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• 1. [Article] Guide to depositories of manuscript collections in the United States. Oregon-Washington

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guide to depositories of manuscript collections in the United States. Oregon-Washington Author: Washington Historical Records Survey, Oregon Historical Records Survey Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Guide to depositories of manuscript collections in the United States. Oregon-Washington Author: Washington Historical Records Survey, Oregon Historical Records Survey Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 2. [Article] The Effect of Proximity to Energy Development on Public Attitudes: Fracking in the U.S.

  An oil and gas extraction technique commonly referred to as “fracking”, “hydraulic fracturing”, “hydrofracking” or “unconventional shale development” has recently emerged as a major national and international ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Proximity to Energy Development on Public Attitudes: Fracking in the U.S. Author: Bugden, Dylan E. An oil and gas extraction technique commonly referred to as “fracking”, “hydraulic fracturing”, “hydrofracking” or “unconventional shale development” has recently emerged as a major national and international policy issue. This combination of new and preexisting technologies has quickly spread around the world, allowing for the development of large, previously unviable oil and gas reserves. A large body of literature on “NIMBY” and “LULU” phenomena suggest that proximity to similar types of energy development can shape public attitudes toward new energy facilities and development. However, previous research has failed to account for how previous industry activity interacts with current industry efforts in shaping attitudes. By combining geospatial data on historical oil and gas industry activity and current shale development with a nationally representative survey of U.S. residents (N=1,061), we examine how proximity to previous and current oil and gas development independently influence attitudes toward fracking. While we find limited evidence for the impact of historical oil and gas development on current attitudes toward fracking, survey respondents within a current shale play were more likely to support fracking. Based on these findings, we discuss recommendations for future research and energy policy. Title: The Effect of Proximity to Energy Development on Public Attitudes: Fracking in the U.S. Author: Bugden, Dylan E. An oil and gas extraction technique commonly referred to as “fracking”, “hydraulic fracturing”, “hydrofracking” or “unconventional shale development” has recently emerged as a major national and international policy issue. This combination of new and preexisting technologies has quickly spread around the world, allowing for the development of large, previously unviable oil and gas reserves. A large body of literature on “NIMBY” and “LULU” phenomena suggest that proximity to similar types of energy development can shape public attitudes toward new energy facilities and development. However, previous research has failed to account for how previous industry activity interacts with current industry efforts in shaping attitudes. By combining geospatial data on historical oil and gas industry activity and current shale development with a nationally representative survey of U.S. residents (N=1,061), we examine how proximity to previous and current oil and gas development independently influence attitudes toward fracking. While we find limited evidence for the impact of historical oil and gas development on current attitudes toward fracking, survey respondents within a current shale play were more likely to support fracking. Based on these findings, we discuss recommendations for future research and energy policy. Close

• 3. [Article] Competitive Interactions and Resource Partitioning Between Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls in Western Oregon

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Competitive Interactions and Resource Partitioning Between Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls in Western Oregon Author: Forsman, Eric D., Anthony, Robert G., Wiens, J. David To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291938-5455. Title: Competitive Interactions and Resource Partitioning Between Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls in Western Oregon Author: Forsman, Eric D., Anthony, Robert G., Wiens, J. David To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291938-5455. Close

• 4. [Article] Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data Author: Swanson, Frederick, Pham, Tuan, Metoyer, Ronald, Pabst, Robert, Jones, Julia To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Title: Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data Author: Swanson, Frederick, Pham, Tuan, Metoyer, Ronald, Pabst, Robert, Jones, Julia To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Close

• 5. [Article] Continental-Scale Increase in Lake and Stream Phosphorus: Are Oligotrophic Systems Disappearing in the United States?

  This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continental-Scale Increase in Lake and Stream Phosphorus: Are Oligotrophic Systems Disappearing in the United States? Author: Mitchell, Richard, Paulsen, Steven, Herlihy, Alan T., Pollard, Amina I., Brahney, Janice, Van Sickle, John, Peck, David V., Stoddard, John L. This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Title: Continental-Scale Increase in Lake and Stream Phosphorus: Are Oligotrophic Systems Disappearing in the United States? Author: Mitchell, Richard, Paulsen, Steven, Herlihy, Alan T., Pollard, Amina I., Brahney, Janice, Van Sickle, John, Peck, David V., Stoddard, John L. This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Close

• 6. [Article] Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Prescription Stimulant Misuse: A Test of the Theory of Triadic Influence

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Prescription Stimulant Misuse: A Test of the Theory of Triadic Influence Author: Flay, Brian R., Martin, Melissa, Kodama, Cathy, Ketcham, Patricia L., Smit, Ellen, Saltz, Robert F., Bavarian, Niloofar This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol-dependence/. Title: Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Prescription Stimulant Misuse: A Test of the Theory of Triadic Influence Author: Flay, Brian R., Martin, Melissa, Kodama, Cathy, Ketcham, Patricia L., Smit, Ellen, Saltz, Robert F., Bavarian, Niloofar This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol-dependence/. Close

• 7. [Article] Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey Author: Schultz, L. D., Colvin, M. E., Mayfield, M. P., Wyss, L. A., Schreck, C. B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujfm20#.VJnE_s_AAA. Title: Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey Author: Schultz, L. D., Colvin, M. E., Mayfield, M. P., Wyss, L. A., Schreck, C. B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujfm20#.VJnE_s_AAA. Close

• 8. [Article] Anomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current : historical context and the significance of cumulative wind stress

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Anomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current : historical context and the significance of cumulative wind stress Author: Fleischer, Guy W., Pierce, Stephen D., Thomas, Rebecca E., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Anomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current : historical context and the significance of cumulative wind stress Author: Fleischer, Guy W., Pierce, Stephen D., Thomas, Rebecca E., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 9. [Article] Changes in hyporheic exchange flow following experimental wood removal in a small, low-gradient stream

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Changes in hyporheic exchange flow following experimental wood removal in a small, low-gradient stream Author: Haggerty, Roy, Edwards, Richard T., LaNier, Justin, Wondzell, Steven M., Woodsmith, Richard D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Title: Changes in hyporheic exchange flow following experimental wood removal in a small, low-gradient stream Author: Haggerty, Roy, Edwards, Richard T., LaNier, Justin, Wondzell, Steven M., Woodsmith, Richard D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/. Close

• 10. [Article] High-resolution biogeochemical investigation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the AESOPS (U. S. JGOFS) Program

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-resolution biogeochemical investigation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the AESOPS (U. S. JGOFS) Program Author: Takahashi, Taro, Hales, Burke Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: High-resolution biogeochemical investigation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the AESOPS (U. S. JGOFS) Program Author: Takahashi, Taro, Hales, Burke Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 11. [Article] Poleward flow off central California during the spring and summer of 1981 and 1984

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Poleward flow off central California during the spring and summer of 1981 and 1984 Author: Chelton, Dudley B., Bernstein, Robert L., Bratkovich, Alan W., Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Poleward flow off central California during the spring and summer of 1981 and 1984 Author: Chelton, Dudley B., Bernstein, Robert L., Bratkovich, Alan W., Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 12. [Article] Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http:...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change Author: Hostetler, Steven, Gresswell, Robert, Alder, Jay R., Shepard, Bradley, Al-Chokhachy, Robert To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Title: Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change Author: Hostetler, Steven, Gresswell, Robert, Alder, Jay R., Shepard, Bradley, Al-Chokhachy, Robert To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Close

• 13. [Article] Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon

  Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon Author: Latta, Gregory S., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced growth. Over the same time period, harvest rates on private lands have varied, with no distinct trend to the variation. In the most recent survey (1999), industrial and NIPF inventories differed by less than 8% (1.786 billion ft³ versus 1.655 billion ft³), while the NIPF timberland base was only two-thirds of the industrial base (1.105 million ac versus 1.603 million ac). This study employs recent inventories and even-flow and market-based harvest simulators to develop projections of future harvest potentials. For industrial lands, even-flow and market-based projections of future harvest potential over the next 50 yr are approximately half of average harvests over the past 40 yr. For NIPF lands the even-flow projection is 20% higher than the historical harvest average, while the market-based projection indicates potential for a substantial but short-lived increase in near-term harvest. Inventories on industrial lands rise under both projections, while NIPF inventories remain fairly stable. Continued loss of land from NIPF ownerships to other owners and uses has limited influence on the market-based NIPF harvest projection until after 2050. A simulated policy of expanded riparian protection zones reduces harvest on both ownerships roughly in proportion to the area removed from the harvestable land base. A simulated requirement to retain 30% more residual volume in partially cut stands reduces harvest by 5% on combined private ownerships and increases total inventory by 13% after 50 yr. Title: Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon Author: Latta, Gregory S., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced growth. Over the same time period, harvest rates on private lands have varied, with no distinct trend to the variation. In the most recent survey (1999), industrial and NIPF inventories differed by less than 8% (1.786 billion ft³ versus 1.655 billion ft³), while the NIPF timberland base was only two-thirds of the industrial base (1.105 million ac versus 1.603 million ac). This study employs recent inventories and even-flow and market-based harvest simulators to develop projections of future harvest potentials. For industrial lands, even-flow and market-based projections of future harvest potential over the next 50 yr are approximately half of average harvests over the past 40 yr. For NIPF lands the even-flow projection is 20% higher than the historical harvest average, while the market-based projection indicates potential for a substantial but short-lived increase in near-term harvest. Inventories on industrial lands rise under both projections, while NIPF inventories remain fairly stable. Continued loss of land from NIPF ownerships to other owners and uses has limited influence on the market-based NIPF harvest projection until after 2050. A simulated policy of expanded riparian protection zones reduces harvest on both ownerships roughly in proportion to the area removed from the harvestable land base. A simulated requirement to retain 30% more residual volume in partially cut stands reduces harvest by 5% on combined private ownerships and increases total inventory by 13% after 50 yr. Close

• 14. [Article] Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)

  Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, Richard F. Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, Richard F. Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 15. [Article] Jake Place Spring Symposium Presentation - Danielle Reynolds

  Many western river systems have become degraded or incised over time due to grazing, agriculture, impoundments, and extermination of beaver. Restoration efforts are looking to more natural solutions aimed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jake Place Spring Symposium Presentation - Danielle Reynolds Author: Reynolds, Danielle Many western river systems have become degraded or incised over time due to grazing, agriculture, impoundments, and extermination of beaver. Restoration efforts are looking to more natural solutions aimed at reconnecting streams to their original floodplain. Beavers were the original ecosystem engineers in Northwest America. They built dams, which held back water and sediment forcing stream channels in various directions, thus providing a mechanism for heterogeneity of fluvial processes and fish habitat. Restoration ecologists are looking to the beaver dam as a multifunctional tool aimed at reversing the anthropogenic effects of stream degradation. Baseline research was conducted at the Jake Place to provide important data and determine locations for beaver dam analogues. Important fluvial parameters such as pool to riffle ratios, historic floodplain areas and stream gradients were gathered for comparison after beaver dams were constructed. Five artificially installed beaver dam analogues were constructed in 2016 on the South Fork of the Crooked River. Dam porosity diminished in the weeks following installation, likely due to holes filling with aquatic vegetation, meaning fish passage may have to occur over or around the structures or during high flows. Following the 2017 spring flood event, two of the five beaver dam analogues had withstood the high flows and are functioning well, the other three dams did not withstand the event. Future work will include measuring sediment aggradation, success of riparian plantings, beaver activity, geomorphology, and fish passage. Title: Jake Place Spring Symposium Presentation - Danielle Reynolds Author: Reynolds, Danielle Many western river systems have become degraded or incised over time due to grazing, agriculture, impoundments, and extermination of beaver. Restoration efforts are looking to more natural solutions aimed at reconnecting streams to their original floodplain. Beavers were the original ecosystem engineers in Northwest America. They built dams, which held back water and sediment forcing stream channels in various directions, thus providing a mechanism for heterogeneity of fluvial processes and fish habitat. Restoration ecologists are looking to the beaver dam as a multifunctional tool aimed at reversing the anthropogenic effects of stream degradation. Baseline research was conducted at the Jake Place to provide important data and determine locations for beaver dam analogues. Important fluvial parameters such as pool to riffle ratios, historic floodplain areas and stream gradients were gathered for comparison after beaver dams were constructed. Five artificially installed beaver dam analogues were constructed in 2016 on the South Fork of the Crooked River. Dam porosity diminished in the weeks following installation, likely due to holes filling with aquatic vegetation, meaning fish passage may have to occur over or around the structures or during high flows. Following the 2017 spring flood event, two of the five beaver dam analogues had withstood the high flows and are functioning well, the other three dams did not withstand the event. Future work will include measuring sediment aggradation, success of riparian plantings, beaver activity, geomorphology, and fish passage. Close

• 16. [Article] Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade Mountains : composition, biomass, and autumn phenology

  Sixteen understory plant communities in the riparian zones of small streams are identified and described. They range from pioneer communities on gravel and rock to well-developed shrub communities on flood plains ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade Mountains : composition, biomass, and autumn phenology Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Campbell, Alsie Gilbert, Franklin, Jerry F. Sixteen understory plant communities in the riparian zones of small streams are identified and described. They range from pioneer communities on gravel and rock to well-developed shrub communities on flood plains and terraces. Several other vegetation types are discussed. Distribution of communities within the riparian zone is also discussed. A survey of nine small streams shows the Acer circinatum community to have the widest distribution and highest cover, but the Rubus spectabilis/Ribes bracteosum community is somewhat more common in the active zone. Biomass estimates are made for riparian vegetation along three stream segments. Total foliar production for 1976 is calculated for all vegetation, for communities, and for individual species. The percentage of each type of foliage which may reach the stream directly, indirectly, or not at all is estimated. Abscission and fall senescence for thirteen species was monitored. Leafy and herbaceous detrital input is timed. Rates of leaf fall and decadence are related to environmental factors. Title: Riparian vegetation in Oregon's western Cascade Mountains : composition, biomass, and autumn phenology Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome, Campbell, Alsie Gilbert, Franklin, Jerry F. Sixteen understory plant communities in the riparian zones of small streams are identified and described. They range from pioneer communities on gravel and rock to well-developed shrub communities on flood plains and terraces. Several other vegetation types are discussed. Distribution of communities within the riparian zone is also discussed. A survey of nine small streams shows the Acer circinatum community to have the widest distribution and highest cover, but the Rubus spectabilis/Ribes bracteosum community is somewhat more common in the active zone. Biomass estimates are made for riparian vegetation along three stream segments. Total foliar production for 1976 is calculated for all vegetation, for communities, and for individual species. The percentage of each type of foliage which may reach the stream directly, indirectly, or not at all is estimated. Abscission and fall senescence for thirteen species was monitored. Leafy and herbaceous detrital input is timed. Rates of leaf fall and decadence are related to environmental factors. Close

• 17. [Article] How Race Impacts Voter Participation: A Study

  What does race have to do with it? A study of racial conflict theory. Looking back at the 2012 Presidential election, it is important to re-evaluate who participates in a democratic process. It is necessary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Race Impacts Voter Participation: A Study Author: Dietz, Elizabeth What does race have to do with it? A study of racial conflict theory. Looking back at the 2012 Presidential election, it is important to re-evaluate who participates in a democratic process. It is necessary to observe voter participation by people of color in order to gain a more robust understanding of our democratic process. It is also essential to study how voting trends affect policies put in place by racially dominant elites, in order to better to serve these dominant elites. This begs the question; who typically votes? The research will use racial conflict theory to explore a possible correlation between race and voter participation for elections. In particular, this study will demonstrate how racially dominant groups, Caucasians, typically participate in the voting process more often than historically disenfranchised groups, like African Americans. The research will use the National Election Survey and compile data across all states for multiple elections. Title: How Race Impacts Voter Participation: A Study Author: Dietz, Elizabeth What does race have to do with it? A study of racial conflict theory. Looking back at the 2012 Presidential election, it is important to re-evaluate who participates in a democratic process. It is necessary to observe voter participation by people of color in order to gain a more robust understanding of our democratic process. It is also essential to study how voting trends affect policies put in place by racially dominant elites, in order to better to serve these dominant elites. This begs the question; who typically votes? The research will use racial conflict theory to explore a possible correlation between race and voter participation for elections. In particular, this study will demonstrate how racially dominant groups, Caucasians, typically participate in the voting process more often than historically disenfranchised groups, like African Americans. The research will use the National Election Survey and compile data across all states for multiple elections. Close

• 18. [Article] Voter Displeasure: The Role of Dislike For the Opposition In the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

  One of the surprising things about the 2016 presidential election was how much each presidential candidate was disliked. In this historic election, questions about whether voters made their decisions by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Voter Displeasure: The Role of Dislike For the Opposition In the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Author: Schiek, Andrew One of the surprising things about the 2016 presidential election was how much each presidential candidate was disliked. In this historic election, questions about whether voters made their decisions by supporting their candidate or voting against another have arisen. Studies have been done in the past that examine which traits of candidates motivate voter decisions, however, the highly vitriolic and emotional nature of the past year’s election merits a special examination that takes different factors into account than previous studies. More specifically, a study must be done that examines not only voters’ tastes, but also their distastes. I explore this question using a survey implemented on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. I hypothesize that the voters in the 2016 presidential election will make their voting decisions primarily based on feelings of dislike for the candidate(s) they did not vote for, that party loyalty will have little to no effect on the likelihood of voters make ballot choices based on dislike, and that the lack of partisanship will enable voters to prioritize policy positions and candidate traits when considering their candidates. I discuss the importance of my findings in the conclusion. Title: Voter Displeasure: The Role of Dislike For the Opposition In the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Author: Schiek, Andrew One of the surprising things about the 2016 presidential election was how much each presidential candidate was disliked. In this historic election, questions about whether voters made their decisions by supporting their candidate or voting against another have arisen. Studies have been done in the past that examine which traits of candidates motivate voter decisions, however, the highly vitriolic and emotional nature of the past year’s election merits a special examination that takes different factors into account than previous studies. More specifically, a study must be done that examines not only voters’ tastes, but also their distastes. I explore this question using a survey implemented on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. I hypothesize that the voters in the 2016 presidential election will make their voting decisions primarily based on feelings of dislike for the candidate(s) they did not vote for, that party loyalty will have little to no effect on the likelihood of voters make ballot choices based on dislike, and that the lack of partisanship will enable voters to prioritize policy positions and candidate traits when considering their candidates. I discuss the importance of my findings in the conclusion. Close

• 19. [Article] Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf Author: Austin, Jay A., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf Author: Austin, Jay A., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 20. [Article] Ocean data assimilation using optimal interpolation with a quasi-geostrophic model

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ocean data assimilation using optimal interpolation with a quasi-geostrophic model Author: Miller, Robert N., Rienecker, Michele M. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Ocean data assimilation using optimal interpolation with a quasi-geostrophic model Author: Miller, Robert N., Rienecker, Michele M. Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 21. [Article] Native Oregon plants

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native Oregon plants Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Native Oregon plants Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 22. [Article] Farm life

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm life Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Farm life Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 23. [Article] Historic monuments

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historic monuments Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Historic monuments Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 24. [Article] Miscellaneous

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Miscellaneous Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Miscellaneous Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 25. [Article] Oregon firsts

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon firsts Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon firsts Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 26. [Article] Oregon marine history : number 1

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon marine history : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon marine history : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 27. [Article] Oregon marine history : number two

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon marine history : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon marine history : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 28. [Article] Beaver state money : number two

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver state money : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Beaver state money : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 29. [Article] Questions and answers

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Questions and answers Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Questions and answers Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 30. [Article] Trees -- Oregana

