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• 1. [Article] Perceptions of family of origin health, self-esteem, and the divorced single mother among college students

  This study sought to determine the contributions of college students' perceptions of family of origin health and self-esteem to their perceptions of the divorced single mother. It was hypothesized that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Perceptions of family of origin health, self-esteem, and the divorced single mother among college students Author: Burke, Susan J. This study sought to determine the contributions of college students' perceptions of family of origin health and self-esteem to their perceptions of the divorced single mother. It was hypothesized that individuals who hold more positive views of their family of origin health will also view themselves and, consequently, the divorced single mother more positively. Participants were 170 college students, 113 of whom lived only with their biological parents, and 57 of whom lived at sometime in their lives with a divorced single mother. Four instruments were used to collect the data, including the Family of Origin Health Scale (Hovestadt et al., 1985), the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Perception of Divorced Mother Scale (Ganong & Coleman, 1983), and a demographic questionnaire. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were used in data analyses. Generally, results indicated that family type made no major impact on participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among participants in the biological parent group and the divorced single mother group, family of origin health significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. In this analysis, the regression model for the biological parent group was significant, while for the divorced single mother group it was not. Self-esteem was not found to contribute significantly to participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother, and thus did not mediate the relationship between family of origin health and perceptions of the divorced single mother. Finally, among the biological parent group, amount of interaction with single parent families headed by a divorced single mother significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among the divorced single mother group, however, amount of time lived in a single parent family headed by a divorced mother did not significantly predict their perceptions of the divorced single mother. Title: Perceptions of family of origin health, self-esteem, and the divorced single mother among college students Author: Burke, Susan J. This study sought to determine the contributions of college students' perceptions of family of origin health and self-esteem to their perceptions of the divorced single mother. It was hypothesized that individuals who hold more positive views of their family of origin health will also view themselves and, consequently, the divorced single mother more positively. Participants were 170 college students, 113 of whom lived only with their biological parents, and 57 of whom lived at sometime in their lives with a divorced single mother. Four instruments were used to collect the data, including the Family of Origin Health Scale (Hovestadt et al., 1985), the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Perception of Divorced Mother Scale (Ganong & Coleman, 1983), and a demographic questionnaire. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were used in data analyses. Generally, results indicated that family type made no major impact on participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among participants in the biological parent group and the divorced single mother group, family of origin health significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. In this analysis, the regression model for the biological parent group was significant, while for the divorced single mother group it was not. Self-esteem was not found to contribute significantly to participants' perceptions of the divorced single mother, and thus did not mediate the relationship between family of origin health and perceptions of the divorced single mother. Finally, among the biological parent group, amount of interaction with single parent families headed by a divorced single mother significantly predicted more positive perceptions of the divorced single mother. Among the divorced single mother group, however, amount of time lived in a single parent family headed by a divorced mother did not significantly predict their perceptions of the divorced single mother. Close

• 2. [Article] The effects of divorce and related stressors on early adolescents' self-esteem

  Divorce rates have increased in the past three decades. Much research has focused on the effects of divorce on children and adolescents' emotional adjustment. Measures of self-esteem are one way to determine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of divorce and related stressors on early adolescents' self-esteem Author: Moon, Christine Ellen Divorce rates have increased in the past three decades. Much research has focused on the effects of divorce on children and adolescents' emotional adjustment. Measures of self-esteem are one way to determine emotional development. Less attention has been devoted to understanding the effect divorce has on another very important developmental stage, early adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect divorce has on early adolescents' self-esteem. It was proposed that the number of life events and divorce-related events would mediate the effect that divorce has on early adolescents' self-esteem. It was found that early adolescents from divorced families had lower self-esteem than early adolescents from intact families. There was no evidence that life events or divorce-related events mediated this effect. No significant relationship was found between life events and self-esteem for either the intact or divorce group independently. However, when the two groups were combined, a significant relationship was found between life events and self-esteem. The quality, "good" vs. "bad", of the reported events made no difference in these analysis. Title: The effects of divorce and related stressors on early adolescents' self-esteem Author: Moon, Christine Ellen Divorce rates have increased in the past three decades. Much research has focused on the effects of divorce on children and adolescents' emotional adjustment. Measures of self-esteem are one way to determine emotional development. Less attention has been devoted to understanding the effect divorce has on another very important developmental stage, early adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect divorce has on early adolescents' self-esteem. It was proposed that the number of life events and divorce-related events would mediate the effect that divorce has on early adolescents' self-esteem. It was found that early adolescents from divorced families had lower self-esteem than early adolescents from intact families. There was no evidence that life events or divorce-related events mediated this effect. No significant relationship was found between life events and self-esteem for either the intact or divorce group independently. However, when the two groups were combined, a significant relationship was found between life events and self-esteem. The quality, "good" vs. "bad", of the reported events made no difference in these analysis. Close

• 3. [Article] An exploratory study of the role of the child specialist in family law

  Research indicates that enduring interparental conflict before, during, and after divorce has negative effects on children. Parental conflict can be reduced utilizing alternative dispute resolution (ADR) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An exploratory study of the role of the child specialist in family law Author: Smith, Lynne M. Research indicates that enduring interparental conflict before, during, and after divorce has negative effects on children. Parental conflict can be reduced utilizing alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes such as mediation and collaborative divorce. The purpose of this dissertation was to produce two manuscripts examining the role of the child specialist in ADR divorce. The first manuscript identified, through an extensive literature review, the effects of divorce on children; the advantages of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) divorce processes; the child’s voice in divorce; and the emerging role of the child specialist, the mental health professional who brings the voice of the child into divorce. There is no research on the role of the child specialist. The second manuscript is a classical Delphi study focused on the responsibilities, tasks, and skills of child specialists in ADR. Careful screening and recruitment offered 12 expert participants whose first round qualitative survey generated 41 items in the 3 categories. Likert-scale ranking for the second and third quantitative rounds resulted in 38 (92%) of the 41 items meeting a 70% consensus level. This dissertation addressed a gap in the existing research; expanded knowledge and understanding of the child specialist’s role in family law; presented the perspectives of diverse experts in the field, adding to our knowledge base; and may guide in effectively training family counselors as child specialists in the promising, interdisciplinary field of ADR, aiding scholarship in counselor education. Title: An exploratory study of the role of the child specialist in family law Author: Smith, Lynne M. Research indicates that enduring interparental conflict before, during, and after divorce has negative effects on children. Parental conflict can be reduced utilizing alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes such as mediation and collaborative divorce. The purpose of this dissertation was to produce two manuscripts examining the role of the child specialist in ADR divorce. The first manuscript identified, through an extensive literature review, the effects of divorce on children; the advantages of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) divorce processes; the child’s voice in divorce; and the emerging role of the child specialist, the mental health professional who brings the voice of the child into divorce. There is no research on the role of the child specialist. The second manuscript is a classical Delphi study focused on the responsibilities, tasks, and skills of child specialists in ADR. Careful screening and recruitment offered 12 expert participants whose first round qualitative survey generated 41 items in the 3 categories. Likert-scale ranking for the second and third quantitative rounds resulted in 38 (92%) of the 41 items meeting a 70% consensus level. This dissertation addressed a gap in the existing research; expanded knowledge and understanding of the child specialist’s role in family law; presented the perspectives of diverse experts in the field, adding to our knowledge base; and may guide in effectively training family counselors as child specialists in the promising, interdisciplinary field of ADR, aiding scholarship in counselor education. Close

• 4. [Article] The influence of support on divorce adjustment : an evaluation

  Many divorcing persons turn to treatment programs hoping for assistance in managing the process of divorce. Treatment programs include individual as well as group process models. One of the goals of most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of support on divorce adjustment : an evaluation Author: Bearden, Stephen R. Many divorcing persons turn to treatment programs hoping for assistance in managing the process of divorce. Treatment programs include individual as well as group process models. One of the goals of most group process programs is to generate peer support which in turn is hoped to facilitate the process of divorce adjustment. Evaluations of such programs are few and limited. This study is an evaluation of a group process divorce adjustment intervention entitled, Divorce Recovery Workshop. This intervention includes education and support components. Two different methods of workshop delivery are compared and analyzed to determine the influence of support on the process of divorce adjustment. One method includes a small group component, the other does not. This workshop, offered during 1992/3, drew participants from the greater Salem, Oregon area who had recently divorced. This study examines four areas of divorce adjustment, comparing the two methods of workshop delivery, as well as participant experiences of support. These four included depression, degree of control, self-esteem, and persistence of attachment. Participants were administered pre-workshop and post-workshop questionnaires. Standardized measures included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977), the Rosenberg Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) for assessing self-esteem, and the Acceptance of Marital Termination Scale (Thompson and Spanier, 1983). Nonstandardized measures included the Degree of Control After Divorce Scale, the Support List adapted from a social support measure (Bengtson and Mangen, 1988), the Support Scale adapted from a medical intervention peer support measure (Pratt, 1984), and a brief Satisfaction with Support Scale. This evaluation revealed positive outcomes for participants in the four areas of divorce adjustment regardless of method of program delivery. Participants also showed increased experiences of support attributable to the intervention. However, additional research is needed to establish the relationship between support and divorce adjustment. The lack of a control group should lead to caution to generalizing these results. Title: The influence of support on divorce adjustment : an evaluation Author: Bearden, Stephen R. Many divorcing persons turn to treatment programs hoping for assistance in managing the process of divorce. Treatment programs include individual as well as group process models. One of the goals of most group process programs is to generate peer support which in turn is hoped to facilitate the process of divorce adjustment. Evaluations of such programs are few and limited. This study is an evaluation of a group process divorce adjustment intervention entitled, Divorce Recovery Workshop. This intervention includes education and support components. Two different methods of workshop delivery are compared and analyzed to determine the influence of support on the process of divorce adjustment. One method includes a small group component, the other does not. This workshop, offered during 1992/3, drew participants from the greater Salem, Oregon area who had recently divorced. This study examines four areas of divorce adjustment, comparing the two methods of workshop delivery, as well as participant experiences of support. These four included depression, degree of control, self-esteem, and persistence of attachment. Participants were administered pre-workshop and post-workshop questionnaires. Standardized measures included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977), the Rosenberg Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) for assessing self-esteem, and the Acceptance of Marital Termination Scale (Thompson and Spanier, 1983). Nonstandardized measures included the Degree of Control After Divorce Scale, the Support List adapted from a social support measure (Bengtson and Mangen, 1988), the Support Scale adapted from a medical intervention peer support measure (Pratt, 1984), and a brief Satisfaction with Support Scale. This evaluation revealed positive outcomes for participants in the four areas of divorce adjustment regardless of method of program delivery. Participants also showed increased experiences of support attributable to the intervention. However, additional research is needed to establish the relationship between support and divorce adjustment. The lack of a control group should lead to caution to generalizing these results. Close

• 5. [Article] The divorce process : toward a typology of marital dissolution

  The purpose of the present study was to describe the process of marital dissolution. This description entailed collecting information about the process itself and then typologizing divorces on the basis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The divorce process : toward a typology of marital dissolution Author: Ponzetti, James Joseph The purpose of the present study was to describe the process of marital dissolution. This description entailed collecting information about the process itself and then typologizing divorces on the basis of their trajectories to dissolution. One hundred and seven divorced individuals were interviewed. This interview consisted of three parts. First, participants graphed their relationships from the recognition of significant marital dissatisfaction until the divorce was final. Second, participants divided these trajectories into three time periods: recognition, discussion, and action periods of the divorce process. Third, participants completed questionnaires that assessed the relationship dimensions of love, maintenance, ambivalence, conflict, trust, marital satisfaction, and comparison level for alternatives at each time period. Three types of marital dissolution were identified using cluster analysis. Rapid dissolutions reported the highest mean chance of divorce and slope during the initial two periods of the divorce process. Extended dissolutions were characterized by longer recognition and discussion periods and small slopes. Extended dissolutions were the most turbulent and more critical events were downturns than in the other types. Gradual dissolutions were moderate in comparison to rapid and extended dissolutions. No significant differences were found between participants from different types on the relationship dimensions. Significant differences as a function of who initiated the dissolution process were found on love and marital satisfaction. Initiators reported less love for their partners and were less satisfied with the marriage than noninitiators and mutual divorces. Significant differences were found by time period on all relationship dimensions. Multiple regressions were used to determine what relationship dimensions were predictors of the chance of divorce and the acceptance of marital termination at each of the three time periods. Conflict, maintenance, and marital satisfaction were the strongest predictors of the chance of divorce during the recognition and discussion periods. Ambivalence, trust, and love were the best predictors of the chance of divorce during the action period. The strongest predictors of acceptance of marital termination were love and comparison level for alternatives at each period. Title: The divorce process : toward a typology of marital dissolution Author: Ponzetti, James Joseph The purpose of the present study was to describe the process of marital dissolution. This description entailed collecting information about the process itself and then typologizing divorces on the basis of their trajectories to dissolution. One hundred and seven divorced individuals were interviewed. This interview consisted of three parts. First, participants graphed their relationships from the recognition of significant marital dissatisfaction until the divorce was final. Second, participants divided these trajectories into three time periods: recognition, discussion, and action periods of the divorce process. Third, participants completed questionnaires that assessed the relationship dimensions of love, maintenance, ambivalence, conflict, trust, marital satisfaction, and comparison level for alternatives at each time period. Three types of marital dissolution were identified using cluster analysis. Rapid dissolutions reported the highest mean chance of divorce and slope during the initial two periods of the divorce process. Extended dissolutions were characterized by longer recognition and discussion periods and small slopes. Extended dissolutions were the most turbulent and more critical events were downturns than in the other types. Gradual dissolutions were moderate in comparison to rapid and extended dissolutions. No significant differences were found between participants from different types on the relationship dimensions. Significant differences as a function of who initiated the dissolution process were found on love and marital satisfaction. Initiators reported less love for their partners and were less satisfied with the marriage than noninitiators and mutual divorces. Significant differences were found by time period on all relationship dimensions. Multiple regressions were used to determine what relationship dimensions were predictors of the chance of divorce and the acceptance of marital termination at each of the three time periods. Conflict, maintenance, and marital satisfaction were the strongest predictors of the chance of divorce during the recognition and discussion periods. Ambivalence, trust, and love were the best predictors of the chance of divorce during the action period. The strongest predictors of acceptance of marital termination were love and comparison level for alternatives at each period. Close

• 6. [Article] The economic consequences of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage

  The financial aspects of divorce are of great importance to the growing numbers of men, women, and children who live with the consequences of economic decisions made at dissolution. The purpose of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economic consequences of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage Author: Rowe, Barbara R. The financial aspects of divorce are of great importance to the growing numbers of men, women, and children who live with the consequences of economic decisions made at dissolution. The purpose of this study was to provide data on the economic aspects of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage; to determine what assets were owned, how those assets were valued for the purpose of division, which assets were allocated to wives and which were allocated to husbands, the factors that affected the allocation, and the effect of asset division on the post-divorce economic well-being of wives and husbands. The sample was drawn from final divorce decrees for marriages lasting ten or more years filed between July 1983 and June 1984 in the Oregon counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, and Washington. Interviews were conducted with 67 women and 49 men. Most of these couples after ten or more years of marriage, owned homes and tangible personal property, most often furniture and a car. Pensions were the most frequently owned intangible personal property. The greater the value of an asset the more likely it was to be valued objectively. Assets were allocated fairly equally between spouses. However, this did not have the effect of putting husbands and wives in similar economic positions. When pre-divorce and post-divorce household incomes were compared, almost all of the movement toward lower income was accounted for by wives. Mothers were more likely than fathers to have custody of children. When there were children under age 18, child support was usually awarded. However, the monthly amount of child support was less than one-half of the estimated monthly cost of raising a child, leading to the conclusion that the custodial parent bears a disproportionate share of the cost of raising a child. While the allocation of property between divorcing spouses is a concern that cannot be ignored, an equally important concern in these marriages lasting ten or more years is the lack of income-earning ability of the wives. Title: The economic consequences of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage Author: Rowe, Barbara R. The financial aspects of divorce are of great importance to the growing numbers of men, women, and children who live with the consequences of economic decisions made at dissolution. The purpose of this study was to provide data on the economic aspects of divorce in Oregon after ten or more years of marriage; to determine what assets were owned, how those assets were valued for the purpose of division, which assets were allocated to wives and which were allocated to husbands, the factors that affected the allocation, and the effect of asset division on the post-divorce economic well-being of wives and husbands. The sample was drawn from final divorce decrees for marriages lasting ten or more years filed between July 1983 and June 1984 in the Oregon counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, and Washington. Interviews were conducted with 67 women and 49 men. Most of these couples after ten or more years of marriage, owned homes and tangible personal property, most often furniture and a car. Pensions were the most frequently owned intangible personal property. The greater the value of an asset the more likely it was to be valued objectively. Assets were allocated fairly equally between spouses. However, this did not have the effect of putting husbands and wives in similar economic positions. When pre-divorce and post-divorce household incomes were compared, almost all of the movement toward lower income was accounted for by wives. Mothers were more likely than fathers to have custody of children. When there were children under age 18, child support was usually awarded. However, the monthly amount of child support was less than one-half of the estimated monthly cost of raising a child, leading to the conclusion that the custodial parent bears a disproportionate share of the cost of raising a child. While the allocation of property between divorcing spouses is a concern that cannot be ignored, an equally important concern in these marriages lasting ten or more years is the lack of income-earning ability of the wives. Close

