek and Needle Branch from violation. These results highlight the physical and chemical variability of stream water draining Oregon Coast Range headwater catchments and provide insight as to where future work should be focused to gain a more thorough understanding of these dynamic systems. Close

• 44. [Article] Spawning Coho and Chinook Salmon Surveys in Coastal Watersheds of Oregon, 1976

  This document provides the methods and summary of continued surveys on spawning Chinook and Coho salmon in coastal streams of Oregon for 1950-1976.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning Coho and Chinook Salmon Surveys in Coastal Watersheds of Oregon, 1976 Author: Oregon. Department of Fish & Wildlife, Cummings, Ed This document provides the methods and summary of continued surveys on spawning Chinook and Coho salmon in coastal streams of Oregon for 1950-1976. Title: Spawning Coho and Chinook Salmon Surveys in Coastal Watersheds of Oregon, 1976 Author: Oregon. Department of Fish & Wildlife, Cummings, Ed This document provides the methods and summary of continued surveys on spawning Chinook and Coho salmon in coastal streams of Oregon for 1950-1976. Close

• 45. [Article] Coarse woody debris in streams of the Drift Creek Basin, Oregon

  This study examined the occurrence of coarse woody debris (i.e., pieces greater than 0.15 m in diameter and 2.0 m in length) in first- through fifth-order streams located within the Drift Creek Basin of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coarse woody debris in streams of the Drift Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Veldhuisen, Curt N. This study examined the occurrence of coarse woody debris (i.e., pieces greater than 0.15 m in diameter and 2.0 m in length) in first- through fifth-order streams located within the Drift Creek Basin of the Oregon Coast Range. Nine "tributary reaches" were surveyed to determine how three land management treatments (undisturbed, patch clearcut with buffer strip, and entirely clearcut) and/or geomorphology were associated with CWD loadings or piece characteristics. An additional 45 km of third- to fifth-order channels were surveyed to identify CWD distribution patterns over changing stream size. All surveys recorded channel characteristics and the dimensions and attributes of each CWD piece. Coarse woody debris loadings varied greatly (11 to 62 pieces/lOOm, 0.3 to 4.3 m³/100m² of inchannel volume) between the tributary reaches, but were not significantly (p > 0.10) related to harvest treatment. However, reaches associated with clearcut treatment contained less hardwood CWD and pieces were significantly shorter, and more decayed than in the other treatments. This suggested that little CWD recruitment had occurred in the 15 to 20 years since harvest. The undisturbed and buffer strip tributaries contained CWD that reflected continued recruitment of both hardwood and conifer trees. Inchannel CWD loadings averaged 0.44 m³/100m² and decreased significantly (p < 0.01, r² = 0.68) with drainage area. Coarse woody debris frequency and total loading averaged 10 pieces/lOOm and 14 m³/lOOm, respectively, and were not significantly related to stream size. The percentage of total CWD volume within the channel increased with stream order and decreased with increasing channel gradient. "Large" debris pieces (i.e., pieces greater than 0.5 m in diameter and 10 m in length) were particularly frequent in the gorge-like reaches of the Drift Creek Wilderness. Over one third of the CWD pieces in larger channels occurred within debris jams. Coarse woody debris loadings in the Drift Creek Basin appear to be lower than other forested streams in the Pacific Northwest. It is concluded that past stream cleaning, harvesting, and basin geomorphology have influenced CWD loadings within the Basin. However, the effects of nineteenth century forest fires on stand characteristics and debris recruitment trends appear to be a major cause of the observed CWD loadings. Title: Coarse woody debris in streams of the Drift Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Veldhuisen, Curt N. This study examined the occurrence of coarse woody debris (i.e., pieces greater than 0.15 m in diameter and 2.0 m in length) in first- through fifth-order streams located within the Drift Creek Basin of the Oregon Coast Range. Nine "tributary reaches" were surveyed to determine how three land management treatments (undisturbed, patch clearcut with buffer strip, and entirely clearcut) and/or geomorphology were associated with CWD loadings or piece characteristics. An additional 45 km of third- to fifth-order channels were surveyed to identify CWD distribution patterns over changing stream size. All surveys recorded channel characteristics and the dimensions and attributes of each CWD piece. Coarse woody debris loadings varied greatly (11 to 62 pieces/lOOm, 0.3 to 4.3 m³/100m² of inchannel volume) between the tributary reaches, but were not significantly (p > 0.10) related to harvest treatment. However, reaches associated with clearcut treatment contained less hardwood CWD and pieces were significantly shorter, and more decayed than in the other treatments. This suggested that little CWD recruitment had occurred in the 15 to 20 years since harvest. The undisturbed and buffer strip tributaries contained CWD that reflected continued recruitment of both hardwood and conifer trees. Inchannel CWD loadings averaged 0.44 m³/100m² and decreased significantly (p < 0.01, r² = 0.68) with drainage area. Coarse woody debris frequency and total loading averaged 10 pieces/lOOm and 14 m³/lOOm, respectively, and were not significantly related to stream size. The percentage of total CWD volume within the channel increased with stream order and decreased with increasing channel gradient. "Large" debris pieces (i.e., pieces greater than 0.5 m in diameter and 10 m in length) were particularly frequent in the gorge-like reaches of the Drift Creek Wilderness. Over one third of the CWD pieces in larger channels occurred within debris jams. Coarse woody debris loadings in the Drift Creek Basin appear to be lower than other forested streams in the Pacific Northwest. It is concluded that past stream cleaning, harvesting, and basin geomorphology have influenced CWD loadings within the Basin. However, the effects of nineteenth century forest fires on stand characteristics and debris recruitment trends appear to be a major cause of the observed CWD loadings. Close

• 46. [Article] Changes in hyporheic exchange flow following experimental wood removal in a small, low-gradient stream

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Changes in hyporheic exchange flow following experimental wood removal in a small, low-gradient stream Author: Haggerty, Roy, Edwards, Richard T., LaNier, Justin, Wondzell, Steven M., Woodsmith, Richard D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Title: Changes in hyporheic exchange flow following experimental wood removal in a small, low-gradient stream Author: Haggerty, Roy, Edwards, Richard T., LaNier, Justin, Wondzell, Steven M., Woodsmith, Richard D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Close

• 47. [Article] Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade Mountains : composition, biomass, and autumn phenology

  Sixteen understory plant communities in the riparian zones of small streams are identified and described. They range from pioneer communities on gravel and rock to well-developed shrub communities on flood plains ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade Mountains : composition, biomass, and autumn phenology Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Campbell, Alsie Gilbert, Franklin, Jerry F. Sixteen understory plant communities in the riparian zones of small streams are identified and described. They range from pioneer communities on gravel and rock to well-developed shrub communities on flood plains and terraces. Several other vegetation types are discussed. Distribution of communities within the riparian zone is also discussed. A survey of nine small streams shows the Acer circinatum community to have the widest distribution and highest cover, but the Rubus spectabilis/Ribes bracteosum community is somewhat more common in the active zone. Biomass estimates are made for riparian vegetation along three stream segments. Total foliar production for 1976 is calculated for all vegetation, for communities, and for individual species. The percentage of each type of foliage which may reach the stream directly, indirectly, or not at all is estimated. Abscission and fall senescence for thirteen species was monitored. Leafy and herbaceous detrital input is timed. Rates of leaf fall and decadence are related to environmental factors. Title: Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade Mountains : composition, biomass, and autumn phenology Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Campbell, Alsie Gilbert, Franklin, Jerry F. Sixteen understory plant communities in the riparian zones of small streams are identified and described. They range from pioneer communities on gravel and rock to well-developed shrub communities on flood plains and terraces. Several other vegetation types are discussed. Distribution of communities within the riparian zone is also discussed. A survey of nine small streams shows the Acer circinatum community to have the widest distribution and highest cover, but the Rubus spectabilis/Ribes bracteosum community is somewhat more common in the active zone. Biomass estimates are made for riparian vegetation along three stream segments. Total foliar production for 1976 is calculated for all vegetation, for communities, and for individual species. The percentage of each type of foliage which may reach the stream directly, indirectly, or not at all is estimated. Abscission and fall senescence for thirteen species was monitored. Leafy and herbaceous detrital input is timed. Rates of leaf fall and decadence are related to environmental factors. Close

• 48. [Article] The potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (Oregon, USA)

  The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (Oregon, USA) Author: Palacios, Kelly C. The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted to learn why the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), a culturally and ecologically important species, was declining in the streams within their native land area. The project included interviewing native elders, characterizing stream habitat, monitoring water quality, creating a geographic information system (GIS) and educating tribal members on the cultural and ecological importance of the Pacific lamprey. Dynamic segmentation, a GIS data structure, was used to link standard stream survey data on the river unit scale to a base stream coverage (1:24,000). Dynamic segmentation efficiently associates georeferenced data to a linear feature, thus allowing the data to be readily assessable on desktop computer systems. To be more useful to the tribal and local resource managers, it is recommended that these GIS coverages of aquatic habitat should be used in conjunction with additional data coverages and basic regional models for watershed analysis and better management of aquatic ecosystems. Title: The potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (Oregon, USA) Author: Palacios, Kelly C. The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted to learn why the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), a culturally and ecologically important species, was declining in the streams within their native land area. The project included interviewing native elders, characterizing stream habitat, monitoring water quality, creating a geographic information system (GIS) and educating tribal members on the cultural and ecological importance of the Pacific lamprey. Dynamic segmentation, a GIS data structure, was used to link standard stream survey data on the river unit scale to a base stream coverage (1:24,000). Dynamic segmentation efficiently associates georeferenced data to a linear feature, thus allowing the data to be readily assessable on desktop computer systems. To be more useful to the tribal and local resource managers, it is recommended that these GIS coverages of aquatic habitat should be used in conjunction with additional data coverages and basic regional models for watershed analysis and better management of aquatic ecosystems. Close

• 49. [Article] The Potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific Lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians

  The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific Lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Author: Palacios, Kelly C. The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted to learn why the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), a culturally and ecologically important species, was declining in the streams within their native land area. The project included interviewing native elders, characterizing stream habitat, monitoring water quality, creating a geographic information system (GIS) and educating tribal members on the cultural and ecological importance of the Pacific lamprey. Dynamic segmentation, a GIS data structure, was used to link standard stream survey data on the river unit scale to a base stream coverage (1:24,000). Dynamic segmentation efficiently associates georeferenced data to a linear feature, thus allowing the data to be readily assessable on desktop computer systems. To be more useful to the tribal and local resource managers, it is recommended that these GIS coverages of aquatic habitat should be used in conjunction with additional data coverages and basic regional models for watershed analysis and better management of aquatic ecosystems. Title: The Potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific Lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians Author: Palacios, Kelly C. The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted to learn why the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), a culturally and ecologically important species, was declining in the streams within their native land area. The project included interviewing native elders, characterizing stream habitat, monitoring water quality, creating a geographic information system (GIS) and educating tribal members on the cultural and ecological importance of the Pacific lamprey. Dynamic segmentation, a GIS data structure, was used to link standard stream survey data on the river unit scale to a base stream coverage (1:24,000). Dynamic segmentation efficiently associates georeferenced data to a linear feature, thus allowing the data to be readily assessable on desktop computer systems. To be more useful to the tribal and local resource managers, it is recommended that these GIS coverages of aquatic habitat should be used in conjunction with additional data coverages and basic regional models for watershed analysis and better management of aquatic ecosystems. Close

• 50. [Article] Biology and distribution of the Dicosmoecinae (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in western North America

  Literature and museum records have been reviewed to provide a summary on the distribution, habitat associations and biology of six western North American Dicosmoecinae genera and the single eastern North American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biology and distribution of the Dicosmoecinae (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in western North America Author: Wisseman, Robert William Literature and museum records have been reviewed to provide a summary on the distribution, habitat associations and biology of six western North American Dicosmoecinae genera and the single eastern North American genus, Ironoquia. Results of this survey are presented and discussed for Allocosmoecus, Amphicosmoecus and Ecclisomvia. Field studies were conducted in western Oregon on the life-histories of four species, Dicosmoecus atripes, D. failvipes, Onocosmoecus unicolor and Ecclisocosmoecus scvlla. Although there are similarities between genera in the general habitat requirements, the differences or variability is such that we cannot generalize to a "typical" dicosmoecine life-history strategy. A common thread for the subfamily is the association with cool, montane streams. However, within this stream category habitat associations range from semi-aquatic, through first-order specialists, to river inhabitants. In feeding habits most species are omnivorous, but they range from being primarily detritivorous to algal grazers. The seasonal occurrence of the various life stages and voltinism patterns are also variable. Larvae show inter- and intraspecific segregation in the utilization of food resources and microhabitats in streams. Larval life-history patterns appear to be closely linked to seasonal regimes in stream discharge. A functional role for the various types of case architecture seen between and within species is examined. Manipulation of case architecture appears to enable efficient utilization of a changing seasonal pattern of microhabitats and food resources. Title: Biology and distribution of the Dicosmoecinae (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in western North America Author: Wisseman, Robert William Literature and museum records have been reviewed to provide a summary on the distribution, habitat associations and biology of six western North American Dicosmoecinae genera and the single eastern North American genus, Ironoquia. Results of this survey are presented and discussed for Allocosmoecus, Amphicosmoecus and Ecclisomvia. Field studies were conducted in western Oregon on the life-histories of four species, Dicosmoecus atripes, D. failvipes, Onocosmoecus unicolor and Ecclisocosmoecus scvlla. Although there are similarities between genera in the general habitat requirements, the differences or variability is such that we cannot generalize to a "typical" dicosmoecine life-history strategy. A common thread for the subfamily is the association with cool, montane streams. However, within this stream category habitat associations range from semi-aquatic, through first-order specialists, to river inhabitants. In feeding habits most species are omnivorous, but they range from being primarily detritivorous to algal grazers. The seasonal occurrence of the various life stages and voltinism patterns are also variable. Larvae show inter- and intraspecific segregation in the utilization of food resources and microhabitats in streams. Larval life-history patterns appear to be closely linked to seasonal regimes in stream discharge. A functional role for the various types of case architecture seen between and within species is examined. Manipulation of case architecture appears to enable efficient utilization of a changing seasonal pattern of microhabitats and food resources. Close

• 51. [Article] Effects of input and redistribution processes on in-stream wood abundance and arrangement in Lookout Creek, western Cascades Range, Oregon

  This study explored how selected input and redistribution processes affect the amount and arrangement of in-stream wood within the 64 km2 Lookout Creek watershed in the Andrews Forest, western Cascade ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of input and redistribution processes on in-stream wood abundance and arrangement in Lookout Creek, western Cascades Range, Oregon Author: Dreher, David Marshall This study explored how selected input and redistribution processes affect the amount and arrangement of in-stream wood within the 64 km2 Lookout Creek watershed in the Andrews Forest, western Cascade Range, Oregon. A longitudinal inventory of in-stream wood was conducted over approximately 20 km of stream length in 2nd to 5th-order channels along with reconnaissance activities in stream sections that had originally been mapped in 1970's. The study had two major parts. The first focused on patterns of in-stream wood amount and arrangement within the study watershed. Flood transport capability of inventoried stream segments was assigned based on channel width. Historical observations of debris flows and earthflow activity over the 50-year period prior to our study were used to delineate influence of those processes on inventoried channel segments. Wood amounts decreased with increases in channel transport capability. As channel transport capability increased the number of wood accumulations also decreased and there was a higher proportion of accumulations created by floods. These observations signal an increase in influence of fluvial transport of wood in the downstream direction. There were lower than expected amounts of wood at locations where debris flows entered mainstem channels and where earthflows were in contact with mainstem channels. This is attributed to the relatively high mobilization capability of channels in these locations. Congested wood break flood pulses is thought to be responsible for observed differences in wood conditions among segments affected by these processes and segments affected by floods only during the last fifty years. Some evidence exists to support the idea that debris flow entry to mainstem channels and dam-break flood pulses may promote a several decade period of increased wood input as a result of damage and disruption to trees in and adjacent to the channel in disturbed area. However, analysis of the effects of debris flows and earthflow activity on wood amount and arrangement was limited by small sample sizes. The second part of the study examined relative changes in wood amount and arrangement as well as changes to individual wood accumulations over a 25-year period within 5 stream reaches that had been mapped in detail in the early 1 970s. The effect of channel size, input and redistribution processes, piece size, as well as arrangement and location of pieces with respect to the active channel on changes in wood conditions were analyzed. Overall, changes in in-stream wood amount and arrangement were greater in larger channels than in smaller channels. In-stream wood changes resulting from fluvial redistribution also increased with channel size while decomposition and toppling were the processes responsible for most changes in smaller basins. In-stream wood changes were greater among small pieces than large pieces, although substantial changes in large pieces did occur in larger channels as a result of fluvial transport and in smaller channels as a result of toppling. In-stream wood changes were greater among single pieces than pieces in accumulations. Flood transport probably reduced the number of single pieces by collecting them in accumulations. Significant changes in in-stream wood occurred among pieces located both in and out of the channel suggesting that recent flooding, particularly in larger basins, was able to affect wood located along the margins of the channel. Changes in accumulations were generally minor in all sites except the 5th-order channel site. Title: Effects of input and redistribution processes on in-stream wood abundance and arrangement in Lookout Creek, western Cascades Range, Oregon Author: Dreher, David Marshall This study explored how selected input and redistribution processes affect the amount and arrangement of in-stream wood within the 64 km2 Lookout Creek watershed in the Andrews Forest, western Cascade Range, Oregon. A longitudinal inventory of in-stream wood was conducted over approximately 20 km of stream length in 2nd to 5th-order channels along with reconnaissance activities in stream sections that had originally been mapped in 1970's. The study had two major parts. The first focused on patterns of in-stream wood amount and arrangement within the study watershed. Flood transport capability of inventoried stream segments was assigned based on channel width. Historical observations of debris flows and earthflow activity over the 50-year period prior to our study were used to delineate influence of those processes on inventoried channel segments. Wood amounts decreased with increases in channel transport capability. As channel transport capability increased the number of wood accumulations also decreased and there was a higher proportion of accumulations created by floods. These observations signal an increase in influence of fluvial transport of wood in the downstream direction. There were lower than expected amounts of wood at locations where debris flows entered mainstem channels and where earthflows were in contact with mainstem channels. This is attributed to the relatively high mobilization capability of channels in these locations. Congested wood break flood pulses is thought to be responsible for observed differences in wood conditions among segments affected by these processes and segments affected by floods only during the last fifty years. Some evidence exists to support the idea that debris flow entry to mainstem channels and dam-break flood pulses may promote a several decade period of increased wood input as a result of damage and disruption to trees in and adjacent to the channel in disturbed area. However, analysis of the effects of debris flows and earthflow activity on wood amount and arrangement was limited by small sample sizes. The second part of the study examined relative changes in wood amount and arrangement as well as changes to individual wood accumulations over a 25-year period within 5 stream reaches that had been mapped in detail in the early 1 970s. The effect of channel size, input and redistribution processes, piece size, as well as arrangement and location of pieces with respect to the active channel on changes in wood conditions were analyzed. Overall, changes in in-stream wood amount and arrangement were greater in larger channels than in smaller channels. In-stream wood changes resulting from fluvial redistribution also increased with channel size while decomposition and toppling were the processes responsible for most changes in smaller basins. In-stream wood changes were greater among small pieces than large pieces, although substantial changes in large pieces did occur in larger channels as a result of fluvial transport and in smaller channels as a result of toppling. In-stream wood changes were greater among single pieces than pieces in accumulations. Flood transport probably reduced the number of single pieces by collecting them in accumulations. Significant changes in in-stream wood occurred among pieces located both in and out of the channel suggesting that recent flooding, particularly in larger basins, was able to affect wood located along the margins of the channel. Changes in accumulations were generally minor in all sites except the 5th-order channel site. Close

