Search

Search Results

• 1. [Article] Determinants of off-farm labor supply among farm households in the north Willamette Valley

  Financial stress in agriculture has been a concern over the past century. Agrarian values and "love of the land" seem to yield public conclusions for the support of the industry. Much of this support is in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of off-farm labor supply among farm households in the north Willamette Valley Author: Doyle, Douglas J., 1963- Financial stress in agriculture has been a concern over the past century. Agrarian values and "love of the land" seem to yield public conclusions for the support of the industry. Much of this support is in the interest of preserving a viable food producing sector in an volatile world climate. High interest rates, declining land values and highly competitive export markets have spurred renewed concern for farm survival in the past ten years. One alternative to traditional price supports and tariffs for farm household support is off-farm income. This may take many forms including off-farm wages and salaries, rental income, interest and dividend income and, retirement or pension funds. Central to the analysis of nonfarm income generation is the allocation of time by farm households. For farmers who place a high value on the farm lifestyle, occupational choice is embedded in the time decision to such an extent that the resource allocations based on economic efficiency criteria may be altered. Tobit techniques offer a new approach to the analysis of farm household decisions on time allocation. The procedure allows the investigator to estimate and evaluate parameters that may affect the amount of off-farm work by farm household members. The Tobit analysis is designed for censored data sets. The data in this study were censored because there were missing observations on the quantity of off-farm work for those individuals who did not work off-farm in 1986. Results of Tobit analyses of off-farm work by farm operators and spouses in three Oregon counties indicated that high levels of gross farm income reduce the likelihood and extent of off-farm work. Middle-aged operators worked off-farm more while the presence of small children and elderly dependents in the farm household inhibited off-farm work. The allocation decisions of the spouse and the operator appeared to be independent; this supports a nonsimultaneous Tobit specification like the one used in this research. Title: Determinants of off-farm labor supply among farm households in the north Willamette Valley Author: Doyle, Douglas J., 1963- Financial stress in agriculture has been a concern over the past century. Agrarian values and "love of the land" seem to yield public conclusions for the support of the industry. Much of this support is in the interest of preserving a viable food producing sector in an volatile world climate. High interest rates, declining land values and highly competitive export markets have spurred renewed concern for farm survival in the past ten years. One alternative to traditional price supports and tariffs for farm household support is off-farm income. This may take many forms including off-farm wages and salaries, rental income, interest and dividend income and, retirement or pension funds. Central to the analysis of nonfarm income generation is the allocation of time by farm households. For farmers who place a high value on the farm lifestyle, occupational choice is embedded in the time decision to such an extent that the resource allocations based on economic efficiency criteria may be altered. Tobit techniques offer a new approach to the analysis of farm household decisions on time allocation. The procedure allows the investigator to estimate and evaluate parameters that may affect the amount of off-farm work by farm household members. The Tobit analysis is designed for censored data sets. The data in this study were censored because there were missing observations on the quantity of off-farm work for those individuals who did not work off-farm in 1986. Results of Tobit analyses of off-farm work by farm operators and spouses in three Oregon counties indicated that high levels of gross farm income reduce the likelihood and extent of off-farm work. Middle-aged operators worked off-farm more while the presence of small children and elderly dependents in the farm household inhibited off-farm work. The allocation decisions of the spouse and the operator appeared to be independent; this supports a nonsimultaneous Tobit specification like the one used in this research. Close

• 2. [Article] Oregon farm wives' off-farm employment and satisfaction with farming as a way of life

  Among the changes farm families have faced during the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in off-farm employment. Historically, women's involvement has been essential to the functioning of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon farm wives' off-farm employment and satisfaction with farming as a way of life Author: Hatch, Carol S. Among the changes farm families have faced during the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in off-farm employment. Historically, women's involvement has been essential to the functioning of the family farm, and as off-farm income has increased in importance, increasing numbers of farm women have joined the ranks of those employed in off farm jobs. Using phone survey data collected during the 1988-89 year, the objectives of this study were (1) to identify the variables which may predict farm wives' off-farm employment status, and the resulting direct and indirect effects of their employment status on their satisfaction with farming as a way of life, and (2) to assess the direction and strength of the relationships. Guided by the Deacon and Firebaugh (1988) family systems framework, path analysis was used to estimate the relationships among the variables. The path model was estimated and examined using LISREL 8 on the covariance matrix. A low chi-square and high goodness-of-fit index suggested that no significant difference existed between the observed covariance matrix and the model-implied matrix; however, many of the parameters in the model had low values. Because the model did not explain the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life, well, several explanations were explored. None of the model modifications estimated provided a better fit to the data, nor did they result in better path coefficients. However, splitting the sample into large and small farm subsamples answered some important questions. When small (net farm income of $10,000 or less) and large farm samples were examined, results revealed significant differences on a number of variables and correlations. An analysis of the path model for small farms produced poor R² values, but the R² for wife's off-farm employment level was slightly improved over the initial model with the full sample. The analysis of large farms indicated that the model provided better explanatory power with large farms than with either the small farm or full sample when focusing on the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life. Title: Oregon farm wives' off-farm employment and satisfaction with farming as a way of life Author: Hatch, Carol S. Among the changes farm families have faced during the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in off-farm employment. Historically, women's involvement has been essential to the functioning of the family farm, and as off-farm income has increased in importance, increasing numbers of farm women have joined the ranks of those employed in off farm jobs. Using phone survey data collected during the 1988-89 year, the objectives of this study were (1) to identify the variables which may predict farm wives' off-farm employment status, and the resulting direct and indirect effects of their employment status on their satisfaction with farming as a way of life, and (2) to assess the direction and strength of the relationships. Guided by the Deacon and Firebaugh (1988) family systems framework, path analysis was used to estimate the relationships among the variables. The path model was estimated and examined using LISREL 8 on the covariance matrix. A low chi-square and high goodness-of-fit index suggested that no significant difference existed between the observed covariance matrix and the model-implied matrix; however, many of the parameters in the model had low values. Because the model did not explain the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life, well, several explanations were explored. None of the model modifications estimated provided a better fit to the data, nor did they result in better path coefficients. However, splitting the sample into large and small farm subsamples answered some important questions. When small (net farm income of $10,000 or less) and large farm samples were examined, results revealed significant differences on a number of variables and correlations. An analysis of the path model for small farms produced poor R² values, but the R² for wife's off-farm employment level was slightly improved over the initial model with the full sample. The analysis of large farms indicated that the model provided better explanatory power with large farms than with either the small farm or full sample when focusing on the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life. Close

• 3. [Article] Some of the major factors in the organization of the Oregon wheat farm as based upon a farm survey in Sherman county, 1921

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some of the major factors in the organization of the Oregon wheat farm as based upon a farm survey in Sherman county, 1921 Author: Cornwell, Raymond Lee Title: Some of the major factors in the organization of the Oregon wheat farm as based upon a farm survey in Sherman county, 1921 Author: Cornwell, Raymond Lee Close

• 4. [Article] Determinants of off-farm employment among Oregon farm households : a tobit analysis

  An investigation was conducted to determine the impact of economic and non-economic factors on the off-farm work efforts of Oregon farm husbands and wives. A total of 283 Oregon farm households (with husbands ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of off-farm employment among Oregon farm households : a tobit analysis Author: Rauniyar, Krishna K. P. An investigation was conducted to determine the impact of economic and non-economic factors on the off-farm work efforts of Oregon farm husbands and wives. A total of 283 Oregon farm households (with husbands and wives) were randomly selected from lists of persons deferring taxes for farm purposes, obtained from County Assessors' offices in each of eight randomly selected counties. Counties with larger number of farms had a higher probability of being selected. Data came from an Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station study conducted during 1988-89. The empirical findings from the maximum likelihood Tobit model showed plausible directional impacts. Off-farm wage rate, the basis of a reduced labor supply model, was the key variable in explaining off-farm work. Wives' off-farm work response to off-farm wage was more elastic when compared to husbands' off-farm work. Additional significant variables to affect either or both husbands' and wives' total off-farm work were total farm debt, husband's age, education, urban/rural location of farm, net farm income, age-square, farm life satisfaction, and total family income before tax. Education was positively related to off-farm work only for wives. Results also indicate that high levels of net farm income as well as farm debt reduce the likelihood and extent of off-farm work. The location of the farm closer in proximity to metropolitan areas, was a significant factor in increased off-farm work hours. Farm life satisfaction was negatively significant for both wives and husbands. The effect of farm life satisfaction was more prominent for wives than for husbands. Total family income was significant and negatively related to wives' off-farm work but not husbands, indicating that women may be more sensitive to a choice for leisure or household work and the motivation for husbands' off-farm work may be higher. Despite a substantial incidence of low profitability and low farm income from farming and some unhappiness and hard work, these farmers generally reported a high level of satisfaction with their farming operations. Any policy implications based on the findings of this study must be cautiously interpreted based on farm types and the work motivation of farmers in Oregon. Title: Determinants of off-farm employment among Oregon farm households : a tobit analysis Author: Rauniyar, Krishna K. P. An investigation was conducted to determine the impact of economic and non-economic factors on the off-farm work efforts of Oregon farm husbands and wives. A total of 283 Oregon farm households (with husbands and wives) were randomly selected from lists of persons deferring taxes for farm purposes, obtained from County Assessors' offices in each of eight randomly selected counties. Counties with larger number of farms had a higher probability of being selected. Data came from an Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station study conducted during 1988-89. The empirical findings from the maximum likelihood Tobit model showed plausible directional impacts. Off-farm wage rate, the basis of a reduced labor supply model, was the key variable in explaining off-farm work. Wives' off-farm work response to off-farm wage was more elastic when compared to husbands' off-farm work. Additional significant variables to affect either or both husbands' and wives' total off-farm work were total farm debt, husband's age, education, urban/rural location of farm, net farm income, age-square, farm life satisfaction, and total family income before tax. Education was positively related to off-farm work only for wives. Results also indicate that high levels of net farm income as well as farm debt reduce the likelihood and extent of off-farm work. The location of the farm closer in proximity to metropolitan areas, was a significant factor in increased off-farm work hours. Farm life satisfaction was negatively significant for both wives and husbands. The effect of farm life satisfaction was more prominent for wives than for husbands. Total family income was significant and negatively related to wives' off-farm work but not husbands, indicating that women may be more sensitive to a choice for leisure or household work and the motivation for husbands' off-farm work may be higher. Despite a substantial incidence of low profitability and low farm income from farming and some unhappiness and hard work, these farmers generally reported a high level of satisfaction with their farming operations. Any policy implications based on the findings of this study must be cautiously interpreted based on farm types and the work motivation of farmers in Oregon. Close

• 5. [Article] Effects of Price Risk in Wholesale Market on the U.S. Farm-Raised Catfish

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Price Risk in Wholesale Market on the U.S. Farm-Raised Catfish Author: Jolly, Curtis, Nguyen, Giap Abstract Only Title: Effects of Price Risk in Wholesale Market on the U.S. Farm-Raised Catfish Author: Jolly, Curtis, Nguyen, Giap Abstract Only Close

• 6. [Article] An analysis of the farm organization and progress of farm security administration clients in Marion county

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the farm organization and progress of farm security administration clients in Marion county Author: Deschamps, Ray Title: An analysis of the farm organization and progress of farm security administration clients in Marion county Author: Deschamps, Ray Close

• 7. [Article] A study of some important factors in wheat farm organization in the Columbia basin in eastern Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of some important factors in wheat farm organization in the Columbia basin in eastern Oregon Author: Newman, Paul Clinton Title: A study of some important factors in wheat farm organization in the Columbia basin in eastern Oregon Author: Newman, Paul Clinton Close

• 8. [Article] Organization plan for a poultry and small fruit farm for the Willamette Valley

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organization plan for a poultry and small fruit farm for the Willamette Valley Author: Ding, Edward Ralph Title: Organization plan for a poultry and small fruit farm for the Willamette Valley Author: Ding, Edward Ralph Close

• 9. [Article] An evaluation of family income variation on low-income farms in western Oregon

  The primary purpose of this thesis is to determine the economic nature of low incomes on low-income farms in western Oregon. An economic model containing variables that contribute to family income is developed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of family income variation on low-income farms in western Oregon Author: Long, Donald Eugene The primary purpose of this thesis is to determine the economic nature of low incomes on low-income farms in western Oregon. An economic model containing variables that contribute to family income is developed for farm operators in the study area. Regression analysis is used to determine the significant variables contributing to family income variation. From the results of the regression analysis, an income function is derived for low-income farm families of western Oregon. An analysis of the variables included in the income function is presented, as well as a discussion of the variables that were determined not to be significant from the regression analysis. It is concluded that insufficient farm size, inadequate capital for farm expansion, lack of training or skill, inefficient use of available resources, age of the operator, lack of formal education, and lack of mobility are the main causes of low incomes in the thirteen northwestern counties of Oregon. The findings of this study tend to support other studies of a similar nature. Finally, policy alternatives and recommendations are given. It is determined the avenues of assistance open to older low-income farm operators and those with less formal education are direct aid programs. The training necessary to obtain non-farm employment is the most feasible means for the younger, low-income farm operators. It is determined that there is a relatively small number of low-income farm operators in western Oregon with adequate resources to farm their way out of poverty. Title: An evaluation of family income variation on low-income farms in western Oregon Author: Long, Donald Eugene The primary purpose of this thesis is to determine the economic nature of low incomes on low-income farms in western Oregon. An economic model containing variables that contribute to family income is developed for farm operators in the study area. Regression analysis is used to determine the significant variables contributing to family income variation. From the results of the regression analysis, an income function is derived for low-income farm families of western Oregon. An analysis of the variables included in the income function is presented, as well as a discussion of the variables that were determined not to be significant from the regression analysis. It is concluded that insufficient farm size, inadequate capital for farm expansion, lack of training or skill, inefficient use of available resources, age of the operator, lack of formal education, and lack of mobility are the main causes of low incomes in the thirteen northwestern counties of Oregon. The findings of this study tend to support other studies of a similar nature. Finally, policy alternatives and recommendations are given. It is determined the avenues of assistance open to older low-income farm operators and those with less formal education are direct aid programs. The training necessary to obtain non-farm employment is the most feasible means for the younger, low-income farm operators. It is determined that there is a relatively small number of low-income farm operators in western Oregon with adequate resources to farm their way out of poverty. Close

• 10. [Article] Historic farm structures as material culture : an Oregon study

  The thesis is a case study of two traditional family farms that were settled in Oregon in 1850 and 1915. The study embraces the theory that material culture reflects customs and values. The material culture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historic farm structures as material culture : an Oregon study Author: Judge, Barbara C. The thesis is a case study of two traditional family farms that were settled in Oregon in 1850 and 1915. The study embraces the theory that material culture reflects customs and values. The material culture indicators within the study are the architectural structures of the Oregon farms. The study filters the architecture through theoretical and historical data of both Oregon and the Upland South. The farms are recorded with oral history, photographs, architectural descriptions, and evolutionary settlement patterns. The filtering process results in two constructs that correlate the commonalities of both the Oregon farms and the Upland South architecture. The results point out that, with the disappearance of vernacular architecture on family farms, it follows that historic traditional cultures vanish. Title: Historic farm structures as material culture : an Oregon study Author: Judge, Barbara C. The thesis is a case study of two traditional family farms that were settled in Oregon in 1850 and 1915. The study embraces the theory that material culture reflects customs and values. The material culture indicators within the study are the architectural structures of the Oregon farms. The study filters the architecture through theoretical and historical data of both Oregon and the Upland South. The farms are recorded with oral history, photographs, architectural descriptions, and evolutionary settlement patterns. The filtering process results in two constructs that correlate the commonalities of both the Oregon farms and the Upland South architecture. The results point out that, with the disappearance of vernacular architecture on family farms, it follows that historic traditional cultures vanish. Close

• 11. [Article] Effects of U.S. commodity programs on farm growth

  The U.S. farm sector has undergone dramatic structural change during the past fifty years, a chief result being that the number of large farms has increased relative to the number of small farms. Numerous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of U.S. commodity programs on farm growth Author: Sukume, Chrispen The U.S. farm sector has undergone dramatic structural change during the past fifty years, a chief result being that the number of large farms has increased relative to the number of small farms. Numerous agricultural policies have been instituted, with the partial objective of preserving the family farm. At the same time, a number of studies have attempted to ascertain the contribution of various forces, including farm programs, toward the observed changes in average farm size. These studies have tended to concentrate on aggregate effects, ignoring farm-level and dynamic effects of program and nonprogram factors on farm growth. The present study overcomes such limitations by utilizing a farm-level dynamic growth model which links consumption, production, and investment decisions. Steady-state comparative static and local comparative dynamic analysis of the dynamic model solutions indicate qualitative effects of program and nonprogram factors on farm growth. Simulation of quantitative effects are conducted on econometric estimates of the dynamic model solutions, using Kansas wheat farm data. Empirical results show that set-aside-percentage-type instruments (required and voluntary set-aside percentages) induce longrun net equity increases in small farms and longrun net equity decreases in large farms. In both size classes, set-aside instruments increase longrun land holdings, the increases being greater in larger than in smaller farms. After considering effects on rented land, the effect of set-aside-type instruments on overall scale of operation is negligible. Payment-rate-type instruments (per-acre deficiency, voluntary and paid diversion payment rates) increase longrun net equity and consumption in both small and large farms. They lead to longrun land ownership increases in small farms and decreases in large farms. However, they lead also to increases in rented land, the increase being greater in larger than in smaller farms. Net effect on scale of operation is nonsignificant. Finally, nonprogram factors affect growth also. Technical change increases net equity and landholding in large farms more than in small farms. In both large and small farms, increases in prices of land's substitutes, lead to net equity increases, whereas increases in prices of complements reduce net equity. In the longrun, output price increases encourage consumption and reduce net equity. Title: Effects of U.S. commodity programs on farm growth Author: Sukume, Chrispen The U.S. farm sector has undergone dramatic structural change during the past fifty years, a chief result being that the number of large farms has increased relative to the number of small farms. Numerous agricultural policies have been instituted, with the partial objective of preserving the family farm. At the same time, a number of studies have attempted to ascertain the contribution of various forces, including farm programs, toward the observed changes in average farm size. These studies have tended to concentrate on aggregate effects, ignoring farm-level and dynamic effects of program and nonprogram factors on farm growth. The present study overcomes such limitations by utilizing a farm-level dynamic growth model which links consumption, production, and investment decisions. Steady-state comparative static and local comparative dynamic analysis of the dynamic model solutions indicate qualitative effects of program and nonprogram factors on farm growth. Simulation of quantitative effects are conducted on econometric estimates of the dynamic model solutions, using Kansas wheat farm data. Empirical results show that set-aside-percentage-type instruments (required and voluntary set-aside percentages) induce longrun net equity increases in small farms and longrun net equity decreases in large farms. In both size classes, set-aside instruments increase longrun land holdings, the increases being greater in larger than in smaller farms. After considering effects on rented land, the effect of set-aside-type instruments on overall scale of operation is negligible. Payment-rate-type instruments (per-acre deficiency, voluntary and paid diversion payment rates) increase longrun net equity and consumption in both small and large farms. They lead to longrun land ownership increases in small farms and decreases in large farms. However, they lead also to increases in rented land, the increase being greater in larger than in smaller farms. Net effect on scale of operation is nonsignificant. Finally, nonprogram factors affect growth also. Technical change increases net equity and landholding in large farms more than in small farms. In both large and small farms, increases in prices of land's substitutes, lead to net equity increases, whereas increases in prices of complements reduce net equity. In the longrun, output price increases encourage consumption and reduce net equity. Close