• 7. [Article] Impact of parental divorce on delingquent behavior and psychosocial development in early adolescents : the moderating effects of social support, self-esteem, and locus of control

  Research has shown that stress is related to negative physical and psychological changes among adults. Compared to the large body of literature on stress among adults, research on the effects of life stress ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of parental divorce on delingquent behavior and psychosocial development in early adolescents : the moderating effects of social support, self-esteem, and locus of control Author: Olszewski, Mary Elizabeth Research has shown that stress is related to negative physical and psychological changes among adults. Compared to the large body of literature on stress among adults, research on the effects of life stress among children and adolescents is relatively sparse. There is evidence, however, that stressful life events are related to problems among children and adolescents. Such problems include poor health, psychological distress, depression, suicide, and delinquent behavior. Research also has revealed several factors that moderate stress in children and adolescents. These factors include high self-esteem, an internal locus of control orientation, and social support from family and friends. Five scales measuring locus of control orientation, social support, level of psychosocial development, self-esteem, life events, and delinquent behavior were given to thirty early adolescents from divorced homes and thirty-four adolescents from intact homes. Results of regression analysis, using a general linear model, indicated that early adolescents from divorced homes had lower levels of self-esteem than children from intact homes. There were no significant differences between children from divorced and intact families in levels of delinquent behavior, locus of control, or psychosocial development as reflected in levels of autonomy, intimacy, and identity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that social support in the form of close friend support had a significant moderating effect on the delinquent behavior of early adolescents experiencing parental divorce. Levels of parental, teacher, and classmate support, as well as self-esteem and locus of control orientation, did not show any moderating effects on delinquent behavior. This study indicates that the impact of parental divorce on early adolescents is influenced by many factors. This study lends support to the need to investigate the effects of divorce on children and adolescents in terms of the coping resources available to the child. Title: Impact of parental divorce on delingquent behavior and psychosocial development in early adolescents : the moderating effects of social support, self-esteem, and locus of control Author: Olszewski, Mary Elizabeth Research has shown that stress is related to negative physical and psychological changes among adults. Compared to the large body of literature on stress among adults, research on the effects of life stress among children and adolescents is relatively sparse. There is evidence, however, that stressful life events are related to problems among children and adolescents. Such problems include poor health, psychological distress, depression, suicide, and delinquent behavior. Research also has revealed several factors that moderate stress in children and adolescents. These factors include high self-esteem, an internal locus of control orientation, and social support from family and friends. Five scales measuring locus of control orientation, social support, level of psychosocial development, self-esteem, life events, and delinquent behavior were given to thirty early adolescents from divorced homes and thirty-four adolescents from intact homes. Results of regression analysis, using a general linear model, indicated that early adolescents from divorced homes had lower levels of self-esteem than children from intact homes. There were no significant differences between children from divorced and intact families in levels of delinquent behavior, locus of control, or psychosocial development as reflected in levels of autonomy, intimacy, and identity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that social support in the form of close friend support had a significant moderating effect on the delinquent behavior of early adolescents experiencing parental divorce. Levels of parental, teacher, and classmate support, as well as self-esteem and locus of control orientation, did not show any moderating effects on delinquent behavior. This study indicates that the impact of parental divorce on early adolescents is influenced by many factors. This study lends support to the need to investigate the effects of divorce on children and adolescents in terms of the coping resources available to the child. Close

• 8. [Article] Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type

  Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type Author: Ladd, Linda Darmer Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A total of 383 college students from three family types participated in this study: intact (298, 77.8%), divorced (47, 12.3%), and remarried (38, 9.9%). The sample was evenly split between males (185; 48.9%) and females (198; 51.1%). Using a 2 x 3 Manova for gender by family type, no gender differences were found on the Moos Family Environment Scale (R). Differences between family type were revealed on two of ten subscales: Moral-Religious Emphasis and Organization. Student reports of their expectations of their future families were compared on the Moos Family Environment Scale (E), but family type differences were revealed subscale: Control. Gender differences were found on five of the ten Moos FES(E) subscales: Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, and Moral-Religious emphasis. On a second question, family type differences were found when students evaluated three questions comprising the Attitude Toward Divorce Scale (Ladd & Pratt, 1988). Students from divorced families were more accepting of divorce than students from the other two family groups, and students from remarried families were more accepting of divorce than students from intact families. On a third question, no gender or family type differences were found on the Hudson Short Form of the Sexual Attitude Scale or student first sexual behaviors. A fourth question, an attempt to measure student values on the Family Value Index proved insignificant. Examination of descriptive statistics indicates that students from all three family types consider family values to be very important. In conclusion, it appears that gender is more discriminating than family type on how family social environment is perceived. The experience of living in a particular family type does effect student attitudes toward divorce, but no judgment can be made about future divorce behavior. Title: Differences between young adult perceptions of family environment, family values, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and attitude toward divorce by gender and family type Author: Ladd, Linda Darmer Four questions were examined concerning student perceptions of their launching family environment, expected family environment, family values, sexual attitudes and behavior, and attitudes toward divorce. A total of 383 college students from three family types participated in this study: intact (298, 77.8%), divorced (47, 12.3%), and remarried (38, 9.9%). The sample was evenly split between males (185; 48.9%) and females (198; 51.1%). Using a 2 x 3 Manova for gender by family type, no gender differences were found on the Moos Family Environment Scale (R). Differences between family type were revealed on two of ten subscales: Moral-Religious Emphasis and Organization. Student reports of their expectations of their future families were compared on the Moos Family Environment Scale (E), but family type differences were revealed subscale: Control. Gender differences were found on five of the ten Moos FES(E) subscales: Cohesion, Expressiveness, Intellectual-Cultural Orientation, Active-Recreational Orientation, and Moral-Religious emphasis. On a second question, family type differences were found when students evaluated three questions comprising the Attitude Toward Divorce Scale (Ladd & Pratt, 1988). Students from divorced families were more accepting of divorce than students from the other two family groups, and students from remarried families were more accepting of divorce than students from intact families. On a third question, no gender or family type differences were found on the Hudson Short Form of the Sexual Attitude Scale or student first sexual behaviors. A fourth question, an attempt to measure student values on the Family Value Index proved insignificant. Examination of descriptive statistics indicates that students from all three family types consider family values to be very important. In conclusion, it appears that gender is more discriminating than family type on how family social environment is perceived. The experience of living in a particular family type does effect student attitudes toward divorce, but no judgment can be made about future divorce behavior. Close

• 9. [Article] Making financial decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide

  Revised April 1990. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Making financial decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised April 1990. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Making financial decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised April 1990. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 10. [Article] Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2

  Published July 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published July 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published July 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 11. [Article] Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2

  Published January 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 12. [Article] Property division & spousal support when divorce occurs

  Revised April 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Property division & spousal support when divorce occurs Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised April 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Property division & spousal support when divorce occurs Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised April 1998. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 13. [Article] Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2

  Revised November 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised November 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Child support decisions when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 2 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Revised November 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 14. [Article] Parenting after divorce

  Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parenting after divorce Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Hare, Jan, Doescher, Sue, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Parenting after divorce Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Hare, Jan, Doescher, Sue, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 15. [Article] Child support contributions made by divorced male and female parents to the direct consumption costs of dependent children

  Identification of the contribution made by the divorced male and female parent to the direct consumption costs of dependent children was the central purpose of the research study. Relationships between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Child support contributions made by divorced male and female parents to the direct consumption costs of dependent children Author: Gregerson, Donna Marie Identification of the contribution made by the divorced male and female parent to the direct consumption costs of dependent children was the central purpose of the research study. Relationships between the parents' contributions to the consumption costs and specified demographic characteristics at the time of divorce, methods of determining support and property settlements received were investigated. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' Estimated Urban Family Budgets for the Seattle-Everett, Washington area and Revised Equivalence Scales served as the basis for determining the families' level of living and the consumptions costs of dependent children. A sample of 242 divorce cases involving minor children from Marion County, Oregon between 1 January 1975 and 31 December 1976 was randomly drawn from the Vital Statistics Section of the Oregon State Health Division in Portland, Oregon. In half of these cases the male parent's name was drawn; in the other half the female parent's name was drawn. A mailed questionnaire concerning the family's child support and economic situation was sent to the above sample. Fifteen responses from male parents and 30 responses from female parents were received and served as the data base for this research. Parents' mean age was somewhat over 30 years with both having some post high school education as the median educational level. The mean number of children per family was 2.16. At the time of divorce the families' median income level was between $12, 000 and $13, 999 with 87 percent of the male parents and 51 percent of the female parents employed full time. Male parents generally experienced increases in their income following divorce while responding females reported decreases in income levels. Most male respondents estimated their share of property to be less than half while 50 percent of responding females estimated their share to be more than half. In 93 percent of the families, the female parent had custody of all the dependent children with the mean amount of child support awarded per dependent child being $102. 50 per month. In two cases the male parent had custody of all the dependent children and in neither case was child support awarded. In one family each parent had custody of half the family's children with neither receiving child support. In approximately one-third of the families, the non-custodial parent was reported to be paying some expenses for dependent children in addition to child support. The amount of child support awarded was reported to be determined by courts, mutual agreements of parents, lawyers and former spouses. Over half the parents responded that child support paid or received was adequate but in almost all cases no provision was made for increases in the amount of child support awarded. A difference was observed between the male and female parent's contribution to the consumption costs of dependent children. The parent's contribution to consumption costs was found to be dependent upon the educational level of the female parent, the employment status of the male parent, and the income level of the family. It was not found to be dependent on the number of dependent children in the family, the age of parents, the educational level of the male parent, nor the employment status of the female parent. Data did suggest that a dependency relation might exist between the parent's contribution and the method of determining child support. No dependency was observed between the property settlement at time of divorce received and the parent's contribution to child support. Title: Child support contributions made by divorced male and female parents to the direct consumption costs of dependent children Author: Gregerson, Donna Marie Identification of the contribution made by the divorced male and female parent to the direct consumption costs of dependent children was the central purpose of the research study. Relationships between the parents' contributions to the consumption costs and specified demographic characteristics at the time of divorce, methods of determining support and property settlements received were investigated. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' Estimated Urban Family Budgets for the Seattle-Everett, Washington area and Revised Equivalence Scales served as the basis for determining the families' level of living and the consumptions costs of dependent children. A sample of 242 divorce cases involving minor children from Marion County, Oregon between 1 January 1975 and 31 December 1976 was randomly drawn from the Vital Statistics Section of the Oregon State Health Division in Portland, Oregon. In half of these cases the male parent's name was drawn; in the other half the female parent's name was drawn. A mailed questionnaire concerning the family's child support and economic situation was sent to the above sample. Fifteen responses from male parents and 30 responses from female parents were received and served as the data base for this research. Parents' mean age was somewhat over 30 years with both having some post high school education as the median educational level. The mean number of children per family was 2.16. At the time of divorce the families' median income level was between $12, 000 and $13, 999 with 87 percent of the male parents and 51 percent of the female parents employed full time. Male parents generally experienced increases in their income following divorce while responding females reported decreases in income levels. Most male respondents estimated their share of property to be less than half while 50 percent of responding females estimated their share to be more than half. In 93 percent of the families, the female parent had custody of all the dependent children with the mean amount of child support awarded per dependent child being $102. 50 per month. In two cases the male parent had custody of all the dependent children and in neither case was child support awarded. In one family each parent had custody of half the family's children with neither receiving child support. In approximately one-third of the families, the non-custodial parent was reported to be paying some expenses for dependent children in addition to child support. The amount of child support awarded was reported to be determined by courts, mutual agreements of parents, lawyers and former spouses. Over half the parents responded that child support paid or received was adequate but in almost all cases no provision was made for increases in the amount of child support awarded. A difference was observed between the male and female parent's contribution to the consumption costs of dependent children. The parent's contribution to consumption costs was found to be dependent upon the educational level of the female parent, the employment status of the male parent, and the income level of the family. It was not found to be dependent on the number of dependent children in the family, the age of parents, the educational level of the male parent, nor the employment status of the female parent. Data did suggest that a dependency relation might exist between the parent's contribution and the method of determining child support. No dependency was observed between the property settlement at time of divorce received and the parent's contribution to child support. Close

• 16. [Article] Disputant storytelling in divorce mediation

  This paper investigates the nature of disputants' stories within the context of divorce mediation. Tapes and transcripts of actual mediation sessions from three different sources are scrutinized, utilizing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disputant storytelling in divorce mediation Author: Hansen, Alan R. This paper investigates the nature of disputants' stories within the context of divorce mediation. Tapes and transcripts of actual mediation sessions from three different sources are scrutinized, utilizing a modified form of conversation analysis known as ethnography of speaking. Several themes emerge from this analysis of disputants' stories: the functions of stories, recurring types of stories, mediator responses to disputant's stories, and the significance of storytelling order. The data show several functions for disputant's stories: venting, controlling, bringing in outside interests, and speaking on behalf of the children. Types of disputant's stories identified include conjoint, matter-of-fact, and emotion-laden stories. Mediator responses to disputants' stories can take the form of soliciting a story, suppressing a story, or refereeing between stories. Analysis of the data reveals that disputant's stories serve two essential purposes: information exchange, and emotional release. Findings indicate that storytelling order is not as significant as shown in previous research, and that disputants' stories often overlook the needs and interests of the children. Title: Disputant storytelling in divorce mediation Author: Hansen, Alan R. This paper investigates the nature of disputants' stories within the context of divorce mediation. Tapes and transcripts of actual mediation sessions from three different sources are scrutinized, utilizing a modified form of conversation analysis known as ethnography of speaking. Several themes emerge from this analysis of disputants' stories: the functions of stories, recurring types of stories, mediator responses to disputant's stories, and the significance of storytelling order. The data show several functions for disputant's stories: venting, controlling, bringing in outside interests, and speaking on behalf of the children. Types of disputant's stories identified include conjoint, matter-of-fact, and emotion-laden stories. Mediator responses to disputants' stories can take the form of soliciting a story, suppressing a story, or refereeing between stories. Analysis of the data reveals that disputant's stories serve two essential purposes: information exchange, and emotional release. Findings indicate that storytelling order is not as significant as shown in previous research, and that disputants' stories often overlook the needs and interests of the children. Close

• 17. [Article] In their own words : divorced and widowed women, retirement, and friendships

  Friends benefit both our psychological and our emotional well-being by increasing overall happiness, life satisfaction, and a positive sense of self among women. Often, however, friendships decrease in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: In their own words : divorced and widowed women, retirement, and friendships Author: Barlow-Pieterick, Marilyn Friends benefit both our psychological and our emotional well-being by increasing overall happiness, life satisfaction, and a positive sense of self among women. Often, however, friendships decrease in the later years. The purpose of this study is to learn more about divorced or widowed, retired women and their friendships, specifically, whether friendships changed from work to retirement. Friendships have been clearly identified by women as a significant component of retirement life. The importance of friendship increases with age, and friends have been found to buffer single women in particular from becoming isolated in retirement. The sample recruited for this study consisted of 20 single, career women who had been retired between five and ten years and who were not coresiding with another person. This study utilized in-depth, qualitative interviewing to enable participants to define themselves and their experiences. Overall, it appeared as though these women were very satisfied with retirement and considered it to be a positive experience. Even though workplace friendships had gradually been lost since retirement, this loss was considered normal and former coworkers were considered to be on different paths from the retirees. Workplace friends were often not whom the women felt closest to or socialized with preretirement; consequently this gradual drifting and loss of workplace friendships was not considered problematic. The women overall were making new friends. Various types of discord among friends were also reported. Discord had negative affects but did not necessarily cause dissolution of the friendship. Betrayal was often an incentive to immediately end a friendship; however, betrayal was uncommon. Friends played a major role in these women's lives. The emotional aspects of the women's friendships were reported to be most important. Friends helped these women feel valued and provided a substantial amount of support to one another. The findings of this study should assure those divorced or widowed women who may be nearing retirement that the adjustment to retirement need not be difficult, especially if one has supportive friends. Title: In their own words : divorced and widowed women, retirement, and friendships Author: Barlow-Pieterick, Marilyn Friends benefit both our psychological and our emotional well-being by increasing overall happiness, life satisfaction, and a positive sense of self among women. Often, however, friendships decrease in the later years. The purpose of this study is to learn more about divorced or widowed, retired women and their friendships, specifically, whether friendships changed from work to retirement. Friendships have been clearly identified by women as a significant component of retirement life. The importance of friendship increases with age, and friends have been found to buffer single women in particular from becoming isolated in retirement. The sample recruited for this study consisted of 20 single, career women who had been retired between five and ten years and who were not coresiding with another person. This study utilized in-depth, qualitative interviewing to enable participants to define themselves and their experiences. Overall, it appeared as though these women were very satisfied with retirement and considered it to be a positive experience. Even though workplace friendships had gradually been lost since retirement, this loss was considered normal and former coworkers were considered to be on different paths from the retirees. Workplace friends were often not whom the women felt closest to or socialized with preretirement; consequently this gradual drifting and loss of workplace friendships was not considered problematic. The women overall were making new friends. Various types of discord among friends were also reported. Discord had negative affects but did not necessarily cause dissolution of the friendship. Betrayal was often an incentive to immediately end a friendship; however, betrayal was uncommon. Friends played a major role in these women's lives. The emotional aspects of the women's friendships were reported to be most important. Friends helped these women feel valued and provided a substantial amount of support to one another. The findings of this study should assure those divorced or widowed women who may be nearing retirement that the adjustment to retirement need not be difficult, especially if one has supportive friends. Close