• 52. [Article] Distribution of juvenile salmonids and stream habitat relative to 15-year-old debris-flow deposits in the Oregon Coast Range

  Debris flows, common disturbances in many mountainous areas, initially scour or bury stream habitats; however, debris flows deliver vast amounts of wood, boulders, and gravel that may ultimately form complex ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of juvenile salmonids and stream habitat relative to 15-year-old debris-flow deposits in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Kirkby, Kristen-Marie S. Debris flows, common disturbances in many mountainous areas, initially scour or bury stream habitats; however, debris flows deliver vast amounts of wood, boulders, and gravel that may ultimately form complex stream habitat to potentially support a diverse salmonid assemblage. The materials deposited by debris flows would otherwise be inaccessible to streams, and thus deposits may play an important role in creating and maintaining complex salmonid habitat over time. Despite the potential of deposits for increasing habitat complexity, most fish studies have focused on the destructive effects of debris flows and short-term recovery and re-colonization in scour zones. Debris-flows that occurred during the record-setting winter storms of 1996 in western Oregon, USA, provide an opportunity to study intermediate-term effects of debris-flow deposits on abundances and habitat for juvenile salmonids. In this setting, I surveyed salmonid abundance and habitat in three Oregon Coast Range streams that contained several debris-flow deposits from the 1996 storms. I explained fish abundance using hierarchical models, accounting for heterogeneous detection probabilities with repeated counts from multiple-pass snorkeling. The "best" hierarchical model of detection probability and abundance was selected (QAIC) from pool and snorkel-pass characteristics separately for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), age 0+ trout, and age 1+ trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) in each stream. Adding distance to the nearest 1996 debris-flow deposit (DDF) produced a significant drop-in-deviance for four of nine "best" models, including at least one in each stream and for each species/age-class. In these four models, salmonid abundance decreased with increasing distance from deposit. As a potential explanation, several pool habitat characteristics were correlated (Spearman's rank) with DDF. Results varied across streams, but generally, percent of substrate as bedrock was lower and boulder density and percent substrate as gravel were higher closer to deposits. Although repeat counts are increasingly used in hierarchical modeling of heterogeneous detection probabilities and abundance for other wildlife species, studies of fish often rely on uncalibrated, single-pass snorkel counts. When exploring the value of repeat counts, I found that juvenile salmonid abundance decreased with increasing distance from debris-flow deposits in more multiple-pass hierarchical models that accounted for heterogeneous detection probabilities than for single-pass models that did not. Thus, modeling heterogeneous detection probabilities with repeated snorkel counts may be beneficial in other situations, addressing limitations of uncalibrated indices without relying on methods such as electrofishing, which may be difficult or impossible for remote study areas, longer surveys, or sensitive species. My findings suggest that debris-flow deposits may influence salmonid abundances after 15 years, and support management of debris flow-prone hillslopes and low-order channels to deliver elements of stream habitat complexity. Title: Distribution of juvenile salmonids and stream habitat relative to 15-year-old debris-flow deposits in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Kirkby, Kristen-Marie S. Debris flows, common disturbances in many mountainous areas, initially scour or bury stream habitats; however, debris flows deliver vast amounts of wood, boulders, and gravel that may ultimately form complex stream habitat to potentially support a diverse salmonid assemblage. The materials deposited by debris flows would otherwise be inaccessible to streams, and thus deposits may play an important role in creating and maintaining complex salmonid habitat over time. Despite the potential of deposits for increasing habitat complexity, most fish studies have focused on the destructive effects of debris flows and short-term recovery and re-colonization in scour zones. Debris-flows that occurred during the record-setting winter storms of 1996 in western Oregon, USA, provide an opportunity to study intermediate-term effects of debris-flow deposits on abundances and habitat for juvenile salmonids. In this setting, I surveyed salmonid abundance and habitat in three Oregon Coast Range streams that contained several debris-flow deposits from the 1996 storms. I explained fish abundance using hierarchical models, accounting for heterogeneous detection probabilities with repeated counts from multiple-pass snorkeling. The "best" hierarchical model of detection probability and abundance was selected (QAIC) from pool and snorkel-pass characteristics separately for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), age 0+ trout, and age 1+ trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) in each stream. Adding distance to the nearest 1996 debris-flow deposit (DDF) produced a significant drop-in-deviance for four of nine "best" models, including at least one in each stream and for each species/age-class. In these four models, salmonid abundance decreased with increasing distance from deposit. As a potential explanation, several pool habitat characteristics were correlated (Spearman's rank) with DDF. Results varied across streams, but generally, percent of substrate as bedrock was lower and boulder density and percent substrate as gravel were higher closer to deposits. Although repeat counts are increasingly used in hierarchical modeling of heterogeneous detection probabilities and abundance for other wildlife species, studies of fish often rely on uncalibrated, single-pass snorkel counts. When exploring the value of repeat counts, I found that juvenile salmonid abundance decreased with increasing distance from debris-flow deposits in more multiple-pass hierarchical models that accounted for heterogeneous detection probabilities than for single-pass models that did not. Thus, modeling heterogeneous detection probabilities with repeated snorkel counts may be beneficial in other situations, addressing limitations of uncalibrated indices without relying on methods such as electrofishing, which may be difficult or impossible for remote study areas, longer surveys, or sensitive species. My findings suggest that debris-flow deposits may influence salmonid abundances after 15 years, and support management of debris flow-prone hillslopes and low-order channels to deliver elements of stream habitat complexity. Close

• 53. [Article] The effect of landscape topography and in-stream habitat on the distribution, growth, and survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) in a high desert watershed

  Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) are currently limited in their distribution to a patchwork of small isolated populations, the result of habitat degradation and natural variation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of landscape topography and in-stream habitat on the distribution, growth, and survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) in a high desert watershed Author: Boxall, George D. Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) are currently limited in their distribution to a patchwork of small isolated populations, the result of habitat degradation and natural variation in landscape and in-stream conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine how landscape level topographic features influence LCT distribution patterns. The work was carried out in a sub-basin of the Quinn River system, McDermitt Creek, which drains the sagebrush desert of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada. Headwater tributaries of this creek consist of alternating canyon-confined and valley bounded reaches and LCT within these systems are challenged by low discharge and high temperatures during the summer, and anchor ice during the winter. Contiguous whole stream surveys were used to look at trout distribution during the summer of 2003 and spring and fall of 2004. Our results showed that topography affected LCT distribution in all reaches. LCT numbers were highest in areas with greater numbers of nick-points (the transition zones between less confined and more confined valley segments) and greater valley confinement. Additionally, in the downstream portion of our headwater reaches, more LCT were found in nick-points than expected based on the availability of this habitat type. Our data suggest that hyporheic inputs may be high in such areas, thus providing LCT with shelter from warm water in the summer, anchor ice in the winter and shallow stream depths during all seasons. Spatial occurrence of these areas of refugia can be taken into consideration when planning land-use activities and restoration efforts. After almost 30 years of conservation effort, Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) populations remain in peril throughout the Great Basin region of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada. This is not surprising since very little research has been done on the ecology of LCT, and management has been carried out without essential information on this sub-species. The objectives of our study were to determine whether there are inter-stream or inter-reach differences in LCT habitat selection, and if those differences corresponded to differences in fish survival and growth. We relied upon contiguous whole stream surveys to look at fish distribution and in-stream habitat. The use of half duplex PIT tags allowed us to determine the growth, movement patterns, and survival rates of most adult (>100 mm) LCT within the system. We found greater trout growth (median daily change in biomass 0.46% vs. 0.07%), but lower survival (35% vs. 61% between July and November), in relatively warmer and more open reaches than in cooler reaches. Additionally, undercut banks (predation shelter) were more important to trout in cooler stream reaches than in warmer ones, where habitat choice responded first to cold water input (which was influenced by topography). Our results will be useful in identifying and describing areas of high quality LCT habitat in low order streams throughout the Great Basin, thus allowing informed management decisions to facilitate the recovery of the sub-species. Title: The effect of landscape topography and in-stream habitat on the distribution, growth, and survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) in a high desert watershed Author: Boxall, George D. Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) are currently limited in their distribution to a patchwork of small isolated populations, the result of habitat degradation and natural variation in landscape and in-stream conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine how landscape level topographic features influence LCT distribution patterns. The work was carried out in a sub-basin of the Quinn River system, McDermitt Creek, which drains the sagebrush desert of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada. Headwater tributaries of this creek consist of alternating canyon-confined and valley bounded reaches and LCT within these systems are challenged by low discharge and high temperatures during the summer, and anchor ice during the winter. Contiguous whole stream surveys were used to look at trout distribution during the summer of 2003 and spring and fall of 2004. Our results showed that topography affected LCT distribution in all reaches. LCT numbers were highest in areas with greater numbers of nick-points (the transition zones between less confined and more confined valley segments) and greater valley confinement. Additionally, in the downstream portion of our headwater reaches, more LCT were found in nick-points than expected based on the availability of this habitat type. Our data suggest that hyporheic inputs may be high in such areas, thus providing LCT with shelter from warm water in the summer, anchor ice in the winter and shallow stream depths during all seasons. Spatial occurrence of these areas of refugia can be taken into consideration when planning land-use activities and restoration efforts. After almost 30 years of conservation effort, Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) populations remain in peril throughout the Great Basin region of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada. This is not surprising since very little research has been done on the ecology of LCT, and management has been carried out without essential information on this sub-species. The objectives of our study were to determine whether there are inter-stream or inter-reach differences in LCT habitat selection, and if those differences corresponded to differences in fish survival and growth. We relied upon contiguous whole stream surveys to look at fish distribution and in-stream habitat. The use of half duplex PIT tags allowed us to determine the growth, movement patterns, and survival rates of most adult (>100 mm) LCT within the system. We found greater trout growth (median daily change in biomass 0.46% vs. 0.07%), but lower survival (35% vs. 61% between July and November), in relatively warmer and more open reaches than in cooler reaches. Additionally, undercut banks (predation shelter) were more important to trout in cooler stream reaches than in warmer ones, where habitat choice responded first to cold water input (which was influenced by topography). Our results will be useful in identifying and describing areas of high quality LCT habitat in low order streams throughout the Great Basin, thus allowing informed management decisions to facilitate the recovery of the sub-species. Close

• 54. [Article] The geomorphic significance of log steps in forest streams of the Oregon Coast Range

  A log step develops when large woody debris extends across the active channel, creating a change in the water surface elevation as the stream spills over the log step. By forming a series of vertical falls, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The geomorphic significance of log steps in forest streams of the Oregon Coast Range Author: Marston, Richard A. A log step develops when large woody debris extends across the active channel, creating a change in the water surface elevation as the stream spills over the log step. By forming a series of vertical falls, log steps reduce the amount of potential energy available for conversion to kinetic energy used for water and sediment routing. By trapping sediment supplied from upstream and adjacent hillslopes, log steps introduce an additional storage component into the sediment budget for forest streams. Simply reporting the percent of potential energy dissipated by log steps fails to reveal the significance of this function to equilibrium conditions. Forest management related addition and removal of log steps and stream adjacent trees have occurred without appreciation for the consequences to equilibrium conditions and associated trends in sediment production. Collection and analysis of data is undertaken for 13 study basins in the central Oregon Coast Range, including field surveys of 102 miles (164 km) of streams. The basins are divided into four landtypes using lithology and cluster analysis of seven morphometric variables which reflect the hydrologic and erosional regimes. Analogies between thermodynamic systems and stream systems enable derivation of equilibrium criteria which account for potential energy dissipation by falls and log steps. Calculations using the chi-square (x²) test statistic produce a quantitative measurement of the proximity to equilibrium of the stream network. A morphometric erosion factor is used to estimate mean annual sediment yield for each basin. The estimated mean annual sediment yield is then expressed as a percent of the sediment volume stored by log steps in all third, fourth, and fifth order streams. The dissipation of potential energy by log steps amounts to 6,09 percent, approximately equal to that of falls. Landtypes do not account for the spatial variation of log step development among the study basins. However, differences in the percent of potential energy dissipated by log steps between second, third, fourth, and fifth order streams are found to be statistically significant. Silvicultural activities account for only 20 percent of all log steps, in direct proportion to the percent area clearcut (25 percent) in the 13 study basins. The mean height of log steps created by silvicultural activities is 4.2 feet (1.3 m), one and one-half times as great as the mean height of log steps created by natural processes. The sum of mean annual sediment yield estimates for the 13 study basins amounts to 82 percent of the total volume estimated in storage by log steps in third, fourth, and fifth order streams. Statistical analyses indicate that falls and/or log steps do not cause a significant differences in the proximity to equilibrium of the stream network. Because of the long duration time of instream large woody debris, the accumulation of log steps over time with future silvicultural activities may lead to significant impacts on equilibrium conditions which now depend more on structural controls (e.g. uplift, faulting, and lithology) imposed over geologic time. In any case, the equilibrium criteria and sedimentation impacts described provide only two standards by which to manage instream large woody debris. The geomorphic functions of instream large woody debris not incorporated as log steps and the biological functions of instream large woody debris must also be addressed in forest management decisions. Title: The geomorphic significance of log steps in forest streams of the Oregon Coast Range Author: Marston, Richard A. A log step develops when large woody debris extends across the active channel, creating a change in the water surface elevation as the stream spills over the log step. By forming a series of vertical falls, log steps reduce the amount of potential energy available for conversion to kinetic energy used for water and sediment routing. By trapping sediment supplied from upstream and adjacent hillslopes, log steps introduce an additional storage component into the sediment budget for forest streams. Simply reporting the percent of potential energy dissipated by log steps fails to reveal the significance of this function to equilibrium conditions. Forest management related addition and removal of log steps and stream adjacent trees have occurred without appreciation for the consequences to equilibrium conditions and associated trends in sediment production. Collection and analysis of data is undertaken for 13 study basins in the central Oregon Coast Range, including field surveys of 102 miles (164 km) of streams. The basins are divided into four landtypes using lithology and cluster analysis of seven morphometric variables which reflect the hydrologic and erosional regimes. Analogies between thermodynamic systems and stream systems enable derivation of equilibrium criteria which account for potential energy dissipation by falls and log steps. Calculations using the chi-square (x²) test statistic produce a quantitative measurement of the proximity to equilibrium of the stream network. A morphometric erosion factor is used to estimate mean annual sediment yield for each basin. The estimated mean annual sediment yield is then expressed as a percent of the sediment volume stored by log steps in all third, fourth, and fifth order streams. The dissipation of potential energy by log steps amounts to 6,09 percent, approximately equal to that of falls. Landtypes do not account for the spatial variation of log step development among the study basins. However, differences in the percent of potential energy dissipated by log steps between second, third, fourth, and fifth order streams are found to be statistically significant. Silvicultural activities account for only 20 percent of all log steps, in direct proportion to the percent area clearcut (25 percent) in the 13 study basins. The mean height of log steps created by silvicultural activities is 4.2 feet (1.3 m), one and one-half times as great as the mean height of log steps created by natural processes. The sum of mean annual sediment yield estimates for the 13 study basins amounts to 82 percent of the total volume estimated in storage by log steps in third, fourth, and fifth order streams. Statistical analyses indicate that falls and/or log steps do not cause a significant differences in the proximity to equilibrium of the stream network. Because of the long duration time of instream large woody debris, the accumulation of log steps over time with future silvicultural activities may lead to significant impacts on equilibrium conditions which now depend more on structural controls (e.g. uplift, faulting, and lithology) imposed over geologic time. In any case, the equilibrium criteria and sedimentation impacts described provide only two standards by which to manage instream large woody debris. The geomorphic functions of instream large woody debris not incorporated as log steps and the biological functions of instream large woody debris must also be addressed in forest management decisions. Close

