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• 1. [Article] Wildlife habitats in managed rangelands : the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wildlife habitats in managed rangelands : the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. Title: Wildlife habitats in managed rangelands : the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon Author: Hall, Frederick C. Close

• 2. [Article] Habitat selection by nesting Swainson's hawks : a hierarchical approach

  The habitat relationships of Swainson's hawks in northern California were studied at several levels of resolution: 1) distribution of hawk populations among three adjacent geographic areas, 2) density ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat selection by nesting Swainson's hawks : a hierarchical approach Author: Woodbridge, Brian The habitat relationships of Swainson's hawks in northern California were studied at several levels of resolution: 1) distribution of hawk populations among three adjacent geographic areas, 2) density of hawk territories among landscapes within a single geographic area, 3) habitats associated with individual nesting territories, and 4) selection of foraging habitats and prey resources by individual hawks. Patterns of habitat selection observed at each level were compared to results obtained at other levels, and to temporal variations in habitat quality. Individual Swainson's hawks exhibited strong selection for specific habitats wherein prey availability was highest, however these habitats were not found in increased proportions in Swainson's hawk territories. Similarly, densities of Swainson's hawk territories among different landscapes did not reflect the availability of high-quality habitat; many pairs nested in marginal habitats and exhibited low reproductive success and large areas of apparently suitable habitat were unoccupied. At a larger scale, the distribution of Swainson's hawk populations was markedly dissimilar among three adjacent geographic areas with similar habitat composition. Lack of concordance among levels of habitat selection by Swainson's hawks was explained by behavioral and environmental factors that constrain optimal habitat selection. I suggest that high temporal variability of habitats in agricultural environments, combined with site tenacity and natal site philopatry by nesting hawks, prevented the density and distribution of the hawk population from closely tracking the available habitat. Reproductive fitness, however, was strongly associated with habitat quality. Title: Habitat selection by nesting Swainson's hawks : a hierarchical approach Author: Woodbridge, Brian The habitat relationships of Swainson's hawks in northern California were studied at several levels of resolution: 1) distribution of hawk populations among three adjacent geographic areas, 2) density of hawk territories among landscapes within a single geographic area, 3) habitats associated with individual nesting territories, and 4) selection of foraging habitats and prey resources by individual hawks. Patterns of habitat selection observed at each level were compared to results obtained at other levels, and to temporal variations in habitat quality. Individual Swainson's hawks exhibited strong selection for specific habitats wherein prey availability was highest, however these habitats were not found in increased proportions in Swainson's hawk territories. Similarly, densities of Swainson's hawk territories among different landscapes did not reflect the availability of high-quality habitat; many pairs nested in marginal habitats and exhibited low reproductive success and large areas of apparently suitable habitat were unoccupied. At a larger scale, the distribution of Swainson's hawk populations was markedly dissimilar among three adjacent geographic areas with similar habitat composition. Lack of concordance among levels of habitat selection by Swainson's hawks was explained by behavioral and environmental factors that constrain optimal habitat selection. I suggest that high temporal variability of habitats in agricultural environments, combined with site tenacity and natal site philopatry by nesting hawks, prevented the density and distribution of the hawk population from closely tracking the available habitat. Reproductive fitness, however, was strongly associated with habitat quality. Close

• 3. [Article] Floodplain Habitat Metric: User’s Guide

  The metric is encompassed in two documents, this Floodplain Habitat Metric User’s Guide and a Floodplain Habitat Calculator.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain Habitat Metric: User’s Guide Author: Defenders of Wildlife The metric is encompassed in two documents, this Floodplain Habitat Metric User’s Guide and a Floodplain Habitat Calculator. Title: Floodplain Habitat Metric: User’s Guide Author: Defenders of Wildlife The metric is encompassed in two documents, this Floodplain Habitat Metric User’s Guide and a Floodplain Habitat Calculator. Close

• 4. [Article] The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Title: The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish Author: Souder, Jon A., Giannico, Guillermo R. Close

• 5. [Article] Floodplain user guide.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain user guide.pdf Author: Defenders of Wildlife Title: Floodplain user guide.pdf Author: Defenders of Wildlife Close

• 6. [Article] Floodplain_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected.xlsx

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected.xlsx Author: Defenders of Wildlife Title: Floodplain_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected.xlsx Author: Defenders of Wildlife Close

• 7. [Article] Native wildlife species (Pseudacris regilla) utilizing invasive-dominated habitat in a highly disturbed ecosystem

  The Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) is commonly encountered throughout the Pacific Northwest and can be an indicator for ecosystem health. At each life stage P. regilla utilizes a different habitat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native wildlife species (Pseudacris regilla) utilizing invasive-dominated habitat in a highly disturbed ecosystem Author: Epperly, Haley K. The Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) is commonly encountered throughout the Pacific Northwest and can be an indicator for ecosystem health. At each life stage P. regilla utilizes a different habitat and therefore it is important to understand habitat use at all life stages to properly manage the ecosystem, however, few studies have been conducted on the juvenile form. To determine juvenile P. regilla riparian habitat use, and thus create appropriate habitat management plans, field work must be conducted. Transect surveys were conducted at two highly disturbed ephemeral ponds with a variety of open and dense vegetative riparian habitats in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. P. regilla was found in the highest abundance in habitat shaded by a thin border of Oregon Ash around the pond perimeter, and was composed mainly of Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus). This habitat provided a moist region where P. regilla could avoid desiccation and possibly predation. Rubus armeniacus is non-native and often found in highly disturbed ecosystems. Pseudacris regilla’s use of R. armeniacus as habitat suggests that P. regilla is a generalist species capable of utilizing invasive plant species to its advantage. Future research is needed comparing P. regilla habitat use in invasive-dominated verse native-dominated ephemeral ponds. Title: Native wildlife species (Pseudacris regilla) utilizing invasive-dominated habitat in a highly disturbed ecosystem Author: Epperly, Haley K. The Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) is commonly encountered throughout the Pacific Northwest and can be an indicator for ecosystem health. At each life stage P. regilla utilizes a different habitat and therefore it is important to understand habitat use at all life stages to properly manage the ecosystem, however, few studies have been conducted on the juvenile form. To determine juvenile P. regilla riparian habitat use, and thus create appropriate habitat management plans, field work must be conducted. Transect surveys were conducted at two highly disturbed ephemeral ponds with a variety of open and dense vegetative riparian habitats in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. P. regilla was found in the highest abundance in habitat shaded by a thin border of Oregon Ash around the pond perimeter, and was composed mainly of Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus). This habitat provided a moist region where P. regilla could avoid desiccation and possibly predation. Rubus armeniacus is non-native and often found in highly disturbed ecosystems. Pseudacris regilla’s use of R. armeniacus as habitat suggests that P. regilla is a generalist species capable of utilizing invasive plant species to its advantage. Future research is needed comparing P. regilla habitat use in invasive-dominated verse native-dominated ephemeral ponds. Close

• 8. [Article] Habitat quality and assessing risks to avian biodiversity

  Models that assess the risk to biodiversity from landscape change can help communities prioritize planning decisions. Accurate representation of the ecology and life history traits of species is necessary. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat quality and assessing risks to avian biodiversity Author: Barczak, Mary J. Models that assess the risk to biodiversity from landscape change can help communities prioritize planning decisions. Accurate representation of the ecology and life history traits of species is necessary. This study introduces the use of habitat quality in a biodiversity risk model to determine the significance of habitat quality when predicting risks to biodiversity due to landscape change. The difference between residential and forest habitats in terms of habitat quality for breeding birds was used to test the significance of habitat quality to the risk model. Relative habitat quality was estimated from population densities for 62 bird species associated with both forest and residential habitats. The effect of habitat quality was tested using two possible future landscapes: Buildout and Spine. Predicted risk for the 62 bird species due to landscape change increased by 74% in the Buildout Landscape and 31% in the Spine Landscape when habitat quality was considered. The life history traits of species most at risk were compared to the traits of species that benefited from the landscape change. Life history traits considered included foraging strategy, nest type and placement, migratory status, and area sensitivity. Species at high risk included ground nesters, foliage and tree trunk gleaners, neotropical migrants, and area sensitive species. Title: Habitat quality and assessing risks to avian biodiversity Author: Barczak, Mary J. Models that assess the risk to biodiversity from landscape change can help communities prioritize planning decisions. Accurate representation of the ecology and life history traits of species is necessary. This study introduces the use of habitat quality in a biodiversity risk model to determine the significance of habitat quality when predicting risks to biodiversity due to landscape change. The difference between residential and forest habitats in terms of habitat quality for breeding birds was used to test the significance of habitat quality to the risk model. Relative habitat quality was estimated from population densities for 62 bird species associated with both forest and residential habitats. The effect of habitat quality was tested using two possible future landscapes: Buildout and Spine. Predicted risk for the 62 bird species due to landscape change increased by 74% in the Buildout Landscape and 31% in the Spine Landscape when habitat quality was considered. The life history traits of species most at risk were compared to the traits of species that benefited from the landscape change. Life history traits considered included foraging strategy, nest type and placement, migratory status, and area sensitivity. Species at high risk included ground nesters, foliage and tree trunk gleaners, neotropical migrants, and area sensitive species. Close

• 9. [Article] Oak Habitat Metric: User's Guide

  The metric is encompassed in two documents, this Oak Habitat Metric User’s Guide and an Oak Habitat Calculator.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oak Habitat Metric: User's Guide Author: Defenders of Wildlife The metric is encompassed in two documents, this Oak Habitat Metric User’s Guide and an Oak Habitat Calculator. Title: Oak Habitat Metric: User's Guide Author: Defenders of Wildlife The metric is encompassed in two documents, this Oak Habitat Metric User’s Guide and an Oak Habitat Calculator. Close

• 10. [Article] Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef

  This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef Author: Merems, Arlene, Appy, Marcus, Romsos, Chris, Weeks, Hal, Fox, David, Amend, Mark This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and a nearly unfished reef off Cape Perpetua. There are over 17,000 angler trips for groundfish out of Depoe Bay annually, many choosing to fish Siletz Reef. In addition, numerous whale watching and sightseeing charter vessels operate in the vicinity of the reef. Cape Perpetua Reef consists of isolated patches of rock, and is too far from Newport (the nearest port) to receive much fishing effort. This examination of the influences of fishing pressure in nearshore rocky habitat complements, and is embedded in, a broader effort to understand the distribution and character of Oregon’s nearshore rocky reefs, and the species that are dependent upon them for habitat. The ODFW Marine Habitat Project has spent the last eight years working in cooperation with scientists and other resource agencies to develop methods for classifying and mapping nearshore rocky reefs habitats off Oregon. Because nearshore reefs are in state waters, Oregon is responsible for managing these living resources and habitats to sustain their long-term use and productivity. To date, eight reefs have been surveyed and mapped with sidescan and/or multibeam bathymetry at a resolution indicative of fish habitat. ODFW has also been developing non-extractive fish survey techniques to describe fish-habitat associations and estimate fish abundance at the habitat and reef scale. The importance of habitat to reef species cannot be over-stated and is now widely accepted in the scientific community and is the focus of major research efforts in other Pacific coastal states. Better understanding of the degree to which harvest influences relative and absolute abundance, combined with species-habitat relationships, is essential for resource managers to exercise their stewardship responsibilities to protect 5 essential habitat, develop population indices for species at risk, and maintain healthy and productive ecological systems. Title: Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef Author: Merems, Arlene, Appy, Marcus, Romsos, Chris, Weeks, Hal, Fox, David, Amend, Mark This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and a nearly unfished reef off Cape Perpetua. There are over 17,000 angler trips for groundfish out of Depoe Bay annually, many choosing to fish Siletz Reef. In addition, numerous whale watching and sightseeing charter vessels operate in the vicinity of the reef. Cape Perpetua Reef consists of isolated patches of rock, and is too far from Newport (the nearest port) to receive much fishing effort. This examination of the influences of fishing pressure in nearshore rocky habitat complements, and is embedded in, a broader effort to understand the distribution and character of Oregon’s nearshore rocky reefs, and the species that are dependent upon them for habitat. The ODFW Marine Habitat Project has spent the last eight years working in cooperation with scientists and other resource agencies to develop methods for classifying and mapping nearshore rocky reefs habitats off Oregon. Because nearshore reefs are in state waters, Oregon is responsible for managing these living resources and habitats to sustain their long-term use and productivity. To date, eight reefs have been surveyed and mapped with sidescan and/or multibeam bathymetry at a resolution indicative of fish habitat. ODFW has also been developing non-extractive fish survey techniques to describe fish-habitat associations and estimate fish abundance at the habitat and reef scale. The importance of habitat to reef species cannot be over-stated and is now widely accepted in the scientific community and is the focus of major research efforts in other Pacific coastal states. Better understanding of the degree to which harvest influences relative and absolute abundance, combined with species-habitat relationships, is essential for resource managers to exercise their stewardship responsibilities to protect 5 essential habitat, develop population indices for species at risk, and maintain healthy and productive ecological systems. Close

• 11. [Article] The use of logistic regression for developing habitat association models

  Quantitative habitat models of wildlife-habitat relationships are developed to formalize our current understanding about an ecological system. A habitat association model is one of these models that is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of logistic regression for developing habitat association models Author: Sjamsoe'oed, Roza Quantitative habitat models of wildlife-habitat relationships are developed to formalize our current understanding about an ecological system. A habitat association model is one of these models that is useful for answering questions about how the habitat is occupied, how much growth habitat is required by the animal, or how the animal selects its food and habitat. Radio telemetry is adopted as a technique for studying home range and habitat use. The major objective of a radio telemetry study is to collect behavioral or demographic data in order to be able to estimate population parameters for home range and habitat selection. A radio telemetry study is a kind of multinomial experiment. The Logistic Regression Model is often used for estimating the relationship between animal activities and the habitat characteristics of the location used (animal preference). However, this model is not a good model for the telemetry data. Under this model, the slope parameter estimate becomes lower and farther from the true value as the Average Habitat Quality (AHQ) increases, with Diversity fixed. The Multinomial Model is better suited to telemetry data. Using the Logistic Regression Model, a habitat association study can be conducted in conjunction with adaptive cluster sampling. In terms of the variance of the regression parameter estimate, adaptive cluster sampling is better than simple random sampling. Adaptive sampling plans are also satisfied for habitat association analysis with imperfect detectability. Title: The use of logistic regression for developing habitat association models Author: Sjamsoe'oed, Roza Quantitative habitat models of wildlife-habitat relationships are developed to formalize our current understanding about an ecological system. A habitat association model is one of these models that is useful for answering questions about how the habitat is occupied, how much growth habitat is required by the animal, or how the animal selects its food and habitat. Radio telemetry is adopted as a technique for studying home range and habitat use. The major objective of a radio telemetry study is to collect behavioral or demographic data in order to be able to estimate population parameters for home range and habitat selection. A radio telemetry study is a kind of multinomial experiment. The Logistic Regression Model is often used for estimating the relationship between animal activities and the habitat characteristics of the location used (animal preference). However, this model is not a good model for the telemetry data. Under this model, the slope parameter estimate becomes lower and farther from the true value as the Average Habitat Quality (AHQ) increases, with Diversity fixed. The Multinomial Model is better suited to telemetry data. Using the Logistic Regression Model, a habitat association study can be conducted in conjunction with adaptive cluster sampling. In terms of the variance of the regression parameter estimate, adaptive cluster sampling is better than simple random sampling. Adaptive sampling plans are also satisfied for habitat association analysis with imperfect detectability. Close

• 12. [Article] The Nehalem Estuary

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Nehalem Estuary Title: The Nehalem Estuary Close

• 13. [Article] Abundance and habitat associations of Washington ground squirrels in north-central Oregon

  Much of the Columbia River Basin has been cultivated for agriculture, which has reduced and fragmented the native shrub-steppe habitats. As a result, the range of the Washington ground squirrel (Spermophilus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Abundance and habitat associations of Washington ground squirrels in north-central Oregon Author: Greene, Eric Much of the Columbia River Basin has been cultivated for agriculture, which has reduced and fragmented the native shrub-steppe habitats. As a result, the range of the Washington ground squirrel (Spermophilus washingtoni) has been significantly reduced, prompting the states of Washington and Oregon to review their status. Consequently, I investigated abundance and habitat selection of Washington ground squirrels on the Boardman Bombing Range, Morrow County, Oregon during February through July of 1996 - 1997. Transect surveys were used to determine relative abundance among seven habitats, and live-trapping was used to compare density of squirrels in habitats in which they were present. Habitat associations were determined by comparing vegetative and soil characteristics at occupied sites and unoccupied sites. I made comparisons at two levels of resolution: a macro-habitat and a micro-habitat comparison at the colony level. Micro-habitat analysis used matched-pair logistic regression to compare habitat characteristics of colonies to a paired site where squirrels were not present. I located 44 colonies to investigate the habitat associations of this species. Transect surveys indicated highest densities in sagebrush, followed by grassland habitat. No squirrels were detected in bitterbrush or low-shrub habitats during the transect surveys. Results from capture-recapture methods also suggested higher densities in sagebrush habitat. Recruitment was highest in sagebrush followed by bunchgrass and low-shrub habitats. Mean weight for adult and juvenile squirrels were highest in bunchgrass habitat, followed by sagebrush and low-shrub. Mean maximum distance moved was greater for males than females (P = 0.0006) for adults and juveniles alike, while sex-ratios favored females in both age classes. Habitat associations at the macro-habitat level revealed selection for sites with a higher silt content (Warden soils) of the soil (P = 0.0006) and higher vegetative cover (P = 0.032). Micro-habitat associations indicated a selection for sites with a lower clay content of the soil (P = 0.004). The continued existence of Washington ground squirrels depends upon maintenance of the remaining suitable habitat, particularly large contiguous tracts. Moderate grazing does not appear to be incompatible with squirrels, though grazing intensity should be investigated in further studies. Title: Abundance and habitat associations of Washington ground squirrels in north-central Oregon Author: Greene, Eric Much of the Columbia River Basin has been cultivated for agriculture, which has reduced and fragmented the native shrub-steppe habitats. As a result, the range of the Washington ground squirrel (Spermophilus washingtoni) has been significantly reduced, prompting the states of Washington and Oregon to review their status. Consequently, I investigated abundance and habitat selection of Washington ground squirrels on the Boardman Bombing Range, Morrow County, Oregon during February through July of 1996 - 1997. Transect surveys were used to determine relative abundance among seven habitats, and live-trapping was used to compare density of squirrels in habitats in which they were present. Habitat associations were determined by comparing vegetative and soil characteristics at occupied sites and unoccupied sites. I made comparisons at two levels of resolution: a macro-habitat and a micro-habitat comparison at the colony level. Micro-habitat analysis used matched-pair logistic regression to compare habitat characteristics of colonies to a paired site where squirrels were not present. I located 44 colonies to investigate the habitat associations of this species. Transect surveys indicated highest densities in sagebrush, followed by grassland habitat. No squirrels were detected in bitterbrush or low-shrub habitats during the transect surveys. Results from capture-recapture methods also suggested higher densities in sagebrush habitat. Recruitment was highest in sagebrush followed by bunchgrass and low-shrub habitats. Mean weight for adult and juvenile squirrels were highest in bunchgrass habitat, followed by sagebrush and low-shrub. Mean maximum distance moved was greater for males than females (P = 0.0006) for adults and juveniles alike, while sex-ratios favored females in both age classes. Habitat associations at the macro-habitat level revealed selection for sites with a higher silt content (Warden soils) of the soil (P = 0.0006) and higher vegetative cover (P = 0.032). Micro-habitat associations indicated a selection for sites with a lower clay content of the soil (P = 0.004). The continued existence of Washington ground squirrels depends upon maintenance of the remaining suitable habitat, particularly large contiguous tracts. Moderate grazing does not appear to be incompatible with squirrels, though grazing intensity should be investigated in further studies. Close

• 14. [Article] Juvenile Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) Community Composition and Habitat use of Yaquina Bay, Oregon

  Estuaries, which provide viable habitat for a plethora of fish and invertebrate species, are being increasingly impacted by anthropogenic and natural forces. Estuaries are important nursery habitat for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Juvenile Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) Community Composition and Habitat use of Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: Lindsley, Amy J. Estuaries, which provide viable habitat for a plethora of fish and invertebrate species, are being increasingly impacted by anthropogenic and natural forces. Estuaries are important nursery habitat for young-of-the-year (YOY) Pacific rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Yaquina Bay, a marine-dominated estuary on the central Oregon Coast, served as a study site for the estuarine use of juvenile rockfishes, and large numbers of juvenile rockfish have been captured in this bay. Nursery habitats must provide rearing habitat, adequate food resources and refuge. A vital but lacking connection in our understanding of estuaries as nursery habitat is how rockfishes use the different microhabitats within an estuarine ecosystem. As habitats structure biotic communities, determining the ecological requirements for juvenile rockfish habitats that minimize mortality, maximize growth and increase population numbers will assist managers and biologists in managing and protecting critical high-quality nursery areas. This study provides insight into Oregon rockfish life history, evaluating the spatial and temporal use of estuarine nursery habitat by juvenile rockfishes. The primary objectives were to (1) determine which species of rockfish utilize Yaquina Bay, (2) determine seasonal variations in abundance, and (3) assess the utilization of natural (eelgrass beds, Zostera marina) versus anthropogenic (piers) estuarine habitat. I conducted a mark-recapture study of juvenile rockfishes to begin to elucidate how these species may be using different habitats in the bay. This study provides evidence for the presence of previously undocumented rockfish species, the overwinter persistence of juvenile rockfish in the estuary, some degree of site fidelity, and apparent minimal movement of juvenile rockfish in the Yaquina Bay estuary during the period of this study, as well as a shift in rockfish community dominance from S. melanops to S. maliger and S. caurinus. The survival and recapture of juveniles in both natural (Z. marina) and anthropogenic (piers) habitat demonstrates rockfishes’ successful use of multiple Yaquina Bay habitat types as nursery grounds year-round. There is seasonal variability in rockfish use of the anthropogenic and natural habitat, with the anthropogenic habitats having an overall higher capture rate and a higher occurrence of larger rockfish. All eight species S. melanops, S. maliger, S. caurinus, S. paucispinis, S. flavidus, S. nebulosus, S. pinniger and S. auriculatus are present in the natural, Z. marina habitat. Sebastes pinniger and S. auriculatus are absent from anthropogenic, pier habitat. The implications of determining habitat parameters, community interactions, seasonal changes of the fish community, and ecosystem mechanisms may be invaluable to support further recreational and commercial fishing and help sustain or increase adult populations. My findings present a significant contribution towards the proper management and conservation of essential habitat for rockfish, a group of species with high commercial value and substantial recreational harvest. Title: Juvenile Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) Community Composition and Habitat use of Yaquina Bay, Oregon Author: Lindsley, Amy J. Estuaries, which provide viable habitat for a plethora of fish and invertebrate species, are being increasingly impacted by anthropogenic and natural forces. Estuaries are important nursery habitat for young-of-the-year (YOY) Pacific rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Yaquina Bay, a marine-dominated estuary on the central Oregon Coast, served as a study site for the estuarine use of juvenile rockfishes, and large numbers of juvenile rockfish have been captured in this bay. Nursery habitats must provide rearing habitat, adequate food resources and refuge. A vital but lacking connection in our understanding of estuaries as nursery habitat is how rockfishes use the different microhabitats within an estuarine ecosystem. As habitats structure biotic communities, determining the ecological requirements for juvenile rockfish habitats that minimize mortality, maximize growth and increase population numbers will assist managers and biologists in managing and protecting critical high-quality nursery areas. This study provides insight into Oregon rockfish life history, evaluating the spatial and temporal use of estuarine nursery habitat by juvenile rockfishes. The primary objectives were to (1) determine which species of rockfish utilize Yaquina Bay, (2) determine seasonal variations in abundance, and (3) assess the utilization of natural (eelgrass beds, Zostera marina) versus anthropogenic (piers) estuarine habitat. I conducted a mark-recapture study of juvenile rockfishes to begin to elucidate how these species may be using different habitats in the bay. This study provides evidence for the presence of previously undocumented rockfish species, the overwinter persistence of juvenile rockfish in the estuary, some degree of site fidelity, and apparent minimal movement of juvenile rockfish in the Yaquina Bay estuary during the period of this study, as well as a shift in rockfish community dominance from S. melanops to S. maliger and S. caurinus. The survival and recapture of juveniles in both natural (Z. marina) and anthropogenic (piers) habitat demonstrates rockfishes’ successful use of multiple Yaquina Bay habitat types as nursery grounds year-round. There is seasonal variability in rockfish use of the anthropogenic and natural habitat, with the anthropogenic habitats having an overall higher capture rate and a higher occurrence of larger rockfish. All eight species S. melanops, S. maliger, S. caurinus, S. paucispinis, S. flavidus, S. nebulosus, S. pinniger and S. auriculatus are present in the natural, Z. marina habitat. Sebastes pinniger and S. auriculatus are absent from anthropogenic, pier habitat. The implications of determining habitat parameters, community interactions, seasonal changes of the fish community, and ecosystem mechanisms may be invaluable to support further recreational and commercial fishing and help sustain or increase adult populations. My findings present a significant contribution towards the proper management and conservation of essential habitat for rockfish, a group of species with high commercial value and substantial recreational harvest. Close

• 15. [Article] The evolution of mapping habitat for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina): A comparison of photo-interpreted, Landsat-based, and lidar-based habitat maps

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The evolution of mapping habitat for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina): A comparison of photo-interpreted, Landsat-based, and lidar-based habitat maps Author: Ackers, Steven H., Dugger, Katie M., Davis, Raymond J., Olsen, Keith A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment. Title: The evolution of mapping habitat for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina): A comparison of photo-interpreted, Landsat-based, and lidar-based habitat maps Author: Ackers, Steven H., Dugger, Katie M., Davis, Raymond J., Olsen, Keith A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/remote-sensing-of-environment. Close

• 16. [Article] Individual Habitat Quotas for Fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Individual Habitat Quotas for Fisheries Author: Holland, Daniel S., Schnier, Kurt E. Research Paper Title: Individual Habitat Quotas for Fisheries Author: Holland, Daniel S., Schnier, Kurt E. Research Paper Close

• 17. [Article] An economic analysis of alternative water allocations and habitat investments for anadromous fish production, John Day Basin, Oregon

  This thesis focuses on the economic efficiency of alternative habitat, streamfiow, and land use allocations within a major drainage of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, productivity of present habitat and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of alternative water allocations and habitat investments for anadromous fish production, John Day Basin, Oregon Author: Cerda, Arcadio Alberto This thesis focuses on the economic efficiency of alternative habitat, streamfiow, and land use allocations within a major drainage of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, productivity of present habitat and streamfiow conditions is evaluated with respect to anadromous fish species (chinook salmon and steelhead trout) in the John Day River Basin, a high-desert system in the Pacific Northwest. Alternative water allocations and fish habitat enhancements to improve anadromous fish productivity are also examined. This biophysical information is combined with economics concepts to evaluate comparative benefits and economic efficiency of selected technically feasible habitat/streamflow alternatives. The John Day River Basin is used as a case study because it provides one of the most significant runs of wild summer steelhead trout and spring chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin. Specific categories of alternative enhancements included water transfers to instream flow, habitat vegetation improvements, and habitat structural measures. The benefits of changes in fish numbers are valued through the travel cost method. Costs of habitat investments are derived from a synthesis of cost data for similar investments for the region. For most lower-reach stream sections, benefits of habitat investments/streamflow alternatives do not equal costs. However, changes in water allocations and habitat do appear economically efficient to some upper reaches. The main results suggest that economic efficiency varies greatly within the system, indicating the need for site-specific proposals for streamfiow or habitat alterations within this or similar high desert streams. In addition to providing preliminary estimates of the economic efficency of streamfiow and habitat investments, this thesis serves as a methodological template for future integrated bioeconomic evaluations of water and fishery management issues. Title: An economic analysis of alternative water allocations and habitat investments for anadromous fish production, John Day Basin, Oregon Author: Cerda, Arcadio Alberto This thesis focuses on the economic efficiency of alternative habitat, streamfiow, and land use allocations within a major drainage of the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, productivity of present habitat and streamfiow conditions is evaluated with respect to anadromous fish species (chinook salmon and steelhead trout) in the John Day River Basin, a high-desert system in the Pacific Northwest. Alternative water allocations and fish habitat enhancements to improve anadromous fish productivity are also examined. This biophysical information is combined with economics concepts to evaluate comparative benefits and economic efficiency of selected technically feasible habitat/streamflow alternatives. The John Day River Basin is used as a case study because it provides one of the most significant runs of wild summer steelhead trout and spring chinook salmon in the Columbia River Basin. Specific categories of alternative enhancements included water transfers to instream flow, habitat vegetation improvements, and habitat structural measures. The benefits of changes in fish numbers are valued through the travel cost method. Costs of habitat investments are derived from a synthesis of cost data for similar investments for the region. For most lower-reach stream sections, benefits of habitat investments/streamflow alternatives do not equal costs. However, changes in water allocations and habitat do appear economically efficient to some upper reaches. The main results suggest that economic efficiency varies greatly within the system, indicating the need for site-specific proposals for streamfiow or habitat alterations within this or similar high desert streams. In addition to providing preliminary estimates of the economic efficency of streamfiow and habitat investments, this thesis serves as a methodological template for future integrated bioeconomic evaluations of water and fishery management issues. Close

• 18. [Article] Identification and mapping of habitat types in the vicinity of Mount Tolman in eastern Washington

  Studies were conducted in the vicinity of Mount Tolman on the Colville Indian Reservation in eastern Washington in order to identify vegetation habitat types of the area. After field studies were completed, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identification and mapping of habitat types in the vicinity of Mount Tolman in eastern Washington Author: Wilson, Mary Loverna Studies were conducted in the vicinity of Mount Tolman on the Colville Indian Reservation in eastern Washington in order to identify vegetation habitat types of the area. After field studies were completed, Daubenmire's keys to habitat types of eastern Washington (1968, 1970) were used to determine habitat types of the area. On the basis of sampling results, eleven habitat types were identified and described. This information was used in conjunction with aerial photointerpretation to prepare a vegetation map. Daubenmire's baseline studies, from which the habitat type keys were developed, were conducted in pristine climax stands. The Mount Tolman study area vegetation has been subjected to human disturbance for many years. Agriculture, grazing, logging, mining, and urbanization have all had an impact on the natural vegetation of the area. It was of interest to see at what levels of disturbance it would still be possible to determine habitat types from remnant native vegetation. Steppe habitat types identified were Agropyron spicatum/Festuca idahoensis and Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum. Very little vegetation representative of these habitat types remained in the study area because of conversion of most open land to either agricultural crops or pasture. Most steppe portions of the study area had been heavily grazed and supported disclimax vegetation dominated by Bromus tectorum and other weedy species. Four Pinus ponderosa habitat types were identified. They were Pinus ponderosa/Agropyron spicatum, Pinus ponderosa/Festuca idahoensis, Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata, and Pinus ponderosa/Symphoricarpos albus. Together they composed 43 percent of the study area. Three other forest habitats, Pseudotsuga menziesii/Symphoricarpos albus, Pseudotsuga menziesii/Physocarpus malvaceus, and Abies grandis/Pachistima myrsinites, occupied 30 percent of the study area. Two riparian habitat types occurred consistently in the creek drainages. One of these was Crataegus douglasii/ Symphoricarpus albus, both the Crataegus phase, and Populus tremuloides phase; the other was Alnus incana/Lysichitum americanum. Using Daubenmire's keys, coupled with information about seral communities and successional patterns, proved to be effective in determining habitat types in all but the most disturbed sites. Title: Identification and mapping of habitat types in the vicinity of Mount Tolman in eastern Washington Author: Wilson, Mary Loverna Studies were conducted in the vicinity of Mount Tolman on the Colville Indian Reservation in eastern Washington in order to identify vegetation habitat types of the area. After field studies were completed, Daubenmire's keys to habitat types of eastern Washington (1968, 1970) were used to determine habitat types of the area. On the basis of sampling results, eleven habitat types were identified and described. This information was used in conjunction with aerial photointerpretation to prepare a vegetation map. Daubenmire's baseline studies, from which the habitat type keys were developed, were conducted in pristine climax stands. The Mount Tolman study area vegetation has been subjected to human disturbance for many years. Agriculture, grazing, logging, mining, and urbanization have all had an impact on the natural vegetation of the area. It was of interest to see at what levels of disturbance it would still be possible to determine habitat types from remnant native vegetation. Steppe habitat types identified were Agropyron spicatum/Festuca idahoensis and Purshia tridentata/Agropyron spicatum. Very little vegetation representative of these habitat types remained in the study area because of conversion of most open land to either agricultural crops or pasture. Most steppe portions of the study area had been heavily grazed and supported disclimax vegetation dominated by Bromus tectorum and other weedy species. Four Pinus ponderosa habitat types were identified. They were Pinus ponderosa/Agropyron spicatum, Pinus ponderosa/Festuca idahoensis, Pinus ponderosa/Purshia tridentata, and Pinus ponderosa/Symphoricarpos albus. Together they composed 43 percent of the study area. Three other forest habitats, Pseudotsuga menziesii/Symphoricarpos albus, Pseudotsuga menziesii/Physocarpus malvaceus, and Abies grandis/Pachistima myrsinites, occupied 30 percent of the study area. Two riparian habitat types occurred consistently in the creek drainages. One of these was Crataegus douglasii/ Symphoricarpus albus, both the Crataegus phase, and Populus tremuloides phase; the other was Alnus incana/Lysichitum americanum. Using Daubenmire's keys, coupled with information about seral communities and successional patterns, proved to be effective in determining habitat types in all but the most disturbed sites. Close