• 18. [Article] Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families

  Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of American families today contain at least one spouse that has been previously married, thus studying relationships within families of remarriage is crucial to understanding the experiences of both children and adults in American families. This study uses a life-span perspective to examine the qualitative accounts of 62 women 43 of whom divorced, spent some time as a single parent of at least one child, and remarried and 19 of whom had divorced and did not remarry. Some of those women also had a remarriage end in divorce. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used to both explore relationships within families of remarriage, and differences between those women that remarried and those who remained single parents. Quantitative analyses revealed that women who did not remarry were better educated and had more conflict with their former spouse over time. Women who were younger when they became a single parent for the first time, had more children, had jobs rather than careers, and had less education reported more marriages overall. Qualitative analyses showed that particular problem areas in families of remarriage centered around the adjustment period between the children and the new partner, finances, and communication. Remarriages that failed were characterized by problematic relationships between children and their mother's partner. As this was predominantly a white, middle-class sample, generalizations to other populations should be made with caution. Directions for future research are discussed. Title: Forging new paths : life course transitions for American women and their families Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Families of remarriage constitute a growing number of American families. The spiraling divorce rate of the 1970s was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of remarriages. Forty percent of American families today contain at least one spouse that has been previously married, thus studying relationships within families of remarriage is crucial to understanding the experiences of both children and adults in American families. This study uses a life-span perspective to examine the qualitative accounts of 62 women 43 of whom divorced, spent some time as a single parent of at least one child, and remarried and 19 of whom had divorced and did not remarry. Some of those women also had a remarriage end in divorce. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used to both explore relationships within families of remarriage, and differences between those women that remarried and those who remained single parents. Quantitative analyses revealed that women who did not remarry were better educated and had more conflict with their former spouse over time. Women who were younger when they became a single parent for the first time, had more children, had jobs rather than careers, and had less education reported more marriages overall. Qualitative analyses showed that particular problem areas in families of remarriage centered around the adjustment period between the children and the new partner, finances, and communication. Remarriages that failed were characterized by problematic relationships between children and their mother's partner. As this was predominantly a white, middle-class sample, generalizations to other populations should be made with caution. Directions for future research are discussed. Close

• 19. [Article] Property division and spousal support when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 1

  Published June 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Property division and spousal support when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 1 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Property division and spousal support when divorce occurs : an Oregon guide, part 1 Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 20. [Article] An investigation of the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city school

  The study attempted to accomplish the following: 1. Identify the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city high school. 2. Investigate and compare the reasons for absenteeism of: (a) boys vs. girls, (b) students ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation of the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city school Author: Dexter, Ronald L. The study attempted to accomplish the following: 1. Identify the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city high school. 2. Investigate and compare the reasons for absenteeism of: (a) boys vs. girls, (b) students with divorced parents vs. students with parents who are not divorced, and (c) bused students vs. resident students. 3. Complete a statistical study to determine whether or not a significant difference exists between the mean scores of reading achievement tests for students with attendance problems and students without attendance problems. 4. Complete a statistical study to determine whether or not a significant difference exists between the mean scores of mathematic achievement tests for students with attendance problems and students without attendance problems. 5. Develop a conceptual framework which might enable parents and educators to have a better understanding of the causes of absenteeism in inner-city schools. Conclusions 1. Students with attendance problems attribute their absenteeism to the following major factors: a. In-school factors (1) Poor relationships with teachers (2) Class assignments lack meaning (3) Unsatisfied with course schedule b. Personal factors (1) Social pressure to cut class (2) Lack of motivation 2. Students with divorced parents are less likely to blame the school for their absenteeism problems than students with parents who are not divorced. 3. "Caring for family members" and "Transportation" affect the attendance of bused students more than resident students. 4. Family factors contributing to poor school attendance include "Problems relating to fighting among family members" and "Problems relating to divorced parents." 5. The F statistic, using the one-way analysis of variance, indicated: a. There was no difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of reading achievement tests for freshmen students with attendance problems and freshmen students without attendance problems. b. There was a significant difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of reading achievement tests for sophomore students with attendance problems and sophomore students without attendance problems. c. There was a significant difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of mathematic achievement tests for freshmen and sophomore students with attendance problems and freshmen and sophomore students without attendance problems. Title: An investigation of the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city school Author: Dexter, Ronald L. The study attempted to accomplish the following: 1. Identify the causes of absenteeism in an inner-city high school. 2. Investigate and compare the reasons for absenteeism of: (a) boys vs. girls, (b) students with divorced parents vs. students with parents who are not divorced, and (c) bused students vs. resident students. 3. Complete a statistical study to determine whether or not a significant difference exists between the mean scores of reading achievement tests for students with attendance problems and students without attendance problems. 4. Complete a statistical study to determine whether or not a significant difference exists between the mean scores of mathematic achievement tests for students with attendance problems and students without attendance problems. 5. Develop a conceptual framework which might enable parents and educators to have a better understanding of the causes of absenteeism in inner-city schools. Conclusions 1. Students with attendance problems attribute their absenteeism to the following major factors: a. In-school factors (1) Poor relationships with teachers (2) Class assignments lack meaning (3) Unsatisfied with course schedule b. Personal factors (1) Social pressure to cut class (2) Lack of motivation 2. Students with divorced parents are less likely to blame the school for their absenteeism problems than students with parents who are not divorced. 3. "Caring for family members" and "Transportation" affect the attendance of bused students more than resident students. 4. Family factors contributing to poor school attendance include "Problems relating to fighting among family members" and "Problems relating to divorced parents." 5. The F statistic, using the one-way analysis of variance, indicated: a. There was no difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of reading achievement tests for freshmen students with attendance problems and freshmen students without attendance problems. b. There was a significant difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of reading achievement tests for sophomore students with attendance problems and sophomore students without attendance problems. c. There was a significant difference, at the .01 level of significance, in the mean scores of mathematic achievement tests for freshmen and sophomore students with attendance problems and freshmen and sophomore students without attendance problems. Close

• 21. [Article] Perspective-taking as a determinant of marital adjustment and propensity to divorce

  Perspective-taking has been defined as the tendency to take the point of view of another, to put oneself in the psychological shoes of another. This ability has been argued to be an important component ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Perspective-taking as a determinant of marital adjustment and propensity to divorce Author: Long, Edgar Charles John Perspective-taking has been defined as the tendency to take the point of view of another, to put oneself in the psychological shoes of another. This ability has been argued to be an important component of social interaction. This research examined three components of perspective-taking: a general measure of perspective taking (PT), dyadic perspective-taking (DPT) and the perceptions of a partner's dyadic perspective-taking (PDPT). It was hypothesized that these three components of perspective taking would be predictive of marital adjustment and a propensity to divorce among a sample of 159 married couples. Included in this study was the development and initial psychometric assessments of the dyadic perspective-taking and perceptions of dyadic perspective-taking measures. The results indicated that the Dyadic Perspective Taking and Perceptions of Dyadic Perspective-Taking measures were both reliable and valid. All three components of perspective-taking were found to be predictive of marital adjustment for both husbands and wives. Similarly perspective-taking was found to be predictive of a propensity to divorce for both husbands and wives. Overall the wives rated themselves and were rated by their husbands as being superior in perspective-taking ability. The perceptions of a partner's perspective-taking were also positively correlated with the pleasantness of interaction with a partner. The results were discussed within the context of a social exchange framework of marital quality and stability. Finally, implications for interventionists, the limitations of the study and suggestions for future research were discussed. Title: Perspective-taking as a determinant of marital adjustment and propensity to divorce Author: Long, Edgar Charles John Perspective-taking has been defined as the tendency to take the point of view of another, to put oneself in the psychological shoes of another. This ability has been argued to be an important component of social interaction. This research examined three components of perspective-taking: a general measure of perspective taking (PT), dyadic perspective-taking (DPT) and the perceptions of a partner's dyadic perspective-taking (PDPT). It was hypothesized that these three components of perspective taking would be predictive of marital adjustment and a propensity to divorce among a sample of 159 married couples. Included in this study was the development and initial psychometric assessments of the dyadic perspective-taking and perceptions of dyadic perspective-taking measures. The results indicated that the Dyadic Perspective Taking and Perceptions of Dyadic Perspective-Taking measures were both reliable and valid. All three components of perspective-taking were found to be predictive of marital adjustment for both husbands and wives. Similarly perspective-taking was found to be predictive of a propensity to divorce for both husbands and wives. Overall the wives rated themselves and were rated by their husbands as being superior in perspective-taking ability. The perceptions of a partner's perspective-taking were also positively correlated with the pleasantness of interaction with a partner. The results were discussed within the context of a social exchange framework of marital quality and stability. Finally, implications for interventionists, the limitations of the study and suggestions for future research were discussed. Close

• 22. [Article] Softly to the East

  Growing up on a ranch in eastern Oregon, life is hard. Adelaide Stevens knows this at sixteen, when her father shoots her wounded horse and her mother divorces him. Five years later, Addie returns from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Softly to the East Author: Hector, Rachel Claus Growing up on a ranch in eastern Oregon, life is hard. Adelaide Stevens knows this at sixteen, when her father shoots her wounded horse and her mother divorces him. Five years later, Addie returns from college to her small town to take care of her ailing mother, and over the course of a week is confronted by memories of her growing up years. Softly to the East is told in both the present and the past, a frame story about depression, discovery, and compassion when times are hard. Title: Softly to the East Author: Hector, Rachel Claus Growing up on a ranch in eastern Oregon, life is hard. Adelaide Stevens knows this at sixteen, when her father shoots her wounded horse and her mother divorces him. Five years later, Addie returns from college to her small town to take care of her ailing mother, and over the course of a week is confronted by memories of her growing up years. Softly to the East is told in both the present and the past, a frame story about depression, discovery, and compassion when times are hard. Close

• 23. [Article] Development of managing emotions : the contribution of selected factors of peer and family relationships

  The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between managing emotions scores and the variables of education level, affiliation, number of relationships, commitment to relationships, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of managing emotions : the contribution of selected factors of peer and family relationships Author: Vanderpool, Nancy Marston The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between managing emotions scores and the variables of education level, affiliation, number of relationships, commitment to relationships, and parental divorce. The instrument used in the study was the Iowa Development Inventory-B with questions added to measure behavior relative to the independent variables. The sample included 521 first term freshmen and eleventh term senior women at Oregon State University. Two-way analyses of variance provided information on the relationships and interactive effects between managing emotions, education, affiliation, number of relationships, and commitment to relationships. The t-tests and correlations were performed to further identify relationships. The significant variables were used to build a model for multiple regression. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were reached: 1. Managing emotions scores, number of relationships and commitment to relationships rose from the freshman to senior year for both affiliated and nonaffiliated women. 2. Affiliation with a sorority did not have a significant effect on rise in managing emotions scores. 3. Affiliation with a sorority had a stronger relationship with number of relationships than did educational level. 4. Number of relationships and commitment to relationships were significantly higher for affiliated women than for nonaffiliated women. 5. Divorce of parents did not have a significant effect on managing emotions scores. 6. A slight relationship was found between managing emotions scores, education level, and commitment to relationships. Title: Development of managing emotions : the contribution of selected factors of peer and family relationships Author: Vanderpool, Nancy Marston The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between managing emotions scores and the variables of education level, affiliation, number of relationships, commitment to relationships, and parental divorce. The instrument used in the study was the Iowa Development Inventory-B with questions added to measure behavior relative to the independent variables. The sample included 521 first term freshmen and eleventh term senior women at Oregon State University. Two-way analyses of variance provided information on the relationships and interactive effects between managing emotions, education, affiliation, number of relationships, and commitment to relationships. The t-tests and correlations were performed to further identify relationships. The significant variables were used to build a model for multiple regression. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were reached: 1. Managing emotions scores, number of relationships and commitment to relationships rose from the freshman to senior year for both affiliated and nonaffiliated women. 2. Affiliation with a sorority did not have a significant effect on rise in managing emotions scores. 3. Affiliation with a sorority had a stronger relationship with number of relationships than did educational level. 4. Number of relationships and commitment to relationships were significantly higher for affiliated women than for nonaffiliated women. 5. Divorce of parents did not have a significant effect on managing emotions scores. 6. A slight relationship was found between managing emotions scores, education level, and commitment to relationships. Close

• 24. [Article] Grandparenting today

  Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grandparenting today Author: Gregerson, Donna Marie, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Grandparenting today Author: Gregerson, Donna Marie, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 25. [Article] Long-lasting marriages : why do they survive?

  Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-lasting marriages : why do they survive? Author: Hare, Jan, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Long-lasting marriages : why do they survive? Author: Hare, Jan, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1996. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 26. [Article] A study of the sex-role attitudes and marital adjustment of female doctoral candidates and their spouses during the course of doctoral study

  National statistics indicate substantially higher rates of divorce in doctoral student households where the female, rather than the male, is the degree candidate. This research was designed to examine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of the sex-role attitudes and marital adjustment of female doctoral candidates and their spouses during the course of doctoral study Author: Lewis, Linda H. National statistics indicate substantially higher rates of divorce in doctoral student households where the female, rather than the male, is the degree candidate. This research was designed to examine the married female's experiences and to identify factors which possibly contribute to the differential divorce statistics for males and females. The central objectives of the study were to investigate the sex-role attitudes and marital adjustment of female doctoral candidates and their spouses to: 1) determine if marital adjustment was related to spouses' attitudes toward sex-appropriate roles; 2) determine if a predictable pattern of marital adjustment, common to all doctoral couples during the course of doctoral study, could be anticipated and plotted graphically; and 3) determine if selected demographic variables were related to marital adjustment. The sample for the research was drawn from the total population of female doctoral students enrolled in Oregon State University's School of Education. In order to gain a balanced perspective, both wives and their spouses were included in the study. All of the respondent couples were married at the time the wife began her program, and had remained together through the completion of her dissertation. A total of sixty respondents participated in a series of in-depth personal interviews. Several instruments, including the Marital Adjustment Inventory, the Domestic Responsibilities Questionnaire, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, and a demographic questionnaire were administered retrospectively to each respondent. The methodology required couples to look back over the entire period of doctoral study and respond to questions about their marital relationship by using different time periods as points of reference. A graphing procedure was also utilized which allowed respondents to graphically plot the changes in their marital adjustment during the stages of doctoral study. Pearson's coefficient of correlation and one-way analysis of variance were applied in testing the various hypotheses. The following findings were considered significant at the .05 level of confidence: 1. There was a significant difference in the marital adjustment of female doctoral students and their spouses prior to entering the doctoral program and during the various stages of doctoral study. A curvilinear relationship was found to exist between marital adjustment and the stage in the wife's educational program. Adjustment levels for both spouses were lowest during the wife's first two terms on campus and during preliminary examinations. However, during the candidate stage, wives experienced an increase in adjustment that was higher than any previously recorded level. Husbands, on the other hand, did not exhibit a similar recovery in marital adjustment. 2. No significant linear relationship existed between sex-role attitudes and marital adjustment. However, both husbands and wives held similar attitudes toward women which could be characterized as pro-feminist. 3. A significant relationship existed between the wife's satisfaction with the allocation of domestic responsibility and her marital adjustment. The more satisfied she was with the division of domestic responsibility within the household, the higher her adjustment level. It is noteworthy, however, that despite support for an egalitarian relationship, couples did not modify the distribution of responsibility during the time the wife was a student. Females were performing the majority of duties traditionally-defined as "women's work" while their spouses were performing sex-appropriate male responsibilities. It was recommended that further research be conducted to include married male doctoral students as a control to contrast with the female experience. Additionally, the scope and size of the population should be expanded to include doctoral students who were divorced or separated during doctoral study to identify their adjustment patterns and learn more about the factors that might have contributed to their marital instability. Title: A study of the sex-role attitudes and marital adjustment of female doctoral candidates and their spouses during the course of doctoral study Author: Lewis, Linda H. National statistics indicate substantially higher rates of divorce in doctoral student households where the female, rather than the male, is the degree candidate. This research was designed to examine the married female's experiences and to identify factors which possibly contribute to the differential divorce statistics for males and females. The central objectives of the study were to investigate the sex-role attitudes and marital adjustment of female doctoral candidates and their spouses to: 1) determine if marital adjustment was related to spouses' attitudes toward sex-appropriate roles; 2) determine if a predictable pattern of marital adjustment, common to all doctoral couples during the course of doctoral study, could be anticipated and plotted graphically; and 3) determine if selected demographic variables were related to marital adjustment. The sample for the research was drawn from the total population of female doctoral students enrolled in Oregon State University's School of Education. In order to gain a balanced perspective, both wives and their spouses were included in the study. All of the respondent couples were married at the time the wife began her program, and had remained together through the completion of her dissertation. A total of sixty respondents participated in a series of in-depth personal interviews. Several instruments, including the Marital Adjustment Inventory, the Domestic Responsibilities Questionnaire, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, and a demographic questionnaire were administered retrospectively to each respondent. The methodology required couples to look back over the entire period of doctoral study and respond to questions about their marital relationship by using different time periods as points of reference. A graphing procedure was also utilized which allowed respondents to graphically plot the changes in their marital adjustment during the stages of doctoral study. Pearson's coefficient of correlation and one-way analysis of variance were applied in testing the various hypotheses. The following findings were considered significant at the .05 level of confidence: 1. There was a significant difference in the marital adjustment of female doctoral students and their spouses prior to entering the doctoral program and during the various stages of doctoral study. A curvilinear relationship was found to exist between marital adjustment and the stage in the wife's educational program. Adjustment levels for both spouses were lowest during the wife's first two terms on campus and during preliminary examinations. However, during the candidate stage, wives experienced an increase in adjustment that was higher than any previously recorded level. Husbands, on the other hand, did not exhibit a similar recovery in marital adjustment. 2. No significant linear relationship existed between sex-role attitudes and marital adjustment. However, both husbands and wives held similar attitudes toward women which could be characterized as pro-feminist. 3. A significant relationship existed between the wife's satisfaction with the allocation of domestic responsibility and her marital adjustment. The more satisfied she was with the division of domestic responsibility within the household, the higher her adjustment level. It is noteworthy, however, that despite support for an egalitarian relationship, couples did not modify the distribution of responsibility during the time the wife was a student. Females were performing the majority of duties traditionally-defined as "women's work" while their spouses were performing sex-appropriate male responsibilities. It was recommended that further research be conducted to include married male doctoral students as a control to contrast with the female experience. Additionally, the scope and size of the population should be expanded to include doctoral students who were divorced or separated during doctoral study to identify their adjustment patterns and learn more about the factors that might have contributed to their marital instability. Close