• 12. [Article] Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions for Shrimp Farming: A Case Study of Smallholders' Shrimp Farming In India

  Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households and 69 households leasing-out land for shrimp farming, this paper explores the demographic and economic factors influencing the land leasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions for Shrimp Farming: A Case Study of Smallholders' Shrimp Farming In India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households and 69 households leasing-out land for shrimp farming, this paper explores the demographic and economic factors influencing the land leasing decisions for traditional and scientific shrimp farming in West Bengal, India, applying Tobit Model. The results indicate that size of households‟ land holding is positively related with the extent of land leased-in for traditional shrimp farming whereas for scientific shrimp farming the association was found to be negative. This signifies that land leasing market does not facilitate the households having lesser landholding to lease-in land for shrimp culture in the case of traditional shrimp farming whereas in the case of scientific shrimp farming it does facilitate such households. In the case of traditional shrimp farming households‟ association with other fisheries related activities was also found to have positive influence on their leasing-in decisions . On the supply side, variables like number of adult male members, households‟ association with fisheries related activities and non-farm assets were found to have positive, negative and positive association respectively with the extent of land leased-out for traditional shrimp farming. The analysis also exhibits that the age of the household head has negative relationship with the extent of land leased-out by them both in the case of traditional and scientific shrimp farming. This signifies that existing institutional arrangements in shrimp farming of West Bengal are not considerably successful to motivate young rural people to undertake shrimp farming on their own instead of leasing-out land for shrimp culture and aquaculture policies should address this aspect. Title: Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions for Shrimp Farming: A Case Study of Smallholders' Shrimp Farming In India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households and 69 households leasing-out land for shrimp farming, this paper explores the demographic and economic factors influencing the land leasing decisions for traditional and scientific shrimp farming in West Bengal, India, applying Tobit Model. The results indicate that size of households‟ land holding is positively related with the extent of land leased-in for traditional shrimp farming whereas for scientific shrimp farming the association was found to be negative. This signifies that land leasing market does not facilitate the households having lesser landholding to lease-in land for shrimp culture in the case of traditional shrimp farming whereas in the case of scientific shrimp farming it does facilitate such households. In the case of traditional shrimp farming households‟ association with other fisheries related activities was also found to have positive influence on their leasing-in decisions . On the supply side, variables like number of adult male members, households‟ association with fisheries related activities and non-farm assets were found to have positive, negative and positive association respectively with the extent of land leased-out for traditional shrimp farming. The analysis also exhibits that the age of the household head has negative relationship with the extent of land leased-out by them both in the case of traditional and scientific shrimp farming. This signifies that existing institutional arrangements in shrimp farming of West Bengal are not considerably successful to motivate young rural people to undertake shrimp farming on their own instead of leasing-out land for shrimp culture and aquaculture policies should address this aspect. Close

• 13. [Article] Cost and Returns of Extensive Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) in Disease-Affected Area: A Farm Ownerships Comparison

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cost and Returns of Extensive Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) in Disease-Affected Area: A Farm Ownerships Comparison Author: Nazmul Alam, S. M. Abstract only. Title: Cost and Returns of Extensive Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) in Disease-Affected Area: A Farm Ownerships Comparison Author: Nazmul Alam, S. M. Abstract only. Close

• 14. [Article] Growing farms : successful whole farm management planning book : think it! write it!

  Published October 2011. Reviewed October 2015. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growing farms : successful whole farm management planning book : think it! write it! Author: Martin, Dana (Dana Lou), Fery, Melissa, Matthewson, Melissa, Angima, S. D., Andrews, N. (Nick), Pool, Kristin, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Stephenson, Garry Owen Published October 2011. Reviewed October 2015. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Growing farms : successful whole farm management planning book : think it! write it! Author: Martin, Dana (Dana Lou), Fery, Melissa, Matthewson, Melissa, Angima, S. D., Andrews, N. (Nick), Pool, Kristin, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Stephenson, Garry Owen Published October 2011. Reviewed October 2015. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 15. [Article] Data requirements and transmittal techniques for applied farm organization linear programming

  Linear programming is now widely accepted and used by researchers and industrial management people, but its adoption by farm managers has been slow. This study concentrates on the development of improved ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data requirements and transmittal techniques for applied farm organization linear programming Author: Miles, Stanley Linear programming is now widely accepted and used by researchers and industrial management people, but its adoption by farm managers has been slow. This study concentrates on the development of improved data transmittal techniques for farm organization linear programming. The program model is designed to analyze crop production alternatives. Models presently in use were studied for 1). restriction and activity format and 2). data transmittal input and output techniques. In spite of the availability of linear programming models, the lack of input and report generating programs has limited the application of linear programming as a practical farm management tool. Input forms and computer reports were designed for ease of use and interpretation by farm managers. The system was then programmed by the Oregon State University Computer Center and tested for practical application on a case farm. Various problems appeared which required a redesign of the forms and computer reports. A "Cooperators Manual" was then written to explain the system to potential users. After several program changes, the system was tested on six selected farms. The farmers completed the forms for their operations indicating the resources available and the crop activity coefficients. The farmers, after receiving the computer reports, completed a questionnaire stating their experiences and thoughts regarding this farm planning system. A record was kept of the farm manager's time in filling out the input forms. Computer processing cost for each farm was also recorded. The farm managers were generally quite receptive to this method of systematized budgeting. They all indicated that they planned to implement at least part of the suggested organization It was found that records, of some description, were needed in going through the process of completing the forms. County agents and published data can also be used in the information-gathering process. This study reveals that data transmittal techniques can be developed such that farm managers can communicate readily with the computer. Better communication will make other technical tools, in addition to linear programming, useful in modern farm business management. Title: Data requirements and transmittal techniques for applied farm organization linear programming Author: Miles, Stanley Linear programming is now widely accepted and used by researchers and industrial management people, but its adoption by farm managers has been slow. This study concentrates on the development of improved data transmittal techniques for farm organization linear programming. The program model is designed to analyze crop production alternatives. Models presently in use were studied for 1). restriction and activity format and 2). data transmittal input and output techniques. In spite of the availability of linear programming models, the lack of input and report generating programs has limited the application of linear programming as a practical farm management tool. Input forms and computer reports were designed for ease of use and interpretation by farm managers. The system was then programmed by the Oregon State University Computer Center and tested for practical application on a case farm. Various problems appeared which required a redesign of the forms and computer reports. A "Cooperators Manual" was then written to explain the system to potential users. After several program changes, the system was tested on six selected farms. The farmers completed the forms for their operations indicating the resources available and the crop activity coefficients. The farmers, after receiving the computer reports, completed a questionnaire stating their experiences and thoughts regarding this farm planning system. A record was kept of the farm manager's time in filling out the input forms. Computer processing cost for each farm was also recorded. The farm managers were generally quite receptive to this method of systematized budgeting. They all indicated that they planned to implement at least part of the suggested organization It was found that records, of some description, were needed in going through the process of completing the forms. County agents and published data can also be used in the information-gathering process. This study reveals that data transmittal techniques can be developed such that farm managers can communicate readily with the computer. Better communication will make other technical tools, in addition to linear programming, useful in modern farm business management. Close

• 16. [Article] The Economics of Norwegian Salmon Farming: A Review of 30 years of Production Growth

  Power Point presentation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economics of Norwegian Salmon Farming: A Review of 30 years of Production Growth Author: Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold, Guttormsen, Atle G. Power Point presentation. Title: The Economics of Norwegian Salmon Farming: A Review of 30 years of Production Growth Author: Rødseth, Kenneth Løvold, Guttormsen, Atle G. Power Point presentation. Close

• 17. [Article] Returns of Different Cropping Systems in Disease-Affected Shrimp Areas in Southwest Bangladesh: An Economic Evaluation

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Returns of Different Cropping Systems in Disease-Affected Shrimp Areas in Southwest Bangladesh: An Economic Evaluation Author: Alam, S. M. Nazmul, Pokrant, Bob Abstract only. Title: Returns of Different Cropping Systems in Disease-Affected Shrimp Areas in Southwest Bangladesh: An Economic Evaluation Author: Alam, S. M. Nazmul, Pokrant, Bob Abstract only. Close

• 18. [Article] Farmed fish in European seafood consumption: perception versus numbers

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farmed fish in European seafood consumption: perception versus numbers Author: Paquotte, Philippe Research Paper Title: Farmed fish in European seafood consumption: perception versus numbers Author: Paquotte, Philippe Research Paper Close

• 19. [Article] Fundamental Issues In The Salmon Aquaculture Debate

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fundamental Issues In The Salmon Aquaculture Debate Author: Knapp, Gunnar Research Paper Title: Fundamental Issues In The Salmon Aquaculture Debate Author: Knapp, Gunnar Research Paper Close

• 20. [Article] Cultural evolution and small-scale farming

  Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural evolution and small-scale farming Author: Caday, Peter P. Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose gross sales are less than $100,000, and with large-scale farmers whose sales are more than $100,000. Arguments from cultural and historical sources are cited to show that in fact only two cultural traditions may be distinguished: family farmers and industrial farmers. Furthermore, these two traditions represent contemporary examples of specific and general trends in cultural evolution. The small-scale or family farm tradition is examined at length, based on results from the 1978 Small Farm Project interviews in Polk County, Oregon, and on the author's subsequent survey in 1985, as well as other published sources. The salient features of the small-scale farming lifeway, including its perceived strengths and weaknesses, is presented and recommendations are advanced for ways in which small farm communities may be helped to survive or even thrive in the presence of apparent dominance by large-scale, industrial farms. Title: Cultural evolution and small-scale farming Author: Caday, Peter P. Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose gross sales are less than $100,000, and with large-scale farmers whose sales are more than $100,000. Arguments from cultural and historical sources are cited to show that in fact only two cultural traditions may be distinguished: family farmers and industrial farmers. Furthermore, these two traditions represent contemporary examples of specific and general trends in cultural evolution. The small-scale or family farm tradition is examined at length, based on results from the 1978 Small Farm Project interviews in Polk County, Oregon, and on the author's subsequent survey in 1985, as well as other published sources. The salient features of the small-scale farming lifeway, including its perceived strengths and weaknesses, is presented and recommendations are advanced for ways in which small farm communities may be helped to survive or even thrive in the presence of apparent dominance by large-scale, industrial farms. Close

• 21. [Article] Business management in agriculture: selecting and implementing a farm record system

  A joint project of the Cooperative Extension Service and Farm Credit

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Business management in agriculture: selecting and implementing a farm record system Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service A joint project of the Cooperative Extension Service and Farm Credit Title: Business management in agriculture: selecting and implementing a farm record system Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service A joint project of the Cooperative Extension Service and Farm Credit Close

• 22. [Article] Business management in agriculture: farm machinery and equipment: buy, lease or custom hire?

  Published September 1988. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cat...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Business management in agriculture: farm machinery and equipment: buy, lease or custom hire? Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service Published September 1988. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Business management in agriculture: farm machinery and equipment: buy, lease or custom hire? Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service Published September 1988. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 23. [Article] Assessing landscape complexity using remotely sensed and field based measurements : does landscape complexity drive leafroller parasitism rates on Oregon caneberry farms?

  Landscape heterogeneity is thought to differ among farm management types (i.e. organic and conventional), and this difference is hypothesized to result in variations in pest control by natural enemies. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing landscape complexity using remotely sensed and field based measurements : does landscape complexity drive leafroller parasitism rates on Oregon caneberry farms? Author: Winfield, Tammy L. Landscape heterogeneity is thought to differ among farm management types (i.e. organic and conventional), and this difference is hypothesized to result in variations in pest control by natural enemies. However, it is unclear if these variations in pest control are driven by landscape structure or by farm management practices themselves. Remotely sensed datasets were used to describe the landscape structure surrounding a group of organic and conventional caneberry farms in Oregon and Washington that have different leafroller parasitism rates attributed to farm management type. A finer scale survey was done at one of the farms using the remotely sensed data as well as field surveys. Landscape metrics of diversity, richness and percent non-crop were used to describe the landscapes surrounding the farm fields at scales ranging from 0.05 km to 5.00 km for the large scale study, and 0.05 km to 0.20 km for the fine scale study. In the fine scale study, data on parasitoid species assemblages, diversity, and parasitism rate were collected and analyzed against the calculated landscape metrics spatially and seasonally. The purpose of this study was to quantify effects of farm management type on habitat structure, effect of habitat structure on leafroller parasitism rate, and to access correlations between landscape metrics calculated at the landscape and field scale. Overall, the farms were embedded in a landscape that was broadly similar, with very few differences in landscape structure occurring between organic and conventional farms. Organic farms had higher vegetation height class diversity at the largest scale compared to conventional farms, while conventional farms had significantly higher percent non-crop area compared to organic farms. There was no significant effect of any of the calculated landscape metrics on parasitism rates. In the field scale study, no correlations were found between habitat metrics and parasitism rates, or between field based metrics and those calculated at the landscape scale. The results of this study suggest that conventional and organic caneberry farms in the Willamette Valley are broadly similar in the habitat conditions they provide parasitoids. This suggests that management changes to pesticide use alone could increase levels of leafroller biological control on conventional farms to levels that are comparable to those seen on organic farms. Our comparisons of the landscape scale and field scale landscape metrics showed no connection, this suggests that direct comparisons cannot be made with these particular metrics at these very different scales. Rather than comparing these types of data, it may be more useful to combine them in order to increase the resolution and predictive power of remotely sensed data for describing landscapes at broad scales. Title: Assessing landscape complexity using remotely sensed and field based measurements : does landscape complexity drive leafroller parasitism rates on Oregon caneberry farms? Author: Winfield, Tammy L. Landscape heterogeneity is thought to differ among farm management types (i.e. organic and conventional), and this difference is hypothesized to result in variations in pest control by natural enemies. However, it is unclear if these variations in pest control are driven by landscape structure or by farm management practices themselves. Remotely sensed datasets were used to describe the landscape structure surrounding a group of organic and conventional caneberry farms in Oregon and Washington that have different leafroller parasitism rates attributed to farm management type. A finer scale survey was done at one of the farms using the remotely sensed data as well as field surveys. Landscape metrics of diversity, richness and percent non-crop were used to describe the landscapes surrounding the farm fields at scales ranging from 0.05 km to 5.00 km for the large scale study, and 0.05 km to 0.20 km for the fine scale study. In the fine scale study, data on parasitoid species assemblages, diversity, and parasitism rate were collected and analyzed against the calculated landscape metrics spatially and seasonally. The purpose of this study was to quantify effects of farm management type on habitat structure, effect of habitat structure on leafroller parasitism rate, and to access correlations between landscape metrics calculated at the landscape and field scale. Overall, the farms were embedded in a landscape that was broadly similar, with very few differences in landscape structure occurring between organic and conventional farms. Organic farms had higher vegetation height class diversity at the largest scale compared to conventional farms, while conventional farms had significantly higher percent non-crop area compared to organic farms. There was no significant effect of any of the calculated landscape metrics on parasitism rates. In the field scale study, no correlations were found between habitat metrics and parasitism rates, or between field based metrics and those calculated at the landscape scale. The results of this study suggest that conventional and organic caneberry farms in the Willamette Valley are broadly similar in the habitat conditions they provide parasitoids. This suggests that management changes to pesticide use alone could increase levels of leafroller biological control on conventional farms to levels that are comparable to those seen on organic farms. Our comparisons of the landscape scale and field scale landscape metrics showed no connection, this suggests that direct comparisons cannot be made with these particular metrics at these very different scales. Rather than comparing these types of data, it may be more useful to combine them in order to increase the resolution and predictive power of remotely sensed data for describing landscapes at broad scales. Close

• 24. [Article] A farm management survey and factor study of a group of one hundred farms in Yamhill county

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A farm management survey and factor study of a group of one hundred farms in Yamhill county Author: Dietsch, Frank John Title: A farm management survey and factor study of a group of one hundred farms in Yamhill county Author: Dietsch, Frank John Close

• 25. [Article] A preliminary study of the contribution of Oregon farms to the aid of the unemployed during the depression, 1933-1934

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A preliminary study of the contribution of Oregon farms to the aid of the unemployed during the depression, 1933-1934 Author: Langdon, Floyd Llewellyn Title: A preliminary study of the contribution of Oregon farms to the aid of the unemployed during the depression, 1933-1934 Author: Langdon, Floyd Llewellyn Close