• 55. [Article] Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation : progress report, Coastal River section : July 1, 1966-June 30, 1967

  This report describes the activities of the Coastal Rivers Section, including spawning ground surveys, inventory and obstruction surveys, shad and striped bass landing data, lake rearing studies, the physical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation : progress report, Coastal River section : July 1, 1966-June 30, 1967 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission. Research Division, Oregon. Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation This report describes the activities of the Coastal Rivers Section, including spawning ground surveys, inventory and obstruction surveys, shad and striped bass landing data, lake rearing studies, the physical and chemical characteristics of south coastal streams and various salmonid rearing and ecological studies. Title: Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation : progress report, Coastal River section : July 1, 1966-June 30, 1967 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission. Research Division, Oregon. Pelagic Fisheries and Coastal Rivers Investigation This report describes the activities of the Coastal Rivers Section, including spawning ground surveys, inventory and obstruction surveys, shad and striped bass landing data, lake rearing studies, the physical and chemical characteristics of south coastal streams and various salmonid rearing and ecological studies. Close

• 56. [Article] Effects of simulated land-use practices on the productive capacity of streams : final technical completion report ; submitted to United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey

  The activities on which this report is based were financed in part by the Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, through the Oregon Water Resources Research Institute.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of simulated land-use practices on the productive capacity of streams : final technical completion report ; submitted to United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, DeNicola, Dean M., McIntire, C. David, Geological Survey (U.S.) The activities on which this report is based were financed in part by the Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, through the Oregon Water Resources Research Institute. Title: Effects of simulated land-use practices on the productive capacity of streams : final technical completion report ; submitted to United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, DeNicola, Dean M., McIntire, C. David, Geological Survey (U.S.) The activities on which this report is based were financed in part by the Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, through the Oregon Water Resources Research Institute. Close

• 57. [Article] Beaver ecology on the west Copper River Delta, Alaska

  Since the 1964 earthquake and geologic uplift, beavers (Castor canadensis) have expanded their historic range from the inland (outwash plain) Copper River Delta, Alaska to the once tidally influenced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver ecology on the west Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Cooper, Erin E. Since the 1964 earthquake and geologic uplift, beavers (Castor canadensis) have expanded their historic range from the inland (outwash plain) Copper River Delta, Alaska to the once tidally influenced areas of the outer area (uplifted marsh). The uplift presents a unique opportunity to observe beaver expansion, habitat selection and influence on hydrologic structure of a coastal wetland ecosystem after a major disturbance. First, I examined the relationship between the sites of active beaver lodges and associated water and vegetative features (Chapter 2). I hypothesized that active lodge sites would be associated with distinct water features and woody vegetation types in each landscape. I used aerial photographic and ground survey methods to compare sightability and to determine habitat associations. I developed an a priori set of models to determine active beaver lodge occurrence using logistic regression with presence and absence as the response variables and water features and vegetation cover as the dependent variables. My results were similar between survey methods but differed between the two major landscape types. In the uplifted marsh, odds of an active lodge occurrance increased with the presence of former tidal sloughs and an increase in mixed shrub coverage. The odds of an active lodge occurrence increased with the presence of streams and decreased with increasing closed cottonwood-alder-willow coverage in the outwash plain. Post earthquake uplift, beaver now exploit a unique topographic setting through the use and modification of former tidal sloughs and a transitioning mixed shrub vegetation community. Second, I quantified the influence of beaver on the surface water of the West Copper River Delta using remote sensing (Chapter 3). Water features were documented from digitized aerial photographs from 1959, 1974, 1986, 1992/1993, and 1996. My results showed that surface water area in beaver influenced water impoundments increased from 0 to 20% from 1959 to 1996, concurrent with beaver colonization of the uplifted marsh. These results suggest that beavers may have altered the trajectory of wetland change on the West Copper River Delta by raising the water table within open water basins and flooding those areas that would have otherwise drained. Beaver may be used an effective management tool in wetland restoration where key habitat features are available. Title: Beaver ecology on the west Copper River Delta, Alaska Author: Cooper, Erin E. Since the 1964 earthquake and geologic uplift, beavers (Castor canadensis) have expanded their historic range from the inland (outwash plain) Copper River Delta, Alaska to the once tidally influenced areas of the outer area (uplifted marsh). The uplift presents a unique opportunity to observe beaver expansion, habitat selection and influence on hydrologic structure of a coastal wetland ecosystem after a major disturbance. First, I examined the relationship between the sites of active beaver lodges and associated water and vegetative features (Chapter 2). I hypothesized that active lodge sites would be associated with distinct water features and woody vegetation types in each landscape. I used aerial photographic and ground survey methods to compare sightability and to determine habitat associations. I developed an a priori set of models to determine active beaver lodge occurrence using logistic regression with presence and absence as the response variables and water features and vegetation cover as the dependent variables. My results were similar between survey methods but differed between the two major landscape types. In the uplifted marsh, odds of an active lodge occurrance increased with the presence of former tidal sloughs and an increase in mixed shrub coverage. The odds of an active lodge occurrence increased with the presence of streams and decreased with increasing closed cottonwood-alder-willow coverage in the outwash plain. Post earthquake uplift, beaver now exploit a unique topographic setting through the use and modification of former tidal sloughs and a transitioning mixed shrub vegetation community. Second, I quantified the influence of beaver on the surface water of the West Copper River Delta using remote sensing (Chapter 3). Water features were documented from digitized aerial photographs from 1959, 1974, 1986, 1992/1993, and 1996. My results showed that surface water area in beaver influenced water impoundments increased from 0 to 20% from 1959 to 1996, concurrent with beaver colonization of the uplifted marsh. These results suggest that beavers may have altered the trajectory of wetland change on the West Copper River Delta by raising the water table within open water basins and flooding those areas that would have otherwise drained. Beaver may be used an effective management tool in wetland restoration where key habitat features are available. Close

• 58. [Article] Drift, wood, and grazing cattle : macroinvertebrates in managed streams

  The importance of active-entry drift at a community-scale was evaluated by testing whether the placement of wood in streams affected the abundance of Baetis spp. mayflies in drift. Baetis were chosen because ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drift, wood, and grazing cattle : macroinvertebrates in managed streams Author: Reed, T. L. The importance of active-entry drift at a community-scale was evaluated by testing whether the placement of wood in streams affected the abundance of Baetis spp. mayflies in drift. Baetis were chosen because they use drift as a behavioral strategy and are important in salmonid diets. The density of woody debris was manipulated in a divided concrete diversion channel by building a debris jam on one side and leaving the other side free flowing. Although the drift density (as measured by Baetis/unit volume) was almost equal between the two channels, more Baetis were retained in the channel with woody debris due to the slower flow rate. While possibly an important behavioral strategy, active-entry by the insects does not appear to be a factor in community-scale macroinvertebrate drift dynamics. The diversion channel results were tested against samples from Badger, Hoffman and Trout Creeks in the Ochoco National Forest. The results of these field tests were inconclusive because of a depression in the number of Baetis in the system apparently as a result of the presence of grazing cattle. Baetis exhibited a complex relationship to wood. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordinations of samples taken from wood and from gravel benthos showed little difference in Baetis response to substrate type. The possible changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages resulting from the presence of cattle in the stream were explored using survey data from Badger Creek as well as benthic samples taken from two comparable reaches of stream, one with cattle and one without. Ordinations of these data indicate dramatic differences in community composition which suggest that the cattle have a greater effect on macroinvertebrate drift than does the presence or absence of wood in the system. Title: Drift, wood, and grazing cattle : macroinvertebrates in managed streams Author: Reed, T. L. The importance of active-entry drift at a community-scale was evaluated by testing whether the placement of wood in streams affected the abundance of Baetis spp. mayflies in drift. Baetis were chosen because they use drift as a behavioral strategy and are important in salmonid diets. The density of woody debris was manipulated in a divided concrete diversion channel by building a debris jam on one side and leaving the other side free flowing. Although the drift density (as measured by Baetis/unit volume) was almost equal between the two channels, more Baetis were retained in the channel with woody debris due to the slower flow rate. While possibly an important behavioral strategy, active-entry by the insects does not appear to be a factor in community-scale macroinvertebrate drift dynamics. The diversion channel results were tested against samples from Badger, Hoffman and Trout Creeks in the Ochoco National Forest. The results of these field tests were inconclusive because of a depression in the number of Baetis in the system apparently as a result of the presence of grazing cattle. Baetis exhibited a complex relationship to wood. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) ordinations of samples taken from wood and from gravel benthos showed little difference in Baetis response to substrate type. The possible changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages resulting from the presence of cattle in the stream were explored using survey data from Badger Creek as well as benthic samples taken from two comparable reaches of stream, one with cattle and one without. Ordinations of these data indicate dramatic differences in community composition which suggest that the cattle have a greater effect on macroinvertebrate drift than does the presence or absence of wood in the system. Close

• 59. [Article] Surprises and Insights from Long-Term Aquatic Data Sets and Experiments

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience/. To the best of our knowledge, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surprises and Insights from Long-Term Aquatic Data Sets and Experiments Author: Smith, Joseph M., Kratz, Timothy K., McDowell, William H., Dodds, Walter K., Gregory, Stanley V., Robinson, Christopher T., Gaiser, Evelyn E., Powell, Heather, Bell, Tisza, Hansen, Gretchen J. A., Johnson, Sherri L., Morse, Nathaniel B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Surprises and Insights from Long-Term Aquatic Data Sets and Experiments Author: Smith, Joseph M., Kratz, Timothy K., McDowell, William H., Dodds, Walter K., Gregory, Stanley V., Robinson, Christopher T., Gaiser, Evelyn E., Powell, Heather, Bell, Tisza, Hansen, Gretchen J. A., Johnson, Sherri L., Morse, Nathaniel B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 60. [Article] Summer stream temperatures and channel characteristics of a southwestern Oregon coastal stream

  The Elk River Basin drains 93 sq ml of steep forested terrain on the west side of the Klamath Mountains in Southwest Oregon. This river and its tributaries support a diverse and abundant population of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summer stream temperatures and channel characteristics of a southwestern Oregon coastal stream Author: McSwain, Michelle D. The Elk River Basin drains 93 sq ml of steep forested terrain on the west side of the Klamath Mountains in Southwest Oregon. This river and its tributaries support a diverse and abundant population of anadromous fish; a hatchery located at river mile 13 (km 21) supplements these native populations. Clear weather in combination with dry summers and low streamflow produce warm water temperatures. Historical data indicate that summer stream temperatures as high as 76°F (24.4°C) have occurred in the mainstem of the Elk River. This study was undertaken to evaluate summer stream temperatures and to what extent they were affected by natural factors and land use. In selected tributaries and along the mainstem of the Elk River, measurements were made on canopy cover, stream surface width, and thalweg depth during the summers of 1984 and 1985. Recording thermographs and maximum/minimum thermometers were used to determine the overall temperature pattern of the basin. In genera.l, maximum stream temperatures appear to be declining since 1970, following a period of increased landslide activity in the basin. The trend of decreasing maximum temperatures was not associated with changes in summer streamflow or summer precipitation patterns, suggesting that a recovery of streamside vegetation and/or change in channel morphology is proceeding within the basin. Tributaries with relatively large width / depth ratios (exceeding 14 or more), generally exhibited large diurnal fluctuations in temperature indicating solar heating was occurring. For drainages of similar size, large diurnal temperature fluctuations were associated with large surface area to volume ratios. Tributaries found to be especially low in maximum temperatures generally flow subsurface as a result of channel aggradation. In the 1984 and 1985 field seasons, maximum stream temperatures in the tributaries never exceeded the maximum temperature of 69°F (20.6°C) found in the mainstem. The upper reaches of the mainstem, which is wide and aggraded, was the portion of the basin found to have the highest maximum stream temperatures. Five pools were sampled to determine vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations did not vary with depth. Title: Summer stream temperatures and channel characteristics of a southwestern Oregon coastal stream Author: McSwain, Michelle D. The Elk River Basin drains 93 sq ml of steep forested terrain on the west side of the Klamath Mountains in Southwest Oregon. This river and its tributaries support a diverse and abundant population of anadromous fish; a hatchery located at river mile 13 (km 21) supplements these native populations. Clear weather in combination with dry summers and low streamflow produce warm water temperatures. Historical data indicate that summer stream temperatures as high as 76°F (24.4°C) have occurred in the mainstem of the Elk River. This study was undertaken to evaluate summer stream temperatures and to what extent they were affected by natural factors and land use. In selected tributaries and along the mainstem of the Elk River, measurements were made on canopy cover, stream surface width, and thalweg depth during the summers of 1984 and 1985. Recording thermographs and maximum/minimum thermometers were used to determine the overall temperature pattern of the basin. In genera.l, maximum stream temperatures appear to be declining since 1970, following a period of increased landslide activity in the basin. The trend of decreasing maximum temperatures was not associated with changes in summer streamflow or summer precipitation patterns, suggesting that a recovery of streamside vegetation and/or change in channel morphology is proceeding within the basin. Tributaries with relatively large width / depth ratios (exceeding 14 or more), generally exhibited large diurnal fluctuations in temperature indicating solar heating was occurring. For drainages of similar size, large diurnal temperature fluctuations were associated with large surface area to volume ratios. Tributaries found to be especially low in maximum temperatures generally flow subsurface as a result of channel aggradation. In the 1984 and 1985 field seasons, maximum stream temperatures in the tributaries never exceeded the maximum temperature of 69°F (20.6°C) found in the mainstem. The upper reaches of the mainstem, which is wide and aggraded, was the portion of the basin found to have the highest maximum stream temperatures. Five pools were sampled to determine vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations did not vary with depth. Close

• 61. [Article] Monitoring fitness of caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) to assess and prioritize streams for restoration

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/jou...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring fitness of caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) to assess and prioritize streams for restoration Author: Kreeger, Danielle, Gray, Matthew W. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291099-0755. Title: Monitoring fitness of caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) to assess and prioritize streams for restoration Author: Kreeger, Danielle, Gray, Matthew W. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291099-0755. Close

• 62. [Article] Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon Author: Lite Jr., Kenneth E. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon Author: Lite Jr., Kenneth E. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 63. [Article] Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon

  The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon Author: Ebersole, Joseph Lamar The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats as well as the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to re-express their capacities. Four steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; local application of specific knowledge about suppressive factors; classification of sensitive, critical or refugium habitats; release of anthropogenic suppression; and monitoring of biotic response to habitat change. Applying these concepts, I describe potential habitat refugia for aquatic organisms in the Joseph Creek basin in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Five valley segment classes, differing in valley corridor landforms, are described. Of these, low-gradient wide alluvial valleys have been most altered by human land use. Riparian vegetation has been extensively removed or altered in alluvial valleys. Currently, stream habitats are structurally depauperate, and warm to temperatures well above thermal tolerances of native salmonids. Potential refugia for native coldwater fishes in these valleys include patches of complex habitat within stream reaches. Reaches fenced to exclude domestic livestock exhibit narrower channels, more pools, and higher frequencies of stable vegetated banks than nearby unfenced reaches. During summer low flow periods, cold groundwater seeping into and accumulating in stream channels forms "cold pools". Cold pools provide potential seasonal refuge for coldwater fish at microhabitat scales. Cold pools are associated with channel complexity, and are more frequent in reaches with vigorous riparian vegetation. Seven classes of cold pools are described. Cold pool classes differ in minimum temperature, maximum depth and volume. Distributions of cold pool classes between valley segment classes suggest that valley geomorphology in addition to local channel form may influence development of certain cold pool types. Although refugia at the microhabitat to reach scales are important, the context within which remnant or refugium habitats and associated relict populations are maintained may ultimately determine the persistence of those species and habitats. In managed landscapes, protection and restoration of habitats at many scales may be necessary if we are to best insure the persistence of native species. Title: Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon Author: Ebersole, Joseph Lamar The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats as well as the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to re-express their capacities. Four steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; local application of specific knowledge about suppressive factors; classification of sensitive, critical or refugium habitats; release of anthropogenic suppression; and monitoring of biotic response to habitat change. Applying these concepts, I describe potential habitat refugia for aquatic organisms in the Joseph Creek basin in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Five valley segment classes, differing in valley corridor landforms, are described. Of these, low-gradient wide alluvial valleys have been most altered by human land use. Riparian vegetation has been extensively removed or altered in alluvial valleys. Currently, stream habitats are structurally depauperate, and warm to temperatures well above thermal tolerances of native salmonids. Potential refugia for native coldwater fishes in these valleys include patches of complex habitat within stream reaches. Reaches fenced to exclude domestic livestock exhibit narrower channels, more pools, and higher frequencies of stable vegetated banks than nearby unfenced reaches. During summer low flow periods, cold groundwater seeping into and accumulating in stream channels forms "cold pools". Cold pools provide potential seasonal refuge for coldwater fish at microhabitat scales. Cold pools are associated with channel complexity, and are more frequent in reaches with vigorous riparian vegetation. Seven classes of cold pools are described. Cold pool classes differ in minimum temperature, maximum depth and volume. Distributions of cold pool classes between valley segment classes suggest that valley geomorphology in addition to local channel form may influence development of certain cold pool types. Although refugia at the microhabitat to reach scales are important, the context within which remnant or refugium habitats and associated relict populations are maintained may ultimately determine the persistence of those species and habitats. In managed landscapes, protection and restoration of habitats at many scales may be necessary if we are to best insure the persistence of native species. Close