• 27. [Article] Job-related expenditures of gainfully employed female household heads in Corvallis, Oregon

  The purpose of this study was to examine the job-related expenditures of female household heads. Also examined were levels of education, occupations, presence of dependent children, employment benefits ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Job-related expenditures of gainfully employed female household heads in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Blackburn, Virginia Lee The purpose of this study was to examine the job-related expenditures of female household heads. Also examined were levels of education, occupations, presence of dependent children, employment benefits and reasons for working. A random sample of 75 female household heads was drawn from the 1973 Polk's Corvallis City Directory. The sample was composed of 28 divorced, 3 separated, 15 single and 28 widowed women living in Corvallis, Oregon. The interviews were conducted during March and April of 1974. The median age for the 75 household heads was 51 years. They had completed a mean of 15 years of schooling. Single household heads were both younger, with a median age of 32, and had a higher level of education, 17 years, than widows and divorced women. Forty-nine percent of the female household heads were professional workers; 39 percent were clerical and sales workers; and the remaining 12 percent were semiskilled workers. Eighty percent of the single household heads were employed in professional occupations, compared with 45 percent of the widows and 38 percent of the divorced and separated women. Median employment income for all 75 household heads was $7, 249. For the 68 women who had worked the entire year, the median employment income was $7, 500 and the mean, $8, 162. Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 1, there is no relationship between level of education of the female household head and amount of earnings, was not supported by the data and it was rejected. As the level of education increased, the employment income also increased. Household heads who had not completed high school were employed in the lowest-paying occupations. Full-time workers who were college graduates earned 52 percent more than high school graduates and 14 percent more than household heads with some college education. Household heads who had master's degrees earned 36 percent more than college graduates. Household heads with doctoral degrees earned 28 percent more than those with master's degrees. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, between 40 and 50 percent of the employed female household heads' income from gainful employment was absorbed by job-related expenditures, was not supported by the data. There was a significant difference at the .01 level and the hypothesis was rejected. Female household heads in the study reported 35.8 percent of their cash employment income was used for job-related expenditures or a mean of $2, 930. Payroll deductions absorbed the highest percentage of employment income, 26.5 percent or a mean of $2, 164. Federal income taxes were the highest reported expense, 13.7 percent, with a mean of $1, 122 and a range of $1. 15 to $4, 441. Directly-related expenses were reported as 5.2 percent of the employment income. Education related to the job and transportation were the highest directly-related expenses, 1.5 and 1.6 percent, respectively. Indirectly-related expenses amounted to 4.1 percent of the employment income. Clothing needed for work was the most expensive indirectly-related expense reported, 1.5 percent. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, there is no difference in percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under and those without dependent children, was accepted since no significant difference in the percentage of income spent was found at the .025 level in a two-tailed "t" test. Female household heads with dependent children reported 36.9 percent of their employment income was spent on job-related expenses and those without children reported 35. 8 percent. Hypothesis 4. For female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under, there is no difference in the percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of household heads with preschool children and those with no preschool children. Hypothesis 4 was not tested. Only two household heads in the study had children of preschool age. Female household heads reported receiving a mean dollar value of $168 in employment benefits. Eighty-three percent of the 75 workers reported receiving health insurance with a mean value of $79. Cash bonuses were valued at a mean of $22 and employer discounts at $21 for all workers. A combined mean dollar value of $44 was received for meals, coffee and snacks, life insurance, gifts from the employer, laundering and drycleaning of work clothing and discounts from other organizations. Only two reasons for working were given by more than 50 percent of the 75 household heads, These reasons were to pay for current living expenses and because they enjoyed working. Title: Job-related expenditures of gainfully employed female household heads in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Blackburn, Virginia Lee The purpose of this study was to examine the job-related expenditures of female household heads. Also examined were levels of education, occupations, presence of dependent children, employment benefits and reasons for working. A random sample of 75 female household heads was drawn from the 1973 Polk's Corvallis City Directory. The sample was composed of 28 divorced, 3 separated, 15 single and 28 widowed women living in Corvallis, Oregon. The interviews were conducted during March and April of 1974. The median age for the 75 household heads was 51 years. They had completed a mean of 15 years of schooling. Single household heads were both younger, with a median age of 32, and had a higher level of education, 17 years, than widows and divorced women. Forty-nine percent of the female household heads were professional workers; 39 percent were clerical and sales workers; and the remaining 12 percent were semiskilled workers. Eighty percent of the single household heads were employed in professional occupations, compared with 45 percent of the widows and 38 percent of the divorced and separated women. Median employment income for all 75 household heads was $7, 249. For the 68 women who had worked the entire year, the median employment income was $7, 500 and the mean, $8, 162. Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 1, there is no relationship between level of education of the female household head and amount of earnings, was not supported by the data and it was rejected. As the level of education increased, the employment income also increased. Household heads who had not completed high school were employed in the lowest-paying occupations. Full-time workers who were college graduates earned 52 percent more than high school graduates and 14 percent more than household heads with some college education. Household heads who had master's degrees earned 36 percent more than college graduates. Household heads with doctoral degrees earned 28 percent more than those with master's degrees. Hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 2, between 40 and 50 percent of the employed female household heads' income from gainful employment was absorbed by job-related expenditures, was not supported by the data. There was a significant difference at the .01 level and the hypothesis was rejected. Female household heads in the study reported 35.8 percent of their cash employment income was used for job-related expenditures or a mean of $2, 930. Payroll deductions absorbed the highest percentage of employment income, 26.5 percent or a mean of $2, 164. Federal income taxes were the highest reported expense, 13.7 percent, with a mean of $1, 122 and a range of $1. 15 to $4, 441. Directly-related expenses were reported as 5.2 percent of the employment income. Education related to the job and transportation were the highest directly-related expenses, 1.5 and 1.6 percent, respectively. Indirectly-related expenses amounted to 4.1 percent of the employment income. Clothing needed for work was the most expensive indirectly-related expense reported, 1.5 percent. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 3, there is no difference in percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under and those without dependent children, was accepted since no significant difference in the percentage of income spent was found at the .025 level in a two-tailed "t" test. Female household heads with dependent children reported 36.9 percent of their employment income was spent on job-related expenses and those without children reported 35. 8 percent. Hypothesis 4. For female household heads with dependent children aged 18 and under, there is no difference in the percentage of employment income spent for job-related expenses of household heads with preschool children and those with no preschool children. Hypothesis 4 was not tested. Only two household heads in the study had children of preschool age. Female household heads reported receiving a mean dollar value of $168 in employment benefits. Eighty-three percent of the 75 workers reported receiving health insurance with a mean value of $79. Cash bonuses were valued at a mean of $22 and employer discounts at $21 for all workers. A combined mean dollar value of $44 was received for meals, coffee and snacks, life insurance, gifts from the employer, laundering and drycleaning of work clothing and discounts from other organizations. Only two reasons for working were given by more than 50 percent of the 75 household heads, These reasons were to pay for current living expenses and because they enjoyed working. Close

• 28. [Article] Thin Slice Judgments in the Clinical Context

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Annual Reviews and can be found at: http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/clinps...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thin Slice Judgments in the Clinical Context Author: Ambady, Nalini, Bogart, Kathleen R., Slepian, Michael L. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Annual Reviews and can be found at: http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/clinpsy. Title: Thin Slice Judgments in the Clinical Context Author: Ambady, Nalini, Bogart, Kathleen R., Slepian, Michael L. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Annual Reviews and can be found at: http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/clinpsy. Close

• 29. [Article] Commercial

  This novel-in-progress is an attempt to struggle with the complicated process of forging one’s identity in the murk of urban Northwest life. The protagonist of this piece is confused, to put it lightly: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Commercial Author: Aguilar, Joseph R. This novel-in-progress is an attempt to struggle with the complicated process of forging one’s identity in the murk of urban Northwest life. The protagonist of this piece is confused, to put it lightly: bi-racial, torn between the affections of divorced parents, unsure about his religious views, and baffled by his own corpulence. Yet, he longs with all his generous heart to make sense of it all, and he is armed with aptitude- -a unique gift for mentally dismantling his surroundings and reassembling them in illuminating, frightening, funny ways. Set around the turn of the 21 P st P century, this story examines the contradictions that define city life in modern America, the curse and boon of technology, the necessity of remaining loyal to one’s family, the sometimes-frightening compatibility of fundamentalist religion and consumerism, and the singular dilemma of inheriting mixed racial heritage. Craft-wise, this story attempts to grapple with these themes through a highly unique voice, that—ideally—retains its economy without sacrificing its color. The first-person, present-tense perspective affords immediacy, and a narrative drive that gives an active counterbalance to the protagonist’s wash of uncertainty. It is the author’s hope that this rough draft will eventually be hammered into a completed novel. Title: Commercial Author: Aguilar, Joseph R. This novel-in-progress is an attempt to struggle with the complicated process of forging one’s identity in the murk of urban Northwest life. The protagonist of this piece is confused, to put it lightly: bi-racial, torn between the affections of divorced parents, unsure about his religious views, and baffled by his own corpulence. Yet, he longs with all his generous heart to make sense of it all, and he is armed with aptitude- -a unique gift for mentally dismantling his surroundings and reassembling them in illuminating, frightening, funny ways. Set around the turn of the 21 P st P century, this story examines the contradictions that define city life in modern America, the curse and boon of technology, the necessity of remaining loyal to one’s family, the sometimes-frightening compatibility of fundamentalist religion and consumerism, and the singular dilemma of inheriting mixed racial heritage. Craft-wise, this story attempts to grapple with these themes through a highly unique voice, that—ideally—retains its economy without sacrificing its color. The first-person, present-tense perspective affords immediacy, and a narrative drive that gives an active counterbalance to the protagonist’s wash of uncertainty. It is the author’s hope that this rough draft will eventually be hammered into a completed novel. Close

• 30. [Article] Elementary Music

  The four stories and one essay within are linked by themes: love, sex, truth, and music. Three of the stories are told by first person narrators who are also musicians. In "Elementary Music," a young girl ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Elementary Music Author: Treat, Tanya The four stories and one essay within are linked by themes: love, sex, truth, and music. Three of the stories are told by first person narrators who are also musicians. In "Elementary Music," a young girl views her parents' divorce through the lens of an orchestra concert in which she participates. In "Laying on of Hands," a woman contemplates abandoning music for an imagined love, and in "I Say All That to Say This," a woman finds herself in love with her pianist, substituting music for sex. In all of these stories music and the act of performance prompt questions about love and truth. The essay, "Unsayable Life," addresses questions about the differences between fiction and life, between living a story and later fashioning it into art, or artifice. "Grammar is Life" is a direct response to those questions, featuring a protagonist who tries to gain control over her fear of loneliness and the future by fashioning her life into grammar lessons. All of these stories deal with loss on some level; music and the search for truth in fiction--in art--act as counterpoint against that loss. Title: Elementary Music Author: Treat, Tanya The four stories and one essay within are linked by themes: love, sex, truth, and music. Three of the stories are told by first person narrators who are also musicians. In "Elementary Music," a young girl views her parents' divorce through the lens of an orchestra concert in which she participates. In "Laying on of Hands," a woman contemplates abandoning music for an imagined love, and in "I Say All That to Say This," a woman finds herself in love with her pianist, substituting music for sex. In all of these stories music and the act of performance prompt questions about love and truth. The essay, "Unsayable Life," addresses questions about the differences between fiction and life, between living a story and later fashioning it into art, or artifice. "Grammar is Life" is a direct response to those questions, featuring a protagonist who tries to gain control over her fear of loneliness and the future by fashioning her life into grammar lessons. All of these stories deal with loss on some level; music and the search for truth in fiction--in art--act as counterpoint against that loss. Close

• 31. [Article] Stability under the federal sustained yield unit system : assessing the achievement of community stability in the Lakeview Unit

  A descriptive model of community stability is developed which can be used to gauge the achievement of community stability in federal sustained yield units. Community stability is defined which provides ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stability under the federal sustained yield unit system : assessing the achievement of community stability in the Lakeview Unit Author: Olson, Douglas Charles A descriptive model of community stability is developed which can be used to gauge the achievement of community stability in federal sustained yield units. Community stability is defined which provides the framework on which the model was created. The achievement of the four goals of the 1944 Sustained Yield Act is tested using indicators. The four goals are the achievement of stability in the forest industries, in employment, in taxable forest wealth and in the community. Indicators used are: forest industries - production, efficiency and investment; employment - employment trend, unemployment and regional share (shift-share analysis); taxable forest wealth - real property; community - birth rate, age class distribution, median family income, number below poverty level, number of food stamp recipients, divorce rate, suicide rate and crime rates. The model is described and tested using the Lakeview Federal Sustained Yield Unit as an example. Lake County figures are used to represent the communities in the Federal Sustained Yield Unit. In most cases these figures are compared to Klamath and Harney counties' figures. Community stability in the Lakeview Federal Sustained Yield Unit was found to have been achieved. Title: Stability under the federal sustained yield unit system : assessing the achievement of community stability in the Lakeview Unit Author: Olson, Douglas Charles A descriptive model of community stability is developed which can be used to gauge the achievement of community stability in federal sustained yield units. Community stability is defined which provides the framework on which the model was created. The achievement of the four goals of the 1944 Sustained Yield Act is tested using indicators. The four goals are the achievement of stability in the forest industries, in employment, in taxable forest wealth and in the community. Indicators used are: forest industries - production, efficiency and investment; employment - employment trend, unemployment and regional share (shift-share analysis); taxable forest wealth - real property; community - birth rate, age class distribution, median family income, number below poverty level, number of food stamp recipients, divorce rate, suicide rate and crime rates. The model is described and tested using the Lakeview Federal Sustained Yield Unit as an example. Lake County figures are used to represent the communities in the Federal Sustained Yield Unit. In most cases these figures are compared to Klamath and Harney counties' figures. Community stability in the Lakeview Federal Sustained Yield Unit was found to have been achieved. Close

• 32. [Article] The behavioral effectiveness of consumer credit counseling service on past clients in Linn-Benton County, Oregon