• 26. [Article] An appraisal of current farm management data in their application to the low income farm problem

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An appraisal of current farm management data in their application to the low income farm problem Author: Neely, William Vernon Title: An appraisal of current farm management data in their application to the low income farm problem Author: Neely, William Vernon Close

• 27. [Article] Whole farm case studies : a how-to guide

  Calls for increased farmer involvement in research and extension programs have been numerous and well supported. One approach to integrate the collective knowledge and experience of agricultural scientists ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Whole farm case studies : a how-to guide Author: Murray, Helene Calls for increased farmer involvement in research and extension programs have been numerous and well supported. One approach to integrate the collective knowledge and experience of agricultural scientists and farmers is through whole farm case studies (WFCS). An interdisciplinary team of 34 research and extension personnel at Oregon and Washington State Universities conducted WFCS of 16 vegetable and small fruit farms beginning in April 1989. The objectives of the Oregon/Washington case study project were to: (1) increase farmer involvement in research and education programs; (2) develop an interdisciplinary team to address issues of agricultural sustainability in western Oregon and Washington; (3) examine the use of the case study approach in agricultural situations; (4) prepare a guide to assist other persons interested in conducting WFCS; (5) develop a better understanding of vegetable and small fruit farming systems in the region; and, (6) identify sustainable agriculture research and education needs in western Oregon and Washington. The WFCS process proved useful in developing an interdisciplinary team, and the vast majority of team members participating in the study stated they would consider using the WFCS approach again in their work. However, the primary constraint cited by all team members was the amount of time required to conduct the study. The process of conducting WFCS in western Oregon and Washington improved communication among a wide group of people. Team members gained a better understanding of the complexity of farms and identified several areas requiring further research. Farmers stated they enjoyed participating in the case study project and discovered new information that will assist them in managing their farming systems. Farmer-developed innovations were identified that are useful to other farmers and to the research process. Included in this thesis are: (1) a guide for conducting whole farm case studies; (2) a summary of data collected from 16 farms in western Oregon and Washington participating in the WFCS, including a summary of interaction among interdisciplinary team members; and, (3) a profile of one of the farms participating in the WFCS. Title: Whole farm case studies : a how-to guide Author: Murray, Helene Calls for increased farmer involvement in research and extension programs have been numerous and well supported. One approach to integrate the collective knowledge and experience of agricultural scientists and farmers is through whole farm case studies (WFCS). An interdisciplinary team of 34 research and extension personnel at Oregon and Washington State Universities conducted WFCS of 16 vegetable and small fruit farms beginning in April 1989. The objectives of the Oregon/Washington case study project were to: (1) increase farmer involvement in research and education programs; (2) develop an interdisciplinary team to address issues of agricultural sustainability in western Oregon and Washington; (3) examine the use of the case study approach in agricultural situations; (4) prepare a guide to assist other persons interested in conducting WFCS; (5) develop a better understanding of vegetable and small fruit farming systems in the region; and, (6) identify sustainable agriculture research and education needs in western Oregon and Washington. The WFCS process proved useful in developing an interdisciplinary team, and the vast majority of team members participating in the study stated they would consider using the WFCS approach again in their work. However, the primary constraint cited by all team members was the amount of time required to conduct the study. The process of conducting WFCS in western Oregon and Washington improved communication among a wide group of people. Team members gained a better understanding of the complexity of farms and identified several areas requiring further research. Farmers stated they enjoyed participating in the case study project and discovered new information that will assist them in managing their farming systems. Farmer-developed innovations were identified that are useful to other farmers and to the research process. Included in this thesis are: (1) a guide for conducting whole farm case studies; (2) a summary of data collected from 16 farms in western Oregon and Washington participating in the WFCS, including a summary of interaction among interdisciplinary team members; and, (3) a profile of one of the farms participating in the WFCS. Close

• 28. [Article] Survival and factors in survival in farm occupancy in Sherman County, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Survival and factors in survival in farm occupancy in Sherman County, Oregon Author: Bodtker, Arnold Nielsen Title: Survival and factors in survival in farm occupancy in Sherman County, Oregon Author: Bodtker, Arnold Nielsen Close

• 29. [Article] Farm-Level Efficiency and Resource-Productivity: Application of Stochastic Frontier Analysis to Aquaculture Farms in the South-West Nigeria

  This paper comparatively examined resource-use and technical (TE) efficiencies of aquaculture farms in the Southwest Nigeria. A total of 160 farms were randomly selected from four states across the region. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm-Level Efficiency and Resource-Productivity: Application of Stochastic Frontier Analysis to Aquaculture Farms in the South-West Nigeria Author: Ogundari, Kolawole This paper comparatively examined resource-use and technical (TE) efficiencies of aquaculture farms in the Southwest Nigeria. A total of 160 farms were randomly selected from four states across the region. Econometric applications of the stochastic frontier models provide measure of the farm’s technical efficiency. The results of regressions specified for the farms in each states, show that, elasticites for inputs, such as: size of the pond, feeds, labour, numbers of fingerling stocked, and costs of materials were positive and significant. This suggests that, the production functions monotonically increased with input from the study. The returns to scale estimates show that, an average farm in the states like, Ogun and Ondo exhibit increasing returns to scale, while similar numbers of farms in Osun and Ekiti states exhibit decreasing returns to scale. The results of marginal value product (MVP) show that, none of the farms across the states optimally used their variable inputs (MVPx =MFCx). Most farms were found to have underused (MVPx >MFCx) feeds and numbers of fingerlings stocked, as against overused (MVPx <MFCx) of labour across the states. The estimated TE shows that, about 11%, 18%, 22% and 44% of outputs of the farms in Ogun, Ondo, Ekiti and Osun states are forgone due to inefficiency respectively. The implications of these findings, therefore, suggest that improvement in the technical efficiency of the farms, as well as, optimal input utilization, will contribute significantly to aquaculture expansion program in the county. Title: Farm-Level Efficiency and Resource-Productivity: Application of Stochastic Frontier Analysis to Aquaculture Farms in the South-West Nigeria Author: Ogundari, Kolawole This paper comparatively examined resource-use and technical (TE) efficiencies of aquaculture farms in the Southwest Nigeria. A total of 160 farms were randomly selected from four states across the region. Econometric applications of the stochastic frontier models provide measure of the farm’s technical efficiency. The results of regressions specified for the farms in each states, show that, elasticites for inputs, such as: size of the pond, feeds, labour, numbers of fingerling stocked, and costs of materials were positive and significant. This suggests that, the production functions monotonically increased with input from the study. The returns to scale estimates show that, an average farm in the states like, Ogun and Ondo exhibit increasing returns to scale, while similar numbers of farms in Osun and Ekiti states exhibit decreasing returns to scale. The results of marginal value product (MVP) show that, none of the farms across the states optimally used their variable inputs (MVPx =MFCx). Most farms were found to have underused (MVPx >MFCx) feeds and numbers of fingerlings stocked, as against overused (MVPx <MFCx) of labour across the states. The estimated TE shows that, about 11%, 18%, 22% and 44% of outputs of the farms in Ogun, Ondo, Ekiti and Osun states are forgone due to inefficiency respectively. The implications of these findings, therefore, suggest that improvement in the technical efficiency of the farms, as well as, optimal input utilization, will contribute significantly to aquaculture expansion program in the county. Close

• 30. [Article] Comparative Yield Performance of Upland and Mangrove Aquacultural Farms in Selected Maritime States of Southwest, Nigeria

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative Yield Performance of Upland and Mangrove Aquacultural Farms in Selected Maritime States of Southwest, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, T. E., Okunmadewa, F. Y. Research Paper Title: Comparative Yield Performance of Upland and Mangrove Aquacultural Farms in Selected Maritime States of Southwest, Nigeria Author: Mafimisebi, T. E., Okunmadewa, F. Y. Research Paper Close

• 31. [Article] Farm conveniences : a practical hand-book for the farm

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm conveniences : a practical hand-book for the farm Author: Halsted, Byron David, 1852-1918 Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Farm conveniences : a practical hand-book for the farm Author: Halsted, Byron David, 1852-1918 Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 32. [Article] A farm management study of two groups of farms in the Sherwood district

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A farm management study of two groups of farms in the Sherwood district Author: Alcorn, James Marcus Title: A farm management study of two groups of farms in the Sherwood district Author: Alcorn, James Marcus Close

• 33. [Article] Depreciation on different classes of farm machinery on different types of farms in Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Depreciation on different classes of farm machinery on different types of farms in Oregon Author: Goff, Arthur Mason Title: Depreciation on different classes of farm machinery on different types of farms in Oregon Author: Goff, Arthur Mason Close

• 34. [Article] The possible use of the modal mean in farm management investigation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The possible use of the modal mean in farm management investigation Author: Patton, Palmer Title: The possible use of the modal mean in farm management investigation Author: Patton, Palmer Close

• 35. [Article] A reorganization plan for a stock farm in Benton County

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A reorganization plan for a stock farm in Benton County Author: Sifton, James Bruce Title: A reorganization plan for a stock farm in Benton County Author: Sifton, James Bruce Close

• 36. [Article] A study in organization of the summer force of the Clemon's Tree Farm

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study in organization of the summer force of the Clemon's Tree Farm Author: Burwell, Dave Title: A study in organization of the summer force of the Clemon's Tree Farm Author: Burwell, Dave Close

• 37. [Article] The Politics of Small Farm Policy in Oregon

  2011

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Politics of Small Farm Policy in Oregon Author: Merritt, Terence 2011 Title: The Politics of Small Farm Policy in Oregon Author: Merritt, Terence 2011 Close

• 38. [Article] An evaluation of input purchasing behavior at farm supply cooperatives

  This study uses an econometric model to explain patronage of farm inputs at cooperatives in a highly diversified agricultural region. The model jointly addresses farmer purchases of six input categories: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of input purchasing behavior at farm supply cooperatives Author: Hartley, Marcus L. This study uses an econometric model to explain patronage of farm inputs at cooperatives in a highly diversified agricultural region. The model jointly addresses farmer purchases of six input categories: petroleum, pesticides, fertilizers, services, feed, and seed. Explanatory variables include farm size, farm experience, farm type, membership status farm location, and several attitudinal components. Using a combination of principal components, coefficients restrictions, and seemingly unrelated regressions, joint estimates were made of purchases of different input groups, based on a data set of highly correlated explanatory variables. The results were mixed. Gross revenue did not play a significant role in the percentage of input purchases made at cooperatives. The use of attitudinal measures was also found to be, in general, an insignificant determinant of purchasing behavior. Membership status, was strongly associated with the percent of purchases made at cooperative, but the type of farm was an insignificant indicator. Title: An evaluation of input purchasing behavior at farm supply cooperatives Author: Hartley, Marcus L. This study uses an econometric model to explain patronage of farm inputs at cooperatives in a highly diversified agricultural region. The model jointly addresses farmer purchases of six input categories: petroleum, pesticides, fertilizers, services, feed, and seed. Explanatory variables include farm size, farm experience, farm type, membership status farm location, and several attitudinal components. Using a combination of principal components, coefficients restrictions, and seemingly unrelated regressions, joint estimates were made of purchases of different input groups, based on a data set of highly correlated explanatory variables. The results were mixed. Gross revenue did not play a significant role in the percentage of input purchases made at cooperatives. The use of attitudinal measures was also found to be, in general, an insignificant determinant of purchasing behavior. Membership status, was strongly associated with the percent of purchases made at cooperative, but the type of farm was an insignificant indicator. Close

• 39. [Article] Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico

  Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico Author: Vasquez Caballero, Smit Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial intermediaries, making it possible for households to overcome credit constraints in their capability to attain the transition from small-scale, self-sufficient agriculture, to a market oriented production. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of migration on farm and non-farm income at a household level. Using a simultaneous equation model and data from a rural household survey from Mexico, I have tested the hypothesis that neither remittances nor migration have an effect on farm and non-farm income. The econometric findings suggest that the loss of labor to migration has a significant direct negative effect on non-farm income but the direct effect on farm income is not statistically significant. However, there is evidence that remittances have a significant positive effect on both income sources, so that migration has an indirect effect that might compensate for the loss of labor. Title: Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico Author: Vasquez Caballero, Smit Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial intermediaries, making it possible for households to overcome credit constraints in their capability to attain the transition from small-scale, self-sufficient agriculture, to a market oriented production. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of migration on farm and non-farm income at a household level. Using a simultaneous equation model and data from a rural household survey from Mexico, I have tested the hypothesis that neither remittances nor migration have an effect on farm and non-farm income. The econometric findings suggest that the loss of labor to migration has a significant direct negative effect on non-farm income but the direct effect on farm income is not statistically significant. However, there is evidence that remittances have a significant positive effect on both income sources, so that migration has an indirect effect that might compensate for the loss of labor. Close

• 40. [Article] The impacts of government market intervention on weed control technology, income and employment : a case study of basic grain farms in El Salvador, Central America

  El Salvador's land resources are intensively cultivated. Labor is relatively abundant and wages are low. This study analyzed the effects of government policies and observed farm price distortions on enterprise/weed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impacts of government market intervention on weed control technology, income and employment : a case study of basic grain farms in El Salvador, Central America Author: Fonollera, R. E. (Raymundo E.) El Salvador's land resources are intensively cultivated. Labor is relatively abundant and wages are low. This study analyzed the effects of government policies and observed farm price distortions on enterprise/weed control system choices and associated income-employment effects. A regional linear programming framework was employed to analyze the effects of alternative government policies and observed farm prices on farm efficiency, employment, and income distribution within Central El Salvador. A major conclusion of the study was that the presence of price distortions and off-farm employment alternatives were not sufficient to induce changes in weed control technology on small and medium farms. The most efficient system both from an individual and social point of view was the use of manual weed control for all selected enterprises. The principal effects of price distortions on the small and medium farms (when compared with their undistorted price solutions) were the tendencies to reduce the number of selected enterprises and to modify the area allocated between enterprises. On the other hand, the process of capital-labor substitution on large farm appeared to be sensitive to direct and indirect government subsidies on capital when off-farm employment alternatives existed between 0 and 50 percent of total available labor supply. Herbicide-area diffusion ranged from 75 to 87 percent of total area on the large farm whenever the policy mix included direct or indirect capital subsidies. Comparisons of the alternative distorted price solutions using the undistorted price solutions revealed that whenever capital subsidies were present in any policy mix when off-farm employment opportunities were held at 50 percent of the available labor supply, total weed control employment levels were lower than the social price solution by 45 to 55 percent. The group most seriously affected by weed control employment reductions was the landless laborer. The group's weed control employment losses ranged from 73 to 89 percent below their social price-employment solution. The presence of capital subsidies in any policy mix under the 50 percent off-farm employment opportunity solutions induced relatively larger income gains (20 to 67 percent) to the three sizes of farms and income losses (3 to 13 percent) to the landless laborers. Production efficiency losses were relatively high in each of the three sizes of farms whenever capital subsidies were present. In view of these findings the El Salvador government should recognize a conflict between the use of direct and indirect capital subsidies particularly on herbicides and farm machinery and between stated national goals of increasing employment and improving income distribution. Fixing the wage rate at 3.85 cents/day induced relative income gains that tend to favor the small farm and landless laborers . . . the least privileged and the biggest group in El Salvadors' total population. Output support induced equal relative income gains (19 percent) to the three sizes of farms. Maintaining subsidies on labor-using modern farm inputs (fertilizer, insecticides and improved seeds) would provide incentives for increasing grain production and intensify the widespread diffusion of these inputs into the basic grain sector of El Salvador. Title: The impacts of government market intervention on weed control technology, income and employment : a case study of basic grain farms in El Salvador, Central America Author: Fonollera, R. E. (Raymundo E.) El Salvador's land resources are intensively cultivated. Labor is relatively abundant and wages are low. This study analyzed the effects of government policies and observed farm price distortions on enterprise/weed control system choices and associated income-employment effects. A regional linear programming framework was employed to analyze the effects of alternative government policies and observed farm prices on farm efficiency, employment, and income distribution within Central El Salvador. A major conclusion of the study was that the presence of price distortions and off-farm employment alternatives were not sufficient to induce changes in weed control technology on small and medium farms. The most efficient system both from an individual and social point of view was the use of manual weed control for all selected enterprises. The principal effects of price distortions on the small and medium farms (when compared with their undistorted price solutions) were the tendencies to reduce the number of selected enterprises and to modify the area allocated between enterprises. On the other hand, the process of capital-labor substitution on large farm appeared to be sensitive to direct and indirect government subsidies on capital when off-farm employment alternatives existed between 0 and 50 percent of total available labor supply. Herbicide-area diffusion ranged from 75 to 87 percent of total area on the large farm whenever the policy mix included direct or indirect capital subsidies. Comparisons of the alternative distorted price solutions using the undistorted price solutions revealed that whenever capital subsidies were present in any policy mix when off-farm employment opportunities were held at 50 percent of the available labor supply, total weed control employment levels were lower than the social price solution by 45 to 55 percent. The group most seriously affected by weed control employment reductions was the landless laborer. The group's weed control employment losses ranged from 73 to 89 percent below their social price-employment solution. The presence of capital subsidies in any policy mix under the 50 percent off-farm employment opportunity solutions induced relatively larger income gains (20 to 67 percent) to the three sizes of farms and income losses (3 to 13 percent) to the landless laborers. Production efficiency losses were relatively high in each of the three sizes of farms whenever capital subsidies were present. In view of these findings the El Salvador government should recognize a conflict between the use of direct and indirect capital subsidies particularly on herbicides and farm machinery and between stated national goals of increasing employment and improving income distribution. Fixing the wage rate at 3.85 cents/day induced relative income gains that tend to favor the small farm and landless laborers . . . the least privileged and the biggest group in El Salvadors' total population. Output support induced equal relative income gains (19 percent) to the three sizes of farms. Maintaining subsidies on labor-using modern farm inputs (fertilizer, insecticides and improved seeds) would provide incentives for increasing grain production and intensify the widespread diffusion of these inputs into the basic grain sector of El Salvador. Close