• 64. [Article] Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years

  Presentation entitled : Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years / by Schyler Reis, Lisa Ellsworth and J. Boone Kauffman

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years Author: Reis, Schyler Ainsworth Presentation entitled : Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years / by Schyler Reis, Lisa Ellsworth and J. Boone Kauffman Title: Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years Author: Reis, Schyler Ainsworth Presentation entitled : Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years / by Schyler Reis, Lisa Ellsworth and J. Boone Kauffman Close

• 65. [Article] Empirical modeling of windthrow occurrence in streamside buffer strips

  Streamside buffer strips provide numerous benefits to stream ecosystems. The buffer strips create shade, provide shelter for wildlife, act as barriers to logging debris during and after timber harvest, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Empirical modeling of windthrow occurrence in streamside buffer strips Author: Drake, Timothy P. Streamside buffer strips provide numerous benefits to stream ecosystems. The buffer strips create shade, provide shelter for wildlife, act as barriers to logging debris during and after timber harvest, and serve as a continued source of large woody debris. Quantifying woody inputs resulting from windthrow provides managers with estimates for long-term planning and habitat development strategies. A two step modeling process was used to model stand and landscape level attributes to predict the presence or absence of windthrow and quantify its occurrence. A survey of windthrow was conducted on 22 stream reaches in the Coast Range and western foothills of the Cascade Range of Oregon. Stream reaches were located on Bureau of Land Management lands in Density Management Study sites. Using logistic regression, elevation was found to be the most significant predictor of the presence or absence of windthrow. Linear regression revealed that the mean of ratios of height to diameter of trees in a stream reach was the most significant predictor of the number of stems affected by windthrow. Across all stream reaches windthrow was found to be inversely related to the distance from the stream channel. Approximately 79% of recorded windthrow events occurred within the first 20 meters upslope from the stream, while 21% occurred between 21 and 40 meters upslope distance from the stream. Nearly 40% of the windthrow events fell in a north to northeast direction indicating that the prevailing winds played a large role in dictating the direction of fall. Local topography was also observed to have an impact on the direction of fall. Trees fell toward the stream channel approximately 25% of the time. Windthrow did not appear to be a significant source of mortality. In the majority of stream reaches, windthrow amounted to 1% or less of standing live basal area over the 4 yr. period. The greatest observed loss was 5.2%. In terms of the number of stems available to blow down, the greatest observed loss was 4%. Title: Empirical modeling of windthrow occurrence in streamside buffer strips Author: Drake, Timothy P. Streamside buffer strips provide numerous benefits to stream ecosystems. The buffer strips create shade, provide shelter for wildlife, act as barriers to logging debris during and after timber harvest, and serve as a continued source of large woody debris. Quantifying woody inputs resulting from windthrow provides managers with estimates for long-term planning and habitat development strategies. A two step modeling process was used to model stand and landscape level attributes to predict the presence or absence of windthrow and quantify its occurrence. A survey of windthrow was conducted on 22 stream reaches in the Coast Range and western foothills of the Cascade Range of Oregon. Stream reaches were located on Bureau of Land Management lands in Density Management Study sites. Using logistic regression, elevation was found to be the most significant predictor of the presence or absence of windthrow. Linear regression revealed that the mean of ratios of height to diameter of trees in a stream reach was the most significant predictor of the number of stems affected by windthrow. Across all stream reaches windthrow was found to be inversely related to the distance from the stream channel. Approximately 79% of recorded windthrow events occurred within the first 20 meters upslope from the stream, while 21% occurred between 21 and 40 meters upslope distance from the stream. Nearly 40% of the windthrow events fell in a north to northeast direction indicating that the prevailing winds played a large role in dictating the direction of fall. Local topography was also observed to have an impact on the direction of fall. Trees fell toward the stream channel approximately 25% of the time. Windthrow did not appear to be a significant source of mortality. In the majority of stream reaches, windthrow amounted to 1% or less of standing live basal area over the 4 yr. period. The greatest observed loss was 5.2%. In terms of the number of stems available to blow down, the greatest observed loss was 4%. Close

• 66. [Article] Environmental variables as predictors of fish assemblages in the Tillamook Basin, Oregon

  The Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins of the Tillamook Bay watershed (Oregon Coast Range) have differences in geology and land use history and, therefore, varied environmental conditions that could affect ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental variables as predictors of fish assemblages in the Tillamook Basin, Oregon Author: Rose, Cathleen E. The Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins of the Tillamook Bay watershed (Oregon Coast Range) have differences in geology and land use history and, therefore, varied environmental conditions that could affect fish assemblages. Fifty-two randomly selected wadeable stream reaches in these two subbasins were surveyed for stream habitat and fish assemblage composition during two summer field seasons. Data collected were used to identify environmental variables most associated with fish assemblages, determine major predictors of fish species relative abundance, and test for any differences in fish assemblages between the Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins and among three stream orders. Eleven fish species were encountered, including four salmonid species (Oncorhynchus spp.) and five species of sculpin (Cottus spp.). For three sites visited twice in both field seasons, variability in fish assemblages and environmental measurements between sample years and between early and late-summer visits to sites was low. Fish assemblages differed between the two subbasins. The assemblages in the Kilchis subbasin contained higher proportions of trout species, while the Tillamook subbasin assemblages contained higher proportions of sculpin species. A breakdown of fish assemblages by stream order showed that different fish species dominated the assemblages in different sized streams. With data from both subbasins combined, trout species composed a smaller proportion of the fish assemblages in larger streams, and sculpin species composition also varied with stream order. Results from non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations indicated that substrate type, stream gradient, and variables related to stream size were the most highly correlated to fish species relative abundances. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the usefulness of an uncorrelated subset of the environmental variables as predictors of relative abundance of the six most common fish species. The environmental variables were good predictors of relative abundance for some species, but were less successful in predicting abundances of entirely anadromous species. These results provide valuable insight into fish-habitat relationships using a fish assemblage perspective and incorporating species, such as sculpins, for which there is little existing information. There has been recent interest in quantifying the effects of human land use on stream fish, and these data can be used in future studies to explore potential links between important environmental variables and land use practices. Title: Environmental variables as predictors of fish assemblages in the Tillamook Basin, Oregon Author: Rose, Cathleen E. The Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins of the Tillamook Bay watershed (Oregon Coast Range) have differences in geology and land use history and, therefore, varied environmental conditions that could affect fish assemblages. Fifty-two randomly selected wadeable stream reaches in these two subbasins were surveyed for stream habitat and fish assemblage composition during two summer field seasons. Data collected were used to identify environmental variables most associated with fish assemblages, determine major predictors of fish species relative abundance, and test for any differences in fish assemblages between the Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins and among three stream orders. Eleven fish species were encountered, including four salmonid species (Oncorhynchus spp.) and five species of sculpin (Cottus spp.). For three sites visited twice in both field seasons, variability in fish assemblages and environmental measurements between sample years and between early and late-summer visits to sites was low. Fish assemblages differed between the two subbasins. The assemblages in the Kilchis subbasin contained higher proportions of trout species, while the Tillamook subbasin assemblages contained higher proportions of sculpin species. A breakdown of fish assemblages by stream order showed that different fish species dominated the assemblages in different sized streams. With data from both subbasins combined, trout species composed a smaller proportion of the fish assemblages in larger streams, and sculpin species composition also varied with stream order. Results from non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations indicated that substrate type, stream gradient, and variables related to stream size were the most highly correlated to fish species relative abundances. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the usefulness of an uncorrelated subset of the environmental variables as predictors of relative abundance of the six most common fish species. The environmental variables were good predictors of relative abundance for some species, but were less successful in predicting abundances of entirely anadromous species. These results provide valuable insight into fish-habitat relationships using a fish assemblage perspective and incorporating species, such as sculpins, for which there is little existing information. There has been recent interest in quantifying the effects of human land use on stream fish, and these data can be used in future studies to explore potential links between important environmental variables and land use practices. Close

• 67. [Article] Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams

  Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams Author: Heck, Michael P. Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems have been less well-documented, although hypothetically, the two are strongly connected. In fact, the influence of wildfire may be most profound in headwater streams because of the tight linkage between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We sought to understand the influence of post-fire conditions on fish in headwater streams by observing growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) following wildfire. During the summer of 2002, wildfire burned portions of three headwater watersheds in the North Umpqua basin of western Oregon. Burn severities ranged from moderate to severe. A reference stream was selected from a nearby fourth watershed. All fish-bearing portions of the stream network in the four watersheds were surveyed for 3 years following the wildfire, and 1,295 scale samples were collected from coastal cutthroat trout for age and growth analysis. Stream temperatures in the burned watersheds changed significantly following the wildfire (p < 0.016), with increases of up to 23% in the most severely burned watershed. During summer electrofishing surveys in the burned watersheds, both young-of-the-year and fish ≥ age 1 were captured; in the unburned watershed, the vast majority of fish captured were ≥ age 1. Age-frequency analyses revealed that fish in older age classes (age ≥ 3) were more prevalent in the unburned watershed than in the burned watersheds. Relative growth rates and length at last annulus formation of coastal cutthroat trout were positively related to the number of degree days during the growing season, and Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.60 (p < 0.07) to 0.90 (p < 0.01). Growth rates and size of fish were not significantly correlated with relative density of fish (p ≥ 0.14). Contrary to the commonly held assumption that wildfire is detrimental to biota in aquatic systems, these results suggest that in the short term (≤ 3 years), fish in the study streams adjusted to environmental change caused by wildfire. Title: Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams Author: Heck, Michael P. Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems have been less well-documented, although hypothetically, the two are strongly connected. In fact, the influence of wildfire may be most profound in headwater streams because of the tight linkage between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We sought to understand the influence of post-fire conditions on fish in headwater streams by observing growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) following wildfire. During the summer of 2002, wildfire burned portions of three headwater watersheds in the North Umpqua basin of western Oregon. Burn severities ranged from moderate to severe. A reference stream was selected from a nearby fourth watershed. All fish-bearing portions of the stream network in the four watersheds were surveyed for 3 years following the wildfire, and 1,295 scale samples were collected from coastal cutthroat trout for age and growth analysis. Stream temperatures in the burned watersheds changed significantly following the wildfire (p < 0.016), with increases of up to 23% in the most severely burned watershed. During summer electrofishing surveys in the burned watersheds, both young-of-the-year and fish ≥ age 1 were captured; in the unburned watershed, the vast majority of fish captured were ≥ age 1. Age-frequency analyses revealed that fish in older age classes (age ≥ 3) were more prevalent in the unburned watershed than in the burned watersheds. Relative growth rates and length at last annulus formation of coastal cutthroat trout were positively related to the number of degree days during the growing season, and Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.60 (p < 0.07) to 0.90 (p < 0.01). Growth rates and size of fish were not significantly correlated with relative density of fish (p ≥ 0.14). Contrary to the commonly held assumption that wildfire is detrimental to biota in aquatic systems, these results suggest that in the short term (≤ 3 years), fish in the study streams adjusted to environmental change caused by wildfire. Close

• 68. [Article] Guide to depositories of manuscript collections in the United States. Oregon-Washington

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guide to depositories of manuscript collections in the United States. Oregon-Washington Author: Washington Historical Records Survey, Oregon Historical Records Survey Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Guide to depositories of manuscript collections in the United States. Oregon-Washington Author: Washington Historical Records Survey, Oregon Historical Records Survey Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 69. [Article] Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96

  The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96 Author: Bonn, Bernadine A., Washington County (Or.). Unified Sewerage Agency., Geological Survey (U.S.) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this study were to: assess the occurrence and magnitude of trace element and selected organic contaminants in streams of the Tualatin River Basin; compare contaminant levels found in Tualatin River Basin streams with published guidelines for the protection of aquatic life; place the contaminant levels found in the Tualatin River Basin streams in context, regionally and nationally, by comparing them with those found in the Willamette Basin and by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program; compare contaminant concentrations in bed sediment with those in fish tissue; and identify contaminant patterns that would help managers make decisions regarding future monitoring and the implementation of pollution prevention and abatement programs. Title: Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96 Author: Bonn, Bernadine A., Washington County (Or.). Unified Sewerage Agency., Geological Survey (U.S.) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this study were to: assess the occurrence and magnitude of trace element and selected organic contaminants in streams of the Tualatin River Basin; compare contaminant levels found in Tualatin River Basin streams with published guidelines for the protection of aquatic life; place the contaminant levels found in the Tualatin River Basin streams in context, regionally and nationally, by comparing them with those found in the Willamette Basin and by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program; compare contaminant concentrations in bed sediment with those in fish tissue; and identify contaminant patterns that would help managers make decisions regarding future monitoring and the implementation of pollution prevention and abatement programs. Close

• 70. [Article] A characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range

  Riparian areas that can be used as reference sites on which to base goals of vegetation restoration have not been documented in the Oregon Coast Range. I examined the composition and distribution of unmanaged ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Nierenberg, Tara R. Riparian areas that can be used as reference sites on which to base goals of vegetation restoration have not been documented in the Oregon Coast Range. I examined the composition and distribution of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range along nine streams which have experienced minimal disturbance from Native Americans and no detectable disturbance since Euro- American settlement. I systematically located transects along nine streams, alternating sides of the streams. Each transect ran perpendicular to the stream and was subjectively divided into different vegetative and/or topographic units called landscape units (LU's). Rectangular plots were placed in each LU for characterization. LU l's were units that were closest to the stream, and LU2's were farther from the stream. Red alder was the most frequently found tree species on both terraces and slopes, and on all LU1 's. On LU2 terraces, alder was also the most frequently found species, but on LU2 slopes, Douglas-fir had the highest frequency. Red alder, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple were most commonly found occupying terrace sites, although bigleaf maple might be best adapted to conditions on terraces towards the base of slopes. Conversely, western hemlock and Douglas-fir were most commonly found occupying slope sites. Western redcedar was infrequently found, likely due to seed source limitations. Age distributions and tree frequencies indicate that near-stream communities (LUI 's) and terraces experience both intense and minor disturbances, and they experience both types of disturbances more frequently than communities farther from the stream (LU2's) or on slopes. According to fire records and reconnaissance, all streams appear to have been burned about 145 years ago. When equating a shade-intolerant tree age that was younger than this last catastrophic fire date with a disturbance, calculations of disturbance frequency using four different approaches indicate that between 2.6 and 4.5 disturbances per km per century large enough to regenerate trees occurred since the last stand-resetting fire along the nine creeks sampled. Fifty-two percent of near-stream communities (LU1's) and 23% of communities farther from the stream (LU2's) contained no trees. This could be due to small plot size and/or high shrub competition. The No Tree overstory type was most similar in topographic conditions to the Pure Hardwood overstory type, suggesting that red alder and/or bigleaf maple might have previously occupied the No Tree sites and have since died leaving no or little evidence. It appears that a large-scale, intense disturbance such as fire is needed to allow the recruitment of trees into the shrub-dominated, No Tree areas, especially shade-intolerant trees such as Douglas-fir. Any single definition of natural riparian vegetation is nearly impossible to construct, mainly because most ecosystems are composed of vegetation mosaics that are always changing in time and space. This change is associated with environmental variability, disturbance, and inter- and intra-specific competition. Also, differences in exogenous environmental conditions between pre-settlement times (circa 1850) and today, suggest that historic vegetation, ecological conditions, and resulting successional pathways might not mirror the vegetation, ecological conditions, and successional pathways of currently unmanaged riparian areas. Instead, results from this study, revealing the existence of mixtures of hardwoods, conifers, and no-tree areas over lengths of a stream, should be perceived as just one of many possibilities for a riparian overstory reference model. Title: A characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Nierenberg, Tara R. Riparian areas that can be used as reference sites on which to base goals of vegetation restoration have not been documented in the Oregon Coast Range. I examined the composition and distribution of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range along nine streams which have experienced minimal disturbance from Native Americans and no detectable disturbance since Euro- American settlement. I systematically located transects along nine streams, alternating sides of the streams. Each transect ran perpendicular to the stream and was subjectively divided into different vegetative and/or topographic units called landscape units (LU's). Rectangular plots were placed in each LU for characterization. LU l's were units that were closest to the stream, and LU2's were farther from the stream. Red alder was the most frequently found tree species on both terraces and slopes, and on all LU1 's. On LU2 terraces, alder was also the most frequently found species, but on LU2 slopes, Douglas-fir had the highest frequency. Red alder, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple were most commonly found occupying terrace sites, although bigleaf maple might be best adapted to conditions on terraces towards the base of slopes. Conversely, western hemlock and Douglas-fir were most commonly found occupying slope sites. Western redcedar was infrequently found, likely due to seed source limitations. Age distributions and tree frequencies indicate that near-stream communities (LUI 's) and terraces experience both intense and minor disturbances, and they experience both types of disturbances more frequently than communities farther from the stream (LU2's) or on slopes. According to fire records and reconnaissance, all streams appear to have been burned about 145 years ago. When equating a shade-intolerant tree age that was younger than this last catastrophic fire date with a disturbance, calculations of disturbance frequency using four different approaches indicate that between 2.6 and 4.5 disturbances per km per century large enough to regenerate trees occurred since the last stand-resetting fire along the nine creeks sampled. Fifty-two percent of near-stream communities (LU1's) and 23% of communities farther from the stream (LU2's) contained no trees. This could be due to small plot size and/or high shrub competition. The No Tree overstory type was most similar in topographic conditions to the Pure Hardwood overstory type, suggesting that red alder and/or bigleaf maple might have previously occupied the No Tree sites and have since died leaving no or little evidence. It appears that a large-scale, intense disturbance such as fire is needed to allow the recruitment of trees into the shrub-dominated, No Tree areas, especially shade-intolerant trees such as Douglas-fir. Any single definition of natural riparian vegetation is nearly impossible to construct, mainly because most ecosystems are composed of vegetation mosaics that are always changing in time and space. This change is associated with environmental variability, disturbance, and inter- and intra-specific competition. Also, differences in exogenous environmental conditions between pre-settlement times (circa 1850) and today, suggest that historic vegetation, ecological conditions, and resulting successional pathways might not mirror the vegetation, ecological conditions, and successional pathways of currently unmanaged riparian areas. Instead, results from this study, revealing the existence of mixtures of hardwoods, conifers, and no-tree areas over lengths of a stream, should be perceived as just one of many possibilities for a riparian overstory reference model. Close