  The effectiveness of the Consumer Credit Counseling Service (CCCS) program on past clients' current money and credit management was researched in this study. The researcher investigated whether the experience ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The behavioral effectiveness of consumer credit counseling service on past clients in Linn-Benton County, Oregon Author: Vallade, Linda Michelle The effectiveness of the Consumer Credit Counseling Service (CCCS) program on past clients' current money and credit management was researched in this study. The researcher investigated whether the experience of consumer credit counseling had any behavorial impact on past clients' current credit practices. A sample of 104 clients who lived in toll-free Linn-Benton County was selected from the closed CCCS files. These clients were individuals and families who had sought and obtained counseling and terminated the counseling program between 1974 and 1979. A letter was sent to the 104 clients explaining the study and indicating that the researcher would contact them by phone to administer the questionnaire. Fifty clients participated in the study. Of the remaining 54 clients, 49 could not be contacted or had moved from the Linn-Benton County area, and five declined for personal reasons. The completion rate of persons able to be contacted was 90 percent. Background information on the 50 clients was obtained from the CCCS application files. Before participation in the CCCS program, the 50 clients had a mean age of 31 years; the mean number of dependent children was 1.7; 29 clients were married, five were separated, 14 were divorced, and two were single; 28 percent of the clients were employed in white collar occupations and 72 percent were employed in blue collar occupations; the mean income was $7,336; the mean amount of savings was $2.20; the mean amount of debt was $4,290.98; the mean income to debt ratio was 3.15; the mean number of creditors was 11.36; and the mean number of credit cards used was 2.38. The mean time span since the clients left the CCCS program was three years. Of the 50 clients in the study, 29 terminated the program by self-administration, 20 clients were drop outs, and one client declared bankruptcy. At the time of the interview, February 1980, the clients had a mean age of 34 years; mean number of dependent children was 1. 8; 31 clients were married, one was separated, 15 were divorced, and three were single; 32 percent of the clients were employed in white collar occupations and 68 percent were employed in blue collar occupations; the mean income was $15,290; the mean amount of savings was $412.98; the mean amount of debt was $2,633.80; the mean income to debt ratio was 21.83; the mean number of creditors was 2.58; and the mean number of credit cards used was 1.02. There was a significant change in the number of credit cards used, number of creditors owed, the amount of debt owed, and the amount of savings acquired when a t-test was applied at the .05 significance level. There was no association between change in number of credit cards used, change in creditors owed, change in amount of savings, change in amount of debt, and type of termination (drop outs or self-administered) and length of time since termination when a t-test or analysis of variance (F-test) was applied at the .05 significance level. The clients in the study did tend to change their credit and financial practices after participation in the CCCS program. The 50 clients ( 100 percent) reported the CCCS program as very helpful in assisting them with financial difficulties. This researcher concluded that the CCCS program did have an behavorial impact on clients' current credit and financial practices. Title: The behavioral effectiveness of consumer credit counseling service on past clients in Linn-Benton County, Oregon Author: Vallade, Linda Michelle The effectiveness of the Consumer Credit Counseling Service (CCCS) program on past clients' current money and credit management was researched in this study. The researcher investigated whether the experience of consumer credit counseling had any behavorial impact on past clients' current credit practices. A sample of 104 clients who lived in toll-free Linn-Benton County was selected from the closed CCCS files. These clients were individuals and families who had sought and obtained counseling and terminated the counseling program between 1974 and 1979. A letter was sent to the 104 clients explaining the study and indicating that the researcher would contact them by phone to administer the questionnaire. Fifty clients participated in the study. Of the remaining 54 clients, 49 could not be contacted or had moved from the Linn-Benton County area, and five declined for personal reasons. The completion rate of persons able to be contacted was 90 percent. Background information on the 50 clients was obtained from the CCCS application files. Before participation in the CCCS program, the 50 clients had a mean age of 31 years; the mean number of dependent children was 1.7; 29 clients were married, five were separated, 14 were divorced, and two were single; 28 percent of the clients were employed in white collar occupations and 72 percent were employed in blue collar occupations; the mean income was $7,336; the mean amount of savings was $2.20; the mean amount of debt was $4,290.98; the mean income to debt ratio was 3.15; the mean number of creditors was 11.36; and the mean number of credit cards used was 2.38. The mean time span since the clients left the CCCS program was three years. Of the 50 clients in the study, 29 terminated the program by self-administration, 20 clients were drop outs, and one client declared bankruptcy. At the time of the interview, February 1980, the clients had a mean age of 34 years; mean number of dependent children was 1. 8; 31 clients were married, one was separated, 15 were divorced, and three were single; 32 percent of the clients were employed in white collar occupations and 68 percent were employed in blue collar occupations; the mean income was $15,290; the mean amount of savings was $412.98; the mean amount of debt was $2,633.80; the mean income to debt ratio was 21.83; the mean number of creditors was 2.58; and the mean number of credit cards used was 1.02. There was a significant change in the number of credit cards used, number of creditors owed, the amount of debt owed, and the amount of savings acquired when a t-test was applied at the .05 significance level. There was no association between change in number of credit cards used, change in creditors owed, change in amount of savings, change in amount of debt, and type of termination (drop outs or self-administered) and length of time since termination when a t-test or analysis of variance (F-test) was applied at the .05 significance level. The clients in the study did tend to change their credit and financial practices after participation in the CCCS program. The 50 clients ( 100 percent) reported the CCCS program as very helpful in assisting them with financial difficulties. This researcher concluded that the CCCS program did have an behavorial impact on clients' current credit and financial practices. Close

• 33. [Article] Theory and application in a post-GISystems world

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tgis20/cu...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Theory and application in a post-GISystems world Author: Wright, Dawn J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tgis20/current. Title: Theory and application in a post-GISystems world Author: Wright, Dawn J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tgis20/current. Close

• 34. [Article] Family food patterns and dietary change in an intervention study : the Family Heart Study

  Division of labor in household food preparation tasks is of interest in dietary intervention projects. Randomly selected families were recruited to participate in a 5-year family-based study. A small group ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family food patterns and dietary change in an intervention study : the Family Heart Study Author: Becker, Nancy J. Division of labor in household food preparation tasks is of interest in dietary intervention projects. Randomly selected families were recruited to participate in a 5-year family-based study. A small group format that emphasized family involvement was used to promote change from the American diet (40% fat, 500 mg cholesterol P/S = .05) to the Alternative diet (20% fat, 100 mg cholesterol, P/S = 1.0). The change of division of labor in the households was evaluated from baseline to 60 months. A subsample of 109 male-female couples who were not divorced, pregnant or ill, responded to a questionnaire regarding who does the cooking, shopping and deciding what the family will eat. Plasma lipids and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and at 60 months. At baseline, the majority of men and women indicated that the wives did most of the cooking, deciding and shopping, although both women and men indicated that they did more of the task than their spouse said they did. The overall distribution of labor in cooking and deciding did not significantly change after 5 years of dietary intervention at the family level; however, there was a trend towards increased participation by the men in these tasks. Men's participation in shopping, however, significantly increased. The couples were grouped according the husbands' reported increase or decrease in involvement in these tasks, and diet and lipid changes were evaluated. Increased involvement in household food preparation tasks did not lead to significantly greater dietary change except for consumption of polyunsaturated fat. The wives of men who increased their shopping reported an increase in total fat and saturated fat when compared to changes seen in the other wives. Taken as a group, both husbands and wives decreased their reported fat, cholesterol and saturated fat consumption and increased their reported carbohydrate intake in a manner similar to that suggested in Phase 1 of the Alternative diet. Plasma lipids remained stable in both men and women. Household food-related task performance does not profoundly change when couples participate in a family-based intervention project, and the small changes seen do not have an effect on the outcome variables. Title: Family food patterns and dietary change in an intervention study : the Family Heart Study Author: Becker, Nancy J. Division of labor in household food preparation tasks is of interest in dietary intervention projects. Randomly selected families were recruited to participate in a 5-year family-based study. A small group format that emphasized family involvement was used to promote change from the American diet (40% fat, 500 mg cholesterol P/S = .05) to the Alternative diet (20% fat, 100 mg cholesterol, P/S = 1.0). The change of division of labor in the households was evaluated from baseline to 60 months. A subsample of 109 male-female couples who were not divorced, pregnant or ill, responded to a questionnaire regarding who does the cooking, shopping and deciding what the family will eat. Plasma lipids and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and at 60 months. At baseline, the majority of men and women indicated that the wives did most of the cooking, deciding and shopping, although both women and men indicated that they did more of the task than their spouse said they did. The overall distribution of labor in cooking and deciding did not significantly change after 5 years of dietary intervention at the family level; however, there was a trend towards increased participation by the men in these tasks. Men's participation in shopping, however, significantly increased. The couples were grouped according the husbands' reported increase or decrease in involvement in these tasks, and diet and lipid changes were evaluated. Increased involvement in household food preparation tasks did not lead to significantly greater dietary change except for consumption of polyunsaturated fat. The wives of men who increased their shopping reported an increase in total fat and saturated fat when compared to changes seen in the other wives. Taken as a group, both husbands and wives decreased their reported fat, cholesterol and saturated fat consumption and increased their reported carbohydrate intake in a manner similar to that suggested in Phase 1 of the Alternative diet. Plasma lipids remained stable in both men and women. Household food-related task performance does not profoundly change when couples participate in a family-based intervention project, and the small changes seen do not have an effect on the outcome variables. Close

• 35. [Article] Budgeting Analysis of Catfish Marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Budgeting Analysis of Catfish Marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Olumide, Oseni Joseph No poster available. Title: Budgeting Analysis of Catfish Marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Olumide, Oseni Joseph No poster available. Close

• 36. [Article] Technological progress, disacculturation, and our public schools

  The problems facing our nation's public schools today cannot be divorced from our enthusiasm for technology and the positive relationship we believe it shares with our perception of progress. Based on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technological progress, disacculturation, and our public schools Author: Morita, Sally J. The problems facing our nation's public schools today cannot be divorced from our enthusiasm for technology and the positive relationship we believe it shares with our perception of progress. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, the law of entropy, author Jeremy Rifkin argues that the development of increasingly "efficient" technologies is more cause for concern than congratulations - increasing the scale and pace of activity in our lives hastens the overall process of the dissipation of energy in our environment and increases the amount of disorder in the world. What's more, Rifkin believes we rationalize our actions on the basis of our views of the order found in nature when, in fact, our views about nature and progress reflect our own dominant modes of activity. From an anthropologist's perspective, schools can be numbered among the various exosomatic instruments that we humans use to capture, transform, and process sources of energy from our environment. Only when societies have reached a certain stage of technological sophistication and organizational complexity has the suggestion for the need for schools arisen. This paper examines the relationship between the rise of industry in America and the birth and expansion of our public schools. Americans place great faith in education and we have organized our schools on the basis of our ideas about progress. During the Enlightenment, men were equally enthralled by the discovery of order in nature and the human capacity to appreciate and manipulate this order. As the nineteenth century progressed, Americans became greatly attracted to Herbert Spencer's ideas about evolution and progress, ideas which reflected the more impersonal nature and increased organizational complexity of American society after the Civil War. In our nation's public schools, these ideas were reflected in the express transformation of public schools into comprehensive socializing institutions during the Progressive era. With continued technological progress, the expanding number of socializing and vocational responsibilities assumed by schools has led to their overshadowing the teaching of basic skills and academic subjects. Two recent movements in education - the Back to the Basics movement and the Home Schooling movement - are also discussed as re- evaluations -of the relationship between public schools and changes in American society. Title: Technological progress, disacculturation, and our public schools Author: Morita, Sally J. The problems facing our nation's public schools today cannot be divorced from our enthusiasm for technology and the positive relationship we believe it shares with our perception of progress. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, the law of entropy, author Jeremy Rifkin argues that the development of increasingly "efficient" technologies is more cause for concern than congratulations - increasing the scale and pace of activity in our lives hastens the overall process of the dissipation of energy in our environment and increases the amount of disorder in the world. What's more, Rifkin believes we rationalize our actions on the basis of our views of the order found in nature when, in fact, our views about nature and progress reflect our own dominant modes of activity. From an anthropologist's perspective, schools can be numbered among the various exosomatic instruments that we humans use to capture, transform, and process sources of energy from our environment. Only when societies have reached a certain stage of technological sophistication and organizational complexity has the suggestion for the need for schools arisen. This paper examines the relationship between the rise of industry in America and the birth and expansion of our public schools. Americans place great faith in education and we have organized our schools on the basis of our ideas about progress. During the Enlightenment, men were equally enthralled by the discovery of order in nature and the human capacity to appreciate and manipulate this order. As the nineteenth century progressed, Americans became greatly attracted to Herbert Spencer's ideas about evolution and progress, ideas which reflected the more impersonal nature and increased organizational complexity of American society after the Civil War. In our nation's public schools, these ideas were reflected in the express transformation of public schools into comprehensive socializing institutions during the Progressive era. With continued technological progress, the expanding number of socializing and vocational responsibilities assumed by schools has led to their overshadowing the teaching of basic skills and academic subjects. Two recent movements in education - the Back to the Basics movement and the Home Schooling movement - are also discussed as re- evaluations -of the relationship between public schools and changes in American society. Close

• 37. [Article] Educational and occupational aspirations of Oregon tenth grade girls

  Purposes and Method of Study The purpose of this study was to find out if tenth grade girls were aware of the probability that a majority of them would work at some time during their lives, and if they ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Educational and occupational aspirations of Oregon tenth grade girls Author: Haller, Michele Suzanne Purposes and Method of Study The purpose of this study was to find out if tenth grade girls were aware of the probability that a majority of them would work at some time during their lives, and if they planned to prepare for this possibility. A questionnaire was designed and validated to attempt to determine these aspirations and expectations. Six hundred questionnaires were then sent to 24 Oregon high schools where the home economics teachers administered them to the sophomore girls in their classes, A total of 508 usable questionnaires were returned. The questions proposed for study were: 1. What do tenth grade girls aspire to educationally? 2. Are their educational goals related to the choices their mothers have made? 3. What are the future plans of the tenth grade girls ? a. Do sophomore girls see themselves in the future as mainly wives and mothers? b. If they plan to marry, do they reject working as a part of their life pattern? 4. For what reasons will they work? 5. What are tenth grade girls' views of what they will be doing at age 30 and after their children are grown? What are tenth, grade girls' preferences for their mothers' working or not working? How does this influence their choice for themselves? 7. What influences the opinions of sophomore girls about women working? 8. Are sophomore girls aware of the facts about women working today? 9. Is there a need to place more emphasis on wage-earning skills in the home economics curriculum or is there a need to continue to emphasize home and family living? Findings In general, the respondents aspired to graduate from high school. This choice was the same as the education the respondents° mothers received. The girls tended to see themselves mainly as wives and mothers, but a large majority included some work plans in the expectations for their lives. The respondents tended to be unrealistic about the reasons they might take jobs. Though most said that the need for money would be the main reason for working, the next two largest groups said that they would take a job because they erjoyed working arc in order to have something to do. They did not consider a husband's injury or death, divorce, or never marrying as good reasons for working. A majority of the respondents expected to be home taking care of their children at age 30. Forty-two percent expected to be working part time after their children are grown, but just a few less (38 percent) expected to be keeping a home during these years. The largest number of respondents preferred their mothers to keep a home full time, but in many cases made different choices for themselves than they made for their mothers. Most of the respondents felt that no one had influenced their opinions about women working. Many others felt they were mostly influenced by their mother's opinions, The respondents were quite accurate in estimating the average life-expectancy of teen-aged girls and the number of years they could expect to live after their children are grown. The respondents' estimates were not very accurate when they were asked to guess the average number of women working today (they estimated very high), and the average number of years a woman will probably work (they estimated very low). Implications The main implication of this study is that students do not seem to be realistic about planning their lives. They appear to be aware of the facts about how many women are working today, how long they will probably live, and how many years of life they will have after their children are grown. Of the 508 respondents, 80.3 percent planned to work, 56 percent after they married. Nevertheless, the respondents quite unrealistically did not plan to get very much training or education to prepare themselves for any type of job. Nearly one third of the respondents planned to go no further with their education than high school. Because of the unrealistic attitude of the girls toward preparation for their future employment, it seems that homemaking teachers need to find ways to help these girls to become more aware of the problems in the world of work, and to help them to learn skills that will make them more employable when they need or want to work. More than one fourth of the respondents expected to be working at age 30, and over half planned to be working after their children are grown. However, family life instruction is still a definite need. So few of the respondents answered that they would take a job if their husband died or was injured, or if there was a divorce, that it points to a need for more emphasis on family interaction and even realistic family finance. To leave out these teachings in favor of job training would be a mistake in light of these findings; but a combination of the two needs to be taught in the home economics curriculum. Title: Educational and occupational aspirations of Oregon tenth grade girls Author: Haller, Michele Suzanne Purposes and Method of Study The purpose of this study was to find out if tenth grade girls were aware of the probability that a majority of them would work at some time during their lives, and if they planned to prepare for this possibility. A questionnaire was designed and validated to attempt to determine these aspirations and expectations. Six hundred questionnaires were then sent to 24 Oregon high schools where the home economics teachers administered them to the sophomore girls in their classes, A total of 508 usable questionnaires were returned. The questions proposed for study were: 1. What do tenth grade girls aspire to educationally? 2. Are their educational goals related to the choices their mothers have made? 3. What are the future plans of the tenth grade girls ? a. Do sophomore girls see themselves in the future as mainly wives and mothers? b. If they plan to marry, do they reject working as a part of their life pattern? 4. For what reasons will they work? 5. What are tenth grade girls' views of what they will be doing at age 30 and after their children are grown? What are tenth, grade girls' preferences for their mothers' working or not working? How does this influence their choice for themselves? 7. What influences the opinions of sophomore girls about women working? 8. Are sophomore girls aware of the facts about women working today? 9. Is there a need to place more emphasis on wage-earning skills in the home economics curriculum or is there a need to continue to emphasize home and family living? Findings In general, the respondents aspired to graduate from high school. This choice was the same as the education the respondents° mothers received. The girls tended to see themselves mainly as wives and mothers, but a large majority included some work plans in the expectations for their lives. The respondents tended to be unrealistic about the reasons they might take jobs. Though most said that the need for money would be the main reason for working, the next two largest groups said that they would take a job because they erjoyed working arc in order to have something to do. They did not consider a husband's injury or death, divorce, or never marrying as good reasons for working. A majority of the respondents expected to be home taking care of their children at age 30. Forty-two percent expected to be working part time after their children are grown, but just a few less (38 percent) expected to be keeping a home during these years. The largest number of respondents preferred their mothers to keep a home full time, but in many cases made different choices for themselves than they made for their mothers. Most of the respondents felt that no one had influenced their opinions about women working. Many others felt they were mostly influenced by their mother's opinions, The respondents were quite accurate in estimating the average life-expectancy of teen-aged girls and the number of years they could expect to live after their children are grown. The respondents' estimates were not very accurate when they were asked to guess the average number of women working today (they estimated very high), and the average number of years a woman will probably work (they estimated very low). Implications The main implication of this study is that students do not seem to be realistic about planning their lives. They appear to be aware of the facts about how many women are working today, how long they will probably live, and how many years of life they will have after their children are grown. Of the 508 respondents, 80.3 percent planned to work, 56 percent after they married. Nevertheless, the respondents quite unrealistically did not plan to get very much training or education to prepare themselves for any type of job. Nearly one third of the respondents planned to go no further with their education than high school. Because of the unrealistic attitude of the girls toward preparation for their future employment, it seems that homemaking teachers need to find ways to help these girls to become more aware of the problems in the world of work, and to help them to learn skills that will make them more employable when they need or want to work. More than one fourth of the respondents expected to be working at age 30, and over half planned to be working after their children are grown. However, family life instruction is still a definite need. So few of the respondents answered that they would take a job if their husband died or was injured, or if there was a divorce, that it points to a need for more emphasis on family interaction and even realistic family finance. To leave out these teachings in favor of job training would be a mistake in light of these findings; but a combination of the two needs to be taught in the home economics curriculum. Close