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trees -- Oregana Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Trees -- Oregana Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 31. [Article] Freak Laws

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Freak Laws Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Freak Laws Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 32. [Article] About prehistoric Oregon

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: About prehistoric Oregon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: About prehistoric Oregon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 33. [Article] Odd place names & their origin

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Odd place names & their origin Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Odd place names & their origin Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 34. [Article] Transportation

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transportation Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Transportation Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 35. [Article] Stock brands

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stock brands Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Stock brands Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 36. [Article] Oregon oddities radio series

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon oddities radio series Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon oddities radio series Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 37. [Article] Pioneer days and ways

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pioneer days and ways Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Pioneer days and ways Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 38. [Article] Mining legends

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mining legends Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Mining legends Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 39. [Article] Cowboy talk

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cowboy talk Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Cowboy talk Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 40. [Article] Beaver state money : number 1

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver state money : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Beaver state money : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 41. [Article] Loggers' jargon

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Loggers' jargon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Loggers' jargon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 42. [Article] Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon Author: Adams, Michael J., Hayes, John P., Leuthold, Niels This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon Author: Adams, Michael J., Hayes, John P., Leuthold, Niels This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 43. [Article] Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_pub...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Close

• 44. [Article] OSU Marine Team: Long-term sampling of ichthyofauna in Yaquina Bay

  PDF of PowerPoint presentation (16 slides)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OSU Marine Team: Long-term sampling of ichthyofauna in Yaquina Bay Author: Gallagher, Brett, Heppell, Selina, Heppell, Scott PDF of PowerPoint presentation (16 slides) Title: OSU Marine Team: Long-term sampling of ichthyofauna in Yaquina Bay Author: Gallagher, Brett, Heppell, Selina, Heppell, Scott PDF of PowerPoint presentation (16 slides) Close

• 45. [Article] Nehalem River winter steelhead study

  "The Nehalem and North Fork Nehalem rivers are the major tributaries of Nehalem Bay, an estuary on Oregon's north coast ... The winter steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) and related fisheries of both streams ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nehalem River winter steelhead study Author: Knispel, Warren, Weber, Walter, Oregon. Fish Division "The Nehalem and North Fork Nehalem rivers are the major tributaries of Nehalem Bay, an estuary on Oregon's north coast ... The winter steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) and related fisheries of both streams have been the object of a study which began in 1972. Some data from creel surveys were available for the 1970-71 and 1971-72 steelhead seasons and have been used where appropriate. The study was prompted by the apparent failure of hatchery-reared steelhead smolts to contribute in the Nehalem River sport catch at the rate similar to that observed on other coastal streams. There was also concern regarding the status of wild winter steelhead in the Nehalem River." (From Introduction) Title: Nehalem River winter steelhead study Author: Knispel, Warren, Weber, Walter, Oregon. Fish Division "The Nehalem and North Fork Nehalem rivers are the major tributaries of Nehalem Bay, an estuary on Oregon's north coast ... The winter steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) and related fisheries of both streams have been the object of a study which began in 1972. Some data from creel surveys were available for the 1970-71 and 1971-72 steelhead seasons and have been used where appropriate. The study was prompted by the apparent failure of hatchery-reared steelhead smolts to contribute in the Nehalem River sport catch at the rate similar to that observed on other coastal streams. There was also concern regarding the status of wild winter steelhead in the Nehalem River." (From Introduction) Close

• 46. [Article] Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, report on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina, with report upon any proposition for cooperation by local interests

  An earlier request for dredging a channel in the Yaquina River from Yaquina to Toledo having been rejected by Congress, the citizens of the area formed a port district and raised funds to support dredging. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, report on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina, with report upon any proposition for cooperation by local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors An earlier request for dredging a channel in the Yaquina River from Yaquina to Toledo having been rejected by Congress, the citizens of the area formed a port district and raised funds to support dredging. In response to this effort, the Army Corps of Engineers recommended the project be undertaken, with most funding coming from the local community. Includes descriptions of the river, the communities and industries on its banks, an estimate of expenses, and outlines a proposed method for the dredging. Title: Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, report on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina, with report upon any proposition for cooperation by local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors An earlier request for dredging a channel in the Yaquina River from Yaquina to Toledo having been rejected by Congress, the citizens of the area formed a port district and raised funds to support dredging. In response to this effort, the Army Corps of Engineers recommended the project be undertaken, with most funding coming from the local community. Includes descriptions of the river, the communities and industries on its banks, an estimate of expenses, and outlines a proposed method for the dredging. Close

• 47. [Article] Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, reports on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation of local interests

  The United States' declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917 imparted some urgency to harbor improvements. This document describes proposed projects at Yaquina Bay: to extend the south jetty, repair ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, reports on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation of local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors The United States' declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917 imparted some urgency to harbor improvements. This document describes proposed projects at Yaquina Bay: to extend the south jetty, repair and extend the north jetty, construct a spur jetty and dredge the channel. The justification for these improvements is to provide access to area timber. Title: Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, reports on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation of local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors The United States' declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917 imparted some urgency to harbor improvements. This document describes proposed projects at Yaquina Bay: to extend the south jetty, repair and extend the north jetty, construct a spur jetty and dredge the channel. The justification for these improvements is to provide access to area timber. Close

• 48. [Article] Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982

  Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division, McGie, Alan M. Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted in response to concerns by fisheries managers and the public on the possible long-term effects of interbreeding wild and stray hatchery stocks in district streams." (p.2) Title: Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division, McGie, Alan M. Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted in response to concerns by fisheries managers and the public on the possible long-term effects of interbreeding wild and stray hatchery stocks in district streams." (p.2) Close

• 49. [Article] Quantifying Salmon-Derived Nutrient Loads from the Mortality of Hatchery-Origin Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Snake River Basin

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current. To ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantifying Salmon-Derived Nutrient Loads from the Mortality of Hatchery-Origin Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Snake River Basin Author: Warren, Dana R., McClure, Michelle M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Quantifying Salmon-Derived Nutrient Loads from the Mortality of Hatchery-Origin Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Snake River Basin Author: Warren, Dana R., McClure, Michelle M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 50. [Article] Recovery of Wild Salmonids in Western Oregon Lowlands

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovery of Wild Salmonids in Western Oregon Lowlands Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds. Title: Recovery of Wild Salmonids in Western Oregon Lowlands Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds. Close

• 51. [Article] Estimating Habitat-Specific Abundances of PIT-Tagged Juvenile Salmonids Using Mobile Antennas: A Comparison with Standard Electrofishing Techniques in a Small Stream

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted the American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating Habitat-Specific Abundances of PIT-Tagged Juvenile Salmonids Using Mobile Antennas: A Comparison with Standard Electrofishing Techniques in a Small Stream Author: Sloat, Matthew R., Baker, Peter F., Ligon, Franklin K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted the American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current. Title: Estimating Habitat-Specific Abundances of PIT-Tagged Juvenile Salmonids Using Mobile Antennas: A Comparison with Standard Electrofishing Techniques in a Small Stream Author: Sloat, Matthew R., Baker, Peter F., Ligon, Franklin K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted the American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current. Close

• 52. [Article] Surprises and Insights from Long-Term Aquatic Data Sets and Experiments

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience/. To the best of our knowledge, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surprises and Insights from Long-Term Aquatic Data Sets and Experiments Author: Smith, Joseph M., Kratz, Timothy K., McDowell, William H., Dodds, Walter K., Gregory, Stanley V., Robinson, Christopher T., Gaiser, Evelyn E., Powell, Heather, Bell, Tisza, Hansen, Gretchen J. A., Johnson, Sherri L., Morse, Nathaniel B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Surprises and Insights from Long-Term Aquatic Data Sets and Experiments Author: Smith, Joseph M., Kratz, Timothy K., McDowell, William H., Dodds, Walter K., Gregory, Stanley V., Robinson, Christopher T., Gaiser, Evelyn E., Powell, Heather, Bell, Tisza, Hansen, Gretchen J. A., Johnson, Sherri L., Morse, Nathaniel B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 53. [Article] Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead Author: Schreck, Carl B., Olson, Douglas E., Schaller, Howard A., Brignon, William R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead Author: Schreck, Carl B., Olson, Douglas E., Schaller, Howard A., Brignon, William R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 54. [Article] A Hobson’s Choice For Norway : Maintain National Sovereignty or Accept Full EU Membership

  As time continues, the issue of full European Union membership for Norway becomes a more pertinent issue. The EU has long awaited the membership of Norway, but unfortunately the Nordic country has decided ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Hobson’s Choice For Norway : Maintain National Sovereignty or Accept Full EU Membership Author: Krippaehne, Inge M. As time continues, the issue of full European Union membership for Norway becomes a more pertinent issue. The EU has long awaited the membership of Norway, but unfortunately the Nordic country has decided to remain independent. Norway’s historical past has led many Norwegians to believe their country is not ready for full integration. Another union would be too soon considering Norway was under foreign domination for 500 years and just gained its independence only a century ago. Norway rejected full EU membership in 1972 and 1994. The objective of this research was to formulate a hypothesis of how Norway would vote if a “2006 Referendum” on full EU membership were to occur, as well as understand and explain Norwegians’ current concerns and benefits relative to full EU membership. Norwegians have voiced strong concern to protect its wealth generated from the extensive petroleum resources, the historical fishing sector, exclusivity of its waters, and the agricultural subsidies. Other Norwegians see full EU membership as a way to access a larger market, achieve a vote and voice in EU policies, and develop a long term future for Norway. As a result of this Norwegian opinion survey, it can be concluded that, even though Norwegians currently voiced an in favor stance, Norway will not accept full EU membership for another ten to fifteen years. Title: A Hobson’s Choice For Norway : Maintain National Sovereignty or Accept Full EU Membership Author: Krippaehne, Inge M. As time continues, the issue of full European Union membership for Norway becomes a more pertinent issue. The EU has long awaited the membership of Norway, but unfortunately the Nordic country has decided to remain independent. Norway’s historical past has led many Norwegians to believe their country is not ready for full integration. Another union would be too soon considering Norway was under foreign domination for 500 years and just gained its independence only a century ago. Norway rejected full EU membership in 1972 and 1994. The objective of this research was to formulate a hypothesis of how Norway would vote if a “2006 Referendum” on full EU membership were to occur, as well as understand and explain Norwegians’ current concerns and benefits relative to full EU membership. Norwegians have voiced strong concern to protect its wealth generated from the extensive petroleum resources, the historical fishing sector, exclusivity of its waters, and the agricultural subsidies. Other Norwegians see full EU membership as a way to access a larger market, achieve a vote and voice in EU policies, and develop a long term future for Norway. As a result of this Norwegian opinion survey, it can be concluded that, even though Norwegians currently voiced an in favor stance, Norway will not accept full EU membership for another ten to fifteen years. Close

• 55. [Article] Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed

  Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed Author: Schilling, Jason W. Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in complex. The potential for high-severity wildfire remains high throughout this region, so remaining spotted owl habitat is at risk. An adaptive management approach to fire management and owl recovery in these forests is being advocated under the Final Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl. However, it is currently unclear what short- or long-term effects these fuels reduction treatments will have on spotted owl populations. Proposed forest thinning treatments planned for the Ashland Watershed in southwestern Oregon provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of thinning on spotted owl ecology. My objectives were to determine 1) monthly survival rates and 2) home range size of spotted owls in relation to habitat characteristics, and 3) owl habitat selection. Data were collected prior to forest manipulations and will serve as a baseline for comparison with post-thinning data. Survival, home range size and habitat selection for 15 Northern spotted owls were monitored using radio telemetry in the Ashland Watershed and surrounding area from September 2006 to October 2008. A remote-sensed vegetation map of the study area was used to characterize habitat classes and configuration. Estimates of monthly survival were generated in relation to habitat characteristics using program MARK. Monthly survival was positively correlated with the number of late forest patches within the individual home range and negatively correlated with the mean nearest neighbor of late forest patches. Annual home range size varied from 189 to 894 ha. Annual home range size increased with increased amounts of edge and decreased with increased amounts of intermediate aged-forest. The mean breeding season home range size was 491 ha and was larger than mean non-breeding season home ranges. Home range size increased with the addition of hard edge, and amount of old and mature forest combined. The mean size for annual core areas was 77 ha. The best predictor of both non-breeding home range size and core area size was hard edge. While home range size was positively related to the amount of hard edge within non-breeding home range in a linear fashion, core area size increased with increasing amounts of hard edge, but only up to a threshold point, where further increases in edge did not increase core area size. Logistic regression was used to model habitat selection of owls in relation to forest characteristics. Individual owls exhibited different preferences in selecting habitat for foraging and roosting. Overall, owls selected for habitat that was closer to streams and further away from edge. Old forest did not significantly influence selection, but mature forest was positively associated with annual and winter habitat selection for several individual owls. Intermediate forests and non-habitat were only weakly associated with spotted owl habitat selection. Title: Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed Author: Schilling, Jason W. Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in complex. The potential for high-severity wildfire remains high throughout this region, so remaining spotted owl habitat is at risk. An adaptive management approach to fire management and owl recovery in these forests is being advocated under the Final Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl. However, it is currently unclear what short- or long-term effects these fuels reduction treatments will have on spotted owl populations. Proposed forest thinning treatments planned for the Ashland Watershed in southwestern Oregon provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of thinning on spotted owl ecology. My objectives were to determine 1) monthly survival rates and 2) home range size of spotted owls in relation to habitat characteristics, and 3) owl habitat selection. Data were collected prior to forest manipulations and will serve as a baseline for comparison with post-thinning data. Survival, home range size and habitat selection for 15 Northern spotted owls were monitored using radio telemetry in the Ashland Watershed and surrounding area from September 2006 to October 2008. A remote-sensed vegetation map of the study area was used to characterize habitat classes and configuration. Estimates of monthly survival were generated in relation to habitat characteristics using program MARK. Monthly survival was positively correlated with the number of late forest patches within the individual home range and negatively correlated with the mean nearest neighbor of late forest patches. Annual home range size varied from 189 to 894 ha. Annual home range size increased with increased amounts of edge and decreased with increased amounts of intermediate aged-forest. The mean breeding season home range size was 491 ha and was larger than mean non-breeding season home ranges. Home range size increased with the addition of hard edge, and amount of old and mature forest combined. The mean size for annual core areas was 77 ha. The best predictor of both non-breeding home range size and core area size was hard edge. While home range size was positively related to the amount of hard edge within non-breeding home range in a linear fashion, core area size increased with increasing amounts of hard edge, but only up to a threshold point, where further increases in edge did not increase core area size. Logistic regression was used to model habitat selection of owls in relation to forest characteristics. Individual owls exhibited different preferences in selecting habitat for foraging and roosting. Overall, owls selected for habitat that was closer to streams and further away from edge. Old forest did not significantly influence selection, but mature forest was positively associated with annual and winter habitat selection for several individual owls. Intermediate forests and non-habitat were only weakly associated with spotted owl habitat selection. Close

• 56. [Article] Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams

  Simulations of stream-subsurface water exchange (hyporheic exchange) using a three-dimensional steady state groundwater flow model and a particle tracking model in unconstrained and constrained reaches ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams Author: Kasahara, Tamao Simulations of stream-subsurface water exchange (hyporheic exchange) using a three-dimensional steady state groundwater flow model and a particle tracking model in unconstrained and constrained reaches of small (2nd-order) and intermediate (5th-order) mountain streams were conducted to estimate the effects of geomorphic features on the extent, volume and residence time of hyporheic exchange flow. Study sites were located in the Lookout Creek drainage in the western Cascades of Oregon. Stream water and water table elevations and saturated hydraulic conductivity were collected from four field sites. Steps were the dominant geomorphic features creating vertical complexity in 2nd-order streams and dominating hyporheic exchange flow. The removal of steps from the simulation models of 2nd-order stream reduced the total volume of hyporheic exchange by 54 %. Furthermore, hyporheic exchange flows resulting from steps had relatively short residence times. Horizontal complexity, resulting from secondary channels and channel splits, had strong effects on hyporheic exchange, as did vertically extensive features, such as riffles, in 5th-order streams. Removal of secondary channels, channel splits and riffles from the simulation models reduced hyporheic exchange flow by 25 %, 30 % and 40 %, respectively. Secondary channels contributed to hyporheic exchange with relatively long residence time, where as channel splits and riffles contributed to hyporheic exchange with short residence time. Thus, multiple features strongly contributed to the creation of hyporheic exchange flow and drove various types of the exchange flows. Also, the simulation results and stream survey showed that the interactions between multiple features, for example secondary channels and riffles, enhanced hyporheic exchange. Because horizontally extensive features were important in driving hyporheic exchange flow in the studied unconstrained reaches, the width of the valley floor strongly controlled hyporheic exchange flow in 5th-order streams. Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow differed between the two stream sizes sampled. Second-order streams had a single key geomorphic feature (i.e. steps) influencing the hyporheic exchange flow, whereas multiple geomorphic features (i.e. riffles, secondary channels and channel splits) were important in 5 b-order streams. As a result, residence time distribution of hyporheic exchange flow was narrow in 2nd- order stream and wide in 5th-order stream. Title: Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams Author: Kasahara, Tamao Simulations of stream-subsurface water exchange (hyporheic exchange) using a three-dimensional steady state groundwater flow model and a particle tracking model in unconstrained and constrained reaches of small (2nd-order) and intermediate (5th-order) mountain streams were conducted to estimate the effects of geomorphic features on the extent, volume and residence time of hyporheic exchange flow. Study sites were located in the Lookout Creek drainage in the western Cascades of Oregon. Stream water and water table elevations and saturated hydraulic conductivity were collected from four field sites. Steps were the dominant geomorphic features creating vertical complexity in 2nd-order streams and dominating hyporheic exchange flow. The removal of steps from the simulation models of 2nd-order stream reduced the total volume of hyporheic exchange by 54 %. Furthermore, hyporheic exchange flows resulting from steps had relatively short residence times. Horizontal complexity, resulting from secondary channels and channel splits, had strong effects on hyporheic exchange, as did vertically extensive features, such as riffles, in 5th-order streams. Removal of secondary channels, channel splits and riffles from the simulation models reduced hyporheic exchange flow by 25 %, 30 % and 40 %, respectively. Secondary channels contributed to hyporheic exchange with relatively long residence time, where as channel splits and riffles contributed to hyporheic exchange with short residence time. Thus, multiple features strongly contributed to the creation of hyporheic exchange flow and drove various types of the exchange flows. Also, the simulation results and stream survey showed that the interactions between multiple features, for example secondary channels and riffles, enhanced hyporheic exchange. Because horizontally extensive features were important in driving hyporheic exchange flow in the studied unconstrained reaches, the width of the valley floor strongly controlled hyporheic exchange flow in 5th-order streams. Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow differed between the two stream sizes sampled. Second-order streams had a single key geomorphic feature (i.e. steps) influencing the hyporheic exchange flow, whereas multiple geomorphic features (i.e. riffles, secondary channels and channel splits) were important in 5 b-order streams. As a result, residence time distribution of hyporheic exchange flow was narrow in 2nd- order stream and wide in 5th-order stream. Close

• 57. [Article] The Japanese beef market in a disequilibrium econometrics framework : implications for the U.S. - Japan beef market access agreement