• 19. [Article] A Bioeconomic Model of Fishery-Habitat Impacts

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Bioeconomic Model of Fishery-Habitat Impacts Author: Kahui, Viktoria, Armstrong, Claire Abstract only. Title: A Bioeconomic Model of Fishery-Habitat Impacts Author: Kahui, Viktoria, Armstrong, Claire Abstract only. Close

• 20. [Article] Ecology of aquatic habitats associated with stream margins

  The morphology and ecological importance of habitats associated with the margin of third-order stream channels in the Oregon Cascades were studied in streams in three different riparian types: 450-year-old ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology of aquatic habitats associated with stream margins Author: Moore, Kelly M. S. The morphology and ecological importance of habitats associated with the margin of third-order stream channels in the Oregon Cascades were studied in streams in three different riparian types: 450-year-old conifers, 40-year-old alder, and an open, herbaceous-dominated clearcut. Margins, backwaters, and side channels in streams create important habitat for fry of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki clarki) and support benthic invertebrate assemblages of high denSity and distinctive composition. These lateral habitats are characterized by slow, shallow water, heterogeneous size distribution of substrates, abundant detritus, and by hydraulic and morphologic persistence. In the study reaches, area of lateral habitat was maximum in early summer, averaging 15 percent of total stream area. The amount of lateral habitat decreased with either lower or higher flows. During a 1-yr period lateral habitats in the coniferous site changed the least. The volume and hydraulic characteristics of individual lateral habitats were functions of the morphology of the structures that formed the habitat and the orientation and location of the habitat relative to the central axis of the strea Large woody debris and large boulders created lateral habitats that were larger, had longer hydrologic residence times, and were more persistent when streamflow changed than lateral habitats formed by small boulders and cobble. Stream margins and backwaters were major sites of detritus storage. Average detritus standing crop in backwaters and stream margins was 5 to 15 times greater than standing crops in riffles or pools in the same stream. Detritus at the coniferous reach had higher organic matter content and a greater percentage of lignin than detritus at the deciduous reach. Detritus at the open reach was much lower in organic matter content, but the ratio of cellulose to lignin was greater than in the forested reaches. The activity of microbial assemblages associated with fine detritus was generally highest at the open reach. Average standing crop of chlorophyll a was highest at the open site. The abundance and quality of nutritional resources in lateral habitats were reflected in the associated invertebrate communities. High densities of chironomids, early instar Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, oligochaetes, and micro-crustacea were found in stream margins and backwaters at each site. Mean invertebrate density in lateral habitats was similar in the coniferous (66,500 individuals/m²) and open (75,000 individuals/m²) reaches, but lower at the deciduous site (24,000 individuals/m²). Collector-gatherer, shredder, and predator functional feeding groups were well represented at each site. Differences in functional roup organization between reaches were primarily related tp increased numbers of herbivorous collector-gatherers at the open site and a greater relative abundance of shredders at the deciduous site. Cutthroat trout fry populations were directly linked to the length of stream edge and the area of lateral habitat. Fry occupy lateral habitats immediately after emergence and may not move from lateral habitats until the end of their first summer. In an experimental manipulation of nine stream reaches, increasing lateral habitat prior to fry emergence resulted in 2.5 times higher fry density than in control reaches and reducing lateral habitat virtually eliminated fry populations. Cutthroat trout in headwater streams continue to use lateral habitats throughout their life cycle as refuge for all age classes during high streamflow and by adult trout as spawning areas. Title: Ecology of aquatic habitats associated with stream margins Author: Moore, Kelly M. S. The morphology and ecological importance of habitats associated with the margin of third-order stream channels in the Oregon Cascades were studied in streams in three different riparian types: 450-year-old conifers, 40-year-old alder, and an open, herbaceous-dominated clearcut. Margins, backwaters, and side channels in streams create important habitat for fry of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki clarki) and support benthic invertebrate assemblages of high denSity and distinctive composition. These lateral habitats are characterized by slow, shallow water, heterogeneous size distribution of substrates, abundant detritus, and by hydraulic and morphologic persistence. In the study reaches, area of lateral habitat was maximum in early summer, averaging 15 percent of total stream area. The amount of lateral habitat decreased with either lower or higher flows. During a 1-yr period lateral habitats in the coniferous site changed the least. The volume and hydraulic characteristics of individual lateral habitats were functions of the morphology of the structures that formed the habitat and the orientation and location of the habitat relative to the central axis of the strea Large woody debris and large boulders created lateral habitats that were larger, had longer hydrologic residence times, and were more persistent when streamflow changed than lateral habitats formed by small boulders and cobble. Stream margins and backwaters were major sites of detritus storage. Average detritus standing crop in backwaters and stream margins was 5 to 15 times greater than standing crops in riffles or pools in the same stream. Detritus at the coniferous reach had higher organic matter content and a greater percentage of lignin than detritus at the deciduous reach. Detritus at the open reach was much lower in organic matter content, but the ratio of cellulose to lignin was greater than in the forested reaches. The activity of microbial assemblages associated with fine detritus was generally highest at the open reach. Average standing crop of chlorophyll a was highest at the open site. The abundance and quality of nutritional resources in lateral habitats were reflected in the associated invertebrate communities. High densities of chironomids, early instar Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, oligochaetes, and micro-crustacea were found in stream margins and backwaters at each site. Mean invertebrate density in lateral habitats was similar in the coniferous (66,500 individuals/m²) and open (75,000 individuals/m²) reaches, but lower at the deciduous site (24,000 individuals/m²). Collector-gatherer, shredder, and predator functional feeding groups were well represented at each site. Differences in functional roup organization between reaches were primarily related tp increased numbers of herbivorous collector-gatherers at the open site and a greater relative abundance of shredders at the deciduous site. Cutthroat trout fry populations were directly linked to the length of stream edge and the area of lateral habitat. Fry occupy lateral habitats immediately after emergence and may not move from lateral habitats until the end of their first summer. In an experimental manipulation of nine stream reaches, increasing lateral habitat prior to fry emergence resulted in 2.5 times higher fry density than in control reaches and reducing lateral habitat virtually eliminated fry populations. Cutthroat trout in headwater streams continue to use lateral habitats throughout their life cycle as refuge for all age classes during high streamflow and by adult trout as spawning areas. Close

• 21. [Article] Clover Creek restoration

  This project included 8 miles of fencing, 18 stock water tanks, 10 acres of riparian planting, 1 hardened crossing and 1 culvert crossing. Six landowners participated in the project.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clover Creek restoration Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This project included 8 miles of fencing, 18 stock water tanks, 10 acres of riparian planting, 1 hardened crossing and 1 culvert crossing. Six landowners participated in the project. Title: Clover Creek restoration Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers This project included 8 miles of fencing, 18 stock water tanks, 10 acres of riparian planting, 1 hardened crossing and 1 culvert crossing. Six landowners participated in the project. Close

• 22. [Article] A guide to placing large wood in streams

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A guide to placing large wood in streams Author: Oregon. Forest Practices Section, Oregon. Habitat Conservation Division Title: A guide to placing large wood in streams Author: Oregon. Forest Practices Section, Oregon. Habitat Conservation Division Close

• 23. [Article] Stocking levels and seedling heights on clearcuts in relation to habitat type in the Western Cascades of Oregon

  Stocking characteristics and heights attained by tree seedlings at ages five and seven were measured on 45 study units, representing five habitat types, established on clearcuts in the Abies amabilis zone ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stocking levels and seedling heights on clearcuts in relation to habitat type in the Western Cascades of Oregon Author: Sullivan, Michael James Stocking characteristics and heights attained by tree seedlings at ages five and seven were measured on 45 study units, representing five habitat types, established on clearcuts in the Abies amabilis zone in the Western Cascades of Oregon. The study units ranged from six to 30 acres in size, seven to 15 years in age (time elapsed since harvest), and occupied a variety of slope aspects, inclinations, and topographic positions. A restricted random sampling procedure and circular one-milacre plots were employed to collect data. Mean post-harvest stocking levels (on a one-milacre basis) ranged from 14.4% in the Abies amabilis-Tsuga mertensiana/ Xerophyiium tenax habitat type to 48.3% in the Abies amabilis/Rhododendron macrophyllum-Vaccinium alaskaense/Cornus canadensis habitat type, and mean advance stocking levels ranged from 2.0% in the Abies amabiiis/Vaccinium membranaceum/ Xerophyiium tenax habitat type to 16.5% in the Abies/ Rhododendron-Vaccinium/Cornus habitat type. Differences in mean post-harvest stocking among the habitat types were found to be inversely correlated with differences in mean radiation indices and mean elevations. Differences were also found among the habitat types in the comparative stocking levels of individual tree species. Abies procera (noble fir) stocking was generally less than or equal to that of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) in habitat types typically positioned on lower-to mid-slopes, but much greater than that of Pseudotsuga menziesii in habitat types which are typically located on or near ridgetops. Mean heights of tree seedlings were found to vary considerably among tree species and habitat types. Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings generally grow to roughly equivalent or to greater heights than do Abies procera seedlings in all habitat types. Both Pseudotsuga menziesii and Abies procera seedlings attained greatest heights in the Abies amabilis/ Achlys triphylla habitat type, and lowest heights in an undocumented Abies amabilis/Rhododendron macrophyllum-Vaccinium membranaceum habitat type. The structure and composition of successional plant communities which developed following clearcutting was also found to vary considerably among habitat types. Clearcuts in habitat types typically located on lower-to mid-slopes were occupied by plant communities often dominated by shrubs, whereas plant communities dominated by herbs usually occupied clearcuts located in habitat types typically positioned on or near ridgetops. The results of this research imply that each habitat type seems best suited for specific silvicultural practices. Habitat type classification and mapping can be a productive tool for foresters involved with the regeneration management of Abies amabilis zone forests of the Western Cascades of Oregon. Title: Stocking levels and seedling heights on clearcuts in relation to habitat type in the Western Cascades of Oregon Author: Sullivan, Michael James Stocking characteristics and heights attained by tree seedlings at ages five and seven were measured on 45 study units, representing five habitat types, established on clearcuts in the Abies amabilis zone in the Western Cascades of Oregon. The study units ranged from six to 30 acres in size, seven to 15 years in age (time elapsed since harvest), and occupied a variety of slope aspects, inclinations, and topographic positions. A restricted random sampling procedure and circular one-milacre plots were employed to collect data. Mean post-harvest stocking levels (on a one-milacre basis) ranged from 14.4% in the Abies amabilis-Tsuga mertensiana/ Xerophyiium tenax habitat type to 48.3% in the Abies amabilis/Rhododendron macrophyllum-Vaccinium alaskaense/Cornus canadensis habitat type, and mean advance stocking levels ranged from 2.0% in the Abies amabiiis/Vaccinium membranaceum/ Xerophyiium tenax habitat type to 16.5% in the Abies/ Rhododendron-Vaccinium/Cornus habitat type. Differences in mean post-harvest stocking among the habitat types were found to be inversely correlated with differences in mean radiation indices and mean elevations. Differences were also found among the habitat types in the comparative stocking levels of individual tree species. Abies procera (noble fir) stocking was generally less than or equal to that of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) in habitat types typically positioned on lower-to mid-slopes, but much greater than that of Pseudotsuga menziesii in habitat types which are typically located on or near ridgetops. Mean heights of tree seedlings were found to vary considerably among tree species and habitat types. Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings generally grow to roughly equivalent or to greater heights than do Abies procera seedlings in all habitat types. Both Pseudotsuga menziesii and Abies procera seedlings attained greatest heights in the Abies amabilis/ Achlys triphylla habitat type, and lowest heights in an undocumented Abies amabilis/Rhododendron macrophyllum-Vaccinium membranaceum habitat type. The structure and composition of successional plant communities which developed following clearcutting was also found to vary considerably among habitat types. Clearcuts in habitat types typically located on lower-to mid-slopes were occupied by plant communities often dominated by shrubs, whereas plant communities dominated by herbs usually occupied clearcuts located in habitat types typically positioned on or near ridgetops. The results of this research imply that each habitat type seems best suited for specific silvicultural practices. Habitat type classification and mapping can be a productive tool for foresters involved with the regeneration management of Abies amabilis zone forests of the Western Cascades of Oregon. Close

• 24. [Article] Habitat selection by American martens (Martes americana) in coastal northwestern California

  The Humboldt marten, Martes americana humboldtensis, has undergone a dramatic decline throughout its historical distribution in coastal Northwestern California. There is currently only one known population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat selection by American martens (Martes americana) in coastal northwestern California Author: Slauson, Keith M. The Humboldt marten, Martes americana humboldtensis, has undergone a dramatic decline throughout its historical distribution in coastal Northwestern California. There is currently only one known population occupying an area occurring in <5% of the historical distribution of the subspecies. Conservation and management efforts to benefit this population are hampered by lack of information on the habitat ecology of martens in the coastal forest of northwestern California. Furthermore there have been no investigations of the habitat ecology of marten populations anywhere in the coastal forests of the Pacific States. I investigated habitat relationships of the only known population of martens within the historical distribution of M a. humboldtensis at three spatial scales (microhabitat, stand, and home range) and in relation to four forest management regimes (industrial timberlands, and U. S. Forest Service (USFS) matrix lands, late-successional reserves, and wilderness). Over 12 months of fieldwork during 2000 and 2001, I detected martens at 26 of 159 track plate sample units distributed on a systematic grid located over the region known to be occupied by the population. I used an information-theoretic approach to rank 56 a priori candidate models that described hypothesized habitat relationships at each spatial scale. Marten detections occurred in two distinct habitat types, those with forests on serpentine soils and forests associated with more productive soil types, which are more common in the region. At the microhabitat scale in serpentine habitats, martens were detected at sites with dense shrub cover, sparse tree cover, and abundant surface rocks. Dense shrub cover and abundant surface rocks may provide key overhead and escape cover for martens in serpentine habitats. At the microhabitat scale in non-serpentine habitats martens were detected at sites having the most mesic aspects, with dense tree and shrub cover, and with a higher abundance of large diameter snags. At the stand scale martens selected conifer-dominated stands with dense shrub cover in the latest seral stages (old growth and late-mature) in non-serpentine habitats and variable seral stages in serpentine habitats. At the home-range scale the probability of detecting a marten decreased with increasing amounts of logging within 1-km of the sample unit and increased with increasing maximum patch size of old growth, old growth plus late-mature, or serpentine habitat within 1-km of the sample unit. Martens were detected significantly more frequently in USFS lands than in private industrial timberlands. Within USFS lands, martens were detected most frequently in matrix and late-successional reserves, and least frequently in the wilderness area. This study provides new information on the habitat ecology of martens in the coastal forests of northwestern California. It demonstrates the importance of investigating marten habitat at multiple spatial scales and provides insights to linkages among scales and how martens respond to forest management. It also provides information to aid conservation and restoration of martens in northwestern California through identification of areas currently occupied or with suitable habitat, information to identify suitable habitat in areas outside the study area, and information to guide conservation planning for martens and site-specific habitat restoration. Title: Habitat selection by American martens (Martes americana) in coastal northwestern California Author: Slauson, Keith M. The Humboldt marten, Martes americana humboldtensis, has undergone a dramatic decline throughout its historical distribution in coastal Northwestern California. There is currently only one known population occupying an area occurring in <5% of the historical distribution of the subspecies. Conservation and management efforts to benefit this population are hampered by lack of information on the habitat ecology of martens in the coastal forest of northwestern California. Furthermore there have been no investigations of the habitat ecology of marten populations anywhere in the coastal forests of the Pacific States. I investigated habitat relationships of the only known population of martens within the historical distribution of M a. humboldtensis at three spatial scales (microhabitat, stand, and home range) and in relation to four forest management regimes (industrial timberlands, and U. S. Forest Service (USFS) matrix lands, late-successional reserves, and wilderness). Over 12 months of fieldwork during 2000 and 2001, I detected martens at 26 of 159 track plate sample units distributed on a systematic grid located over the region known to be occupied by the population. I used an information-theoretic approach to rank 56 a priori candidate models that described hypothesized habitat relationships at each spatial scale. Marten detections occurred in two distinct habitat types, those with forests on serpentine soils and forests associated with more productive soil types, which are more common in the region. At the microhabitat scale in serpentine habitats, martens were detected at sites with dense shrub cover, sparse tree cover, and abundant surface rocks. Dense shrub cover and abundant surface rocks may provide key overhead and escape cover for martens in serpentine habitats. At the microhabitat scale in non-serpentine habitats martens were detected at sites having the most mesic aspects, with dense tree and shrub cover, and with a higher abundance of large diameter snags. At the stand scale martens selected conifer-dominated stands with dense shrub cover in the latest seral stages (old growth and late-mature) in non-serpentine habitats and variable seral stages in serpentine habitats. At the home-range scale the probability of detecting a marten decreased with increasing amounts of logging within 1-km of the sample unit and increased with increasing maximum patch size of old growth, old growth plus late-mature, or serpentine habitat within 1-km of the sample unit. Martens were detected significantly more frequently in USFS lands than in private industrial timberlands. Within USFS lands, martens were detected most frequently in matrix and late-successional reserves, and least frequently in the wilderness area. This study provides new information on the habitat ecology of martens in the coastal forests of northwestern California. It demonstrates the importance of investigating marten habitat at multiple spatial scales and provides insights to linkages among scales and how martens respond to forest management. It also provides information to aid conservation and restoration of martens in northwestern California through identification of areas currently occupied or with suitable habitat, information to identify suitable habitat in areas outside the study area, and information to guide conservation planning for martens and site-specific habitat restoration. Close

• 25. [Article] An analysis of guild structure of avian communities, Columbia River, Oregon

  Effects of habitat and season on guild structure of avian communities were examined for islands in the estuary zone of the Columbia River, Oregon. Bird species were classified into guilds according to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of guild structure of avian communities, Columbia River, Oregon Author: Noyes, Cecilia Lea Barham Effects of habitat and season on guild structure of avian communities were examined for islands in the estuary zone of the Columbia River, Oregon. Bird species were classified into guilds according to their major food item, typical foraging substrate, and foraging behavior. Variation in community structure indices (number of guilds, guild diversity, evenness, bird density, and biomass) among habitats and seasons were analyzed with multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis. Cluster analysis was used to examine patterns of guild distribution among habitats and seasons. Four habitat-bird community associations (tree-shrub, upland, beach-low marsh, and high marsh) were described based on results from this study. High guild evenness within tree-shrub habitats during the breeding season (spring and summer) distinguished tree-shrub bird communities from communities within the 3 other habitats. Relatively stable bird density within tree-shrub habitats was attributed to high vegetation heterogeniety and later successional stage of tree-shrub habitats. Seasonal variation of community structure indices was greatest within upland habitats. Comparison of seasonal patterns in number of guilds, guild evenness, bird density, and guild composition between tree-shrub and upland habitats suggested greater stability of food resource productivity, availability, and diversity within tree-shrub habitats. Differences in avian community structure between the 2 terrestrial seral stages (tree-shrub and upland) were ascribed to differences in successional stage and vegetation complexity. High avian biomass distinguished bird communities of beach-low marsh habitats and was probably related to high productivity typical of estuary systems. Seasonal variation of community structure, primarily a winter reduction in bird density, was least definitive in beach-low marsh habitats. Lack of winter reduction in number of guilds and seasonal changes in guild composition suggested low winter density was related to reduced availability of food resources as affected by tidal inundation, low temperatures, and ice on the river. Bird communities associated with the high marsh habitat were characterized from all other bird community-habitat associations by greater number of guilds. Less extensive tidal inundation, greater vegetation complexity and more edge effect in the high marsh habitat than in beach-low marsh habitats seemed to affect greater occurrence of terrestrial associated guilds. Results of this study indicated description of avian community structure on the basis of food-resource defined guilds was useful in interpreting how environmental (habitat and season) variation may affect bird communities. Validity of inferences from this study requires more detailed analysis of the bird communities and their habitats. Thus, the guild approach as used in this research is most appropriate for preliminary examination of communities, indicating areas where more specific study should increase understanding of the structure and functioning of avian communities. Title: An analysis of guild structure of avian communities, Columbia River, Oregon Author: Noyes, Cecilia Lea Barham Effects of habitat and season on guild structure of avian communities were examined for islands in the estuary zone of the Columbia River, Oregon. Bird species were classified into guilds according to their major food item, typical foraging substrate, and foraging behavior. Variation in community structure indices (number of guilds, guild diversity, evenness, bird density, and biomass) among habitats and seasons were analyzed with multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis. Cluster analysis was used to examine patterns of guild distribution among habitats and seasons. Four habitat-bird community associations (tree-shrub, upland, beach-low marsh, and high marsh) were described based on results from this study. High guild evenness within tree-shrub habitats during the breeding season (spring and summer) distinguished tree-shrub bird communities from communities within the 3 other habitats. Relatively stable bird density within tree-shrub habitats was attributed to high vegetation heterogeniety and later successional stage of tree-shrub habitats. Seasonal variation of community structure indices was greatest within upland habitats. Comparison of seasonal patterns in number of guilds, guild evenness, bird density, and guild composition between tree-shrub and upland habitats suggested greater stability of food resource productivity, availability, and diversity within tree-shrub habitats. Differences in avian community structure between the 2 terrestrial seral stages (tree-shrub and upland) were ascribed to differences in successional stage and vegetation complexity. High avian biomass distinguished bird communities of beach-low marsh habitats and was probably related to high productivity typical of estuary systems. Seasonal variation of community structure, primarily a winter reduction in bird density, was least definitive in beach-low marsh habitats. Lack of winter reduction in number of guilds and seasonal changes in guild composition suggested low winter density was related to reduced availability of food resources as affected by tidal inundation, low temperatures, and ice on the river. Bird communities associated with the high marsh habitat were characterized from all other bird community-habitat associations by greater number of guilds. Less extensive tidal inundation, greater vegetation complexity and more edge effect in the high marsh habitat than in beach-low marsh habitats seemed to affect greater occurrence of terrestrial associated guilds. Results of this study indicated description of avian community structure on the basis of food-resource defined guilds was useful in interpreting how environmental (habitat and season) variation may affect bird communities. Validity of inferences from this study requires more detailed analysis of the bird communities and their habitats. Thus, the guild approach as used in this research is most appropriate for preliminary examination of communities, indicating areas where more specific study should increase understanding of the structure and functioning of avian communities. Close

• 26. [Article] Response of trout, sculpins, and salamanders to experimental manipulation of large wood in Cascade Mountain streams

  Response of aquatic vertebrates to increased pool habitat complexity due to abundance of large wood was evaluated experimentally in three streams in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. No difference in aquatic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of trout, sculpins, and salamanders to experimental manipulation of large wood in Cascade Mountain streams Author: Burgess, Jack A. Response of aquatic vertebrates to increased pool habitat complexity due to abundance of large wood was evaluated experimentally in three streams in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. No difference in aquatic vertebrate density was detected among treatments, though there was a trend of increasing aquatic vertebrate density with increasing large wood abundance. The small change in density of aquatic vertebrate species may have been due to the overriding influence of the high habitat heterogeneity associated with cobble/boulder substrate in these streams. Large wood may have a stronger influence in simpler streams with smaller particle size, in differing environmental regimes, or at spatial scales larger than channel unit. Mark-recapture estimates, catchability-based estimates, and maximum likelihood multiple removal estimates were compared in all three streams. Physical heterogeneity influenced efficiency of capture. The single pass catchability-based estimates were larger than mark-recapture estimates and maximum likelihood multiple removal estimates. Mark-recapture estimates were larger than maximum likelihood multiple removal estimates. The mark-recapture method gives more reliable and accurate estimates than maximum likelihood multiple removal method, but both methods may substantially underestimate the population. Taxon, fish length, and habitat variables influenced catchability for the population estimators examined. Probability of capture of vertebrates for the catchability-based estimator consistently decreased with increasing habitat complexity. Understanding factors that affect the accuracy of population estimators and the impact that habitat may have on catchability will assist fisheries scientists and managers in making informed decisions regarding the selection of a population estimation method. Research on habitat restoration and habitat relationships must recognize limitations of population estimators and catchability. Recognition of the limitations of population estimators and catchability should allow resource scientists to design more reliable monitoring and evaluation of habitat restoration projects. Title: Response of trout, sculpins, and salamanders to experimental manipulation of large wood in Cascade Mountain streams Author: Burgess, Jack A. Response of aquatic vertebrates to increased pool habitat complexity due to abundance of large wood was evaluated experimentally in three streams in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. No difference in aquatic vertebrate density was detected among treatments, though there was a trend of increasing aquatic vertebrate density with increasing large wood abundance. The small change in density of aquatic vertebrate species may have been due to the overriding influence of the high habitat heterogeneity associated with cobble/boulder substrate in these streams. Large wood may have a stronger influence in simpler streams with smaller particle size, in differing environmental regimes, or at spatial scales larger than channel unit. Mark-recapture estimates, catchability-based estimates, and maximum likelihood multiple removal estimates were compared in all three streams. Physical heterogeneity influenced efficiency of capture. The single pass catchability-based estimates were larger than mark-recapture estimates and maximum likelihood multiple removal estimates. Mark-recapture estimates were larger than maximum likelihood multiple removal estimates. The mark-recapture method gives more reliable and accurate estimates than maximum likelihood multiple removal method, but both methods may substantially underestimate the population. Taxon, fish length, and habitat variables influenced catchability for the population estimators examined. Probability of capture of vertebrates for the catchability-based estimator consistently decreased with increasing habitat complexity. Understanding factors that affect the accuracy of population estimators and the impact that habitat may have on catchability will assist fisheries scientists and managers in making informed decisions regarding the selection of a population estimation method. Research on habitat restoration and habitat relationships must recognize limitations of population estimators and catchability. Recognition of the limitations of population estimators and catchability should allow resource scientists to design more reliable monitoring and evaluation of habitat restoration projects. Close

• 27. [Article] A study of the Columbian black-tailed deer Odocolieus hemionus columbianus (Richardson) and its habitat in Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the Columbian black-tailed deer Odocolieus hemionus columbianus (Richardson) and its habitat in Oregon Author: Lindzey, James Shotwell Title: A study of the Columbian black-tailed deer Odocolieus hemionus columbianus (Richardson) and its habitat in Oregon Author: Lindzey, James Shotwell Close

• 28. [Article] The LizLand model : geomorphic landform and surface composition analysis of lizard habitat in the California Mojave Desert

  This dissertation had three main objectives: 1) investigate the role of macro and micro geomorphology in determining lizard distributions in the Southern California Mojave Desert; 2) develop a spatially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The LizLand model : geomorphic landform and surface composition analysis of lizard habitat in the California Mojave Desert Author: Heaton, Jill S. This dissertation had three main objectives: 1) investigate the role of macro and micro geomorphology in determining lizard distributions in the Southern California Mojave Desert; 2) develop a spatially explicit lizard habitat model based upon geomorphology; and, 3) determine the interactive effects of geomorphology, roads, and land use in defining lizard habitat. To achieve these objectives a new concept of reptile habitat was developed. Primary field data on presence/absence of lizards in relation to macro and micro geomorphology were collected for three conspicuous and widely distributed Mojave Desert lizard species: Cnemidophorus tigris, Callisaurus draconoides, and Uta stansburiana. Study sites were distributed between the Marine Air Ground Task Force Training Command Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) and Joshua Tree National Park (JOTR) in the Southern California Mojave Desert. Chapter 2 develops a new concept of reptile habitat in and environments. This concept is based upon geomorphic landform and surface composition, which are used to distinguish lizard macro and micro-habitat components. The micro-habitat requirements of individual species are linked to macro geomorphic landforms via their mutual microhabitat characterizations. Chapter 3 describes the development of the spatially explicit LizLand habitat model. LizLand is based on the concept of reptile habitat developed and described in Chapter 2. Digital data used to construct the model include geomorphic landform, surface composition, hydrologic, and elevation data. The model is validated for MCAGCC using secondary species locational data and developed for two additional species for which no primary data were collected. The implications of LizLand for military land management are discussed. The final paper explores in greater depth the relationship between Callisaurus draconoides and the geomorphic landform habitat class alluvial plains. It compares C. draconoides observations on unpaved alluvial plain roads to surrounding habitats and observations between MCAGCC and JOTR. Finally, it considers the use of C. draconoides as an indicator species given its affinity for unpaved alluvial plain roads. Title: The LizLand model : geomorphic landform and surface composition analysis of lizard habitat in the California Mojave Desert Author: Heaton, Jill S. This dissertation had three main objectives: 1) investigate the role of macro and micro geomorphology in determining lizard distributions in the Southern California Mojave Desert; 2) develop a spatially explicit lizard habitat model based upon geomorphology; and, 3) determine the interactive effects of geomorphology, roads, and land use in defining lizard habitat. To achieve these objectives a new concept of reptile habitat was developed. Primary field data on presence/absence of lizards in relation to macro and micro geomorphology were collected for three conspicuous and widely distributed Mojave Desert lizard species: Cnemidophorus tigris, Callisaurus draconoides, and Uta stansburiana. Study sites were distributed between the Marine Air Ground Task Force Training Command Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) and Joshua Tree National Park (JOTR) in the Southern California Mojave Desert. Chapter 2 develops a new concept of reptile habitat in and environments. This concept is based upon geomorphic landform and surface composition, which are used to distinguish lizard macro and micro-habitat components. The micro-habitat requirements of individual species are linked to macro geomorphic landforms via their mutual microhabitat characterizations. Chapter 3 describes the development of the spatially explicit LizLand habitat model. LizLand is based on the concept of reptile habitat developed and described in Chapter 2. Digital data used to construct the model include geomorphic landform, surface composition, hydrologic, and elevation data. The model is validated for MCAGCC using secondary species locational data and developed for two additional species for which no primary data were collected. The implications of LizLand for military land management are discussed. The final paper explores in greater depth the relationship between Callisaurus draconoides and the geomorphic landform habitat class alluvial plains. It compares C. draconoides observations on unpaved alluvial plain roads to surrounding habitats and observations between MCAGCC and JOTR. Finally, it considers the use of C. draconoides as an indicator species given its affinity for unpaved alluvial plain roads. Close

• 29. [Article] Oak habitat user guide.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oak habitat user guide.pdf Author: Defenders of Wildlife Title: Oak habitat user guide.pdf Author: Defenders of Wildlife Close

• 30. [Article] Structure-forming benthic invertebrates : habitat distributions on the continental margin of Oregon and Washington

  Structure-forming invertebrates belong to a polyphyletic group of primarily sessile and sedentary megafauna that can significantly enhance the complexity of physical habitats. A number of these organisms, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structure-forming benthic invertebrates : habitat distributions on the continental margin of Oregon and Washington Author: Strom, Natalie A. Structure-forming invertebrates belong to a polyphyletic group of primarily sessile and sedentary megafauna that can significantly enhance the complexity of physical habitats. A number of these organisms, including cold-water corals and sponges, are known to be slow growing and vulnerable to physical disturbance. In addition, as filter feeders, these invertebrates can indicate areas of consistently favorable conditions for feeding and growth. This study provides the first quantitative analysis of structure-forming invertebrate communities in many areas along the continental margin of Oregon and Washington. Geological surveys during 1992-95, using the occupied submersible, Delta, sampled an extensive area in this region, primarily on and around rock outcrops. The videos from these surveys were analyzed to inventory and catalog sessile structure-forming invertebrates and to document their associations with geological habitat types. Detailed data on geological substrate, invertebrate diversity, abundance, and density were compiled and analyzed. It was found that geological substrate and depth were reliable indicators of suitable habitat for most species included in the study. Gorgonian corals tended to concentrate in high densities in depths between 200-250m, at the southern edges of submerged rocky banks, and where hard rocky substrate was covered with a thick layer of sediment. Because of recent fishery regulation changes, this information can be used as baseline data for future studies on the effectiveness of closed areas on the recovery of structure-forming invertebrates from disturbance, particularly bottom trawling. Title: Structure-forming benthic invertebrates : habitat distributions on the continental margin of Oregon and Washington Author: Strom, Natalie A. Structure-forming invertebrates belong to a polyphyletic group of primarily sessile and sedentary megafauna that can significantly enhance the complexity of physical habitats. A number of these organisms, including cold-water corals and sponges, are known to be slow growing and vulnerable to physical disturbance. In addition, as filter feeders, these invertebrates can indicate areas of consistently favorable conditions for feeding and growth. This study provides the first quantitative analysis of structure-forming invertebrate communities in many areas along the continental margin of Oregon and Washington. Geological surveys during 1992-95, using the occupied submersible, Delta, sampled an extensive area in this region, primarily on and around rock outcrops. The videos from these surveys were analyzed to inventory and catalog sessile structure-forming invertebrates and to document their associations with geological habitat types. Detailed data on geological substrate, invertebrate diversity, abundance, and density were compiled and analyzed. It was found that geological substrate and depth were reliable indicators of suitable habitat for most species included in the study. Gorgonian corals tended to concentrate in high densities in depths between 200-250m, at the southern edges of submerged rocky banks, and where hard rocky substrate was covered with a thick layer of sediment. Because of recent fishery regulation changes, this information can be used as baseline data for future studies on the effectiveness of closed areas on the recovery of structure-forming invertebrates from disturbance, particularly bottom trawling. Close