• 38. [Article] A Bioecological Model of Grief Recovery : Theory and Test of the Model

  A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Bioecological Model of Grief Recovery : Theory and Test of the Model Author: Romo, Daniel L. A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last decade has focused primarily on examining grief recovery within the context of intrapersonal processes. This emphasis has often ignored peer, family, and cultural influences on adjustment to loss. As a result, targeted grief interventions have largely been limited to adaptive and maladaptive factors within the individual. Evidence from recent research suggests the importance of taking into account contextual factors within the social environment that have bidirectional influences on the individual, and function as potential deficits or resources for grief recovery over time. Thus, a comprehensive framework for the simultaneous consideration of person-environment transactions, rather than just a strict emphasis on intrapersonal processes, is essential to advancing the current understanding of grief recovery. To address this gap, this study presents a bioecological model of grief recovery with the addition of a 'loss system' level of influence--capturing characteristics of the deceased, circumstances of the death, and the relationship between the bereaved and the deceased prior to the death--to simultaneously account for the person- and environment-level systems of influence. The implications of this theoretical model are described for two different types of loss: death of spouse in older adults and death of a child. To move this model from theory to real-world application, the viability of the model was tested by empirically contrasting it with an individual-level (intrapersonal) model of grief recovery as applied to spousal bereavement in later life. An archived longitudinal data set (the Changing Lives of Older Couples data) was the basis for growth curve models examining the trajectory of grief several years after death of spouse. The individual-level model focused on the intrapersonal predictors known to influence grief recovery, while the bioecological model included the same intrapersonal predictors as well as loss system predictors. In sum, the analyses provided evidence that having relatively high levels of death acceptance and religiosity prior to the death of a spouse is associated with improved psychological health in the early stages of widowhood. Although the bioecological growth curve model did not evidence a better fit than the individual model in this study, it remains a useful framework accounting for a broader range of influences, with the loss system as a key to advancing bereavement research. Moreover, psychological adjustment to the death of a loved one is merely one type of life event that can be understood using this model of grief recovery. Although the theoretical and empirical models presented here represent only a limited approximation of the more complex phenomena of a human reaction when a spouse dies, it provides a new, more comprehensive framework for understanding grief and how it changes over time. Perhaps its greatest utility lies in its theoretical conceptualization of a loss system, and how that loss system can be tested using growth curve statistical models as described in Manuscript 2. This novel approach holds great promise for bereavement researchers. In addition, Manuscript 1 showed how researchers can adapt this framework to model different types of loss experiences, particularly those with strong parallels to the death of a loved one, such as relationship dissolution and divorce. Similarly, this model could be applied empirically to loss experiences such as progressive illness, disability, infertility, and disaster. Variables included in the bioecological systems should be modified accordingly to reflect and allow measurement of the type of loss, life circumstances, culture, and context of the population under study. Title: A Bioecological Model of Grief Recovery : Theory and Test of the Model Author: Romo, Daniel L. A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last decade has focused primarily on examining grief recovery within the context of intrapersonal processes. This emphasis has often ignored peer, family, and cultural influences on adjustment to loss. As a result, targeted grief interventions have largely been limited to adaptive and maladaptive factors within the individual. Evidence from recent research suggests the importance of taking into account contextual factors within the social environment that have bidirectional influences on the individual, and function as potential deficits or resources for grief recovery over time. Thus, a comprehensive framework for the simultaneous consideration of person-environment transactions, rather than just a strict emphasis on intrapersonal processes, is essential to advancing the current understanding of grief recovery. To address this gap, this study presents a bioecological model of grief recovery with the addition of a 'loss system' level of influence--capturing characteristics of the deceased, circumstances of the death, and the relationship between the bereaved and the deceased prior to the death--to simultaneously account for the person- and environment-level systems of influence. The implications of this theoretical model are described for two different types of loss: death of spouse in older adults and death of a child. To move this model from theory to real-world application, the viability of the model was tested by empirically contrasting it with an individual-level (intrapersonal) model of grief recovery as applied to spousal bereavement in later life. An archived longitudinal data set (the Changing Lives of Older Couples data) was the basis for growth curve models examining the trajectory of grief several years after death of spouse. The individual-level model focused on the intrapersonal predictors known to influence grief recovery, while the bioecological model included the same intrapersonal predictors as well as loss system predictors. In sum, the analyses provided evidence that having relatively high levels of death acceptance and religiosity prior to the death of a spouse is associated with improved psychological health in the early stages of widowhood. Although the bioecological growth curve model did not evidence a better fit than the individual model in this study, it remains a useful framework accounting for a broader range of influences, with the loss system as a key to advancing bereavement research. Moreover, psychological adjustment to the death of a loved one is merely one type of life event that can be understood using this model of grief recovery. Although the theoretical and empirical models presented here represent only a limited approximation of the more complex phenomena of a human reaction when a spouse dies, it provides a new, more comprehensive framework for understanding grief and how it changes over time. Perhaps its greatest utility lies in its theoretical conceptualization of a loss system, and how that loss system can be tested using growth curve statistical models as described in Manuscript 2. This novel approach holds great promise for bereavement researchers. In addition, Manuscript 1 showed how researchers can adapt this framework to model different types of loss experiences, particularly those with strong parallels to the death of a loved one, such as relationship dissolution and divorce. Similarly, this model could be applied empirically to loss experiences such as progressive illness, disability, infertility, and disaster. Variables included in the bioecological systems should be modified accordingly to reflect and allow measurement of the type of loss, life circumstances, culture, and context of the population under study. Close

• 39. [Article] The transition of single mothers on public assistance to economic self-sufficiency : an analysis of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors

  The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The transition of single mothers on public assistance to economic self-sufficiency : an analysis of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors Author: Parker, Louise Anne The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of 851 single mothers on Aid to Families with Dependent Children was selected from the Washington State Family Income Study data base. Data from a three-year period (6/88-5/91) were utilized to describe and analyze single mothers in transition from welfare. When compared to a sample of non-poor single mothers, mothers on public assistance differed significantly in several ways: They were younger, had more children and were more likely to have parents who received public assistance. Educational levels were significantly lower, as was employment activity. Economic self-sufficiency was measured as the ratio of welfare benefits to household income. Degree of ESS improved over the three-year period: While 60 percent of single mothers relied on welfare for more than half their income in the first year, only 45 percent did by the third year. In analyzing differences in degrees of economic self-sufficiency among single mothers, the following groups of mothers had significantly higher degrees of welfare reliance: never-married and divorced mothers; mothers with a child under age two; mothers with three or more children; non-white mothers; and mothers living in public housing. A path analysis was conducted to determine the relative influence of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors on later economic self-sufficiency. Number of children and receipt of subsidies positively affected welfare reliance. Education, number of adults in the household and number of months employed negatively affected degree of welfare reliance. A key finding was that, after controlling for differences in human capital, family resources and employment activity, workplace support retained a highly significant, inverse relationship with degree of welfare reliance. Sense of personal control and social support had both direct and indirect effects on degree of welfare reliance, establishing that psychosocial factors mediate impacts of human capital, family and employment factors on economic self-sufficiency. The results support the viability of utilizing stress models to examine objective economic outcomes in future research. Title: The transition of single mothers on public assistance to economic self-sufficiency : an analysis of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors Author: Parker, Louise Anne The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of 851 single mothers on Aid to Families with Dependent Children was selected from the Washington State Family Income Study data base. Data from a three-year period (6/88-5/91) were utilized to describe and analyze single mothers in transition from welfare. When compared to a sample of non-poor single mothers, mothers on public assistance differed significantly in several ways: They were younger, had more children and were more likely to have parents who received public assistance. Educational levels were significantly lower, as was employment activity. Economic self-sufficiency was measured as the ratio of welfare benefits to household income. Degree of ESS improved over the three-year period: While 60 percent of single mothers relied on welfare for more than half their income in the first year, only 45 percent did by the third year. In analyzing differences in degrees of economic self-sufficiency among single mothers, the following groups of mothers had significantly higher degrees of welfare reliance: never-married and divorced mothers; mothers with a child under age two; mothers with three or more children; non-white mothers; and mothers living in public housing. A path analysis was conducted to determine the relative influence of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors on later economic self-sufficiency. Number of children and receipt of subsidies positively affected welfare reliance. Education, number of adults in the household and number of months employed negatively affected degree of welfare reliance. A key finding was that, after controlling for differences in human capital, family resources and employment activity, workplace support retained a highly significant, inverse relationship with degree of welfare reliance. Sense of personal control and social support had both direct and indirect effects on degree of welfare reliance, establishing that psychosocial factors mediate impacts of human capital, family and employment factors on economic self-sufficiency. The results support the viability of utilizing stress models to examine objective economic outcomes in future research. Close

• 40. [Article] Some factors associated with reconciliation decisions among couples with marital problems

  The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of marital interaction that occurs at the point at which couples with problems seek assistance from an agency specifically designed to deal with marital ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors associated with reconciliation decisions among couples with marital problems Author: Kelley, Roselene Jensen The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of marital interaction that occurs at the point at which couples with problems seek assistance from an agency specifically designed to deal with marital problems. Efforts were made to learn more about the nature of the marital relationship in general, and conditions under which individuals who seek counseling arrive at a decision to reconcile or not to reconcile. Specifically, the marital interaction, as measured by an affection-companionship index (ACI), and a hostility index (HOS), of couples who were referred for, or who voluntarily requested the services of the Marriage Counselor's Office of the Domestic Relations Division of The Superior Court, County of Sacramento, was investigated. The sample consisted of 83 couples, drawn on the basis of their willingness to cooperate. The Marriage Questionnaire, developed by James L. Hawkins, PhD was used to assess marital interaction, and yielded a single score for a married couple on both affection-companionship and hostility, as reflected in the reported overt behaviors of the couple. The study focused on the ACI and HOS variables in relationship to the decision of the couple concerning their immediate future marital relationship, or their reconciliation decision. Couples were classified on the basis of these decisions and were categorized as follows: 1) decision to reconcile (R), 2) decision to refuse reconciliation (RR), and 3) reconciliation decision unknown to the Marriage Counselor's Office, which consisted of the subgroups off-calendar (OC) and petition-dismissed (PD). The possibility that other factors relating to marital status might be associated with reconciliation decisions of these couples was also investigated. The specific hypotheses tested were: 1. There is no difference among the three reconciliation decision groups, R, RR, and RU, with regard to ACI scores or to HOS scores. 2. There is a significant negative correlation between HOS and ACI within the entire sample and within each of the reconciliation decision groups. 3. There is no difference in HOS scores of court-referred couples and non-court-referred couples regardless of reconciliation decision. 4. Among couples receiving counseling there is no difference in the number who do reconcile and the number who do not reconcile within this particular sample. 5. Reconciliation decision is independent of: present ages of marriage partners, duration of marriage, incidence of children younger than ten years, incidence of separation, and duration of separation. Results indicated differences, significant at the five per cent level, in both HOS and ACI between the R group and PD group, in HOS only between the RR and PD group, and in ACI only between the R and RR groups. No differences resulted in either ACI or HOS between OC and PD, R and OC, and RR and OC. No significant relationship was found between the number of couples who reconcile and the number of couples who refuse reconciliation following counseling. A significant negative correlation (-.575) between ACI and HOS was found within the R group, and no relationship was found within any one of the RR, OC, or PD groups. The reconciliation decision of couples was found to be independent of age of the marriage partners, the duration of marriage, the incidence of children younger than ten years of age, or the duration of separation. However, reconciliation decision was found to be significantly related to incidence of separation at the .001 level of confidence. It was concluded from the results of the study that differences do exist in affection-companionship and hostility between certain reconciliation decision groups, and that for reconciled couples, at least, a significant negative relationship exists between ACI and HOS. The affection-companionship index, as measured by the Marriage Questionnaire, discriminates between reconciled couples and couples who refuse to reconcile. Marital separation is associated with the reconciliation decision of these couples. The study points up the need for further research. Title: Some factors associated with reconciliation decisions among couples with marital problems Author: Kelley, Roselene Jensen The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of marital interaction that occurs at the point at which couples with problems seek assistance from an agency specifically designed to deal with marital problems. Efforts were made to learn more about the nature of the marital relationship in general, and conditions under which individuals who seek counseling arrive at a decision to reconcile or not to reconcile. Specifically, the marital interaction, as measured by an affection-companionship index (ACI), and a hostility index (HOS), of couples who were referred for, or who voluntarily requested the services of the Marriage Counselor's Office of the Domestic Relations Division of The Superior Court, County of Sacramento, was investigated. The sample consisted of 83 couples, drawn on the basis of their willingness to cooperate. The Marriage Questionnaire, developed by James L. Hawkins, PhD was used to assess marital interaction, and yielded a single score for a married couple on both affection-companionship and hostility, as reflected in the reported overt behaviors of the couple. The study focused on the ACI and HOS variables in relationship to the decision of the couple concerning their immediate future marital relationship, or their reconciliation decision. Couples were classified on the basis of these decisions and were categorized as follows: 1) decision to reconcile (R), 2) decision to refuse reconciliation (RR), and 3) reconciliation decision unknown to the Marriage Counselor's Office, which consisted of the subgroups off-calendar (OC) and petition-dismissed (PD). The possibility that other factors relating to marital status might be associated with reconciliation decisions of these couples was also investigated. The specific hypotheses tested were: 1. There is no difference among the three reconciliation decision groups, R, RR, and RU, with regard to ACI scores or to HOS scores. 2. There is a significant negative correlation between HOS and ACI within the entire sample and within each of the reconciliation decision groups. 3. There is no difference in HOS scores of court-referred couples and non-court-referred couples regardless of reconciliation decision. 4. Among couples receiving counseling there is no difference in the number who do reconcile and the number who do not reconcile within this particular sample. 5. Reconciliation decision is independent of: present ages of marriage partners, duration of marriage, incidence of children younger than ten years, incidence of separation, and duration of separation. Results indicated differences, significant at the five per cent level, in both HOS and ACI between the R group and PD group, in HOS only between the RR and PD group, and in ACI only between the R and RR groups. No differences resulted in either ACI or HOS between OC and PD, R and OC, and RR and OC. No significant relationship was found between the number of couples who reconcile and the number of couples who refuse reconciliation following counseling. A significant negative correlation (-.575) between ACI and HOS was found within the R group, and no relationship was found within any one of the RR, OC, or PD groups. The reconciliation decision of couples was found to be independent of age of the marriage partners, the duration of marriage, the incidence of children younger than ten years of age, or the duration of separation. However, reconciliation decision was found to be significantly related to incidence of separation at the .001 level of confidence. It was concluded from the results of the study that differences do exist in affection-companionship and hostility between certain reconciliation decision groups, and that for reconciled couples, at least, a significant negative relationship exists between ACI and HOS. The affection-companionship index, as measured by the Marriage Questionnaire, discriminates between reconciled couples and couples who refuse to reconcile. Marital separation is associated with the reconciliation decision of these couples. The study points up the need for further research. Close

• 41. [Article] Preservice counselors' initial perceptions of client grief style : an analogue study