• 41. [Article] Meta-Frontier Analysis of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Fish Farms in Ghana

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Meta-Frontier Analysis of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Fish Farms in Ghana Author: Onumah, Edward Abstract Only Title: Meta-Frontier Analysis of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Fish Farms in Ghana Author: Onumah, Edward Abstract Only Close

• 42. [Article] A plan for the development and the management of a farm in western Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A plan for the development and the management of a farm in western Oregon Author: Barto, Pauline Title: A plan for the development and the management of a farm in western Oregon Author: Barto, Pauline Close

• 43. [Article] The reclaiming of two abandoned coast farms in Lincoln County by the forest

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The reclaiming of two abandoned coast farms in Lincoln County by the forest Author: Taylor, Sam Title: The reclaiming of two abandoned coast farms in Lincoln County by the forest Author: Taylor, Sam Close

• 44. [Article] The utilization of plywood in farm construction

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The utilization of plywood in farm construction Author: White, Paul J. Title: The utilization of plywood in farm construction Author: White, Paul J. Close

• 45. [Article] The role of forestry in farm management

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of forestry in farm management Author: Woolf, Fred Title: The role of forestry in farm management Author: Woolf, Fred Close

• 46. [Article] Responsible shrimp farming in vietnam: call for promoting and strenthening community based management approaches

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Responsible shrimp farming in vietnam: call for promoting and strenthening community based management approaches Author: Nhuong, Tran Van Research Paper Title: Responsible shrimp farming in vietnam: call for promoting and strenthening community based management approaches Author: Nhuong, Tran Van Research Paper Close

• 47. [Article] Organic Aquaculture in Vietnam

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organic Aquaculture in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Dung Huu Abstract only. Title: Organic Aquaculture in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Dung Huu Abstract only. Close

• 48. [Article] The impact of limited-access highways on agricultural land : national interstate route 5, Linn County, Oregon, a case study

  This study examines the impact of the recently constructed limited- access highway, Interstate 5, on agricultural land in Linn County, Oregon. More specifically it scrutinizes the quality and quantity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impact of limited-access highways on agricultural land : national interstate route 5, Linn County, Oregon, a case study Author: Schmidt, Robert Howard This study examines the impact of the recently constructed limited- access highway, Interstate 5, on agricultural land in Linn County, Oregon. More specifically it scrutinizes the quality and quantity of the land relinquished to the highway right -of -way; the effects on field boundaries, connectivity, mobility, drainage, land use, miscellaneous factors, and the attitudes of the farm operators in respect to the highway right -of -way taking. The analysis reveals that the right -of -way taking for Interstate 5 has made definite inroads on agricultural land, deleting an average of 39 acres of productive farm land per mile, and at the same time leaving 80 percent of the farms parcelled. The right -of -way taking for Interstate 5 had a greater impact on the operation of the average farm than indicated by the actual diminution of productive land. Drainage, connectivity, deformation in size and shape of fields, and unsatisfactory negotiations with the Highway Department were common complaints voiced by the farm operators. Changes in land use and land value were not advantageous, for the most part, to the farm operator. The large majority of the farm operators in Linn County stated that, ''they would gladly take back their original set -up (previous to the right -of -way taking) anytime ". On the basis of research findings the author concludes that the benefits for agriculture in the study area are minor in comparison with the detrimental influences brought about by Interstate 5. In view of the estimate that 80 percent of the mileage of the proposed 41, 000 mile National Interstate Highway system will traverse rural lands, and by the fact that the development of limited - access highways of today have had a multitude of effects on agricultural land and farming operations several recommendations are made. It is suggested that: 1) Consideration should be given to the soil quality and capability in planning the alignment of highways; 2) Personable and experienced personnel should be employed by the highway department for appraising and negotiation with farm operators; and 3) that farm operators should avail themselves of opportunities to ascertain knowledge of the ramifications brought about by the highway project. Title: The impact of limited-access highways on agricultural land : national interstate route 5, Linn County, Oregon, a case study Author: Schmidt, Robert Howard This study examines the impact of the recently constructed limited- access highway, Interstate 5, on agricultural land in Linn County, Oregon. More specifically it scrutinizes the quality and quantity of the land relinquished to the highway right -of -way; the effects on field boundaries, connectivity, mobility, drainage, land use, miscellaneous factors, and the attitudes of the farm operators in respect to the highway right -of -way taking. The analysis reveals that the right -of -way taking for Interstate 5 has made definite inroads on agricultural land, deleting an average of 39 acres of productive farm land per mile, and at the same time leaving 80 percent of the farms parcelled. The right -of -way taking for Interstate 5 had a greater impact on the operation of the average farm than indicated by the actual diminution of productive land. Drainage, connectivity, deformation in size and shape of fields, and unsatisfactory negotiations with the Highway Department were common complaints voiced by the farm operators. Changes in land use and land value were not advantageous, for the most part, to the farm operator. The large majority of the farm operators in Linn County stated that, ''they would gladly take back their original set -up (previous to the right -of -way taking) anytime ". On the basis of research findings the author concludes that the benefits for agriculture in the study area are minor in comparison with the detrimental influences brought about by Interstate 5. In view of the estimate that 80 percent of the mileage of the proposed 41, 000 mile National Interstate Highway system will traverse rural lands, and by the fact that the development of limited - access highways of today have had a multitude of effects on agricultural land and farming operations several recommendations are made. It is suggested that: 1) Consideration should be given to the soil quality and capability in planning the alignment of highways; 2) Personable and experienced personnel should be employed by the highway department for appraising and negotiation with farm operators; and 3) that farm operators should avail themselves of opportunities to ascertain knowledge of the ramifications brought about by the highway project. Close

• 49. [Article] An economic analysis of enterprise combinations on farms in the Willamette Valley

  Questionnaires were mailed to farmers in six counties of the Willamette Valley requesting the kind and size of enterprises and the gross income received from the enterprises on each farm. Enterprises were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of enterprise combinations on farms in the Willamette Valley Author: Lange, John Erwin Questionnaires were mailed to farmers in six counties of the Willamette Valley requesting the kind and size of enterprises and the gross income received from the enterprises on each farm. Enterprises were defined both as general livestock or crop categories and as individual crop or livestock enterprises. Two computer programs were used to determine all the possible enterprise combinations and the number of times each occurred on the sample farms. Regression analysis was used to determine the economic relationships between enterprises in the predominant combinations. Livestock and hay, and grain and hay were each complementary combinations regardless of the size of the enterprises. Livestock and grain were complementary on farms with less than 38 acres of grain, and supplementary on farms with more than 38 acres. Hay was competitive with grass seed, livestock supplementary, and on farms with less than 120 acres of grass seed, grain was a complementary enterprise. When more grass seed was planted, grain became competitive. Small fruit and vegetables were supplementary enterprises, and clover seed was a complementary enterprise with grain and hay. Farms within the counties tended to combine enterprises in different ways, with the result that few enterprise combinations were found on a significant number of the sample farms. Significant combinations on Benton County farms were barley and wheat, and sheep and barley. Farms in Clackamas County which had strawberries, often had blackberries or raspberries, and alfalfa was usually grown with dairy or wheat. Farms in Linn County had rye grass in combination with wheat, feeders, tall fescue, and/or other seed crops. Marion County farms with sweet corn, pole beans, bush beans, or blackberries usually had strawberries, and wheat was often found with barley, feeders, alfalfa, sweet corn, and strawberries. Farms in Polk County which had barley and wheat usually raised sheep, oats, and/or alfalfa. Also, cherries and prunes were often found together. Enterprise combinations were the same on many of the farms in Yamhill County. Alfalfa, sheep, oats, clover hay, and/or clover seed were often found with the combination of barley and wheat, which was found on 65 percent of the sample farms. Conclusions reached in this study were that farmers in the Willamette Valley combine enterprises in such a way that risk and uncertainty are reduced through diversification, but not to the extent that enterprise competition for farm resources significantly reduces long run net farm income. Title: An economic analysis of enterprise combinations on farms in the Willamette Valley Author: Lange, John Erwin Questionnaires were mailed to farmers in six counties of the Willamette Valley requesting the kind and size of enterprises and the gross income received from the enterprises on each farm. Enterprises were defined both as general livestock or crop categories and as individual crop or livestock enterprises. Two computer programs were used to determine all the possible enterprise combinations and the number of times each occurred on the sample farms. Regression analysis was used to determine the economic relationships between enterprises in the predominant combinations. Livestock and hay, and grain and hay were each complementary combinations regardless of the size of the enterprises. Livestock and grain were complementary on farms with less than 38 acres of grain, and supplementary on farms with more than 38 acres. Hay was competitive with grass seed, livestock supplementary, and on farms with less than 120 acres of grass seed, grain was a complementary enterprise. When more grass seed was planted, grain became competitive. Small fruit and vegetables were supplementary enterprises, and clover seed was a complementary enterprise with grain and hay. Farms within the counties tended to combine enterprises in different ways, with the result that few enterprise combinations were found on a significant number of the sample farms. Significant combinations on Benton County farms were barley and wheat, and sheep and barley. Farms in Clackamas County which had strawberries, often had blackberries or raspberries, and alfalfa was usually grown with dairy or wheat. Farms in Linn County had rye grass in combination with wheat, feeders, tall fescue, and/or other seed crops. Marion County farms with sweet corn, pole beans, bush beans, or blackberries usually had strawberries, and wheat was often found with barley, feeders, alfalfa, sweet corn, and strawberries. Farms in Polk County which had barley and wheat usually raised sheep, oats, and/or alfalfa. Also, cherries and prunes were often found together. Enterprise combinations were the same on many of the farms in Yamhill County. Alfalfa, sheep, oats, clover hay, and/or clover seed were often found with the combination of barley and wheat, which was found on 65 percent of the sample farms. Conclusions reached in this study were that farmers in the Willamette Valley combine enterprises in such a way that risk and uncertainty are reduced through diversification, but not to the extent that enterprise competition for farm resources significantly reduces long run net farm income. Close

• 50. [Article] Spatial expressions of farm size changes in the Polk and Linn counties of Oregon

  The spatial organization of farm units in Polk and Linn counties in the mid-Willamette Valley has undergone significant change over the past 30 years. Whereas most study areas operations in the 1930's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial expressions of farm size changes in the Polk and Linn counties of Oregon Author: Van Otten, George A. The spatial organization of farm units in Polk and Linn counties in the mid-Willamette Valley has undergone significant change over the past 30 years. Whereas most study areas operations in the 1930's and 1940's consisted of small family owned farms with contiguous land bases, present mid-Willamette Valley units vary considerably in spatial organization, tenure patterns, and size. The purposes of this research are to determine the magnitude of farm size changes in the study area over the past 30 year; determine the spatial organization strategies underlying operator's choices of particular means of farm size changes; determine the means of farm size changes; assess the effects of farm size changes on the characteristics of agricultural land use in the study area; and determine the spatial characteristics of farm size changes. Approximately ten percent of the farmers in the study area (280) were interviewed concerning the spatial organization and evolution of their operations. Eight farms were selected for indepth case studies. The results of the farmer interviews were statistically treated by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program at Oregon State University. The results of farmer interviews indicate that full time commercial operators have steadily increased their land bases over the past 30 years. Interview data also reveal a large increase in the numbers of small part-time units and rural residences in the post World War II era. Renting and leasing of farm land is common in the study area, and as commercial farm operators continue to seek to enlarge the areal extent of their land, the competition for rental or lease land is increasing. There is also strong demand for suitable farm land by prospective buyers. Farmers have enlarged their land bases primarily because they believe they must if they are to achieve satisfactory economies of scale. The study suggests that this is the dominant effect. The need to enlarge the spatial component of their operations has forced many commercial farmers to purchase, rent, or lease land that is not joined to their headquarters. In some cases they must move equipment up to 25 miles to work their scattered parcels. Such farmers are well aware of the liabilities associated with farming non-contiguous land bases, but accept these problems in order to enlarge. The trends in agricultural land use in the study area are toward larger commercial units on the one hand and toward small part-time farm/rural residences on the other. The full-time commercial operators generally make effective use of their land base whereas, the part-time farmers are usually less concerned with maintaining optimal land use. The increasing numbers of rural residences and the increasing population of the study area lead to the conclusion that the mid-Willamette Valley is becoming an urbanized area with attending suburban sprawl, rural residences, small acreages, hobby or part-time farms, and relatively few large commercial farm units. Title: Spatial expressions of farm size changes in the Polk and Linn counties of Oregon Author: Van Otten, George A. The spatial organization of farm units in Polk and Linn counties in the mid-Willamette Valley has undergone significant change over the past 30 years. Whereas most study areas operations in the 1930's and 1940's consisted of small family owned farms with contiguous land bases, present mid-Willamette Valley units vary considerably in spatial organization, tenure patterns, and size. The purposes of this research are to determine the magnitude of farm size changes in the study area over the past 30 year; determine the spatial organization strategies underlying operator's choices of particular means of farm size changes; determine the means of farm size changes; assess the effects of farm size changes on the characteristics of agricultural land use in the study area; and determine the spatial characteristics of farm size changes. Approximately ten percent of the farmers in the study area (280) were interviewed concerning the spatial organization and evolution of their operations. Eight farms were selected for indepth case studies. The results of the farmer interviews were statistically treated by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program at Oregon State University. The results of farmer interviews indicate that full time commercial operators have steadily increased their land bases over the past 30 years. Interview data also reveal a large increase in the numbers of small part-time units and rural residences in the post World War II era. Renting and leasing of farm land is common in the study area, and as commercial farm operators continue to seek to enlarge the areal extent of their land, the competition for rental or lease land is increasing. There is also strong demand for suitable farm land by prospective buyers. Farmers have enlarged their land bases primarily because they believe they must if they are to achieve satisfactory economies of scale. The study suggests that this is the dominant effect. The need to enlarge the spatial component of their operations has forced many commercial farmers to purchase, rent, or lease land that is not joined to their headquarters. In some cases they must move equipment up to 25 miles to work their scattered parcels. Such farmers are well aware of the liabilities associated with farming non-contiguous land bases, but accept these problems in order to enlarge. The trends in agricultural land use in the study area are toward larger commercial units on the one hand and toward small part-time farm/rural residences on the other. The full-time commercial operators generally make effective use of their land base whereas, the part-time farmers are usually less concerned with maintaining optimal land use. The increasing numbers of rural residences and the increasing population of the study area lead to the conclusion that the mid-Willamette Valley is becoming an urbanized area with attending suburban sprawl, rural residences, small acreages, hobby or part-time farms, and relatively few large commercial farm units. Close

• 51. [Article] Optimal Farm Size for the Production of the Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus Galloprovincialis) in Greece

  The profitability of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) farming depends on a combination of factors including natural productivity, technical practices, production costs and product pricing. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimal Farm Size for the Production of the Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus Galloprovincialis) in Greece Author: Adams, Charles M., Tzovenis, Ioannis, Sorgeloos, Patrick, Viaene, Jacques, Theodorou, John A. The profitability of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) farming depends on a combination of factors including natural productivity, technical practices, production costs and product pricing. In an effort to analyse the financial risks of the mussel farming in Greece, we examined the profitability of the different farm sizes (1 to 4 ha) under the present situation of the local market and the modern production practices. Assuming that a farm works at a reasonable 80 % of its annual capacity and uses the widely accepted long-line technique, it was demonstrated that a farm size less than 2 ha is not viable economically. Moreover, the cost of the new establishments and the modernization of the existing ones is affordable only if larger enterprise structures are adopted. Consequently, the past EU and/or public support (up to 45% of the total cost of the fixed assets) has been critical for the development of the industry. Taking in account that the majority of the Greek mussel farms are rather small (1-2 ha), we concluded that for financial sustainability the sector needs to be restructured and be organised in larger schemes, such as those of producers organisations or co-operatives, in order to benefit from scale economics and attract better funding. Title: Optimal Farm Size for the Production of the Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus Galloprovincialis) in Greece Author: Adams, Charles M., Tzovenis, Ioannis, Sorgeloos, Patrick, Viaene, Jacques, Theodorou, John A. The profitability of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) farming depends on a combination of factors including natural productivity, technical practices, production costs and product pricing. In an effort to analyse the financial risks of the mussel farming in Greece, we examined the profitability of the different farm sizes (1 to 4 ha) under the present situation of the local market and the modern production practices. Assuming that a farm works at a reasonable 80 % of its annual capacity and uses the widely accepted long-line technique, it was demonstrated that a farm size less than 2 ha is not viable economically. Moreover, the cost of the new establishments and the modernization of the existing ones is affordable only if larger enterprise structures are adopted. Consequently, the past EU and/or public support (up to 45% of the total cost of the fixed assets) has been critical for the development of the industry. Taking in account that the majority of the Greek mussel farms are rather small (1-2 ha), we concluded that for financial sustainability the sector needs to be restructured and be organised in larger schemes, such as those of producers organisations or co-operatives, in order to benefit from scale economics and attract better funding. Close

• 52. [Article] Does the Recreational Angler Care? Escaped Farmed Vs Wild Atlantic Salmon