  The success of the U.S. government in persuading Japan to liberalize the beef market is viewed as a relief to the U.S. beef industry. The economic benefit (to the U.S. beef producers!) of the trade liberalization ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Japanese beef market in a disequilibrium econometrics framework : implications for the U.S. - Japan beef market access agreement Author: Anteneh, Berhanu The success of the U.S. government in persuading Japan to liberalize the beef market is viewed as a relief to the U.S. beef industry. The economic benefit (to the U.S. beef producers!) of the trade liberalization however is yet to be seen. The size of this benefit is determined, among others, by (a) the net change in Japan's retail price due to the liberalization, (b) the price elasticity of demand for the U.S. beef in Japan, (c) the degree of price rise in the world market, and (d) the export capacity of the domestic sector. Availability of alternative beef sources and the degree of substitutability between the U.S. beef and those alternatives affect factor (b) and factor (d) depends on the extent to which beef and other meat products substitute each other in the domestic market both in production and consumption. Evaluation of the U.S. - Japan Beef Market Access Agreement (BMAA) therefore has become a high policy profile. In the interest of assessing possible policy effects of BMAA, several researchers have attempted to parameterize and quantify the Japanese demand for beef. The fact that this market is (a) semi-isolated from the rest of the world by restrictive import quota, (b) managed domestically by government parastatal, and (c) characterized by multi- and intensely differentiated beef with no parallel historical data has made the choice of economic theory and methodology difficult. While most researchers (Group 1) relied on conventional method [e.g. 55; 125], others (Group 2) [2] contend that managed import market may better be explained by a model of political nature. By assuming the usual competitive market behavior, Group 1 underestimates possible implications of existing market structure for building and estimating conventional econometric models. Group 2, on the other hand, limits itself to normative analysis. Due to the absence of consensus among researchers regarding implications of policy-relevant parameters, the desirability of the BMAA is still an unsettled policy issue. The general purpose of this study has been to generate some further information on Japan's beef market. In pursuant of this objective, an attempt is made to (a) show how significant the beef quality issue is in evaluating that market, (b) test the market equilibrium hypothesis, and (c) upon the acceptance of the alternative (disequilibrium) hypothesis, estimate the structural parameters from a model specified in the light of imperfections in the market. This fills the void in previous studies. Drawing on existing literature, the beef quality categories are shown to have been narrowing and, in fact, converging to the two middle categories, medium and common grades. It is suggested that future market studies may benefit from concentrating on these two grades in assessing competitiveness and substitutability with domestic beef. Understanding the nature of this convergence (i.e whether the shift is attributable to changes in cost or preference structure) may contribute to sound policy making. Based on (a) increased concentration in production and distribution sectors, (b) government intervention in beef and related markets, (c) high degree heterogeneity in beef, and (d) short-run supply inflexibility due to long fattening period and restrictive import policy, the Japanese beef market was hypothesized to have been in disequilibria due to incomplete market information. In testing this hypothesis, two data sets were used -Statistical Yearbook and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. For reference purposes, they are referred to as Market I and Market II respectively. The equilibrium hypothesis was tested for uniform and upward and downward differential adjustment speeds. The uniform adjustment rate estimated from the reduced form price equation supports the hypothesis in both markets. The structural equations were then adjusted in the light of the imperfections in the market and structural parameters estimated using non-linear three stage least squares. Both upward and downward adjustment speeds in Market I suggest perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis. In Market II, prices are found to have been flexible downward but rigid otherwise. The upward rigidity in prices suggest excess demand. Perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis however may not suggest market equilibrium in a period less than a year. Consumers are found to be more price responsive than in previous studies implying a greater response of the demand for beef imports to changes in prices due to the liberalization than envisaged by previous studies. The demand for beef however is income inelastic suggesting a partial offsetting in the incremental demand for imports. Finally, consumers respond to changes in beef retail prices by consuming less fish and poultry. Title: The Japanese beef market in a disequilibrium econometrics framework : implications for the U.S. - Japan beef market access agreement Author: Anteneh, Berhanu The success of the U.S. government in persuading Japan to liberalize the beef market is viewed as a relief to the U.S. beef industry. The economic benefit (to the U.S. beef producers!) of the trade liberalization however is yet to be seen. The size of this benefit is determined, among others, by (a) the net change in Japan's retail price due to the liberalization, (b) the price elasticity of demand for the U.S. beef in Japan, (c) the degree of price rise in the world market, and (d) the export capacity of the domestic sector. Availability of alternative beef sources and the degree of substitutability between the U.S. beef and those alternatives affect factor (b) and factor (d) depends on the extent to which beef and other meat products substitute each other in the domestic market both in production and consumption. Evaluation of the U.S. - Japan Beef Market Access Agreement (BMAA) therefore has become a high policy profile. In the interest of assessing possible policy effects of BMAA, several researchers have attempted to parameterize and quantify the Japanese demand for beef. The fact that this market is (a) semi-isolated from the rest of the world by restrictive import quota, (b) managed domestically by government parastatal, and (c) characterized by multi- and intensely differentiated beef with no parallel historical data has made the choice of economic theory and methodology difficult. While most researchers (Group 1) relied on conventional method [e.g. 55; 125], others (Group 2) [2] contend that managed import market may better be explained by a model of political nature. By assuming the usual competitive market behavior, Group 1 underestimates possible implications of existing market structure for building and estimating conventional econometric models. Group 2, on the other hand, limits itself to normative analysis. Due to the absence of consensus among researchers regarding implications of policy-relevant parameters, the desirability of the BMAA is still an unsettled policy issue. The general purpose of this study has been to generate some further information on Japan's beef market. In pursuant of this objective, an attempt is made to (a) show how significant the beef quality issue is in evaluating that market, (b) test the market equilibrium hypothesis, and (c) upon the acceptance of the alternative (disequilibrium) hypothesis, estimate the structural parameters from a model specified in the light of imperfections in the market. This fills the void in previous studies. Drawing on existing literature, the beef quality categories are shown to have been narrowing and, in fact, converging to the two middle categories, medium and common grades. It is suggested that future market studies may benefit from concentrating on these two grades in assessing competitiveness and substitutability with domestic beef. Understanding the nature of this convergence (i.e whether the shift is attributable to changes in cost or preference structure) may contribute to sound policy making. Based on (a) increased concentration in production and distribution sectors, (b) government intervention in beef and related markets, (c) high degree heterogeneity in beef, and (d) short-run supply inflexibility due to long fattening period and restrictive import policy, the Japanese beef market was hypothesized to have been in disequilibria due to incomplete market information. In testing this hypothesis, two data sets were used -Statistical Yearbook and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. For reference purposes, they are referred to as Market I and Market II respectively. The equilibrium hypothesis was tested for uniform and upward and downward differential adjustment speeds. The uniform adjustment rate estimated from the reduced form price equation supports the hypothesis in both markets. The structural equations were then adjusted in the light of the imperfections in the market and structural parameters estimated using non-linear three stage least squares. Both upward and downward adjustment speeds in Market I suggest perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis. In Market II, prices are found to have been flexible downward but rigid otherwise. The upward rigidity in prices suggest excess demand. Perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis however may not suggest market equilibrium in a period less than a year. Consumers are found to be more price responsive than in previous studies implying a greater response of the demand for beef imports to changes in prices due to the liberalization than envisaged by previous studies. The demand for beef however is income inelastic suggesting a partial offsetting in the incremental demand for imports. Finally, consumers respond to changes in beef retail prices by consuming less fish and poultry. Close

• 58. [Article] Photogrammetric uses of a new-generation analytical stereoplotter in forestry

  The development of personal computer software coupled to an analytical stereoplotter allows major gains in efficiency and accuracy in a number of forestry related subjects. This thesis describes the operation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Photogrammetric uses of a new-generation analytical stereoplotter in forestry Author: Kiser, James D. (James Donald) The development of personal computer software coupled to an analytical stereoplotter allows major gains in efficiency and accuracy in a number of forestry related subjects. This thesis describes the operation of a system developed by Carto Instruments. This thesis demonstrates how area estimates might be made in a systematic way within 5% of true values by accounting for topographic displacement, non-horizontal flight, and imprecise determination of scale, factors that conventionally result in errors of more than 25%. Ground distances were accurate within 3% at 300 feet on 1:31000 scale black and white prints. At a similar scale, tree heights ranging from 40 to 100 feet could be consistently estimated within 10% of true height. When applied to mapping the location of snags, key features of riparian zones, and changes in canopy openings, the system proved satisfactory on various filni media and scales. Historical analysis of aerial photographs was demonstrated by adjusting to common scale and measuring rates of vegetation change over four decades toward canopy closure. The same approach has application for other historical analysis where aerial photographs are available. The application of the system to terrestrial photogrammetry was demonstrated using 35 mm transparencies to measure tree taper within an accuracy of 2 inches. In summary, merging of software written for a personal computer has finally made the benefits of analytical stereoplotting economically available to a host of forestry-related topics and provides an opportunity for numerous applications including, as demonstrated, a more accurate digitizing of data to be included in any geographic information system. Title: Photogrammetric uses of a new-generation analytical stereoplotter in forestry Author: Kiser, James D. (James Donald) The development of personal computer software coupled to an analytical stereoplotter allows major gains in efficiency and accuracy in a number of forestry related subjects. This thesis describes the operation of a system developed by Carto Instruments. This thesis demonstrates how area estimates might be made in a systematic way within 5% of true values by accounting for topographic displacement, non-horizontal flight, and imprecise determination of scale, factors that conventionally result in errors of more than 25%. Ground distances were accurate within 3% at 300 feet on 1:31000 scale black and white prints. At a similar scale, tree heights ranging from 40 to 100 feet could be consistently estimated within 10% of true height. When applied to mapping the location of snags, key features of riparian zones, and changes in canopy openings, the system proved satisfactory on various filni media and scales. Historical analysis of aerial photographs was demonstrated by adjusting to common scale and measuring rates of vegetation change over four decades toward canopy closure. The same approach has application for other historical analysis where aerial photographs are available. The application of the system to terrestrial photogrammetry was demonstrated using 35 mm transparencies to measure tree taper within an accuracy of 2 inches. In summary, merging of software written for a personal computer has finally made the benefits of analytical stereoplotting economically available to a host of forestry-related topics and provides an opportunity for numerous applications including, as demonstrated, a more accurate digitizing of data to be included in any geographic information system. Close

• 59. [Article] Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm

  North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Close

• 60. [Article] Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon

  This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon Author: Minear, Paula J. This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, and explored the processes driving change in this system and the implications for aquatic habitat. The hydrologic record was analyzed, and field surveys were conducted and compared to historical habitat surveys. Riparian characteristics and channel features were digitized from aerial photographs from 1945/49 and 1986 and imported into Arcinfo GIS for analysis. Types of data digitized from the aerial photos included locations and length or area of wetted channel, active channel, tributaries, side channels, large woody debris, exposed gravel bars, roads, and dominant vegetation or land use within 200 m of the active channel. Construction of dams on the mainstem Mckenzie River and two major tributaries, Blue River and South Fork, in the 1960s has altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the mainstem Mckenzie, decreasing the frequency, mean and variation of peak flows, reducing the competence of flows to move existing bedload, and cutting off sediment from over half of the drainage area. Mean peak flows decreased 44% and competence of peak flows with a 2-yr recurrence interval declined approximately 29% after dams were constructed upriver. Adjustments to reduced sediment supply and flow alteration by dams in this system included 57% decrease in exposed gravel bars, 40% decrease in side channel length, and possible substrate coarsening (as compared to historical estimates). Channel straightening occurred in each of three instances of channel change during the study period, and sinuosity decreased one half of the amount needed to produce a straight channel in the most susceptible, unconstrained reach. Human actions prior to high flow events played a role in the direction of channel change in each case. Over the entire study area, 7% of the main channel changed position by 30 m or more and little or no change in channel position was noted in reaches constrained by valley floors. Additional channel constraint has been produced by road construction near the channel and riprapping for roads, bridges, and residences. Less large woody debris was observed in the 1986 channel than in the 1949 channel, indicating a reduction in pool-forming agents and channel roughness elements. Frequency of large pools ([greater than or equal to] 2 m depth and >40 m² area) decreased 19% over the study area. The greatest loss in pools (73%) was noted in the unconstrained reach that exhibited two areas of channel change and an increase in exposed gravel bars. Increased human use of the riparian area for roads and residential purposes has led to an increased fragmentation of the riparian landscape. Density of residential or developed patches within the riparian area has increased 215% as more and smaller areas are converted from natural vegetation to human use. Riparian area devoted to roads and residential uses has nearly doubled since the 1940s. Mean vegetation or land-use patch size has decreased from 2.2 ha to 1.6 ha as larger patches have been sub-divided, and patch and edge densities have increased. Agriculture and clearcuts for timber removal have decreased within the riparian area while continuing upslope. Riparian area in mature conifers has decreased 44% from levels in the 1940s while hardwoods have increased 45% in the riparian area. Future wood loading to the channel is reduced by a decline in mature riparian vegetation, especially mature conifers. Channel and riparian changes noted in this study have implications for fish populations. Channel straightening, reduction in side channels, and loss of pool-forming agents reduce habitat heterogeneity and off-channel refugia. Ecosystem management of watersheds requires evaluation of conditions across scales of time and space. The use of GIS in this study made it possible to detect changes in channel form and riparian conditions during four decades, along a 70-m channel and 90-m riparian area and to analyze the large data sets relevant to understanding functions and change in channels and riparian areas. Title: Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon Author: Minear, Paula J. This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, and explored the processes driving change in this system and the implications for aquatic habitat. The hydrologic record was analyzed, and field surveys were conducted and compared to historical habitat surveys. Riparian characteristics and channel features were digitized from aerial photographs from 1945/49 and 1986 and imported into Arcinfo GIS for analysis. Types of data digitized from the aerial photos included locations and length or area of wetted channel, active channel, tributaries, side channels, large woody debris, exposed gravel bars, roads, and dominant vegetation or land use within 200 m of the active channel. Construction of dams on the mainstem Mckenzie River and two major tributaries, Blue River and South Fork, in the 1960s has altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the mainstem Mckenzie, decreasing the frequency, mean and variation of peak flows, reducing the competence of flows to move existing bedload, and cutting off sediment from over half of the drainage area. Mean peak flows decreased 44% and competence of peak flows with a 2-yr recurrence interval declined approximately 29% after dams were constructed upriver. Adjustments to reduced sediment supply and flow alteration by dams in this system included 57% decrease in exposed gravel bars, 40% decrease in side channel length, and possible substrate coarsening (as compared to historical estimates). Channel straightening occurred in each of three instances of channel change during the study period, and sinuosity decreased one half of the amount needed to produce a straight channel in the most susceptible, unconstrained reach. Human actions prior to high flow events played a role in the direction of channel change in each case. Over the entire study area, 7% of the main channel changed position by 30 m or more and little or no change in channel position was noted in reaches constrained by valley floors. Additional channel constraint has been produced by road construction near the channel and riprapping for roads, bridges, and residences. Less large woody debris was observed in the 1986 channel than in the 1949 channel, indicating a reduction in pool-forming agents and channel roughness elements. Frequency of large pools ([greater than or equal to] 2 m depth and >40 m² area) decreased 19% over the study area. The greatest loss in pools (73%) was noted in the unconstrained reach that exhibited two areas of channel change and an increase in exposed gravel bars. Increased human use of the riparian area for roads and residential purposes has led to an increased fragmentation of the riparian landscape. Density of residential or developed patches within the riparian area has increased 215% as more and smaller areas are converted from natural vegetation to human use. Riparian area devoted to roads and residential uses has nearly doubled since the 1940s. Mean vegetation or land-use patch size has decreased from 2.2 ha to 1.6 ha as larger patches have been sub-divided, and patch and edge densities have increased. Agriculture and clearcuts for timber removal have decreased within the riparian area while continuing upslope. Riparian area in mature conifers has decreased 44% from levels in the 1940s while hardwoods have increased 45% in the riparian area. Future wood loading to the channel is reduced by a decline in mature riparian vegetation, especially mature conifers. Channel and riparian changes noted in this study have implications for fish populations. Channel straightening, reduction in side channels, and loss of pool-forming agents reduce habitat heterogeneity and off-channel refugia. Ecosystem management of watersheds requires evaluation of conditions across scales of time and space. The use of GIS in this study made it possible to detect changes in channel form and riparian conditions during four decades, along a 70-m channel and 90-m riparian area and to analyze the large data sets relevant to understanding functions and change in channels and riparian areas. Close

• 61. [Article] Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments

  The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments Author: DeHart, Douglas Alan The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon, were surveyed to evaluate the nature of thermal stress encountered in the small cold water stream environment. Resistance to constant temperature was determined experimentally by measuring time to death at fixed levels. R. osculus and C. perplexus were found to be more resistant to elevated temperatures than O. kisutch. For fish acclimated to 20° C the incipient lethal level was found to be 25° C for C. perplexus, and 29.5° C for R. osculus. An apparatus was constructed to simulate the diel temperature regime observed in the study streams. The resistance of the three species to dielly fluctuating temperature was explored. The portion of the time temperature curve above the incipient lethal level was determined to be the critical region in relation to thermal resistance. Evidence was found for accumulation of thermal effects over periods of several days. Median resistance of O. kisutch exposed to 6 hours over their incipient lethal temperature per diel cycle with a diel maximum of 27° C was 1.5 cycles. A method of predicting resistance to cyclic exposures to elevated temperature was developed. Implications of the nature of thermal resistance in the temperature regime in small streams are discussed. Title: Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments Author: DeHart, Douglas Alan The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon, were surveyed to evaluate the nature of thermal stress encountered in the small cold water stream environment. Resistance to constant temperature was determined experimentally by measuring time to death at fixed levels. R. osculus and C. perplexus were found to be more resistant to elevated temperatures than O. kisutch. For fish acclimated to 20° C the incipient lethal level was found to be 25° C for C. perplexus, and 29.5° C for R. osculus. An apparatus was constructed to simulate the diel temperature regime observed in the study streams. The resistance of the three species to dielly fluctuating temperature was explored. The portion of the time temperature curve above the incipient lethal level was determined to be the critical region in relation to thermal resistance. Evidence was found for accumulation of thermal effects over periods of several days. Median resistance of O. kisutch exposed to 6 hours over their incipient lethal temperature per diel cycle with a diel maximum of 27° C was 1.5 cycles. A method of predicting resistance to cyclic exposures to elevated temperature was developed. Implications of the nature of thermal resistance in the temperature regime in small streams are discussed. Close

• 62. [Article] Mapping semi-regular autonomous underwater vehicle glider observations onto a cross-shelf section

  Two Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Gliders have alternated continuous sampling of a 45-nautical mile transect line (the Newport Hydrographic Line) across the Oregon continental shelf since April, 2006. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping semi-regular autonomous underwater vehicle glider observations onto a cross-shelf section Author: Peery, Andrew Tristan Two Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Gliders have alternated continuous sampling of a 45-nautical mile transect line (the Newport Hydrographic Line) across the Oregon continental shelf since April, 2006. Strong currents (>25cm/s) push the gliders off their trajectories as they survey this transect line, preventing them from sampling the historically occupied stations exactly. Three methods were used to map the semi-regular glider data onto a cross-shelf line: (1) an algorithm that groups data by isobaths then block-averages the data, (2) an objective analysis that employs fixed along-isobath and cross-isobath correlation scales, and (3) a hybrid combination of the isobath-binning algorithm and objective analysis. To determine validity and accuracy, the mapping procedures are tested by comparison to moored observations at NH-10 on the Newport Line in 80m water depth while varying the spatial and temporal averaging scales. Isobath binning showed the best agreement with moored observations at the monthly timescale, while objective analysis showed the best agreement with moored observations at the weekly timescale. The hybrid method improved the agreement of the objective analysis at larger timescales. Title: Mapping semi-regular autonomous underwater vehicle glider observations onto a cross-shelf section Author: Peery, Andrew Tristan Two Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Gliders have alternated continuous sampling of a 45-nautical mile transect line (the Newport Hydrographic Line) across the Oregon continental shelf since April, 2006. Strong currents (>25cm/s) push the gliders off their trajectories as they survey this transect line, preventing them from sampling the historically occupied stations exactly. Three methods were used to map the semi-regular glider data onto a cross-shelf line: (1) an algorithm that groups data by isobaths then block-averages the data, (2) an objective analysis that employs fixed along-isobath and cross-isobath correlation scales, and (3) a hybrid combination of the isobath-binning algorithm and objective analysis. To determine validity and accuracy, the mapping procedures are tested by comparison to moored observations at NH-10 on the Newport Line in 80m water depth while varying the spatial and temporal averaging scales. Isobath binning showed the best agreement with moored observations at the monthly timescale, while objective analysis showed the best agreement with moored observations at the weekly timescale. The hybrid method improved the agreement of the objective analysis at larger timescales. Close