• 31. [Article] Birds in a sagebrush sea: managing sagebrush habitats for bird communities

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Birds in a sagebrush sea: managing sagebrush habitats for bird communities Author: Ritter, Sharon A., Paige, Christine Title: Birds in a sagebrush sea: managing sagebrush habitats for bird communities Author: Ritter, Sharon A., Paige, Christine Close

• 32. [Article] A Place for nature : Willamette basin habitat conservation priorities

  An introduction to habitats in the Willamette River Basin.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Place for nature : Willamette basin habitat conservation priorities Author: Grossman, Elizabeth An introduction to habitats in the Willamette River Basin. Title: A Place for nature : Willamette basin habitat conservation priorities Author: Grossman, Elizabeth An introduction to habitats in the Willamette River Basin. Close

• 33. [Article] Female black bear habitat selection and home range ecology in the central Oregon Cascades

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Female black bear habitat selection and home range ecology in the central Oregon Cascades Author: Vander Heyden, Madeleine Title: Female black bear habitat selection and home range ecology in the central Oregon Cascades Author: Vander Heyden, Madeleine Close

• 34. [Article] Defining micro-habitat relationships for juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes melanops

  The functioning of marine habitats needs to be understood in the context of the ecological relationships and associations between organisms and the physical and biogenic environment they inhabit. Thus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Defining micro-habitat relationships for juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes melanops Author: Mann, Marion E. The functioning of marine habitats needs to be understood in the context of the ecological relationships and associations between organisms and the physical and biogenic environment they inhabit. Thus, it becomes important to explore and define habitat features which contribute to these relationships and which are important in the life history of a species. Juvenile habitat needs and associations have rarely been studied, but Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) guidelines require description of habitat for all life stages of managed stocks. Given observational data in the natural environment, there is a strong need to determine if structural or biogenic habitat matters to fish. To explore direct relationships with habitat features, based on cause and effect, requires controlled laboratory studies. In this work, the extent and nature of habitat relationships for juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes melanops, were systematically investigated in four consecutive controlled experiments. I examined habitat choices of juvenile rockfish with respect to (1) a diurnal light cycle, (2) the nature of structure use with respect to the importance of crevices, (3) the effect of additional complexity in structure, and (4) the role of biotic components of structure independent of their physical attributes. In the first experiment (1), juvenile rockfish behavior was video taped during day, crepuscular and night conditions. To observe fish behavior at night an infrared tank set-up was used, with lights projecting through the bottom of the tanks. The sand layer was required to be very thin, such that the light could penetrate through both tank wall and sand and get picked up by an overhead camera. This exposed many crevices and ledges at the base of the boulders which were extensively used by all groups of fish. In the second experiment (2), burying the boulders in deep sand reduced this crevice availability and took away those types of refuge opportunities. Complexity was then examined by attaching white plumed anemones, Metridium spp. to half of the boulders in the tanks (experiment 3). White plumed anemones occur as two species on the west coast of North America, Metridium farcimen and M. senile fimbriatum, which are visually indistinguishable and have overlapping distributions. For the purposes of our experiments, it was not necessary to identify them to species level, and all the experimental animals were collected by scuba in Yaquina Bay. Artificial replicates of Metridium spp. in comparison with live animals were used to test for biogenic contributions to habitat preference (experiment 4). To see if associations and behaviors observed in the laboratory also occur in the field, habitat use by unidentified reef-associated juvenile rockfish in their natural environment was examined using video data collected by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife with a remotely operated vehicle. The results of the experiments indicate that (1) the odds of juvenile black rockfish being present in boulders during daylight were 7.2 times greater than at nighttime. It is likely that refuge needs for juveniles of this species are greatest during daylight given the diversity of visual predators. (2) Crevice availability plays an important role in providing refuge, but juvenile black rockfish in my trials did not change boulder use based on crevice availability. (3) Juvenile black rockfish also clearly preferred habitat complexity (added anemones) and preferred boulders with attached Metridium spp. over plain boulders. (4) Preference was given not only to higher structural complexity, but also to habitat that offered a biotic component to the boulder/anemone arrangement. Juvenile black rockfish showed a significant association with boulder habitat containing attached live Metridium spp. over boulder habitat with the same structural construct using plastic replicas. The specific nature of this biogenic contribution to habitat choice is unknown and could be the result of an important symbiotic relationship. In their natural environment, unidentified juvenile rockfish also occurred in greater numbers in micro-habitats highly populated by Metridium spp. This work demonstrates that reef associated juvenile black rockfish engage in complex micro-habitat relationships that are not only based on structural complexity but also on biogenic influences. Biogenic habitats frequently involve invertebrate species that are fragile and long lived, and thus vulnerable to disturbance (e.g. from global warming, fishing activities and other extraction processes). Although survival and growth of juvenile black rockfish was not investigated in this work, the loss of biogenic habitat is likely to impact post settlement survival of reef-associated fishes, thus ultimately affecting population recruitment. Habitat limitations in the juvenile stage are particularly important to understand because density-dependent factors can dampen high stochasticity in recruitment to adult populations. Title: Defining micro-habitat relationships for juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes melanops Author: Mann, Marion E. The functioning of marine habitats needs to be understood in the context of the ecological relationships and associations between organisms and the physical and biogenic environment they inhabit. Thus, it becomes important to explore and define habitat features which contribute to these relationships and which are important in the life history of a species. Juvenile habitat needs and associations have rarely been studied, but Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) guidelines require description of habitat for all life stages of managed stocks. Given observational data in the natural environment, there is a strong need to determine if structural or biogenic habitat matters to fish. To explore direct relationships with habitat features, based on cause and effect, requires controlled laboratory studies. In this work, the extent and nature of habitat relationships for juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes melanops, were systematically investigated in four consecutive controlled experiments. I examined habitat choices of juvenile rockfish with respect to (1) a diurnal light cycle, (2) the nature of structure use with respect to the importance of crevices, (3) the effect of additional complexity in structure, and (4) the role of biotic components of structure independent of their physical attributes. In the first experiment (1), juvenile rockfish behavior was video taped during day, crepuscular and night conditions. To observe fish behavior at night an infrared tank set-up was used, with lights projecting through the bottom of the tanks. The sand layer was required to be very thin, such that the light could penetrate through both tank wall and sand and get picked up by an overhead camera. This exposed many crevices and ledges at the base of the boulders which were extensively used by all groups of fish. In the second experiment (2), burying the boulders in deep sand reduced this crevice availability and took away those types of refuge opportunities. Complexity was then examined by attaching white plumed anemones, Metridium spp. to half of the boulders in the tanks (experiment 3). White plumed anemones occur as two species on the west coast of North America, Metridium farcimen and M. senile fimbriatum, which are visually indistinguishable and have overlapping distributions. For the purposes of our experiments, it was not necessary to identify them to species level, and all the experimental animals were collected by scuba in Yaquina Bay. Artificial replicates of Metridium spp. in comparison with live animals were used to test for biogenic contributions to habitat preference (experiment 4). To see if associations and behaviors observed in the laboratory also occur in the field, habitat use by unidentified reef-associated juvenile rockfish in their natural environment was examined using video data collected by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife with a remotely operated vehicle. The results of the experiments indicate that (1) the odds of juvenile black rockfish being present in boulders during daylight were 7.2 times greater than at nighttime. It is likely that refuge needs for juveniles of this species are greatest during daylight given the diversity of visual predators. (2) Crevice availability plays an important role in providing refuge, but juvenile black rockfish in my trials did not change boulder use based on crevice availability. (3) Juvenile black rockfish also clearly preferred habitat complexity (added anemones) and preferred boulders with attached Metridium spp. over plain boulders. (4) Preference was given not only to higher structural complexity, but also to habitat that offered a biotic component to the boulder/anemone arrangement. Juvenile black rockfish showed a significant association with boulder habitat containing attached live Metridium spp. over boulder habitat with the same structural construct using plastic replicas. The specific nature of this biogenic contribution to habitat choice is unknown and could be the result of an important symbiotic relationship. In their natural environment, unidentified juvenile rockfish also occurred in greater numbers in micro-habitats highly populated by Metridium spp. This work demonstrates that reef associated juvenile black rockfish engage in complex micro-habitat relationships that are not only based on structural complexity but also on biogenic influences. Biogenic habitats frequently involve invertebrate species that are fragile and long lived, and thus vulnerable to disturbance (e.g. from global warming, fishing activities and other extraction processes). Although survival and growth of juvenile black rockfish was not investigated in this work, the loss of biogenic habitat is likely to impact post settlement survival of reef-associated fishes, thus ultimately affecting population recruitment. Habitat limitations in the juvenile stage are particularly important to understand because density-dependent factors can dampen high stochasticity in recruitment to adult populations. Close

• 35. [Article] Sagebrush / Sage Grouse Habitat Metric: User's guide

  The metric is encompassed in two documents, the Sagebrush/Sage Grouse Habitat Metric User’s Guide and a Sagebrush/Sage Grouse Habitat Metric Calculator .

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sagebrush / Sage Grouse Habitat Metric: User's guide Author: Defenders of Wildlife The metric is encompassed in two documents, the Sagebrush/Sage Grouse Habitat Metric User’s Guide and a Sagebrush/Sage Grouse Habitat Metric Calculator . Title: Sagebrush / Sage Grouse Habitat Metric: User's guide Author: Defenders of Wildlife The metric is encompassed in two documents, the Sagebrush/Sage Grouse Habitat Metric User’s Guide and a Sagebrush/Sage Grouse Habitat Metric Calculator . Close

• 36. [Article] Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Coastal cutthroat trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 37. [Article] Habitat mapping and identifying suitable habitat of Redfish Rocks Pilot Marine Reserve, Port Orford, Oregon

  Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) has been documented to effectively manage marine resource's diversity and enhance fisheries productivity. However, there must be a critical consideration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat mapping and identifying suitable habitat of Redfish Rocks Pilot Marine Reserve, Port Orford, Oregon Author: Amolo, Rizaller C. Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) has been documented to effectively manage marine resource's diversity and enhance fisheries productivity. However, there must be a critical consideration of how these sites are selected and the actual description of the site itself. Its effectiveness is greatly dependent on understanding these habitats and the species that thrive in them. In 2008, the State of Oregon embarked on an effort to create a network of marine reserves within its territorial sea. Together with the active participation of the public sector in the selection process, it has to identify two (2) pilot sites and four (4) other sites that need further evaluation. During the selection process, thematic surficial geologic habitat (SGH) maps played a critical role in identifying potential sites. SGH was sufficient to identify specific sites, however a clearer and a habitat map with higher resolution is necessary in effectively managing these pilot marine reserves. Development of a more detailed habitat map will guide local and state managers in initiating specific management interventions to unique marine reserve sites such as Redfish Rock Pilot Marine Reserve. This aim of this study is to develop a detailed habitat map of the Redfish Rock Pilot Marine Reserve to supersede the initial SGH map, and utilize it to predict species occurrence within each habitat type. The use of acoustic information collected from multibeam echo sounder will be used to produce a high resolution habitat map of its marine environment. The backscatter data along with co-registered bathymetric information can be utilized to describe marine topography and define habitat based on its surficial geologic characteristic. Information derived from the bathymetry data utilized Benthic Terrain Modeler (BTM) as a guide in identifying seafloor features and classified zones like high relief and flat zones as well as derivative layers such as hillshade layer. Further delineation of habitat boundaries were made using the backscatter mosaic and angular response analysis (ARA) to classify layers created from the Interactive Visualization System (IVS3D) Fledermaus (FM) Geocoder. Manual digitizing of habitat polygon with automated classified layer as a guide was conducted using ArcGIS. Substrate classifications were verified from the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) videos collected by Oregon's Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW). Species occurrences were predicted using the depth, latitude and substrate type and species information queried from the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Habitat Use Database (HUD). A total of 89 species mostly ground fish were predicted to be present inside the marine reserve. With the habitat map created successfully from high resolution multibeam surveys, managers now have a more detailed picture of the seafloor. This is necessary to design specific management strategies such as development of biophysical monitoring protocol, deployment of marker buoy, conduct of specific species-habitat relationship research. This study was done specifically on the Redfish Rocks Marine Reserve primarily due to the fact that this site already has available data pertinent to the creation of this habitat map; however, this approach could also be applied and replicated at other identified MPA sites including other areas of the Redfish Rocks Pilot Marine Reserve, Otter Rocks Pilot Marine Reserve and the four other sites that are being considered for the creation of MPA networks. Title: Habitat mapping and identifying suitable habitat of Redfish Rocks Pilot Marine Reserve, Port Orford, Oregon Author: Amolo, Rizaller C. Establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) has been documented to effectively manage marine resource's diversity and enhance fisheries productivity. However, there must be a critical consideration of how these sites are selected and the actual description of the site itself. Its effectiveness is greatly dependent on understanding these habitats and the species that thrive in them. In 2008, the State of Oregon embarked on an effort to create a network of marine reserves within its territorial sea. Together with the active participation of the public sector in the selection process, it has to identify two (2) pilot sites and four (4) other sites that need further evaluation. During the selection process, thematic surficial geologic habitat (SGH) maps played a critical role in identifying potential sites. SGH was sufficient to identify specific sites, however a clearer and a habitat map with higher resolution is necessary in effectively managing these pilot marine reserves. Development of a more detailed habitat map will guide local and state managers in initiating specific management interventions to unique marine reserve sites such as Redfish Rock Pilot Marine Reserve. This aim of this study is to develop a detailed habitat map of the Redfish Rock Pilot Marine Reserve to supersede the initial SGH map, and utilize it to predict species occurrence within each habitat type. The use of acoustic information collected from multibeam echo sounder will be used to produce a high resolution habitat map of its marine environment. The backscatter data along with co-registered bathymetric information can be utilized to describe marine topography and define habitat based on its surficial geologic characteristic. Information derived from the bathymetry data utilized Benthic Terrain Modeler (BTM) as a guide in identifying seafloor features and classified zones like high relief and flat zones as well as derivative layers such as hillshade layer. Further delineation of habitat boundaries were made using the backscatter mosaic and angular response analysis (ARA) to classify layers created from the Interactive Visualization System (IVS3D) Fledermaus (FM) Geocoder. Manual digitizing of habitat polygon with automated classified layer as a guide was conducted using ArcGIS. Substrate classifications were verified from the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) videos collected by Oregon's Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW). Species occurrences were predicted using the depth, latitude and substrate type and species information queried from the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Habitat Use Database (HUD). A total of 89 species mostly ground fish were predicted to be present inside the marine reserve. With the habitat map created successfully from high resolution multibeam surveys, managers now have a more detailed picture of the seafloor. This is necessary to design specific management strategies such as development of biophysical monitoring protocol, deployment of marker buoy, conduct of specific species-habitat relationship research. This study was done specifically on the Redfish Rocks Marine Reserve primarily due to the fact that this site already has available data pertinent to the creation of this habitat map; however, this approach could also be applied and replicated at other identified MPA sites including other areas of the Redfish Rocks Pilot Marine Reserve, Otter Rocks Pilot Marine Reserve and the four other sites that are being considered for the creation of MPA networks. Close

• 38. [Article] Relationships between relative abundance of resident bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and habitat characteristics in Central Idaho mountain streams

  Resident bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) may be particularly vulnerable to human related disturbance, however very few studies have focused on resident bull trout populations. The abundance of bull ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships between relative abundance of resident bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and habitat characteristics in Central Idaho mountain streams Author: Zurstadt, Caleb Frederick Resident bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) may be particularly vulnerable to human related disturbance, however very few studies have focused on resident bull trout populations. The abundance of bull trout is one measure of the strength and potential for persistence of a population. Habitat characteristics may influence resident bull trout abundance to differing degrees and by varying means at multiple spatial scales. We used day and night snorkel counts to assess relative bull trout abundance. A modification of the Forest Service R1/R4 Fish and Fish Habitat Inventory was used to assess habitat characteristics associated with resident bull trout. Logistic and multiple linear regression were used to assess the relationships between resident bull trout abundance and habitat characteristics at the patch (1 to 5 km), reach (0.5 to 1 km) and habitat unit (1 to 100 m) scales. Site categorical variables were used along with quantitative habitat variables to explain among-site and across-site variation in the data. The significance of both quantitative habitat variables and categorical site variables at various spatial scales suggest that relationships between bull trout abundance and habitat characteristics are complex and in part dependent on scale. The characteristics of individual habitat units explained little of the variation in bull trout presence/absence (logistic regression; Somers' D=0.44) and density (multiple linear regression; adjusted R²=0.08) in habitat units, however there were habitat characteristics that were significantly (P≤0.05) correlated to bull trout presence/absence and density in habitat units. The relationships between habitat characteristics and bull trout presence/absence and density varied between habitat unit types. There was a strong quadratic relationship between bull trout abundance and mean summer water temperature at the reach (P=0.004) and patch scales (P=0.001). The mean temperature of patches appears to explain some of the variation in bull trout density at smaller spatial scales, such as reaches and habitat units. An appreciation of the complex nature of scale dependent interactions between bull trout abundance and habitat characteristics may help resource managers make wiser decisions regarding conservation of resident bull trout populations. Title: Relationships between relative abundance of resident bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and habitat characteristics in Central Idaho mountain streams Author: Zurstadt, Caleb Frederick Resident bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) may be particularly vulnerable to human related disturbance, however very few studies have focused on resident bull trout populations. The abundance of bull trout is one measure of the strength and potential for persistence of a population. Habitat characteristics may influence resident bull trout abundance to differing degrees and by varying means at multiple spatial scales. We used day and night snorkel counts to assess relative bull trout abundance. A modification of the Forest Service R1/R4 Fish and Fish Habitat Inventory was used to assess habitat characteristics associated with resident bull trout. Logistic and multiple linear regression were used to assess the relationships between resident bull trout abundance and habitat characteristics at the patch (1 to 5 km), reach (0.5 to 1 km) and habitat unit (1 to 100 m) scales. Site categorical variables were used along with quantitative habitat variables to explain among-site and across-site variation in the data. The significance of both quantitative habitat variables and categorical site variables at various spatial scales suggest that relationships between bull trout abundance and habitat characteristics are complex and in part dependent on scale. The characteristics of individual habitat units explained little of the variation in bull trout presence/absence (logistic regression; Somers' D=0.44) and density (multiple linear regression; adjusted R²=0.08) in habitat units, however there were habitat characteristics that were significantly (P≤0.05) correlated to bull trout presence/absence and density in habitat units. The relationships between habitat characteristics and bull trout presence/absence and density varied between habitat unit types. There was a strong quadratic relationship between bull trout abundance and mean summer water temperature at the reach (P=0.004) and patch scales (P=0.001). The mean temperature of patches appears to explain some of the variation in bull trout density at smaller spatial scales, such as reaches and habitat units. An appreciation of the complex nature of scale dependent interactions between bull trout abundance and habitat characteristics may help resource managers make wiser decisions regarding conservation of resident bull trout populations. Close

• 39. [Article] Science to Soluntions: Conifer Removal Boosts Sage Grouse Success

  In recent years the Sage Grouse Initiative, led by the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service, has worked with many partners to accelerate the mechanical removal of invading conifer trees, primarily ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Science to Soluntions: Conifer Removal Boosts Sage Grouse Success Author: Sage Grouse Initiative In recent years the Sage Grouse Initiative, led by the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service, has worked with many partners to accelerate the mechanical removal of invading conifer trees, primarily junipers, to restore sagebrush habitats in and around sage grouse strongholds across the West. Replicated studies from public and private land in southern Oregon and northwest Utah are the first to document sage grouse response to this type of landscape-level habitat restoration effort. Despite conventional wisdom that female sage grouse use the same nesting areas every year, space-starved hens in Oregon were quick to use restored habitats made available by conifer removal: within four years, 29% of the tracked sage grouse were nesting within and near restored habitats. In Utah, 86% of hens avoided conifer invaded habitats, and those using restored habitats were more likely to raise a brood. Taken together, studies show that landscape-level conifer removal can effectively increase habitat availability and boost success for nesting and brooding sage grouse. Title: Science to Soluntions: Conifer Removal Boosts Sage Grouse Success Author: Sage Grouse Initiative In recent years the Sage Grouse Initiative, led by the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service, has worked with many partners to accelerate the mechanical removal of invading conifer trees, primarily junipers, to restore sagebrush habitats in and around sage grouse strongholds across the West. Replicated studies from public and private land in southern Oregon and northwest Utah are the first to document sage grouse response to this type of landscape-level habitat restoration effort. Despite conventional wisdom that female sage grouse use the same nesting areas every year, space-starved hens in Oregon were quick to use restored habitats made available by conifer removal: within four years, 29% of the tracked sage grouse were nesting within and near restored habitats. In Utah, 86% of hens avoided conifer invaded habitats, and those using restored habitats were more likely to raise a brood. Taken together, studies show that landscape-level conifer removal can effectively increase habitat availability and boost success for nesting and brooding sage grouse. Close

• 40. [Article] Science to Solutions: Private Lands Vital to Conserving Wet Areas for Sage Grouse Summer Habitat

  In the arid West, life follows water. Habitats near water – streamsides, wet meadows and wetlands — support the greatest variety of animal and plant life, and attract wildlife during their daily and seasonal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Science to Solutions: Private Lands Vital to Conserving Wet Areas for Sage Grouse Summer Habitat Author: Sage Grouse Initiative In the arid West, life follows water. Habitats near water – streamsides, wet meadows and wetlands — support the greatest variety of animal and plant life, and attract wildlife during their daily and seasonal movements. In a water-scarce landscape, these lush habitats are also where people have naturally settled. A recent groundbreaking study reveals a strong link between wet sites, which are essential summer habitat for sage grouse to raise their broods, and the distribution of sage grouse breeding areas or leks. The authors found 85% of leks were clustered within 6 miles of these wet summer habitats. Moreover, although wet habitats cover less than 2% of the western landscape, more than 80% are located on private lands. This study makes it clear that successful sage grouse conservation will greatly depend on cooperative ventures with private landowners, ranchers and farmers to help sustain vital summer habitats. Title: Science to Solutions: Private Lands Vital to Conserving Wet Areas for Sage Grouse Summer Habitat Author: Sage Grouse Initiative In the arid West, life follows water. Habitats near water – streamsides, wet meadows and wetlands — support the greatest variety of animal and plant life, and attract wildlife during their daily and seasonal movements. In a water-scarce landscape, these lush habitats are also where people have naturally settled. A recent groundbreaking study reveals a strong link between wet sites, which are essential summer habitat for sage grouse to raise their broods, and the distribution of sage grouse breeding areas or leks. The authors found 85% of leks were clustered within 6 miles of these wet summer habitats. Moreover, although wet habitats cover less than 2% of the western landscape, more than 80% are located on private lands. This study makes it clear that successful sage grouse conservation will greatly depend on cooperative ventures with private landowners, ranchers and farmers to help sustain vital summer habitats. Close

• 41. [Article] An evaluation of the effectiveness of instream structures for steelhead trout rearing habitat in the Steamboat Creek basin.

  Several types of instream structures were evaluated for their potential to provide rearing habitat and to increase reach carrying capacity for steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Evaluation was conducted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the effectiveness of instream structures for steelhead trout rearing habitat in the Steamboat Creek basin. Author: Fontaine, Barbara L. Several types of instream structures were evaluated for their potential to provide rearing habitat and to increase reach carrying capacity for steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Evaluation was conducted in each season over the course of 1 year. Blast pools created in bedrock glides increased the carrying capacity of stream reaches during late summer. Three types of boulder and log structures in gravel-cobble glides did not significantly increase the late summer standing crop of juvenile steelhead. During summer, juvenile steelhead selected the habitat provided by the four types of structures over the untreated glide habitats. The instream structures were used by steelhead for feeding stations, resting areas, and hiding cover. Structures located near the thalweg held substantially more summering steelhead than structures in off-thalweg positions, regardless of structure design. In winter, seven structure designs were evaluated. The structures that were placed in zones of slow water (deep pools, margin backwater pools, and dam pools) provided the most effective winter habitat for juvenile steelhead. The structures with the largest concentrations of boulders and rubble generally held the highest winter densities. During the spring and fall months, habitat utilization was less predictable. Spring and fall were times of transition in which the utilization of habitat structures was probably influenced by changing water temperatures and hydraulic conditions. Prior to initiating habitat modification programs, habitat managers should conduct an on-site examination of the rearing strategy and seasonal habitat needs of the target species. A pre-work evaluation should be designed to gain an understanding of the most likely environmental factors that limit production. Without such preliminary information, and without a follow-up evaluation, managers cannot recognize their mistakes, innovate appropriate new techniques or determine if funds have been wisely spent. Title: An evaluation of the effectiveness of instream structures for steelhead trout rearing habitat in the Steamboat Creek basin. Author: Fontaine, Barbara L. Several types of instream structures were evaluated for their potential to provide rearing habitat and to increase reach carrying capacity for steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Evaluation was conducted in each season over the course of 1 year. Blast pools created in bedrock glides increased the carrying capacity of stream reaches during late summer. Three types of boulder and log structures in gravel-cobble glides did not significantly increase the late summer standing crop of juvenile steelhead. During summer, juvenile steelhead selected the habitat provided by the four types of structures over the untreated glide habitats. The instream structures were used by steelhead for feeding stations, resting areas, and hiding cover. Structures located near the thalweg held substantially more summering steelhead than structures in off-thalweg positions, regardless of structure design. In winter, seven structure designs were evaluated. The structures that were placed in zones of slow water (deep pools, margin backwater pools, and dam pools) provided the most effective winter habitat for juvenile steelhead. The structures with the largest concentrations of boulders and rubble generally held the highest winter densities. During the spring and fall months, habitat utilization was less predictable. Spring and fall were times of transition in which the utilization of habitat structures was probably influenced by changing water temperatures and hydraulic conditions. Prior to initiating habitat modification programs, habitat managers should conduct an on-site examination of the rearing strategy and seasonal habitat needs of the target species. A pre-work evaluation should be designed to gain an understanding of the most likely environmental factors that limit production. Without such preliminary information, and without a follow-up evaluation, managers cannot recognize their mistakes, innovate appropriate new techniques or determine if funds have been wisely spent. Close

• 42. [Article] Association of Juvenile Salmon and Estuarine Fish with Intertidal Seagrass and Oyster Aquaculture Habitats in a Northeast Pacific Estuary

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Association of Juvenile Salmon and Estuarine Fish with Intertidal Seagrass and Oyster Aquaculture Habitats in a Northeast Pacific Estuary Author: Dumbauld, Brett R., Bosley, Katelyn M., Hosack, Geoffrey R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current Title: Association of Juvenile Salmon and Estuarine Fish with Intertidal Seagrass and Oyster Aquaculture Habitats in a Northeast Pacific Estuary Author: Dumbauld, Brett R., Bosley, Katelyn M., Hosack, Geoffrey R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current Close

• 43. [Article] Sandy beach surf zones: An alternative nursery habitat for 0-age Chinook salmon

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/estuarine-coasta...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sandy beach surf zones: An alternative nursery habitat for 0-age Chinook salmon Author: Miller, J. A., Marin Jarrin, J. R. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/estuarine-coastal-and-shelf-science/. Title: Sandy beach surf zones: An alternative nursery habitat for 0-age Chinook salmon Author: Miller, J. A., Marin Jarrin, J. R. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/estuarine-coastal-and-shelf-science/. Close

• 44. [Article] A Bayesian approach to habitat suitability prediction

  For the west coast of North America, from northern California to southern Washington, a habitat suitability prediction framework was developed to support wave energy device siting. Concern that wave energy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Bayesian approach to habitat suitability prediction Author: Lockett, Daniel Edwin IV For the west coast of North America, from northern California to southern Washington, a habitat suitability prediction framework was developed to support wave energy device siting. Concern that wave energy devices may impact the seafloor and benthos has renewed research interest in the distribution of marine benthic invertebrates and factors influencing their distribution. A Bayesian belief network approach was employed for learning species-habitat associations for Rhabdus rectius, a tusk-shaped marine infaunal Mollusk. Environmental variables describing surficial geology and water depth were found to be most influential to the distribution of R. rectius. Water property variables, such as temperature and salinity, were less influential as distribution predictors. Species-habitat associations were used to predict habitat suitability probabilities for R. rectius, which were then mapped over an area of interest along the south-central Oregon coast. Habitat suitability prediction models tested well against data withheld for crossvalidation supporting our conclusion that Bayesian learning extracts useful information available in very small, incomplete data sets and identifies which variables drive habitat suitability for R. rectius. Additionally, Bayesian belief networks are easily updated with new information, quantitative or qualitative, which provides a flexible mechanism for multiple scenario analyses. The prediction framework presented here is a practical tool informing marine spatial planning assessment through visualization of habitat suitability. Title: A Bayesian approach to habitat suitability prediction Author: Lockett, Daniel Edwin IV For the west coast of North America, from northern California to southern Washington, a habitat suitability prediction framework was developed to support wave energy device siting. Concern that wave energy devices may impact the seafloor and benthos has renewed research interest in the distribution of marine benthic invertebrates and factors influencing their distribution. A Bayesian belief network approach was employed for learning species-habitat associations for Rhabdus rectius, a tusk-shaped marine infaunal Mollusk. Environmental variables describing surficial geology and water depth were found to be most influential to the distribution of R. rectius. Water property variables, such as temperature and salinity, were less influential as distribution predictors. Species-habitat associations were used to predict habitat suitability probabilities for R. rectius, which were then mapped over an area of interest along the south-central Oregon coast. Habitat suitability prediction models tested well against data withheld for crossvalidation supporting our conclusion that Bayesian learning extracts useful information available in very small, incomplete data sets and identifies which variables drive habitat suitability for R. rectius. Additionally, Bayesian belief networks are easily updated with new information, quantitative or qualitative, which provides a flexible mechanism for multiple scenario analyses. The prediction framework presented here is a practical tool informing marine spatial planning assessment through visualization of habitat suitability. Close

• 45. [Article] Habitat associations and determinants of refuge use in post-settlement lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus)

  Lingcod are an overexploited fish species in the Pacific Northwest and although there has been extensive study of the habitat requirements of adults, particularly during spawning, relatively little is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat associations and determinants of refuge use in post-settlement lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) Author: Petrie, Megan E. Lingcod are an overexploited fish species in the Pacific Northwest and although there has been extensive study of the habitat requirements of adults, particularly during spawning, relatively little is known regarding the habitat requirements of post-settlement juveniles. Many juvenile fish use structural components of habitat to alleviate the risk of predation, as well as for foraging. Laboratory experiments and a field tagging study were performed in order to investigate habitat preference in juvenile lingcod, as well as factors that govern habitat use. Initial laboratory experiments demonstrated an affinity by juvenile lingcod for structure over bare sand habitats, whether the structure was rock, shell or seagrass. Body size, nutritional state, and light level were also found to be determinants of the extent to which juvenile lingcod use structural refuges. In the laboratory, older, larger individuals exhibited a higher propensity for structure use than did smaller juvenile fish. In fish of both body sizes, increasing hunger levels caused fish to emerge more readily from refuges than did those that were satiated. Die! patterns of ambient illumination were simulated in the laboratory, and refuge use decreased significantly in response to lower nocturnal light levels, a pattern that was not observed in the smaller size class. An acoustic tagging study conducted in Yaquina Bay, Oregon corroborated the basic habitat preferences seen in laboratory experiments. Juvenile lingcod showed a high degree of site fidelity, remaining in discreet areas of significant structural complexity, as revealed by underwater video of benthic habitat. The way in which an animal utilizes structural refuges adds or detracts from individual fitness, making this investigation into the habitat requirements of post-settlement lingcod an important step in understanding the life history and ecology of an important recreational and commercial species. Title: Habitat associations and determinants of refuge use in post-settlement lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) Author: Petrie, Megan E. Lingcod are an overexploited fish species in the Pacific Northwest and although there has been extensive study of the habitat requirements of adults, particularly during spawning, relatively little is known regarding the habitat requirements of post-settlement juveniles. Many juvenile fish use structural components of habitat to alleviate the risk of predation, as well as for foraging. Laboratory experiments and a field tagging study were performed in order to investigate habitat preference in juvenile lingcod, as well as factors that govern habitat use. Initial laboratory experiments demonstrated an affinity by juvenile lingcod for structure over bare sand habitats, whether the structure was rock, shell or seagrass. Body size, nutritional state, and light level were also found to be determinants of the extent to which juvenile lingcod use structural refuges. In the laboratory, older, larger individuals exhibited a higher propensity for structure use than did smaller juvenile fish. In fish of both body sizes, increasing hunger levels caused fish to emerge more readily from refuges than did those that were satiated. Die! patterns of ambient illumination were simulated in the laboratory, and refuge use decreased significantly in response to lower nocturnal light levels, a pattern that was not observed in the smaller size class. An acoustic tagging study conducted in Yaquina Bay, Oregon corroborated the basic habitat preferences seen in laboratory experiments. Juvenile lingcod showed a high degree of site fidelity, remaining in discreet areas of significant structural complexity, as revealed by underwater video of benthic habitat. The way in which an animal utilizes structural refuges adds or detracts from individual fitness, making this investigation into the habitat requirements of post-settlement lingcod an important step in understanding the life history and ecology of an important recreational and commercial species. Close