  The paper explores to what extent escaped farmed salmon from fish farms affect the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing of Atlantic salmon in Norwegian rivers. The aim is to quantify the potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does the Recreational Angler Care? Escaped Farmed Vs Wild Atlantic Salmon Author: Liu, Yajie, Olaussen, Jon Olaf The paper explores to what extent escaped farmed salmon from fish farms affect the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing of Atlantic salmon in Norwegian rivers. The aim is to quantify the potential externality from escaped farmed species working through the demand for the natural stock of congeners. While the biological and genetic effects of escaped farmed salmon have been widely acknowledged, the potential economic consequences have received little attention. This study is a first attempt to close this gap by analysing the direct effect on the recreational use values. The empirical analysis is based on the results from a contingent valuation survey conducted in Norway. It is found that the presence of escaped farmed salmon in Norwegian rivers may have severe economic consequences on the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing. Title: Does the Recreational Angler Care? Escaped Farmed Vs Wild Atlantic Salmon Author: Liu, Yajie, Olaussen, Jon Olaf The paper explores to what extent escaped farmed salmon from fish farms affect the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing of Atlantic salmon in Norwegian rivers. The aim is to quantify the potential externality from escaped farmed species working through the demand for the natural stock of congeners. While the biological and genetic effects of escaped farmed salmon have been widely acknowledged, the potential economic consequences have received little attention. This study is a first attempt to close this gap by analysing the direct effect on the recreational use values. The empirical analysis is based on the results from a contingent valuation survey conducted in Norway. It is found that the presence of escaped farmed salmon in Norwegian rivers may have severe economic consequences on the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing. Close

• 53. [Article] Modeling Price Spread for Salmon Across Different Monetary Markets

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Price Spread for Salmon Across Different Monetary Markets Author: Larsen, Thomas A. Abstract only. Title: Modeling Price Spread for Salmon Across Different Monetary Markets Author: Larsen, Thomas A. Abstract only. Close

• 54. [Article] Productivity Growth in the Shrimp Farming Industry of Bangladesh: A Luenberger Productivity Indicator Approach

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Productivity Growth in the Shrimp Farming Industry of Bangladesh: A Luenberger Productivity Indicator Approach Author: Ancev, Tihomir, Jahan, Hasneen presentation Title: Productivity Growth in the Shrimp Farming Industry of Bangladesh: A Luenberger Productivity Indicator Approach Author: Ancev, Tihomir, Jahan, Hasneen presentation Close

• 55. [Article] Economic interrelationships in a small farming area: towards an estimate of the threshold of agricultural production for sustainable farming

  This report is intended to increase the understanding of interrelationships in a small farming community. It consists of three main sections. First, it begins with an historical review of agriculture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic interrelationships in a small farming area: towards an estimate of the threshold of agricultural production for sustainable farming Author: Weber, Bruce, Rashford, Benjamin, Evonuk, Rose, Lewis, David This report is intended to increase the understanding of interrelationships in a small farming community. It consists of three main sections. First, it begins with an historical review of agriculture in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Since every agricultural region has unique components it is important to begin any modeling process with an understanding of the subject at hand. The historical review provides readers and modelers with a general understanding of the unique components of the agricultural infrastructure in the region. Section two of the report uses a survey of agricultural producers in Polk County, Oregon in order to elucidate the degree of dependence between neighboring farms. Lastly, section three contains a dynamic simulation model of agricultural land conversion in Polk County, Oregon. Title: Economic interrelationships in a small farming area: towards an estimate of the threshold of agricultural production for sustainable farming Author: Weber, Bruce, Rashford, Benjamin, Evonuk, Rose, Lewis, David This report is intended to increase the understanding of interrelationships in a small farming community. It consists of three main sections. First, it begins with an historical review of agriculture in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Since every agricultural region has unique components it is important to begin any modeling process with an understanding of the subject at hand. The historical review provides readers and modelers with a general understanding of the unique components of the agricultural infrastructure in the region. Section two of the report uses a survey of agricultural producers in Polk County, Oregon in order to elucidate the degree of dependence between neighboring farms. Lastly, section three contains a dynamic simulation model of agricultural land conversion in Polk County, Oregon. Close

• 56. [Article] Simulation of a Broiler Breeder Farm

  This thesis describes a control tool for managers of a Broiler Breeder Farm, a farm which raises chickens for the purpose of fertile egg production. It presents the development of a simulation of a Broiler ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulation of a Broiler Breeder Farm Author: Martinez, Maria Elena This thesis describes a control tool for managers of a Broiler Breeder Farm, a farm which raises chickens for the purpose of fertile egg production. It presents the development of a simulation of a Broiler Breeder Farm which uses a deterministic step by step process to generate expected values of variables which represent the behavior of the farm. For the purpose of the simulation, the Broiler Breeder Farm was considered a system which is affected by factors related to the physiology of the birds and to management practices. Some of these factors were taken into account as parameters and variables in the simulation while assumptions were made regarding others because of the difficulty in measuring them. The simulation was developed using FORTRAN 77 as the programming language and its application is shown by three examples. The results obtained from the application of the simulation indicate that the simulation can be used to assist the Broiler Breeder Farm manager in the planning and decision making regarding the requirement which should be met in order to satisfy the needs of the flock. Title: Simulation of a Broiler Breeder Farm Author: Martinez, Maria Elena This thesis describes a control tool for managers of a Broiler Breeder Farm, a farm which raises chickens for the purpose of fertile egg production. It presents the development of a simulation of a Broiler Breeder Farm which uses a deterministic step by step process to generate expected values of variables which represent the behavior of the farm. For the purpose of the simulation, the Broiler Breeder Farm was considered a system which is affected by factors related to the physiology of the birds and to management practices. Some of these factors were taken into account as parameters and variables in the simulation while assumptions were made regarding others because of the difficulty in measuring them. The simulation was developed using FORTRAN 77 as the programming language and its application is shown by three examples. The results obtained from the application of the simulation indicate that the simulation can be used to assist the Broiler Breeder Farm manager in the planning and decision making regarding the requirement which should be met in order to satisfy the needs of the flock. Close

• 57. [Article] An analysis of differences in the marginal propensity to consume of farm, rural nonfarm, and urban families in the United States

  The study was conducted to obtain information concerning the factors affecting the differences in the marginal propensities to consume of farm and nonfarm families observed by Friedman and Lee and Phillips. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of differences in the marginal propensity to consume of farm, rural nonfarm, and urban families in the United States Author: Liao, Sheng-hui The study was conducted to obtain information concerning the factors affecting the differences in the marginal propensities to consume of farm and nonfarm families observed by Friedman and Lee and Phillips. As a first step a theoretical framework was developed which indicated the factors affecting the marginal propensity to consume. From this framework, two hypotheses were formulated for explaining observed differences in the marginal propensities to consume between farm and nonfarm families: (1) Farm and nonfarm consuming units with homogeneous socioeconomic characteristics have the same marginal propensity to consume, and (2) distribution of consuming units by socioeconomic characteristics in the farm sample is different from that of consuming units in the nonfarm sample. Next a model and statistical procedure for testing the hypotheses were developed. The dummy variables technique was used as a means of quantifying the socioeconomic variables and thus of measuring their effect on the marginal propensity to consume. Finally, the model was fitted to data obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U. S. Department of Agriculture--Survey of Consumer Expenditure, 1960-61--using least squares procedures. The empirical results indicated that there were no significant differences in the marginal propensities to consume between farm and nonfarm families with homogenous socioeconomic characteristics for the majority of the 17 tested groups, However, those groups in the Northcentral and Western regions were the exception. In these two regions, farm families had a lower marginal propensity to consume than did nonfarm families. This could be due to differences in the prices paid by farm and nonfarm families in these two regions. The empirical results also indicated that there were significant differences in the distribution of families by socioeconomic characteristics between the farm and nonfarm samples. Thus, the observed differences in the marginal propensities to consume between farm and nonfarm families could be due to the differences in the distributions of family types in the two samples. Title: An analysis of differences in the marginal propensity to consume of farm, rural nonfarm, and urban families in the United States Author: Liao, Sheng-hui The study was conducted to obtain information concerning the factors affecting the differences in the marginal propensities to consume of farm and nonfarm families observed by Friedman and Lee and Phillips. As a first step a theoretical framework was developed which indicated the factors affecting the marginal propensity to consume. From this framework, two hypotheses were formulated for explaining observed differences in the marginal propensities to consume between farm and nonfarm families: (1) Farm and nonfarm consuming units with homogeneous socioeconomic characteristics have the same marginal propensity to consume, and (2) distribution of consuming units by socioeconomic characteristics in the farm sample is different from that of consuming units in the nonfarm sample. Next a model and statistical procedure for testing the hypotheses were developed. The dummy variables technique was used as a means of quantifying the socioeconomic variables and thus of measuring their effect on the marginal propensity to consume. Finally, the model was fitted to data obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U. S. Department of Agriculture--Survey of Consumer Expenditure, 1960-61--using least squares procedures. The empirical results indicated that there were no significant differences in the marginal propensities to consume between farm and nonfarm families with homogenous socioeconomic characteristics for the majority of the 17 tested groups, However, those groups in the Northcentral and Western regions were the exception. In these two regions, farm families had a lower marginal propensity to consume than did nonfarm families. This could be due to differences in the prices paid by farm and nonfarm families in these two regions. The empirical results also indicated that there were significant differences in the distribution of families by socioeconomic characteristics between the farm and nonfarm samples. Thus, the observed differences in the marginal propensities to consume between farm and nonfarm families could be due to the differences in the distributions of family types in the two samples. Close

• 58. [Article] Role of Shrimp Farming in Generating Employment and income: A Study of Small- Scale Shrimp Farming in West Bengal, India

  In the light of the usual allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity, this paper tries to examine the role of shrimp farming in generation of employment and income for small ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Role of Shrimp Farming in Generating Employment and income: A Study of Small- Scale Shrimp Farming in West Bengal, India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi In the light of the usual allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity, this paper tries to examine the role of shrimp farming in generation of employment and income for small scale shrimp farmers in West Bengal, India using primary data collected from 208 traditional and scientific shrimp farmers in West Bengal. The analysis reveals that the labour used (including family labour) for traditional and scientific shrimp farming were 101 mandays per acre and 300 mandays per acre respectively. Both the figures were more than the labour requirement for paddy cultivation in West Bengal. The finding refutes the allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity as compared paddy cultivation. A comparison of the household income of sample shrimp farmers with the rural poverty line in West Bengal revealed that shrimp farmers of all the categories (small, medium and large) were above the poverty line. However, per capita annual household income of marginal traditional shrimp farmers was quite close to the poverty line which emphasizes the need for pondering special extension facilities to these shrimp farmers. The study also shows that on the whole shrimp farming accounted for about 70% of the annual household income of the sample households. However the importance of shrimp farming was lesser in the case of shrimp farmers with lesser shrimp farm size. This indicates the quest of marginal and small shrimp farmers to diversify their source of income in order to cover the risk associated with shrimp culture. On the whole shrimp farming was proved to be an employment generating activity and had contributed significantly to the income of the sample households. Title: Role of Shrimp Farming in Generating Employment and income: A Study of Small- Scale Shrimp Farming in West Bengal, India Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi In the light of the usual allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity, this paper tries to examine the role of shrimp farming in generation of employment and income for small scale shrimp farmers in West Bengal, India using primary data collected from 208 traditional and scientific shrimp farmers in West Bengal. The analysis reveals that the labour used (including family labour) for traditional and scientific shrimp farming were 101 mandays per acre and 300 mandays per acre respectively. Both the figures were more than the labour requirement for paddy cultivation in West Bengal. The finding refutes the allegation against shrimp farming as an employment displacing activity as compared paddy cultivation. A comparison of the household income of sample shrimp farmers with the rural poverty line in West Bengal revealed that shrimp farmers of all the categories (small, medium and large) were above the poverty line. However, per capita annual household income of marginal traditional shrimp farmers was quite close to the poverty line which emphasizes the need for pondering special extension facilities to these shrimp farmers. The study also shows that on the whole shrimp farming accounted for about 70% of the annual household income of the sample households. However the importance of shrimp farming was lesser in the case of shrimp farmers with lesser shrimp farm size. This indicates the quest of marginal and small shrimp farmers to diversify their source of income in order to cover the risk associated with shrimp culture. On the whole shrimp farming was proved to be an employment generating activity and had contributed significantly to the income of the sample households. Close

• 59. [Article] A Comparative Index Characterization of Shrimp Farms in Bangladesh, India and Indonesia

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Comparative Index Characterization of Shrimp Farms in Bangladesh, India and Indonesia Author: Gordon, Daniel, Bjorndal, Trond Abstract only. Title: A Comparative Index Characterization of Shrimp Farms in Bangladesh, India and Indonesia Author: Gordon, Daniel, Bjorndal, Trond Abstract only. Close

• 60. [Article] What is the demand for farmed fish on the European markets?

  This paper analyses what are the potential outlets on European markets for new farmed fish. In the first part, the main striking features about the structure and evolution of the European fish trade ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What is the demand for farmed fish on the European markets? Author: Mariojouls, Catherine, Girard, Sophie This paper analyses what are the potential outlets on European markets for new farmed fish. In the first part, the main striking features about the structure and evolution of the European fish trade over the last decade are presented. The analysis of fish imports and exports provides comprehensive data to characterize the EU fish demand per commodity categories, per species groups, per country, and to estimate price trends for both wild and farmed fish imports. Then, the second part is dedicated to an in-depth analysis of the fresh fish trade, as main outlet for farmed fish. The evolution of the balance trade for the main species groups showing a deficit (salmon, gadoids, other demersal fish, completed by an analysis of the price segmentation of fish imports, highlight the substitution phenomena between farmed and wild fish which occurred over the last decade, while providing an assessment of the fish demand for the different market segments. These results are utilized to analyse the potential outlets on European markets for new farmed species issued from an aquaculture diversification, taking into account the increasing competition from well-established and concentrated fish farming industries (salmon, seabass and seabream), as well as the more recent introduction of low-priced freshwater tropical fish (ex. pangasius). A particular attention is paid to the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), a tropical marine fish farmed in the French overseas territories. Future prospects for farmed fish diversification are also discussed as regards the consumer expectations towards image and quality attributes (including environmental). Title: What is the demand for farmed fish on the European markets? Author: Mariojouls, Catherine, Girard, Sophie This paper analyses what are the potential outlets on European markets for new farmed fish. In the first part, the main striking features about the structure and evolution of the European fish trade over the last decade are presented. The analysis of fish imports and exports provides comprehensive data to characterize the EU fish demand per commodity categories, per species groups, per country, and to estimate price trends for both wild and farmed fish imports. Then, the second part is dedicated to an in-depth analysis of the fresh fish trade, as main outlet for farmed fish. The evolution of the balance trade for the main species groups showing a deficit (salmon, gadoids, other demersal fish, completed by an analysis of the price segmentation of fish imports, highlight the substitution phenomena between farmed and wild fish which occurred over the last decade, while providing an assessment of the fish demand for the different market segments. These results are utilized to analyse the potential outlets on European markets for new farmed species issued from an aquaculture diversification, taking into account the increasing competition from well-established and concentrated fish farming industries (salmon, seabass and seabream), as well as the more recent introduction of low-priced freshwater tropical fish (ex. pangasius). A particular attention is paid to the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), a tropical marine fish farmed in the French overseas territories. Future prospects for farmed fish diversification are also discussed as regards the consumer expectations towards image and quality attributes (including environmental). Close

• 61. [Article] Production Risk, Inefficiency, and Sustainability of Pangas Fish Farming: Lessons from the Bangladesh Aquaculture Sector

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production Risk, Inefficiency, and Sustainability of Pangas Fish Farming: Lessons from the Bangladesh Aquaculture Sector Author: Begum, Ratna, Nielsen, Rasmus, Akhtaruzzaman, Khan Md. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Production Risk, Inefficiency, and Sustainability of Pangas Fish Farming: Lessons from the Bangladesh Aquaculture Sector Author: Begum, Ratna, Nielsen, Rasmus, Akhtaruzzaman, Khan Md. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 62. [Article] Farmer perspectives on success and challenges : a study of small farms in Oregon's Willamette Valley

  This thesis investigates the success of and challenges facing small farmers operating direct marketing farm businesses in Oregon's Willamette Valley. This qualitative study utilizes participatory methods ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farmer perspectives on success and challenges : a study of small farms in Oregon's Willamette Valley Author: Pool, Kristin E. This thesis investigates the success of and challenges facing small farmers operating direct marketing farm businesses in Oregon's Willamette Valley. This qualitative study utilizes participatory methods to gain the unique perspectives of small farmers regarding their success and challenges. Small farms are important players in local food systems and ensuring their success is an important part of expanding and sustaining local food systems. Findings provide a framework describing four dimensions of small farm success: social, operational, quality of life, and financial. The farmers in this study see financial success as a vital component of overall success, but acknowledge that financial success is not itself a success if achieved to the exclusion of other dimensions of success. This study developed four models for how small farmers perceive financial success: financial success as the baseline of overall success, equal dimensions of success, interdependent dimensions of success, and financial success as a gauge of overall success. Impeding small farm success are internal and external challenges that small farmers must navigate through the negotiation of the farm system and scale. Beginning and experienced farmers face the same challenges, but beginning farmers report internal challenges, land access, and access to capital at greater rates than experienced farmers. Experienced farmers speak more frequently about policy and regulations, and labor as challenges. Findings improve understanding of these innovative businesses, with implications for research, education, and small farm planning. Title: Farmer perspectives on success and challenges : a study of small farms in Oregon's Willamette Valley Author: Pool, Kristin E. This thesis investigates the success of and challenges facing small farmers operating direct marketing farm businesses in Oregon's Willamette Valley. This qualitative study utilizes participatory methods to gain the unique perspectives of small farmers regarding their success and challenges. Small farms are important players in local food systems and ensuring their success is an important part of expanding and sustaining local food systems. Findings provide a framework describing four dimensions of small farm success: social, operational, quality of life, and financial. The farmers in this study see financial success as a vital component of overall success, but acknowledge that financial success is not itself a success if achieved to the exclusion of other dimensions of success. This study developed four models for how small farmers perceive financial success: financial success as the baseline of overall success, equal dimensions of success, interdependent dimensions of success, and financial success as a gauge of overall success. Impeding small farm success are internal and external challenges that small farmers must navigate through the negotiation of the farm system and scale. Beginning and experienced farmers face the same challenges, but beginning farmers report internal challenges, land access, and access to capital at greater rates than experienced farmers. Experienced farmers speak more frequently about policy and regulations, and labor as challenges. Findings improve understanding of these innovative businesses, with implications for research, education, and small farm planning. Close