• 71. [Article] Drop it like it’s Hot : Combining DTS and Temperature Modeling to Evaluate Stream Restoration on the Middle Fork of the John Day River

  Temperature is a key factor for salmonid health and is an important restoration metric on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in northeast Oregon. In the past century, dredge mining, deforestation, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drop it like it’s Hot : Combining DTS and Temperature Modeling to Evaluate Stream Restoration on the Middle Fork of the John Day River Author: Hall, Austin (Austin Garrett) Temperature is a key factor for salmonid health and is an important restoration metric on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in northeast Oregon. In the past century, dredge mining, deforestation, and overgrazing have degraded stream habitat and resulted in greater daytime stream temperatures in the region. Recent restoration efforts have focused on mitigating these anthropogenic disturbances by reestablishing floodplain connections, replanting riparian vegetation, and improving instream habitat features and sediment. To evaluate these restoration projects, the Middle Fork of the John Day River was designated as an intensively monitored watershed in 2008, setting the stage for a 10-year temperature monitoring study. Temperatures measured during the summers of 2013 and 2014 add to the wealth of high resolution distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data collected by Oregon State University and serve as the first post-restoration data for a 2012 restoration project. Utilizing these data in coordination with the model, Heat Source, temperature change from two large restoration projects was quantified. Results from the study emphasize the significance of stream area and riparian vegetation on stream temperatures on the Middle Fork. Phase 2 of the Oxbow Tailings Restoration, completed in 2012, filled over a channel used for past dredge mining activities, reducing stream surface area and restoring the bifurcated channel to its historic south path. Findings show that this project has buffered daily stream temperatures, leading to decreases in maximum and daytime temperatures and increases in nightly temperatures for early August. Maximum and afternoon temperatures were shown to decrease by 0.65 °C and 0.91 °C, respectively, while nightly temperatures increased 0.85 °C. Continuing immediately downstream of the Phase 2 project, Phase 3 is currently in its final stages of construction. Objectives of Phase 3 seek to increase stream meanders, restore vegetation, and reconnect the stream to the adjacent valley and Ruby Creek tributary. Projecting future temperatures shows that the longer, wider restored channel increases afternoon temperature by 0.53 °C. Unlike Phase 2, changes to maximum and nightly temperatures were negligable. Altering the design width and vegetation for the restored channel revealed strong linear correlations to stream temperature, providing a simple tool that can be used to estimate temperature difference for future areal and shading scenarios. Title: Drop it like it’s Hot : Combining DTS and Temperature Modeling to Evaluate Stream Restoration on the Middle Fork of the John Day River Author: Hall, Austin (Austin Garrett) Temperature is a key factor for salmonid health and is an important restoration metric on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in northeast Oregon. In the past century, dredge mining, deforestation, and overgrazing have degraded stream habitat and resulted in greater daytime stream temperatures in the region. Recent restoration efforts have focused on mitigating these anthropogenic disturbances by reestablishing floodplain connections, replanting riparian vegetation, and improving instream habitat features and sediment. To evaluate these restoration projects, the Middle Fork of the John Day River was designated as an intensively monitored watershed in 2008, setting the stage for a 10-year temperature monitoring study. Temperatures measured during the summers of 2013 and 2014 add to the wealth of high resolution distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data collected by Oregon State University and serve as the first post-restoration data for a 2012 restoration project. Utilizing these data in coordination with the model, Heat Source, temperature change from two large restoration projects was quantified. Results from the study emphasize the significance of stream area and riparian vegetation on stream temperatures on the Middle Fork. Phase 2 of the Oxbow Tailings Restoration, completed in 2012, filled over a channel used for past dredge mining activities, reducing stream surface area and restoring the bifurcated channel to its historic south path. Findings show that this project has buffered daily stream temperatures, leading to decreases in maximum and daytime temperatures and increases in nightly temperatures for early August. Maximum and afternoon temperatures were shown to decrease by 0.65 °C and 0.91 °C, respectively, while nightly temperatures increased 0.85 °C. Continuing immediately downstream of the Phase 2 project, Phase 3 is currently in its final stages of construction. Objectives of Phase 3 seek to increase stream meanders, restore vegetation, and reconnect the stream to the adjacent valley and Ruby Creek tributary. Projecting future temperatures shows that the longer, wider restored channel increases afternoon temperature by 0.53 °C. Unlike Phase 2, changes to maximum and nightly temperatures were negligable. Altering the design width and vegetation for the restored channel revealed strong linear correlations to stream temperature, providing a simple tool that can be used to estimate temperature difference for future areal and shading scenarios. Close

• 72. [Article] Nehalem River winter steelhead study

  "The Nehalem and North Fork Nehalem rivers are the major tributaries of Nehalem Bay, an estuary on Oregon's north coast ... The winter steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) and related fisheries of both streams ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nehalem River winter steelhead study Author: Knispel, Warren, Weber, Walter, Oregon. Fish Division "The Nehalem and North Fork Nehalem rivers are the major tributaries of Nehalem Bay, an estuary on Oregon's north coast ... The winter steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) and related fisheries of both streams have been the object of a study which began in 1972. Some data from creel surveys were available for the 1970-71 and 1971-72 steelhead seasons and have been used where appropriate. The study was prompted by the apparent failure of hatchery-reared steelhead smolts to contribute in the Nehalem River sport catch at the rate similar to that observed on other coastal streams. There was also concern regarding the status of wild winter steelhead in the Nehalem River." (From Introduction) Title: Nehalem River winter steelhead study Author: Knispel, Warren, Weber, Walter, Oregon. Fish Division "The Nehalem and North Fork Nehalem rivers are the major tributaries of Nehalem Bay, an estuary on Oregon's north coast ... The winter steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) and related fisheries of both streams have been the object of a study which began in 1972. Some data from creel surveys were available for the 1970-71 and 1971-72 steelhead seasons and have been used where appropriate. The study was prompted by the apparent failure of hatchery-reared steelhead smolts to contribute in the Nehalem River sport catch at the rate similar to that observed on other coastal streams. There was also concern regarding the status of wild winter steelhead in the Nehalem River." (From Introduction) Close

• 73. [Article] Phytophthora borealis and Phytophthora riparia, new species in Phytophthora ITS Clade 6

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.msafungi.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phytophthora borealis and Phytophthora riparia, new species in Phytophthora ITS Clade 6 Author: Hansen, Everett M., Sutton, Wendy, Reeser, Paul W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.msafungi.org/. Title: Phytophthora borealis and Phytophthora riparia, new species in Phytophthora ITS Clade 6 Author: Hansen, Everett M., Sutton, Wendy, Reeser, Paul W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.msafungi.org/. Close

• 74. [Article] Siletz River summer steelhead study

  "The Siletz River ... is the only short coastal stream in Oregon inhabited by a run of what are generally thought to be native summer steelhead. Hatchery-reared progeny from Siletz River stock have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Siletz River summer steelhead study Author: Fortune, John D., Jr, Weber, Walter G., Oregon. Wildlife Commission "The Siletz River ... is the only short coastal stream in Oregon inhabited by a run of what are generally thought to be native summer steelhead. Hatchery-reared progeny from Siletz River stock have been released into and have become established in two other Oregon coastal streams, the Nestucca and Wilson rivers. In 1968 a study on the Siletz River summer steelhead was undertaken. The study continued for five years and terminated June 30, 1973." (From Introduction) Title: Siletz River summer steelhead study Author: Fortune, John D., Jr, Weber, Walter G., Oregon. Wildlife Commission "The Siletz River ... is the only short coastal stream in Oregon inhabited by a run of what are generally thought to be native summer steelhead. Hatchery-reared progeny from Siletz River stock have been released into and have become established in two other Oregon coastal streams, the Nestucca and Wilson rivers. In 1968 a study on the Siletz River summer steelhead was undertaken. The study continued for five years and terminated June 30, 1973." (From Introduction) Close

• 75. [Article] Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey Author: Schultz, L. D., Colvin, M. E., Mayfield, M. P., Wyss, L. A., Schreck, C. B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujfm20#.VJnE_s_AAA. Title: Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey Author: Schultz, L. D., Colvin, M. E., Mayfield, M. P., Wyss, L. A., Schreck, C. B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujfm20#.VJnE_s_AAA. Close

• 76. [Article] A geographical framework for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution

  New approaches are needed to quantify and understand spatial patterns of stream fishes and their environment. Concepts in riverine ecology emphasize the importance of thermal zones and gradual longitudinal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A geographical framework for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution Author: Torgersen, Christian E. New approaches are needed to quantify and understand spatial patterns of stream fishes and their environment. Concepts in riverine ecology emphasize the importance of thermal zones and gradual longitudinal changes in physical habitat and biota, but little is known about spatial variability within the river continuum. I present a conceptual framework for assessing patterns in streams that are difficult to detect using standard site-based approaches to sampling. The ability to detect pattern is defined as the scope, or the ratio of extent (the distance, area, or volume encompassing all sample points) to grain size (the size of an individual sample unit). By increasing the scope and continuity of sampling, I illustrate how greater sampling effort can reveal new patterns and unexpected relationships between stream fishes and their environment. Merging geography and stream ecology, I describe new approaches including remote sensing, multiscale sampling, and extensive surveys for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution. Airborne thermal infrared remote sensing was effective for quantifying spatially continuous patterns of water temperature over a range of scales from channel units (10–50 m) to entire river sections (30–70 km). To examine factors influencing the spatial distribution of larval Pacific lamprey, a benthic fish species, I applied a nested sampling design and determined that stream habitat variables predicted patterns in larval abundance but played different roles at different spatial scales. Increases in the scope of data collection required adaptations in statistical analysis in order to accommodate larger and more complex ecological datasets. I evaluated multivariate ordination techniques with respect to their ability to describe fish community structure and found that nonparametric multivariate smoothing of presence–absence data was highly effective for detecting patterns in heterogeneous fish assemblage data. Spatially continuous analysis presented challenges in extracting patterns from noisy ecological data but provided the opportunity to evaluate distributional patterns over a range of spatial scales. I examined spatial variability of stream fish assemblages and observed that the relative influences of temperature and channel morphology on fish assemblage structure were dependent on the thermal context and the spatial scale of analysis. Title: A geographical framework for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution Author: Torgersen, Christian E. New approaches are needed to quantify and understand spatial patterns of stream fishes and their environment. Concepts in riverine ecology emphasize the importance of thermal zones and gradual longitudinal changes in physical habitat and biota, but little is known about spatial variability within the river continuum. I present a conceptual framework for assessing patterns in streams that are difficult to detect using standard site-based approaches to sampling. The ability to detect pattern is defined as the scope, or the ratio of extent (the distance, area, or volume encompassing all sample points) to grain size (the size of an individual sample unit). By increasing the scope and continuity of sampling, I illustrate how greater sampling effort can reveal new patterns and unexpected relationships between stream fishes and their environment. Merging geography and stream ecology, I describe new approaches including remote sensing, multiscale sampling, and extensive surveys for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution. Airborne thermal infrared remote sensing was effective for quantifying spatially continuous patterns of water temperature over a range of scales from channel units (10–50 m) to entire river sections (30–70 km). To examine factors influencing the spatial distribution of larval Pacific lamprey, a benthic fish species, I applied a nested sampling design and determined that stream habitat variables predicted patterns in larval abundance but played different roles at different spatial scales. Increases in the scope of data collection required adaptations in statistical analysis in order to accommodate larger and more complex ecological datasets. I evaluated multivariate ordination techniques with respect to their ability to describe fish community structure and found that nonparametric multivariate smoothing of presence–absence data was highly effective for detecting patterns in heterogeneous fish assemblage data. Spatially continuous analysis presented challenges in extracting patterns from noisy ecological data but provided the opportunity to evaluate distributional patterns over a range of spatial scales. I examined spatial variability of stream fish assemblages and observed that the relative influences of temperature and channel morphology on fish assemblage structure were dependent on the thermal context and the spatial scale of analysis. Close

• 77. [Article] Multiscale assessment of thermal patterns and the distribution of chinook salmon in the John Day River Basin, Oregon

  This study examined the distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel unit, reach, and basin-wide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiscale assessment of thermal patterns and the distribution of chinook salmon in the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Torgersen, Christian E. This study examined the distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel unit, reach, and basin-wide spatial scales in both a wilderness stream and a disturbed stream in the John Day River basin in northeastern Oregon. Thermal remote sensing of holding and spawning reaches in the upper subbasins of the North Fork and Middle Fork John Day River provided spatially continuous maps of stream temperature. Multiscale associations between salmon and cool-water areas were assessed by overlaying thermal imagery with fish locations mapped during distributional surveys. Chinook salmon were distributed non-uniformly throughout each study area, indicating that salmon selected certain reaches within each subbasin. The coldest reaches available to salmon within the Middle Fork study areas were low gradient, unconstrained reaches where the cooling influence of groundwater flow was the most apparent. In the Middle Fork, the stream currently managed for grazing and timber harvest, water temperature differences were typically 1-2°C within riffle-pool sequences and 3-4°C among reaches. The reach level association between salmon distribution and stream temperature patterns at channel unit and reach level spatial scales was strongest in the warmest study reach, the Middle Fork, and weakest in the coldest study reach, the North Fork. Pools were the preferred habitat for adult spring chinook in both subbasins; however, riffles were used more in the North Fork, the coldest subbasin. This study identified the problems and also the benefits associated with stream temperature patchiness, or discontinuity, both in currently disturbed and in recovering riverine ecosystems. Connectivity among system components in aquatic ecosystems is generally considered necessary for maintaining long-term ecological health. However, it is heterogeneity in the landscape/hydrogeologic template that creates refuge patches in disturbed stream ecosystems, such as those in the John Day River basin. Our observations of thermal refugia occurring at multiple spatial scales, particularly in the Middle Fork John Day River, indicate that, although discontinuity may be an ecological warning sign, refuge patches in streams should also be viewed as expressions of restoration potential because they are functioning remnants of a once continuous, intact hydrologic system. Title: Multiscale assessment of thermal patterns and the distribution of chinook salmon in the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Torgersen, Christian E. This study examined the distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel unit, reach, and basin-wide spatial scales in both a wilderness stream and a disturbed stream in the John Day River basin in northeastern Oregon. Thermal remote sensing of holding and spawning reaches in the upper subbasins of the North Fork and Middle Fork John Day River provided spatially continuous maps of stream temperature. Multiscale associations between salmon and cool-water areas were assessed by overlaying thermal imagery with fish locations mapped during distributional surveys. Chinook salmon were distributed non-uniformly throughout each study area, indicating that salmon selected certain reaches within each subbasin. The coldest reaches available to salmon within the Middle Fork study areas were low gradient, unconstrained reaches where the cooling influence of groundwater flow was the most apparent. In the Middle Fork, the stream currently managed for grazing and timber harvest, water temperature differences were typically 1-2°C within riffle-pool sequences and 3-4°C among reaches. The reach level association between salmon distribution and stream temperature patterns at channel unit and reach level spatial scales was strongest in the warmest study reach, the Middle Fork, and weakest in the coldest study reach, the North Fork. Pools were the preferred habitat for adult spring chinook in both subbasins; however, riffles were used more in the North Fork, the coldest subbasin. This study identified the problems and also the benefits associated with stream temperature patchiness, or discontinuity, both in currently disturbed and in recovering riverine ecosystems. Connectivity among system components in aquatic ecosystems is generally considered necessary for maintaining long-term ecological health. However, it is heterogeneity in the landscape/hydrogeologic template that creates refuge patches in disturbed stream ecosystems, such as those in the John Day River basin. Our observations of thermal refugia occurring at multiple spatial scales, particularly in the Middle Fork John Day River, indicate that, although discontinuity may be an ecological warning sign, refuge patches in streams should also be viewed as expressions of restoration potential because they are functioning remnants of a once continuous, intact hydrologic system. Close