• 46. [Article] Seasonal distribution and habitat selection by the redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus, in a small Oregon stream

  Seasonal habitat availability, utilization, and selection by young of the year (< 25 mm) and adult (>25 mm) redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus, were studied for 1 year in sections of Greasy Creek, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal distribution and habitat selection by the redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus, in a small Oregon stream Author: Rodnick, Kenneth J. Seasonal habitat availability, utilization, and selection by young of the year (< 25 mm) and adult (>25 mm) redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus, were studied for 1 year in sections of Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon. Intensive stream mapping procedures and snorkling observations provided most of the quantitative measures for habitat availability and utilization respectively. A multivariate discriminant analysis and classification suggested spatial segregation of young of the year and adult redside shiners along gradients of water velocity and depth of the water column. Throughout the year, young redside shiners occupied shallower water than adults and utilized areas with lower mean water velocities. Associated with increased winter stream flows and lowered water temperatures (< 10° C), redside shiners were inactive and found in habitats offering the most cover and refuge from current. Overwintering areas populated by redside shiners included undercut banks, root wads, bank failures, fallen trees, and backwaters. During the transitional period between winter and summer, adult redside shiners shifted from overwintering habitats to the faster water of the main channel. Activities related to spawning and aggressive defense of space accompanied this shift. Young redside shiners continued to utilize protected margins. A multivariate discriminant analysis and classification comparing available and utilized stream habitats provided indices of habitat selection. Both young of the year and adult redside shiners were relatively selective in the stream habitats they utilized. The importance of four physical components (depth, current velocity, substrate composition, and cover forms) varied seasonally and with the life stage considered. Similar patterns of habitat utilization for redside shiners were observed in four larger streams and rivers. The availability of large, deep pools was important, new habitat for both young and adult redside shiners during periods of reduced stream flow in larger streams and rivers. Title: Seasonal distribution and habitat selection by the redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus, in a small Oregon stream Author: Rodnick, Kenneth J. Seasonal habitat availability, utilization, and selection by young of the year (< 25 mm) and adult (>25 mm) redside shiner, Richardsonius balteatus, were studied for 1 year in sections of Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon. Intensive stream mapping procedures and snorkling observations provided most of the quantitative measures for habitat availability and utilization respectively. A multivariate discriminant analysis and classification suggested spatial segregation of young of the year and adult redside shiners along gradients of water velocity and depth of the water column. Throughout the year, young redside shiners occupied shallower water than adults and utilized areas with lower mean water velocities. Associated with increased winter stream flows and lowered water temperatures (< 10° C), redside shiners were inactive and found in habitats offering the most cover and refuge from current. Overwintering areas populated by redside shiners included undercut banks, root wads, bank failures, fallen trees, and backwaters. During the transitional period between winter and summer, adult redside shiners shifted from overwintering habitats to the faster water of the main channel. Activities related to spawning and aggressive defense of space accompanied this shift. Young redside shiners continued to utilize protected margins. A multivariate discriminant analysis and classification comparing available and utilized stream habitats provided indices of habitat selection. Both young of the year and adult redside shiners were relatively selective in the stream habitats they utilized. The importance of four physical components (depth, current velocity, substrate composition, and cover forms) varied seasonally and with the life stage considered. Similar patterns of habitat utilization for redside shiners were observed in four larger streams and rivers. The availability of large, deep pools was important, new habitat for both young and adult redside shiners during periods of reduced stream flow in larger streams and rivers. Close

• 47. [Article] Multiscale habitat electivity and movement patterns by adult spring chinook salmon in seven river basins of northeast Oregon

  I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiscale habitat electivity and movement patterns by adult spring chinook salmon in seven river basins of northeast Oregon Author: Price, David M. I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande Ronde, John Day, and Imnaha basins. The objective was to compare habitat use and availability among streams, channel units, and microhabitats, and to assess chinook salmon fidelity to those habitats using radio-telemetry. The analyses showed that habitat quality and availability in the seven study streams varied. Each stream posed different physical constraints on adult chinook salmon habitat; this was reflected by the differential use of habitat by salmon among streams. Salmon elected pools almost exclusively in the John Day Basin, whereas pools and riffles were elected in near equal proportion in the Grande Ronde and Inmaha basins. Within streams, use was similar between years. Almost all salmon were observed in association with cover, but the type of cover largely reflected availablity. Chinook salmon elected the deepest depths within channel units (microhabitat scale), but not necessarily the deepest channel units among streams (channel unit scale). Chinook salmon did not elect cooler stream temperatures within channel units in any study stream, except the Middle Fork John Day River. Radio-tagged chinook showed a high fidelity to habitats, except when stream temperatures approached lethal limits. Due to stream specific differences in habitat availability and use, multiscale habitat assessments for individual streams are recommended to increase the success of watershed restoration activities. Title: Multiscale habitat electivity and movement patterns by adult spring chinook salmon in seven river basins of northeast Oregon Author: Price, David M. I examined habitat electivity and movement patterns of adult spring chinook salmon at microhabitat and channel unit spatial scales, and seasonal to annual temporal scales in seven streams in the Grande Ronde, John Day, and Imnaha basins. The objective was to compare habitat use and availability among streams, channel units, and microhabitats, and to assess chinook salmon fidelity to those habitats using radio-telemetry. The analyses showed that habitat quality and availability in the seven study streams varied. Each stream posed different physical constraints on adult chinook salmon habitat; this was reflected by the differential use of habitat by salmon among streams. Salmon elected pools almost exclusively in the John Day Basin, whereas pools and riffles were elected in near equal proportion in the Grande Ronde and Inmaha basins. Within streams, use was similar between years. Almost all salmon were observed in association with cover, but the type of cover largely reflected availablity. Chinook salmon elected the deepest depths within channel units (microhabitat scale), but not necessarily the deepest channel units among streams (channel unit scale). Chinook salmon did not elect cooler stream temperatures within channel units in any study stream, except the Middle Fork John Day River. Radio-tagged chinook showed a high fidelity to habitats, except when stream temperatures approached lethal limits. Due to stream specific differences in habitat availability and use, multiscale habitat assessments for individual streams are recommended to increase the success of watershed restoration activities. Close

• 48. [Article] Distribution, habitat use, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon

  Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution, habitat use, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon Author: Lovtang, Jens C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project on the Deschutes River. Plans have been developed to reestablish passage of anadromous fish through the Project. However, only anecdotal evidence exists on the historic distribution of spring Chinook juveniles in the Basin. A recent approach to characterizing habitat quality for anadromous fishes in the Basin was the development of HabRate (Burke et al. In Press), which presented a relative quality rating of habitat based upon published fish-habitat relationships at the stream reach spatial scale. The present study was initiated to test the predictions of HabRate for summer rearing juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius Basin. Chinook salmon fry were released in the winters of 2002 and 2003, and their densities and sizes were quantified via snorkeling and fish collection in six unique study reaches in the upper Metolius River Basin. Each of these stream reaches varied in terms of temperature, habitat availability, invertebrate drift availability, and fish community composition. My observations were not consistent with the qualitative predictions of HabRate. Moreover, habitat utilization was not consistent among study reaches. Similar to other qualitative habitat rating models (e.g. Habitat Suitability Indices (Raleigh et al. 1986) and Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (Bovee 1982)), HabRate's predictions rely solely on physical habitat characteristics, with the assumption that habitat will be used consistently among stream reaches (i.e. a pool in one reach is of equal importance as a pool in another reach). My results suggest that the unique ecological setting of each study reach provides the context for understanding the patterns of growth, habitat use, and diurnal activity of juvenile Chinook salmon. The inclusion of ecological components, such as food availability, the bioenergetic constraints of temperature, and the risk of predation can make these models more biologically realistic. Growth of juvenile Chinook salmon among study reaches had a curvilinear relationship to water temperature, and was also positively related to the drift density of invertebrate biomass. In three collection seasons (fall 2002, spring 2003 and fall 2003) 41 to 69% of the variations in fork lengths were explained by a multiple regression model including temperature and invertebrate drift. Based on these findings, I present a conceptual growth capacity model based on the tenets of bioenergetics as a basis for understanding the relative quality of the habitat among stream reaches for juvenile Chinook salmon. Fish community composition can help to explain observed patterns in habitat utilization and diel activity patterns. In the study reaches that had a greater presence of adult trout (potential predators), observations of juvenile Chinook salmon in mid-channel habitat were infrequent to non-existent during the day and abundances were higher in all habitat types at night. In the study reaches with colder water temperatures, observed juvenile Chinook salmon densities were higher at night. I suggest that habitat selection and diurnal activity patterns in some study reaches are reflective of strategies taken by the fish to minimize risks of predation. Title: Distribution, habitat use, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon Author: Lovtang, Jens C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project on the Deschutes River. Plans have been developed to reestablish passage of anadromous fish through the Project. However, only anecdotal evidence exists on the historic distribution of spring Chinook juveniles in the Basin. A recent approach to characterizing habitat quality for anadromous fishes in the Basin was the development of HabRate (Burke et al. In Press), which presented a relative quality rating of habitat based upon published fish-habitat relationships at the stream reach spatial scale. The present study was initiated to test the predictions of HabRate for summer rearing juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius Basin. Chinook salmon fry were released in the winters of 2002 and 2003, and their densities and sizes were quantified via snorkeling and fish collection in six unique study reaches in the upper Metolius River Basin. Each of these stream reaches varied in terms of temperature, habitat availability, invertebrate drift availability, and fish community composition. My observations were not consistent with the qualitative predictions of HabRate. Moreover, habitat utilization was not consistent among study reaches. Similar to other qualitative habitat rating models (e.g. Habitat Suitability Indices (Raleigh et al. 1986) and Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (Bovee 1982)), HabRate's predictions rely solely on physical habitat characteristics, with the assumption that habitat will be used consistently among stream reaches (i.e. a pool in one reach is of equal importance as a pool in another reach). My results suggest that the unique ecological setting of each study reach provides the context for understanding the patterns of growth, habitat use, and diurnal activity of juvenile Chinook salmon. The inclusion of ecological components, such as food availability, the bioenergetic constraints of temperature, and the risk of predation can make these models more biologically realistic. Growth of juvenile Chinook salmon among study reaches had a curvilinear relationship to water temperature, and was also positively related to the drift density of invertebrate biomass. In three collection seasons (fall 2002, spring 2003 and fall 2003) 41 to 69% of the variations in fork lengths were explained by a multiple regression model including temperature and invertebrate drift. Based on these findings, I present a conceptual growth capacity model based on the tenets of bioenergetics as a basis for understanding the relative quality of the habitat among stream reaches for juvenile Chinook salmon. Fish community composition can help to explain observed patterns in habitat utilization and diel activity patterns. In the study reaches that had a greater presence of adult trout (potential predators), observations of juvenile Chinook salmon in mid-channel habitat were infrequent to non-existent during the day and abundances were higher in all habitat types at night. In the study reaches with colder water temperatures, observed juvenile Chinook salmon densities were higher at night. I suggest that habitat selection and diurnal activity patterns in some study reaches are reflective of strategies taken by the fish to minimize risks of predation. Close

• 49. [Article] Habitat parameters associated with the distribution of seven willow species on a stream in southeastern Oregon

  Thirteen different habitat parameters were measured either quantitatively or qualitatively around seven different Salix (willow) species on a defined reach of stream on the southwestern slope of Steens ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat parameters associated with the distribution of seven willow species on a stream in southeastern Oregon Author: Gilbert, Griffith J. Thirteen different habitat parameters were measured either quantitatively or qualitatively around seven different Salix (willow) species on a defined reach of stream on the southwestern slope of Steens Mountain in southeastern Oregon in order to both broaden the current information base of riparian ecology and inform future willow plantings aimed at improving riparian habitat. Willow species included in the research were: S. lemmonii (Lemmon willow), S. scouleriana (Scouler willow), S. boothii (Booth willow), S. geyeriana (Geyer willow), S. exigua (coyote willow), S. lasiandra (whiplash willow), and S. lutea (yellow willow). The habitat parameters measured were: height and distance of willow individual from stream channel bankfull elevation, stream channel slope, entrenchment ratio, width-to-depth ratio, watershed elevation, valley azimuth, valley width, soil rock size distribution, soil texture, and winter air temperature. Logistic regression models were built to describe probabilities of occurrence for five out of the seven willow species based on the habitat data collected. Multi-response permutation procedures were performed to describe differences between respective willow habitats. Booth and Geyer willow habitats were best described by watershed elevation as these species dominated the research stream channel’s upper reaches. Whiplash willow habitat was best described by stream channel entrenchment and width-to-depth ratio as this species occurred, on average, in habitats with high stream channel entrenchment and width-to-depth ratios. Specifically, the odds of whiplash willow occurrence are expected to increase by 17% with a unit increase in width-to-depth ratio. Yellow willow habitat was best described by watershed elevation and stream channel width-to-depth ratio as this species occurred only on the lower reaches of the research stream channel. Lemmon willow habitat was best described by interactions between watershed elevation and valley azimuth and between stream channel slope and width-to-depth ratio as the first of these interactions worked to create air temperatures favorable for species occurrence. Coyote willow habitat was best described by stream channel slope, entrenchment, and width-todepth ratio as this species occurred, on average, in habitats with combinations of stream channel slopes, entrenchment, and width-to-depth ratios able to promote frequent streambank rejuvenation. Scouler willow habitat was best described by stream channel entrenchment ratio, as well as interactions between watershed elevation and valley azimuth and between stream channel slope and width-to-depth ratio. Specifically, the odds of Scouler willow occurrence are expected to decrease by 89% with a unit increase in entrenchment ratio. Scouler willow, on average, occurs in habitats with air temperature dynamics similar to those described above for Lemmon willow, and on hydraulically efficient stream channels with low entrenchment and width-to-depth ratios. Title: Habitat parameters associated with the distribution of seven willow species on a stream in southeastern Oregon Author: Gilbert, Griffith J. Thirteen different habitat parameters were measured either quantitatively or qualitatively around seven different Salix (willow) species on a defined reach of stream on the southwestern slope of Steens Mountain in southeastern Oregon in order to both broaden the current information base of riparian ecology and inform future willow plantings aimed at improving riparian habitat. Willow species included in the research were: S. lemmonii (Lemmon willow), S. scouleriana (Scouler willow), S. boothii (Booth willow), S. geyeriana (Geyer willow), S. exigua (coyote willow), S. lasiandra (whiplash willow), and S. lutea (yellow willow). The habitat parameters measured were: height and distance of willow individual from stream channel bankfull elevation, stream channel slope, entrenchment ratio, width-to-depth ratio, watershed elevation, valley azimuth, valley width, soil rock size distribution, soil texture, and winter air temperature. Logistic regression models were built to describe probabilities of occurrence for five out of the seven willow species based on the habitat data collected. Multi-response permutation procedures were performed to describe differences between respective willow habitats. Booth and Geyer willow habitats were best described by watershed elevation as these species dominated the research stream channel’s upper reaches. Whiplash willow habitat was best described by stream channel entrenchment and width-to-depth ratio as this species occurred, on average, in habitats with high stream channel entrenchment and width-to-depth ratios. Specifically, the odds of whiplash willow occurrence are expected to increase by 17% with a unit increase in width-to-depth ratio. Yellow willow habitat was best described by watershed elevation and stream channel width-to-depth ratio as this species occurred only on the lower reaches of the research stream channel. Lemmon willow habitat was best described by interactions between watershed elevation and valley azimuth and between stream channel slope and width-to-depth ratio as the first of these interactions worked to create air temperatures favorable for species occurrence. Coyote willow habitat was best described by stream channel slope, entrenchment, and width-todepth ratio as this species occurred, on average, in habitats with combinations of stream channel slopes, entrenchment, and width-to-depth ratios able to promote frequent streambank rejuvenation. Scouler willow habitat was best described by stream channel entrenchment ratio, as well as interactions between watershed elevation and valley azimuth and between stream channel slope and width-to-depth ratio. Specifically, the odds of Scouler willow occurrence are expected to decrease by 89% with a unit increase in entrenchment ratio. Scouler willow, on average, occurs in habitats with air temperature dynamics similar to those described above for Lemmon willow, and on hydraulically efficient stream channels with low entrenchment and width-to-depth ratios. Close

• 50. [Article] Small mammal distribution, abundance and habitat selection in managed riparian habitats of Bear Valley, eastern Oregon

  Riparian zones are critical habitats for management because of their importance for both cattle production and wildlife, and a high potential for resource conflicts. Riparian management should address ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small mammal distribution, abundance and habitat selection in managed riparian habitats of Bear Valley, eastern Oregon Author: Tomas, Walfrido Moraes Riparian zones are critical habitats for management because of their importance for both cattle production and wildlife, and a high potential for resource conflicts. Riparian management should address habitat and microhabitat features that sustain both livestock production and wildlife diversity. I conducted a study to determine how small mammal distributions and abundance differ among 3 structurally different riparian habitats in eastern Oregon. The 3 habitat types, herbaceous, discontinuous willow, and continuous willow, represent a range of habitats typical of riparian zones in central and eastern Oregon. I estimated small mammal population sizes in 9 trap grids placed in riparian zones using capture-recapture techniques. Four species of small mammals were captured during 7 trapping periods from August 1994 to September 1995. Small mammal distributions and population sizes of each species varied both within and among riparian pastures. Montane voles (Microtus montanus) were the most abundant species in all grids. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) had high population sizes in grids with low montane vole populations and moderate to high willow cover. Competition with voles appeared to occur in riparian habitats of Bear Valley, and influenced the distribution and numbers of deer mice. Western jumping mice (Zapus princeps) were captured at relatively low numbers and almost exclusively in continuous willow habitats. Vagrant shrews (Sorex vagrans) were captured on all grids, and population sizes were small. Haying negatively affected survival rates of voles. Biomass, vegetation height, and percent ground cover were the habitat variables most frequently associated with occurrence of montane voles in Bear Valley. The probability of occurrence of this species was positively correlated with these habitat variables. Deer mice probability of occurrence was positively correlated with percent ground cover, plant biomass, and soil moisture. Most deer mice captures occurred in continuous willow habitats, and the number of captures increased with willow basal cover (R²=0.7579, P<0.001). Western jumping mice occurrence was positively correlated with plant biomass and soil moisture, and negatively correlated with distance from willow and percent ground cover. Western jumping mice also were more frequently captured in willow than nonwillow vegetation associations (P=0.054) within continuous willow habitats. Vagrant shrews were positively associated with plant biomass, vegetation height, and soil moisture. Small mammal habitat associations from my study sites in Bear Valley are in agreement with the literature, suggesting relatively consistent patterns in species-habitat associations. Distribution of small mammal species differed among pastures probably as a result of historical management practices. Alterations of riparian zone structure from historical management practices were evident in the study area, including elimination or decreased willow density, channel entrenchment, and invasion of riparian areas by xeric vegetation. Western jumping mice are apparently the most sensitive species in this area, requiring dense willow stands, suggesting that jumping mice could serve as an indicator species for riparian habitat condition. Title: Small mammal distribution, abundance and habitat selection in managed riparian habitats of Bear Valley, eastern Oregon Author: Tomas, Walfrido Moraes Riparian zones are critical habitats for management because of their importance for both cattle production and wildlife, and a high potential for resource conflicts. Riparian management should address habitat and microhabitat features that sustain both livestock production and wildlife diversity. I conducted a study to determine how small mammal distributions and abundance differ among 3 structurally different riparian habitats in eastern Oregon. The 3 habitat types, herbaceous, discontinuous willow, and continuous willow, represent a range of habitats typical of riparian zones in central and eastern Oregon. I estimated small mammal population sizes in 9 trap grids placed in riparian zones using capture-recapture techniques. Four species of small mammals were captured during 7 trapping periods from August 1994 to September 1995. Small mammal distributions and population sizes of each species varied both within and among riparian pastures. Montane voles (Microtus montanus) were the most abundant species in all grids. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) had high population sizes in grids with low montane vole populations and moderate to high willow cover. Competition with voles appeared to occur in riparian habitats of Bear Valley, and influenced the distribution and numbers of deer mice. Western jumping mice (Zapus princeps) were captured at relatively low numbers and almost exclusively in continuous willow habitats. Vagrant shrews (Sorex vagrans) were captured on all grids, and population sizes were small. Haying negatively affected survival rates of voles. Biomass, vegetation height, and percent ground cover were the habitat variables most frequently associated with occurrence of montane voles in Bear Valley. The probability of occurrence of this species was positively correlated with these habitat variables. Deer mice probability of occurrence was positively correlated with percent ground cover, plant biomass, and soil moisture. Most deer mice captures occurred in continuous willow habitats, and the number of captures increased with willow basal cover (R²=0.7579, P<0.001). Western jumping mice occurrence was positively correlated with plant biomass and soil moisture, and negatively correlated with distance from willow and percent ground cover. Western jumping mice also were more frequently captured in willow than nonwillow vegetation associations (P=0.054) within continuous willow habitats. Vagrant shrews were positively associated with plant biomass, vegetation height, and soil moisture. Small mammal habitat associations from my study sites in Bear Valley are in agreement with the literature, suggesting relatively consistent patterns in species-habitat associations. Distribution of small mammal species differed among pastures probably as a result of historical management practices. Alterations of riparian zone structure from historical management practices were evident in the study area, including elimination or decreased willow density, channel entrenchment, and invasion of riparian areas by xeric vegetation. Western jumping mice are apparently the most sensitive species in this area, requiring dense willow stands, suggesting that jumping mice could serve as an indicator species for riparian habitat condition. Close

• 51. [Article] Growth rates and species composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.) in Oregon’s nearshore and estuarine habitats

  Identification of critical habitat for all life stages of commercially exploited fish populations is critical for effective management. Despite a clear need for basic biological information on juvenile ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth rates and species composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.) in Oregon’s nearshore and estuarine habitats Author: Gallagher, M. Brett Identification of critical habitat for all life stages of commercially exploited fish populations is critical for effective management. Despite a clear need for basic biological information on juvenile rockfish life history, there have been very few efforts to describe distribution and habitat of this life stage, particularly along the Oregon coast. This study investigated the relationships between habitat-type, species composition and growth of juvenile rockfishes following settlement into nearshore reefs and estuaries. By using a four-level classification system to prioritize and identify Essential Fish Habitat, results of this study refine scientific knowledge of EFH for Oregon’s nearshore rockfish species. Four species of rockfish were collected during the summers of 2004 and 2005. blue rockfish (S. mystinus), black rockfish (S. melanops), yellowtail rockfish (S. flavidus) and widow rockfish (S. entomelas). Nearshore hand net samples were dominated by blue rockfish. Estuary samples were almost exclusively black rockfish, indicating that this species is common in Yaquina Bay. No black rockfish were collected from our nearshore sampling sites in either 2004 or 2005, although this habitat is listed as common for juveniles of this species. Identification of critical habitat for all life stages of commercially exploited fish populations is critical for effective management. Despite a clear need for basic biological information on juvenile rockfish life history, there have been very few efforts to describe distribution and habitat of this life stage, particularly along the Oregon coast. This study investigated the relationships between habitat-type, species composition and growth of juvenile rockfishes following settlement into nearshore reefs and estuaries. By using a four-level classification system to prioritize and identify Essential Fish Habitat, results of this study refine scientific knowledge of EFH for Oregon’s nearshore rockfish species. Four species of rockfish were collected during the summers of 2004 and 2005. blue rockfish (S. mystinus), black rockfish (S. melanops), yellowtail rockfish (S. flavidus) and widow rockfish (S. entomelas). Nearshore hand net samples were dominated by blue rockfish. Estuary samples were almost exclusively black rockfish, indicating that this species is common in Yaquina Bay. No black rockfish were collected from our nearshore sampling sites in either 2004 or 2005, although this habitat is listed as common for juveniles of this species. Blue rockfish settlement was detected from April thru July in 2004, and from May thru June in 2005. Peak settlement timing was in June of both years. Settlement for black rockfish ranged from March thru July both years, with peak settlement timing occurring in mid-May. Yellowtail and widow rockfish juveniles were rarely encountered, with settlement occurring in April and July respectively. Abundance, as estimated from catch per unit effort (CPUE) calculations, varied among years and habitats. Black rockfish were more abundant in 2004 than in 2005. Some of the highest densities were found around pilings, docks and other anthropogenic structures: CPUE decreased within rock, eelgrass, and sand habitats respectively. Growth was not significantly different among habitats for either black or blue rockfish. Growth rate differences were not significant among years for either black or blue rockfish. However, growth differences were significant between species (black 0.50 mm d-1 and blue .54 mm d-1 (two sample-t test, T stat = -3.19, df = 133 P-value <.002). Additionally, this thesis presents a tank validation experiment that investigated the validity of traps as a quantitative measure of habitat quality. This trap validation study showed that as habitat complexity increases, trap efficiency decreases. Trap attractiveness is an important source of bias when used for juvenile rockfish abundance estimation. This study demonstrates abundance estimates may be inflated in areas of low habitat complexity in the natural environment, or under-estimate the relative abundance of rockfishes within complex habitats. This study identifies estuaries as Essential Fish Habitat for black rockfish juveniles along the central Oregon coast, and nearshore reef as EFH for blue rockfish juveniles. Results of this study also provide specific information on spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment, habitat selection and growth, previously unknown for Oregon's nearshore Sebastes species. Title: Growth rates and species composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.) in Oregon’s nearshore and estuarine habitats Author: Gallagher, M. Brett Identification of critical habitat for all life stages of commercially exploited fish populations is critical for effective management. Despite a clear need for basic biological information on juvenile rockfish life history, there have been very few efforts to describe distribution and habitat of this life stage, particularly along the Oregon coast. This study investigated the relationships between habitat-type, species composition and growth of juvenile rockfishes following settlement into nearshore reefs and estuaries. By using a four-level classification system to prioritize and identify Essential Fish Habitat, results of this study refine scientific knowledge of EFH for Oregon’s nearshore rockfish species. Four species of rockfish were collected during the summers of 2004 and 2005. blue rockfish (S. mystinus), black rockfish (S. melanops), yellowtail rockfish (S. flavidus) and widow rockfish (S. entomelas). Nearshore hand net samples were dominated by blue rockfish. Estuary samples were almost exclusively black rockfish, indicating that this species is common in Yaquina Bay. No black rockfish were collected from our nearshore sampling sites in either 2004 or 2005, although this habitat is listed as common for juveniles of this species. Identification of critical habitat for all life stages of commercially exploited fish populations is critical for effective management. Despite a clear need for basic biological information on juvenile rockfish life history, there have been very few efforts to describe distribution and habitat of this life stage, particularly along the Oregon coast. This study investigated the relationships between habitat-type, species composition and growth of juvenile rockfishes following settlement into nearshore reefs and estuaries. By using a four-level classification system to prioritize and identify Essential Fish Habitat, results of this study refine scientific knowledge of EFH for Oregon’s nearshore rockfish species. Four species of rockfish were collected during the summers of 2004 and 2005. blue rockfish (S. mystinus), black rockfish (S. melanops), yellowtail rockfish (S. flavidus) and widow rockfish (S. entomelas). Nearshore hand net samples were dominated by blue rockfish. Estuary samples were almost exclusively black rockfish, indicating that this species is common in Yaquina Bay. No black rockfish were collected from our nearshore sampling sites in either 2004 or 2005, although this habitat is listed as common for juveniles of this species. Blue rockfish settlement was detected from April thru July in 2004, and from May thru June in 2005. Peak settlement timing was in June of both years. Settlement for black rockfish ranged from March thru July both years, with peak settlement timing occurring in mid-May. Yellowtail and widow rockfish juveniles were rarely encountered, with settlement occurring in April and July respectively. Abundance, as estimated from catch per unit effort (CPUE) calculations, varied among years and habitats. Black rockfish were more abundant in 2004 than in 2005. Some of the highest densities were found around pilings, docks and other anthropogenic structures: CPUE decreased within rock, eelgrass, and sand habitats respectively. Growth was not significantly different among habitats for either black or blue rockfish. Growth rate differences were not significant among years for either black or blue rockfish. However, growth differences were significant between species (black 0.50 mm d-1 and blue .54 mm d-1 (two sample-t test, T stat = -3.19, df = 133 P-value <.002). Additionally, this thesis presents a tank validation experiment that investigated the validity of traps as a quantitative measure of habitat quality. This trap validation study showed that as habitat complexity increases, trap efficiency decreases. Trap attractiveness is an important source of bias when used for juvenile rockfish abundance estimation. This study demonstrates abundance estimates may be inflated in areas of low habitat complexity in the natural environment, or under-estimate the relative abundance of rockfishes within complex habitats. This study identifies estuaries as Essential Fish Habitat for black rockfish juveniles along the central Oregon coast, and nearshore reef as EFH for blue rockfish juveniles. Results of this study also provide specific information on spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment, habitat selection and growth, previously unknown for Oregon's nearshore Sebastes species. Close

• 52. [Article] The use of remote sensing for characterizing forests in wildlife habitat modeling

  Spatially explicit maps of habitat relationships have proven to be valuable tools for conservation and management applications including evaluating how and which species may be impacted by large scale ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of remote sensing for characterizing forests in wildlife habitat modeling Author: Vogeler, Jody C. Spatially explicit maps of habitat relationships have proven to be valuable tools for conservation and management applications including evaluating how and which species may be impacted by large scale climate change, ongoing fragmentation of habitat, and local land-use practices. Studies have turned to remote sensing datasets as a way to characterize vegetation for the examination of habitat selection and for mapping realized relationships across the landscape. Although the use of remote sensing in wildlife studies has increased in recent years, the use of these datasets is still limited and some data sources and methods are yet to be explored. The overall goal of this dissertation was to look at the state of the wildlife ecology discipline in the use of geospatial data for habitat mapping, and to advance this area through the fusion of remote sensing tools for the mapping of previously difficult to characterize forest metrics for inclusion in avian cavity-nester habitat models. Chapter 2 reviewed over 60 years of selected wildlife literature to examine the wildlife ecology disciple through historic trends and recent advances in the use of remote sensing for habitat characterization focusing on aspects of scale and the use of available technology. We discuss commonly used remote sensing data sources, point out recent advances in the use of geospatial data for characterizing forest wildlife habitat (the use of lidar data and the creation of spatially explicit habitat prediction maps), and provide future suggestions for increased utilization of available datasets (secondary lidar metrics and time series Landsat data). In chapters 3 and 4 we explored the use of remote sensing for characterizing forest components previously difficult to map across landscapes at scales relevant to local wildlife habitat selection. Chapter 3 found promise in the fusion of lidar structure and Landsat time series disturbance products in the modeling and mapping of post-fire snag and shrub distributions at fine scales and at size/cover thresholds relevant for habitat mapping applications for many wildlife species. The study was conducted within the 2003 B&B Fire Complex in central Oregon. Using 164 field calibration plots and remote sensing predictors, we modeled the presence/absence of snag classes (dbh ≥40cm, ≥50cm, and ≥75cm) and woody shrub cover resulting in 10m output predictive grid maps. Remote sensing predictors included various lidar structure and topography variables and Landsat time series products representing the pre-fire forest, disturbance magnitude, and current forest conditions. We were able to model and map all habitat metrics with acceptable predictive performance and low-moderate errors. The utility of these snag and shrub metrics for representing important nesting habitat features for a cavity-nesting species of conservation concern, the Lewis's Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis), was demonstrated in Chapter 4. We were able to model nesting habitat with good accuracies according to multiple performance measures and then map realized relationships for this species of conservation concern in an identified source habitat type, providing a potential resource for local scale conservation and management efforts and adding to the regional knowledge of habitat selection for the Lewis's Woodpecker. To our knowledge, these chapters represent first attempts to fuse lidar and time series Landsat disturbance metrics in a post-fire landscape and for the mapping of snag and shrub distributions at scales relevant to avian cavity nesting habitat. Title: The use of remote sensing for characterizing forests in wildlife habitat modeling Author: Vogeler, Jody C. Spatially explicit maps of habitat relationships have proven to be valuable tools for conservation and management applications including evaluating how and which species may be impacted by large scale climate change, ongoing fragmentation of habitat, and local land-use practices. Studies have turned to remote sensing datasets as a way to characterize vegetation for the examination of habitat selection and for mapping realized relationships across the landscape. Although the use of remote sensing in wildlife studies has increased in recent years, the use of these datasets is still limited and some data sources and methods are yet to be explored. The overall goal of this dissertation was to look at the state of the wildlife ecology discipline in the use of geospatial data for habitat mapping, and to advance this area through the fusion of remote sensing tools for the mapping of previously difficult to characterize forest metrics for inclusion in avian cavity-nester habitat models. Chapter 2 reviewed over 60 years of selected wildlife literature to examine the wildlife ecology disciple through historic trends and recent advances in the use of remote sensing for habitat characterization focusing on aspects of scale and the use of available technology. We discuss commonly used remote sensing data sources, point out recent advances in the use of geospatial data for characterizing forest wildlife habitat (the use of lidar data and the creation of spatially explicit habitat prediction maps), and provide future suggestions for increased utilization of available datasets (secondary lidar metrics and time series Landsat data). In chapters 3 and 4 we explored the use of remote sensing for characterizing forest components previously difficult to map across landscapes at scales relevant to local wildlife habitat selection. Chapter 3 found promise in the fusion of lidar structure and Landsat time series disturbance products in the modeling and mapping of post-fire snag and shrub distributions at fine scales and at size/cover thresholds relevant for habitat mapping applications for many wildlife species. The study was conducted within the 2003 B&B Fire Complex in central Oregon. Using 164 field calibration plots and remote sensing predictors, we modeled the presence/absence of snag classes (dbh ≥40cm, ≥50cm, and ≥75cm) and woody shrub cover resulting in 10m output predictive grid maps. Remote sensing predictors included various lidar structure and topography variables and Landsat time series products representing the pre-fire forest, disturbance magnitude, and current forest conditions. We were able to model and map all habitat metrics with acceptable predictive performance and low-moderate errors. The utility of these snag and shrub metrics for representing important nesting habitat features for a cavity-nesting species of conservation concern, the Lewis's Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis), was demonstrated in Chapter 4. We were able to model nesting habitat with good accuracies according to multiple performance measures and then map realized relationships for this species of conservation concern in an identified source habitat type, providing a potential resource for local scale conservation and management efforts and adding to the regional knowledge of habitat selection for the Lewis's Woodpecker. To our knowledge, these chapters represent first attempts to fuse lidar and time series Landsat disturbance metrics in a post-fire landscape and for the mapping of snag and shrub distributions at scales relevant to avian cavity nesting habitat. Close