• 63. [Article] Internationalization Processes in the Salmon Farming Industry

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Internationalization Processes in the Salmon Farming Industry Author: Iversen, Audun Research Paper Title: Internationalization Processes in the Salmon Farming Industry Author: Iversen, Audun Research Paper Close

• 64. [Article] Estimating the dry matter production, nitrogen requirements, and yield of organic farm-grown potatoes

  As part of a participatory research project, where farmers and Oregon State University researchers collaborated, aspects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growing systems were studied. It was determined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating the dry matter production, nitrogen requirements, and yield of organic farm-grown potatoes Author: McQueen, John Paul Gainer As part of a participatory research project, where farmers and Oregon State University researchers collaborated, aspects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growing systems were studied. It was determined through conversations with the farmers that quantification of certain growth parameters of potato was lacking, including dry matter accumulation, crop nitrogen (N) uptake, and yield. In order to better assist the farmers in making fertilization decisions a study of the systems was undertaken. An important aspect in making fertilization recommendations is estimating the contribution of N by the soil in a growing season. This contribution was estimated in two ways. The first was through a laboratory aerobic incubation. Soil was collected in spring, summer, and post-harvest from the participating farms' potato fields in 2006. The N mineralization incubation was conducted for 63 d at 22°C with subsampling to determine NO₃-N every 21 d beginning with Day 0. The second method was by using a plant bioassay approach. Plant biomass, excluding roots, was harvested three to four times during tuber bulking from plots where no current season amendments were added to the soil (zero-N plots). The concentration of N was determined for the plant residues and N uptake estimated. Petiole samples were analyzed for NO₃-N to monitor the relative N status during the season and to determine if there were N deficiencies. Growth measurements of potato were also conducted on "Intensive Farms" in plots where farmers conducted "typical" nutrient management. Weekly plant samples were removed beginning when tubers were 1 to 3 cm in diameter. From these samples dry matter accumulation, crop N uptake, and fresh tuber yield were estimated. Petiole samples were also taken to determine the relative N status of the plant. Yield was also measured for a second group of farm, "All-Farms". This sampling used an "as-is" approach that consisted of hand-digging sections of row and calculating yield per hectare using row spacing found in the sampled field. In the laboratory, net N mineralization rates were approximately 0.4 to 1.3 NO₃-N mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ during the 63-day incubation at 22°C for soils collected from 11 farms in the spring with a median of 0.7 NO₃-N mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹. The N-supplying capacity of the soils is estimated at 120 to 160 kg N ha⁻¹ for 2000 degree days. The uptake of N by the potato in zero-N plots at harvest was 83 to 237 kg N ha⁻¹ confirming the high amounts of N mineralization observed in the laboratory incubation. The soils on these farms mineralize an estimated 3% of total soil N in less than 1400 degree days (base 0°C). On Intensive Farms, total nitrogen uptake was an estimated 145, 190, and 245 kg N ha⁻¹ for Farms 1, 2, and 3. Despite different levels of N uptake, fresh tuber yields on Intensive Farms were similar between farms with 53 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 1, 45 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 2, and 43 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 3. Higher N levels on Farm 3 did not increase yields and total N in shoots at harvest was highest at 150 kg ha⁻¹ verses Farm 1 with 40 kg ha⁻¹. Tuber bulking rates were 0.8, 0.7, and 1.0 Mg ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ for Farms 1, 2, and 3. Delaying harvest could have resulted in higher yields. For tuber yields of 50 Mg ha⁻¹ farmers can expect a total N uptake of approximately 200 kg N ha⁻¹ with 0.9 m between-row spacing. Fresh tuber yields on All-Farms varied by cultivar and location with a median of 19 Mg ha⁻¹ that reflected in-field between-row spacing. At harvest, medium tubers 85 to 227 g (3 to 8 oz) averaged 50% of fresh tuber yield. To accomplish higher yields, row spacing near 1 m is recommended. Petiole N levels were variable during the season with starting values lower than common recommendations and decreasing rapidly as time progressed. We estimate that the soil at these farms supplies approximately 120 to 160 kg N ha⁻¹ and applications of less than 100 kg of plant-available N should support current yields. Title: Estimating the dry matter production, nitrogen requirements, and yield of organic farm-grown potatoes Author: McQueen, John Paul Gainer As part of a participatory research project, where farmers and Oregon State University researchers collaborated, aspects of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growing systems were studied. It was determined through conversations with the farmers that quantification of certain growth parameters of potato was lacking, including dry matter accumulation, crop nitrogen (N) uptake, and yield. In order to better assist the farmers in making fertilization decisions a study of the systems was undertaken. An important aspect in making fertilization recommendations is estimating the contribution of N by the soil in a growing season. This contribution was estimated in two ways. The first was through a laboratory aerobic incubation. Soil was collected in spring, summer, and post-harvest from the participating farms' potato fields in 2006. The N mineralization incubation was conducted for 63 d at 22°C with subsampling to determine NO₃-N every 21 d beginning with Day 0. The second method was by using a plant bioassay approach. Plant biomass, excluding roots, was harvested three to four times during tuber bulking from plots where no current season amendments were added to the soil (zero-N plots). The concentration of N was determined for the plant residues and N uptake estimated. Petiole samples were analyzed for NO₃-N to monitor the relative N status during the season and to determine if there were N deficiencies. Growth measurements of potato were also conducted on "Intensive Farms" in plots where farmers conducted "typical" nutrient management. Weekly plant samples were removed beginning when tubers were 1 to 3 cm in diameter. From these samples dry matter accumulation, crop N uptake, and fresh tuber yield were estimated. Petiole samples were also taken to determine the relative N status of the plant. Yield was also measured for a second group of farm, "All-Farms". This sampling used an "as-is" approach that consisted of hand-digging sections of row and calculating yield per hectare using row spacing found in the sampled field. In the laboratory, net N mineralization rates were approximately 0.4 to 1.3 NO₃-N mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ during the 63-day incubation at 22°C for soils collected from 11 farms in the spring with a median of 0.7 NO₃-N mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹. The N-supplying capacity of the soils is estimated at 120 to 160 kg N ha⁻¹ for 2000 degree days. The uptake of N by the potato in zero-N plots at harvest was 83 to 237 kg N ha⁻¹ confirming the high amounts of N mineralization observed in the laboratory incubation. The soils on these farms mineralize an estimated 3% of total soil N in less than 1400 degree days (base 0°C). On Intensive Farms, total nitrogen uptake was an estimated 145, 190, and 245 kg N ha⁻¹ for Farms 1, 2, and 3. Despite different levels of N uptake, fresh tuber yields on Intensive Farms were similar between farms with 53 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 1, 45 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 2, and 43 Mg ha⁻¹ on Farm 3. Higher N levels on Farm 3 did not increase yields and total N in shoots at harvest was highest at 150 kg ha⁻¹ verses Farm 1 with 40 kg ha⁻¹. Tuber bulking rates were 0.8, 0.7, and 1.0 Mg ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ for Farms 1, 2, and 3. Delaying harvest could have resulted in higher yields. For tuber yields of 50 Mg ha⁻¹ farmers can expect a total N uptake of approximately 200 kg N ha⁻¹ with 0.9 m between-row spacing. Fresh tuber yields on All-Farms varied by cultivar and location with a median of 19 Mg ha⁻¹ that reflected in-field between-row spacing. At harvest, medium tubers 85 to 227 g (3 to 8 oz) averaged 50% of fresh tuber yield. To accomplish higher yields, row spacing near 1 m is recommended. Petiole N levels were variable during the season with starting values lower than common recommendations and decreasing rapidly as time progressed. We estimate that the soil at these farms supplies approximately 120 to 160 kg N ha⁻¹ and applications of less than 100 kg of plant-available N should support current yields. Close

• 65. [Article] An economic analysis of farms producing grass seed in the Willamette Valley, with special attention to the cultural practice of field burning

  Grass seed producers in Oregon's Willamette Valley have employed the cultural practice of post-harvest open field burning since the mid-1940's for purposes of field sanitation and crop residue disposal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of farms producing grass seed in the Willamette Valley, with special attention to the cultural practice of field burning Author: Fisher, Douglas Earl Grass seed producers in Oregon's Willamette Valley have employed the cultural practice of post-harvest open field burning since the mid-1940's for purposes of field sanitation and crop residue disposal This practice creates environmental quality problems of air pollution during the late summer Recent public concern over the valley's environmental quality has focused attention on the grass seed industry, resulting in measures passed by the 1971 state legislature to ban open field burning in Oregon by January 1, 1975. Several economic issues are raised by the prospect of field burning curtailment. These include identification of: (1) alternatives to open burning, and their associated costs; (2) income effects resulting from possible increases in production costs, reduction in seed yields and changes in seed quality; (3) possible loss of comparative advantage now enjoyed by Willamette Valley farmers; and, (4) possible organizational adjustments by farm operators including prospects for increased farm size and reduced farm numbers. This thesis is designed as a base study to provide descriptive information and an economic rationale as necessary precursors for evaluating possible and probable' economic consequences of a burning ban to the grass seed industry. The Willamette Valley was separated into five seed-production regions, based on soil characteristics and urban.influences. A ten percent random sample was drawn from the population of farm operators raising grass seed. Major grass seed types studied include Highland bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, orchard grass, annual ryegrass, and perennial ryegrass. Descriptive data includes farm family characteristics, income sources, age, family labor, farm organization, and resource returns. Analysis of data identified wide variability in resource use. A significant component involved large differences in operating costs for machinery, labor, fertilizer, and chemicals within each seed type. This suggests internal adjustments in resource use efficiency and cost management are necessary for high-cost farms to survive in the short run regardless of whether or not a burning ban threat exists. Some farms are successfully competing now and will continue to do so with limited operating resource adjustments. Orchardgrass and Kentucky bluegrass generally provided highest net returns, while ryegrasses earned lowest returns of the seven seed types, suggesting some adjustment opportunities for substitution between seed types. Inter-enterprise adjustments will be determined by the number of grass seed crops, other non-grass crops, and livestock choices available. Cost advantages of complementary enterprises were evident, with adjustments in this direction determined by market accessibility, soil limitations, and managerial constraints. These limitations suggest limited adjustment, in general, toward non-grass and livestock enterprise choices. Pronounced cost advantages occurred to farms over 300 acres in size, suggesting that long run adjustments will likely include farm enlargement and reduction of farm numbers. Farm location, topography,-, and proximity to urban areas are also expected to affect direction and magnitude of adjustments. Farms in Region 1, Clackamas and Multnomah counties, faced with topography limitations and urban pressures, will likely shift resources to more intensive . farm and non-farm uses. Linn, Benton, and Lane county grass seed producers are expected to intensify specialization in grass seed production with an increase in average farm size. In Washington and Yamhill counties where grass seed production serves primarily as complementary and/or supplementary enterprises, the trend toward production of proprietary grass seed varieties is expected. In Polk and Marion counties where soil and topographical characteristics dominate resource use and enterprise choices, probable adjustment impacts are less obvious and are expected to vary widely from farm to farm. Imposition of a burning ban, felt primarily in the form of increased production costs, will undoubtedly hasten the farm organizational adjustments specified above. Title: An economic analysis of farms producing grass seed in the Willamette Valley, with special attention to the cultural practice of field burning Author: Fisher, Douglas Earl Grass seed producers in Oregon's Willamette Valley have employed the cultural practice of post-harvest open field burning since the mid-1940's for purposes of field sanitation and crop residue disposal This practice creates environmental quality problems of air pollution during the late summer Recent public concern over the valley's environmental quality has focused attention on the grass seed industry, resulting in measures passed by the 1971 state legislature to ban open field burning in Oregon by January 1, 1975. Several economic issues are raised by the prospect of field burning curtailment. These include identification of: (1) alternatives to open burning, and their associated costs; (2) income effects resulting from possible increases in production costs, reduction in seed yields and changes in seed quality; (3) possible loss of comparative advantage now enjoyed by Willamette Valley farmers; and, (4) possible organizational adjustments by farm operators including prospects for increased farm size and reduced farm numbers. This thesis is designed as a base study to provide descriptive information and an economic rationale as necessary precursors for evaluating possible and probable' economic consequences of a burning ban to the grass seed industry. The Willamette Valley was separated into five seed-production regions, based on soil characteristics and urban.influences. A ten percent random sample was drawn from the population of farm operators raising grass seed. Major grass seed types studied include Highland bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, fine fescue, tall fescue, orchard grass, annual ryegrass, and perennial ryegrass. Descriptive data includes farm family characteristics, income sources, age, family labor, farm organization, and resource returns. Analysis of data identified wide variability in resource use. A significant component involved large differences in operating costs for machinery, labor, fertilizer, and chemicals within each seed type. This suggests internal adjustments in resource use efficiency and cost management are necessary for high-cost farms to survive in the short run regardless of whether or not a burning ban threat exists. Some farms are successfully competing now and will continue to do so with limited operating resource adjustments. Orchardgrass and Kentucky bluegrass generally provided highest net returns, while ryegrasses earned lowest returns of the seven seed types, suggesting some adjustment opportunities for substitution between seed types. Inter-enterprise adjustments will be determined by the number of grass seed crops, other non-grass crops, and livestock choices available. Cost advantages of complementary enterprises were evident, with adjustments in this direction determined by market accessibility, soil limitations, and managerial constraints. These limitations suggest limited adjustment, in general, toward non-grass and livestock enterprise choices. Pronounced cost advantages occurred to farms over 300 acres in size, suggesting that long run adjustments will likely include farm enlargement and reduction of farm numbers. Farm location, topography,-, and proximity to urban areas are also expected to affect direction and magnitude of adjustments. Farms in Region 1, Clackamas and Multnomah counties, faced with topography limitations and urban pressures, will likely shift resources to more intensive . farm and non-farm uses. Linn, Benton, and Lane county grass seed producers are expected to intensify specialization in grass seed production with an increase in average farm size. In Washington and Yamhill counties where grass seed production serves primarily as complementary and/or supplementary enterprises, the trend toward production of proprietary grass seed varieties is expected. In Polk and Marion counties where soil and topographical characteristics dominate resource use and enterprise choices, probable adjustment impacts are less obvious and are expected to vary widely from farm to farm. Imposition of a burning ban, felt primarily in the form of increased production costs, will undoubtedly hasten the farm organizational adjustments specified above. Close

• 66. [Article] Farm labor employment and management considerations : report on a survey in Morrow and Gilliam Counties

  Published October 1974. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm labor employment and management considerations : report on a survey in Morrow and Gilliam Counties Author: Nelson, A. Gene, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Newman, Robert, Fisher, Dennis U. Published October 1974. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Farm labor employment and management considerations : report on a survey in Morrow and Gilliam Counties Author: Nelson, A. Gene, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Newman, Robert, Fisher, Dennis U. Published October 1974. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 67. [Article] Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services

  Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services Author: Singh, Ashok K. Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery and consequently changes in farm machinery firms to meet the changing demands of farmers. In general, the research question of interest was: "What are the most effective and efficient ways farm machinery firms might adjust to the changing demands of farmers for used farm machinery and related products and services. The specific purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate farmers' and dealers' attitudes and preferences relative to guarantees on used equipment, farm service centers and information services, 2) to evaluate inconsistencies between farmers and dealer attitudes and preferences, and 3) to evaluate which of selected farm, farmer, dealer, and dealership characteristics may or may not be related to respective attitudes and preferences of farmers and dealers. Farm machinery dealers in Oregon, Washington and Western Idaho were sent questionnaires. Questionnaires were also sent to a sample of all Oregon farmers. The relationships of interest were tested for significance via a computerized contingency analysis. The farmers' attitudes and preferences suggest strongly that gross sales of used equipment could be increased if machinery dealers would provide guarantees more acceptable to farmers. Apparently, smaller farmers in particular might be induced to purchase more used equipment if guarantees were more acceptable to them. Farmers in general indicated a preference for used equipment guarantees that cover all breakdowns for a longer period, with larger farmers preferring guarantees covering only major breakdowns. Farmers were divided as to whether used equipment guarantees should cover all or half the labor costs of repairing breakdowns, but felt more strongly that guarantees should cover all parts costs. They were also divided as to whether the guarantee period should be 30, 60 or 90 days. Dealers, however, strongly preferred guarantees covering 30 days and 1/2 the labor and parts costs. Farmers preferred to have more acceptable guarantees rather than lower prices, which suggests a willingness to pay some price for the added services. Farmers indicated farm service centers would be more convenient for them. Smaller farmers were more inclined than larger farmers to prefer doing business with a farm service center. The study indicates about 2/5 of a service centers' customers would be within 25 miles and 4/5 within 50 miles. Farmers much preferred to have service centers house competing suppliers of products and services, and decidedly felt the service center should be located outside the city limits of towns. Farmers were divided as to whether the service center should be operated as a farmers' cooperative, as independent business or as a combination of both. Three fourths or more of the farmers preferred that farm service centers carry the following products, listed in order of priority, highest priority first: Farm machinery; fertilizer; chemicals; hardware and power tools; tires, batteries and accessories; and feed, followed closely by a preference for a blacksmith and machine shop, and irrigation supplies. Farmers indicated a substantial preference for machinery related information/educational services, with primary preference for material relating to machinery and equipment maintenance, minor engine repairs, equipment leasing and engine tune-ups. The information/ educational services appealed particularly to larger farmers, farmers planning larger machinery expenditures and younger farmers. Title: Farm machinery merchandising : farmer and dealer preferences concerning used equipment guarantees, farm service centers and information services Author: Singh, Ashok K. Many changes have been taking place in Oregon's agriculture. Average size of farms has increased. The trend is toward fewer but larger, highly mechanized farms, leading to changed demand for farm machinery and consequently changes in farm machinery firms to meet the changing demands of farmers. In general, the research question of interest was: "What are the most effective and efficient ways farm machinery firms might adjust to the changing demands of farmers for used farm machinery and related products and services. The specific purposes of this study were to 1) evaluate farmers' and dealers' attitudes and preferences relative to guarantees on used equipment, farm service centers and information services, 2) to evaluate inconsistencies between farmers and dealer attitudes and preferences, and 3) to evaluate which of selected farm, farmer, dealer, and dealership characteristics may or may not be related to respective attitudes and preferences of farmers and dealers. Farm machinery dealers in Oregon, Washington and Western Idaho were sent questionnaires. Questionnaires were also sent to a sample of all Oregon farmers. The relationships of interest were tested for significance via a computerized contingency analysis. The farmers' attitudes and preferences suggest strongly that gross sales of used equipment could be increased if machinery dealers would provide guarantees more acceptable to farmers. Apparently, smaller farmers in particular might be induced to purchase more used equipment if guarantees were more acceptable to them. Farmers in general indicated a preference for used equipment guarantees that cover all breakdowns for a longer period, with larger farmers preferring guarantees covering only major breakdowns. Farmers were divided as to whether used equipment guarantees should cover all or half the labor costs of repairing breakdowns, but felt more strongly that guarantees should cover all parts costs. They were also divided as to whether the guarantee period should be 30, 60 or 90 days. Dealers, however, strongly preferred guarantees covering 30 days and 1/2 the labor and parts costs. Farmers preferred to have more acceptable guarantees rather than lower prices, which suggests a willingness to pay some price for the added services. Farmers indicated farm service centers would be more convenient for them. Smaller farmers were more inclined than larger farmers to prefer doing business with a farm service center. The study indicates about 2/5 of a service centers' customers would be within 25 miles and 4/5 within 50 miles. Farmers much preferred to have service centers house competing suppliers of products and services, and decidedly felt the service center should be located outside the city limits of towns. Farmers were divided as to whether the service center should be operated as a farmers' cooperative, as independent business or as a combination of both. Three fourths or more of the farmers preferred that farm service centers carry the following products, listed in order of priority, highest priority first: Farm machinery; fertilizer; chemicals; hardware and power tools; tires, batteries and accessories; and feed, followed closely by a preference for a blacksmith and machine shop, and irrigation supplies. Farmers indicated a substantial preference for machinery related information/educational services, with primary preference for material relating to machinery and equipment maintenance, minor engine repairs, equipment leasing and engine tune-ups. The information/ educational services appealed particularly to larger farmers, farmers planning larger machinery expenditures and younger farmers. Close