• 63. [Article] Effects of input and redistribution processes on in-stream wood abundance and arrangement in Lookout Creek, western Cascades Range, Oregon

  This study explored how selected input and redistribution processes affect the amount and arrangement of in-stream wood within the 64 km2 Lookout Creek watershed in the Andrews Forest, western Cascade ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of input and redistribution processes on in-stream wood abundance and arrangement in Lookout Creek, western Cascades Range, Oregon Author: Dreher, David Marshall This study explored how selected input and redistribution processes affect the amount and arrangement of in-stream wood within the 64 km2 Lookout Creek watershed in the Andrews Forest, western Cascade Range, Oregon. A longitudinal inventory of in-stream wood was conducted over approximately 20 km of stream length in 2nd to 5th-order channels along with reconnaissance activities in stream sections that had originally been mapped in 1970's. The study had two major parts. The first focused on patterns of in-stream wood amount and arrangement within the study watershed. Flood transport capability of inventoried stream segments was assigned based on channel width. Historical observations of debris flows and earthflow activity over the 50-year period prior to our study were used to delineate influence of those processes on inventoried channel segments. Wood amounts decreased with increases in channel transport capability. As channel transport capability increased the number of wood accumulations also decreased and there was a higher proportion of accumulations created by floods. These observations signal an increase in influence of fluvial transport of wood in the downstream direction. There were lower than expected amounts of wood at locations where debris flows entered mainstem channels and where earthflows were in contact with mainstem channels. This is attributed to the relatively high mobilization capability of channels in these locations. Congested wood break flood pulses is thought to be responsible for observed differences in wood conditions among segments affected by these processes and segments affected by floods only during the last fifty years. Some evidence exists to support the idea that debris flow entry to mainstem channels and dam-break flood pulses may promote a several decade period of increased wood input as a result of damage and disruption to trees in and adjacent to the channel in disturbed area. However, analysis of the effects of debris flows and earthflow activity on wood amount and arrangement was limited by small sample sizes. The second part of the study examined relative changes in wood amount and arrangement as well as changes to individual wood accumulations over a 25-year period within 5 stream reaches that had been mapped in detail in the early 1 970s. The effect of channel size, input and redistribution processes, piece size, as well as arrangement and location of pieces with respect to the active channel on changes in wood conditions were analyzed. Overall, changes in in-stream wood amount and arrangement were greater in larger channels than in smaller channels. In-stream wood changes resulting from fluvial redistribution also increased with channel size while decomposition and toppling were the processes responsible for most changes in smaller basins. In-stream wood changes were greater among small pieces than large pieces, although substantial changes in large pieces did occur in larger channels as a result of fluvial transport and in smaller channels as a result of toppling. In-stream wood changes were greater among single pieces than pieces in accumulations. Flood transport probably reduced the number of single pieces by collecting them in accumulations. Significant changes in in-stream wood occurred among pieces located both in and out of the channel suggesting that recent flooding, particularly in larger basins, was able to affect wood located along the margins of the channel. Changes in accumulations were generally minor in all sites except the 5th-order channel site. Title: Effects of input and redistribution processes on in-stream wood abundance and arrangement in Lookout Creek, western Cascades Range, Oregon Author: Dreher, David Marshall This study explored how selected input and redistribution processes affect the amount and arrangement of in-stream wood within the 64 km2 Lookout Creek watershed in the Andrews Forest, western Cascade Range, Oregon. A longitudinal inventory of in-stream wood was conducted over approximately 20 km of stream length in 2nd to 5th-order channels along with reconnaissance activities in stream sections that had originally been mapped in 1970's. The study had two major parts. The first focused on patterns of in-stream wood amount and arrangement within the study watershed. Flood transport capability of inventoried stream segments was assigned based on channel width. Historical observations of debris flows and earthflow activity over the 50-year period prior to our study were used to delineate influence of those processes on inventoried channel segments. Wood amounts decreased with increases in channel transport capability. As channel transport capability increased the number of wood accumulations also decreased and there was a higher proportion of accumulations created by floods. These observations signal an increase in influence of fluvial transport of wood in the downstream direction. There were lower than expected amounts of wood at locations where debris flows entered mainstem channels and where earthflows were in contact with mainstem channels. This is attributed to the relatively high mobilization capability of channels in these locations. Congested wood break flood pulses is thought to be responsible for observed differences in wood conditions among segments affected by these processes and segments affected by floods only during the last fifty years. Some evidence exists to support the idea that debris flow entry to mainstem channels and dam-break flood pulses may promote a several decade period of increased wood input as a result of damage and disruption to trees in and adjacent to the channel in disturbed area. However, analysis of the effects of debris flows and earthflow activity on wood amount and arrangement was limited by small sample sizes. The second part of the study examined relative changes in wood amount and arrangement as well as changes to individual wood accumulations over a 25-year period within 5 stream reaches that had been mapped in detail in the early 1 970s. The effect of channel size, input and redistribution processes, piece size, as well as arrangement and location of pieces with respect to the active channel on changes in wood conditions were analyzed. Overall, changes in in-stream wood amount and arrangement were greater in larger channels than in smaller channels. In-stream wood changes resulting from fluvial redistribution also increased with channel size while decomposition and toppling were the processes responsible for most changes in smaller basins. In-stream wood changes were greater among small pieces than large pieces, although substantial changes in large pieces did occur in larger channels as a result of fluvial transport and in smaller channels as a result of toppling. In-stream wood changes were greater among single pieces than pieces in accumulations. Flood transport probably reduced the number of single pieces by collecting them in accumulations. Significant changes in in-stream wood occurred among pieces located both in and out of the channel suggesting that recent flooding, particularly in larger basins, was able to affect wood located along the margins of the channel. Changes in accumulations were generally minor in all sites except the 5th-order channel site. Close

• 64. [Article] Drivers of variability in transpiration and implications for stream flow in forests of western Oregon

  I compared transpiration among different types of forest stands in the western Cascades of Oregon. The three major questions were: 1) How does transpiration compare between a young and old stand and why? ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drivers of variability in transpiration and implications for stream flow in forests of western Oregon Author: Moore, Georgianne W. I compared transpiration among different types of forest stands in the western Cascades of Oregon. The three major questions were: 1) How does transpiration compare between a young and old stand and why? 2) Does diversity of overstory trees affect transpiration? and 3) How is transpiration related to stream flow? Transpiration was quantified using thermal dissipation sap flow measurements scaled to a ground-area basis using sapwood surveys for periods during the summer months of 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in a subset of plots, for a full year. I found that a young, rapidly growing stand ([approximately] 40 years since disturbance) used 3.3 times more water during the growing season than an old-growth stand ([approximately] 450 years since disturbance) because the young stand had 2.3 times higher sap flow rates per unit sapwood in Douglas-fir, had a 21% greater total sapwood basal area, and had a larger component of hardwoods that use 1.41 times more water than conifers per unit sapwood. In two-species mixtures of Douglas-fir and red alder, I found evidence that mixtures are less productive and have lower annual transpiration than monocultures of these two species. The observed differences were probably due to altered biomass rather than diversity itself, but diversity likely played a role in altering biomass. Such stand age- and diversity-related differences in transpiration potentially impact stream flow. In a small watershed with a 450-yr-old forest, I examined the role of vegetation in stream flow patterns at hourly, daily, and storm scales. Transpiration apparently controlled stream flow during the summer at hourly scales with lags of at least five hours. In contrast, at daily and storm scales, soil water apparently controlled both stream flow and transpiration during the dry season, but there was no relationship during the wet season. These results indicate that forest management practices that reduce stand age and decrease diversity may lead to increased transpiration and consequently may reduce summer stream flow. Title: Drivers of variability in transpiration and implications for stream flow in forests of western Oregon Author: Moore, Georgianne W. I compared transpiration among different types of forest stands in the western Cascades of Oregon. The three major questions were: 1) How does transpiration compare between a young and old stand and why? 2) Does diversity of overstory trees affect transpiration? and 3) How is transpiration related to stream flow? Transpiration was quantified using thermal dissipation sap flow measurements scaled to a ground-area basis using sapwood surveys for periods during the summer months of 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in a subset of plots, for a full year. I found that a young, rapidly growing stand ([approximately] 40 years since disturbance) used 3.3 times more water during the growing season than an old-growth stand ([approximately] 450 years since disturbance) because the young stand had 2.3 times higher sap flow rates per unit sapwood in Douglas-fir, had a 21% greater total sapwood basal area, and had a larger component of hardwoods that use 1.41 times more water than conifers per unit sapwood. In two-species mixtures of Douglas-fir and red alder, I found evidence that mixtures are less productive and have lower annual transpiration than monocultures of these two species. The observed differences were probably due to altered biomass rather than diversity itself, but diversity likely played a role in altering biomass. Such stand age- and diversity-related differences in transpiration potentially impact stream flow. In a small watershed with a 450-yr-old forest, I examined the role of vegetation in stream flow patterns at hourly, daily, and storm scales. Transpiration apparently controlled stream flow during the summer at hourly scales with lags of at least five hours. In contrast, at daily and storm scales, soil water apparently controlled both stream flow and transpiration during the dry season, but there was no relationship during the wet season. These results indicate that forest management practices that reduce stand age and decrease diversity may lead to increased transpiration and consequently may reduce summer stream flow. Close

• 65. [Article] Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow

  Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow Author: Anderson, Justin K. Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing between slope breaks in step-pool and pool-riffle streams provides a geomorphic scaling metric that indicates how the length of average hyporheic flow paths change throughout the river continuum. Twelve stream reaches were randomly selected and surveyed in the Lookout Creek basin at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades Mountains of Oregon. Stream reach morphology was examined for patterns that are expressed over a continuum ranging from headwater to mid-order streams that can be predicted from easily measured drainage basin characteristics. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to predict changes in lateral complexity in stream reaches, and to predict how the general shape of the water surface profile changes as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Patterns in the lateral complexity of stream reaches were associated with the degree of channel confinement in valley segments, and longitudinal patterns in bed configuration were strongly associated with the position of a stream reach within the river continuum. Stream reach longitudinal profiles were evaluated to determine how patterns in slope breaks change throughout the portion of the river continuum represented by the study area. Channel units were defined according to slope categories for flat water, steep water, and step units (FLATs, STEEPs and STEPs). A set of regression models was used to predict how slope break spacing and the general shape of the water surface profile change as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Output from these regression equations was tested against independent field data to evaluate model performance. The models generally performed well. Longitudinal transects of piezometers were installed along the thalweg of a second order, and a third order stream reach. Longitudinal profiles in the piezometer transects were surveyed, and piezometers were used to measure hydraulic head in stream beds. Data were used to test a theoretical model that predicts downwelling where stream profiles are convex, and upwelling where stream profiles are concave. Overall, the shape of the water surface profile explained 38% of the variation in the distribution of hydraulic pressure head in the streambed. Results demonstrated the usefulness of quantifying the magnitude of concavities and convexities in stream profiles. A metric for expressing the average water surface concavity (AWSC) is proposed. I demonstrated that this metric could be useful for comparing the potential for hyporheic exchange in stream reaches with varying degrees of stream profile roughness. Results showed a decreasing trend in AWSC as drainage basin area increased. Upwelling and downwelling zones were identified in piezometer transects, and their longitudinal lengths were measured. The lengths of downwelling zones were compared to the spacing between slope breaks in the water surface profile. Average lengths of downwelling zones and FLAT channel slope units increased with increasing basin area at a similar rate, indicating that slope break spacing was a useful indicator for average downwelling zone length. My results demonstrate that patterns in stream morphology are useful for predicting patterns in hyporheic exchange flow throughout the river continuum. I suggest that the potential for gravity driven exchange flow decreases along the river continuum as AWSC decreases. I also suggest that the frequency of hydrologic exchange between the stream and the hyporheic zone decreases, and that the average length of hyporheic flow paths increase, across the river continuum. Title: Patterns in stream geomorphology and implications for hyporheic exchange flow Author: Anderson, Justin K. Longitudinal water surface profiles from high-gradient mountain streams provide useful indicators of the relative potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches with varying morphology. The spacing between slope breaks in step-pool and pool-riffle streams provides a geomorphic scaling metric that indicates how the length of average hyporheic flow paths change throughout the river continuum. Twelve stream reaches were randomly selected and surveyed in the Lookout Creek basin at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascades Mountains of Oregon. Stream reach morphology was examined for patterns that are expressed over a continuum ranging from headwater to mid-order streams that can be predicted from easily measured drainage basin characteristics. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to predict changes in lateral complexity in stream reaches, and to predict how the general shape of the water surface profile changes as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Patterns in the lateral complexity of stream reaches were associated with the degree of channel confinement in valley segments, and longitudinal patterns in bed configuration were strongly associated with the position of a stream reach within the river continuum. Stream reach longitudinal profiles were evaluated to determine how patterns in slope breaks change throughout the portion of the river continuum represented by the study area. Channel units were defined according to slope categories for flat water, steep water, and step units (FLATs, STEEPs and STEPs). A set of regression models was used to predict how slope break spacing and the general shape of the water surface profile change as drainage basin area increases from 0.6 km² to 62.3 km². Output from these regression equations was tested against independent field data to evaluate model performance. The models generally performed well. Longitudinal transects of piezometers were installed along the thalweg of a second order, and a third order stream reach. Longitudinal profiles in the piezometer transects were surveyed, and piezometers were used to measure hydraulic head in stream beds. Data were used to test a theoretical model that predicts downwelling where stream profiles are convex, and upwelling where stream profiles are concave. Overall, the shape of the water surface profile explained 38% of the variation in the distribution of hydraulic pressure head in the streambed. Results demonstrated the usefulness of quantifying the magnitude of concavities and convexities in stream profiles. A metric for expressing the average water surface concavity (AWSC) is proposed. I demonstrated that this metric could be useful for comparing the potential for hyporheic exchange in stream reaches with varying degrees of stream profile roughness. Results showed a decreasing trend in AWSC as drainage basin area increased. Upwelling and downwelling zones were identified in piezometer transects, and their longitudinal lengths were measured. The lengths of downwelling zones were compared to the spacing between slope breaks in the water surface profile. Average lengths of downwelling zones and FLAT channel slope units increased with increasing basin area at a similar rate, indicating that slope break spacing was a useful indicator for average downwelling zone length. My results demonstrate that patterns in stream morphology are useful for predicting patterns in hyporheic exchange flow throughout the river continuum. I suggest that the potential for gravity driven exchange flow decreases along the river continuum as AWSC decreases. I also suggest that the frequency of hydrologic exchange between the stream and the hyporheic zone decreases, and that the average length of hyporheic flow paths increase, across the river continuum. Close

• 66. [Article] Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon

  This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Close

• 67. [Article] Prioritizing Habitat Restoration for Endangered Salmon: Getting the Most Bang for your Buck

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prioritizing Habitat Restoration for Endangered Salmon: Getting the Most Bang for your Buck Author: Jorgensen, Jeff, Plummer, Mark, Honea, Jon, Fonner, Robert, McClure, Michelle Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Prioritizing Habitat Restoration for Endangered Salmon: Getting the Most Bang for your Buck Author: Jorgensen, Jeff, Plummer, Mark, Honea, Jon, Fonner, Robert, McClure, Michelle Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 68. [Article] Dynamics of Vector-Host Interactions in Avian Communities in Four Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Foci in the Northeastern US

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://journals.plos.org/...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamics of Vector-Host Interactions in Avian Communities in Four Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Foci in the Northeastern US Author: Molaei, Goudarz, Andreadis, Theodore G., Armstrong, Philip M., Muller, Tim, Thomas, Michael C., Shepard, John J., Medlock, Jan This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/ Title: Dynamics of Vector-Host Interactions in Avian Communities in Four Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Foci in the Northeastern US Author: Molaei, Goudarz, Andreadis, Theodore G., Armstrong, Philip M., Muller, Tim, Thomas, Michael C., Shepard, John J., Medlock, Jan This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/ Close

• 69. [Article] The potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (Oregon, USA)

  The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (Oregon, USA) Author: Palacios, Kelly C. The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted to learn why the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), a culturally and ecologically important species, was declining in the streams within their native land area. The project included interviewing native elders, characterizing stream habitat, monitoring water quality, creating a geographic information system (GIS) and educating tribal members on the cultural and ecological importance of the Pacific lamprey. Dynamic segmentation, a GIS data structure, was used to link standard stream survey data on the river unit scale to a base stream coverage (1:24,000). Dynamic segmentation efficiently associates georeferenced data to a linear feature, thus allowing the data to be readily assessable on desktop computer systems. To be more useful to the tribal and local resource managers, it is recommended that these GIS coverages of aquatic habitat should be used in conjunction with additional data coverages and basic regional models for watershed analysis and better management of aquatic ecosystems. Title: The potential of dynamic segmentation for aquatic ecosystem management : Pacific lamprey decline in the native lands of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (Oregon, USA) Author: Palacios, Kelly C. The Lamprey Eel Decline project conducted by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) combined traditional ecological knowledge, scientific research and geographic information science. CTSI wanted to learn why the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata), a culturally and ecologically important species, was declining in the streams within their native land area. The project included interviewing native elders, characterizing stream habitat, monitoring water quality, creating a geographic information system (GIS) and educating tribal members on the cultural and ecological importance of the Pacific lamprey. Dynamic segmentation, a GIS data structure, was used to link standard stream survey data on the river unit scale to a base stream coverage (1:24,000). Dynamic segmentation efficiently associates georeferenced data to a linear feature, thus allowing the data to be readily assessable on desktop computer systems. To be more useful to the tribal and local resource managers, it is recommended that these GIS coverages of aquatic habitat should be used in conjunction with additional data coverages and basic regional models for watershed analysis and better management of aquatic ecosystems. Close

• 70. [Article] Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species

  Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Close

• 71. [Article] A physical and chemical characterization of stream water draining three Oregon Coast Range catchments

  Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was conducted to determine if current physical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A physical and chemical characterization of stream water draining three Oregon Coast Range catchments Author: Hale, V. Cody Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was conducted to determine if current physical and chemical properties of water in three streams located in the Oregon Coast Range differed from historically measured conditions, taking differences in past management regimes into account. In addition, this research provides an assessment of spatial and temporal variability in nitratenitrogen (N) concentrations and summer stream temperatures within each catchment. The three research catchments were part of the Alsea Watershed Study (1959- 1973), where effects of forest management practices were examined using a pairedwatershed study design. One catchment, Needle Branch, was clear-cut with no protection provided to the stream. Harvesting in Needle Branch was followed by an intense broadcast burn to remove logging slash. Another catchment, Deer Creek, was patch-cut in three small units resulting in a 25% harvest of the total catchment area, but buffers were retained along fish-bearing streams. The third catchment, Flynn Creek, was used as a control. In this revisit to the Alsea Watersheds, measurements were conducted continuously (discharge, turbidity), intermittently (suspended sediments), and at regular intervals (nitrate-N) for one year between October 2005 and September 2006. Summertime stream temperature was also measured every half-hour from mid-June to mid-September. Comparisons of recent data with historic data show no detectable changes over time for streamflow characteristics (annual runoff volume, peak flow discharges, and number of low-flow days), annual sediment yield, or summer maximum stream temperatures. Current nitrate-N export was similar to historically measured values for Flynn Creek and Deer Creek; however, export at Needle Branch was increased over past levels. This observation may be caused by dense colonization of the riparian area with red alder (Alnus rubra), a N-fixing species, following the 1966 harvest. Patterns of nitrate-N concentration varied throughout each catchment and are likely influenced by the current distribution of red alder stands. Synoptically measured stream temperatures were variable along each stream’s longitudinal profile. The ability to meet Oregon’s water quality standard for temperature was dependent on measurement location and method of analysis. Evaluating individual sampling points as discrete records resulted in each stream exceeding the standard for at least one measurement location, whereas evaluating the criteria based on the mean of all data collected within the mainstem stream excluded Flynn Creek and Needle Branch from violation. These results highlight the physical and chemical variability of stream water draining Oregon Coast Range headwater catchments and provide insight as to where future work should be focused to gain a more thorough understanding of these dynamic systems. Title: A physical and chemical characterization of stream water draining three Oregon Coast Range catchments Author: Hale, V. Cody Few studies have examined both long-term and fine-scale spatial variations in water quality of small streams in the Pacific Northwest. As such, a case study was conducted to determine if current physical and chemical properties of water in three streams located in the Oregon Coast Range differed from historically measured conditions, taking differences in past management regimes into account. In addition, this research provides an assessment of spatial and temporal variability in nitratenitrogen (N) concentrations and summer stream temperatures within each catchment. The three research catchments were part of the Alsea Watershed Study (1959- 1973), where effects of forest management practices were examined using a pairedwatershed study design. One catchment, Needle Branch, was clear-cut with no protection provided to the stream. Harvesting in Needle Branch was followed by an intense broadcast burn to remove logging slash. Another catchment, Deer Creek, was patch-cut in three small units resulting in a 25% harvest of the total catchment area, but buffers were retained along fish-bearing streams. The third catchment, Flynn Creek, was used as a control. In this revisit to the Alsea Watersheds, measurements were conducted continuously (discharge, turbidity), intermittently (suspended sediments), and at regular intervals (nitrate-N) for one year between October 2005 and September 2006. Summertime stream temperature was also measured every half-hour from mid-June to mid-September. Comparisons of recent data with historic data show no detectable changes over time for streamflow characteristics (annual runoff volume, peak flow discharges, and number of low-flow days), annual sediment yield, or summer maximum stream temperatures. Current nitrate-N export was similar to historically measured values for Flynn Creek and Deer Creek; however, export at Needle Branch was increased over past levels. This observation may be caused by dense colonization of the riparian area with red alder (Alnus rubra), a N-fixing species, following the 1966 harvest. Patterns of nitrate-N concentration varied throughout each catchment and are likely influenced by the current distribution of red alder stands. Synoptically measured stream temperatures were variable along each stream’s longitudinal profile. The ability to meet Oregon’s water quality standard for temperature was dependent on measurement location and method of analysis. Evaluating individual sampling points as discrete records resulted in each stream exceeding the standard for at least one measurement location, whereas evaluating the criteria based on the mean of all data collected within the mainstem stream excluded Flynn Creek and Needle Branch from violation. These results highlight the physical and chemical variability of stream water draining Oregon Coast Range headwater catchments and provide insight as to where future work should be focused to gain a more thorough understanding of these dynamic systems. Close

• 72. [Article] Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research

  For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research Author: Purdy, Sarah E. For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes around the country created mining colonies in remote areas, thereby connecting the frontier with the rest of America and Europe. This research attempts to expand on the previous industrial archaeology literature, which focuses on historic mining sites and landscape patterns, by concentrating solely on dredge mining. This study analyzes dredge mining activity in the Elk City Township (T. 29 N., R. 8 E.) of North Central Idaho. Dredge mining leaves behind a mark on the landscape in the form of tailings piles, which are uniquely patterned due to different technologies. Through a detailed analysis of the tailings pile patterns, an archaeologist can determine what dredging technology was used, the time period of the operation, and the number of workers employed. In order to understand the technology used, part of this work is dedicated to the various forms of dredges that were used, along with the various dredge mining methods. This research provides a set of guidelines for archaeologists to properly document dredge tailings piles and determine their significance. The major contributions of this thesis are to clarify the historical context for dredge mining in North Central Idaho, to identify visible footprints left by this industrial activity, and to identify both pedestrian survey and remote sensing techniques to locate and differentiate between the various dredging technologies. The remote sensing techniques used include classifying Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and comparing it with digitally orthorectified photos (DOQ), to determine which imagery is more adept at detecting dredge tailings patterns. For better or worse, dredge mining has reshaped many areas in the American West. Currently, riverine and riparian restoration projects are destroying dredge tailings piles and attempting to return the river to its ‘original’ condition. However, these projects are destroying a piece of history that is not well understood and holds important information for archaeologists studying historic mining sites. This research will benefit not only archaeologists, but land managers as well, by explaining the significance of dredge tailings and providing them with a greater ability to protect and manage these irreplaceable resources. Title: Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research Author: Purdy, Sarah E. For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes around the country created mining colonies in remote areas, thereby connecting the frontier with the rest of America and Europe. This research attempts to expand on the previous industrial archaeology literature, which focuses on historic mining sites and landscape patterns, by concentrating solely on dredge mining. This study analyzes dredge mining activity in the Elk City Township (T. 29 N., R. 8 E.) of North Central Idaho. Dredge mining leaves behind a mark on the landscape in the form of tailings piles, which are uniquely patterned due to different technologies. Through a detailed analysis of the tailings pile patterns, an archaeologist can determine what dredging technology was used, the time period of the operation, and the number of workers employed. In order to understand the technology used, part of this work is dedicated to the various forms of dredges that were used, along with the various dredge mining methods. This research provides a set of guidelines for archaeologists to properly document dredge tailings piles and determine their significance. The major contributions of this thesis are to clarify the historical context for dredge mining in North Central Idaho, to identify visible footprints left by this industrial activity, and to identify both pedestrian survey and remote sensing techniques to locate and differentiate between the various dredging technologies. The remote sensing techniques used include classifying Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and comparing it with digitally orthorectified photos (DOQ), to determine which imagery is more adept at detecting dredge tailings patterns. For better or worse, dredge mining has reshaped many areas in the American West. Currently, riverine and riparian restoration projects are destroying dredge tailings piles and attempting to return the river to its ‘original’ condition. However, these projects are destroying a piece of history that is not well understood and holds important information for archaeologists studying historic mining sites. This research will benefit not only archaeologists, but land managers as well, by explaining the significance of dredge tailings and providing them with a greater ability to protect and manage these irreplaceable resources. Close

• 73. [Article] Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon

  Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Darren A. Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). I used radio-telemetry and demographic surveys to describe demographic performance and habitat selection of spotted owls in the areas burned by the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Demographic surveys were conducted from 2003 – 2006 at the 3 fires. From September, 2004 – August, 2006, 26 spotted owls were monitored with radio-telemetry at the Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and their surrounding areas. I investigated differences in occupancy rates between the South Cascades Demography Area and the Timbered Rock Study Area from 1992 – 2006 using occupancy models in program MARK. Occupancy was similar at the Timbered Rock and South Cascades from 1992 – 2002 but occupancy declined rapidly following the Timbered Rock Fire when compared to unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. I also investigated the impacts of fire severity and habitat on occupancy at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Occupancy at all 3 fires declined from 2003 – 2006. Initial occupancy was positively influenced by the amount of roosting and foraging habitat with low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = -0.02 – 0.17) and negatively influenced by the amount of hard edge within the core (β = -0.33, 95% C.I. = -0.77 – 0.10). Extinction rates increased in a curvilinear manner as the amount of unsuitable habitat within the core increased (β = 2.15, 95% C.I. = 0.25 – 4.05) and as the amount of edge increased (β = 0.20, 95% C.I. = -0.01 – 0.41). Colonization rates were positively influenced by the amount of nesting, roosting and foraging habitat that received a low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = 0.02 – 0.15). Demographic surveys were used to determine the number of young fledged per pair of spotted owls. I found no significant differences in productivity of spotted owl pairs in burned landscapes at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. Survival was estimated in program MARK using known fates modeling of radio-telemetry data. Annual survival rates of spotted owls that resided within the fire or had recently emigrated out of the fire were lower (0.64, 95% C.I. = 0.37 – 0.84) than owls that resided outside the fire (1.00, 95% C.I. = 1.00 – 1.00). Annual home ranges of spotted owls in this study were on average 248.46 ha larger than home ranges observed in the same area prior to wildfire (t = -2.85, df = 32, p = 0.01). However, home ranges of spotted owls that resided inside the fire were not significantly different than owls that resided outside the fire (t = 0.72, df = 18, p = 0.48). Differences in home ranges of individual owls were best explained by the amount of hard edge within the 95% fixed kernel home range. Annual home ranges increased as the amount of hard edge within the home range increased (β = 30.71, SE = 2.65, p < 0.01). Logistic regression was used to assess selection of habitats in relation to early seral forests. Nesting, roosting and foraging habitat with low, moderate or high severity burn was selected by spotted owls in post-fire landscapes. Furthermore, roosting and foraging habitat with a moderate severity burn was also selected. Three habitats were used in a similar manner to early seral forests including; roosting and foraging habitat with low or high severity burn and salvage logged areas. Non-habitat was the only habitat that was commonly avoided. Several abiotic factors were important in determining post-fire habitat selection. Owls selected areas closer to hard edges, perennial streams and lower in elevation than random locations. Title: Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Darren A. Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). I used radio-telemetry and demographic surveys to describe demographic performance and habitat selection of spotted owls in the areas burned by the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Demographic surveys were conducted from 2003 – 2006 at the 3 fires. From September, 2004 – August, 2006, 26 spotted owls were monitored with radio-telemetry at the Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and their surrounding areas. I investigated differences in occupancy rates between the South Cascades Demography Area and the Timbered Rock Study Area from 1992 – 2006 using occupancy models in program MARK. Occupancy was similar at the Timbered Rock and South Cascades from 1992 – 2002 but occupancy declined rapidly following the Timbered Rock Fire when compared to unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. I also investigated the impacts of fire severity and habitat on occupancy at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Occupancy at all 3 fires declined from 2003 – 2006. Initial occupancy was positively influenced by the amount of roosting and foraging habitat with low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = -0.02 – 0.17) and negatively influenced by the amount of hard edge within the core (β = -0.33, 95% C.I. = -0.77 – 0.10). Extinction rates increased in a curvilinear manner as the amount of unsuitable habitat within the core increased (β = 2.15, 95% C.I. = 0.25 – 4.05) and as the amount of edge increased (β = 0.20, 95% C.I. = -0.01 – 0.41). Colonization rates were positively influenced by the amount of nesting, roosting and foraging habitat that received a low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = 0.02 – 0.15). Demographic surveys were used to determine the number of young fledged per pair of spotted owls. I found no significant differences in productivity of spotted owl pairs in burned landscapes at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. Survival was estimated in program MARK using known fates modeling of radio-telemetry data. Annual survival rates of spotted owls that resided within the fire or had recently emigrated out of the fire were lower (0.64, 95% C.I. = 0.37 – 0.84) than owls that resided outside the fire (1.00, 95% C.I. = 1.00 – 1.00). Annual home ranges of spotted owls in this study were on average 248.46 ha larger than home ranges observed in the same area prior to wildfire (t = -2.85, df = 32, p = 0.01). However, home ranges of spotted owls that resided inside the fire were not significantly different than owls that resided outside the fire (t = 0.72, df = 18, p = 0.48). Differences in home ranges of individual owls were best explained by the amount of hard edge within the 95% fixed kernel home range. Annual home ranges increased as the amount of hard edge within the home range increased (β = 30.71, SE = 2.65, p < 0.01). Logistic regression was used to assess selection of habitats in relation to early seral forests. Nesting, roosting and foraging habitat with low, moderate or high severity burn was selected by spotted owls in post-fire landscapes. Furthermore, roosting and foraging habitat with a moderate severity burn was also selected. Three habitats were used in a similar manner to early seral forests including; roosting and foraging habitat with low or high severity burn and salvage logged areas. Non-habitat was the only habitat that was commonly avoided. Several abiotic factors were important in determining post-fire habitat selection. Owls selected areas closer to hard edges, perennial streams and lower in elevation than random locations. Close

• 74. [Article] Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones

  Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones Author: Marquardt, Theresa Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to characterize and monitor changes in stand structure over time. This study examined sixteen alternatives for sampling live conifers and six alternatives for sampling hardwoods and snags. Each sampling alternative was replicated 500 times on a 72 meter square stem map at eight headwater stream locations in western Oregon. A variety of plot sizes and shapes were considered at two sampling intensities of 10 % and 20 % of the stand area. Applied to live conifers, the performance of the alternatives were assessed with respect to estimation of trees per hectare, basal area per hectare, and height to diameter ratio using root mean square error, average mean deviation and percent bias as criteria. Performance with respect to snags and hardwoods was similar. In general, rectangular strip designs oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed circular, radial plots, and variable plots. Title: Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones Author: Marquardt, Theresa Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to characterize and monitor changes in stand structure over time. This study examined sixteen alternatives for sampling live conifers and six alternatives for sampling hardwoods and snags. Each sampling alternative was replicated 500 times on a 72 meter square stem map at eight headwater stream locations in western Oregon. A variety of plot sizes and shapes were considered at two sampling intensities of 10 % and 20 % of the stand area. Applied to live conifers, the performance of the alternatives were assessed with respect to estimation of trees per hectare, basal area per hectare, and height to diameter ratio using root mean square error, average mean deviation and percent bias as criteria. Performance with respect to snags and hardwoods was similar. In general, rectangular strip designs oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed circular, radial plots, and variable plots. Close

• 75. [Article] Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction

  Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Close

• 76. [Article] Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon

  Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon Author: Burnett, Kelly M. Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population persistence is likely to derive from longer-term, multi-scale studies. Relationships were examined among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics throughout the Elk River, Oregon over 7 years at multiple spatial scales. Ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), coastal cutthroat trout (0. clarki) and winter-run steelhead (0. mykiss) comprised the salmonid assemblage. Habitat selection was quantified at stream system, valley segment, and channel unit scales by selection ratios estimated with bootstrapping methods. Unconstrained valleys in tributaries and pools in the mainstem were typically selected by each species except steelhead, which often avoided these. Valley segment types generally did not differ for characteristics routinely assessed in stream surveys. Thus, fish probably perceived other biotic or abiotic differences among valley segment types. Evidence suggested competition may have influenced selection by coho and chinook salmon. Discriminant analysis indicated that level of use by juvenile chinook salmon appeared related to valley segment type and spatial position. Unconstrained valleys, nearby valley segments, and valley segments with larger, deeper pools, containing more wood were most highly used by chinook salmon. Mean volume and maximum depth of pools were each directly related to catchment area, which explained more variation than landscape characteristics summarized at any of five spatial scales. At each scale except the most spatially extensive, wood density in valley segments was negatively related to the percent area in resistant rock types and positively related to the percent area in mature to old forests. The most variation was explained with these landscape variables summarized at an intermediate spatial scale (i.e., sub-catchment). Although spatial scales appeared similar in processes affecting wood density, finer scales omitted key source areas for wood delivery, and coarser scales included source areas less tightly coupled to wood dynamics in surveyed channels. If only 1 or 2 years of data or one spatial scale had been examined, as commonly occurs, conclusions may have differed substantially from those in this study. Title: Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon Author: Burnett, Kelly M. Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population persistence is likely to derive from longer-term, multi-scale studies. Relationships were examined among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics throughout the Elk River, Oregon over 7 years at multiple spatial scales. Ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), coastal cutthroat trout (0. clarki) and winter-run steelhead (0. mykiss) comprised the salmonid assemblage. Habitat selection was quantified at stream system, valley segment, and channel unit scales by selection ratios estimated with bootstrapping methods. Unconstrained valleys in tributaries and pools in the mainstem were typically selected by each species except steelhead, which often avoided these. Valley segment types generally did not differ for characteristics routinely assessed in stream surveys. Thus, fish probably perceived other biotic or abiotic differences among valley segment types. Evidence suggested competition may have influenced selection by coho and chinook salmon. Discriminant analysis indicated that level of use by juvenile chinook salmon appeared related to valley segment type and spatial position. Unconstrained valleys, nearby valley segments, and valley segments with larger, deeper pools, containing more wood were most highly used by chinook salmon. Mean volume and maximum depth of pools were each directly related to catchment area, which explained more variation than landscape characteristics summarized at any of five spatial scales. At each scale except the most spatially extensive, wood density in valley segments was negatively related to the percent area in resistant rock types and positively related to the percent area in mature to old forests. The most variation was explained with these landscape variables summarized at an intermediate spatial scale (i.e., sub-catchment). Although spatial scales appeared similar in processes affecting wood density, finer scales omitted key source areas for wood delivery, and coarser scales included source areas less tightly coupled to wood dynamics in surveyed channels. If only 1 or 2 years of data or one spatial scale had been examined, as commonly occurs, conclusions may have differed substantially from those in this study. Close

• 77. [Article] Thinning and in-stream wood recruitment in riparian second growth forests in coastal Oregon and the use of buffers and tree tipping as mitigation

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Northeast Forestry ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thinning and in-stream wood recruitment in riparian second growth forests in coastal Oregon and the use of buffers and tree tipping as mitigation Author: Litschert, S. E., Reeves, Gordon, Pabst, Robert, Benda, Lee E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag. It is published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11676 Title: Thinning and in-stream wood recruitment in riparian second growth forests in coastal Oregon and the use of buffers and tree tipping as mitigation Author: Litschert, S. E., Reeves, Gordon, Pabst, Robert, Benda, Lee E. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag. It is published by Springer. It can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/11676 Close

• 78. [Article] Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years

  Presentation entitled : Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years / by Schyler Reis, Lisa Ellsworth and J. Boone Kauffman

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years Author: Reis, Schyler Ainsworth Presentation entitled : Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years / by Schyler Reis, Lisa Ellsworth and J. Boone Kauffman Title: Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years Author: Reis, Schyler Ainsworth Presentation entitled : Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years / by Schyler Reis, Lisa Ellsworth and J. Boone Kauffman Close

• 79. [Article] Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996–2012

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996–2012 Author: Baker, Edward T., Haxel, Joseph, Dziak, Robert P., Chadwick, William W., Jr., Embley, Robert W., et al., Greene, Ron, Merle, Susan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291525-2027/. Title: Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996–2012 Author: Baker, Edward T., Haxel, Joseph, Dziak, Robert P., Chadwick, William W., Jr., Embley, Robert W., et al., Greene, Ron, Merle, Susan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291525-2027/. Close

• 80. [Article] Response to Water Protection Rule changes in the Oregon Forest Practices Act : landowner/operator opinions and streamside conditions