  Grief--the reaction to a significant loss--is a near-universal human experience, from which a subset of grievers (10%-15%) have difficulty recovering, placing them at high risk for negative health and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preservice counselors' initial perceptions of client grief style : an analogue study Author: Beckett, L. Catherine Grief--the reaction to a significant loss--is a near-universal human experience, from which a subset of grievers (10%-15%) have difficulty recovering, placing them at high risk for negative health and mental health outcomes (Marks, Jun, & Song, 2007). For those showing substantial distress, counseling has been shown to be an effective intervention (Boerner, Wortman, & Bonnano, 2005; Parkes, 1971). In 2000, Martin and Doka introduced a continuum of adaptive grieving styles, from intuitive (affectively focused) grief to instrumental (cognitively or behaviorally focused) grief. We know that counseling outcomes can be affected by perceptions and biases that counselors have toward clients (Luborsky, Auerbach, Chandler, Cohen, & Bachrach, 1971); however, we do not know whether a counselor’s perception of a client at the start of treatment is impacted by the client’s grief style. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of client grief style on initial counselor perceptions of the client. Utilizing an analogue design, this study explored how client grief style impacted counselors’ clinically related judgments following the viewing of an analogue of an initial counseling interview. Three professional actors were used to create videotapes of three different grief scenarios (bereavement, divorce, and pregnancy loss), with each actor portraying both an intuitive and an instrumental version of each scenario. The client’s grief style was manipulated by alterations in language and affective presentation in a three-by-two design that held the facts of the clinical scenarios, as well as all other aspects of the videotapes, constant. One version of each of the three scenarios (three video clips in all) was shown to a total of 99 preservice counselors in six CACREP-accredited master’s in counseling programs. There were three directional hypotheses developed based upon the extant research literature: (a) counselors would rate the global functioning of intuitive grievers higher than the global functioning of instrumental grievers; (b) counselors will rate their expectations of the therapeutic bond with intuitive grievers higher than their expectations of the therapeutic bond with instrumental grievers; and (c) counselors would be more likely to encourage emotional catharsis among instrumental grievers. Results supported the second hypothesis but not the first and third. Indeed, for the first and third hypotheses, there were significant differences found in the opposite direction. Counselors rated instrumental grievers as higher functioning than intuitive grievers (the opposite of Hypothesis 1), and the likelihood that counselors would encourage emotional catharsis was higher for intuitive grievers (the opposite of Hypothesis 3). Of particular clinical and educational importance was the finding that 66% of participants reported they would encourage emotional catharsis “often,” “very often,” or “always” in treatment with instrumental grievers, an approach that may be contraindicated for this group. Title: Preservice counselors' initial perceptions of client grief style : an analogue study Author: Beckett, L. Catherine Grief--the reaction to a significant loss--is a near-universal human experience, from which a subset of grievers (10%-15%) have difficulty recovering, placing them at high risk for negative health and mental health outcomes (Marks, Jun, & Song, 2007). For those showing substantial distress, counseling has been shown to be an effective intervention (Boerner, Wortman, & Bonnano, 2005; Parkes, 1971). In 2000, Martin and Doka introduced a continuum of adaptive grieving styles, from intuitive (affectively focused) grief to instrumental (cognitively or behaviorally focused) grief. We know that counseling outcomes can be affected by perceptions and biases that counselors have toward clients (Luborsky, Auerbach, Chandler, Cohen, & Bachrach, 1971); however, we do not know whether a counselor’s perception of a client at the start of treatment is impacted by the client’s grief style. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of client grief style on initial counselor perceptions of the client. Utilizing an analogue design, this study explored how client grief style impacted counselors’ clinically related judgments following the viewing of an analogue of an initial counseling interview. Three professional actors were used to create videotapes of three different grief scenarios (bereavement, divorce, and pregnancy loss), with each actor portraying both an intuitive and an instrumental version of each scenario. The client’s grief style was manipulated by alterations in language and affective presentation in a three-by-two design that held the facts of the clinical scenarios, as well as all other aspects of the videotapes, constant. One version of each of the three scenarios (three video clips in all) was shown to a total of 99 preservice counselors in six CACREP-accredited master’s in counseling programs. There were three directional hypotheses developed based upon the extant research literature: (a) counselors would rate the global functioning of intuitive grievers higher than the global functioning of instrumental grievers; (b) counselors will rate their expectations of the therapeutic bond with intuitive grievers higher than their expectations of the therapeutic bond with instrumental grievers; and (c) counselors would be more likely to encourage emotional catharsis among instrumental grievers. Results supported the second hypothesis but not the first and third. Indeed, for the first and third hypotheses, there were significant differences found in the opposite direction. Counselors rated instrumental grievers as higher functioning than intuitive grievers (the opposite of Hypothesis 1), and the likelihood that counselors would encourage emotional catharsis was higher for intuitive grievers (the opposite of Hypothesis 3). Of particular clinical and educational importance was the finding that 66% of participants reported they would encourage emotional catharsis “often,” “very often,” or “always” in treatment with instrumental grievers, an approach that may be contraindicated for this group. Close

• 42. [Article] Selected characteristics of personal bankruptcy petitioners in Portland, Oregon

  Concern regarding the large numbers of personal bankruptcies in Oregon prompted this study. Although information was available from a few studies in other parts of the United States, none was available ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected characteristics of personal bankruptcy petitioners in Portland, Oregon Author: Matsen, Shirley Suzanne Concern regarding the large numbers of personal bankruptcies in Oregon prompted this study. Although information was available from a few studies in other parts of the United States, none was available for Oregon. Very little data has been collected on personal and family characteristics of people filing bankruptcy and less has been collected through personal interviews with the petitioners. The two major objectives of this study were (1) to obtain data about certain personal and family characteristics of a sample of Oregon personal bankruptcy petitioners through the use of an interview questionnaire and to attempt to determine if they were related to financial characteristics obtained from official bankruptcy petitions and (2) to compare selected socioeconomic characteristics of the sample with Oregon and United States general population characteristics. An interview questionnaire was administered to 50 personal bankruptcy petitioners immediately following the first creditor hearing for each case in the bankruptcy court in Portland, Oregon in February 1966. Other data were secured from the bankruptcy petitions. The study required cooperation of the Federal Referees in Bankruptcy, attorneys handling each case and the petitioners themselves. Personal and family information obtained from the petitioner questionnaire included: sex; age class; occupation classification; employment status; marital status; length of time married; length of time divorced or separated; number of times petitioner had married; age class of spouse; family size; number of children; stage in family life cycle; employment status of spouse; bankruptcy history; petitioner and spouse education; social class; incidence of threatened and/or actual garnishment; number and type of solutions to financial problems sought before petitioning for bankruptcy; period of highest debt level; reason for highest debt level; number and type of primary reasons for filing bankruptcy petition; type of area in which petitioner lived during first 14 years of life; degree of expressed marital happiness; degree of influence of financial problems on marital happiness; responsibility for bill payment; and degree of expressed husband-wife agreement regarding expenditures. Financial information obtained from bankruptcy petitions filed with the court included income for last available year, total amount of debt, amount and percentage of secured, unsecured and assigned debt and number and percentage of secured, unsecured and assigned creditors. Debts were classified into 23 creditor classifications according to purpose of the debt. Statistical description included frequency distributions, ranges, means and medians. A t-test of significance was run for petitioner characteristics with mean debt and mean income. A multiple correlation using age class, family size, stage in family life cycle, mean income and mean debt was calculated. Results of the study indicated a significant correlation (P = .01) between mean debt and mean income. Among other findings are the following median personal, family and financial characteristics of the petitioners: male, 28 years old, married, two children, child bearing stage of family life cycle, twelfth grade education, semiskilled employee, income for last available year of $4,950 and total debt of $4,831 owed 16.5 creditors. Over 75 percent of the petitioners owed medical and automobile expenses. Findings regarding degree of expressed marital happiness, degree of influence of financial problems on marital happiness and degree of expressed husband-wife agreement regarding expenditures, although not conclusive, suggest trends which indicate the need for further research. Care must be taken not to generalize from the results since reliability and validity have not been established. Suggestions for further research regarding bankruptcy include expansion of interview technique and total sample size, study of financial management practices of bankrupts following bankruptcy release, study of creditor orientation to bankruptcy, a longitudinal study of family structure and personal traits as they relate to financial management. Title: Selected characteristics of personal bankruptcy petitioners in Portland, Oregon Author: Matsen, Shirley Suzanne Concern regarding the large numbers of personal bankruptcies in Oregon prompted this study. Although information was available from a few studies in other parts of the United States, none was available for Oregon. Very little data has been collected on personal and family characteristics of people filing bankruptcy and less has been collected through personal interviews with the petitioners. The two major objectives of this study were (1) to obtain data about certain personal and family characteristics of a sample of Oregon personal bankruptcy petitioners through the use of an interview questionnaire and to attempt to determine if they were related to financial characteristics obtained from official bankruptcy petitions and (2) to compare selected socioeconomic characteristics of the sample with Oregon and United States general population characteristics. An interview questionnaire was administered to 50 personal bankruptcy petitioners immediately following the first creditor hearing for each case in the bankruptcy court in Portland, Oregon in February 1966. Other data were secured from the bankruptcy petitions. The study required cooperation of the Federal Referees in Bankruptcy, attorneys handling each case and the petitioners themselves. Personal and family information obtained from the petitioner questionnaire included: sex; age class; occupation classification; employment status; marital status; length of time married; length of time divorced or separated; number of times petitioner had married; age class of spouse; family size; number of children; stage in family life cycle; employment status of spouse; bankruptcy history; petitioner and spouse education; social class; incidence of threatened and/or actual garnishment; number and type of solutions to financial problems sought before petitioning for bankruptcy; period of highest debt level; reason for highest debt level; number and type of primary reasons for filing bankruptcy petition; type of area in which petitioner lived during first 14 years of life; degree of expressed marital happiness; degree of influence of financial problems on marital happiness; responsibility for bill payment; and degree of expressed husband-wife agreement regarding expenditures. Financial information obtained from bankruptcy petitions filed with the court included income for last available year, total amount of debt, amount and percentage of secured, unsecured and assigned debt and number and percentage of secured, unsecured and assigned creditors. Debts were classified into 23 creditor classifications according to purpose of the debt. Statistical description included frequency distributions, ranges, means and medians. A t-test of significance was run for petitioner characteristics with mean debt and mean income. A multiple correlation using age class, family size, stage in family life cycle, mean income and mean debt was calculated. Results of the study indicated a significant correlation (P = .01) between mean debt and mean income. Among other findings are the following median personal, family and financial characteristics of the petitioners: male, 28 years old, married, two children, child bearing stage of family life cycle, twelfth grade education, semiskilled employee, income for last available year of $4,950 and total debt of $4,831 owed 16.5 creditors. Over 75 percent of the petitioners owed medical and automobile expenses. Findings regarding degree of expressed marital happiness, degree of influence of financial problems on marital happiness and degree of expressed husband-wife agreement regarding expenditures, although not conclusive, suggest trends which indicate the need for further research. Care must be taken not to generalize from the results since reliability and validity have not been established. Suggestions for further research regarding bankruptcy include expansion of interview technique and total sample size, study of financial management practices of bankrupts following bankruptcy release, study of creditor orientation to bankruptcy, a longitudinal study of family structure and personal traits as they relate to financial management. Close

• 43. [Article] The influence of community service volunteer work on perceptions of job satisfaction and organizational commitment among Oregon employees of Pacific Northwest Bell

  Corporate employee volunteer programs are redefining "corporate social responsibility." Community benefits derived from these programs are well documented. However, there is limited research on what internal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The influence of community service volunteer work on perceptions of job satisfaction and organizational commitment among Oregon employees of Pacific Northwest Bell Author: Stebbins, Sarah J. Corporate employee volunteer programs are redefining "corporate social responsibility." Community benefits derived from these programs are well documented. However, there is limited research on what internal impact such programs have on the sponsoring corporations. Kast and Rosenzwieg (1978) define "organizational performance" as "effectiveness," "efficiency" and "participant satisfaction." The study focused on the latter of these components. "Job satisfaction" and "organizational commitment" were the dependent variables because of their relationship to "participant satisfaction." The study's purpose was to determine if a relationship existed between community service volunteer work and perceptions of job satisfaction and organizational commitment among Oregon employees of Pacific Northwest Bell (PNB). A random sample of 1,000 Oregon PNB employees received a mail survey with 64.6% of the surveys returned. Respondents were placed into groups according to their volunteer activity: PNB sponsored/non- PNB sponsored, PNB only, non-PNB only and none. A statistically significant relationship was found to exist between community service activity and the two dependent variables. The two groups highest in the dependent variables were involved in PNB sponsored activity. Both null hypotheses failed to be retained. There were significant main effects for both dependent variables by marital status, sex, years with PNB and age. Selected conclusions from the study were: 1. Employees involved in volunteer activity and in particular, corporate sponsored activity, appear to interact positively with the dependent variables. 2. It appears there is a relationship between community service involvement and employee perceptions that the employer encourages participation. 3. Single PNB employees, as a group, are subject to higher rates of turnover than married, divorced or widowed employees. Selected recommendations for further research included: 1. Determine if a causal relationship exists between community service volunteer work and the dependent variables. 2. Examine more closely employee perceptions of employer attitudes towards volunteer work. 3. Replicate this study in a manufacturing corporation. Compare PNB employee community service involvement with employees of a corporation that produces goods rather than providing service. Title: The influence of community service volunteer work on perceptions of job satisfaction and organizational commitment among Oregon employees of Pacific Northwest Bell Author: Stebbins, Sarah J. Corporate employee volunteer programs are redefining "corporate social responsibility." Community benefits derived from these programs are well documented. However, there is limited research on what internal impact such programs have on the sponsoring corporations. Kast and Rosenzwieg (1978) define "organizational performance" as "effectiveness," "efficiency" and "participant satisfaction." The study focused on the latter of these components. "Job satisfaction" and "organizational commitment" were the dependent variables because of their relationship to "participant satisfaction." The study's purpose was to determine if a relationship existed between community service volunteer work and perceptions of job satisfaction and organizational commitment among Oregon employees of Pacific Northwest Bell (PNB). A random sample of 1,000 Oregon PNB employees received a mail survey with 64.6% of the surveys returned. Respondents were placed into groups according to their volunteer activity: PNB sponsored/non- PNB sponsored, PNB only, non-PNB only and none. A statistically significant relationship was found to exist between community service activity and the two dependent variables. The two groups highest in the dependent variables were involved in PNB sponsored activity. Both null hypotheses failed to be retained. There were significant main effects for both dependent variables by marital status, sex, years with PNB and age. Selected conclusions from the study were: 1. Employees involved in volunteer activity and in particular, corporate sponsored activity, appear to interact positively with the dependent variables. 2. It appears there is a relationship between community service involvement and employee perceptions that the employer encourages participation. 3. Single PNB employees, as a group, are subject to higher rates of turnover than married, divorced or widowed employees. Selected recommendations for further research included: 1. Determine if a causal relationship exists between community service volunteer work and the dependent variables. 2. Examine more closely employee perceptions of employer attitudes towards volunteer work. 3. Replicate this study in a manufacturing corporation. Compare PNB employee community service involvement with employees of a corporation that produces goods rather than providing service. Close

• 44. [Article] Coping resources mediating the relationship between stressful life events and delinquent behavior among adolescents

  Stressful events of both major and minor magnitude in the lives of children and adolescents are significantly related to emotional and behavioral problems (Compas, 1987a; Johnson, 1986). It is also apparent, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coping resources mediating the relationship between stressful life events and delinquent behavior among adolescents Author: Sim, Hee-og Stressful events of both major and minor magnitude in the lives of children and adolescents are significantly related to emotional and behavioral problems (Compas, 1987a; Johnson, 1986). It is also apparent, however, that this relationship is complicated and that individuals vary greatly in their responses to stress. The purpose of this study was to explore factors that mediate the relationship between negative life events and behavioral problems during adolescence. In this study, it was hypothesized that negative life events would lower personal resources which, in turn, would lower social resources. Adolescents with lower levels of personal and social resources were predicted to have higher levels of delinquent behavior. Data were collected from 217 of the 9th graders in a high school in a coastal community of Oregon. One hundred sixty-one returned completed surveys. The following scales were used; the Divorce Events Schedule for Children (Sandler, Wolchik, Braver, & Fogas, 1986), a shortened form of the Adolescent Perceived Events Scale (Compas, Davis, Forsythe, & Wagner, 1987),; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965); Desirable and Undesirable Event Locus of Control Scale (Rothbaum, Wolfer, & Visintainer, 1979); Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (Rosenthal, Gurney, & Moore, 1981); Social Support Scale for Children (Harter, 1986); Delinquency Lifestyle Scale (Ageton & Elliott, 1978). For data analysis, a series of path analyses using regression techniques was used. Results indicated that coping resources mediated the relationship between negative life events and delinquent behavior. A high level of stress was related to lower levels of personal resources. These personal resources were not directly related to more delinquent behavior, however. Rather, they were associated with lower social support and then more delinquent behavior. The findings related to specific personal resources were both consistent and contrary to predictions. Negative life events lowered self-esteem, identity, and autonomy development significantly. Consistent with previous research, adolescents with external locus of control orientation had more delinquent behavior and perceived less social support. Social support was a mediator between negative life events and delinquent behavior, implying the importance of social support from family, school, and peer in preventing delinquent behavior among adolescents. Title: Coping resources mediating the relationship between stressful life events and delinquent behavior among adolescents Author: Sim, Hee-og Stressful events of both major and minor magnitude in the lives of children and adolescents are significantly related to emotional and behavioral problems (Compas, 1987a; Johnson, 1986). It is also apparent, however, that this relationship is complicated and that individuals vary greatly in their responses to stress. The purpose of this study was to explore factors that mediate the relationship between negative life events and behavioral problems during adolescence. In this study, it was hypothesized that negative life events would lower personal resources which, in turn, would lower social resources. Adolescents with lower levels of personal and social resources were predicted to have higher levels of delinquent behavior. Data were collected from 217 of the 9th graders in a high school in a coastal community of Oregon. One hundred sixty-one returned completed surveys. The following scales were used; the Divorce Events Schedule for Children (Sandler, Wolchik, Braver, & Fogas, 1986), a shortened form of the Adolescent Perceived Events Scale (Compas, Davis, Forsythe, & Wagner, 1987),; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965); Desirable and Undesirable Event Locus of Control Scale (Rothbaum, Wolfer, & Visintainer, 1979); Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (Rosenthal, Gurney, & Moore, 1981); Social Support Scale for Children (Harter, 1986); Delinquency Lifestyle Scale (Ageton & Elliott, 1978). For data analysis, a series of path analyses using regression techniques was used. Results indicated that coping resources mediated the relationship between negative life events and delinquent behavior. A high level of stress was related to lower levels of personal resources. These personal resources were not directly related to more delinquent behavior, however. Rather, they were associated with lower social support and then more delinquent behavior. The findings related to specific personal resources were both consistent and contrary to predictions. Negative life events lowered self-esteem, identity, and autonomy development significantly. Consistent with previous research, adolescents with external locus of control orientation had more delinquent behavior and perceived less social support. Social support was a mediator between negative life events and delinquent behavior, implying the importance of social support from family, school, and peer in preventing delinquent behavior among adolescents. Close

• 45. [Article] Self concepts of gainfully employed women in two colleges in Washington State