• 68. [Article] Health status in migrant and seasonal farm workers, and other clients in a community and migrant health center

  Unknown questions remain concerning the health of migrant farm workers, seasonal farm workers, and other rural poor people. The objectives of this study were to determine the demographic profile of a sample ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Health status in migrant and seasonal farm workers, and other clients in a community and migrant health center Author: Greer, Marsha Unknown questions remain concerning the health of migrant farm workers, seasonal farm workers, and other rural poor people. The objectives of this study were to determine the demographic profile of a sample from a Community and Migrant Health Center; to determine the prevalence of disease in migrant farm workers, seasonal farm workers and other clients; and to determine if differences existed in the prevalence of disease between the three occupational groups. Information from medical records for clients who visited an Oregon Community and Migrant Health Center during 1993 was abstracted to determine whether differences existed in demographic characteristics and in health status between migrant farm workers, seasonal farm workers, and other clients. A random sample of 600 medical charts was selected from the three occupational groups stratified by sex. The sample included adults and children classified as migrant or seasonal farm workers and other clients. Data abstracted from charts included socio-demographic information, physiologic measurements, biochemical testing results, and disease prevalence. Clients in this sample represented Latino (85.17%), Russian (4.8%), and Anglo (10%) cultures. Female clients who were not migrant or seasonal farm workers had a mean age of 27.42 years which was significantly different from the mean age of female migrant farm workers of 18.95 years, and of female seasonal farm workers of 20.35 years. Females who were not migrant or seasonal farm workers had significantly higher mean body mass indexes, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Female children classified as migrant farm worker had significantly higher blood lead levels than female children whose parents were not migrant or seasonal farm workers. Glucose levels for migrant farm workers was significantly higher than either of the other two occupational groups. Findings of the study indicated that common diagnoses included upper respiratory infection, otitis media, intestinal parasites or pathogens, dermatitis, and urinary tract infection. The most commonly reported injuries were due to lacerations and motor vehicle accidents. Additionally, 31.57% of PAP tests were abnormal, and violence against girls and women was reported. Diagnoses of chronic diseases included diabetes, hypertension, AIDS, cancer, and heart disease. Title: Health status in migrant and seasonal farm workers, and other clients in a community and migrant health center Author: Greer, Marsha Unknown questions remain concerning the health of migrant farm workers, seasonal farm workers, and other rural poor people. The objectives of this study were to determine the demographic profile of a sample from a Community and Migrant Health Center; to determine the prevalence of disease in migrant farm workers, seasonal farm workers and other clients; and to determine if differences existed in the prevalence of disease between the three occupational groups. Information from medical records for clients who visited an Oregon Community and Migrant Health Center during 1993 was abstracted to determine whether differences existed in demographic characteristics and in health status between migrant farm workers, seasonal farm workers, and other clients. A random sample of 600 medical charts was selected from the three occupational groups stratified by sex. The sample included adults and children classified as migrant or seasonal farm workers and other clients. Data abstracted from charts included socio-demographic information, physiologic measurements, biochemical testing results, and disease prevalence. Clients in this sample represented Latino (85.17%), Russian (4.8%), and Anglo (10%) cultures. Female clients who were not migrant or seasonal farm workers had a mean age of 27.42 years which was significantly different from the mean age of female migrant farm workers of 18.95 years, and of female seasonal farm workers of 20.35 years. Females who were not migrant or seasonal farm workers had significantly higher mean body mass indexes, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Female children classified as migrant farm worker had significantly higher blood lead levels than female children whose parents were not migrant or seasonal farm workers. Glucose levels for migrant farm workers was significantly higher than either of the other two occupational groups. Findings of the study indicated that common diagnoses included upper respiratory infection, otitis media, intestinal parasites or pathogens, dermatitis, and urinary tract infection. The most commonly reported injuries were due to lacerations and motor vehicle accidents. Additionally, 31.57% of PAP tests were abnormal, and violence against girls and women was reported. Diagnoses of chronic diseases included diabetes, hypertension, AIDS, cancer, and heart disease. Close

• 69. [Article] Economics of sewerage feed multivarietal fish farming in West Bengal

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economics of sewerage feed multivarietal fish farming in West Bengal Author: Lahiri, Debabrata Research Paper Title: Economics of sewerage feed multivarietal fish farming in West Bengal Author: Lahiri, Debabrata Research Paper Close

• 70. [Article] Empowering Youths To Fight Unemployment And Poverty Through Efficient Fish Farming Strategy In Nigeria

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Empowering Youths To Fight Unemployment And Poverty Through Efficient Fish Farming Strategy In Nigeria Author: Ojo, Sylvester Oluwadare, Fagbenro, O. A. Abstract only. Title: Empowering Youths To Fight Unemployment And Poverty Through Efficient Fish Farming Strategy In Nigeria Author: Ojo, Sylvester Oluwadare, Fagbenro, O. A. Abstract only. Close

• 71. [Article] Factors affecting farm income on the Sansai land settlement project, Chiengmai, Thailand

  After Thailand became a constitutional monarchy in 1933, agriculture was emphasized together with other plans in bringing about the economic development of the country. Cooperative Land Settlement as an ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors affecting farm income on the Sansai land settlement project, Chiengmai, Thailand Author: Tosunthorn, Suphan After Thailand became a constitutional monarchy in 1933, agriculture was emphasized together with other plans in bringing about the economic development of the country. Cooperative Land Settlement as an institution has been used for developing the agricultural field. The government had an aim at first to provide farms for landless or small holding people in the undeveloped forest areas reserved by the government for agricultural development. A secondary objective was to increase the national wealth by developing unutilized land. Sansai was the first of nine Cooperative Land Settlement projects. It was organized as a pilot settlement project at Chiengmai in March, 1937, in fertile areas that were part of an irrigation development. The members of this project were allocated 15 rai per farm for crop production. Results showed that their situation became better than before they joined this project, but some were not as successful as they should be. Therefore, this project was chosen as the study area, for research to find out what factors affect the gross farm income of these farmers, and to provide a reference for further Land Settlement Projects. Forty-five members were selected at random in order to measure the success of members of the land settlement project and to compare the progress of these members with farmers who lived adjacent to this project. Therefore, 30 farmers of the latter types were also selected by the same method. Every farmer in this sample was interviewed, and classified into four groups according to the size of gross agricultural income. The results of the interviews revealed that the majority of the farmers were relatively old, and that members were less literate than non-members, as 47 percent of the members and 66 percent of non-members had completed four years of compulsory education. Most of the members were farmers before they joined the project, and so had had experience with growing crops in the Sansai area. The number of full-time and part-time workers was 4.28 per family. Most of the labor was obtained from the family. Equipment used in the process of production was simple and similar for all farms. Glutinous rice and paddy rice were the most important crops and were both consumed by the family and sold in the market. Tobacco and garlic were important for cash income. Only a small part of farm income was obtained from livestock production and other farm receipts. The gross income of members was almost twice that of non-members. The analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of relationship. Variations in farm income were not significantly related to variations in present age and number of years of experience. Literate farmers had a higher average income than illiterate farmers. Multiple correlation was used to determine the relationship between gross farm income and other dependent factors. The income of members was significantly and positively correlated with the number of workers in the family, the total crop area, and the value of assets, including equipment. These factors were not significantly correlated to the gross income for non-members. The income for non-members was also positively related to education and the number of years experience of the farmer, but neither of these factors was statistically significant. As with the members, income was related inversely to the present age of the farmers. The conclusion reached is that the higher incomes were earned by those farmers who increased the area planted through double cropping part of their land. These farmers also used the highest assets per farm. Income was negatively related to workers per farm on the farms that had low cash incomes. Title: Factors affecting farm income on the Sansai land settlement project, Chiengmai, Thailand Author: Tosunthorn, Suphan After Thailand became a constitutional monarchy in 1933, agriculture was emphasized together with other plans in bringing about the economic development of the country. Cooperative Land Settlement as an institution has been used for developing the agricultural field. The government had an aim at first to provide farms for landless or small holding people in the undeveloped forest areas reserved by the government for agricultural development. A secondary objective was to increase the national wealth by developing unutilized land. Sansai was the first of nine Cooperative Land Settlement projects. It was organized as a pilot settlement project at Chiengmai in March, 1937, in fertile areas that were part of an irrigation development. The members of this project were allocated 15 rai per farm for crop production. Results showed that their situation became better than before they joined this project, but some were not as successful as they should be. Therefore, this project was chosen as the study area, for research to find out what factors affect the gross farm income of these farmers, and to provide a reference for further Land Settlement Projects. Forty-five members were selected at random in order to measure the success of members of the land settlement project and to compare the progress of these members with farmers who lived adjacent to this project. Therefore, 30 farmers of the latter types were also selected by the same method. Every farmer in this sample was interviewed, and classified into four groups according to the size of gross agricultural income. The results of the interviews revealed that the majority of the farmers were relatively old, and that members were less literate than non-members, as 47 percent of the members and 66 percent of non-members had completed four years of compulsory education. Most of the members were farmers before they joined the project, and so had had experience with growing crops in the Sansai area. The number of full-time and part-time workers was 4.28 per family. Most of the labor was obtained from the family. Equipment used in the process of production was simple and similar for all farms. Glutinous rice and paddy rice were the most important crops and were both consumed by the family and sold in the market. Tobacco and garlic were important for cash income. Only a small part of farm income was obtained from livestock production and other farm receipts. The gross income of members was almost twice that of non-members. The analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of relationship. Variations in farm income were not significantly related to variations in present age and number of years of experience. Literate farmers had a higher average income than illiterate farmers. Multiple correlation was used to determine the relationship between gross farm income and other dependent factors. The income of members was significantly and positively correlated with the number of workers in the family, the total crop area, and the value of assets, including equipment. These factors were not significantly correlated to the gross income for non-members. The income for non-members was also positively related to education and the number of years experience of the farmer, but neither of these factors was statistically significant. As with the members, income was related inversely to the present age of the farmers. The conclusion reached is that the higher incomes were earned by those farmers who increased the area planted through double cropping part of their land. These farmers also used the highest assets per farm. Income was negatively related to workers per farm on the farms that had low cash incomes. Close

• 72. [Article] Economics of small-holder fish farming in Africa. A case study from Malawi

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economics of small-holder fish farming in Africa. A case study from Malawi Author: Steward, J. Alan Research Paper Title: Economics of small-holder fish farming in Africa. A case study from Malawi Author: Steward, J. Alan Research Paper Close

• 73. [Article] Technical Efficiency in Danish Fresh Water Trout Farms: Taking Pollution into Account

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technical Efficiency in Danish Fresh Water Trout Farms: Taking Pollution into Account Author: Nielsen, Rasmus Abstract only. Title: Technical Efficiency in Danish Fresh Water Trout Farms: Taking Pollution into Account Author: Nielsen, Rasmus Abstract only. Close

• 74. [Article] Is fish farming a way for economic development in the French overseas territories?

  Following the introduction of the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in the early 80_s in the Caribbean island La Martinique, farming techniques were set up and a small scale farming sector developed. The introduction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is fish farming a way for economic development in the French overseas territories? Author: Mariojouls, Catherine, Girard, Sophie Following the introduction of the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in the early 80_s in the Caribbean island La Martinique, farming techniques were set up and a small scale farming sector developed. The introduction of that fish species in Indian Ocean islands, la Reunion and Mayotte, allowed to start fish farming with various scales, from small size to semi-industrial scale. Through an analysis of the available information related to natural and socio-economic conditions, technical and economical results, domestic and export markets, organization of the sector, the possible development of fish farming in these three French overseas territories is questioned. A SWOT analysis is proposed and allows to precise the situation, strategies and needs of economic information for further development in the three zones. One critical issue concerns the marketing of red drum to both local and international markets. The role played by such an aquaculture industry is questioned in relation to different stakes: local development, food security, environmental concerns, context of international trade. The limits in present knowledge and experiences are pointed and recommendations proposed for future studies. Title: Is fish farming a way for economic development in the French overseas territories? Author: Mariojouls, Catherine, Girard, Sophie Following the introduction of the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in the early 80_s in the Caribbean island La Martinique, farming techniques were set up and a small scale farming sector developed. The introduction of that fish species in Indian Ocean islands, la Reunion and Mayotte, allowed to start fish farming with various scales, from small size to semi-industrial scale. Through an analysis of the available information related to natural and socio-economic conditions, technical and economical results, domestic and export markets, organization of the sector, the possible development of fish farming in these three French overseas territories is questioned. A SWOT analysis is proposed and allows to precise the situation, strategies and needs of economic information for further development in the three zones. One critical issue concerns the marketing of red drum to both local and international markets. The role played by such an aquaculture industry is questioned in relation to different stakes: local development, food security, environmental concerns, context of international trade. The limits in present knowledge and experiences are pointed and recommendations proposed for future studies. Close

• 75. [Article] Performance of Fish Farms in Ghana - A Stochastic Frontier Approach

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Fish Farms in Ghana - A Stochastic Frontier Approach Author: Brümmer, Bernhard, Hörstgen-Schwark, Gabriele, Onumah, Edward Abstract only. Title: Performance of Fish Farms in Ghana - A Stochastic Frontier Approach Author: Brümmer, Bernhard, Hörstgen-Schwark, Gabriele, Onumah, Edward Abstract only. Close

• 76. [Article] An Ecological-Economic Simulation Model of Genetic interaction Between Farmed and Wild Salmon

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Ecological-Economic Simulation Model of Genetic interaction Between Farmed and Wild Salmon Author: Hindar, Kjetil, Liu, Yajie, Skonhoft, Anders, Diserud, Ola Abstract only. Title: An Ecological-Economic Simulation Model of Genetic interaction Between Farmed and Wild Salmon Author: Hindar, Kjetil, Liu, Yajie, Skonhoft, Anders, Diserud, Ola Abstract only. Close

• 77. [Article] U.S. Catfish Farm Supply Under Uncertainties

  The present study uses normalized profit function and adaptive expectation approaches to analyze U.S. catfish farm supply. Empirical estimations give short-run supply elasticity of 0.25 and 0.26 and long-run ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: U.S. Catfish Farm Supply Under Uncertainties Author: Jolly, Curtis M., Nguyen, Giap The present study uses normalized profit function and adaptive expectation approaches to analyze U.S. catfish farm supply. Empirical estimations give short-run supply elasticity of 0.25 and 0.26 and long-run supply elasticity of 0.47 and 2.1 in each of the two approaches, respectively. Technological improvement is attributed for only 9.8% out of 72.7% of farm supply increase between 1988 and 2008. The U.S. catfish industry is in the stage of decreasing return to scale, one percent increase in fixed inputs causes farm output to increase 0.39 percent. Catfish producers adjust production yield in short-run, and acre in long-run in responding to price incentives. Variations of profitability negatively affect farm supply. Catfish farm’s risk is decreasing over time, and producers respond less to incentives in the presence of risks, supply elasticities are 0.23 and 0.59 with and without consideration of risk. Title: U.S. Catfish Farm Supply Under Uncertainties Author: Jolly, Curtis M., Nguyen, Giap The present study uses normalized profit function and adaptive expectation approaches to analyze U.S. catfish farm supply. Empirical estimations give short-run supply elasticity of 0.25 and 0.26 and long-run supply elasticity of 0.47 and 2.1 in each of the two approaches, respectively. Technological improvement is attributed for only 9.8% out of 72.7% of farm supply increase between 1988 and 2008. The U.S. catfish industry is in the stage of decreasing return to scale, one percent increase in fixed inputs causes farm output to increase 0.39 percent. Catfish producers adjust production yield in short-run, and acre in long-run in responding to price incentives. Variations of profitability negatively affect farm supply. Catfish farm’s risk is decreasing over time, and producers respond less to incentives in the presence of risks, supply elasticities are 0.23 and 0.59 with and without consideration of risk. Close

• 78. [Article] Is Shrimp Farming in Thailand Ecologically Sustainable?