• 78. [Article] Fish movement and assemblage dynamics in a Pacific Northwest riverscape

  This study examined fish movements and assemblage dynamics in the Wenaha, Grande Ronde, Snake river system of northeast Oregon and southeast Washington. I investigated the role of fish movement in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish movement and assemblage dynamics in a Pacific Northwest riverscape Author: Baxter, Colden V. This study examined fish movements and assemblage dynamics in the Wenaha, Grande Ronde, Snake river system of northeast Oregon and southeast Washington. I investigated the role of fish movement in the dynamics of stream fish assemblages and evaluated relationships between species movement, assemblage structure, and the heterogeneity of habitat at multiple scales within the river network. In doing so, I employed a landscape approach, visualizing the heterogeneity and dynamics of the system as a "riverscape" that sets the stage for the ecology of stream fishes. I quantified fish assemblage dynamics, characterized the nature and extent of movement by representative fish species, and assessed spatial and temporal heterogeneity of stream habitat within the river network. I applied multiple methods, including underwater fish surveys and radio telemetry, and used multiple sampling approaches that allowed me to detect patterns at nested spatial and temporal scales. I found that spatial patterns in fish assemblage structure were highly dynamic over seasonal to diel temporal scales. Seasonal changes in fish assemblage patterns along the length of the river system were primarily driven by the migration of native fishes such as mountain whitefish, bull trout, and largescale suckers. These highly migratory species exhibited a diverse array of movement strategies and often had annual ranges of hundreds of kilometers. The movement of fishes at smaller spatial scales influenced diel dynamics of fish assemblage patterns. Important habitat features at stream, valley segment and channel unit scales were separated spatially, and fish species exhibited a variety of migratory strategies that reflected the complementary use of habitats distributed throughout the riverscape. The importance of fish migration and the dynamic nature of stream fish assemblages and fish habitat relationships should be taken into account in research and conservation of stream fishes. Current conceptual frameworks for stream fish assemblages do not fully reflect the temporal complexity of stream fish life histories or the spatial heterogeneity of stream habitat. I introduce an alternative framework by integrating fish movement into a dynamic perspective of assemblages set within the context of the riverscape, and raise questions regarding the nature of ecological communities. Title: Fish movement and assemblage dynamics in a Pacific Northwest riverscape Author: Baxter, Colden V. This study examined fish movements and assemblage dynamics in the Wenaha, Grande Ronde, Snake river system of northeast Oregon and southeast Washington. I investigated the role of fish movement in the dynamics of stream fish assemblages and evaluated relationships between species movement, assemblage structure, and the heterogeneity of habitat at multiple scales within the river network. In doing so, I employed a landscape approach, visualizing the heterogeneity and dynamics of the system as a "riverscape" that sets the stage for the ecology of stream fishes. I quantified fish assemblage dynamics, characterized the nature and extent of movement by representative fish species, and assessed spatial and temporal heterogeneity of stream habitat within the river network. I applied multiple methods, including underwater fish surveys and radio telemetry, and used multiple sampling approaches that allowed me to detect patterns at nested spatial and temporal scales. I found that spatial patterns in fish assemblage structure were highly dynamic over seasonal to diel temporal scales. Seasonal changes in fish assemblage patterns along the length of the river system were primarily driven by the migration of native fishes such as mountain whitefish, bull trout, and largescale suckers. These highly migratory species exhibited a diverse array of movement strategies and often had annual ranges of hundreds of kilometers. The movement of fishes at smaller spatial scales influenced diel dynamics of fish assemblage patterns. Important habitat features at stream, valley segment and channel unit scales were separated spatially, and fish species exhibited a variety of migratory strategies that reflected the complementary use of habitats distributed throughout the riverscape. The importance of fish migration and the dynamic nature of stream fish assemblages and fish habitat relationships should be taken into account in research and conservation of stream fishes. Current conceptual frameworks for stream fish assemblages do not fully reflect the temporal complexity of stream fish life histories or the spatial heterogeneity of stream habitat. I introduce an alternative framework by integrating fish movement into a dynamic perspective of assemblages set within the context of the riverscape, and raise questions regarding the nature of ecological communities. Close

• 79. [Article] The use of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in assessing changes in stream morphology and vegetation

  Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are well known tools for the study of time change analysis in natural systems. However, long-term studies of riparian systems using large-scale aerial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in assessing changes in stream morphology and vegetation Author: Laliberte, Andrea S. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are well known tools for the study of time change analysis in natural systems. However, long-term studies of riparian systems using large-scale aerial photography are less common. The purpose of this project was to combine large scale aerial photography, GIS, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and ground truthing for conducting a time change analysis study of an eastern Oregon riparian area over a 20 year time period. The objectives were to assess changes in stream morphology and vegetation that occurred in grazed and exclosed areas from 1979 to 1998. In addition, the viability of using large-scale (1:4000) aerial photography combined with GIS/GPS and ground truthing in this study was evaluated. GIS layers of vegetation and stream morphology parameters were developed from geocorrected images. Ground truthing included the collection of vegetation and stream channel measurements. In addition, older aerial photography and previously collected survey data were available for this study. The area of land changing to water and vice versa was calculated over the 41 ha large study area. This area of change (3.65 ha) was slightly larger than the area of no change (3.2 ha). The length of the thalweg and streambank, sinuosity and stream area remained relatively the same. Most of the changes were associated with the islands. Their number decreased, but their area increased, suggesting an increase in stability. Stream width decreased in both grazed and exclosed sites. Shrub and tree cover increased from 1979 to 1998 over the whole study area from 23% to 34%, and this increase was similar in grazed and exclosed sites. The variability of shrub/tree cover within and between the grazed and exclosed sites was high. Topography and stream dynamics appeared to control changes in stream morphology, including erosion, deposition and island formation. We could find no association between the observed changes and the grazing treatment. The use of large-scale aerial photography, GIS and GPS proved to be a powerful tool for detecting change over time and it is expected that these techniques will become more common in rangeland analysis. It is anticipated that the methods used in this study can be applied to and will help in monitoring of other rangeland streams. Title: The use of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in assessing changes in stream morphology and vegetation Author: Laliberte, Andrea S. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are well known tools for the study of time change analysis in natural systems. However, long-term studies of riparian systems using large-scale aerial photography are less common. The purpose of this project was to combine large scale aerial photography, GIS, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and ground truthing for conducting a time change analysis study of an eastern Oregon riparian area over a 20 year time period. The objectives were to assess changes in stream morphology and vegetation that occurred in grazed and exclosed areas from 1979 to 1998. In addition, the viability of using large-scale (1:4000) aerial photography combined with GIS/GPS and ground truthing in this study was evaluated. GIS layers of vegetation and stream morphology parameters were developed from geocorrected images. Ground truthing included the collection of vegetation and stream channel measurements. In addition, older aerial photography and previously collected survey data were available for this study. The area of land changing to water and vice versa was calculated over the 41 ha large study area. This area of change (3.65 ha) was slightly larger than the area of no change (3.2 ha). The length of the thalweg and streambank, sinuosity and stream area remained relatively the same. Most of the changes were associated with the islands. Their number decreased, but their area increased, suggesting an increase in stability. Stream width decreased in both grazed and exclosed sites. Shrub and tree cover increased from 1979 to 1998 over the whole study area from 23% to 34%, and this increase was similar in grazed and exclosed sites. The variability of shrub/tree cover within and between the grazed and exclosed sites was high. Topography and stream dynamics appeared to control changes in stream morphology, including erosion, deposition and island formation. We could find no association between the observed changes and the grazing treatment. The use of large-scale aerial photography, GIS and GPS proved to be a powerful tool for detecting change over time and it is expected that these techniques will become more common in rangeland analysis. It is anticipated that the methods used in this study can be applied to and will help in monitoring of other rangeland streams. Close

• 80. [Article] Continuous Hydrologic Simulation of Johnson Creek Basin

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous Hydrologic Simulation of Johnson Creek Basin Author: Shimota, Richard J., Hadley, Hans R. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Continuous Hydrologic Simulation of Johnson Creek Basin Author: Shimota, Richard J., Hadley, Hans R. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 81. [Article] Major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations in the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon, 1996

  This report presents the concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water and bottom sediments collected in the four-tributaries during the low-flow condition of September 9-13, 1996. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations in the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon, 1996 Author: Rinella, Frank A., Douglas County (Or.), United States. Forest Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report presents the concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water and bottom sediments collected in the four-tributaries during the low-flow condition of September 9-13, 1996. Stream-water chemistry results are contrasted, and trace-element concentrations compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic aquatic life toxicity criteria. Bottom -sediment trace-element results also are constrasted and compared with concentrations considered to be enriched in streams of the nearby Willamette River Basin and to interim Canadian threshold effect level (TEL) concentrations established for the protection of aquatic life. Title: Major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations in the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon, 1996 Author: Rinella, Frank A., Douglas County (Or.), United States. Forest Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report presents the concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water and bottom sediments collected in the four-tributaries during the low-flow condition of September 9-13, 1996. Stream-water chemistry results are contrasted, and trace-element concentrations compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic aquatic life toxicity criteria. Bottom -sediment trace-element results also are constrasted and compared with concentrations considered to be enriched in streams of the nearby Willamette River Basin and to interim Canadian threshold effect level (TEL) concentrations established for the protection of aquatic life. Close

• 82. [Article] Continental-Scale Increase in Lake and Stream Phosphorus: Are Oligotrophic Systems Disappearing in the United States?

  This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continental-Scale Increase in Lake and Stream Phosphorus: Are Oligotrophic Systems Disappearing in the United States? Author: Mitchell, Richard, Paulsen, Steven, Herlihy, Alan T., Pollard, Amina I., Brahney, Janice, Van Sickle, John, Peck, David V., Stoddard, John L. This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Title: Continental-Scale Increase in Lake and Stream Phosphorus: Are Oligotrophic Systems Disappearing in the United States? Author: Mitchell, Richard, Paulsen, Steven, Herlihy, Alan T., Pollard, Amina I., Brahney, Janice, Van Sickle, John, Peck, David V., Stoddard, John L. This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Close

• 83. [Article] Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments

  The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments Author: DeHart, Douglas Alan The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon, were surveyed to evaluate the nature of thermal stress encountered in the small cold water stream environment. Resistance to constant temperature was determined experimentally by measuring time to death at fixed levels. R. osculus and C. perplexus were found to be more resistant to elevated temperatures than O. kisutch. For fish acclimated to 20° C the incipient lethal level was found to be 25° C for C. perplexus, and 29.5° C for R. osculus. An apparatus was constructed to simulate the diel temperature regime observed in the study streams. The resistance of the three species to dielly fluctuating temperature was explored. The portion of the time temperature curve above the incipient lethal level was determined to be the critical region in relation to thermal resistance. Evidence was found for accumulation of thermal effects over periods of several days. Median resistance of O. kisutch exposed to 6 hours over their incipient lethal temperature per diel cycle with a diel maximum of 27° C was 1.5 cycles. A method of predicting resistance to cyclic exposures to elevated temperature was developed. Implications of the nature of thermal resistance in the temperature regime in small streams are discussed. Title: Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments Author: DeHart, Douglas Alan The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon, were surveyed to evaluate the nature of thermal stress encountered in the small cold water stream environment. Resistance to constant temperature was determined experimentally by measuring time to death at fixed levels. R. osculus and C. perplexus were found to be more resistant to elevated temperatures than O. kisutch. For fish acclimated to 20° C the incipient lethal level was found to be 25° C for C. perplexus, and 29.5° C for R. osculus. An apparatus was constructed to simulate the diel temperature regime observed in the study streams. The resistance of the three species to dielly fluctuating temperature was explored. The portion of the time temperature curve above the incipient lethal level was determined to be the critical region in relation to thermal resistance. Evidence was found for accumulation of thermal effects over periods of several days. Median resistance of O. kisutch exposed to 6 hours over their incipient lethal temperature per diel cycle with a diel maximum of 27° C was 1.5 cycles. A method of predicting resistance to cyclic exposures to elevated temperature was developed. Implications of the nature of thermal resistance in the temperature regime in small streams are discussed. Close

• 84. [Article] Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_pub...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Close

• 85. [Article] Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon

  This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Close

• 86. [Article] A preliminary survey of the influences of controlled logging on a trout stream in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A preliminary survey of the influences of controlled logging on a trout stream in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Wustenberg, Donald William Title: A preliminary survey of the influences of controlled logging on a trout stream in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Wustenberg, Donald William Close

• 87. [Article] Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore browsing

  The research on which this report is based was financed in part by the United States Department of the Interior as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-467).

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore browsing Author: Oregon State University. Dept. of Rangeland Resources, Buckhouse, John C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Geological Survey (U.S.) The research on which this report is based was financed in part by the United States Department of the Interior as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-467). Title: Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore browsing Author: Oregon State University. Dept. of Rangeland Resources, Buckhouse, John C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Geological Survey (U.S.) The research on which this report is based was financed in part by the United States Department of the Interior as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-467). Close

• 88. [Article] List of streams classified as impaired waters by the State of Oregon under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act

  This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: List of streams classified as impaired waters by the State of Oregon under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act Author: Deparment of Environmental Quality, State of Oregon, Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Title: List of streams classified as impaired waters by the State of Oregon under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act Author: Deparment of Environmental Quality, State of Oregon, Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Close

• 89. [Article] The effect of the size and orientation of large wood on pool volume in two Oregon Coast Range streams

  This study was conducted to determine how the size and orientation of large wood placed in streams in combination with peak flows, substrate and channel gradient affect pool volume, surface area and maximum ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of the size and orientation of large wood on pool volume in two Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Lombard, Pamela This study was conducted to determine how the size and orientation of large wood placed in streams in combination with peak flows, substrate and channel gradient affect pool volume, surface area and maximum depth in two coastal Oregon streams. Eighteen Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) logs were placed in each of two streams, J-Line Creek and Preacher Creek, in the summer of 1989. Surveys were conducted annually from 1989-1996 at summer low flow using a total station electronic theodolite. The orientation of the introduced wood and the parameters of residual pools associated with the wood were determined from high resolution topographic maps made from the surveys. Residual pool volume associated with the introduced wood increased 2,500 percent over the seven years for J-Line Creek and 30 percent for Preacher Creek. Large spanners, logs placed perpendicular to the stream flow and flush with the stream bottom, had the greatest pool volume associated with them, however horizontal orientations shifted downstream over time. Large ramps, logs placed at a downstream orientation and angled up onto the bank, were the most stable treatment. Differences between the two watersheds and an interaction variable between the diameter of the introduced wood and the horizontal orientation of the introduced wood were the significant variables which entered the multiple linear regression model for residual pool volume. These variables, as well as the vertical orientation of the introduced wood, were significantly correlated to both residual pool surface area and maximum depth. The recurrence interval of the annual maximum instantaneous peak flow was not significantly associated with residual pool volume, surface area nor maximum depth. Multiple regression models explained, at most, twenty-eight percent of the variability in residual pool volume, maximum depth and surface area. Estimates of pool volume obtained with aquatic habitat inventories (Bisson et al., 1982) were compared with residual pool calculations determined from the topographic maps. Pool volume in a reach determined by aquatic habitat inventories explained 96 percent of the variability of residual pool volume in a reach, however estimates of individual pool volume explained only 40 percent of the variability in residual pool volume. Title: The effect of the size and orientation of large wood on pool volume in two Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Lombard, Pamela This study was conducted to determine how the size and orientation of large wood placed in streams in combination with peak flows, substrate and channel gradient affect pool volume, surface area and maximum depth in two coastal Oregon streams. Eighteen Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) logs were placed in each of two streams, J-Line Creek and Preacher Creek, in the summer of 1989. Surveys were conducted annually from 1989-1996 at summer low flow using a total station electronic theodolite. The orientation of the introduced wood and the parameters of residual pools associated with the wood were determined from high resolution topographic maps made from the surveys. Residual pool volume associated with the introduced wood increased 2,500 percent over the seven years for J-Line Creek and 30 percent for Preacher Creek. Large spanners, logs placed perpendicular to the stream flow and flush with the stream bottom, had the greatest pool volume associated with them, however horizontal orientations shifted downstream over time. Large ramps, logs placed at a downstream orientation and angled up onto the bank, were the most stable treatment. Differences between the two watersheds and an interaction variable between the diameter of the introduced wood and the horizontal orientation of the introduced wood were the significant variables which entered the multiple linear regression model for residual pool volume. These variables, as well as the vertical orientation of the introduced wood, were significantly correlated to both residual pool surface area and maximum depth. The recurrence interval of the annual maximum instantaneous peak flow was not significantly associated with residual pool volume, surface area nor maximum depth. Multiple regression models explained, at most, twenty-eight percent of the variability in residual pool volume, maximum depth and surface area. Estimates of pool volume obtained with aquatic habitat inventories (Bisson et al., 1982) were compared with residual pool calculations determined from the topographic maps. Pool volume in a reach determined by aquatic habitat inventories explained 96 percent of the variability of residual pool volume in a reach, however estimates of individual pool volume explained only 40 percent of the variability in residual pool volume. Close