• 53. [Article] The relationship between stream habitat complexity and anadromous salmonid diversity and habitat selection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship between stream habitat complexity and anadromous salmonid diversity and habitat selection Author: Chen, Glenn K. Title: The relationship between stream habitat complexity and anadromous salmonid diversity and habitat selection Author: Chen, Glenn K. Close

• 54. [Article] Evaluation of a U.S. West coast groundfish habitat conservation regulation via analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of trawl fishing efforts

  Recent emphasis on linkages between essential fish habitat and fish stock productivity has raised concerns about the management of fishing activities such as trawling, which have the potential to impact ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of a U.S. West coast groundfish habitat conservation regulation via analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of trawl fishing efforts Author: Bellman, Marlene A. Recent emphasis on linkages between essential fish habitat and fish stock productivity has raised concerns about the management of fishing activities such as trawling, which have the potential to impact fish habitat. Knowing specifically where and how intensively trawl effort has occurred over time provides ecologists with the necessary background for habitat impact and recovery studies, and provides fishery managers with an assessment of how habitat conservation objectives are being met. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the extent to which the 2000 Pacific Fishery Management Council footrope restriction has shifted and reduced trawl fishing effort on Oregon fishing grounds, (2) to relate these changes in distribution to the benthic habitat type over which they occur, and (3) to develop methods for enhancing fine-scale spatial review of targeted fishing effort. Density analysis of available trawl start locations provided a spatial and temporal understanding of how fishing efforts increased and decreased in relation to habitat distribution and fishery management actions between 1995 and 2002. Trawl effort patterns exhibit significant inter-annual variability and patchy distribution. Areas of increased fishing effort were still evident between years, despite an overall decline in trawl tows across the time scale of this study. Tow end point locations for the years 1998-2001 were retrieved from manual logbooks for five reference sites located in the proximity of rock habitat features. Trawl towlines were mapped from start to end point and demonstrated a marked enhancement of fine-scale fishing effort resolution, with increased ability to identify effort shifts over benthic habitat. Distinct spatial shifts in fishing intensity (measured as km towed) away from rock habitat were evident at all reference sites, with an average reduction of 86%. Some slight shifts into surrounding unconsolidated sediments also occurred, indicating effort displacement as well as reduction. Fishing intensity was calculated from commercial trawl and research trawl survey towlines to achieve the most accurate assessment of fishing impacts and potential habitat recovery areas. Research trawling intensity was less than 1% of commercial trawl effort originating from the same sites. A brief comparison of Oregon vessel towlines and California vessel towlines demonstrated similar targeted fishing patterns by both fleets, except at one site. Results indicate that the footrope restriction, in conjunction with associated landing limits, was effective in protecting rocky habitats from trawl fishing impacts. Reference areas were identified where essential fish habitat (EFH) recovery is likely occurring off the coast of Oregon. Substantial regulatory changes continue in this fishery, with trip limits and gear restrictions continuously adjusted. Continued monitoring and review of spatial trawl data would assist in fishery management decision-making and assess conservation objectives for depleted groundfish and associated habitats. Future research should incorporate analysis of catch data and expand the review of trawl towlines for the entire US West coast groundfish fishery. The trawl towline spatial analysis developed in this work is a credible method for reviewing fishing effort at the scale of the fishery and in relation to detailed habitat data. The research presented here provides an example of how an interdisciplinary approach and critical assessment of data can work to resolve marine management challenges. Title: Evaluation of a U.S. West coast groundfish habitat conservation regulation via analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of trawl fishing efforts Author: Bellman, Marlene A. Recent emphasis on linkages between essential fish habitat and fish stock productivity has raised concerns about the management of fishing activities such as trawling, which have the potential to impact fish habitat. Knowing specifically where and how intensively trawl effort has occurred over time provides ecologists with the necessary background for habitat impact and recovery studies, and provides fishery managers with an assessment of how habitat conservation objectives are being met. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the extent to which the 2000 Pacific Fishery Management Council footrope restriction has shifted and reduced trawl fishing effort on Oregon fishing grounds, (2) to relate these changes in distribution to the benthic habitat type over which they occur, and (3) to develop methods for enhancing fine-scale spatial review of targeted fishing effort. Density analysis of available trawl start locations provided a spatial and temporal understanding of how fishing efforts increased and decreased in relation to habitat distribution and fishery management actions between 1995 and 2002. Trawl effort patterns exhibit significant inter-annual variability and patchy distribution. Areas of increased fishing effort were still evident between years, despite an overall decline in trawl tows across the time scale of this study. Tow end point locations for the years 1998-2001 were retrieved from manual logbooks for five reference sites located in the proximity of rock habitat features. Trawl towlines were mapped from start to end point and demonstrated a marked enhancement of fine-scale fishing effort resolution, with increased ability to identify effort shifts over benthic habitat. Distinct spatial shifts in fishing intensity (measured as km towed) away from rock habitat were evident at all reference sites, with an average reduction of 86%. Some slight shifts into surrounding unconsolidated sediments also occurred, indicating effort displacement as well as reduction. Fishing intensity was calculated from commercial trawl and research trawl survey towlines to achieve the most accurate assessment of fishing impacts and potential habitat recovery areas. Research trawling intensity was less than 1% of commercial trawl effort originating from the same sites. A brief comparison of Oregon vessel towlines and California vessel towlines demonstrated similar targeted fishing patterns by both fleets, except at one site. Results indicate that the footrope restriction, in conjunction with associated landing limits, was effective in protecting rocky habitats from trawl fishing impacts. Reference areas were identified where essential fish habitat (EFH) recovery is likely occurring off the coast of Oregon. Substantial regulatory changes continue in this fishery, with trip limits and gear restrictions continuously adjusted. Continued monitoring and review of spatial trawl data would assist in fishery management decision-making and assess conservation objectives for depleted groundfish and associated habitats. Future research should incorporate analysis of catch data and expand the review of trawl towlines for the entire US West coast groundfish fishery. The trawl towline spatial analysis developed in this work is a credible method for reviewing fishing effort at the scale of the fishery and in relation to detailed habitat data. The research presented here provides an example of how an interdisciplinary approach and critical assessment of data can work to resolve marine management challenges. Close

• 55. [Article] Habitat-destructive fishing practices

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat-destructive fishing practices Author: Mikkelsen, Eirik Abstract only. Title: Habitat-destructive fishing practices Author: Mikkelsen, Eirik Abstract only. Close

• 56. [Article] Fish assemblages of rocky banks of the Pacific Northwest: data report: 1988-1990 Bottom types and invertebrates

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish assemblages of rocky banks of the Pacific Northwest: data report: 1988-1990 Bottom types and invertebrates Author: Tissot, Brian N. (Brian Nelson), Hixon, Mark A. (Mark Anthony), 1951-, Pearcy, William G. Title: Fish assemblages of rocky banks of the Pacific Northwest: data report: 1988-1990 Bottom types and invertebrates Author: Tissot, Brian N. (Brian Nelson), Hixon, Mark A. (Mark Anthony), 1951-, Pearcy, William G. Close

• 57. [Article] Habitat use and home range size of breeding northern goshawks in the southern Cascades

  I investigated habitat use and home range size of northern goshawks in the southern Cascades, in the Shasta- Trinity and Klamath National Forests of northern California. My objectives were to 1) estimate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat use and home range size of breeding northern goshawks in the southern Cascades Author: Austin, Karen K. I investigated habitat use and home range size of northern goshawks in the southern Cascades, in the Shasta- Trinity and Klamath National Forests of northern California. My objectives were to 1) estimate the average home range and 2) describe the use of habitats within home ranges by breeding goshawks. Ten goshawks (5 males, 5 females) were trapped, radio-transmitters attached, and tracked for approximately 50 days during the breeding season in 1988 and 1989. A mean of 33 data points per bird (range = 27-43) produced home range estimates (100% minimum convex polygon method) of 2,425 ha (range = 1083-3902 ha) for 5 males and 3,774 ha (range = 2007-6908 ha) for 5 females. Vegetation plots were sampled at 20 locations determined by radio-tracking (used) and 20 locations randomly identified (available) in each of 9 goshawk home ranges. Two variables were sampled within 30-m radius habitat plots, average dbh and canopy closure. These variables were combined to classify the plot into 1 of 5 classes. Goshawks used habitats within their home ranges non-randomly. Analyses of individual goshawk habitat selection were not conclusive, but trends in individual habitat selection was used to examine pooled analysis results. Goshawks avoided open habitats (meadows, seedling and sapling stands) and individual trends supported pooled analysis results. Goshawks did not avoid or select pole habitat stands, and individual trends supported these results. Goshawks avoided open-canopied, small sawtimber and mature stands (26-52+ cm dbh, canopy closure < 40%), but trends in individual goshawk selection were inconsistent. Stands of closed-canopied, small sawtimber (26-51 cm dbh, canopy closure [greater than or equal to] 40%), the most abundant habitat type within goshawk home ranges was not selected or avoided by goshawks, and individual trends agree with pooled results. Goshawks selected closed-canopied stands of mature and old-growth habitat ([greater than or equal to] 52 cm dbh, canopy closure [greater than or equal to] 40%), and trends in individual goshawk selection generally agreed with pooled results. Management recommendations are not meant to be extrapolated beyond the limitations of my study, but in the absence of other information this data can be used in developing interim recommendations and can help focus future research efforts. The area considered for management of habitat for breeding goshawks should include a minimum of 4,765 contiguous hectares (11,774 acres), within which habitats should be managed for goshawk foraging, resting, nesting, and raising young. Habitats managed for goshawks should include a minimum of 20% of each area in closed-canopied mature and old-growth forest ([greater than or equal to] 52 cm or [greater than or equal to] 21" dbh, canopy closure [greater than or equal to] 40%), and a minimum of 40% in closed-canopied small sawtimber forest (26-51 cm, or 11-21" dbh, [greater than or equal to] 40% canopy closure). No more than 10% of the management area should be maintained in the seedling/sapling/grass-forb habitats and unforested condition. Title: Habitat use and home range size of breeding northern goshawks in the southern Cascades Author: Austin, Karen K. I investigated habitat use and home range size of northern goshawks in the southern Cascades, in the Shasta- Trinity and Klamath National Forests of northern California. My objectives were to 1) estimate the average home range and 2) describe the use of habitats within home ranges by breeding goshawks. Ten goshawks (5 males, 5 females) were trapped, radio-transmitters attached, and tracked for approximately 50 days during the breeding season in 1988 and 1989. A mean of 33 data points per bird (range = 27-43) produced home range estimates (100% minimum convex polygon method) of 2,425 ha (range = 1083-3902 ha) for 5 males and 3,774 ha (range = 2007-6908 ha) for 5 females. Vegetation plots were sampled at 20 locations determined by radio-tracking (used) and 20 locations randomly identified (available) in each of 9 goshawk home ranges. Two variables were sampled within 30-m radius habitat plots, average dbh and canopy closure. These variables were combined to classify the plot into 1 of 5 classes. Goshawks used habitats within their home ranges non-randomly. Analyses of individual goshawk habitat selection were not conclusive, but trends in individual habitat selection was used to examine pooled analysis results. Goshawks avoided open habitats (meadows, seedling and sapling stands) and individual trends supported pooled analysis results. Goshawks did not avoid or select pole habitat stands, and individual trends supported these results. Goshawks avoided open-canopied, small sawtimber and mature stands (26-52+ cm dbh, canopy closure < 40%), but trends in individual goshawk selection were inconsistent. Stands of closed-canopied, small sawtimber (26-51 cm dbh, canopy closure [greater than or equal to] 40%), the most abundant habitat type within goshawk home ranges was not selected or avoided by goshawks, and individual trends agree with pooled results. Goshawks selected closed-canopied stands of mature and old-growth habitat ([greater than or equal to] 52 cm dbh, canopy closure [greater than or equal to] 40%), and trends in individual goshawk selection generally agreed with pooled results. Management recommendations are not meant to be extrapolated beyond the limitations of my study, but in the absence of other information this data can be used in developing interim recommendations and can help focus future research efforts. The area considered for management of habitat for breeding goshawks should include a minimum of 4,765 contiguous hectares (11,774 acres), within which habitats should be managed for goshawk foraging, resting, nesting, and raising young. Habitats managed for goshawks should include a minimum of 20% of each area in closed-canopied mature and old-growth forest ([greater than or equal to] 52 cm or [greater than or equal to] 21" dbh, canopy closure [greater than or equal to] 40%), and a minimum of 40% in closed-canopied small sawtimber forest (26-51 cm, or 11-21" dbh, [greater than or equal to] 40% canopy closure). No more than 10% of the management area should be maintained in the seedling/sapling/grass-forb habitats and unforested condition. Close

• 58. [Article] Physical habitat classification for conservation planning in the Klamath Mountains region

  I classified the environment of the Klamath Mountains region into physical habitat types using climate and soil variables and a geographic information system (GIS). I used principal components analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physical habitat classification for conservation planning in the Klamath Mountains region Author: Vance-Borland, Kenneth W. I classified the environment of the Klamath Mountains region into physical habitat types using climate and soil variables and a geographic information system (GIS). I used principal components analysis to find four variables representing most regional climate variation: average annual precipitation, the difference between December and July precipitation, average annual temperature, and the difference between July and January average temperatures. I used soil depth and soil water-holding capacity to represent soil quality. I used the four climate variables and two soil variables for cluster analysis to classify the region into 19 physical habitat types. To test the habitat classification, I surveyed woody vegetation in 97 plots throughout the region. I recorded 29 tree species and 53 shrub species. Mantel tests showed significant correlations between woody vegetation and the environmental variables used in the classification. Muitiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP) showed woody plant assemblages differ significantly between physical habitat types. Overlaying Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation types with the physical habitat types showed multiple physical habitats occurring within most vegetation types, a possible indication of the beta diversity within GAP vegetation types. Wilderness areas covered 14% of the study area, but regional physical habitat diversity was poorly represented in the wilderness reserve system. Five of the 19 physical habitat types had at least 25% of their areas in wilderness, and all 5 of those types were in the mountains. Nine physical habitat types had less than 10% of their areas in wilderness, and 3 low interior fertile types had no area in wilderness. Wilderness areas and Late Successional Reserves (LSRs) made up 40% of the study area, but three lowland physical habitat types had less than 25% of their areas in wilderness and LSRs, and three other lowland physical habitat types had less than 10%of their areas in in wilderness and LSRs. I used conservation planning software to select two examples of more fully representative reserve networks based on existing wilderness areas. One represented at least 10% of each physical habitat type and the other at least 25%. Two-thirds of the region is in public ownership, but private lands would be needed to represent lowland warm fertile habitat types in reserves. GIS and newly available environmental data sets allowed cost-effective mapping of physical habitat diversity for conservation planning. Title: Physical habitat classification for conservation planning in the Klamath Mountains region Author: Vance-Borland, Kenneth W. I classified the environment of the Klamath Mountains region into physical habitat types using climate and soil variables and a geographic information system (GIS). I used principal components analysis to find four variables representing most regional climate variation: average annual precipitation, the difference between December and July precipitation, average annual temperature, and the difference between July and January average temperatures. I used soil depth and soil water-holding capacity to represent soil quality. I used the four climate variables and two soil variables for cluster analysis to classify the region into 19 physical habitat types. To test the habitat classification, I surveyed woody vegetation in 97 plots throughout the region. I recorded 29 tree species and 53 shrub species. Mantel tests showed significant correlations between woody vegetation and the environmental variables used in the classification. Muitiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP) showed woody plant assemblages differ significantly between physical habitat types. Overlaying Gap Analysis Program (GAP) vegetation types with the physical habitat types showed multiple physical habitats occurring within most vegetation types, a possible indication of the beta diversity within GAP vegetation types. Wilderness areas covered 14% of the study area, but regional physical habitat diversity was poorly represented in the wilderness reserve system. Five of the 19 physical habitat types had at least 25% of their areas in wilderness, and all 5 of those types were in the mountains. Nine physical habitat types had less than 10% of their areas in wilderness, and 3 low interior fertile types had no area in wilderness. Wilderness areas and Late Successional Reserves (LSRs) made up 40% of the study area, but three lowland physical habitat types had less than 25% of their areas in wilderness and LSRs, and three other lowland physical habitat types had less than 10%of their areas in in wilderness and LSRs. I used conservation planning software to select two examples of more fully representative reserve networks based on existing wilderness areas. One represented at least 10% of each physical habitat type and the other at least 25%. Two-thirds of the region is in public ownership, but private lands would be needed to represent lowland warm fertile habitat types in reserves. GIS and newly available environmental data sets allowed cost-effective mapping of physical habitat diversity for conservation planning. Close

• 59. [Article] Modeling sage-grouse habitat using a state-and-transition model

  Habitat for wildlife species that depend on sagebrush ecosystems is of great management concern. Evaluating how management activities and climate change may affect the abundance of moderate and high-quality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling sage-grouse habitat using a state-and-transition model Author: Evers, Louisa Habitat for wildlife species that depend on sagebrush ecosystems is of great management concern. Evaluating how management activities and climate change may affect the abundance of moderate and high-quality habitat necessitates the development of models that examine vegetation dynamics, but modeling tools for rangeland systems are limited. I developed state-and-transition models using a combination of scientific literature and data for climate, soils, and wildfire to examine how different types of natural events, management activities, changing climate, and potential future vegetation dynamics may interact and affect the abundance of habitat for the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Specific periods examined include the era prior to 1850, the current era, and late in the 21st century in southeastern Oregon. A primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of climate data to define most event probabilities and, subsequently, the relative mix of ecological states, community phases, and sage-grouse habitat with an eye towards a modeling approach that was objective, repeatable, and transferrable to other locations. Contrary to expectations, model results of the conditions prior to 1850 indicated fire may not have been the most important disturbance factor influencing sage-grouse habitat abundance, merely the most visible. Other, more subtle disturbances that thinned sagebrush density, such as drought, herbivory, and weather-related mortality, may have been equally or more important in shaping sage-grouse habitat. Sage-grouse breeding habitat may have been slightly more abundant than levels currently recommended by sage-grouse biologists, brood-rearing habitat may have been as or more abundant, but wintering habitat may have been less abundant. Under the current conditions, livestock grazing during severe drought, postfire seeding success, juniper expansion probabilities, and the frequency of vegetation treatments were the most important determinants of sage-grouse habitat abundance. The current vegetation trajectory would lead to considerably less nesting, brood-rearing, and wintering habitat than sage-grouse biologists recommend. Model results suggested reducing or eliminating livestock grazing during severe drought, increasing postfire seeding success, and treating at least 10% of the so-called expansion juniper each year was necessary to maintain higher levels of sage-grouse habitat, although nesting and brood-rearing habitat remained in short supply. I examined three potential future climates based on long-term climate trends in southeastern Oregon and modeled climate and ecosystem projections for the Pacific Northwest generally. The first scenario produced warmer and drier conditions than present, the second scenario warmer and wetter conditions in winter, and the third scenario warmer and wetter conditions in summer. The implications for sage-grouse habitat abundance were very different between these three scenarios, but all would likely result in the loss or near complete loss of cooler, moister sagebrush communities important for nesting and brood-rearing. Salt desert shrub and warmer, drier sagebrush communities could expand under the first scenario but would have a high risk of displacement by cheatgrass. Juniper woodlands could increase in density and salt desert shrub may expand slightly under the second scenario. The remaining sagebrush communities would remain at high risk of displacement by cheatgrass. Pinyon-juniper woodland could largely displace sagebrush in the third scenario. Sage-grouse habitat quality likely would decline in all three scenarios and the abundance decrease significantly in the second and third scenario. Title: Modeling sage-grouse habitat using a state-and-transition model Author: Evers, Louisa Habitat for wildlife species that depend on sagebrush ecosystems is of great management concern. Evaluating how management activities and climate change may affect the abundance of moderate and high-quality habitat necessitates the development of models that examine vegetation dynamics, but modeling tools for rangeland systems are limited. I developed state-and-transition models using a combination of scientific literature and data for climate, soils, and wildfire to examine how different types of natural events, management activities, changing climate, and potential future vegetation dynamics may interact and affect the abundance of habitat for the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Specific periods examined include the era prior to 1850, the current era, and late in the 21st century in southeastern Oregon. A primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of climate data to define most event probabilities and, subsequently, the relative mix of ecological states, community phases, and sage-grouse habitat with an eye towards a modeling approach that was objective, repeatable, and transferrable to other locations. Contrary to expectations, model results of the conditions prior to 1850 indicated fire may not have been the most important disturbance factor influencing sage-grouse habitat abundance, merely the most visible. Other, more subtle disturbances that thinned sagebrush density, such as drought, herbivory, and weather-related mortality, may have been equally or more important in shaping sage-grouse habitat. Sage-grouse breeding habitat may have been slightly more abundant than levels currently recommended by sage-grouse biologists, brood-rearing habitat may have been as or more abundant, but wintering habitat may have been less abundant. Under the current conditions, livestock grazing during severe drought, postfire seeding success, juniper expansion probabilities, and the frequency of vegetation treatments were the most important determinants of sage-grouse habitat abundance. The current vegetation trajectory would lead to considerably less nesting, brood-rearing, and wintering habitat than sage-grouse biologists recommend. Model results suggested reducing or eliminating livestock grazing during severe drought, increasing postfire seeding success, and treating at least 10% of the so-called expansion juniper each year was necessary to maintain higher levels of sage-grouse habitat, although nesting and brood-rearing habitat remained in short supply. I examined three potential future climates based on long-term climate trends in southeastern Oregon and modeled climate and ecosystem projections for the Pacific Northwest generally. The first scenario produced warmer and drier conditions than present, the second scenario warmer and wetter conditions in winter, and the third scenario warmer and wetter conditions in summer. The implications for sage-grouse habitat abundance were very different between these three scenarios, but all would likely result in the loss or near complete loss of cooler, moister sagebrush communities important for nesting and brood-rearing. Salt desert shrub and warmer, drier sagebrush communities could expand under the first scenario but would have a high risk of displacement by cheatgrass. Juniper woodlands could increase in density and salt desert shrub may expand slightly under the second scenario. The remaining sagebrush communities would remain at high risk of displacement by cheatgrass. Pinyon-juniper woodland could largely displace sagebrush in the third scenario. Sage-grouse habitat quality likely would decline in all three scenarios and the abundance decrease significantly in the second and third scenario. Close

• 60. [Article] The influence of geology and timber harvest on channel morphology and salmonid populations in Oregon coast range streams

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of geology and timber harvest on channel morphology and salmonid populations in Oregon coast range streams Author: Hicks, Brendan J. Title: The influence of geology and timber harvest on channel morphology and salmonid populations in Oregon coast range streams Author: Hicks, Brendan J. Close

• 61. [Article] Bird records for the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County that are not given elsewhere

  This article includes 609 observations, 531 of which were by Llewellyn. This article is an amalgamation of incidental records for various specific and general areas.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bird records for the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County that are not given elsewhere Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Llewellyn, Bob This article includes 609 observations, 531 of which were by Llewellyn. This article is an amalgamation of incidental records for various specific and general areas. Title: Bird records for the Siletz/Logsden area of Lincoln County that are not given elsewhere Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Llewellyn, Bob This article includes 609 observations, 531 of which were by Llewellyn. This article is an amalgamation of incidental records for various specific and general areas. Close

• 62. [Article] Salmon and forests : report on the Nehalem Watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon and forests : report on the Nehalem Watershed Author: Coast Range Association Title: Salmon and forests : report on the Nehalem Watershed Author: Coast Range Association Close

• 63. [Article] Small-mammal herpetofauna abundance in riparian and upslope areas of five forest conditions

  I compared species composition and relative abundance of'small mammals and herpetofauna between riparian and upslope habitats among 5 forest types. Riparian- and upslope- associated species were identified based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small-mammal herpetofauna abundance in riparian and upslope areas of five forest conditions Author: Gomez, Douglas M. I compared species composition and relative abundance of'small mammals and herpetofauna between riparian and upslope habitats among 5 forest types. Riparian- and upslope- associated species were identified based on capture frequency. Small mammal species richness was similar between stream and upslope habitats and among the 5 forest types. There were differences (P<0.05) in the abundances of 9 small mammal species among forest types. The total captures of small mammals was highest in deciduous stands and progressively lower from shrub to old-growth coniferous forests. Neurotrichus gibbsii, Sorex bendirii, Sorex pacificus, Microtus longicaudus, Microtus townsendii, Phenacomys albioes, and Zapus trinotatus were captured in higher numbers in riparian than in upslope habitats; Sorex pacificus, Microtus longicaudus, and Phenacomys albioes may be considered riparian associated species; and S. bendirii may an obligate of riparian habitat. In contrast, Clethrionomys californicus showed a strong association with upslope habitats. Herpetofauna species richness was similar among forest types but slightly greater in the shrub stands. The abundances of 3 of herpetofauna species differed among forest types. Total captures of herpetofauna was highest in deciduous forests, intermediate in the mature conifer forests, and lowest in the 2 younger forest types. Herpetofauna species richness was similar between stream and upslope habitats, however captures of this group were higher in riparian than upslope habitat. Ascaphus truei, Plethodon dunni, Taricha qranulosa, Dicamptodon tenebrosus and Rana aurora had higher captures in riparian than upslope habitats; Taricha qranulosa and Dicamptodon tenebrosus may be considered riparian associated species; and Ascaphus truei and Plethodon dunni may be obligates of riparian habitat. E. eschscholtzi was associated with upslope habitats. I described riparian microhabitat components important to capture of small mammals and herpetofauna. S. bendirii was found only associated with intermittent streams in upslope habitats, and A. truei was positively correlated with stream depth, additional evidence that these 2 species were associated with riparian habitat. S. pacificus, N. gibbsii, P. albipes, M. longicaudus, and Z. trinotatus were associated with deciduous vegetation. In addition, M. longicaudus was positively correlated with the number of logs. The high abundance of Z. trinotatus along streams was associated with herbaceous vegetation. This is supported by it's high abundance in shrub stands where herbaceous cover is high. C. californicus was captured most frequently in mature and old-growth forests, it was associated with deep litter and abundant snags. The results suggested that small (second- third- and fourth- order) riparian systems and adjacent upslope areas may provide important habitat to some small mammals and herpetofauna on the Oregon Coast Ranges. It is vital that these systems be considered in management plans which include the protection of at least some of these areas from timber harvest. Title: Small-mammal herpetofauna abundance in riparian and upslope areas of five forest conditions Author: Gomez, Douglas M. I compared species composition and relative abundance of'small mammals and herpetofauna between riparian and upslope habitats among 5 forest types. Riparian- and upslope- associated species were identified based on capture frequency. Small mammal species richness was similar between stream and upslope habitats and among the 5 forest types. There were differences (P<0.05) in the abundances of 9 small mammal species among forest types. The total captures of small mammals was highest in deciduous stands and progressively lower from shrub to old-growth coniferous forests. Neurotrichus gibbsii, Sorex bendirii, Sorex pacificus, Microtus longicaudus, Microtus townsendii, Phenacomys albioes, and Zapus trinotatus were captured in higher numbers in riparian than in upslope habitats; Sorex pacificus, Microtus longicaudus, and Phenacomys albioes may be considered riparian associated species; and S. bendirii may an obligate of riparian habitat. In contrast, Clethrionomys californicus showed a strong association with upslope habitats. Herpetofauna species richness was similar among forest types but slightly greater in the shrub stands. The abundances of 3 of herpetofauna species differed among forest types. Total captures of herpetofauna was highest in deciduous forests, intermediate in the mature conifer forests, and lowest in the 2 younger forest types. Herpetofauna species richness was similar between stream and upslope habitats, however captures of this group were higher in riparian than upslope habitat. Ascaphus truei, Plethodon dunni, Taricha qranulosa, Dicamptodon tenebrosus and Rana aurora had higher captures in riparian than upslope habitats; Taricha qranulosa and Dicamptodon tenebrosus may be considered riparian associated species; and Ascaphus truei and Plethodon dunni may be obligates of riparian habitat. E. eschscholtzi was associated with upslope habitats. I described riparian microhabitat components important to capture of small mammals and herpetofauna. S. bendirii was found only associated with intermittent streams in upslope habitats, and A. truei was positively correlated with stream depth, additional evidence that these 2 species were associated with riparian habitat. S. pacificus, N. gibbsii, P. albipes, M. longicaudus, and Z. trinotatus were associated with deciduous vegetation. In addition, M. longicaudus was positively correlated with the number of logs. The high abundance of Z. trinotatus along streams was associated with herbaceous vegetation. This is supported by it's high abundance in shrub stands where herbaceous cover is high. C. californicus was captured most frequently in mature and old-growth forests, it was associated with deep litter and abundant snags. The results suggested that small (second- third- and fourth- order) riparian systems and adjacent upslope areas may provide important habitat to some small mammals and herpetofauna on the Oregon Coast Ranges. It is vital that these systems be considered in management plans which include the protection of at least some of these areas from timber harvest. Close

• 64. [Article] Shifts in Microbial Communities Based Upon Transect Habitat

  Coral reef health has been in severe decline around the globe in the past several decades, in many cases due to direct human impact. Human action, such as overfishing, habitat destruction and nutrient ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shifts in Microbial Communities Based Upon Transect Habitat Author: Greydanus, Logan Coral reef health has been in severe decline around the globe in the past several decades, in many cases due to direct human impact. Human action, such as overfishing, habitat destruction and nutrient loading, has caused coral coverage to drop to record lows, threatening the future of these critically important biodiversity hotspots. This study investigates the changes in microbial community along reef transects on the South Pacific island of Moorea. Samples were collected at three distinct habitats along reef transects: Fringing Reef, Back Reef, and Cresting Reef. Reef habitats were compared between three regions around the island: North, East and West. Results indicate that there is a significant difference in Bacterial and Archaeal (16S) species between the inner fringing reef habitat and the outer Cresting and Back reef habitats. This difference can consistently be seen across all regions sampled around Moorea. Comparison of the 16S communities based solely on region resulted in no significant difference, suggesting that the primary driver of microbial diversity is location on transect and not region. Based on these results, it appears the Bacterial and Archaeal communities are defined by the reef habitat they belong to and that these communities are not unique to region. Title: Shifts in Microbial Communities Based Upon Transect Habitat Author: Greydanus, Logan Coral reef health has been in severe decline around the globe in the past several decades, in many cases due to direct human impact. Human action, such as overfishing, habitat destruction and nutrient loading, has caused coral coverage to drop to record lows, threatening the future of these critically important biodiversity hotspots. This study investigates the changes in microbial community along reef transects on the South Pacific island of Moorea. Samples were collected at three distinct habitats along reef transects: Fringing Reef, Back Reef, and Cresting Reef. Reef habitats were compared between three regions around the island: North, East and West. Results indicate that there is a significant difference in Bacterial and Archaeal (16S) species between the inner fringing reef habitat and the outer Cresting and Back reef habitats. This difference can consistently be seen across all regions sampled around Moorea. Comparison of the 16S communities based solely on region resulted in no significant difference, suggesting that the primary driver of microbial diversity is location on transect and not region. Based on these results, it appears the Bacterial and Archaeal communities are defined by the reef habitat they belong to and that these communities are not unique to region. Close