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is Shrimp Farming in Thailand Ecologically Sustainable? Author: Naito, Toyokazu, Traesupap, Suphakarn Research Paper Title: Is Shrimp Farming in Thailand Ecologically Sustainable? Author: Naito, Toyokazu, Traesupap, Suphakarn Research Paper Close

• 79. [Article] Coastal Aquaculture Development in Bangladesh: Un-sustainable and Sustainable Experiences

  Coastal aquaculture in Bangladesh mainly consists of two shrimp species (Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Currently, there are about 16,237 marine shrimp (P. monodon) farms covering 148,093 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal Aquaculture Development in Bangladesh: Un-sustainable and Sustainable Experiences Author: Azad, Abul Kalam, Lin, C. Kwei, Jensen, Kathe R. Coastal aquaculture in Bangladesh mainly consists of two shrimp species (Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Currently, there are about 16,237 marine shrimp (P. monodon) farms covering 148,093 ha and 36,109 fresh water shrimp (M. rosenbergii) farms covering 17,638 ha coastal area. More than 0.70 million people are employed throughout the farmed shrimp sector in Bangladesh. In 2005-2006 the foreign currency earning were 403.5 million USD through exporting the frozen shrimp. Although coastal aquaculture contributes significantly in rural employment and economy its importance is overshadowed by negative social and ecological impacts. This paper reviews the key issues, constraints and opportunities of sustainable shrimp farming. In addition we present the results of two case studies from southwestern coastal areas where the shrimp farming originated and central coastal areas where shrimp especially M. rosenbergii farming sparked in recent years. Lessons learned from the review and case studies are considered in the context of recommendations to encompass a socially equitable and ecologically sound coastal aquaculture. Title: Coastal Aquaculture Development in Bangladesh: Un-sustainable and Sustainable Experiences Author: Azad, Abul Kalam, Lin, C. Kwei, Jensen, Kathe R. Coastal aquaculture in Bangladesh mainly consists of two shrimp species (Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Currently, there are about 16,237 marine shrimp (P. monodon) farms covering 148,093 ha and 36,109 fresh water shrimp (M. rosenbergii) farms covering 17,638 ha coastal area. More than 0.70 million people are employed throughout the farmed shrimp sector in Bangladesh. In 2005-2006 the foreign currency earning were 403.5 million USD through exporting the frozen shrimp. Although coastal aquaculture contributes significantly in rural employment and economy its importance is overshadowed by negative social and ecological impacts. This paper reviews the key issues, constraints and opportunities of sustainable shrimp farming. In addition we present the results of two case studies from southwestern coastal areas where the shrimp farming originated and central coastal areas where shrimp especially M. rosenbergii farming sparked in recent years. Lessons learned from the review and case studies are considered in the context of recommendations to encompass a socially equitable and ecologically sound coastal aquaculture. Close

• 80. [Article] Delineation of Finnish Fish Markets: Interactions Between Wild and Farmed Fish Species

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Delineation of Finnish Fish Markets: Interactions Between Wild and Farmed Fish Species Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Nielsen, Max, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Laitinen, Jukka, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Title: Delineation of Finnish Fish Markets: Interactions Between Wild and Farmed Fish Species Author: Honkanen, Asmo, Nielsen, Max, Virtanen, Jarno, Setala, Jari, Laitinen, Jukka, Saarni, Kaija Research Paper Close

• 81. [Article] Assessing the Competitiveness of Shrimp Farming in Iran: Using PAM Approach

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the Competitiveness of Shrimp Farming in Iran: Using PAM Approach Author: Esmaeili, Abdoulkarim Research Paper Title: Assessing the Competitiveness of Shrimp Farming in Iran: Using PAM Approach Author: Esmaeili, Abdoulkarim Research Paper Close

• 82. [Article] Coping up with the Risk, Increasing Sustainability; Strategies for Small-Scale Shrimp Farming in Indonesia

  Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, held July 11-15, 2016 at Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Center (AECC), Aberdeen, Scotland, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coping up with the Risk, Increasing Sustainability; Strategies for Small-Scale Shrimp Farming in Indonesia Author: Lestariadi, Riski A., Yamao, Masahiro Year: 2016 Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, held July 11-15, 2016 at Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Center (AECC), Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Title: Coping up with the Risk, Increasing Sustainability; Strategies for Small-Scale Shrimp Farming in Indonesia Author: Lestariadi, Riski A., Yamao, Masahiro Year: 2016 Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, held July 11-15, 2016 at Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Center (AECC), Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Close

• 83. [Article] The concept of diversification as a characteristic of farm structure

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The concept of diversification as a characteristic of farm structure Author: Russell, K. D. (Kenneth Dale) Title: The concept of diversification as a characteristic of farm structure Author: Russell, K. D. (Kenneth Dale) Close

• 84. [Article] Some factors affecting lumber requirements on western Oregon farms

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors affecting lumber requirements on western Oregon farms Author: Mangan, John William Title: Some factors affecting lumber requirements on western Oregon farms Author: Mangan, John William Close

• 85. [Article] Economic and environmental evaluation of alternative farming systems for row crop and dairy farms in Northern Malheur County

  Malheur County is located in the southeast corner of Oregon and consists of about 64 million acres of which 260,000 acres is irrigated. Groundwater contamination has been found in a 115,000 acre area in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic and environmental evaluation of alternative farming systems for row crop and dairy farms in Northern Malheur County Author: Vermilyea, Kathy Jo Malheur County is located in the southeast corner of Oregon and consists of about 64 million acres of which 260,000 acres is irrigated. Groundwater contamination has been found in a 115,000 acre area in Northeastern Malheur County. The main source of the groundwater contamination is agricultural practices. The overall objective of this research is to design and evaluate environmentally sound and economically feasible alternative row crop and dairy farming systems for Northern Malheur County. Previous research has commonly used linear programming and growth and physical simulation models for environmental and economic analysis. This research takes a different approach in that the baseline farming system and each alternative farming system for row crop and dairy farms had a detailed whole-farm budget completed and evaluated using Planetor. NLEAP was used to evaluate nitrogen leaching for the row crop alternatives. The row crop analysis results indicated that implementing best management practices (BMPs) to reduce soil erosion, water use, and nutrient runoff and leaching, can increase profits. The dairy farm analysis results indicated storing and applying dairy barn runoff was cost effective because of the savings in nutrients from storage. Title: Economic and environmental evaluation of alternative farming systems for row crop and dairy farms in Northern Malheur County Author: Vermilyea, Kathy Jo Malheur County is located in the southeast corner of Oregon and consists of about 64 million acres of which 260,000 acres is irrigated. Groundwater contamination has been found in a 115,000 acre area in Northeastern Malheur County. The main source of the groundwater contamination is agricultural practices. The overall objective of this research is to design and evaluate environmentally sound and economically feasible alternative row crop and dairy farming systems for Northern Malheur County. Previous research has commonly used linear programming and growth and physical simulation models for environmental and economic analysis. This research takes a different approach in that the baseline farming system and each alternative farming system for row crop and dairy farms had a detailed whole-farm budget completed and evaluated using Planetor. NLEAP was used to evaluate nitrogen leaching for the row crop alternatives. The row crop analysis results indicated that implementing best management practices (BMPs) to reduce soil erosion, water use, and nutrient runoff and leaching, can increase profits. The dairy farm analysis results indicated storing and applying dairy barn runoff was cost effective because of the savings in nutrients from storage. Close

• 86. [Article] An analysis of the organization, structure, and use of the corporate form of ownership for farms and ranches in Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the organization, structure, and use of the corporate form of ownership for farms and ranches in Oregon Author: Hubbard, Deon W. Title: An analysis of the organization, structure, and use of the corporate form of ownership for farms and ranches in Oregon Author: Hubbard, Deon W. Close

• 87. [Article] Economics of Trout Aquaculture - A New Benchmarking Approach

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economics of Trout Aquaculture - A New Benchmarking Approach Author: Lasner, Tobias, Döring, Ralf, Behrens, Gesine Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Economics of Trout Aquaculture - A New Benchmarking Approach Author: Lasner, Tobias, Döring, Ralf, Behrens, Gesine Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 88. [Article] Projecting capital accumulation for the agricultural firm-household

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Projecting capital accumulation for the agricultural firm-household Author: Gilchrist, Varge Title: Projecting capital accumulation for the agricultural firm-household Author: Gilchrist, Varge Close

• 89. [Article] The economic effect of the acreage allotment on specialized wheat-fallow farms in Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economic effect of the acreage allotment on specialized wheat-fallow farms in Oregon Author: Barkley, Paul W. Title: The economic effect of the acreage allotment on specialized wheat-fallow farms in Oregon Author: Barkley, Paul W. Close

• 90. [Article] Cooperative purchasing of farm supplies in Oregon, 1938

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cooperative purchasing of farm supplies in Oregon, 1938 Author: Peters, Charles Wilber, 1908- Title: Cooperative purchasing of farm supplies in Oregon, 1938 Author: Peters, Charles Wilber, 1908- Close

• 91. [Article] Price risk in farm credit

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Price risk in farm credit Author: Tuttle, Winfield Joseph Title: Price risk in farm credit Author: Tuttle, Winfield Joseph Close

• 92. [Article] Economic comparisons of alternative land-use systems on selected farms in the Oregon wheat-summerfallow area

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic comparisons of alternative land-use systems on selected farms in the Oregon wheat-summerfallow area Author: Nairn, John Title: Economic comparisons of alternative land-use systems on selected farms in the Oregon wheat-summerfallow area Author: Nairn, John Close

• 93. [Article] Farm mechanization in West Pakistan

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm mechanization in West Pakistan Author: Said, Nasir Title: Farm mechanization in West Pakistan Author: Said, Nasir Close

• 94. [Article] Off-farm agricultural occupation in Yamhill County

  Today education stands between all men and all work. What this means in specific off-farm agricultural occupations is the object of this study. Advanced technology and education have helped to develop modern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Off-farm agricultural occupation in Yamhill County Author: Multanen, Monty Edward Today education stands between all men and all work. What this means in specific off-farm agricultural occupations is the object of this study. Advanced technology and education have helped to develop modern agriculture so that one farmer can now produce enough food for his family and 30 other persons. To achieve this level of production the producer is supported by a large group of personnel who service, process and distribute the products of the farm. There are more jobs in off-farm agricultural occupations today than there are on the farm. The purpose of this study is to identify and study the off-farm agricultural occupations in Yamhill County. Information for this study was obtained through a mailed questionraire and through personal interviews with persons qualified to provide the desired information about the occupations and the employees. A survey of firms in Yamhill County reveals that a large number have employees needing agricultural backgrounds. Most offfarm agricultural job opportunities are in semi-skilled categories. None are in unskilled categories. There will continue to be an increased demand for workers in off-farm occupations. The majority of the job opportunities require at least a high school education. Over one-half the employers were willing to cooperate with the school districts in work experience programs for students. A general knowledge of rural life is essential for offfarm agricultural workers. Based on the findings of this study, production agriculture should continue to be the core of instruction for vocational agriculture. The vocational agriculture program should be enriched and expanded to include specialized training for off-farm occupations. The Future Farmers of America organization should continue to be a strong and integral part of the vocational agriculture program. Title: Off-farm agricultural occupation in Yamhill County Author: Multanen, Monty Edward Today education stands between all men and all work. What this means in specific off-farm agricultural occupations is the object of this study. Advanced technology and education have helped to develop modern agriculture so that one farmer can now produce enough food for his family and 30 other persons. To achieve this level of production the producer is supported by a large group of personnel who service, process and distribute the products of the farm. There are more jobs in off-farm agricultural occupations today than there are on the farm. The purpose of this study is to identify and study the off-farm agricultural occupations in Yamhill County. Information for this study was obtained through a mailed questionraire and through personal interviews with persons qualified to provide the desired information about the occupations and the employees. A survey of firms in Yamhill County reveals that a large number have employees needing agricultural backgrounds. Most offfarm agricultural job opportunities are in semi-skilled categories. None are in unskilled categories. There will continue to be an increased demand for workers in off-farm occupations. The majority of the job opportunities require at least a high school education. Over one-half the employers were willing to cooperate with the school districts in work experience programs for students. A general knowledge of rural life is essential for offfarm agricultural workers. Based on the findings of this study, production agriculture should continue to be the core of instruction for vocational agriculture. The vocational agriculture program should be enriched and expanded to include specialized training for off-farm occupations. The Future Farmers of America organization should continue to be a strong and integral part of the vocational agriculture program. Close

• 95. [Article] The possibilities of utilizing the boy's home farm as a basis for determining the content and organization of the farm mechanic's portion of the agricultural course of study for secondary schools

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The possibilities of utilizing the boy's home farm as a basis for determining the content and organization of the farm mechanic's portion of the agricultural course of study for secondary schools Author: Luther, Merrill Kenneth Title: The possibilities of utilizing the boy's home farm as a basis for determining the content and organization of the farm mechanic's portion of the agricultural course of study for secondary schools Author: Luther, Merrill Kenneth Close

• 96. [Article] Some factors in the organization of the successful prune farm in Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors in the organization of the successful prune farm in Oregon Author: Burrier, A. S. (Arnold Stewart), 1902-1938 Title: Some factors in the organization of the successful prune farm in Oregon Author: Burrier, A. S. (Arnold Stewart), 1902-1938 Close

• 97. [Article] Competencies needed in off-farm agriculture based on a survey of agricultural industry in the Vale area

  Agricultural education is emphasizing all phases of agriculture in an attempt to help provide sufficient numbers of trained employees for agricultural industry. This is reflected by areas of instruction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Competencies needed in off-farm agriculture based on a survey of agricultural industry in the Vale area Author: Keesler, Norman Glen Agricultural education is emphasizing all phases of agriculture in an attempt to help provide sufficient numbers of trained employees for agricultural industry. This is reflected by areas of instruction encompassing production and off-farm agriculture. Students receive supervision in production and occupational experience at home and with local off-farm agricultural business firms. The purpose of this study was to determine a core of competencies and related information about which group instruction may be given. The purpose of such instruction is preparing a student for selecting and advancing in an agricultural occupation of his choice. Businesses were consulted in the geographical area of Vale, Nyssa, and Ontario, Oregon to determine the need for employees with an agricultural background. One-third of the firms were interviewed personally to determine general competencies looked for in agricultural employees. The study revealed that students with an agricultural background are in demand. Most off-farm agricultural occuptaions (now and future) are located with farm machinery, feed, seed, fertilizer and chemical and ornamental horticultural firms. This study revealed that 61.12 percent of all employees in the Vale area need an agricultural background. Training in vocational agriculture provides desirable background experience for employment in most firms, Farm work experience was rated as essential by a majority of the firms interviewed. Production agriculture should be the core program to provide basis for experiences needed to successfully enter and advance in an off-farm agricultural occupation. Close cooperation should be established with farm machinery, fertilizer and chemical firms as they provide the largest number of employment opportunities now and anticipated in the future. These firms also provide opportunity for cooperative work training experience during seasonal rush periods as do service stations and food stores. The competencies of most concern to employers interviewed, and around which instruction should be developed, were those involving human relations and salesmanship. Title: Competencies needed in off-farm agriculture based on a survey of agricultural industry in the Vale area Author: Keesler, Norman Glen Agricultural education is emphasizing all phases of agriculture in an attempt to help provide sufficient numbers of trained employees for agricultural industry. This is reflected by areas of instruction encompassing production and off-farm agriculture. Students receive supervision in production and occupational experience at home and with local off-farm agricultural business firms. The purpose of this study was to determine a core of competencies and related information about which group instruction may be given. The purpose of such instruction is preparing a student for selecting and advancing in an agricultural occupation of his choice. Businesses were consulted in the geographical area of Vale, Nyssa, and Ontario, Oregon to determine the need for employees with an agricultural background. One-third of the firms were interviewed personally to determine general competencies looked for in agricultural employees. The study revealed that students with an agricultural background are in demand. Most off-farm agricultural occuptaions (now and future) are located with farm machinery, feed, seed, fertilizer and chemical and ornamental horticultural firms. This study revealed that 61.12 percent of all employees in the Vale area need an agricultural background. Training in vocational agriculture provides desirable background experience for employment in most firms, Farm work experience was rated as essential by a majority of the firms interviewed. Production agriculture should be the core program to provide basis for experiences needed to successfully enter and advance in an off-farm agricultural occupation. Close cooperation should be established with farm machinery, fertilizer and chemical firms as they provide the largest number of employment opportunities now and anticipated in the future. These firms also provide opportunity for cooperative work training experience during seasonal rush periods as do service stations and food stores. The competencies of most concern to employers interviewed, and around which instruction should be developed, were those involving human relations and salesmanship. Close

• 98. [Article] An evaluative study of mail-in electronic farm accounting systems with factors to consider in developing a program in Saskatchewan, Canada

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluative study of mail-in electronic farm accounting systems with factors to consider in developing a program in Saskatchewan, Canada Author: Gronsdahl, John Kenneth Title: An evaluative study of mail-in electronic farm accounting systems with factors to consider in developing a program in Saskatchewan, Canada Author: Gronsdahl, John Kenneth Close

• 99. [Article] Scale of operation on farms in a new irrigation district, Jefferson County, Oregon 1949-1953

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scale of operation on farms in a new irrigation district, Jefferson County, Oregon 1949-1953 Author: Benedict, Russell Archie Title: Scale of operation on farms in a new irrigation district, Jefferson County, Oregon 1949-1953 Author: Benedict, Russell Archie Close

• 100. [Article] Factors affecting Oregon farm prices

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors affecting Oregon farm prices Author: McGlothlin, Robert Seldon Title: Factors affecting Oregon farm prices Author: McGlothlin, Robert Seldon Close