• 90. [Article] Estimating Habitat-Specific Abundances of PIT-Tagged Juvenile Salmonids Using Mobile Antennas: A Comparison with Standard Electrofishing Techniques in a Small Stream

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted the American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating Habitat-Specific Abundances of PIT-Tagged Juvenile Salmonids Using Mobile Antennas: A Comparison with Standard Electrofishing Techniques in a Small Stream Author: Sloat, Matthew R., Baker, Peter F., Ligon, Franklin K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted the American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current. Title: Estimating Habitat-Specific Abundances of PIT-Tagged Juvenile Salmonids Using Mobile Antennas: A Comparison with Standard Electrofishing Techniques in a Small Stream Author: Sloat, Matthew R., Baker, Peter F., Ligon, Franklin K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted the American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current. Close

• 91. [Article] Persistence of spatial distribution patterns of coastal cutthroat trout in a Cascade mountain stream

  Previous research in South Fork Hinkle Creek suggested that coastal cutthroat trout exhibit an aggregated spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales. To evaluate the persistence of the observed abundance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Persistence of spatial distribution patterns of coastal cutthroat trout in a Cascade mountain stream Author: Novick, Marc S. Previous research in South Fork Hinkle Creek suggested that coastal cutthroat trout exhibit an aggregated spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales. To evaluate the persistence of the observed abundance patterns and identify factors that affect those patterns, half-duplex passive integrated transponders (PIT-tags) were implanted in 320 coastal cutthroat trout (> 100 mm, about age 1-plus fish) within our study sections, and in an additional 370 fish throughout the watershed. Nineteen habitat patches of high, or low relative fish abundance were delineated and monitored over a 13-month period. Seasonal habitat surveys quantified channel characteristics in each patch. Immigration and emigration were monitored using stationary and portable PIT-tag antennas along 2 km of stream, including mainstem and tributary habitats. In general, habitat patches that supported a high abundance of coastal cutthroat trout experienced less immigration and more consistent fish abundance. Mainstem study sections maintained the initial relative abundance patterns, but abundances in the tributary sections shifted during the study period. Abundances of PIT-tagged coastal cutthroat trout were consistent over time in mainstem habitats, even though some originally marked fish moved away. In tributary sections relative abundances were much more variable and few originally marked fish remained. The number of instream boulders was positively correlated with fish abundance, pool habitats, and section fidelity of individual fish in mainstem study sections. A majority (70%) of fish detected moving traveled 25 m or less during any season. The greatest number of fish moved during the spring, and the fewest during the winter. Timing of fish movements were not specifically related to high stream discharge or storm events, and fish appeared to move in proportion to the available seasonal discharge. Title: Persistence of spatial distribution patterns of coastal cutthroat trout in a Cascade mountain stream Author: Novick, Marc S. Previous research in South Fork Hinkle Creek suggested that coastal cutthroat trout exhibit an aggregated spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales. To evaluate the persistence of the observed abundance patterns and identify factors that affect those patterns, half-duplex passive integrated transponders (PIT-tags) were implanted in 320 coastal cutthroat trout (> 100 mm, about age 1-plus fish) within our study sections, and in an additional 370 fish throughout the watershed. Nineteen habitat patches of high, or low relative fish abundance were delineated and monitored over a 13-month period. Seasonal habitat surveys quantified channel characteristics in each patch. Immigration and emigration were monitored using stationary and portable PIT-tag antennas along 2 km of stream, including mainstem and tributary habitats. In general, habitat patches that supported a high abundance of coastal cutthroat trout experienced less immigration and more consistent fish abundance. Mainstem study sections maintained the initial relative abundance patterns, but abundances in the tributary sections shifted during the study period. Abundances of PIT-tagged coastal cutthroat trout were consistent over time in mainstem habitats, even though some originally marked fish moved away. In tributary sections relative abundances were much more variable and few originally marked fish remained. The number of instream boulders was positively correlated with fish abundance, pool habitats, and section fidelity of individual fish in mainstem study sections. A majority (70%) of fish detected moving traveled 25 m or less during any season. The greatest number of fish moved during the spring, and the fewest during the winter. Timing of fish movements were not specifically related to high stream discharge or storm events, and fish appeared to move in proportion to the available seasonal discharge. Close

• 92. [Article] Specific indicator organisms can define the magnitude and origins of non-point pollution in rural environments

  A comprehensive study was made on the impact to surface and ground water pollution by a recently populated rural neighborhood located in the foothills of western Oregon. A stream originating in a limited ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Specific indicator organisms can define the magnitude and origins of non-point pollution in rural environments Author: Lamka, Karla Gail A comprehensive study was made on the impact to surface and ground water pollution by a recently populated rural neighborhood located in the foothills of western Oregon. A stream originating in a limited access forest and flowing through a modern zoned housing development was routinely monitored. Sampling was performed during steady state low flow and high flow conditions, and during the rising and falling hydrograph of storm events. Bacterial levels were found to be one to two log units higher in the unprotected regions of the stream compared to levels in the protected forest. To determine the source of fecal pollution in the stream, fecal streptococci were randomly picked and biotyped. It was demonstrated that sources of fecal contamination in the stream included human feces, as evidenced by the presence of S. mitis and S. salivarius during stormwater runoff. This was attributed to use of septic drain-fields in soils unsuitable for such use. Other contributors were domestic livestock and wildlife, as manifested by the isolation of S. bovis and S. equinus. To determine the effects of seasonal variation and modern zoning criteria on drinking water supplies, six surveys over a fifteen month period were conducted. More than one third of the water supplies were unsatisfactory on at least one occasion in terms of standard plate counts over 10³ /ml, the presence of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and/or Staphylococcus aureus. Coliform contamination was found to be higher following periods of rainfall, while high standard plate counts were more prevalent during warmer weather. Consumer education and a twice yearly monitoring of private water supplies appear necessary to reduce the incidence of water-borne disease organisms in private water supplies. Title: Specific indicator organisms can define the magnitude and origins of non-point pollution in rural environments Author: Lamka, Karla Gail A comprehensive study was made on the impact to surface and ground water pollution by a recently populated rural neighborhood located in the foothills of western Oregon. A stream originating in a limited access forest and flowing through a modern zoned housing development was routinely monitored. Sampling was performed during steady state low flow and high flow conditions, and during the rising and falling hydrograph of storm events. Bacterial levels were found to be one to two log units higher in the unprotected regions of the stream compared to levels in the protected forest. To determine the source of fecal pollution in the stream, fecal streptococci were randomly picked and biotyped. It was demonstrated that sources of fecal contamination in the stream included human feces, as evidenced by the presence of S. mitis and S. salivarius during stormwater runoff. This was attributed to use of septic drain-fields in soils unsuitable for such use. Other contributors were domestic livestock and wildlife, as manifested by the isolation of S. bovis and S. equinus. To determine the effects of seasonal variation and modern zoning criteria on drinking water supplies, six surveys over a fifteen month period were conducted. More than one third of the water supplies were unsatisfactory on at least one occasion in terms of standard plate counts over 10³ /ml, the presence of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and/or Staphylococcus aureus. Coliform contamination was found to be higher following periods of rainfall, while high standard plate counts were more prevalent during warmer weather. Consumer education and a twice yearly monitoring of private water supplies appear necessary to reduce the incidence of water-borne disease organisms in private water supplies. Close

• 93. [Article] Oxygen absorption in water using a multiple stage crosscurrent packed tower with and without recycle

  The performance of a multiple stage crosscurrent tower packed with Pall rings was characterized with and without a recycle loop on the gas stream. The column used 12 baffles. The absorption system studied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oxygen absorption in water using a multiple stage crosscurrent packed tower with and without recycle Author: Towle, Betsy The performance of a multiple stage crosscurrent tower packed with Pall rings was characterized with and without a recycle loop on the gas stream. The column used 12 baffles. The absorption system studied was the transfer of oxygen from an oxygen-enriched air stream into a water stream which is a relatively insoluble combination. A literature survey summarized the work done to date with crosscurrent columns. The column and associated equipment were described as well as the experimental procedure. The mass transfer data were summarized and sample calculations given. The non-recycle experiments were performed for liquid to gas flowrate ratios ranging from 15 to 25 at varying liquid flowrates. An efficiency term which compared oxygen concentration change in the liquid phase with the concentration driving force was used to evaluate the data. In terms of efficiency, two operating ranges existed in the column which agreed with earlier studies. Efficiencies were highest when the column was operated in the crosscurrent region and efficiencies increased with decreasing liquid to gas flowrate ratios. A correlation was developed between the liquid to gas flowrate ratio and the transition flowrate. The recycle experiments were performed for the recycle ratios of 0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 with varying oxygen flowrates. A term which determined the relative percentage change in the oxygen concentration of the liquid was used to evaluate the data. It was determined that using a recycle loop with the gas stream increased the performance of the column and decreased the usage of oxygen. Title: Oxygen absorption in water using a multiple stage crosscurrent packed tower with and without recycle Author: Towle, Betsy The performance of a multiple stage crosscurrent tower packed with Pall rings was characterized with and without a recycle loop on the gas stream. The column used 12 baffles. The absorption system studied was the transfer of oxygen from an oxygen-enriched air stream into a water stream which is a relatively insoluble combination. A literature survey summarized the work done to date with crosscurrent columns. The column and associated equipment were described as well as the experimental procedure. The mass transfer data were summarized and sample calculations given. The non-recycle experiments were performed for liquid to gas flowrate ratios ranging from 15 to 25 at varying liquid flowrates. An efficiency term which compared oxygen concentration change in the liquid phase with the concentration driving force was used to evaluate the data. In terms of efficiency, two operating ranges existed in the column which agreed with earlier studies. Efficiencies were highest when the column was operated in the crosscurrent region and efficiencies increased with decreasing liquid to gas flowrate ratios. A correlation was developed between the liquid to gas flowrate ratio and the transition flowrate. The recycle experiments were performed for the recycle ratios of 0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 with varying oxygen flowrates. A term which determined the relative percentage change in the oxygen concentration of the liquid was used to evaluate the data. It was determined that using a recycle loop with the gas stream increased the performance of the column and decreased the usage of oxygen. Close

• 94. [Article] Antagonistic properties of aquatic myxobacteria and pseudomonads

  Certain species of the orders Myxobacterales and Pseudo-monadales are well-known antagonists. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida have been reported to produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Antagonistic properties of aquatic myxobacteria and pseudomonads Author: Burnison, Bryan Kent Certain species of the orders Myxobacterales and Pseudo-monadales are well-known antagonists. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida have been reported to produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal substances. Among the myxobacteria there are various species which are known for their ability to produce lytic enzymes and antibiotics. Organisms from both of these groups of bacteria are known to occur in the aquatic habitat. During studies on the microbial flora of experimental streams, it was found, at times, that myxobacteria represented a significant proportion of the bacterial population. This suggested that either the environmental conditions favored the growth of these organisms specifically or that inhibiting substances were being produced by these bacteria which prevented the growth of other bacterial species. A number of non-fruiting,fresh-water myxobacterial isolates were found to produce antibiotic substances. This finding was of interest since the production of these substances by non-fruiting myxobacteria has not been previously reported. The antibiotic material had a fairly broad spectrum since it was capable of inhibiting the growth of a variety of different bacterial species. The inhibitory substance produced by one of the isolates was partially purified by ethanol precipitation. This antibiotic was found to be water soluble and heat stable. An association between P. fluorescens and certain aquatic myxobacterial isolates also was suggested from the bacteriological surveys of the experimental streams. One stream had a predominance of pseudomonads and very scant myxobacterial growth in comparison with the other five streams studied. It was therefore of interest to study the interrelationship between these two groups of bacteria. Mixed culture studies showed that myxobacterial growth was markedly inhibited by the presence of certain pseudo-monads. A crude toxic preparation was obtained from one of the pseudomonad isolates. This material was found to exert a bacteriostatic effect on certain myxobacteria. The substance was also inhibitory for Sarcina lutea and Bacillus cereus. The crude toxin was found to be heat stable, water soluble and dialysable. Title: Antagonistic properties of aquatic myxobacteria and pseudomonads Author: Burnison, Bryan Kent Certain species of the orders Myxobacterales and Pseudo-monadales are well-known antagonists. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida have been reported to produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal substances. Among the myxobacteria there are various species which are known for their ability to produce lytic enzymes and antibiotics. Organisms from both of these groups of bacteria are known to occur in the aquatic habitat. During studies on the microbial flora of experimental streams, it was found, at times, that myxobacteria represented a significant proportion of the bacterial population. This suggested that either the environmental conditions favored the growth of these organisms specifically or that inhibiting substances were being produced by these bacteria which prevented the growth of other bacterial species. A number of non-fruiting,fresh-water myxobacterial isolates were found to produce antibiotic substances. This finding was of interest since the production of these substances by non-fruiting myxobacteria has not been previously reported. The antibiotic material had a fairly broad spectrum since it was capable of inhibiting the growth of a variety of different bacterial species. The inhibitory substance produced by one of the isolates was partially purified by ethanol precipitation. This antibiotic was found to be water soluble and heat stable. An association between P. fluorescens and certain aquatic myxobacterial isolates also was suggested from the bacteriological surveys of the experimental streams. One stream had a predominance of pseudomonads and very scant myxobacterial growth in comparison with the other five streams studied. It was therefore of interest to study the interrelationship between these two groups of bacteria. Mixed culture studies showed that myxobacterial growth was markedly inhibited by the presence of certain pseudo-monads. A crude toxic preparation was obtained from one of the pseudomonad isolates. This material was found to exert a bacteriostatic effect on certain myxobacteria. The substance was also inhibitory for Sarcina lutea and Bacillus cereus. The crude toxin was found to be heat stable, water soluble and dialysable. Close

• 95. [Article] Evaluating the restoration potential of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from multiple scales of observation, Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon, USA

  As a key factor contributing to slope stability, in-stream habitat for aquatic species (e.g., salmonids), nutrient cycling, and corridors for upland species, riparian vegetation and its maintenance is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the restoration potential of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from multiple scales of observation, Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Hines, Cynthia A. As a key factor contributing to slope stability, in-stream habitat for aquatic species (e.g., salmonids), nutrient cycling, and corridors for upland species, riparian vegetation and its maintenance is of critical conservation importance. Subsequently, the chronic degradation of aquatic and riparian ecosystems in the semi-arid and arid landscapes of the western U.S. is the focus of many recent research efforts. A study was undertaken to investigate historic and current black cottonwood populations in the Grande Ronde River Basin, northeastern Oregon, U.S.A., and evaluate restoration potential given present-day fluvial-geomorphic conditions and reproductive strategies. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), a dominant tree species in these semi-arid systems, has been severely impacted by intensive grazing, irrigation, and land conversion activities over the past one and a half centuries. With the explicit incorporation of space and time, a simple conceptual framework was developed to examine the ecological restoration potential of black cottonwood from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Restoration potential is defined in this study in terms of availability of suitable habitat and source (i.e., seedpool) for future generations. Digital analyses of aerial photographs reveal changes in the extent, numbers, and total area of cottonwood communities and habitat since 1937. Restoration potential is evaluated using historic stream flow records, stream cross-section analysis to predict current stream discharge, and DNA RAPD procedures to assess the effects of changing stream geomorphology and disturbance regimes on cottonwood reproductive strategies. Optimal spatial and temporal conditions for potential restoration locations of black cottonwood have been identified relative to channel morphology and flood events (e.g., frequency and magnitude). This multiple scale mechnistic approach is used to evaluate the feasibility of restoration efforts toward the re-establishment of viable black cottonwood riparian plant communities in two sites in the upper Grande Ronde River Basin. Title: Evaluating the restoration potential of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from multiple scales of observation, Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Hines, Cynthia A. As a key factor contributing to slope stability, in-stream habitat for aquatic species (e.g., salmonids), nutrient cycling, and corridors for upland species, riparian vegetation and its maintenance is of critical conservation importance. Subsequently, the chronic degradation of aquatic and riparian ecosystems in the semi-arid and arid landscapes of the western U.S. is the focus of many recent research efforts. A study was undertaken to investigate historic and current black cottonwood populations in the Grande Ronde River Basin, northeastern Oregon, U.S.A., and evaluate restoration potential given present-day fluvial-geomorphic conditions and reproductive strategies. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), a dominant tree species in these semi-arid systems, has been severely impacted by intensive grazing, irrigation, and land conversion activities over the past one and a half centuries. With the explicit incorporation of space and time, a simple conceptual framework was developed to examine the ecological restoration potential of black cottonwood from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Restoration potential is defined in this study in terms of availability of suitable habitat and source (i.e., seedpool) for future generations. Digital analyses of aerial photographs reveal changes in the extent, numbers, and total area of cottonwood communities and habitat since 1937. Restoration potential is evaluated using historic stream flow records, stream cross-section analysis to predict current stream discharge, and DNA RAPD procedures to assess the effects of changing stream geomorphology and disturbance regimes on cottonwood reproductive strategies. Optimal spatial and temporal conditions for potential restoration locations of black cottonwood have been identified relative to channel morphology and flood events (e.g., frequency and magnitude). This multiple scale mechnistic approach is used to evaluate the feasibility of restoration efforts toward the re-establishment of viable black cottonwood riparian plant communities in two sites in the upper Grande Ronde River Basin. Close