• 65. [Article] Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring

  The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Title: Texture analysis riparian coniferous forest ADAR imagery to identify potential ecological indicators for monitoring Author: Fiorella, M., Barker, Jerry R., Ringold, P.L., Bradshaw, Gay, Bollman, Mike The Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) remote sensing system captured one-meter resolution imagery of 25 different riparian sites in drift Creek Basin of coastal northwestern Oregon, USA. The multispectral, digital data characterized riparian areas with the intent to develop ecological indicators for long-term monitoring. Close

• 66. [Article] From the forest to the sea : a story of fallen trees

  Large fallen trees in various stages of decay contribute much-needed diversity of ecological processes to terrestrial, aquatic, estuarine, coastal beach, and open ocean habitats in the Pacific Northwest. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From the forest to the sea : a story of fallen trees Author: Maser, Chris, Trappe, James M., Tarrant, Robert F., Franklin, Jerry F. Large fallen trees in various stages of decay contribute much-needed diversity of ecological processes to terrestrial, aquatic, estuarine, coastal beach, and open ocean habitats in the Pacific Northwest. Intensive utilization and management can deprive these habitats of large fallen trees. The publication presents sound information for managers making resource management decisions on the impact of this loss on habitat diversity and on ecological processes that have an impact on long-term ecosystem productivity. Title: From the forest to the sea : a story of fallen trees Author: Maser, Chris, Trappe, James M., Tarrant, Robert F., Franklin, Jerry F. Large fallen trees in various stages of decay contribute much-needed diversity of ecological processes to terrestrial, aquatic, estuarine, coastal beach, and open ocean habitats in the Pacific Northwest. Intensive utilization and management can deprive these habitats of large fallen trees. The publication presents sound information for managers making resource management decisions on the impact of this loss on habitat diversity and on ecological processes that have an impact on long-term ecosystem productivity. Close

• 67. [Article] Defining marine habitat of juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho salmon, O. kisutch, in the northern California Current System

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer Science and can be found at: www.springer.com/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Defining marine habitat of juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho salmon, O. kisutch, in the northern California Current System Author: Reese, Douglas C., Pool, Suzan S., Brodeur, Richard D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer Science and can be found at: www.springer.com/. Title: Defining marine habitat of juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho salmon, O. kisutch, in the northern California Current System Author: Reese, Douglas C., Pool, Suzan S., Brodeur, Richard D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer Science and can be found at: www.springer.com/. Close

• 68. [Article] Effects of hypoxia on habitat quality of pelagic planktivorous fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of hypoxia on habitat quality of pelagic planktivorous fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico Author: Stow, Craig A., Mason, Doran M., et al., Brandt, Stephen B., Zhang, Hongyan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. Title: Effects of hypoxia on habitat quality of pelagic planktivorous fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico Author: Stow, Craig A., Mason, Doran M., et al., Brandt, Stephen B., Zhang, Hongyan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. Close

• 69. [Article] Floodplain emergent wetlands as rearing habitat for fishes and the implications for wetland enhancement

  Seasonal emergent wetlands in the Pacific Northwest have not been regarded traditionally as fish rearing habitat, despite access to such habitat when river flows overtop riverbanks and connect to the floodplain. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplain emergent wetlands as rearing habitat for fishes and the implications for wetland enhancement Author: Henning, Julie A. Seasonal emergent wetlands in the Pacific Northwest have not been regarded traditionally as fish rearing habitat, despite access to such habitat when river flows overtop riverbanks and connect to the floodplain. As a result, restoration and enhancement projects to remediate for the loss of such wetland habitat are being implemented for waterfowl and other wildlife with little consideration for fishes such as juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). The objectives of this study were to examine the degree to which fish utilize emergent wetlands and to determine the influence of wetland enhancement on fish communities in the Chehalis River floodplain. Furthermore, I quantified the influence of enhanced wetlands on juvenile coho salmon. A minimum of 18 fish species utilized floodplain wetlands, and the most abundant were three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi). Both enhanced and unenhanced emergent wetlands had higher abundances of nongame native fishes than oxbow habitats. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was the dominant salmonid at all sites and enhanced wetlands had significantly higher abundances of yearling coho salmon than unenhanced wetlands. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased in emergent wetlands throughout the season and were near lethal limits for juvenile salmon by June each year. Survival of fishes utilizing emergent wetlands was dependent on movement to the river before water quality decreased and/or the wetland became isolated and stranding occurred. Emigration patterns suggested that coho salmon yearling and young-of-the-year emigrated as habitat conditions declined. This was further supported by the results of the experimental release of yearling coho salmon. Yearling coho salmon benefited from rearing in enhanced wetland habitats where their growth and survival were comparable to studies of juvenile coho off-channel habitats. Title: Floodplain emergent wetlands as rearing habitat for fishes and the implications for wetland enhancement Author: Henning, Julie A. Seasonal emergent wetlands in the Pacific Northwest have not been regarded traditionally as fish rearing habitat, despite access to such habitat when river flows overtop riverbanks and connect to the floodplain. As a result, restoration and enhancement projects to remediate for the loss of such wetland habitat are being implemented for waterfowl and other wildlife with little consideration for fishes such as juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). The objectives of this study were to examine the degree to which fish utilize emergent wetlands and to determine the influence of wetland enhancement on fish communities in the Chehalis River floodplain. Furthermore, I quantified the influence of enhanced wetlands on juvenile coho salmon. A minimum of 18 fish species utilized floodplain wetlands, and the most abundant were three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi). Both enhanced and unenhanced emergent wetlands had higher abundances of nongame native fishes than oxbow habitats. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was the dominant salmonid at all sites and enhanced wetlands had significantly higher abundances of yearling coho salmon than unenhanced wetlands. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased in emergent wetlands throughout the season and were near lethal limits for juvenile salmon by June each year. Survival of fishes utilizing emergent wetlands was dependent on movement to the river before water quality decreased and/or the wetland became isolated and stranding occurred. Emigration patterns suggested that coho salmon yearling and young-of-the-year emigrated as habitat conditions declined. This was further supported by the results of the experimental release of yearling coho salmon. Yearling coho salmon benefited from rearing in enhanced wetland habitats where their growth and survival were comparable to studies of juvenile coho off-channel habitats. Close

• 70. [Article] Habitat-Fisheries Interactions and Destructive Fishing

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat-Fisheries Interactions and Destructive Fishing Author: Armstrong, Claire, Mikkelsen, Eirik Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Habitat-Fisheries Interactions and Destructive Fishing Author: Armstrong, Claire, Mikkelsen, Eirik Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 71. [Article] Persistence and heterogeneity in habitat selection studies

  Recently the independent multinomial selections model (IMS) with the multinomial logit link has been suggested as an analysis tool for radio-telemetry habitat selection data. This model assumes independence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Persistence and heterogeneity in habitat selection studies Author: Usner, Dale Wesley Recently the independent multinomial selections model (IMS) with the multinomial logit link has been suggested as an analysis tool for radio-telemetry habitat selection data. This model assumes independence between animals, independence between sightings within an animal, and identical multinomial habitat selection probabilities for all animals. We propose two generalizations to the IMS model. The first generalization is to allow a Markov chain dependence between consecutive sightings of the same animal. This generalization allows for both positive correlation (individuals persisting in the same habitat class in which they were previously sighted) and negative correlation (individual vacating the habitat class in which they were previously sighted). The second generalization is to allow for heterogeneity. Here, a hierarchical Dirichlet-multinomial distribution is used to allow for variability in selection probabilities between animals. This generalization accounts for over-dispersion of selection probabilities and allows for inference to the population of animals, assuming that the animals studied constitute a random sample from that population.. Both generalizations are one parameter extensions to the multinomial logit model and allow for testing the assumptions of identical multinomial selection probabilities and independence. These tests are performed using the score, Wald, and asymptotic likelihood ratio statistics. Estimates of model parameters are obtained using maximum likelihood techniques, and habitat characteristics are tested using drop-in-deviance statistics. Using example data, we show that persistence and heterogeneity exist in habitat selection data and illustrate the difference in analysis results between the IMS model and the persistence and heterogeneity models. Through simulation, we show that analyzing persistence data assuming independence between sightings within an animal gives liberal tests of significance for habitat characteristics when the data are generated with positive correlation and conservative tests of significance when the data are generated with negative correlation. Similarly, we show that analyzing heterogeneous data, assuming identical multinomial selection probabilities, gives liberal tests of significance for habitat characteristics. Title: Persistence and heterogeneity in habitat selection studies Author: Usner, Dale Wesley Recently the independent multinomial selections model (IMS) with the multinomial logit link has been suggested as an analysis tool for radio-telemetry habitat selection data. This model assumes independence between animals, independence between sightings within an animal, and identical multinomial habitat selection probabilities for all animals. We propose two generalizations to the IMS model. The first generalization is to allow a Markov chain dependence between consecutive sightings of the same animal. This generalization allows for both positive correlation (individuals persisting in the same habitat class in which they were previously sighted) and negative correlation (individual vacating the habitat class in which they were previously sighted). The second generalization is to allow for heterogeneity. Here, a hierarchical Dirichlet-multinomial distribution is used to allow for variability in selection probabilities between animals. This generalization accounts for over-dispersion of selection probabilities and allows for inference to the population of animals, assuming that the animals studied constitute a random sample from that population.. Both generalizations are one parameter extensions to the multinomial logit model and allow for testing the assumptions of identical multinomial selection probabilities and independence. These tests are performed using the score, Wald, and asymptotic likelihood ratio statistics. Estimates of model parameters are obtained using maximum likelihood techniques, and habitat characteristics are tested using drop-in-deviance statistics. Using example data, we show that persistence and heterogeneity exist in habitat selection data and illustrate the difference in analysis results between the IMS model and the persistence and heterogeneity models. Through simulation, we show that analyzing persistence data assuming independence between sightings within an animal gives liberal tests of significance for habitat characteristics when the data are generated with positive correlation and conservative tests of significance when the data are generated with negative correlation. Similarly, we show that analyzing heterogeneous data, assuming identical multinomial selection probabilities, gives liberal tests of significance for habitat characteristics. Close

• 72. [Article] Ocean habitat use in autumn by Chinook salmon in coastal waters of Oregon and California

  The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ocean habitat use in autumn by Chinook salmon in coastal waters of Oregon and California Author: Boehlert, George W., Zedonis, Paul, Hinke, Jefferson T., Watters, George M. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Title: Ocean habitat use in autumn by Chinook salmon in coastal waters of Oregon and California Author: Boehlert, George W., Zedonis, Paul, Hinke, Jefferson T., Watters, George M. The published version of this article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found here: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/ Close

• 73. [Article] Arthropod community organization and development in pear

  Arthropod communities in pear are conceptualized as hierarchically organized systems in which several levels of organization or subsystems can be recognized between the species population level and the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Arthropod community organization and development in pear Author: Gut, Larry J. Arthropod communities in pear are conceptualized as hierarchically organized systems in which several levels of organization or subsystems can be recognized between the species population level and the community as a whole. An individual tree is taken to be the community habitat with arthropod subcommunities developing on leaf, fruit and wood subcommunity habitats. Over a hundred species are reported to colonize one or more subcommunity habitats. Each subcommunity is composed of trophically organized systems of populations. Each system of populations is comprised of a guild of arthropods that use the habitat primarily for feeding but also for overwintering or egg deposition, and associated guilds of specialized predators, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Understanding community organization entails understanding how subsystems and their environments interact so as to be incorporated into a unified whole. Along with the relatively specialized interrelationships so important in organizing systems of populations, higher level community subsystems are coupled through the activities of phytophagous and predaceous generalists which feed in or take their prey from more than one subcommunity. In meeting the habitat requirements of each of its life history stages, several members of the pear community move from one subcommunity to another during the course of community development and serve to integrate these subsystems. Additional habitat, trophic and life history aspects of subsystem incorporation and interpenetration are discussed. Community development or change in organization through time is conceptualized as being jointly determined by the development of the habitat and the organization of the species pool. Seasonal development of the pear arthropod community is described in terms of changes in the species composition, size, and spatial distribution of guilds and subcommunities. Community habitat development is taken to be the primary determinant of changes in community structure and organization. As the season progresses, changes in the kinds and biomass of developmental states of each subcommunity habitat are accompanied by changes in the kinds, number or biomass, and distribution of associated community subsystems. Although the influence of habitat development on community development is emphasized, it is from the the species pool that arthropods colonize pear. The species that colonize, and their abundance and time of arrival is partially determined by the organization of this system of communities. Title: Arthropod community organization and development in pear Author: Gut, Larry J. Arthropod communities in pear are conceptualized as hierarchically organized systems in which several levels of organization or subsystems can be recognized between the species population level and the community as a whole. An individual tree is taken to be the community habitat with arthropod subcommunities developing on leaf, fruit and wood subcommunity habitats. Over a hundred species are reported to colonize one or more subcommunity habitats. Each subcommunity is composed of trophically organized systems of populations. Each system of populations is comprised of a guild of arthropods that use the habitat primarily for feeding but also for overwintering or egg deposition, and associated guilds of specialized predators, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. Understanding community organization entails understanding how subsystems and their environments interact so as to be incorporated into a unified whole. Along with the relatively specialized interrelationships so important in organizing systems of populations, higher level community subsystems are coupled through the activities of phytophagous and predaceous generalists which feed in or take their prey from more than one subcommunity. In meeting the habitat requirements of each of its life history stages, several members of the pear community move from one subcommunity to another during the course of community development and serve to integrate these subsystems. Additional habitat, trophic and life history aspects of subsystem incorporation and interpenetration are discussed. Community development or change in organization through time is conceptualized as being jointly determined by the development of the habitat and the organization of the species pool. Seasonal development of the pear arthropod community is described in terms of changes in the species composition, size, and spatial distribution of guilds and subcommunities. Community habitat development is taken to be the primary determinant of changes in community structure and organization. As the season progresses, changes in the kinds and biomass of developmental states of each subcommunity habitat are accompanied by changes in the kinds, number or biomass, and distribution of associated community subsystems. Although the influence of habitat development on community development is emphasized, it is from the the species pool that arthropods colonize pear. The species that colonize, and their abundance and time of arrival is partially determined by the organization of this system of communities. Close

• 74. [Article] Testing the ArcGIS Marine Data Model : busing spatial information to examine habitat utilization patterns of reef fish along the west coast of Hawaii

  In response to anthropogenic pressures that have degraded habitat and put marine resources at risk (Leslie et al., 2003; Mumby et al., 2001; Puniwai et al., 2003), there has been a growing interest in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Testing the ArcGIS Marine Data Model : busing spatial information to examine habitat utilization patterns of reef fish along the west coast of Hawaii Author: Aaby, Alyssa Anne In response to anthropogenic pressures that have degraded habitat and put marine resources at risk (Leslie et al., 2003; Mumby et al., 2001; Puniwai et al., 2003), there has been a growing interest in the use of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a management tool to help slow, prevent or reverse negative anthropogenic changes. Recent studies have shown that the most effective MPAs are those which represent a full range of habitat types (Leslie et al., 2003; Carr et al., 2003). Yet, available scientific research has not evaluated the near-shore marine habitat utilization along the West Coast of Hawaii at the large-scales utilized by resource managers. Thus, this study focused on identifying the regional habitat utilization patterns for selected Hawaiian reef fish species to determine the most effective combination of habitat types. In addition, the habitat utilization analysis was used as one of several case studies to test the ArcGIS Marine Data Model’s (MDM) (Wright et al., 2001) adaptability to work with real-world data and perform real-world analyses, as well as meet the five goals outlined by the MDM Working Group (Wright et al., 2001). Created in 2001, by researchers from Oregon State University, Duke University, NOAA, the Danish Hydrologic Institute and ESRI, the MDM is a geodatabase template tailored to meet the needs of the marine GIS user community. Ultimately, this analysis will aid marine managers as it establishes correlations between small and large-scale habitat information, which provides a regional look at habitat utilization. Also, by testing the functionality of the MDM, its strengths and weaknesses will be identified so that it can be improved to better serve the marine GIS user community. Title: Testing the ArcGIS Marine Data Model : busing spatial information to examine habitat utilization patterns of reef fish along the west coast of Hawaii Author: Aaby, Alyssa Anne In response to anthropogenic pressures that have degraded habitat and put marine resources at risk (Leslie et al., 2003; Mumby et al., 2001; Puniwai et al., 2003), there has been a growing interest in the use of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a management tool to help slow, prevent or reverse negative anthropogenic changes. Recent studies have shown that the most effective MPAs are those which represent a full range of habitat types (Leslie et al., 2003; Carr et al., 2003). Yet, available scientific research has not evaluated the near-shore marine habitat utilization along the West Coast of Hawaii at the large-scales utilized by resource managers. Thus, this study focused on identifying the regional habitat utilization patterns for selected Hawaiian reef fish species to determine the most effective combination of habitat types. In addition, the habitat utilization analysis was used as one of several case studies to test the ArcGIS Marine Data Model’s (MDM) (Wright et al., 2001) adaptability to work with real-world data and perform real-world analyses, as well as meet the five goals outlined by the MDM Working Group (Wright et al., 2001). Created in 2001, by researchers from Oregon State University, Duke University, NOAA, the Danish Hydrologic Institute and ESRI, the MDM is a geodatabase template tailored to meet the needs of the marine GIS user community. Ultimately, this analysis will aid marine managers as it establishes correlations between small and large-scale habitat information, which provides a regional look at habitat utilization. Also, by testing the functionality of the MDM, its strengths and weaknesses will be identified so that it can be improved to better serve the marine GIS user community. Close

• 75. [Article] Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters

  We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters Author: Robison, E. George, Seeliger, Curt, Levine, Paul, Peck, David V., Kaufmann, Phillip R. We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison (in PB99-139156). We provide guidance for calculating measures or indices of stream size and gradient, sinuosity, substrate size and stability, habitat complexity and cover, woody debris size and abundance, residual pool dimensions and frequency, riparian vegetation cover and structure, anthropogenic disturbances, and channel-riparian interaction. We evaluated sampling precision of field habitat survey methods employed by EMAP in several hundred streams in Oregon and the Mid-Atlantic region, comparing variance among streams ('signals') with variance between repeat stream visits (measurement 'noise'). The final measure of the utility of a habitat approach is whether it is useful for interpreting controls on biota or impacts of human activity. Title: Quantifying physical habitat in wadeable streams : surface waters Author: Robison, E. George, Seeliger, Curt, Levine, Paul, Peck, David V., Kaufmann, Phillip R. We describe concepts, rationale, and analytical procedures for characterizing physical habitat in wadeable streams based on raw data generated from methods similar or equal to those of Kaufmann and Robison (in PB99-139156). We provide guidance for calculating measures or indices of stream size and gradient, sinuosity, substrate size and stability, habitat complexity and cover, woody debris size and abundance, residual pool dimensions and frequency, riparian vegetation cover and structure, anthropogenic disturbances, and channel-riparian interaction. We evaluated sampling precision of field habitat survey methods employed by EMAP in several hundred streams in Oregon and the Mid-Atlantic region, comparing variance among streams ('signals') with variance between repeat stream visits (measurement 'noise'). The final measure of the utility of a habitat approach is whether it is useful for interpreting controls on biota or impacts of human activity. Close

• 76. [Article] Integration of submersible transect data and high-resolution multibeam sonar imagery for a habitat-based groundfish assessment of Heceta Bank, Oregon

  In the face of dramatic declines in groundfish populations and a lack of sufficient stock assessment information, a need has arisen for new methods of assessing groundfish populations. We describe the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integration of submersible transect data and high-resolution multibeam sonar imagery for a habitat-based groundfish assessment of Heceta Bank, Oregon Author: Tissot, Brian N., Wright, Dawn J., Merle, Susan G., Embley, Bob W., Nasby-Lucas, Nicole M., Hixon, Mark A. In the face of dramatic declines in groundfish populations and a lack of sufficient stock assessment information, a need has arisen for new methods of assessing groundfish populations. We describe the integration of seafloor transect data gathered by a manned submersible with high-resolution sonar imagery to produce a habitat- based stock assessment system for groundfish. The data sets used in this study were collected from Heceta Bank, Oregon, and were derived from 42 submersible dives (1988–90) and a multibeam sonar survey (1998). The submersible habitat survey investigated seafloor topography and groundfish abundance along 30-minute transects over six predetermined stations and found a statistical relationship between habitat variability and groundfish distribution and abundance. These transects were analyzed in a geographic information system (GIS) by using dynamic segmentation to display changes in habitat along the transects. We used the submersible data to extrapolate fish abundance within uniform habitat patches over broad areas of the bank by means of a habitat classification based on the sonar imagery. After applying a navigation correction to the submersible-based habitat segments, a good correlation with major boundaries on the backscatter and topographic boundaries on the imagery were apparent. Extrapolation of the extent of uniform habitats was made in the vicinity of the dive stations and a preliminary stock assessment of several species of demersal fish was calculated. Such a habitat-based approach will allow researchers to characterize marine communities over large areas of the seafloor. Title: Integration of submersible transect data and high-resolution multibeam sonar imagery for a habitat-based groundfish assessment of Heceta Bank, Oregon Author: Tissot, Brian N., Wright, Dawn J., Merle, Susan G., Embley, Bob W., Nasby-Lucas, Nicole M., Hixon, Mark A. In the face of dramatic declines in groundfish populations and a lack of sufficient stock assessment information, a need has arisen for new methods of assessing groundfish populations. We describe the integration of seafloor transect data gathered by a manned submersible with high-resolution sonar imagery to produce a habitat- based stock assessment system for groundfish. The data sets used in this study were collected from Heceta Bank, Oregon, and were derived from 42 submersible dives (1988–90) and a multibeam sonar survey (1998). The submersible habitat survey investigated seafloor topography and groundfish abundance along 30-minute transects over six predetermined stations and found a statistical relationship between habitat variability and groundfish distribution and abundance. These transects were analyzed in a geographic information system (GIS) by using dynamic segmentation to display changes in habitat along the transects. We used the submersible data to extrapolate fish abundance within uniform habitat patches over broad areas of the bank by means of a habitat classification based on the sonar imagery. After applying a navigation correction to the submersible-based habitat segments, a good correlation with major boundaries on the backscatter and topographic boundaries on the imagery were apparent. Extrapolation of the extent of uniform habitats was made in the vicinity of the dive stations and a preliminary stock assessment of several species of demersal fish was calculated. Such a habitat-based approach will allow researchers to characterize marine communities over large areas of the seafloor. Close

• 77. [Article] Incorporation of salmon derived nutrients into Oregon coastal streams and the role of physical habitat

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incorporation of salmon derived nutrients into Oregon coastal streams and the role of physical habitat Author: Shaff, Courtney D. Title: Incorporation of salmon derived nutrients into Oregon coastal streams and the role of physical habitat Author: Shaff, Courtney D. Close

• 78. [Article] Integration of oceanographic information off the Washington and Oregon coasts into west coast groundfish ecology and fisheries management

  To date, the use of oceanographic data in fisheries management has been limited by the scarcity and the difficulty of accessing complete oceanographic datasets. Consequently, fish stocks are managed with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integration of oceanographic information off the Washington and Oregon coasts into west coast groundfish ecology and fisheries management Author: Juan Jorda, Maria Jose To date, the use of oceanographic data in fisheries management has been limited by the scarcity and the difficulty of accessing complete oceanographic datasets. Consequently, fish stocks are managed with limited knowledge about the habitat where fish live and incomplete understanding of what oceanographic conditions affect their populations. With the long-term goal to improve science for ecosystem-based management of the West Coast groundfish fishery, this study had three objectives. First, the assembling and merging of disperse oceanographic datasets for temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a and current velocity from the 1930s to the year 2004 off the Washington and Oregon coasts. Second, the generation of oceanographic data products relevant for fisheries research, consisting of the computation and the plotting of climatological monthly means, standard deviations and coefficients of variation for a variety of ocean variables at several depths. Third, the development of an exploratory example of how oceanographic information collected in this study can be of use to improve the science and management of groundfish. Thus, a study was developed to investigate if groundfish distribution and abundances are associated with any ocean habitat or individual oceanographic variables, using a combination of univariate, classification and ordination techniques. The fish data were derived from a routine bottom trawl survey conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NOAA-NWFSC). Five ocean habitats with distinct physical and biological characteristics were identified off the Washington and Oregon coast: Offshore Habitat, Upwelling Habitat, Highly Variable Upwelling Habitat, River Plume Habitat, and Highly Variable Habitat. These ocean habitats were characteristic of cold-regime summer upwelling conditions. Overall, the analyses suggested that the species composition differ among the five ocean habitats. Some species were highly indicative of some habitats; however, overall the associations were weak due to the high degree of overlap of ocean habitats in terms of species composition. All the analyses were consistent in associating shallower species with the shallowest habitats (the Highly Variable, River Plume and Upwelling habitats) and the deeper species with the deeper habitats (the Offshore and the Highly Variable Upwelling habitats), suggesting that groundfish are adapted to wide environmental ranges. In addition, the overall abundance and diversity of groundfish was higher in the shallower habitats. In contrast, groundfish species showed strong associations with individual environmental factors, primarily depth, surface chlorophyll-a, and salinity and temperature at the bottom of the seafloor, indicating that groundfish distributions are mainly organized along depth gradients. Latitudinal variations in upwelling intensity, river discharge and productivity along the coast were also important factors influencing shallow species distributions and abundances. For example, three regions with high chlorophyll-a concentrations were associated with large abundances of specific groundfish species. These regions were found over Heceta Bank, over the Juan de Fuca canyon and in the Columbia River Plume. This study began with the assembly of several ocean variables and the development of some preliminary ocean data products relevant to fisheries studies. However, the addition of other ocean variables, such as dissolved oxygen, and the computation of new ocean products, such as mixed-layer depth, and thermocline depth and strength, would be valuable. Future work should involve more interdisplinary studies between fisheries and oceanography, the integration of oceanographic information off the west coast of the U.S., and the collection of concurrent ocean data at each fish trawl location. Title: Integration of oceanographic information off the Washington and Oregon coasts into west coast groundfish ecology and fisheries management Author: Juan Jorda, Maria Jose To date, the use of oceanographic data in fisheries management has been limited by the scarcity and the difficulty of accessing complete oceanographic datasets. Consequently, fish stocks are managed with limited knowledge about the habitat where fish live and incomplete understanding of what oceanographic conditions affect their populations. With the long-term goal to improve science for ecosystem-based management of the West Coast groundfish fishery, this study had three objectives. First, the assembling and merging of disperse oceanographic datasets for temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a and current velocity from the 1930s to the year 2004 off the Washington and Oregon coasts. Second, the generation of oceanographic data products relevant for fisheries research, consisting of the computation and the plotting of climatological monthly means, standard deviations and coefficients of variation for a variety of ocean variables at several depths. Third, the development of an exploratory example of how oceanographic information collected in this study can be of use to improve the science and management of groundfish. Thus, a study was developed to investigate if groundfish distribution and abundances are associated with any ocean habitat or individual oceanographic variables, using a combination of univariate, classification and ordination techniques. The fish data were derived from a routine bottom trawl survey conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NOAA-NWFSC). Five ocean habitats with distinct physical and biological characteristics were identified off the Washington and Oregon coast: Offshore Habitat, Upwelling Habitat, Highly Variable Upwelling Habitat, River Plume Habitat, and Highly Variable Habitat. These ocean habitats were characteristic of cold-regime summer upwelling conditions. Overall, the analyses suggested that the species composition differ among the five ocean habitats. Some species were highly indicative of some habitats; however, overall the associations were weak due to the high degree of overlap of ocean habitats in terms of species composition. All the analyses were consistent in associating shallower species with the shallowest habitats (the Highly Variable, River Plume and Upwelling habitats) and the deeper species with the deeper habitats (the Offshore and the Highly Variable Upwelling habitats), suggesting that groundfish are adapted to wide environmental ranges. In addition, the overall abundance and diversity of groundfish was higher in the shallower habitats. In contrast, groundfish species showed strong associations with individual environmental factors, primarily depth, surface chlorophyll-a, and salinity and temperature at the bottom of the seafloor, indicating that groundfish distributions are mainly organized along depth gradients. Latitudinal variations in upwelling intensity, river discharge and productivity along the coast were also important factors influencing shallow species distributions and abundances. For example, three regions with high chlorophyll-a concentrations were associated with large abundances of specific groundfish species. These regions were found over Heceta Bank, over the Juan de Fuca canyon and in the Columbia River Plume. This study began with the assembly of several ocean variables and the development of some preliminary ocean data products relevant to fisheries studies. However, the addition of other ocean variables, such as dissolved oxygen, and the computation of new ocean products, such as mixed-layer depth, and thermocline depth and strength, would be valuable. Future work should involve more interdisplinary studies between fisheries and oceanography, the integration of oceanographic information off the west coast of the U.S., and the collection of concurrent ocean data at each fish trawl location. Close

• 79. [Article] Using a species-centered approach to examine patterns and drivers of avian species richness in the Rogue Basin, Oregon

  The combined effects of habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation pose a serious threat to Earth's biodiversity, imperiling even relatively common species. 'Habitat' is necessarily a species-specific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using a species-centered approach to examine patterns and drivers of avian species richness in the Rogue Basin, Oregon Author: Halstead, Katherine E. The combined effects of habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation pose a serious threat to Earth's biodiversity, imperiling even relatively common species. 'Habitat' is necessarily a species-specific concept, and investigations of bird diversity relationships and subsequent efforts to prioritize conservation areas, are challenged by the difficulty of estimating complex habitat gradients for multiple species across broad spatial scales. Technologies such as fine-resolution remote sensing combined with enhanced species distribution modeling techniques hold promise for more accurate assessments of multi-species habitat distributions. In this research, I focused on forest bird species which utilize and/or are highly associated with threatened Oregon white oak and California black oak (Quercus garrayana and Q. kelloggii) vegetation types in the Rogue Basin of southwest Oregon. I created individual species distribution models (SDMs) for 48 bird species as a function of fine-resolution (30 x 30 m) remotely sensed land cover and other environmental variables using boosted regression tree (BRT) models. I then 'stacked' SDMs for spatially explicit regional estimates of multi-species avian richness. In my first chapter, I examined the potential for site-level species richness to be influenced by local vegetation and environmental conditions (e.g. the "local vegetation heterogeneity hypothesis") or by landscape-level dispersal potential (e.g. the "regional species pool hypothesis"). I summarized 'stacked' SDMs for indices of 1) habitat amount at a local scale relevant bird territory use and 2) habitat amount at a broad scale relevant to forest bird dispersal, and ask whether local- or landscape-scale habitat amount is relatively more important to site-level bird species richness. I hypothesized that greater importance of either habitat amount metric would indicate greater influence of local or landscape drivers to local richness. I found evidence that for a large pool of bird species with diverse habitat associations, landscape-scale habitat amount may be relatively more important to local (i.e., territory level) richness of forest birds than is local habitat amount. In contrast, for more specialized (i.e., oak-associated) guilds, local-scale habitat may be considerably more important than amount of habitat within the surrounding landscape. My results suggest the importance of local- and landscape-scale processes in structuring bird communities, supporting both 'local vegetation heterogeneity' and 'regional species pool' hypotheses. In my second chapter, I examined the relationships between landownership, oak vegetation distribution, and bird diversity, with the objective of determining which of five primary landownership types contribute most strongly to bird species habitat in the Rogue Basin. I asked whether individual bird species distributions and estimated richness are 'additive' or 'redundant' among land ownership types, hypothesizing that differences among owners will be apparent and related to the amount of oak-dominant vegetation held by each owner regionally. I found that estimated local mean species richness of oak-associated birds in private non-industrial (PNI) ownerships is approximately double that of other Rogue Basin public and private ownerships examined. This result may be driven by disproportionate PNI ownership of limited oak cover types, and/or by hypothesized variation in management goals and activities among owners which influence local vegetation structure. Relatively greater importance of territory-scale habitat to local oak-associated species richness suggests management for these species should maximize site-level habitat amount and quality. The importance of private non-industrial owners to oak-associated avian richness validates current focus on engaging private landowners in bird-focused oak conservation and restoration. Overall, my research links efforts to conserve avian habitat with efforts to understand multi-scale drivers of bird diversity, using a novel methodology that embraces the complexity of species' habitat gradients. Title: Using a species-centered approach to examine patterns and drivers of avian species richness in the Rogue Basin, Oregon Author: Halstead, Katherine E. The combined effects of habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation pose a serious threat to Earth's biodiversity, imperiling even relatively common species. 'Habitat' is necessarily a species-specific concept, and investigations of bird diversity relationships and subsequent efforts to prioritize conservation areas, are challenged by the difficulty of estimating complex habitat gradients for multiple species across broad spatial scales. Technologies such as fine-resolution remote sensing combined with enhanced species distribution modeling techniques hold promise for more accurate assessments of multi-species habitat distributions. In this research, I focused on forest bird species which utilize and/or are highly associated with threatened Oregon white oak and California black oak (Quercus garrayana and Q. kelloggii) vegetation types in the Rogue Basin of southwest Oregon. I created individual species distribution models (SDMs) for 48 bird species as a function of fine-resolution (30 x 30 m) remotely sensed land cover and other environmental variables using boosted regression tree (BRT) models. I then 'stacked' SDMs for spatially explicit regional estimates of multi-species avian richness. In my first chapter, I examined the potential for site-level species richness to be influenced by local vegetation and environmental conditions (e.g. the "local vegetation heterogeneity hypothesis") or by landscape-level dispersal potential (e.g. the "regional species pool hypothesis"). I summarized 'stacked' SDMs for indices of 1) habitat amount at a local scale relevant bird territory use and 2) habitat amount at a broad scale relevant to forest bird dispersal, and ask whether local- or landscape-scale habitat amount is relatively more important to site-level bird species richness. I hypothesized that greater importance of either habitat amount metric would indicate greater influence of local or landscape drivers to local richness. I found evidence that for a large pool of bird species with diverse habitat associations, landscape-scale habitat amount may be relatively more important to local (i.e., territory level) richness of forest birds than is local habitat amount. In contrast, for more specialized (i.e., oak-associated) guilds, local-scale habitat may be considerably more important than amount of habitat within the surrounding landscape. My results suggest the importance of local- and landscape-scale processes in structuring bird communities, supporting both 'local vegetation heterogeneity' and 'regional species pool' hypotheses. In my second chapter, I examined the relationships between landownership, oak vegetation distribution, and bird diversity, with the objective of determining which of five primary landownership types contribute most strongly to bird species habitat in the Rogue Basin. I asked whether individual bird species distributions and estimated richness are 'additive' or 'redundant' among land ownership types, hypothesizing that differences among owners will be apparent and related to the amount of oak-dominant vegetation held by each owner regionally. I found that estimated local mean species richness of oak-associated birds in private non-industrial (PNI) ownerships is approximately double that of other Rogue Basin public and private ownerships examined. This result may be driven by disproportionate PNI ownership of limited oak cover types, and/or by hypothesized variation in management goals and activities among owners which influence local vegetation structure. Relatively greater importance of territory-scale habitat to local oak-associated species richness suggests management for these species should maximize site-level habitat amount and quality. The importance of private non-industrial owners to oak-associated avian richness validates current focus on engaging private landowners in bird-focused oak conservation and restoration. Overall, my research links efforts to conserve avian habitat with efforts to understand multi-scale drivers of bird diversity, using a novel methodology that embraces the complexity of species' habitat gradients. Close