  This study assessed implementation of the 1994 Water Protection Rules in the Oregon Forest Practices Act from the perspective of Rule users and post-harvest riparian conditions. A 1993 evaluation found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response to Water Protection Rule changes in the Oregon Forest Practices Act : landowner/operator opinions and streamside conditions Author: Hairston, Anne B. This study assessed implementation of the 1994 Water Protection Rules in the Oregon Forest Practices Act from the perspective of Rule users and post-harvest riparian conditions. A 1993 evaluation found that under the previous rules over half of riparian conifers were removed during harvest, prompting concerns about future sources of desirable instream woody debris. Twenty-four harvest sites throughout Oregon were assessed for riparian conditions after harvest, focusing on potential contribution of future large woody debris to streams relative to conditions at similar sites under prior rules. Industry foresters, logging operators, and nonindustrial private forest owners who had filed harvest notifications in Fall 1994 were sent questionnaires to determine the level of support for the Rules and related concerns. Return rate was 67 percent of 848 sent, yielding 403 usable surveys from people who had harvested. Personal interviews during visits to harvested sites supplemented the survey results. Most (61%) generally or strongly supported the Water Protection Rules, while 26 percent generally or strongly opposed the Rules. Of choices listed in the survey, those factors that most affected support, or lack of it, were: 1) flexibility of rules, 2) whether rules were backed by good science, and 3) lack of compensation or incentives. For nonindustrial owners, whether the rules take better care of the land (stewardship) was also an important factor. The policy options considered most effective for influencing private forest management were more favorable tax policies and compensation. Riparian condition measurements were compared to results from the 1993 Oregon Department of Forestry Riparian Rule Effectiveness Study. Significantly more conifers were left under the 1994 Rules than previously: 75% of preharvest conifers/l000 feet of stream was left in 1995 versus 35% in 1993 (p<0.01), and 68% of initial conifer basal acre (ft²/acre) was left in 1995 versus 27% in 1993 (p<0.01). For the 1995 data, an average of 50 percent of trees could fall directly into the stream, contributing debris over 8 inches diameter and 5 feet long. The number of snags left in the riparian areas in Western Oregon was higher in 1995 (p<0.01), but not east of the Cascade Mountains. Title: Response to Water Protection Rule changes in the Oregon Forest Practices Act : landowner/operator opinions and streamside conditions Author: Hairston, Anne B. This study assessed implementation of the 1994 Water Protection Rules in the Oregon Forest Practices Act from the perspective of Rule users and post-harvest riparian conditions. A 1993 evaluation found that under the previous rules over half of riparian conifers were removed during harvest, prompting concerns about future sources of desirable instream woody debris. Twenty-four harvest sites throughout Oregon were assessed for riparian conditions after harvest, focusing on potential contribution of future large woody debris to streams relative to conditions at similar sites under prior rules. Industry foresters, logging operators, and nonindustrial private forest owners who had filed harvest notifications in Fall 1994 were sent questionnaires to determine the level of support for the Rules and related concerns. Return rate was 67 percent of 848 sent, yielding 403 usable surveys from people who had harvested. Personal interviews during visits to harvested sites supplemented the survey results. Most (61%) generally or strongly supported the Water Protection Rules, while 26 percent generally or strongly opposed the Rules. Of choices listed in the survey, those factors that most affected support, or lack of it, were: 1) flexibility of rules, 2) whether rules were backed by good science, and 3) lack of compensation or incentives. For nonindustrial owners, whether the rules take better care of the land (stewardship) was also an important factor. The policy options considered most effective for influencing private forest management were more favorable tax policies and compensation. Riparian condition measurements were compared to results from the 1993 Oregon Department of Forestry Riparian Rule Effectiveness Study. Significantly more conifers were left under the 1994 Rules than previously: 75% of preharvest conifers/l000 feet of stream was left in 1995 versus 35% in 1993 (p<0.01), and 68% of initial conifer basal acre (ft²/acre) was left in 1995 versus 27% in 1993 (p<0.01). For the 1995 data, an average of 50 percent of trees could fall directly into the stream, contributing debris over 8 inches diameter and 5 feet long. The number of snags left in the riparian areas in Western Oregon was higher in 1995 (p<0.01), but not east of the Cascade Mountains. Close

• 81. [Article] Factors influencing pool morphology in Oregon coastal streams

  Pool morphology was surveyed in 19 stream sections within the central Oregon Coast Range. Pool locations, sizes, spacings, numbers, and factors affecting pool formation were determined for each stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing pool morphology in Oregon coastal streams Author: Stack, William Robert Pool morphology was surveyed in 19 stream sections within the central Oregon Coast Range. Pool locations, sizes, spacings, numbers, and factors affecting pool formation were determined for each stream section. All sections were underlain by sedimentary rocks, had drainage areas ranging from 1.3 to 17.3 km², and had average water surface slopes from 0.5 to 5.6%. Stream sections were divided into two categories: (1) low timber harvest (<20% of watershed area harvested) and (2) high timber harvest (>45% of watershed area harvested). A "Rapid Bed Profile" (REP) technique was developed to measure residual pool characteristics in each stream section. The REP technique is a survey method that requires only thalweg depths and the average reach gradient. The technique was effective for classifying pools since it is objective, independent of flow, accurate, and time-efficient. Residual pool size characteristics (e.g., volume) for the low timber harvest stream sections were positively correlated to a power function of drainage area. Stream sections with beaver dams, especially those with at least 10% of their reach length in beaver-caused pools, typically had larger residual pools. Pool size characteristics for high timber harvest stream sections were not different from low timber harvest stream sections. The average spacing between residual pools was positively correlated to a power function of drainage area for the low timber harvest stream sections (a negative correlation was found between the number of pools and drainage area). High timber harvest stream sections may be associated with an increased spacing and a decreased number of pools for larger watersheds (i.e., greater than 8 km²). However, the potential effects of previous large storms, changes in timber management practices, and/or the small number of streams surveyed precluded a definitive conclusion. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming processes (e.g., plunge, deflection) was correlated with average water surface slope for the low timber harvest stream sections. The percentage of plunge and impoundment processes increased as water surface slope increased while the percentage of deflection and underflow processes decreased. Two high timber harvest streams had a higher percentage of plunge pools than expected based on the relationships established for the low timber harvest streams. The frequency of occurrence of wood and boulder pool forming elements was correlated with an index of stream power (drainage area times average water slope) for the low timber harvest stream sections. As the stream power index increased, the relative frequency of wood-formed pools decreased while boulder-formed pools increased. Wood and boulder combined, generally, made up 80% of the pool forming elements. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming elements was not different between low and high timber harvest stream sections. Title: Factors influencing pool morphology in Oregon coastal streams Author: Stack, William Robert Pool morphology was surveyed in 19 stream sections within the central Oregon Coast Range. Pool locations, sizes, spacings, numbers, and factors affecting pool formation were determined for each stream section. All sections were underlain by sedimentary rocks, had drainage areas ranging from 1.3 to 17.3 km², and had average water surface slopes from 0.5 to 5.6%. Stream sections were divided into two categories: (1) low timber harvest (<20% of watershed area harvested) and (2) high timber harvest (>45% of watershed area harvested). A "Rapid Bed Profile" (REP) technique was developed to measure residual pool characteristics in each stream section. The REP technique is a survey method that requires only thalweg depths and the average reach gradient. The technique was effective for classifying pools since it is objective, independent of flow, accurate, and time-efficient. Residual pool size characteristics (e.g., volume) for the low timber harvest stream sections were positively correlated to a power function of drainage area. Stream sections with beaver dams, especially those with at least 10% of their reach length in beaver-caused pools, typically had larger residual pools. Pool size characteristics for high timber harvest stream sections were not different from low timber harvest stream sections. The average spacing between residual pools was positively correlated to a power function of drainage area for the low timber harvest stream sections (a negative correlation was found between the number of pools and drainage area). High timber harvest stream sections may be associated with an increased spacing and a decreased number of pools for larger watersheds (i.e., greater than 8 km²). However, the potential effects of previous large storms, changes in timber management practices, and/or the small number of streams surveyed precluded a definitive conclusion. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming processes (e.g., plunge, deflection) was correlated with average water surface slope for the low timber harvest stream sections. The percentage of plunge and impoundment processes increased as water surface slope increased while the percentage of deflection and underflow processes decreased. Two high timber harvest streams had a higher percentage of plunge pools than expected based on the relationships established for the low timber harvest streams. The frequency of occurrence of wood and boulder pool forming elements was correlated with an index of stream power (drainage area times average water slope) for the low timber harvest stream sections. As the stream power index increased, the relative frequency of wood-formed pools decreased while boulder-formed pools increased. Wood and boulder combined, generally, made up 80% of the pool forming elements. The frequency of occurrence of pool forming elements was not different between low and high timber harvest stream sections. Close

• 82. [Article] Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populations in two coastal Oregon streams

  The effects of beaver (Castor canadensis) on stream morphology, riparian zones, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry in Cape and Cummins Creeks, Oregon, were examined using stream surveys, vegetation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populations in two coastal Oregon streams Author: Bruner, Karen L. The effects of beaver (Castor canadensis) on stream morphology, riparian zones, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry in Cape and Cummins Creeks, Oregon, were examined using stream surveys, vegetation transects, and coho salmon fry counts in 1987. The basin around Cape Creek has been extensively logged since the late 1940's. Cummins Creek is surrounded by primarily old-growth forest. Cape Creek had higher densities of coho fry (P < 0.0004) than Cummins Creek. Coho fry were two to ten times more numerous in pools (P < 0.001) than in glides or riffles, respectively. The density of beaver dams in the autumn on the two streams was 1.2 and 1.1 dams/km on Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. By building dams, beaver added 7% and 14% more pool habitat in Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. This extra pool habitat was used by coho fry. Beaver ponds were larger than non-beaver ponds and thus contained more coho fry per pond. Densities of coho fry were, however, the same between beaver and non-beaver ponds. Beaver preferred to cut salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), alder (Alnus rubra), and vine maple (Acer circinatum) stems 2-9 cm in diameter for food and dam construction. Mean distance from the stream for foraging was 17.5 m (SDS=10.1). Beaver foraged up to 90 in from the stream bank along tributaries. The percentage of available stems (for salmonberry, alder, and vine maple) cut for the small size class (0.5-3 cm) decreased after 5 in from the stream, after 20 in for the medium size class (3-9 cm) and remained stable out to 30 m for the large size class ( > 9 cm). Most cutting tended to be upstream of the dam site. The mean area affected by cutting around the dam site was 1944 sq. in (SD=921 sq. m). Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide; midstory conifer cover; overstory conifer cover; and vine maple cover were factors that separated used beaver sites from unused random sites using stepwise discriminant analysis. Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide was positively associated with the discriminant function and accounted for 50% of the variability in the discriminant function. Vine maple cover was also positively associated with dam location in the discriminant function, while midstory and overstory conifer covers were negatively associated with the dam location. Based on the results of this study, I believe beaver provide extra coho salmon rearing habitat, especially in late summer during reduced water flows. In heavily managed streams, beaver may be able to provide structure and stability in the stream at a much lower cost than stream rehabilitation projects. Title: Effects of beaver on streams, streamside habitat, and coho salmon fry populations in two coastal Oregon streams Author: Bruner, Karen L. The effects of beaver (Castor canadensis) on stream morphology, riparian zones, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry in Cape and Cummins Creeks, Oregon, were examined using stream surveys, vegetation transects, and coho salmon fry counts in 1987. The basin around Cape Creek has been extensively logged since the late 1940's. Cummins Creek is surrounded by primarily old-growth forest. Cape Creek had higher densities of coho fry (P < 0.0004) than Cummins Creek. Coho fry were two to ten times more numerous in pools (P < 0.001) than in glides or riffles, respectively. The density of beaver dams in the autumn on the two streams was 1.2 and 1.1 dams/km on Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. By building dams, beaver added 7% and 14% more pool habitat in Cummins and Cape Creeks, respectively. This extra pool habitat was used by coho fry. Beaver ponds were larger than non-beaver ponds and thus contained more coho fry per pond. Densities of coho fry were, however, the same between beaver and non-beaver ponds. Beaver preferred to cut salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), alder (Alnus rubra), and vine maple (Acer circinatum) stems 2-9 cm in diameter for food and dam construction. Mean distance from the stream for foraging was 17.5 m (SDS=10.1). Beaver foraged up to 90 in from the stream bank along tributaries. The percentage of available stems (for salmonberry, alder, and vine maple) cut for the small size class (0.5-3 cm) decreased after 5 in from the stream, after 20 in for the medium size class (3-9 cm) and remained stable out to 30 m for the large size class ( > 9 cm). Most cutting tended to be upstream of the dam site. The mean area affected by cutting around the dam site was 1944 sq. in (SD=921 sq. m). Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide; midstory conifer cover; overstory conifer cover; and vine maple cover were factors that separated used beaver sites from unused random sites using stepwise discriminant analysis. Proximity to a logjam, tributary, or debris slide was positively associated with the discriminant function and accounted for 50% of the variability in the discriminant function. Vine maple cover was also positively associated with dam location in the discriminant function, while midstory and overstory conifer covers were negatively associated with the dam location. Based on the results of this study, I believe beaver provide extra coho salmon rearing habitat, especially in late summer during reduced water flows. In heavily managed streams, beaver may be able to provide structure and stability in the stream at a much lower cost than stream rehabilitation projects. Close

• 83. [Article] Habitat characteristics associated with abundance of band-tailed pigeons and use of mineral sites in the Pacific Northwest

  Index counts for the Pacific Coast race of the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata monilis) have declined by -2% per year since survey efforts began in the 1950's and 60's. Mineral sites, important resources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat characteristics associated with abundance of band-tailed pigeons and use of mineral sites in the Pacific Northwest Author: Overton, Cory T. Index counts for the Pacific Coast race of the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata monilis) have declined by -2% per year since survey efforts began in the 1950's and 60's. Mineral sites, important resources with high ion concentrations, are regularly visited by band-tailed pigeons which nest in surrounding forest lands. I used both ad hoc measurements of mineral site characteristics and composition and configuration of habitat types adjacent to mineral sites to develop models predicting band-tailed pigeon abundance at mineral sites, in the Pacific Northwest. Band-tailed pigeons were counted weekly during the summers of 2001 and 2002 at 20 mineral sites. Since, many mineral sites have been abandoned by band-tailed pigeons, I tested for an association between land use types mineral site use by band-tailed pigeons using a database of 69 currently used and 20 historically used mineral sites in Oregon. Lastly, I investigated the association between the timing and duration of precipitation on index counts of band-tailed pigeons at 20 mineral sites. Abundance of band-tailed pigeons was positively associated with habitat dominance, (i.e. 1-Shannon's Evenness or homogeneity of landcover types) at a scale larger than band-tailed pigeon home range size and with distance to the nearest adjacent mineral site. Both a quadratic effect of latitude and use of an indicator variable for regional variation in abundance were also present in top ranked models. Both latitudinal effects predicted an increase in birds from central Oregon to southern Washington, then a decrease from central Washington to British Columbia. My findings suggest that: 1) large areas of homogeneous landcover are important for band-tailed pigeons, 2) distribution of mineral sites is associated with the abundance of band-tailed pigeons, and 3) relative density of band-tailed pigeons in the Pacific Northwest exhibits a latitudinal gradient with more birds counted near the middle of their breeding range. Use of mineral sites in Oregon by band-tailed pigeons was associated with both the amount of forest cover (or lack thereof), and the amount of land under either private ownership or under special management to preserve biodiversity. Higher probability of mineral site use was predicted with increasing forest cover and special status land, lower probability of use was predicted with increasing non-forested landcover and private land. Four hot springs in Oregon were known to have once been used by band-tailed pigeons by no longer are, no hot springs are known to be currently used by band-tailed. Title: Habitat characteristics associated with abundance of band-tailed pigeons and use of mineral sites in the Pacific Northwest Author: Overton, Cory T. Index counts for the Pacific Coast race of the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata monilis) have declined by -2% per year since survey efforts began in the 1950's and 60's. Mineral sites, important resources with high ion concentrations, are regularly visited by band-tailed pigeons which nest in surrounding forest lands. I used both ad hoc measurements of mineral site characteristics and composition and configuration of habitat types adjacent to mineral sites to develop models predicting band-tailed pigeon abundance at mineral sites, in the Pacific Northwest. Band-tailed pigeons were counted weekly during the summers of 2001 and 2002 at 20 mineral sites. Since, many mineral sites have been abandoned by band-tailed pigeons, I tested for an association between land use types mineral site use by band-tailed pigeons using a database of 69 currently used and 20 historically used mineral sites in Oregon. Lastly, I investigated the association between the timing and duration of precipitation on index counts of band-tailed pigeons at 20 mineral sites. Abundance of band-tailed pigeons was positively associated with habitat dominance, (i.e. 1-Shannon's Evenness or homogeneity of landcover types) at a scale larger than band-tailed pigeon home range size and with distance to the nearest adjacent mineral site. Both a quadratic effect of latitude and use of an indicator variable for regional variation in abundance were also present in top ranked models. Both latitudinal effects predicted an increase in birds from central Oregon to southern Washington, then a decrease from central Washington to British Columbia. My findings suggest that: 1) large areas of homogeneous landcover are important for band-tailed pigeons, 2) distribution of mineral sites is associated with the abundance of band-tailed pigeons, and 3) relative density of band-tailed pigeons in the Pacific Northwest exhibits a latitudinal gradient with more birds counted near the middle of their breeding range. Use of mineral sites in Oregon by band-tailed pigeons was associated with both the amount of forest cover (or lack thereof), and the amount of land under either private ownership or under special management to preserve biodiversity. Higher probability of mineral site use was predicted with increasing forest cover and special status land, lower probability of use was predicted with increasing non-forested landcover and private land. Four hot springs in Oregon were known to have once been used by band-tailed pigeons by no longer are, no hot springs are known to be currently used by band-tailed. Close

• 84. [Article] Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus

  Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus Author: Barnett, Darby E. Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to the site encompasses 6.33 hectares and includes the site and alluvial terraces on both sides of the Gialias River. Fourteen soil map units, largely developed on Holocene colluvium, were identified. Stratigraphic profiles of the excavation trenches indicate a buried A horizon overlying what is thought to be a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B cultural component. Construction of a checkdam stopped site erosion and promoted the burial and preservation of a stratified archaeological sequence. The site is located next to a contact between the Lefkara Formation (limestone) and the Upper Pillow Basalts where vitreous chert commonly occurs on the island. Using the geoarchaeological data collected from Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems data, a model was built the location of other further Neolithic Quarry sites on the island. The predictive model considers proximity to the contact, proximity to a 4th to 7th order stream, landscape position and relative level of ground disturbance. Over 38 areas were identified on 23 1:5,000 scale maps that could be explored by field survey and sub-surface testing. Title: Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus Author: Barnett, Darby E. Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to the site encompasses 6.33 hectares and includes the site and alluvial terraces on both sides of the Gialias River. Fourteen soil map units, largely developed on Holocene colluvium, were identified. Stratigraphic profiles of the excavation trenches indicate a buried A horizon overlying what is thought to be a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B cultural component. Construction of a checkdam stopped site erosion and promoted the burial and preservation of a stratified archaeological sequence. The site is located next to a contact between the Lefkara Formation (limestone) and the Upper Pillow Basalts where vitreous chert commonly occurs on the island. Using the geoarchaeological data collected from Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems data, a model was built the location of other further Neolithic Quarry sites on the island. The predictive model considers proximity to the contact, proximity to a 4th to 7th order stream, landscape position and relative level of ground disturbance. Over 38 areas were identified on 23 1:5,000 scale maps that could be explored by field survey and sub-surface testing. Close