• 96. [Article] Baseline stream chemistry and soil resources for the Hinkle Creek Research and Demonstration Area Project

  This research addressed the opportunity to obtain baseline data for both stream chemistry and soil resources for an intensively managed forest watershed, encompassed by the North and South Forks of Hinkle ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Baseline stream chemistry and soil resources for the Hinkle Creek Research and Demonstration Area Project Author: George, Robert Lance This research addressed the opportunity to obtain baseline data for both stream chemistry and soil resources for an intensively managed forest watershed, encompassed by the North and South Forks of Hinkle Creek Watershed Research and Demonstration Area Project near Sutherlin, Oregon. A solid representative database for both stream and soil nutrients in these forest watersheds will provide a model upon which to help gauge the effects of current and expected intensive forest management practices on industrial forest land. Eight original sampling points were described for water chemistry. In addition, samples were collected from three other locations directly below two clearcuts completed in 2001 that had subsequent intensive vegetation control measures in place. The total nutrient output in kg month [superscript -1] and kg ha [superscript -1] month [superscript -1] among the Hinkle Creek streams differed greatly due to discharge and watershed area, but their nutrient concentrations, with few exceptions, were closely related. All stream water N concentrations were low, except for some higher NO3-N concentrations for two partially treated watersheds, Clay and Beeby Creeks. DeMearsman Creek, a control, had an NO3-N + NO2-N concentration of 0.01mg L [superscript -1] in December, 2003. In contrast, a Beeby Creek tributary below a clearcut had a 1.75 mg L [superscript -1] concentration. The NO3-N concentrations increased substantially after urea fertilization of most of the Hinkle Creek basin in late October, 2004. Samples in January, 2005 showed a reversal of NO3-N + NO2-N concentrations between treatment vs. control watersheds (P < 0.02, T = 4.24). Partial clearcuts or completely forested basins both had similar nutrient concentration data, with the exception of N, especially NO3-N + NO2-N. Beeby Creek was significantly higher in NO3-N + NO2-N, with a two-sided inference (P < 0.0001, T = 6.2-6.5), than all of the other headwater streams. Clay Creek sampled above and below a clearcut showed no significant change (P = 0.272, T = 1.15). Hinkle Creek South Fork showed that the downstream effects of clearcutting, especially NO3-N + NO2-N output from smaller upstream tributaries, may transmit their effects to larger confluences downstream (P = 0.0001, T = 4.47). Newly published soil surveys from the National Resource Conservation Service and Douglas County SCS were used to set up a methodology for sampling the representative Hinkle Creek soil resources. Eight main soil types were mapped, 27 representative soil pits were dug in accordance with the location of the mapped soils, and standard soil survey descriptions were created. Soil cores were taken from different depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm). These data were used to estimate total soil C, N, P, and S resources, soil cation exchange capacity, and available base cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na). Soil N was low, with the most prevalent soil series, (Orford Gravelly Loam) having 1010 kg ha [superscript -1] (S.E. 143) in the top 15 cm. Low stream N concentration may be correlated with the low soil N content, which may limit Hinkle Creek tree production. Title: Baseline stream chemistry and soil resources for the Hinkle Creek Research and Demonstration Area Project Author: George, Robert Lance This research addressed the opportunity to obtain baseline data for both stream chemistry and soil resources for an intensively managed forest watershed, encompassed by the North and South Forks of Hinkle Creek Watershed Research and Demonstration Area Project near Sutherlin, Oregon. A solid representative database for both stream and soil nutrients in these forest watersheds will provide a model upon which to help gauge the effects of current and expected intensive forest management practices on industrial forest land. Eight original sampling points were described for water chemistry. In addition, samples were collected from three other locations directly below two clearcuts completed in 2001 that had subsequent intensive vegetation control measures in place. The total nutrient output in kg month [superscript -1] and kg ha [superscript -1] month [superscript -1] among the Hinkle Creek streams differed greatly due to discharge and watershed area, but their nutrient concentrations, with few exceptions, were closely related. All stream water N concentrations were low, except for some higher NO3-N concentrations for two partially treated watersheds, Clay and Beeby Creeks. DeMearsman Creek, a control, had an NO3-N + NO2-N concentration of 0.01mg L [superscript -1] in December, 2003. In contrast, a Beeby Creek tributary below a clearcut had a 1.75 mg L [superscript -1] concentration. The NO3-N concentrations increased substantially after urea fertilization of most of the Hinkle Creek basin in late October, 2004. Samples in January, 2005 showed a reversal of NO3-N + NO2-N concentrations between treatment vs. control watersheds (P < 0.02, T = 4.24). Partial clearcuts or completely forested basins both had similar nutrient concentration data, with the exception of N, especially NO3-N + NO2-N. Beeby Creek was significantly higher in NO3-N + NO2-N, with a two-sided inference (P < 0.0001, T = 6.2-6.5), than all of the other headwater streams. Clay Creek sampled above and below a clearcut showed no significant change (P = 0.272, T = 1.15). Hinkle Creek South Fork showed that the downstream effects of clearcutting, especially NO3-N + NO2-N output from smaller upstream tributaries, may transmit their effects to larger confluences downstream (P = 0.0001, T = 4.47). Newly published soil surveys from the National Resource Conservation Service and Douglas County SCS were used to set up a methodology for sampling the representative Hinkle Creek soil resources. Eight main soil types were mapped, 27 representative soil pits were dug in accordance with the location of the mapped soils, and standard soil survey descriptions were created. Soil cores were taken from different depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm). These data were used to estimate total soil C, N, P, and S resources, soil cation exchange capacity, and available base cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na). Soil N was low, with the most prevalent soil series, (Orford Gravelly Loam) having 1010 kg ha [superscript -1] (S.E. 143) in the top 15 cm. Low stream N concentration may be correlated with the low soil N content, which may limit Hinkle Creek tree production. Close

• 97. [Article] Drivers of variability in transpiration and implications for stream flow in forests of western Oregon

  I compared transpiration among different types of forest stands in the western Cascades of Oregon. The three major questions were: 1) How does transpiration compare between a young and old stand and why? ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drivers of variability in transpiration and implications for stream flow in forests of western Oregon Author: Moore, Georgianne W. I compared transpiration among different types of forest stands in the western Cascades of Oregon. The three major questions were: 1) How does transpiration compare between a young and old stand and why? 2) Does diversity of overstory trees affect transpiration? and 3) How is transpiration related to stream flow? Transpiration was quantified using thermal dissipation sap flow measurements scaled to a ground-area basis using sapwood surveys for periods during the summer months of 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in a subset of plots, for a full year. I found that a young, rapidly growing stand ([approximately] 40 years since disturbance) used 3.3 times more water during the growing season than an old-growth stand ([approximately] 450 years since disturbance) because the young stand had 2.3 times higher sap flow rates per unit sapwood in Douglas-fir, had a 21% greater total sapwood basal area, and had a larger component of hardwoods that use 1.41 times more water than conifers per unit sapwood. In two-species mixtures of Douglas-fir and red alder, I found evidence that mixtures are less productive and have lower annual transpiration than monocultures of these two species. The observed differences were probably due to altered biomass rather than diversity itself, but diversity likely played a role in altering biomass. Such stand age- and diversity-related differences in transpiration potentially impact stream flow. In a small watershed with a 450-yr-old forest, I examined the role of vegetation in stream flow patterns at hourly, daily, and storm scales. Transpiration apparently controlled stream flow during the summer at hourly scales with lags of at least five hours. In contrast, at daily and storm scales, soil water apparently controlled both stream flow and transpiration during the dry season, but there was no relationship during the wet season. These results indicate that forest management practices that reduce stand age and decrease diversity may lead to increased transpiration and consequently may reduce summer stream flow. Title: Drivers of variability in transpiration and implications for stream flow in forests of western Oregon Author: Moore, Georgianne W. I compared transpiration among different types of forest stands in the western Cascades of Oregon. The three major questions were: 1) How does transpiration compare between a young and old stand and why? 2) Does diversity of overstory trees affect transpiration? and 3) How is transpiration related to stream flow? Transpiration was quantified using thermal dissipation sap flow measurements scaled to a ground-area basis using sapwood surveys for periods during the summer months of 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in a subset of plots, for a full year. I found that a young, rapidly growing stand ([approximately] 40 years since disturbance) used 3.3 times more water during the growing season than an old-growth stand ([approximately] 450 years since disturbance) because the young stand had 2.3 times higher sap flow rates per unit sapwood in Douglas-fir, had a 21% greater total sapwood basal area, and had a larger component of hardwoods that use 1.41 times more water than conifers per unit sapwood. In two-species mixtures of Douglas-fir and red alder, I found evidence that mixtures are less productive and have lower annual transpiration than monocultures of these two species. The observed differences were probably due to altered biomass rather than diversity itself, but diversity likely played a role in altering biomass. Such stand age- and diversity-related differences in transpiration potentially impact stream flow. In a small watershed with a 450-yr-old forest, I examined the role of vegetation in stream flow patterns at hourly, daily, and storm scales. Transpiration apparently controlled stream flow during the summer at hourly scales with lags of at least five hours. In contrast, at daily and storm scales, soil water apparently controlled both stream flow and transpiration during the dry season, but there was no relationship during the wet season. These results indicate that forest management practices that reduce stand age and decrease diversity may lead to increased transpiration and consequently may reduce summer stream flow. Close

• 98. [Article] A cost effectiveness analysis of actions to reduce stream temperature : a case study of the Mohawk watershed

  The concept of ecosystem management requires that management prescriptions account for economic and environmental goals that are measured in non-commensurate units. This study examines the economic and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A cost effectiveness analysis of actions to reduce stream temperature : a case study of the Mohawk watershed Author: Mooney, Sian, 1965- The concept of ecosystem management requires that management prescriptions account for economic and environmental goals that are measured in non-commensurate units. This study examines the economic and environmental trade-offs associated with planting a riparian buffer in trees to reduce stream temperatures in the Mohawk watershed, Oregon. The detrimental effects of high stream temperatures on fish production and survival have received increasing attention from State and Federal agencies. The cost and effectiveness of five riparian buffer scenarios and three tax policies are identified and used to construct a cost-effectiveness frontier. Specifically the study: (i) empirically estimates total welfare changes and their distribution among Mohawk residents; (ii) identifies the effectiveness of alternative buffer prescriptions and (iii) identifies cost-effective policy scenarios. The study adopts a welfare theory framework to examine welfare changes among producers and residential property owners. A mathematical programming model is used to generate empirical estimates of welfare change. The model has two interesting features, (i) a hedonic pricing analysis is used to generate coefficients which determine how residential property prices change in response to riparian plantings and (ii) buffer prescriptions are linked to a stream temperature estimator, Heat Source, to estimate changes in stream temperature. Data for the model are collected using a Geographical Information System, personal interview survey, aerial photograph interpretation, enterprise budgets and other sources. Results indicate that riparian buffers are effective in achieving some reductions in stream temperature. The total cost and distribution of welfare changes across sectors differs between scenarios. Under the efficient scenarios welfare increases in the agricultural sector, decreases in the forestry sector and residential welfare both increases and decreases depending on the scenario. In general, the least efficient agricultural producers will receive the greatest benefits from the proposed scenarios. A progressively wider riparian buffer results in residential property owners bearing a greater percentage of welfare loss. From a policy perspective the efficient scenarios reduce stream temperatures at the expense of collected tax revenues which may affect individuals outside the study area. The choice of which policy to choose from the frontier may differ depending on whether riparian plantings are voluntary or mandatory. Title: A cost effectiveness analysis of actions to reduce stream temperature : a case study of the Mohawk watershed Author: Mooney, Sian, 1965- The concept of ecosystem management requires that management prescriptions account for economic and environmental goals that are measured in non-commensurate units. This study examines the economic and environmental trade-offs associated with planting a riparian buffer in trees to reduce stream temperatures in the Mohawk watershed, Oregon. The detrimental effects of high stream temperatures on fish production and survival have received increasing attention from State and Federal agencies. The cost and effectiveness of five riparian buffer scenarios and three tax policies are identified and used to construct a cost-effectiveness frontier. Specifically the study: (i) empirically estimates total welfare changes and their distribution among Mohawk residents; (ii) identifies the effectiveness of alternative buffer prescriptions and (iii) identifies cost-effective policy scenarios. The study adopts a welfare theory framework to examine welfare changes among producers and residential property owners. A mathematical programming model is used to generate empirical estimates of welfare change. The model has two interesting features, (i) a hedonic pricing analysis is used to generate coefficients which determine how residential property prices change in response to riparian plantings and (ii) buffer prescriptions are linked to a stream temperature estimator, Heat Source, to estimate changes in stream temperature. Data for the model are collected using a Geographical Information System, personal interview survey, aerial photograph interpretation, enterprise budgets and other sources. Results indicate that riparian buffers are effective in achieving some reductions in stream temperature. The total cost and distribution of welfare changes across sectors differs between scenarios. Under the efficient scenarios welfare increases in the agricultural sector, decreases in the forestry sector and residential welfare both increases and decreases depending on the scenario. In general, the least efficient agricultural producers will receive the greatest benefits from the proposed scenarios. A progressively wider riparian buffer results in residential property owners bearing a greater percentage of welfare loss. From a policy perspective the efficient scenarios reduce stream temperatures at the expense of collected tax revenues which may affect individuals outside the study area. The choice of which policy to choose from the frontier may differ depending on whether riparian plantings are voluntary or mandatory. Close

• 99. [Article] Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1975

  Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Less area was surveyed in 1975, and methods of data analysis were re-evaluated.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1975 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Management Section, Cummings, Ed Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Less area was surveyed in 1975, and methods of data analysis were re-evaluated. Title: Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1975 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Management Section, Cummings, Ed Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Less area was surveyed in 1975, and methods of data analysis were re-evaluated. Close

• 100. [Article] Application of stream classification and historical land uses for managed riparian systems of Eastern Oregon

  Twelve stream segments in the Silvies River drainage system were classified in the fall of 1993 and again in 1994, using a morphological classification of natural rivers (Rosgen 1994). Bankfull flow of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Application of stream classification and historical land uses for managed riparian systems of Eastern Oregon Author: Zweygardt, Louanne R. Twelve stream segments in the Silvies River drainage system were classified in the fall of 1993 and again in 1994, using a morphological classification of natural rivers (Rosgen 1994). Bankfull flow of stream channels is the key feature of this system. Measurement of bankfull is used in the calculation of entrenchment ratio and width/depth ratio. Analysis of the differences of the averages between years in bankfull measurements showed that despite being consistently repeated at the same locations along the channel, the measurements were found to be different (p=0.000163 for entrenchment ratios and p = 0.0208 for width/depth ratios). Bankfull was found to be a non-repeatable field measure, therefore, a poor benchmark for a classification scheme. Historical information collected for the study area indicated a history of domestic livestock use that dates back as far as the mid-nineteenth century. Although grazed by livestock for several years, settlement of the Bear and Silvies Valleys occurred mostly around the turn of the twentieth century after the stockgrower's homestead acts were passed. Ownership today is dominated by large (relative to the homestead days) ranches. Title: Application of stream classification and historical land uses for managed riparian systems of Eastern Oregon Author: Zweygardt, Louanne R. Twelve stream segments in the Silvies River drainage system were classified in the fall of 1993 and again in 1994, using a morphological classification of natural rivers (Rosgen 1994). Bankfull flow of stream channels is the key feature of this system. Measurement of bankfull is used in the calculation of entrenchment ratio and width/depth ratio. Analysis of the differences of the averages between years in bankfull measurements showed that despite being consistently repeated at the same locations along the channel, the measurements were found to be different (p=0.000163 for entrenchment ratios and p = 0.0208 for width/depth ratios). Bankfull was found to be a non-repeatable field measure, therefore, a poor benchmark for a classification scheme. Historical information collected for the study area indicated a history of domestic livestock use that dates back as far as the mid-nineteenth century. Although grazed by livestock for several years, settlement of the Bear and Silvies Valleys occurred mostly around the turn of the twentieth century after the stockgrower's homestead acts were passed. Ownership today is dominated by large (relative to the homestead days) ranches. Close