• 80. [Article] Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion

  The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette River chinook salmon and Lower Columbia river chinook salmon or destroy, or adversely modify proposed critical habitat. Title: Sauvie Island north unit wetlands project : biological opinion The objective of this Biological Opinion (BO) is to determine whether the action to restore emergent vegetation to wetlands on Sauvie Island is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Upper Willamette River chinook salmon and Lower Columbia river chinook salmon or destroy, or adversely modify proposed critical habitat. Close

• 81. [Article] Relationships between depredation of nests of ground-dwelling birds and habitat structure and pattern

  Rates of predation on artificial nests and nests of pen-reared ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), released in spring, were compared between strip and block habitats at different densities of nests. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships between depredation of nests of ground-dwelling birds and habitat structure and pattern Author: Haensly, Thomas F. Rates of predation on artificial nests and nests of pen-reared ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), released in spring, were compared between strip and block habitats at different densities of nests. Nests in strips had rates of predation 4-7 times greater than nests in blocks, regardless of nest density. Differences between successful and depredated nests were due primarily to differences in habitat pattern rather than structural characteristics of vegetation at nest sites. Predators may be able to control prey populations in habitats where prey are concentrated and effectiveness of predators is high, therefore predation could be viewed as acting in a density-independent manner. Title: Relationships between depredation of nests of ground-dwelling birds and habitat structure and pattern Author: Haensly, Thomas F. Rates of predation on artificial nests and nests of pen-reared ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), released in spring, were compared between strip and block habitats at different densities of nests. Nests in strips had rates of predation 4-7 times greater than nests in blocks, regardless of nest density. Differences between successful and depredated nests were due primarily to differences in habitat pattern rather than structural characteristics of vegetation at nest sites. Predators may be able to control prey populations in habitats where prey are concentrated and effectiveness of predators is high, therefore predation could be viewed as acting in a density-independent manner. Close

• 82. [Article] Changes in plant communities following rangeland brush control

  Recently, the big sagebrush taxa has been split into subspecies and forms. Four habitat types related to subspecies of big sagebrush were studied in Eastern Oregon. Response of understory vegetation was measured ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Changes in plant communities following rangeland brush control Author: Findley, Roger Raymond Recently, the big sagebrush taxa has been split into subspecies and forms. Four habitat types related to subspecies of big sagebrush were studied in Eastern Oregon. Response of understory vegetation was measured following three range improvement techniques implemented on the four habitat types for several ages of treatment. Crown cover, density, and frequency of three subspecies of big sagebrush were measured, the relationship of sagebrush to improvement treatment and composition of understory vegetation was evaluated. In general, the same plant species responded differently on four habitat types manipulated by spray-release treatment. Approximately one-third of the perennial grass species increased, one-third decreased, and one-third showed no change in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas four years after treatment on the basin big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass-bottlebrush squirreltail habitat type. However, total grass representation increased after treatment. Perennial forb and shrub species generally showed no change in frequency, density, and cover in the fourth year following spray-release treatment on the same habitat type. Perennial grass and shrub species generally showed no change while perennial forb species generally decreased in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas in the fourth year following spray-release treatment on the Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type. Perennial vegetation generally showed no difference in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas in the sixth year following spray-release treatment on mountain big sagebrush-Idaho fescue habitat type. Perennial grass species generally increased, perennial forb species generally showed no change, and shrubs species generally decreased in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas in the sixth year after spray-release treatment on the Wyoming big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass habitat type. The same plant species responded differently to three improvement treatments implemented on the Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type. Annual vegetation generally increased in frequency on treated areas compared to untreated areas in six years following spray-seed treatment on this habitat type. Approximately half of the native perennial grass species decreased and half showed no change in frequency, density, and cover after six years following spray-seed treatment on this habitat type. Total grass representation increased after treatment. Perennial forb and shrub species generally showed no change in frequency, density, and cover after six years following spray-seed treatment on this habitat type. Approximately half of the annual forb and grass species increased in frequency and the rest either decreased or showed no change in frequency on treated and untreated areas in ten years following plow-seed treatment on this habitat type. Total representation of annual vegetation increased after treatment. Perennial grass species generally decreased in density, frequency, and cover in ten years following plow-seed treatment on this habitat type. Total grass representation, however, increased after treatment on this habitat type as a result of seeding crested wheatgrass. Perennial forb and shrub species generally showed no change in frequency, density, and cover ten years after plow-seed treatment on this habitat type. Sagebrush did decrease in representation while green rabbitbrush increased after treatment. Annual vegetation generally showed no change in frequency in the fourth year after spray-release treatment on the Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type. Perennial grass species generally showed no change, perennial forb species generally decreased, and shrub species generally showed no change in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas in the fourth year after spray-release treatment on this habitat type. Sagebrush was found to reinvade at a constant rate in the Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type in the sixth year following spray-seed treatment. Extrapolation of data showed in approximately 7.4 years the density of sagebrush on the treated area would be the same as on untreated areas. The reinvasion of sagebrush was found to be highly variable on Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type following plow-seed treatment. Sizes of improved areas on the study were calculated from high flight photography. Results obtained from the photos differed from known acreage by 8%. Title: Changes in plant communities following rangeland brush control Author: Findley, Roger Raymond Recently, the big sagebrush taxa has been split into subspecies and forms. Four habitat types related to subspecies of big sagebrush were studied in Eastern Oregon. Response of understory vegetation was measured following three range improvement techniques implemented on the four habitat types for several ages of treatment. Crown cover, density, and frequency of three subspecies of big sagebrush were measured, the relationship of sagebrush to improvement treatment and composition of understory vegetation was evaluated. In general, the same plant species responded differently on four habitat types manipulated by spray-release treatment. Approximately one-third of the perennial grass species increased, one-third decreased, and one-third showed no change in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas four years after treatment on the basin big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass-bottlebrush squirreltail habitat type. However, total grass representation increased after treatment. Perennial forb and shrub species generally showed no change in frequency, density, and cover in the fourth year following spray-release treatment on the same habitat type. Perennial grass and shrub species generally showed no change while perennial forb species generally decreased in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas in the fourth year following spray-release treatment on the Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type. Perennial vegetation generally showed no difference in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas in the sixth year following spray-release treatment on mountain big sagebrush-Idaho fescue habitat type. Perennial grass species generally increased, perennial forb species generally showed no change, and shrubs species generally decreased in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas in the sixth year after spray-release treatment on the Wyoming big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass habitat type. The same plant species responded differently to three improvement treatments implemented on the Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type. Annual vegetation generally increased in frequency on treated areas compared to untreated areas in six years following spray-seed treatment on this habitat type. Approximately half of the native perennial grass species decreased and half showed no change in frequency, density, and cover after six years following spray-seed treatment on this habitat type. Total grass representation increased after treatment. Perennial forb and shrub species generally showed no change in frequency, density, and cover after six years following spray-seed treatment on this habitat type. Approximately half of the annual forb and grass species increased in frequency and the rest either decreased or showed no change in frequency on treated and untreated areas in ten years following plow-seed treatment on this habitat type. Total representation of annual vegetation increased after treatment. Perennial grass species generally decreased in density, frequency, and cover in ten years following plow-seed treatment on this habitat type. Total grass representation, however, increased after treatment on this habitat type as a result of seeding crested wheatgrass. Perennial forb and shrub species generally showed no change in frequency, density, and cover ten years after plow-seed treatment on this habitat type. Sagebrush did decrease in representation while green rabbitbrush increased after treatment. Annual vegetation generally showed no change in frequency in the fourth year after spray-release treatment on the Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type. Perennial grass species generally showed no change, perennial forb species generally decreased, and shrub species generally showed no change in frequency, density, and cover between treated and untreated areas in the fourth year after spray-release treatment on this habitat type. Sagebrush was found to reinvade at a constant rate in the Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type in the sixth year following spray-seed treatment. Extrapolation of data showed in approximately 7.4 years the density of sagebrush on the treated area would be the same as on untreated areas. The reinvasion of sagebrush was found to be highly variable on Wyoming big sagebrush-Thurber needlegrass habitat type following plow-seed treatment. Sizes of improved areas on the study were calculated from high flight photography. Results obtained from the photos differed from known acreage by 8%. Close

• 83. [Article] Gunnison and Greater Sage-Grouse (including the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment) Habitat Assessment Policy

  This Instruction Memorandum (IM) provides policy on how to assess habitat for Gunnison and Greater Sage-Grouse, including the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment, (hereafter referred to as "sage-grouse") ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gunnison and Greater Sage-Grouse (including the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment) Habitat Assessment Policy Author: Ellis, Steven A. , Bureau of Land Management This Instruction Memorandum (IM) provides policy on how to assess habitat for Gunnison and Greater Sage-Grouse, including the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment, (hereafter referred to as "sage-grouse") and under what circumstances the habitat assessment is required. Title: Gunnison and Greater Sage-Grouse (including the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment) Habitat Assessment Policy Author: Ellis, Steven A. , Bureau of Land Management This Instruction Memorandum (IM) provides policy on how to assess habitat for Gunnison and Greater Sage-Grouse, including the Bi-State Distinct Population Segment, (hereafter referred to as "sage-grouse") and under what circumstances the habitat assessment is required. Close

• 84. [Article] Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Coastal steelhead trout : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 85. [Article] Resource Selection, and Demographic Rates of Female Greater Sage-Grouse Following Large-Scale Wildfire

  Understanding the effects of habitat disturbance on a species' habitat selection patterns, and demographic rates, is essential to projecting the trajectories of populations affected by disturbance, as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resource Selection, and Demographic Rates of Female Greater Sage-Grouse Following Large-Scale Wildfire Author: Foster, Lee (Lee Jacob) Understanding the effects of habitat disturbance on a species' habitat selection patterns, and demographic rates, is essential to projecting the trajectories of populations affected by disturbance, as well as for determining the appropriate conservation actions needed to maintain those populations. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a species of conservation concern in western North America. The distribution of the species has been reduced by approximately half since European settlement, with concurrent and continuing population declines across its occupied range. The primary threats to the species are habitat alteration and loss, caused by multiple factors. In the western portion of its distribution, increasing wildfire activity is a primary cause of habitat loss and degradation. Single wildfires in this area may now reach extremely large sizes (>100,000 ha), and wildfires have been linked to local population declines. However, no published studies, to date, have examined the immediate effects of large-scale wildfire on sage-grouse habitat selection and demographic rates, using modern telemetry methods. I studied the habitat selection patterns, nest success, and survival of adult, and yearling female sage-grouse, captured within or near the Holloway fire, using state-of-the-art GPS-PTT telemetry methods. The Holloway fire burned ~187,000 ha of highly productive sage-grouse habitat in August, 2012. My study began during the first spring post-fire (March, 2013), and continued through February, 2015. I monitored seasonal habitat use patterns, and site-fidelity of sage-grouse, and modeled third-order seasonal resource selection, using mixed effects resource selection functions, in relation to characteristics of the post-fire habitat mosaic, terrain, mesic habitat availability, and herbaceous vegetation regeneration. I described sage-grouse nesting habitat use, nesting effort, and modeled daily nest survival in relation to temporal patterns, patch scale vegetation, biological factors, and landscape-scale habitat composition. I modeled adult and yearling female sage-grouse survival in relation to temporal patterns, biological factors, and landscape-scale habitat composition. Female sage-grouse primarily exhibited a three range seasonal movement pattern, with differentiation between breeding-nesting-early brood-rearing habitat (mean use dates: 8 Mar - 12 Jun), late brood-rearing-summer habitat (13 Jun - 20 Oct), and winter habitat (21 Oct - 7 Mar). However there was variation in seasonal range behavior among individuals. Sage-grouse exhibited considerable fidelity to all seasonal ranges, for individuals which survived >1 yr, mean distance between seasonal range centroids of the same type were 1.80 km, 1.65 km, and 3.96 km, for breeding ranges, summer ranges, and winter ranges, respectively. Within seasonal ranges, sage-grouse exhibited third-order resource selection patterns similar to those observed for populations in undisturbed habitats. Sage-grouse, at the population level, selected for level terrain throughout the year. During the breeding season sage-grouse selected for areas with increased amounts of intact sagebrush land-cover within a 1-km² area around used locations, areas of increased NDVI values within a 6.25-km² area, an amount of mesic habitat within a 6.25-km² area roughly equal to that available on the landscape, and mid-level elevations. During summer, sage-grouse, at the population level, selected for an areas with an intermediate density of burned-intact habitat edge within a 1 km² area, areas of increased NDVI values within a 6.25-km² area, intermediate distances to mesic habitat, and high elevations. During winter, sage-grouse, at the population level, selected for increased amounts of intact sagebrush land-cover within a 0.089-km² area, areas with decreased variation in NDVI within a 0.089-km² area, an amount of mesic habitat within a 6.25-km² area roughly equal to that available on the landscape, and intermediate elevations. There was considerable variation in third-order resource selection patterns among individuals during all seasons. Sage-grouse nest success was consistently low during the study (2013: 19.3%, 2014: 30.1%), and nest initiation rates were average to high (2013: 1st nest initiation = 90.5%, 2nd nest initiation = 23.1%; 2014: 1st nest initiation = 100%, 2nd nest initiation = 57.1%). Daily nest survival rates were influenced by an interaction between year and nesting attempt, and by forb cover within 5 m of the nest. Nest survival over the incubation period was consistently low for 1st and 2nd nests during 2013, and for 1st nests during 2014 (range: 0.131 - 0.212), but increased to 0.744 for 2nd nests during 2014. Forb cover within 5 m of the nest had a positive effect on daily nest survival rates, with a 1% increase in forb cover increasing the probability of a nest surviving a given day by 1.02 times. We did not detect strong direct effects of habitat or biological characteristics on survival of adult and yearling female sage-grouse. Rather, survival varied by month with lowest survival occurring in April and August of each year, and highest survival occurring during the winter. While patterns of monthly survival were similar between years, there was a strong, negative additive effect on survival which extended from the beginning of the study (March, 2013), through the end of the first post fire growing season (July, 2013). Although monthly survival increased following the end of the 1st post-fire growing season, yearly survival over both the 1st and 2nd biological years post-fire was low (March 2013 - February 2014: 24.0%; March 2014 - February 2015: 37.9%). These results indicate that female greater-sage grouse do not respond to wildfire related habitat disturbance through emigration, and rather continue to attempt to exist and reproduce in habitats disturbed by wildfire during the immediate years following a fire. While, due to site-fidelity, sage-grouse are not able to leave wildfire affected seasonal ranges, within those seasonal ranges they still attempt to utilize habitat components which most closely match their life-history requirements. However, this behavior appears to have an acute fitness cost to individuals, with reduced nesting success and survival of individuals utilizing fire-affected habitats during the first two years post-fire. This reduction in demographic rates likely explains observed sage-grouse population declines following wildfire, and indicates that these population declines are not the result of sage-grouse emigration away from fire-affected leks, but rather a true decline in the number of individual sage-grouse on the landscape following large-scale wildfire. Title: Resource Selection, and Demographic Rates of Female Greater Sage-Grouse Following Large-Scale Wildfire Author: Foster, Lee (Lee Jacob) Understanding the effects of habitat disturbance on a species' habitat selection patterns, and demographic rates, is essential to projecting the trajectories of populations affected by disturbance, as well as for determining the appropriate conservation actions needed to maintain those populations. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a species of conservation concern in western North America. The distribution of the species has been reduced by approximately half since European settlement, with concurrent and continuing population declines across its occupied range. The primary threats to the species are habitat alteration and loss, caused by multiple factors. In the western portion of its distribution, increasing wildfire activity is a primary cause of habitat loss and degradation. Single wildfires in this area may now reach extremely large sizes (>100,000 ha), and wildfires have been linked to local population declines. However, no published studies, to date, have examined the immediate effects of large-scale wildfire on sage-grouse habitat selection and demographic rates, using modern telemetry methods. I studied the habitat selection patterns, nest success, and survival of adult, and yearling female sage-grouse, captured within or near the Holloway fire, using state-of-the-art GPS-PTT telemetry methods. The Holloway fire burned ~187,000 ha of highly productive sage-grouse habitat in August, 2012. My study began during the first spring post-fire (March, 2013), and continued through February, 2015. I monitored seasonal habitat use patterns, and site-fidelity of sage-grouse, and modeled third-order seasonal resource selection, using mixed effects resource selection functions, in relation to characteristics of the post-fire habitat mosaic, terrain, mesic habitat availability, and herbaceous vegetation regeneration. I described sage-grouse nesting habitat use, nesting effort, and modeled daily nest survival in relation to temporal patterns, patch scale vegetation, biological factors, and landscape-scale habitat composition. I modeled adult and yearling female sage-grouse survival in relation to temporal patterns, biological factors, and landscape-scale habitat composition. Female sage-grouse primarily exhibited a three range seasonal movement pattern, with differentiation between breeding-nesting-early brood-rearing habitat (mean use dates: 8 Mar - 12 Jun), late brood-rearing-summer habitat (13 Jun - 20 Oct), and winter habitat (21 Oct - 7 Mar). However there was variation in seasonal range behavior among individuals. Sage-grouse exhibited considerable fidelity to all seasonal ranges, for individuals which survived >1 yr, mean distance between seasonal range centroids of the same type were 1.80 km, 1.65 km, and 3.96 km, for breeding ranges, summer ranges, and winter ranges, respectively. Within seasonal ranges, sage-grouse exhibited third-order resource selection patterns similar to those observed for populations in undisturbed habitats. Sage-grouse, at the population level, selected for level terrain throughout the year. During the breeding season sage-grouse selected for areas with increased amounts of intact sagebrush land-cover within a 1-km² area around used locations, areas of increased NDVI values within a 6.25-km² area, an amount of mesic habitat within a 6.25-km² area roughly equal to that available on the landscape, and mid-level elevations. During summer, sage-grouse, at the population level, selected for an areas with an intermediate density of burned-intact habitat edge within a 1 km² area, areas of increased NDVI values within a 6.25-km² area, intermediate distances to mesic habitat, and high elevations. During winter, sage-grouse, at the population level, selected for increased amounts of intact sagebrush land-cover within a 0.089-km² area, areas with decreased variation in NDVI within a 0.089-km² area, an amount of mesic habitat within a 6.25-km² area roughly equal to that available on the landscape, and intermediate elevations. There was considerable variation in third-order resource selection patterns among individuals during all seasons. Sage-grouse nest success was consistently low during the study (2013: 19.3%, 2014: 30.1%), and nest initiation rates were average to high (2013: 1st nest initiation = 90.5%, 2nd nest initiation = 23.1%; 2014: 1st nest initiation = 100%, 2nd nest initiation = 57.1%). Daily nest survival rates were influenced by an interaction between year and nesting attempt, and by forb cover within 5 m of the nest. Nest survival over the incubation period was consistently low for 1st and 2nd nests during 2013, and for 1st nests during 2014 (range: 0.131 - 0.212), but increased to 0.744 for 2nd nests during 2014. Forb cover within 5 m of the nest had a positive effect on daily nest survival rates, with a 1% increase in forb cover increasing the probability of a nest surviving a given day by 1.02 times. We did not detect strong direct effects of habitat or biological characteristics on survival of adult and yearling female sage-grouse. Rather, survival varied by month with lowest survival occurring in April and August of each year, and highest survival occurring during the winter. While patterns of monthly survival were similar between years, there was a strong, negative additive effect on survival which extended from the beginning of the study (March, 2013), through the end of the first post fire growing season (July, 2013). Although monthly survival increased following the end of the 1st post-fire growing season, yearly survival over both the 1st and 2nd biological years post-fire was low (March 2013 - February 2014: 24.0%; March 2014 - February 2015: 37.9%). These results indicate that female greater-sage grouse do not respond to wildfire related habitat disturbance through emigration, and rather continue to attempt to exist and reproduce in habitats disturbed by wildfire during the immediate years following a fire. While, due to site-fidelity, sage-grouse are not able to leave wildfire affected seasonal ranges, within those seasonal ranges they still attempt to utilize habitat components which most closely match their life-history requirements. However, this behavior appears to have an acute fitness cost to individuals, with reduced nesting success and survival of individuals utilizing fire-affected habitats during the first two years post-fire. This reduction in demographic rates likely explains observed sage-grouse population declines following wildfire, and indicates that these population declines are not the result of sage-grouse emigration away from fire-affected leks, but rather a true decline in the number of individual sage-grouse on the landscape following large-scale wildfire. Close

• 86. [Article] Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon

  The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon Author: Ebersole, Joseph Lamar The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats as well as the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to re-express their capacities. Four steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; local application of specific knowledge about suppressive factors; classification of sensitive, critical or refugium habitats; release of anthropogenic suppression; and monitoring of biotic response to habitat change. Applying these concepts, I describe potential habitat refugia for aquatic organisms in the Joseph Creek basin in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Five valley segment classes, differing in valley corridor landforms, are described. Of these, low-gradient wide alluvial valleys have been most altered by human land use. Riparian vegetation has been extensively removed or altered in alluvial valleys. Currently, stream habitats are structurally depauperate, and warm to temperatures well above thermal tolerances of native salmonids. Potential refugia for native coldwater fishes in these valleys include patches of complex habitat within stream reaches. Reaches fenced to exclude domestic livestock exhibit narrower channels, more pools, and higher frequencies of stable vegetated banks than nearby unfenced reaches. During summer low flow periods, cold groundwater seeping into and accumulating in stream channels forms "cold pools". Cold pools provide potential seasonal refuge for coldwater fish at microhabitat scales. Cold pools are associated with channel complexity, and are more frequent in reaches with vigorous riparian vegetation. Seven classes of cold pools are described. Cold pool classes differ in minimum temperature, maximum depth and volume. Distributions of cold pool classes between valley segment classes suggest that valley geomorphology in addition to local channel form may influence development of certain cold pool types. Although refugia at the microhabitat to reach scales are important, the context within which remnant or refugium habitats and associated relict populations are maintained may ultimately determine the persistence of those species and habitats. In managed landscapes, protection and restoration of habitats at many scales may be necessary if we are to best insure the persistence of native species. Title: Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon Author: Ebersole, Joseph Lamar The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats as well as the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to re-express their capacities. Four steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; local application of specific knowledge about suppressive factors; classification of sensitive, critical or refugium habitats; release of anthropogenic suppression; and monitoring of biotic response to habitat change. Applying these concepts, I describe potential habitat refugia for aquatic organisms in the Joseph Creek basin in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Five valley segment classes, differing in valley corridor landforms, are described. Of these, low-gradient wide alluvial valleys have been most altered by human land use. Riparian vegetation has been extensively removed or altered in alluvial valleys. Currently, stream habitats are structurally depauperate, and warm to temperatures well above thermal tolerances of native salmonids. Potential refugia for native coldwater fishes in these valleys include patches of complex habitat within stream reaches. Reaches fenced to exclude domestic livestock exhibit narrower channels, more pools, and higher frequencies of stable vegetated banks than nearby unfenced reaches. During summer low flow periods, cold groundwater seeping into and accumulating in stream channels forms "cold pools". Cold pools provide potential seasonal refuge for coldwater fish at microhabitat scales. Cold pools are associated with channel complexity, and are more frequent in reaches with vigorous riparian vegetation. Seven classes of cold pools are described. Cold pool classes differ in minimum temperature, maximum depth and volume. Distributions of cold pool classes between valley segment classes suggest that valley geomorphology in addition to local channel form may influence development of certain cold pool types. Although refugia at the microhabitat to reach scales are important, the context within which remnant or refugium habitats and associated relict populations are maintained may ultimately determine the persistence of those species and habitats. In managed landscapes, protection and restoration of habitats at many scales may be necessary if we are to best insure the persistence of native species. Close

• 87. [Article] Habitat management for beneficial insects on Willamette Valley vegetable and berry farms

  Conservation biological control involves manipulating farm landscapes or management systems to enhance populations of beneficial predators of agricultural pests. Farmscaping is one aspect of conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat management for beneficial insects on Willamette Valley vegetable and berry farms Author: Russell, Michael C. Conservation biological control involves manipulating farm landscapes or management systems to enhance populations of beneficial predators of agricultural pests. Farmscaping is one aspect of conservation biological control where predators of important pests are identified, the availability on the farm landscape of resources and habitat components needed by the beneficials to complete their lifecycles is evaluated, and hedgerows, beetle banks, or other conservation plantings can be added to the landscape to provide the lacking resources. To be able to efficiently survey a farm landscape for the presence of resources that support beneficial predator populations there needs to be information on the resource availability with different habitats. This dissertation describes a series of investigations into determining the amount of resources available in particular habitat types, and how to create conservation plantings which provide these resources with minimal expense and impact on the farming system. The first investigation is into the floral resource availability to parasitoid wasps in cane berry production landscapes. A meta analysis was performed to estimate the effects of different species on longevity of and attraction to various flowers. This information was then used to evaluate the plant species found on Willamette valley cane berry farms and calculate the total floral resource availability of different habitats during different times of the year. Surveys identified particular habitats on the landscape, and different management regimes as having high floral resource availability relative to other habitats or management regimes. The second investigation focuses on the biology of a group of ground beetles that are common on Willamette valley vegetable farms. Pitfall trapping and soil core samples were used to determine the seasonal activity patterns of the carabids, and to identify which habitats they were using most. Sentinel prey cards were used to compare pitfall trap counts with the risk of predation of a potential prey item. Laboratory experiments identified differences in the feeding and activity of different species, and the changes over the season. The third investigation used soil cores to sample the over wintering arthropod predator populations in a variety of habitats on Willamette valley farms, and in plantings of native species on beetle banks in a common garden at the Hyslop research farm in Corvallis, Oregon. Grassy habitats were found to support the highest arthropod populations both on the farms and in the common garden. Some perennial forbs also had high arthropod numbers, while other perennial forbs and annual forbs had low numbers. Differences in the number of over wintering arthropods in different species were related with differences in the structure and composition of the vegetation. The information presented here can be used to assign value to different habitats based on the provision of specific resources required for beneficial predators to complete their life cycles. This will aid in rapid evaluations of farm landscapes based on aerial imagery interpretation or a quick tour. After initial predictions are made it is easier to conduct more in depth sampling to confirm whether the beneficials are in fact present and thriving. If there are resources that are in too short a supply the information provided here will help in designing conservation plantings to provide those resources. Title: Habitat management for beneficial insects on Willamette Valley vegetable and berry farms Author: Russell, Michael C. Conservation biological control involves manipulating farm landscapes or management systems to enhance populations of beneficial predators of agricultural pests. Farmscaping is one aspect of conservation biological control where predators of important pests are identified, the availability on the farm landscape of resources and habitat components needed by the beneficials to complete their lifecycles is evaluated, and hedgerows, beetle banks, or other conservation plantings can be added to the landscape to provide the lacking resources. To be able to efficiently survey a farm landscape for the presence of resources that support beneficial predator populations there needs to be information on the resource availability with different habitats. This dissertation describes a series of investigations into determining the amount of resources available in particular habitat types, and how to create conservation plantings which provide these resources with minimal expense and impact on the farming system. The first investigation is into the floral resource availability to parasitoid wasps in cane berry production landscapes. A meta analysis was performed to estimate the effects of different species on longevity of and attraction to various flowers. This information was then used to evaluate the plant species found on Willamette valley cane berry farms and calculate the total floral resource availability of different habitats during different times of the year. Surveys identified particular habitats on the landscape, and different management regimes as having high floral resource availability relative to other habitats or management regimes. The second investigation focuses on the biology of a group of ground beetles that are common on Willamette valley vegetable farms. Pitfall trapping and soil core samples were used to determine the seasonal activity patterns of the carabids, and to identify which habitats they were using most. Sentinel prey cards were used to compare pitfall trap counts with the risk of predation of a potential prey item. Laboratory experiments identified differences in the feeding and activity of different species, and the changes over the season. The third investigation used soil cores to sample the over wintering arthropod predator populations in a variety of habitats on Willamette valley farms, and in plantings of native species on beetle banks in a common garden at the Hyslop research farm in Corvallis, Oregon. Grassy habitats were found to support the highest arthropod populations both on the farms and in the common garden. Some perennial forbs also had high arthropod numbers, while other perennial forbs and annual forbs had low numbers. Differences in the number of over wintering arthropods in different species were related with differences in the structure and composition of the vegetation. The information presented here can be used to assign value to different habitats based on the provision of specific resources required for beneficial predators to complete their life cycles. This will aid in rapid evaluations of farm landscapes based on aerial imagery interpretation or a quick tour. After initial predictions are made it is easier to conduct more in depth sampling to confirm whether the beneficials are in fact present and thriving. If there are resources that are in too short a supply the information provided here will help in designing conservation plantings to provide those resources. Close

• 88. [Article] Over-winter demography of the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) in fragmented and continuous habitats