• 85. [Article] A study of in stream complexity in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds

  This study investigates patterns of physical structure organization in stream networks. In particular, it seeks to describe patterns of wood, boulders, pools and slope that are evident in stream channels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of in stream complexity in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds Author: Anderson, Paul Khalil This study investigates patterns of physical structure organization in stream networks. In particular, it seeks to describe patterns of wood, boulders, pools and slope that are evident in stream channels and to determine whether patterns of these elements are influenced by network-level controls. The four in-stream parameters were combined to produce a metric of complexity, which was used to investigate differences in patters and organization of in-stream structure within and between watersheds. Research was conducted in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds' Rogers Creek in the Northern Oregon Coast Range, and Turner and Elk Creeks in the South Central Oregon Coast Range. Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks were 26km2, 12km2, and 17km2 respectively and fell into two distinct geologic regions, basalt geology in the north and sandstone geology in the south. Fifteen km of stream were surveyed in 60 meter segments for a total of 246 stream segments observations. There were 77, 70, and 99 study segments in Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks respectively. The network-level controls investigated were stream junctions, channel constraint, and debris flows. It was hypothesized that these network-level controls influence in-stream complexity by encouraging uneven distribution of large material which in turn influences stream slope and pooi abundance. Network-level controls where associated with differing patterns of complexity in each watershed. The influence of the network-level control was in part dependent on factors including: geologic setting, stream slope differences and difference in disturbance regimes. Stream junctions and constrained segments were found to be associated with some of the highest values of complexity, while recent debris flows were associated with lower complexity values. Several of the hypotheses described in the Network Dynamics Hypothesis (Benda et al. 2004b) were investigated using a geographic information system (GIS) and data derived from a digital elevation model (DEM). The GIS was used to test for relationships between field measured complexity and stream network parameters that were developed using a program for DEM analysis. DEM derived data for the contributing area, junction angle and debris flow potential at sample points illustrated a weak relationship with complexity. By better understanding the influence of network level controls on complexity it may be possible to improve the understanding of how stream networks connect hillslope and riparian environments, thereby aiding watershed management and identifying locations of diverse habitat in the stream network. Title: A study of in stream complexity in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds Author: Anderson, Paul Khalil This study investigates patterns of physical structure organization in stream networks. In particular, it seeks to describe patterns of wood, boulders, pools and slope that are evident in stream channels and to determine whether patterns of these elements are influenced by network-level controls. The four in-stream parameters were combined to produce a metric of complexity, which was used to investigate differences in patters and organization of in-stream structure within and between watersheds. Research was conducted in three Oregon Coast Range watersheds' Rogers Creek in the Northern Oregon Coast Range, and Turner and Elk Creeks in the South Central Oregon Coast Range. Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks were 26km2, 12km2, and 17km2 respectively and fell into two distinct geologic regions, basalt geology in the north and sandstone geology in the south. Fifteen km of stream were surveyed in 60 meter segments for a total of 246 stream segments observations. There were 77, 70, and 99 study segments in Rogers, Turner and Elk Creeks respectively. The network-level controls investigated were stream junctions, channel constraint, and debris flows. It was hypothesized that these network-level controls influence in-stream complexity by encouraging uneven distribution of large material which in turn influences stream slope and pooi abundance. Network-level controls where associated with differing patterns of complexity in each watershed. The influence of the network-level control was in part dependent on factors including: geologic setting, stream slope differences and difference in disturbance regimes. Stream junctions and constrained segments were found to be associated with some of the highest values of complexity, while recent debris flows were associated with lower complexity values. Several of the hypotheses described in the Network Dynamics Hypothesis (Benda et al. 2004b) were investigated using a geographic information system (GIS) and data derived from a digital elevation model (DEM). The GIS was used to test for relationships between field measured complexity and stream network parameters that were developed using a program for DEM analysis. DEM derived data for the contributing area, junction angle and debris flow potential at sample points illustrated a weak relationship with complexity. By better understanding the influence of network level controls on complexity it may be possible to improve the understanding of how stream networks connect hillslope and riparian environments, thereby aiding watershed management and identifying locations of diverse habitat in the stream network. Close

• 86. [Article] The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s

  Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Close

• 87. [Article] Summer stream temperatures and channel characteristics of a southwestern Oregon coastal stream

  The Elk River Basin drains 93 sq ml of steep forested terrain on the west side of the Klamath Mountains in Southwest Oregon. This river and its tributaries support a diverse and abundant population of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summer stream temperatures and channel characteristics of a southwestern Oregon coastal stream Author: McSwain, Michelle D. The Elk River Basin drains 93 sq ml of steep forested terrain on the west side of the Klamath Mountains in Southwest Oregon. This river and its tributaries support a diverse and abundant population of anadromous fish; a hatchery located at river mile 13 (km 21) supplements these native populations. Clear weather in combination with dry summers and low streamflow produce warm water temperatures. Historical data indicate that summer stream temperatures as high as 76°F (24.4°C) have occurred in the mainstem of the Elk River. This study was undertaken to evaluate summer stream temperatures and to what extent they were affected by natural factors and land use. In selected tributaries and along the mainstem of the Elk River, measurements were made on canopy cover, stream surface width, and thalweg depth during the summers of 1984 and 1985. Recording thermographs and maximum/minimum thermometers were used to determine the overall temperature pattern of the basin. In genera.l, maximum stream temperatures appear to be declining since 1970, following a period of increased landslide activity in the basin. The trend of decreasing maximum temperatures was not associated with changes in summer streamflow or summer precipitation patterns, suggesting that a recovery of streamside vegetation and/or change in channel morphology is proceeding within the basin. Tributaries with relatively large width / depth ratios (exceeding 14 or more), generally exhibited large diurnal fluctuations in temperature indicating solar heating was occurring. For drainages of similar size, large diurnal temperature fluctuations were associated with large surface area to volume ratios. Tributaries found to be especially low in maximum temperatures generally flow subsurface as a result of channel aggradation. In the 1984 and 1985 field seasons, maximum stream temperatures in the tributaries never exceeded the maximum temperature of 69°F (20.6°C) found in the mainstem. The upper reaches of the mainstem, which is wide and aggraded, was the portion of the basin found to have the highest maximum stream temperatures. Five pools were sampled to determine vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations did not vary with depth. Title: Summer stream temperatures and channel characteristics of a southwestern Oregon coastal stream Author: McSwain, Michelle D. The Elk River Basin drains 93 sq ml of steep forested terrain on the west side of the Klamath Mountains in Southwest Oregon. This river and its tributaries support a diverse and abundant population of anadromous fish; a hatchery located at river mile 13 (km 21) supplements these native populations. Clear weather in combination with dry summers and low streamflow produce warm water temperatures. Historical data indicate that summer stream temperatures as high as 76°F (24.4°C) have occurred in the mainstem of the Elk River. This study was undertaken to evaluate summer stream temperatures and to what extent they were affected by natural factors and land use. In selected tributaries and along the mainstem of the Elk River, measurements were made on canopy cover, stream surface width, and thalweg depth during the summers of 1984 and 1985. Recording thermographs and maximum/minimum thermometers were used to determine the overall temperature pattern of the basin. In genera.l, maximum stream temperatures appear to be declining since 1970, following a period of increased landslide activity in the basin. The trend of decreasing maximum temperatures was not associated with changes in summer streamflow or summer precipitation patterns, suggesting that a recovery of streamside vegetation and/or change in channel morphology is proceeding within the basin. Tributaries with relatively large width / depth ratios (exceeding 14 or more), generally exhibited large diurnal fluctuations in temperature indicating solar heating was occurring. For drainages of similar size, large diurnal temperature fluctuations were associated with large surface area to volume ratios. Tributaries found to be especially low in maximum temperatures generally flow subsurface as a result of channel aggradation. In the 1984 and 1985 field seasons, maximum stream temperatures in the tributaries never exceeded the maximum temperature of 69°F (20.6°C) found in the mainstem. The upper reaches of the mainstem, which is wide and aggraded, was the portion of the basin found to have the highest maximum stream temperatures. Five pools were sampled to determine vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations did not vary with depth. Close

• 88. [Article] An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon

  Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon Author: Haxton, Zane A. Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately connected with downstream reaches, serving as a source of sediment, woody debris, organic matter and nutrients. The surrounding forests can strongly influence the ecology of headwater streams by regulating microclimate, influencing nutrient and organic matter cycling process, and providing habitat for wildlife species. Central to the provision of ecosystem services by these headwater forests is their structure, the three-dimensional arrangement of trees, shrubs, snags and down wood in space. This thesis explored several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon. N-tree distance sampling, a sampling method where the nearest n trees to a sample point are measured, was compared with fixed plot and variable plot sampling for estimation of density and basal area in a simulation study using stem-mapped data taken from 8 headwater sites across western Oregon. In general, variable plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of basal area, while fixed plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of density. While n- tree distance sampling gave reasonable performance on some stem maps, the sampling method performed poorly for estimating density of populations with a clumped spatial pattern. Relative root mean square error of the best n-tree distance sampling estimator was up to 75% higher than for fixed plot sampling under these conditions. Neighborhood-based indices are a set of diversity measures that are based on the relationship between a reference tree and a certain number of nearest neighbors (i.e. trees to which it has the lowest horizontal distance). I compared the bias and relative root mean square error of several different methods of choosing reference trees for neighborhood-based index calculation, using stem-mapped data from the same 8 headwater sites. The selection of a random tree from a fixed plot gave the lowest absolute relative bias, but results with this method were quite variable, with relative root mean square error ranging from 33-67% for the species mingling index and 21-25% for the diameter differentiation index. The nearest-tree (selection of the nearest tree to the sample point) and azimuth (selection of the first tree from north in a fixed plot) methods were biased, but had lower variability, with relative root mean square error ranging from 31-64% for the species mingling index and 18-22% for the diameter differentiation index. The variable plot method gave highly variable results for all species combined, but performed well for some individual species. I close with an exploration of the use of measures of forest structure in characterizing the Trask Watershed, located in the headwaters of the northern Oregon Coast Range. The structure of the Trask Watershed is essentially even-aged, having regenerated in the aftermath of the Tillamook Burn. Douglas-fir and red alder are the most prevalent species, with western hemlock, western redcedar and noble fir locally abundant. While neighborhood-based indices were somewhat informative, they offered an impoverished picture of structural diversity in the Trask Watershed by ignoring the contribution made by tall shrubs such as vine maple and western hazelnut. Title: An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon Author: Haxton, Zane A. Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately connected with downstream reaches, serving as a source of sediment, woody debris, organic matter and nutrients. The surrounding forests can strongly influence the ecology of headwater streams by regulating microclimate, influencing nutrient and organic matter cycling process, and providing habitat for wildlife species. Central to the provision of ecosystem services by these headwater forests is their structure, the three-dimensional arrangement of trees, shrubs, snags and down wood in space. This thesis explored several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon. N-tree distance sampling, a sampling method where the nearest n trees to a sample point are measured, was compared with fixed plot and variable plot sampling for estimation of density and basal area in a simulation study using stem-mapped data taken from 8 headwater sites across western Oregon. In general, variable plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of basal area, while fixed plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of density. While n- tree distance sampling gave reasonable performance on some stem maps, the sampling method performed poorly for estimating density of populations with a clumped spatial pattern. Relative root mean square error of the best n-tree distance sampling estimator was up to 75% higher than for fixed plot sampling under these conditions. Neighborhood-based indices are a set of diversity measures that are based on the relationship between a reference tree and a certain number of nearest neighbors (i.e. trees to which it has the lowest horizontal distance). I compared the bias and relative root mean square error of several different methods of choosing reference trees for neighborhood-based index calculation, using stem-mapped data from the same 8 headwater sites. The selection of a random tree from a fixed plot gave the lowest absolute relative bias, but results with this method were quite variable, with relative root mean square error ranging from 33-67% for the species mingling index and 21-25% for the diameter differentiation index. The nearest-tree (selection of the nearest tree to the sample point) and azimuth (selection of the first tree from north in a fixed plot) methods were biased, but had lower variability, with relative root mean square error ranging from 31-64% for the species mingling index and 18-22% for the diameter differentiation index. The variable plot method gave highly variable results for all species combined, but performed well for some individual species. I close with an exploration of the use of measures of forest structure in characterizing the Trask Watershed, located in the headwaters of the northern Oregon Coast Range. The structure of the Trask Watershed is essentially even-aged, having regenerated in the aftermath of the Tillamook Burn. Douglas-fir and red alder are the most prevalent species, with western hemlock, western redcedar and noble fir locally abundant. While neighborhood-based indices were somewhat informative, they offered an impoverished picture of structural diversity in the Trask Watershed by ignoring the contribution made by tall shrubs such as vine maple and western hazelnut. Close

• 89. [Article] Empirical modeling of windthrow occurrence in streamside buffer strips

  Streamside buffer strips provide numerous benefits to stream ecosystems. The buffer strips create shade, provide shelter for wildlife, act as barriers to logging debris during and after timber harvest, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Empirical modeling of windthrow occurrence in streamside buffer strips Author: Drake, Timothy P. Streamside buffer strips provide numerous benefits to stream ecosystems. The buffer strips create shade, provide shelter for wildlife, act as barriers to logging debris during and after timber harvest, and serve as a continued source of large woody debris. Quantifying woody inputs resulting from windthrow provides managers with estimates for long-term planning and habitat development strategies. A two step modeling process was used to model stand and landscape level attributes to predict the presence or absence of windthrow and quantify its occurrence. A survey of windthrow was conducted on 22 stream reaches in the Coast Range and western foothills of the Cascade Range of Oregon. Stream reaches were located on Bureau of Land Management lands in Density Management Study sites. Using logistic regression, elevation was found to be the most significant predictor of the presence or absence of windthrow. Linear regression revealed that the mean of ratios of height to diameter of trees in a stream reach was the most significant predictor of the number of stems affected by windthrow. Across all stream reaches windthrow was found to be inversely related to the distance from the stream channel. Approximately 79% of recorded windthrow events occurred within the first 20 meters upslope from the stream, while 21% occurred between 21 and 40 meters upslope distance from the stream. Nearly 40% of the windthrow events fell in a north to northeast direction indicating that the prevailing winds played a large role in dictating the direction of fall. Local topography was also observed to have an impact on the direction of fall. Trees fell toward the stream channel approximately 25% of the time. Windthrow did not appear to be a significant source of mortality. In the majority of stream reaches, windthrow amounted to 1% or less of standing live basal area over the 4 yr. period. The greatest observed loss was 5.2%. In terms of the number of stems available to blow down, the greatest observed loss was 4%. Title: Empirical modeling of windthrow occurrence in streamside buffer strips Author: Drake, Timothy P. Streamside buffer strips provide numerous benefits to stream ecosystems. The buffer strips create shade, provide shelter for wildlife, act as barriers to logging debris during and after timber harvest, and serve as a continued source of large woody debris. Quantifying woody inputs resulting from windthrow provides managers with estimates for long-term planning and habitat development strategies. A two step modeling process was used to model stand and landscape level attributes to predict the presence or absence of windthrow and quantify its occurrence. A survey of windthrow was conducted on 22 stream reaches in the Coast Range and western foothills of the Cascade Range of Oregon. Stream reaches were located on Bureau of Land Management lands in Density Management Study sites. Using logistic regression, elevation was found to be the most significant predictor of the presence or absence of windthrow. Linear regression revealed that the mean of ratios of height to diameter of trees in a stream reach was the most significant predictor of the number of stems affected by windthrow. Across all stream reaches windthrow was found to be inversely related to the distance from the stream channel. Approximately 79% of recorded windthrow events occurred within the first 20 meters upslope from the stream, while 21% occurred between 21 and 40 meters upslope distance from the stream. Nearly 40% of the windthrow events fell in a north to northeast direction indicating that the prevailing winds played a large role in dictating the direction of fall. Local topography was also observed to have an impact on the direction of fall. Trees fell toward the stream channel approximately 25% of the time. Windthrow did not appear to be a significant source of mortality. In the majority of stream reaches, windthrow amounted to 1% or less of standing live basal area over the 4 yr. period. The greatest observed loss was 5.2%. In terms of the number of stems available to blow down, the greatest observed loss was 4%. Close

• 90. [Article] The effect of the size and orientation of large wood on pool volume in two Oregon Coast Range streams

  This study was conducted to determine how the size and orientation of large wood placed in streams in combination with peak flows, substrate and channel gradient affect pool volume, surface area and maximum ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of the size and orientation of large wood on pool volume in two Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Lombard, Pamela This study was conducted to determine how the size and orientation of large wood placed in streams in combination with peak flows, substrate and channel gradient affect pool volume, surface area and maximum depth in two coastal Oregon streams. Eighteen Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) logs were placed in each of two streams, J-Line Creek and Preacher Creek, in the summer of 1989. Surveys were conducted annually from 1989-1996 at summer low flow using a total station electronic theodolite. The orientation of the introduced wood and the parameters of residual pools associated with the wood were determined from high resolution topographic maps made from the surveys. Residual pool volume associated with the introduced wood increased 2,500 percent over the seven years for J-Line Creek and 30 percent for Preacher Creek. Large spanners, logs placed perpendicular to the stream flow and flush with the stream bottom, had the greatest pool volume associated with them, however horizontal orientations shifted downstream over time. Large ramps, logs placed at a downstream orientation and angled up onto the bank, were the most stable treatment. Differences between the two watersheds and an interaction variable between the diameter of the introduced wood and the horizontal orientation of the introduced wood were the significant variables which entered the multiple linear regression model for residual pool volume. These variables, as well as the vertical orientation of the introduced wood, were significantly correlated to both residual pool surface area and maximum depth. The recurrence interval of the annual maximum instantaneous peak flow was not significantly associated with residual pool volume, surface area nor maximum depth. Multiple regression models explained, at most, twenty-eight percent of the variability in residual pool volume, maximum depth and surface area. Estimates of pool volume obtained with aquatic habitat inventories (Bisson et al., 1982) were compared with residual pool calculations determined from the topographic maps. Pool volume in a reach determined by aquatic habitat inventories explained 96 percent of the variability of residual pool volume in a reach, however estimates of individual pool volume explained only 40 percent of the variability in residual pool volume. Title: The effect of the size and orientation of large wood on pool volume in two Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Lombard, Pamela This study was conducted to determine how the size and orientation of large wood placed in streams in combination with peak flows, substrate and channel gradient affect pool volume, surface area and maximum depth in two coastal Oregon streams. Eighteen Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) logs were placed in each of two streams, J-Line Creek and Preacher Creek, in the summer of 1989. Surveys were conducted annually from 1989-1996 at summer low flow using a total station electronic theodolite. The orientation of the introduced wood and the parameters of residual pools associated with the wood were determined from high resolution topographic maps made from the surveys. Residual pool volume associated with the introduced wood increased 2,500 percent over the seven years for J-Line Creek and 30 percent for Preacher Creek. Large spanners, logs placed perpendicular to the stream flow and flush with the stream bottom, had the greatest pool volume associated with them, however horizontal orientations shifted downstream over time. Large ramps, logs placed at a downstream orientation and angled up onto the bank, were the most stable treatment. Differences between the two watersheds and an interaction variable between the diameter of the introduced wood and the horizontal orientation of the introduced wood were the significant variables which entered the multiple linear regression model for residual pool volume. These variables, as well as the vertical orientation of the introduced wood, were significantly correlated to both residual pool surface area and maximum depth. The recurrence interval of the annual maximum instantaneous peak flow was not significantly associated with residual pool volume, surface area nor maximum depth. Multiple regression models explained, at most, twenty-eight percent of the variability in residual pool volume, maximum depth and surface area. Estimates of pool volume obtained with aquatic habitat inventories (Bisson et al., 1982) were compared with residual pool calculations determined from the topographic maps. Pool volume in a reach determined by aquatic habitat inventories explained 96 percent of the variability of residual pool volume in a reach, however estimates of individual pool volume explained only 40 percent of the variability in residual pool volume. Close