  Large scale disruption of natural habitats worldwide has led to concern over the effects of habitat fragmentation on wildlife populations. Small scale experiments may be a useful tool for discovering effects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Over-winter demography of the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) in fragmented and continuous habitats Author: Brunkal, Heidi L. Large scale disruption of natural habitats worldwide has led to concern over the effects of habitat fragmentation on wildlife populations. Small scale experiments may be a useful tool for discovering effects of fragmentation over larger landscape scales. I sought to explore the potential for using voles as an experimental model system, at a small scale, to discover mechanisms that may affect other species at different spatial scales. I compared over-winter demography of gray-tailed voles, Microtus canicaudus, in two experimental landscapes, consisting of fragmented and continuous habitat, to assess the effects of habitat fragmentation. I chose winter as the time frame of the experiment because it poses harsh conditions for voles and because seasonal bottlenecks may affect population persistence. Population size, population growth rates, reproduction, recruitment, survival and movements, were monitored using mark-recapture methods in 8, 0.2-ha enclosures planted with alfalfa. The habitat within the enclosures was manipulated into 2 configurations of equal area, 1 large continuous patch (625 m²), and a mosaic of 25 small patches (each 25 m²), prior to the introduction of 12 pairs of animals/enclosure. I hypothesized that population size and growth rates, reproduction, recruitment, and survival would be greater for vole populations in continuous habitats than for populations in fragmented habitats. Additionally, I hypothesized that movements would be more restricted within fragmented habitat because the voles would perceive the area between habitat patches as a barrier. I did not detect significant differences between vole populations in continuous and fragmented treatments. However, populations residing in fragmented habitat showed higher variability over the study period. Populations in both treatments decreased throughout the winter period and all became extinct by the end of the study. Reproduction occurred only during the fall period, and there were no significant differences between treatments. Movements were not different between treatments, or between male and female voles, but movements did increase over time. Survival appeared to be higher for male voles in continuous habitat than in fragmented habitat, but female vole survival was similar between treatments. Survival was influenced by weather conditions, and predation. These results contrast with a previous experiment during the summer season, and indicate that seasonal bottlenecks may be important to consider when studying habitat fragmentation. Extinction of populations in both treatments demonstrates that small populations are extremely vulnerable to both environmental and demographic stochastic events. Title: Over-winter demography of the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) in fragmented and continuous habitats Author: Brunkal, Heidi L. Large scale disruption of natural habitats worldwide has led to concern over the effects of habitat fragmentation on wildlife populations. Small scale experiments may be a useful tool for discovering effects of fragmentation over larger landscape scales. I sought to explore the potential for using voles as an experimental model system, at a small scale, to discover mechanisms that may affect other species at different spatial scales. I compared over-winter demography of gray-tailed voles, Microtus canicaudus, in two experimental landscapes, consisting of fragmented and continuous habitat, to assess the effects of habitat fragmentation. I chose winter as the time frame of the experiment because it poses harsh conditions for voles and because seasonal bottlenecks may affect population persistence. Population size, population growth rates, reproduction, recruitment, survival and movements, were monitored using mark-recapture methods in 8, 0.2-ha enclosures planted with alfalfa. The habitat within the enclosures was manipulated into 2 configurations of equal area, 1 large continuous patch (625 m²), and a mosaic of 25 small patches (each 25 m²), prior to the introduction of 12 pairs of animals/enclosure. I hypothesized that population size and growth rates, reproduction, recruitment, and survival would be greater for vole populations in continuous habitats than for populations in fragmented habitats. Additionally, I hypothesized that movements would be more restricted within fragmented habitat because the voles would perceive the area between habitat patches as a barrier. I did not detect significant differences between vole populations in continuous and fragmented treatments. However, populations residing in fragmented habitat showed higher variability over the study period. Populations in both treatments decreased throughout the winter period and all became extinct by the end of the study. Reproduction occurred only during the fall period, and there were no significant differences between treatments. Movements were not different between treatments, or between male and female voles, but movements did increase over time. Survival appeared to be higher for male voles in continuous habitat than in fragmented habitat, but female vole survival was similar between treatments. Survival was influenced by weather conditions, and predation. These results contrast with a previous experiment during the summer season, and indicate that seasonal bottlenecks may be important to consider when studying habitat fragmentation. Extinction of populations in both treatments demonstrates that small populations are extremely vulnerable to both environmental and demographic stochastic events. Close

• 89. [Article] Formation and maintenance of fish assemblages in a high desert Oregon stream

  Considerable controversy exists about how fish assemblages are organized. I explicitly took fish movement into account while I studied the effects of disturbance, habitat complexity, and predation at different ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Formation and maintenance of fish assemblages in a high desert Oregon stream Author: Pearsons, Todd N. Considerable controversy exists about how fish assemblages are organized. I explicitly took fish movement into account while I studied the effects of disturbance, habitat complexity, and predation at different times of the summer to understand the major factors influencing assemblage structure in a high desert Oregon stream. The effects of disturbance were determined by sampling fish assemblages before and after summer and spring floods. Proportions of fish density and diversity decreased more in simple habitats than in complex ones following a summer flood and assemblages were quite resilient in all habitats. Following these floods, three controlled field experiments were performed to investigate fish assemblage formation and maintenance in response to habitat complexity and predation. Experiments were designed to allow fish to move in and out of manipulated habitats. Complex habitats from these experiments had higher juvenile and adult fish densities and diversities than simple habitats. Simple habitats had a high proportion of age 0+ fish and low species richness. Pool habitats with high densities of squawfish predators (>0.22 squawfish/m³) had lower fish densities and diversities than pools with low squawfish densities. Pools with high densities of predators had a high proportion of age 0+ fish, few juvenile suckers, and low species richness. Migration of fish during the spring and summer was the dominant feature affecting fish density and assemblage structure in Rock Creek. Habitat complexity, predation, and disturbance altered the patterns of migrations into different habitat types in Rock Creek. Migrations of fish resulted in an increase in diversity and density which peaked in late summer. A suite of models are presented that assume increasing fish density and diversity with time as a template. The affects of variations in habitat complexity, predator density, and disturbance timing alter the trajectory of the template in different ways. For example, summer floods are predicted to have greater effects on the template than spring floods. In addition, complex habitats and pool habitats with high densities of squawfish predators are predicted to have higher fish colonization rates than simple habitats and pools with low densities of squawfish predators, and these rates diverge through time. Application of these models to fish assemblages in other streams is related to distances from colonization sources and regional and environmental contexts. Title: Formation and maintenance of fish assemblages in a high desert Oregon stream Author: Pearsons, Todd N. Considerable controversy exists about how fish assemblages are organized. I explicitly took fish movement into account while I studied the effects of disturbance, habitat complexity, and predation at different times of the summer to understand the major factors influencing assemblage structure in a high desert Oregon stream. The effects of disturbance were determined by sampling fish assemblages before and after summer and spring floods. Proportions of fish density and diversity decreased more in simple habitats than in complex ones following a summer flood and assemblages were quite resilient in all habitats. Following these floods, three controlled field experiments were performed to investigate fish assemblage formation and maintenance in response to habitat complexity and predation. Experiments were designed to allow fish to move in and out of manipulated habitats. Complex habitats from these experiments had higher juvenile and adult fish densities and diversities than simple habitats. Simple habitats had a high proportion of age 0+ fish and low species richness. Pool habitats with high densities of squawfish predators (>0.22 squawfish/m³) had lower fish densities and diversities than pools with low squawfish densities. Pools with high densities of predators had a high proportion of age 0+ fish, few juvenile suckers, and low species richness. Migration of fish during the spring and summer was the dominant feature affecting fish density and assemblage structure in Rock Creek. Habitat complexity, predation, and disturbance altered the patterns of migrations into different habitat types in Rock Creek. Migrations of fish resulted in an increase in diversity and density which peaked in late summer. A suite of models are presented that assume increasing fish density and diversity with time as a template. The affects of variations in habitat complexity, predator density, and disturbance timing alter the trajectory of the template in different ways. For example, summer floods are predicted to have greater effects on the template than spring floods. In addition, complex habitats and pool habitats with high densities of squawfish predators are predicted to have higher fish colonization rates than simple habitats and pools with low densities of squawfish predators, and these rates diverge through time. Application of these models to fish assemblages in other streams is related to distances from colonization sources and regional and environmental contexts. Close

• 90. [Article] Linking greater sage-grouse habitat use and suitability across spatiotemporal scales in central Oregon

  Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat research has historically focused on fine-scale (0.007 - 0.032 ha) vegetation structure and composition immediately surrounding sites selected by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linking greater sage-grouse habitat use and suitability across spatiotemporal scales in central Oregon Author: Freese, Mark T. Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat research has historically focused on fine-scale (0.007 - 0.032 ha) vegetation structure and composition immediately surrounding sites selected by birds. However, little work has evaluated vegetation attributes important for Greater Sage-grouse at a landscape-scale or identified landscape attributes that influence habitat use patterns. Habitat use patterns by Greater Sage-grouse are complex and can occur across relatively large heterogeneous landscapes. This creates a major challenge for managers to interpret and predict habitat use patterns as well as to evaluate habitat suitability and prioritize habitats that are in need of ecological restoration. The goals of this research were to evaluate plot-level habitat characteristics found to be important in sustaining Greater Sage-grouse populations at a landscape-level and to identify landscape-level attributes associated with bird occurrence. Specific questions this research addressed were: 1) what is the variation in vegetation composition and structure at the plot versus landscape-level, 2) how does topography influence the distribution of vegetation composition and structure, and 3) what attributes at the landscape-level are most closely associated with Greater Sage-grouse habitat use? To address these questions we selected a 31,416 ha area in central Oregon surrounding a Greater Sage-grouse lek with a population that has been relatively stable since 1987. In February 2006, 50 Greater Sage-grouse were trapped, radio collared, and then tracked for two consecutive years. Four-hundred eighty bird UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate location points were recorded for the entire population of birds during the duration of this study. Each collared Greater Sage-grouse was located on average every 15 ± 0.56 (mean ± SE) days, ranging from 1 to 154 days. Vegetation for the entire study area was mapped by cover types, which were defined by the dominant shrub species. When shrubs were not present in the plant community, cover types were separated by other surface characteristics such as bare ground, water, meadow, etc. A total of 23 cover types were delineated. Cover types were mapped using 0.5-m NAIP (National Agricultural Imagery Program) imagery. In addition to cover type, a set of biophysical predictor variables were created for the entire study area in a GIS (Geographic Information System) to evaluate the association with Greater Sage-grouse location points. These variables included elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, solar radiation, ruggedness index, northing, easting, and distance from roads, leks, and mesic habitats. A stratified random sample with cover types serving as the stratum was used to select random locations for sampling plot-level habitat variables. A total of 352 plots were sampled from 18 cover types across the study area with a minimum of 15 plots per cover type. Vegetation measurements collected were similar to those reported in the habitat guidelines developed by Connelly et al. (2000) and the Bureau of Land Management et al. (2000). Measurements included vegetation cover, height, and density of forbs recognized as important Greater Sage-grouse food species. Plot elevation, slope, aspect, curvature and landscape position were also recorded. Summary statistics were used to describe means and ranges within and between cover types. A combination of multiple linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate the effects of topographic attributes on the distribution of vegetation composition and structure. To address the third question, maximum entropy software was used to develop models that predict Greater Sage-grouse seasonal habitat use, generate maps from those models, and describe the shapes of the response curves as it relates Greater Sage-grouse habitat preference to individual landscape predictor variables. Total shrub canopy cover across all cover types averaged 19.4%, ranging from 11.6 to 27.7%. Big (mountain and Wyoming) and low sagebrush canopy cover commonly varied between 2.6 and 16 fold within cover types. Deep-rooted perennial tussock grass cover averaged across all upland plots, was 26.7%, ranging from less than 1% to over 50%. Vegetation cover, Greater Sage-grouse food forb density, and sagebrush and grass height were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with topographic attributes. Cover for the different plant life forms and food forb density increased with elevation. Cover for most of the herbaceous life forms was also greater on north than south aspects. Compared to Connelly et al. (2000) and the BLM et al. (2000) habitat guidelines, < 1% of the study area satisfied breeding and nesting guideline criteria, while < 31% satisfied the brood-rearing guideline criteria. Although most of the study area did not meet habitat recommendations presented in the guidelines, patches imbedded throughout the study area did and most areas satisfied many but not all of the guideline requirements. These results suggests that evaluating only mean values of community structure, both within and among cover types across the study area, limited the ability to fully identify patch variability and landscape heterogeneity as it relates to habitat suitability across large areas. Maximum entropy results suggest Greater Sage-grouse habitat use during the breeding season increases near leks and within cover types of low sagebrush and low sagebrush/mountain big sagebrush complexes. Preferred summer habitat includes areas relatively high in elevation, distances that are close to leks, and within or a close proximity to habitats that harbor succulent vegetation through much of the summer. With Greater Sage-grouse utilizing resources within expansive landscapes, understanding the attributes that can be applied at a landscape-scale that attract disproportionate levels of habitat use can help managers predict where birds are likely to occur across the landscape. With the ability to discriminate between areas that Greater Sage-grouse are likely to use or avoid, managers can allocate limited resources to more effectively create, manipulate, and administer habitat conservation efforts where bird use is predicted and prioritize areas across the landscape in need of ecological restoration. Title: Linking greater sage-grouse habitat use and suitability across spatiotemporal scales in central Oregon Author: Freese, Mark T. Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat research has historically focused on fine-scale (0.007 - 0.032 ha) vegetation structure and composition immediately surrounding sites selected by birds. However, little work has evaluated vegetation attributes important for Greater Sage-grouse at a landscape-scale or identified landscape attributes that influence habitat use patterns. Habitat use patterns by Greater Sage-grouse are complex and can occur across relatively large heterogeneous landscapes. This creates a major challenge for managers to interpret and predict habitat use patterns as well as to evaluate habitat suitability and prioritize habitats that are in need of ecological restoration. The goals of this research were to evaluate plot-level habitat characteristics found to be important in sustaining Greater Sage-grouse populations at a landscape-level and to identify landscape-level attributes associated with bird occurrence. Specific questions this research addressed were: 1) what is the variation in vegetation composition and structure at the plot versus landscape-level, 2) how does topography influence the distribution of vegetation composition and structure, and 3) what attributes at the landscape-level are most closely associated with Greater Sage-grouse habitat use? To address these questions we selected a 31,416 ha area in central Oregon surrounding a Greater Sage-grouse lek with a population that has been relatively stable since 1987. In February 2006, 50 Greater Sage-grouse were trapped, radio collared, and then tracked for two consecutive years. Four-hundred eighty bird UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate location points were recorded for the entire population of birds during the duration of this study. Each collared Greater Sage-grouse was located on average every 15 ± 0.56 (mean ± SE) days, ranging from 1 to 154 days. Vegetation for the entire study area was mapped by cover types, which were defined by the dominant shrub species. When shrubs were not present in the plant community, cover types were separated by other surface characteristics such as bare ground, water, meadow, etc. A total of 23 cover types were delineated. Cover types were mapped using 0.5-m NAIP (National Agricultural Imagery Program) imagery. In addition to cover type, a set of biophysical predictor variables were created for the entire study area in a GIS (Geographic Information System) to evaluate the association with Greater Sage-grouse location points. These variables included elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, solar radiation, ruggedness index, northing, easting, and distance from roads, leks, and mesic habitats. A stratified random sample with cover types serving as the stratum was used to select random locations for sampling plot-level habitat variables. A total of 352 plots were sampled from 18 cover types across the study area with a minimum of 15 plots per cover type. Vegetation measurements collected were similar to those reported in the habitat guidelines developed by Connelly et al. (2000) and the Bureau of Land Management et al. (2000). Measurements included vegetation cover, height, and density of forbs recognized as important Greater Sage-grouse food species. Plot elevation, slope, aspect, curvature and landscape position were also recorded. Summary statistics were used to describe means and ranges within and between cover types. A combination of multiple linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate the effects of topographic attributes on the distribution of vegetation composition and structure. To address the third question, maximum entropy software was used to develop models that predict Greater Sage-grouse seasonal habitat use, generate maps from those models, and describe the shapes of the response curves as it relates Greater Sage-grouse habitat preference to individual landscape predictor variables. Total shrub canopy cover across all cover types averaged 19.4%, ranging from 11.6 to 27.7%. Big (mountain and Wyoming) and low sagebrush canopy cover commonly varied between 2.6 and 16 fold within cover types. Deep-rooted perennial tussock grass cover averaged across all upland plots, was 26.7%, ranging from less than 1% to over 50%. Vegetation cover, Greater Sage-grouse food forb density, and sagebrush and grass height were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with topographic attributes. Cover for the different plant life forms and food forb density increased with elevation. Cover for most of the herbaceous life forms was also greater on north than south aspects. Compared to Connelly et al. (2000) and the BLM et al. (2000) habitat guidelines, < 1% of the study area satisfied breeding and nesting guideline criteria, while < 31% satisfied the brood-rearing guideline criteria. Although most of the study area did not meet habitat recommendations presented in the guidelines, patches imbedded throughout the study area did and most areas satisfied many but not all of the guideline requirements. These results suggests that evaluating only mean values of community structure, both within and among cover types across the study area, limited the ability to fully identify patch variability and landscape heterogeneity as it relates to habitat suitability across large areas. Maximum entropy results suggest Greater Sage-grouse habitat use during the breeding season increases near leks and within cover types of low sagebrush and low sagebrush/mountain big sagebrush complexes. Preferred summer habitat includes areas relatively high in elevation, distances that are close to leks, and within or a close proximity to habitats that harbor succulent vegetation through much of the summer. With Greater Sage-grouse utilizing resources within expansive landscapes, understanding the attributes that can be applied at a landscape-scale that attract disproportionate levels of habitat use can help managers predict where birds are likely to occur across the landscape. With the ability to discriminate between areas that Greater Sage-grouse are likely to use or avoid, managers can allocate limited resources to more effectively create, manipulate, and administer habitat conservation efforts where bird use is predicted and prioritize areas across the landscape in need of ecological restoration. Close

• 91. [Article] Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A.

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Author: Ford, Michael J., et al., Kennedy, Robert E., Beechie, Timothy J., Bartz, Krista K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Author: Ford, Michael J., et al., Kennedy, Robert E., Beechie, Timothy J., Bartz, Krista K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 92. [Article] Pup Vibrissae Stable Isotopes Reveal Geographic Differences in Adult Female Southern Sea Lion Habitat Use during Gestation

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://journals.plos.org/plos...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pup Vibrissae Stable Isotopes Reveal Geographic Differences in Adult Female Southern Sea Lion Habitat Use during Gestation Author: Staniland, Iain J., Voigt, Christian C., Baylis, Alastair M. M., Orben, Rachael A., Hoffman, Joseph I., Trillmich, Fritz, Kowalski, Gabriele J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/ Title: Pup Vibrissae Stable Isotopes Reveal Geographic Differences in Adult Female Southern Sea Lion Habitat Use during Gestation Author: Staniland, Iain J., Voigt, Christian C., Baylis, Alastair M. M., Orben, Rachael A., Hoffman, Joseph I., Trillmich, Fritz, Kowalski, Gabriele J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/ Close

• 93. [Article] Niche partitioning by lesser prairie-chickens Tympanuchus pallidicinctus and ring-necked pheasants Phasianus colchicus in southwestern Kansas.

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Nordic Council for Wildlife Research and published by Oikos Editorial Office. It can be found at: http://www.wildlifebiology.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Niche partitioning by lesser prairie-chickens Tympanuchus pallidicinctus and ring-necked pheasants Phasianus colchicus in southwestern Kansas. Author: Robel, Robert J., Applegate, Roger D., Loughin, Thomas M., Hagen, Chrisitan A., Pitman, James C. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Nordic Council for Wildlife Research and published by Oikos Editorial Office. It can be found at: http://www.wildlifebiology.org/ Title: Niche partitioning by lesser prairie-chickens Tympanuchus pallidicinctus and ring-necked pheasants Phasianus colchicus in southwestern Kansas. Author: Robel, Robert J., Applegate, Roger D., Loughin, Thomas M., Hagen, Chrisitan A., Pitman, James C. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by Nordic Council for Wildlife Research and published by Oikos Editorial Office. It can be found at: http://www.wildlifebiology.org/ Close

• 94. [Article] Spatial and Temporal Variability of Macroinvertebrates in Spawning and Non-Spawning Habitats during a Salmon Run in Southeast Alaska

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by PLoS ONE and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Macroinvertebrates in Spawning and Non-Spawning Habitats during a Salmon Run in Southeast Alaska Author: Merritt, Richard W., Campbell, Emily Y., Benbow, M. Eric, Cummins, Kenneth W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by PLoS ONE and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Title: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Macroinvertebrates in Spawning and Non-Spawning Habitats during a Salmon Run in Southeast Alaska Author: Merritt, Richard W., Campbell, Emily Y., Benbow, M. Eric, Cummins, Kenneth W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by PLoS ONE and can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/home.action. Close

• 95. [Article] Colonization and extinction in dynamic habitats: an occupancy approach for a Great Plains stream fish assemblage

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Colonization and extinction in dynamic habitats: an occupancy approach for a Great Plains stream fish assemblage Author: Falke, Jeffrey A., Bestgen, Kevin R., Bailey, Larissa L., Fausch, Kurt D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://esa.org/. Title: Colonization and extinction in dynamic habitats: an occupancy approach for a Great Plains stream fish assemblage Author: Falke, Jeffrey A., Bestgen, Kevin R., Bailey, Larissa L., Fausch, Kurt D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://esa.org/. Close

• 96. [Article] The effect of spatial configuration of habitat capacity on β diversity

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of spatial configuration of habitat capacity on β diversity Author: Olden, J. D., Muneepeerakul, R., Lytle, D. A., Dong, X. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Title: The effect of spatial configuration of habitat capacity on β diversity Author: Olden, J. D., Muneepeerakul, R., Lytle, D. A., Dong, X. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Close

• 97. [Article] Characterization of pools and reaches with salmonid species in the Alsea and Nestucca Sub-Basins

  Streams in the Alsea and Nestucca Sub-Basins were characterized using suites of habitat attributes at the pool and reach scales. These suites were analyzed using a multivariate process with the Multiple ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of pools and reaches with salmonid species in the Alsea and Nestucca Sub-Basins Author: McKinney, Shaun P. Streams in the Alsea and Nestucca Sub-Basins were characterized using suites of habitat attributes at the pool and reach scales. These suites were analyzed using a multivariate process with the Multiple Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP) to test for differences in groups. There were differences in the suite of habitat variables between pools with cutthroat trout, coho salmon, steelhead trout and those corresponding pools without those species. Further, there were differences in a second suite of habitat variables at the reach level. These differences were between reaches with cutthroat trout, coho salmon, steelhead trout and those without. These individual species were then grouped together to comprise salmonid communities. The groups consisted of pools and reaches with one, two and all three species present. These six groups were tested using MRPP. Differences were found between all salmonid communities and their corresponding pools or reaches without the community present. Each species and community group was then fully described at the pool and reach ecological level. Additionally each suite of habitat variables was graphed as a percentage of the full distribution mean. This allowed the habitat suite to be viewed on the same scale. The graph line connecting the individual variables provided both species and community specific response curves or signatures. These signatures were then compared and contrasted against one another at the species, community and sub-basin contexts. Each species or community expressed its own unique signature that quantitatively described habitat partitioning and community interactions. The response curves may be used to guide land managers in restoration activities. These signatures provide insight into species and community specific utilization of pools and reaches. In addition they also provide understanding into how the individual habitat characteristics operate together in a suite attributes. Title: Characterization of pools and reaches with salmonid species in the Alsea and Nestucca Sub-Basins Author: McKinney, Shaun P. Streams in the Alsea and Nestucca Sub-Basins were characterized using suites of habitat attributes at the pool and reach scales. These suites were analyzed using a multivariate process with the Multiple Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP) to test for differences in groups. There were differences in the suite of habitat variables between pools with cutthroat trout, coho salmon, steelhead trout and those corresponding pools without those species. Further, there were differences in a second suite of habitat variables at the reach level. These differences were between reaches with cutthroat trout, coho salmon, steelhead trout and those without. These individual species were then grouped together to comprise salmonid communities. The groups consisted of pools and reaches with one, two and all three species present. These six groups were tested using MRPP. Differences were found between all salmonid communities and their corresponding pools or reaches without the community present. Each species and community group was then fully described at the pool and reach ecological level. Additionally each suite of habitat variables was graphed as a percentage of the full distribution mean. This allowed the habitat suite to be viewed on the same scale. The graph line connecting the individual variables provided both species and community specific response curves or signatures. These signatures were then compared and contrasted against one another at the species, community and sub-basin contexts. Each species or community expressed its own unique signature that quantitatively described habitat partitioning and community interactions. The response curves may be used to guide land managers in restoration activities. These signatures provide insight into species and community specific utilization of pools and reaches. In addition they also provide understanding into how the individual habitat characteristics operate together in a suite attributes. Close

• 98. [Article] Redd site selection and spawning habitat use by fall chinook salmon

  The spawning habitat associated with fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd clusters was investigated in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. A conceptual spawning habitat model is proposed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Redd site selection and spawning habitat use by fall chinook salmon Author: Geist, David R. The spawning habitat associated with fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd clusters was investigated in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. A conceptual spawning habitat model is proposed that describes how geomorphic features of river channels create hydraulic processes, including hyporheic flows, that influence where salmon spawn in unconstrained reaches of large mainstem alluvial rivers. Spatial point pattern analysis of redds showed that redd clusters averaged approximately 10 hectares in area and their locations were consistent from year to year. The tendency to spawn in clusters suggests fall chinook salmon's use of spawning habitat is highly selective. Hydraulic characteristics of the redd clusters were significantly different than the habitat surrounding them. Velocity and lateral slope of the river bottom were the most important habitat variables in predicting redd site selection. While these variables explained a large proportion of the variance in redd site selection (86 to 96%), some unmeasured factors still accounted for a small percentage of actual spawning site selection. Further investigation showed that the magnitude and chemical characteristics of hyporheic discharge were different between and within two spawning areas. Apparently, fall chinook salmon used chemical and physical cues from the discharge to locate spawning areas. Traditional spawning habitat models could be improved if they: used spawning area-specific, rather than river-specific; spawning characteristics; incorporated hyporheic discharge measurements; and gave further consideration to the geomorphic features that are present in the unconstrained segments of large alluvial rivers. Ultimately the recovery of endangered fall chinook salmon will depend on how well we are able to recreate the characteristics once common in alluvial floodplains of large rivers. The results from this research can be used to better define the relationship between these physical habitat characteristics and fall chinook salmon spawning site selection, and provide more efficient use of limited recovery resources. Title: Redd site selection and spawning habitat use by fall chinook salmon Author: Geist, David R. The spawning habitat associated with fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd clusters was investigated in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. A conceptual spawning habitat model is proposed that describes how geomorphic features of river channels create hydraulic processes, including hyporheic flows, that influence where salmon spawn in unconstrained reaches of large mainstem alluvial rivers. Spatial point pattern analysis of redds showed that redd clusters averaged approximately 10 hectares in area and their locations were consistent from year to year. The tendency to spawn in clusters suggests fall chinook salmon's use of spawning habitat is highly selective. Hydraulic characteristics of the redd clusters were significantly different than the habitat surrounding them. Velocity and lateral slope of the river bottom were the most important habitat variables in predicting redd site selection. While these variables explained a large proportion of the variance in redd site selection (86 to 96%), some unmeasured factors still accounted for a small percentage of actual spawning site selection. Further investigation showed that the magnitude and chemical characteristics of hyporheic discharge were different between and within two spawning areas. Apparently, fall chinook salmon used chemical and physical cues from the discharge to locate spawning areas. Traditional spawning habitat models could be improved if they: used spawning area-specific, rather than river-specific; spawning characteristics; incorporated hyporheic discharge measurements; and gave further consideration to the geomorphic features that are present in the unconstrained segments of large alluvial rivers. Ultimately the recovery of endangered fall chinook salmon will depend on how well we are able to recreate the characteristics once common in alluvial floodplains of large rivers. The results from this research can be used to better define the relationship between these physical habitat characteristics and fall chinook salmon spawning site selection, and provide more efficient use of limited recovery resources. Close

• 99. [Article] Incorporating Habitat Dynamics into Bioeconomic Model of Fishery. Application to Artificial Reefs

  In this paper the emphasis is put on an important aspect of renewable resource use that was disregarded until now. It is the evolution of environmental carrying capacity which is traditionally interpreted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incorporating Habitat Dynamics into Bioeconomic Model of Fishery. Application to Artificial Reefs Author: Cartigny, Pierre, Ami, Dominique, Udumyan, Narine In this paper the emphasis is put on an important aspect of renewable resource use that was disregarded until now. It is the evolution of environmental carrying capacity which is traditionally interpreted as a maximal population level that can be supported by the environment (or by habitats of which it consists). Hence we adapt the Gordon-Schaefer model with constant carrying capacity by incorporating time-dependent carrying capacity that determines the state of habitats. They are subject to some biological processes (habitat rehabilitation) as well as to human aggressions (in particular habitat degradation due to fishing). Based on the developed model, we reassess the recommendations considered as a benchmark for resource managers until recently. Under simple hypotheses on the form of habitat (carrying capacity) dynamics, the current study has shown the importance of the latter for the design of management tools. When dynamic patterns of habitats are not taken into account, fishery recommendations based on Gordon-Schaefer model can be aberrant and lead to the collapse of the fishery. The presented model allows not only to enrich the design of management tools but also to assess the performance of artificial reefs, a promising ecosystem-based tool widely used in some coastal areas. The economic benefits of artificial reefs are still not well studied and represent a challenge to take up. Since artificial reefs are conceived as replacement for natural habitats, they assume the same role as these latter. Therefore the structure of our model seems appropriate to evaluate this particular management tool. Title: Incorporating Habitat Dynamics into Bioeconomic Model of Fishery. Application to Artificial Reefs Author: Cartigny, Pierre, Ami, Dominique, Udumyan, Narine In this paper the emphasis is put on an important aspect of renewable resource use that was disregarded until now. It is the evolution of environmental carrying capacity which is traditionally interpreted as a maximal population level that can be supported by the environment (or by habitats of which it consists). Hence we adapt the Gordon-Schaefer model with constant carrying capacity by incorporating time-dependent carrying capacity that determines the state of habitats. They are subject to some biological processes (habitat rehabilitation) as well as to human aggressions (in particular habitat degradation due to fishing). Based on the developed model, we reassess the recommendations considered as a benchmark for resource managers until recently. Under simple hypotheses on the form of habitat (carrying capacity) dynamics, the current study has shown the importance of the latter for the design of management tools. When dynamic patterns of habitats are not taken into account, fishery recommendations based on Gordon-Schaefer model can be aberrant and lead to the collapse of the fishery. The presented model allows not only to enrich the design of management tools but also to assess the performance of artificial reefs, a promising ecosystem-based tool widely used in some coastal areas. The economic benefits of artificial reefs are still not well studied and represent a challenge to take up. Since artificial reefs are conceived as replacement for natural habitats, they assume the same role as these latter. Therefore the structure of our model seems appropriate to evaluate this particular management tool. Close

• 100. [Article] Mapping surficial geologic habitats of the Oregon continental margin using integrated interpretive GIS techniques

  We map the regional physiography and surficial lithology (Surficial Geologic Habitat or SGH) over the continental margin of Oregon. This thesis develops, describes, and implements an iterative interpretive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping surficial geologic habitats of the Oregon continental margin using integrated interpretive GIS techniques Author: Romsos, Christopher G. We map the regional physiography and surficial lithology (Surficial Geologic Habitat or SGH) over the continental margin of Oregon. This thesis develops, describes, and implements an iterative interpretive method to map seafloor habitat types from disparate geological and geophysical datasets including: bathymetric images, sidescan sonar images, seismic reflection profiles, sediment samples, geologic maps of structure, and observations from submersibles. An indirect technique for the assessment of map accuracy or habitat type misidentification error is also explored and used to derive supplemental maps of varying interpretative confidence, or "quality". The geological and geophysical datasets used to produce the SGH maps of the Oregon margin are by their nature patchy, and form an irregular mosaic of variable data density and quality. Uniform sampling of continental margins does not yet exist, thus these maps are an attempt to glean as much information as possible from the framework of existing data. In any given area the quantity and quality of data available varied considerably, and required a flexible method of interpretation based on this availability. The integrated interpretative GIS techniques are developed to facilitate mapping geologic habitat types over this region of discontinuous and patchy seafloor data. The SGH map and thematic map accuracy assessment support improved habitat-based inventory and assessment methods. They also serve as habitat reference materials for marine resources management and planning activities at local to national scales. SGH and data quality maps are incorporated as thematic layers within a broader habitat geodatabase for west coast groundfish and are directly applied for modeling Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) for these species. Title: Mapping surficial geologic habitats of the Oregon continental margin using integrated interpretive GIS techniques Author: Romsos, Christopher G. We map the regional physiography and surficial lithology (Surficial Geologic Habitat or SGH) over the continental margin of Oregon. This thesis develops, describes, and implements an iterative interpretive method to map seafloor habitat types from disparate geological and geophysical datasets including: bathymetric images, sidescan sonar images, seismic reflection profiles, sediment samples, geologic maps of structure, and observations from submersibles. An indirect technique for the assessment of map accuracy or habitat type misidentification error is also explored and used to derive supplemental maps of varying interpretative confidence, or "quality". The geological and geophysical datasets used to produce the SGH maps of the Oregon margin are by their nature patchy, and form an irregular mosaic of variable data density and quality. Uniform sampling of continental margins does not yet exist, thus these maps are an attempt to glean as much information as possible from the framework of existing data. In any given area the quantity and quality of data available varied considerably, and required a flexible method of interpretation based on this availability. The integrated interpretative GIS techniques are developed to facilitate mapping geologic habitat types over this region of discontinuous and patchy seafloor data. The SGH map and thematic map accuracy assessment support improved habitat-based inventory and assessment methods. They also serve as habitat reference materials for marine resources management and planning activities at local to national scales. SGH and data quality maps are incorporated as thematic layers within a broader habitat geodatabase for west coast groundfish and are directly applied for modeling Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) for these species. Close