• 91. [Article] Debris flow characteristics associated with forest practices in the central Oregon Coast Range

  Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest play a major role in routing wood and sediment stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels to higher order channels and valley floors. Forest practices ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Debris flow characteristics associated with forest practices in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: May, Christine L. Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest play a major role in routing wood and sediment stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels to higher order channels and valley floors. Forest practices on steep, unstable slopes and removal of riparian trees along low-order streams can affect the frequency, magnitude, and composition of debris flows. The quantity and quality of debris flow deposits provides sediment and wood fundamental to the development of the receiving channel. Field surveys document characteristics of the initiation site, runout zone, and deposit of 53 debris flows in the Siuslaw Basin of the central Oregon Coast Range, during the winter of 1996. Landslides that initiated debris flows in clearcuts had a higher frequency, larger average volume, and runout zones that affected a greater length of stream channel than landslides from forested slopes. This difference resulted in an increase in the total volume of sediment mobilized by the debris flow, and a greater proportion of this sediment came from hillslope sources. Debris flows initiated at roads had an order of magnitude greater volume of sediment compared to non-road-related failures. Debris flows of equivalent size that traveled through a forested channel delivered only a slightly greater volume of large wood, than those through clearcuts. Size-class distributions of wood in the deposit and trees on the hillslope were not well correlated. The average diameter of wood in the deposit was greater than the diameter of trees currently present on the surrounding hillslopes. This difference reflects the legacy of large woody debris stored in low-order channels and valley floors. Large trees along the edge of the runout zone is also an important component in the recovery of these low-order channels, which were transformed into a bedrock state. Large trees along the edges of forested slopes are already supplying wood to these channels, and were the only mechanism observed for trapping large volumes of sediment. This mechanism for retaining sediment in high gradient, low-roughness channels is not available in clearcuts, which now contain the greatest proportion of bedrock channels. Forest practices, by altering the frequency, magnitude, and composition of the debris flow, may alter the long-term potential for developing complex channel morphology and high-quality aquatic habitat. Title: Debris flow characteristics associated with forest practices in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: May, Christine L. Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest play a major role in routing wood and sediment stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels to higher order channels and valley floors. Forest practices on steep, unstable slopes and removal of riparian trees along low-order streams can affect the frequency, magnitude, and composition of debris flows. The quantity and quality of debris flow deposits provides sediment and wood fundamental to the development of the receiving channel. Field surveys document characteristics of the initiation site, runout zone, and deposit of 53 debris flows in the Siuslaw Basin of the central Oregon Coast Range, during the winter of 1996. Landslides that initiated debris flows in clearcuts had a higher frequency, larger average volume, and runout zones that affected a greater length of stream channel than landslides from forested slopes. This difference resulted in an increase in the total volume of sediment mobilized by the debris flow, and a greater proportion of this sediment came from hillslope sources. Debris flows initiated at roads had an order of magnitude greater volume of sediment compared to non-road-related failures. Debris flows of equivalent size that traveled through a forested channel delivered only a slightly greater volume of large wood, than those through clearcuts. Size-class distributions of wood in the deposit and trees on the hillslope were not well correlated. The average diameter of wood in the deposit was greater than the diameter of trees currently present on the surrounding hillslopes. This difference reflects the legacy of large woody debris stored in low-order channels and valley floors. Large trees along the edge of the runout zone is also an important component in the recovery of these low-order channels, which were transformed into a bedrock state. Large trees along the edges of forested slopes are already supplying wood to these channels, and were the only mechanism observed for trapping large volumes of sediment. This mechanism for retaining sediment in high gradient, low-roughness channels is not available in clearcuts, which now contain the greatest proportion of bedrock channels. Forest practices, by altering the frequency, magnitude, and composition of the debris flow, may alter the long-term potential for developing complex channel morphology and high-quality aquatic habitat. Close

• 92. [Article] The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology

  Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology Author: Highland, Steven A. Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape and have contracted by over 50% in the past two hundred years in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (hereafter Andrews Forest). Many studies have linked the loss of meadows with local extirpation of species and loss of regional biodiversity, but these processes depend upon the factors that create and maintain meadows, and how species respond to meadow configuration. The prehistory of these meadows is poorly understood, as is the contemporary ecology. This study combined previously collected archeological and moth datasets, aerial photographs, and new plant, tree core, and moth data to investigate interactions between landforms, disturbance, vegetation, and moth abundance and diversity in montane meadows of the western Cascades of Oregon. Burning by prehistoric people may have created and maintained montane meadows, but relatively little evidence remains of the activities of prehistoric peoples in the western Cascades. This study assessed the extent to which prehistoric people preferentially used different landforms and vegetation types by inferring use from landscape distributions of archaeological sites. Descriptions of 359 previously recorded and four newly discovered archeological sites in the McKenzie River watershed of western Oregon were examined using GIS and chi-square analysis to determine how sites were distributed relative to classified vegetation and landforms of the 3700-km² McKenzie River watershed. The high ridges of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection and archaeological field surveys to identify how archeological sites were distributed relative to landforms and vegetation communities, including meadows. The field surveys documented physical evidence (archeological sites) confirming Native American use of the meadows and surrounding open forests. The locations of these sites indicate that Native Americans utilized the edges between large open meadows and open forests, as well as gently sloping open meadows. The prior extent of meadows (before air photos) was estimated by dendrochronology of 220 trees along present-day and inferred past meadow edges. Forest age structure and the open-grown forms of Douglas fir suggests a much more open habitat, potentially due to fire, was present more than 200 years ago. Moths are major consumers of vegetation when in caterpillar stage and are food sources for many birds and mammals, and contribute greatly to the insect diversity in a region. Moth species richness and abundance may be associated with the distribution of vegetation communities and seasonal timing, and the conservation of rare moths may depend on the conservation of rare vegetation habitats. A dataset of moths sampled 10 times/year at 20 locations in the 64-km² Andrews Forest over the period 2004-2008 was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two tailed t-test to identify the overall patterns of rare and common moth distribution as well as moth community relationships to structurally and taxonomically derived vegetation classes and seasonality. Five hundred fourteen species and 69,168 macromoth individuals were identified. Moth species abundance and diversity were significantly higher in low elevation coniferous forests than in other vegetation types, according to the GLMM. Sixty-six rare moth species were significantly associated with high elevation open habitats. Species associated with meadows also were significantly more likely to be hardwood or herb-feeders than conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. The 26 most common moth species were significantly associated with low elevation coniferous forests and were more likely to be conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. Common moth species were significantly more likely to emerge earlier in warmer years than in cooler years, based on a two-tailed t-test. Managing the western Cascades landscape for moth biodiversity and for moth abundance requires maintenance and potentially expansion of rare upland habitats as well as lowland coniferous forests. Montane meadows in the Andrews Forest are contracting in size, but it is not known how these changes have affected moth and plant biodiversity. The rate and pattern of meadow contraction from 1949 to 2005 along the high ridges of the Andrews Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection. Overall meadows contracted by nearly 50% from 1949 to 2005, but rates of meadow loss were much higher for the largest meadow complexes. Plant community diversity in seventeen meadows and the diversity, abundance, and community structure of moths at 98 locations sampled in the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were related to measures of meadow size, isolation, and other variables using cluster analysis (CLA), MRPP, NMS, and generalized additive models (GAMs). Plant diversity in meadows was significantly positively related to meadow area in 1949 and the distance of the meadow from the road, based on GAM analysis. Plant community structure was most closely correlated with meadow area in 1949 and slope, based on CLA, MRPP, and NMS analysis. Calendar day explained the most variation in moth species richness, abundance, and community structure, but the next most important explanatory variables differed according to feeding guild, based on GAMs. Richness, abundance, and community structure of herb-feeding moths was related to meadow area in 1949 and elevation. For angiosperm-feeding moths, area-perimeter ratio in 2005 explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. For gymnosperm-feeding moths, meadow area change from 1949-2005, a variable measuring the amount of increase in coniferous tree cover, explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. The abundance and diversity of herb-feeding moths and meadow plants exhibited a lagged response to habitat loss, which may indicate an extinction debt. In contrast, angiosperm-and gymnosperm-feeding moths responded quickly (within 50 years) to increases in their habitat. Managing for the conservation of biodiversity in the upper elevations of the Andrews Forest will require targeted management strategies for different groups of organisms. Herb-feeding moths and meadow plants will benefit from expansion of open meadow habitat, while angiosperm and gymnosperm-feeders will require the maintenance of edge environments and coniferous forests. Title: The historic and contemporary ecology of western Cascade meadows : archeology, vegetation, and macromoth ecology Author: Highland, Steven A. Montane meadows in the western Cascades of Oregon occupy approximately 5% of the landscape, but contribute greatly to the region's biodiversity. Western Cascades meadows are dynamic parts of the landscape and have contracted by over 50% in the past two hundred years in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (hereafter Andrews Forest). Many studies have linked the loss of meadows with local extirpation of species and loss of regional biodiversity, but these processes depend upon the factors that create and maintain meadows, and how species respond to meadow configuration. The prehistory of these meadows is poorly understood, as is the contemporary ecology. This study combined previously collected archeological and moth datasets, aerial photographs, and new plant, tree core, and moth data to investigate interactions between landforms, disturbance, vegetation, and moth abundance and diversity in montane meadows of the western Cascades of Oregon. Burning by prehistoric people may have created and maintained montane meadows, but relatively little evidence remains of the activities of prehistoric peoples in the western Cascades. This study assessed the extent to which prehistoric people preferentially used different landforms and vegetation types by inferring use from landscape distributions of archaeological sites. Descriptions of 359 previously recorded and four newly discovered archeological sites in the McKenzie River watershed of western Oregon were examined using GIS and chi-square analysis to determine how sites were distributed relative to classified vegetation and landforms of the 3700-km² McKenzie River watershed. The high ridges of the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection and archaeological field surveys to identify how archeological sites were distributed relative to landforms and vegetation communities, including meadows. The field surveys documented physical evidence (archeological sites) confirming Native American use of the meadows and surrounding open forests. The locations of these sites indicate that Native Americans utilized the edges between large open meadows and open forests, as well as gently sloping open meadows. The prior extent of meadows (before air photos) was estimated by dendrochronology of 220 trees along present-day and inferred past meadow edges. Forest age structure and the open-grown forms of Douglas fir suggests a much more open habitat, potentially due to fire, was present more than 200 years ago. Moths are major consumers of vegetation when in caterpillar stage and are food sources for many birds and mammals, and contribute greatly to the insect diversity in a region. Moth species richness and abundance may be associated with the distribution of vegetation communities and seasonal timing, and the conservation of rare moths may depend on the conservation of rare vegetation habitats. A dataset of moths sampled 10 times/year at 20 locations in the 64-km² Andrews Forest over the period 2004-2008 was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two tailed t-test to identify the overall patterns of rare and common moth distribution as well as moth community relationships to structurally and taxonomically derived vegetation classes and seasonality. Five hundred fourteen species and 69,168 macromoth individuals were identified. Moth species abundance and diversity were significantly higher in low elevation coniferous forests than in other vegetation types, according to the GLMM. Sixty-six rare moth species were significantly associated with high elevation open habitats. Species associated with meadows also were significantly more likely to be hardwood or herb-feeders than conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. The 26 most common moth species were significantly associated with low elevation coniferous forests and were more likely to be conifer-feeders as caterpillars, based on ANOVAs. Common moth species were significantly more likely to emerge earlier in warmer years than in cooler years, based on a two-tailed t-test. Managing the western Cascades landscape for moth biodiversity and for moth abundance requires maintenance and potentially expansion of rare upland habitats as well as lowland coniferous forests. Montane meadows in the Andrews Forest are contracting in size, but it is not known how these changes have affected moth and plant biodiversity. The rate and pattern of meadow contraction from 1949 to 2005 along the high ridges of the Andrews Forest were analyzed using air photo change detection. Overall meadows contracted by nearly 50% from 1949 to 2005, but rates of meadow loss were much higher for the largest meadow complexes. Plant community diversity in seventeen meadows and the diversity, abundance, and community structure of moths at 98 locations sampled in the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 were related to measures of meadow size, isolation, and other variables using cluster analysis (CLA), MRPP, NMS, and generalized additive models (GAMs). Plant diversity in meadows was significantly positively related to meadow area in 1949 and the distance of the meadow from the road, based on GAM analysis. Plant community structure was most closely correlated with meadow area in 1949 and slope, based on CLA, MRPP, and NMS analysis. Calendar day explained the most variation in moth species richness, abundance, and community structure, but the next most important explanatory variables differed according to feeding guild, based on GAMs. Richness, abundance, and community structure of herb-feeding moths was related to meadow area in 1949 and elevation. For angiosperm-feeding moths, area-perimeter ratio in 2005 explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. For gymnosperm-feeding moths, meadow area change from 1949-2005, a variable measuring the amount of increase in coniferous tree cover, explained the most variation in richness, abundance, and community structure after calendar day. The abundance and diversity of herb-feeding moths and meadow plants exhibited a lagged response to habitat loss, which may indicate an extinction debt. In contrast, angiosperm-and gymnosperm-feeding moths responded quickly (within 50 years) to increases in their habitat. Managing for the conservation of biodiversity in the upper elevations of the Andrews Forest will require targeted management strategies for different groups of organisms. Herb-feeding moths and meadow plants will benefit from expansion of open meadow habitat, while angiosperm and gymnosperm-feeders will require the maintenance of edge environments and coniferous forests. Close

• 93. [Article] Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Zongo River, Cordillera Real, Bolivia

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Zongo River, Cordillera Real, Bolivia Author: Clarke, Garry K. C., Naz, Bibi S., Condom, Thomas, Frans, Chris, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Burns, Pat, Nolin, Anne W., Istanbulluoglu, Erkan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Title: Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Zongo River, Cordillera Real, Bolivia Author: Clarke, Garry K. C., Naz, Bibi S., Condom, Thomas, Frans, Chris, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Burns, Pat, Nolin, Anne W., Istanbulluoglu, Erkan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Close

• 94. [Article] Predicting landscape sensitivity to present and future floods in the Pacific Northwest, USA

  Supporting information is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10553/suppinfo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting landscape sensitivity to present and future floods in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Staab, Brian, Grant, Gordon E. Supporting information is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10553/suppinfo Title: Predicting landscape sensitivity to present and future floods in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Staab, Brian, Grant, Gordon E. Supporting information is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10553/suppinfo Close

• 95. [Article] Seasonal flows of international British Columbia-Alaska rivers: The nonlinear influence of ocean-atmosphere circulation patterns

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal flows of international British Columbia-Alaska rivers: The nonlinear influence of ocean-atmosphere circulation patterns Author: Hood, E., O'Neel, S., Dahlke, H. E., Fleming, S. W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/advances-in-water-resources/ Title: Seasonal flows of international British Columbia-Alaska rivers: The nonlinear influence of ocean-atmosphere circulation patterns Author: Hood, E., O'Neel, S., Dahlke, H. E., Fleming, S. W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/advances-in-water-resources/ Close

• 96. [Article] Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data Author: Dunham, J. B., Arismendi, I., Johnson, S. L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/index.html. Title: Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data Author: Dunham, J. B., Arismendi, I., Johnson, S. L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/index.html. Close

• 97. [Article] Sixty years of change in avian communities of the Pacific Northwest

  Supplemental information available online at: https://peerj.com/articles/1152/#supplemental-information

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sixty years of change in avian communities of the Pacific Northwest Author: Curtis, Jenna R., Robinson, W. Douglas Supplemental information available online at: https://peerj.com/articles/1152/#supplemental-information Title: Sixty years of change in avian communities of the Pacific Northwest Author: Curtis, Jenna R., Robinson, W. Douglas Supplemental information available online at: https://peerj.com/articles/1152/#supplemental-information Close

• 98. [Article] A Hybrid-Dynamic Transition Phase for High Mix Low Volume Small-and-Medium Manufacturers

  SMEs with high-mix and low-volume (HMLV) operations face special challenges when implementing lean manufacturing practices due to scarcity of resources and ever changing market conditions. This is especially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Hybrid-Dynamic Transition Phase for High Mix Low Volume Small-and-Medium Manufacturers Author: Girod, Olivia J. SMEs with high-mix and low-volume (HMLV) operations face special challenges when implementing lean manufacturing practices due to scarcity of resources and ever changing market conditions. This is especially critical for manufacturers that need to deliver orders to a high variety of customers with varying time response requirements. The objective of this study is to present a holistic approach to design hybrid-dynamic manufacturing systems (HDMS) for HMLV SMEs. The HDMS is introduced as a case-study, for an Oregon-based laboratory equipment HMLV manufacturer. The HDMS was utilized to incorporate hybrid lead times using an express line for high production volume products that would run in parallel with the regular production stream. The performance of the designed express line is modeled and validated with historical system performance. The simulation results indicate that the lead time of identified product models can be reduced without affecting the rest of the production flow. The case study shows that for HMLV SME manufacturers, a HDMS can provide a solution to implement hybrid lead times into their production lines. Title: A Hybrid-Dynamic Transition Phase for High Mix Low Volume Small-and-Medium Manufacturers Author: Girod, Olivia J. SMEs with high-mix and low-volume (HMLV) operations face special challenges when implementing lean manufacturing practices due to scarcity of resources and ever changing market conditions. This is especially critical for manufacturers that need to deliver orders to a high variety of customers with varying time response requirements. The objective of this study is to present a holistic approach to design hybrid-dynamic manufacturing systems (HDMS) for HMLV SMEs. The HDMS is introduced as a case-study, for an Oregon-based laboratory equipment HMLV manufacturer. The HDMS was utilized to incorporate hybrid lead times using an express line for high production volume products that would run in parallel with the regular production stream. The performance of the designed express line is modeled and validated with historical system performance. The simulation results indicate that the lead time of identified product models can be reduced without affecting the rest of the production flow. The case study shows that for HMLV SME manufacturers, a HDMS can provide a solution to implement hybrid lead times into their production lines. Close

• 99. [Article] Spatial Ecological Processes and Local Factors Predict the Distribution and Abundance of Spawning by Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a Complex Riverscape

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial Ecological Processes and Local Factors Predict the Distribution and Abundance of Spawning by Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a Complex Riverscape Author: Falke, Jeffrey A., Reeves, Gordon H., Jordan, Christopher E., McNyset, Kristina M., Dunham, Jason B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. Title: Spatial Ecological Processes and Local Factors Predict the Distribution and Abundance of Spawning by Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a Complex Riverscape Author: Falke, Jeffrey A., Reeves, Gordon H., Jordan, Christopher E., McNyset, Kristina M., Dunham, Jason B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. Close

• 100. [Article] Monitoring fitness of caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) to assess and prioritize streams for restoration

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/jou...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring fitness of caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) to assess and prioritize streams for restoration Author: Kreeger, Danielle, Gray, Matthew W. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291099-0755. Title: Monitoring fitness of caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) to assess and prioritize streams for restoration Author: Kreeger, Danielle, Gray, Matthew W. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291099-0755. Close