  Purpose The purpose of this study was two fold: 1) to determine the self concepts of women workers and their relationship to certain personal variables and patterns of work, and 2) to produce basic self ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Self concepts of gainfully employed women in two colleges in Washington State Author: Westrum, Helen J. Purpose The purpose of this study was two fold: 1) to determine the self concepts of women workers and their relationship to certain personal variables and patterns of work, and 2) to produce basic self concept research. Procedures The subjects selected for this study were the women employed in 1973 at Eastern Washington State College and Central Washington State College. Eastern employed 302 women and Central employed 282 women for a total of 583 subjects. The women worked at a variety of occupations in two different work settings. The women's occupations fell into three major divisions; professional, clerical and service workers. Each student was sent a data gathering packet that consisted of a cover letter, personal data sheet, instruction sheet, Tennessee Self Concept Scale booklet, score sheet and self-addressed-stamped envelope. Of the packets distributed, 378 were useable. The data from the personal data sheets were put on code sheets. The TSCS was mailed to Counselor Recordings and Tests, Nashville, Tennessee for scoring. When the computer print-outs were returned to the researcher, the T scores were matched with the personal data information. The data were then processed by programmed computer to determine if there were significant differences in the marital status, job classification, total length of time worked, length of time held in present position, age and education of the women workers. The data were then processed by programmed calculator and mean scores, as well as the one-way analysis of variance, were determined. Conclusions The statistical findings of this research project offers the following conclusions: 1. Marriage makes a significant difference in the self concepts of the group of working women studied. Married women had the highest self concept scores. Single women had the lowest scores. Divorced or separated women had scores higher than single women. Marriage, even if it was unsuccessful, produced higher self concept scores among the group of women studied. 2. The length of time a woman worked at her present position was directly related to her self concept score. The longer she worked, the more likely her score on the TSCS would be higher. 3. The TSCS mean scores in all the categories, under each hypothesis, showed that the respondents were above the norm of 50. This showed that the group had a positive self concept. Implications In view of the findings and conclusions of this study, the following implications were drawn: 1. Marital status was the most influential factor in forming self concepts of the women studied. Schools and other social institutions would help strengthen the self concepts of all women by encouraging women to think of themselves as individually valuable married or not married. 2. The longer a woman held her present position the better her self concept became. This knowledge would be valuable to all women, as well as employers. It would mean that women who worked in the same position over a long period of time would have the confidence needed for upward job mobility. Persons with a high self concept handle stress better and that would make them more qualified for advancement. Title: Self concepts of gainfully employed women in two colleges in Washington State Author: Westrum, Helen J. Purpose The purpose of this study was two fold: 1) to determine the self concepts of women workers and their relationship to certain personal variables and patterns of work, and 2) to produce basic self concept research. Procedures The subjects selected for this study were the women employed in 1973 at Eastern Washington State College and Central Washington State College. Eastern employed 302 women and Central employed 282 women for a total of 583 subjects. The women worked at a variety of occupations in two different work settings. The women's occupations fell into three major divisions; professional, clerical and service workers. Each student was sent a data gathering packet that consisted of a cover letter, personal data sheet, instruction sheet, Tennessee Self Concept Scale booklet, score sheet and self-addressed-stamped envelope. Of the packets distributed, 378 were useable. The data from the personal data sheets were put on code sheets. The TSCS was mailed to Counselor Recordings and Tests, Nashville, Tennessee for scoring. When the computer print-outs were returned to the researcher, the T scores were matched with the personal data information. The data were then processed by programmed computer to determine if there were significant differences in the marital status, job classification, total length of time worked, length of time held in present position, age and education of the women workers. The data were then processed by programmed calculator and mean scores, as well as the one-way analysis of variance, were determined. Conclusions The statistical findings of this research project offers the following conclusions: 1. Marriage makes a significant difference in the self concepts of the group of working women studied. Married women had the highest self concept scores. Single women had the lowest scores. Divorced or separated women had scores higher than single women. Marriage, even if it was unsuccessful, produced higher self concept scores among the group of women studied. 2. The length of time a woman worked at her present position was directly related to her self concept score. The longer she worked, the more likely her score on the TSCS would be higher. 3. The TSCS mean scores in all the categories, under each hypothesis, showed that the respondents were above the norm of 50. This showed that the group had a positive self concept. Implications In view of the findings and conclusions of this study, the following implications were drawn: 1. Marital status was the most influential factor in forming self concepts of the women studied. Schools and other social institutions would help strengthen the self concepts of all women by encouraging women to think of themselves as individually valuable married or not married. 2. The longer a woman held her present position the better her self concept became. This knowledge would be valuable to all women, as well as employers. It would mean that women who worked in the same position over a long period of time would have the confidence needed for upward job mobility. Persons with a high self concept handle stress better and that would make them more qualified for advancement. Close

• 46. [Article] Influences of tillage system, climate, and soils on the demand for topsoil in northcentral Oregon wheat production

  Soil erosion research in the fields of agronomy, soils science and mechanics, agricultural engineering, hydrology, climatology, and other scientific disciplines has economic dimensions. In general, measurable ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influences of tillage system, climate, and soils on the demand for topsoil in northcentral Oregon wheat production Author: Hanrahan, Michael S. Soil erosion research in the fields of agronomy, soils science and mechanics, agricultural engineering, hydrology, climatology, and other scientific disciplines has economic dimensions. In general, measurable and, at times, significant economic effects are associated with the effects of erosion in the other disciplines. Interactions between climate, soils, hydrology, and tillage practices are incorporated into a stochastic simulation model that considers twenty six combinations of five tillage systems, three initial soil depths, two soil associations, two slope classes, and two annual precipitation levels over one hundred years. The model endogeneously determines stochastic annual soil loss. Yield is a function of varying soil depth and technological advance. The model maximizes the wheat producer's objective, 100-year discounted quasi-rents from wheat production. Cumulative or total rent distributions that derive from alternative tillage systems in the different ecological circumstances are compared under stochastic dominance. In low rainfall, shallow soil areas, annual tillage systems were preferred to fallow ones, while conservation tillage dominated plow tillage. In high rainfall areas, for either shallow or deep soil, conservation tillage dominated plow tillage, while plow tillage dominated no-till. Manipulation of the tillage-associated rent distributions permitted the estimation of value-of-marginal product or willingness to pay curves (ordinary, profit-maximizing, input demand curves) that express the depth of soil as a function of its economic worth. Properties of these curves are discussed. Comparison of expected total returns and marginal returns to topsoil increments under alternative tillage systems in defined ecological circumstances paralleled the stochastic dominance results. Rankings of tillage systems by expected total returns differed between ecological areas and differed from rankings by marginal returns. Regardless of tillage system or ecological circumstances, the economic worth of each added soil increment diminished. The experiment showed that differential rates of soil loss associated with different tillage systems influence the decision to continue using or to initially invest in alternative tillages, and also influence the economically rational wheat producer's willingness to incur costs associated with soil conservation. Total and marginal rents associated with single tillages were found to vary greatly across ecological circumstances. The ability and the willingness to invest in soil conservation were somewhat divorced. This result has significance for soil conservation targeting. Title: Influences of tillage system, climate, and soils on the demand for topsoil in northcentral Oregon wheat production Author: Hanrahan, Michael S. Soil erosion research in the fields of agronomy, soils science and mechanics, agricultural engineering, hydrology, climatology, and other scientific disciplines has economic dimensions. In general, measurable and, at times, significant economic effects are associated with the effects of erosion in the other disciplines. Interactions between climate, soils, hydrology, and tillage practices are incorporated into a stochastic simulation model that considers twenty six combinations of five tillage systems, three initial soil depths, two soil associations, two slope classes, and two annual precipitation levels over one hundred years. The model endogeneously determines stochastic annual soil loss. Yield is a function of varying soil depth and technological advance. The model maximizes the wheat producer's objective, 100-year discounted quasi-rents from wheat production. Cumulative or total rent distributions that derive from alternative tillage systems in the different ecological circumstances are compared under stochastic dominance. In low rainfall, shallow soil areas, annual tillage systems were preferred to fallow ones, while conservation tillage dominated plow tillage. In high rainfall areas, for either shallow or deep soil, conservation tillage dominated plow tillage, while plow tillage dominated no-till. Manipulation of the tillage-associated rent distributions permitted the estimation of value-of-marginal product or willingness to pay curves (ordinary, profit-maximizing, input demand curves) that express the depth of soil as a function of its economic worth. Properties of these curves are discussed. Comparison of expected total returns and marginal returns to topsoil increments under alternative tillage systems in defined ecological circumstances paralleled the stochastic dominance results. Rankings of tillage systems by expected total returns differed between ecological areas and differed from rankings by marginal returns. Regardless of tillage system or ecological circumstances, the economic worth of each added soil increment diminished. The experiment showed that differential rates of soil loss associated with different tillage systems influence the decision to continue using or to initially invest in alternative tillages, and also influence the economically rational wheat producer's willingness to incur costs associated with soil conservation. Total and marginal rents associated with single tillages were found to vary greatly across ecological circumstances. The ability and the willingness to invest in soil conservation were somewhat divorced. This result has significance for soil conservation targeting. Close

• 47. [Article] Rural ceramic production, consumption, and exchange in late classic Oaxaca, Mexico : a view from Yaasuchi

  The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico was home to one of the most intensively-studied archaic states in the New World. Centered at the hilltop city of Monte Albán, the Zapotec State first arose around 500 BC and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rural ceramic production, consumption, and exchange in late classic Oaxaca, Mexico : a view from Yaasuchi Author: Pink, Jeremias The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico was home to one of the most intensively-studied archaic states in the New World. Centered at the hilltop city of Monte Albán, the Zapotec State first arose around 500 BC and eventually encompassed much of the present-day state of Oaxaca. But by the Late Classic (AD 550 - 850), the state began to dissolve from a regional power into a series of autonomous city-states. The organization of the Zapotec economy in the centuries preceding state decline has been alternatively characterized as a state administered system or a commercial market economy, but most work hinges upon a continued assumption of mutual dependence between rural agricultural producers and urban manufacturers of craft goods. Yet little empirical research has focused on the economic behavior of households in rural communities. To address these assumptions, over 300 archaeological ceramics from the rural site of Yaasuchi were submitted for compositional analysis using INAA at the OSU Archaeometry Laboratory in order to establish provenance. These ceramics were drawn from two Late Classic domestic structures, a ceramic-production firing feature, and surface collections taken throughout the site. Together, they provide insight into patterns of production, consumption, and exchange at a small, rural community in Monte Albán’s hinterland. Comparisons of these data to compositional information from a large database of clays and ceramics from throughout the region show that as much as 90% of Yaasuchi ceramics were produced on site and exchanged between households. Of the remaining 10%, one third were produced in communities near Monte Albán while the remainder came from sources closer to Yaasuchi. These results suggest that Yaasuchi households were not dependent on exchange in urban centers for access to ceramics. Nor however, were they divorced from the regional economy. Rather, households employed a range of economic strategies to fulfil domestic needs, including craft production for intra-site and regional exchange. I argue that this pattern of economic behavior is consistent with a view of the Late Classic economy in which the growing autonomy of sub-regional polities resulted in an incompletely integrated, overlapping market network. The structure of this exchange system would have impacted the reliability of markets as both a source of goods and income, discouraging rural participation in regional exchange. Title: Rural ceramic production, consumption, and exchange in late classic Oaxaca, Mexico : a view from Yaasuchi Author: Pink, Jeremias The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico was home to one of the most intensively-studied archaic states in the New World. Centered at the hilltop city of Monte Albán, the Zapotec State first arose around 500 BC and eventually encompassed much of the present-day state of Oaxaca. But by the Late Classic (AD 550 - 850), the state began to dissolve from a regional power into a series of autonomous city-states. The organization of the Zapotec economy in the centuries preceding state decline has been alternatively characterized as a state administered system or a commercial market economy, but most work hinges upon a continued assumption of mutual dependence between rural agricultural producers and urban manufacturers of craft goods. Yet little empirical research has focused on the economic behavior of households in rural communities. To address these assumptions, over 300 archaeological ceramics from the rural site of Yaasuchi were submitted for compositional analysis using INAA at the OSU Archaeometry Laboratory in order to establish provenance. These ceramics were drawn from two Late Classic domestic structures, a ceramic-production firing feature, and surface collections taken throughout the site. Together, they provide insight into patterns of production, consumption, and exchange at a small, rural community in Monte Albán’s hinterland. Comparisons of these data to compositional information from a large database of clays and ceramics from throughout the region show that as much as 90% of Yaasuchi ceramics were produced on site and exchanged between households. Of the remaining 10%, one third were produced in communities near Monte Albán while the remainder came from sources closer to Yaasuchi. These results suggest that Yaasuchi households were not dependent on exchange in urban centers for access to ceramics. Nor however, were they divorced from the regional economy. Rather, households employed a range of economic strategies to fulfil domestic needs, including craft production for intra-site and regional exchange. I argue that this pattern of economic behavior is consistent with a view of the Late Classic economy in which the growing autonomy of sub-regional polities resulted in an incompletely integrated, overlapping market network. The structure of this exchange system would have impacted the reliability of markets as both a source of goods and income, discouraging rural participation in regional exchange. Close

• 48. [Article] Theorizing age and gender in the pursuit of love in late life

  In this dissertation, I explore how women and men in later life experience the world of dating and the pursuit of new intimate relationships. Although the mortality gap between women and men at older ages ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Theorizing age and gender in the pursuit of love in late life Author: Levaro, Elizabeth Bayler In this dissertation, I explore how women and men in later life experience the world of dating and the pursuit of new intimate relationships. Although the mortality gap between women and men at older ages is narrowing, as they enter their 70s, 80s, and 90s, there are still at least two unmarried women for every unmarried man. This gender imbalance is due to women's greater longevity and cultural norms based in gender relations that underlie men's preference for younger partners at all ages--and, throughout most of their lives, women's preference for older partners. Viewing the pursuit of new intimate relationships as embedded within intersecting systems of age and gender inequality, my goal was to explore how unmarried heterosexual women and men negotiate the world of dating in late life and how they view themselves and each other as aging men and women. This research focuses on White heterosexual women and men 70 years of age and older who were actively pursuing new dating relationships through personal newspaper ads and Internet dating and matching sites. Positioning the search for new intimate partners within the intersection of age relations and gender relations, I addressed two research questions. First, I sought to understand how unmarried—widowed, divorced, or always single—heterosexual women and men age 70 and older who are actively pursuing new intimate relationships view and describe their experience of the world of late-life dating, their place in it as aging men and women, and the dating partners they encounter. Second, I examined how, as men and women in aging bodies in a culture that devalues both old age and old people, they maintain, negotiate, or construct their sense of manhood and masculinity or womanhood and femininity in the context of dating, romance, and sexual intimacy. This dissertation consists of two studies, both grounded in a constructivist/interpretive paradigm and the thematic analysis of in-depth, semistructured interviews with 24 informants (11 women and 13 men) between the ages of 70 and 92. In the first study, using an intersectional framework of age relations and gender relations, I examined how internalized negative stereotypes of aging in general and one's own aging, in particular, shape the ways in which old men and women position themselves for finding romantic partners and how they manage identity to make themselves attractive romantic partners in an ageist society. Through their personal ads, Internet profiles, posted pictures, and within the interviews themselves, I found that informants both maintained and subverted age and gender expectations. They consistently resisted a self-identity as old by invoking claims and affirmations of neither looking nor acting their chronological age. Simultaneously, they communicated admonitions to potential dating partners that they should not look or act old. Both the men and the women were seeking new romantic partners younger than themselves, with the men's mean lower age 21 years younger and the women's, 10 years younger. In the second study, also grounded in considerations of age relations and gender relations, I examined informants' orientations to sexual activity and the importance of sex in their dating lives. Findings showed that, contrary to ageist stereotypes depicting old people as asexual and earlier research findings that older adults might settle for alternate intimate activities, the majority of the women and men in this study expressed interest in an intimate relationship that includes sex, and most interpreted this to mean penetrative intercourse. Nearly all of the men were sexually active with younger partners, with over half either using or holding samples of drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). A far smaller percentage of the women were currently dating or sexually active, and none had experience with partners who required the functional assistance of ED drugs. In conclusion, the informants present a picture of late-life dating in which individuals both consciously and unconsciously submit to, resist, and sometimes defy the structural constraints presented by societal ageism, age relations, and gender relations. The intersecting systems of inequality and oppression that impact these women and men as they pursue new love may seem only to privilege old men, offering them, for instance, advantage in terms of more lenience in showing their age and a broader age range in which to pursue dating partners. As a group, however, the women expressed more satisfaction with their lives and were less driven by the desire for an intimate partner, relishing the independence and autonomy their unattached status allowed them. Title: Theorizing age and gender in the pursuit of love in late life Author: Levaro, Elizabeth Bayler In this dissertation, I explore how women and men in later life experience the world of dating and the pursuit of new intimate relationships. Although the mortality gap between women and men at older ages is narrowing, as they enter their 70s, 80s, and 90s, there are still at least two unmarried women for every unmarried man. This gender imbalance is due to women's greater longevity and cultural norms based in gender relations that underlie men's preference for younger partners at all ages--and, throughout most of their lives, women's preference for older partners. Viewing the pursuit of new intimate relationships as embedded within intersecting systems of age and gender inequality, my goal was to explore how unmarried heterosexual women and men negotiate the world of dating in late life and how they view themselves and each other as aging men and women. This research focuses on White heterosexual women and men 70 years of age and older who were actively pursuing new dating relationships through personal newspaper ads and Internet dating and matching sites. Positioning the search for new intimate partners within the intersection of age relations and gender relations, I addressed two research questions. First, I sought to understand how unmarried—widowed, divorced, or always single—heterosexual women and men age 70 and older who are actively pursuing new intimate relationships view and describe their experience of the world of late-life dating, their place in it as aging men and women, and the dating partners they encounter. Second, I examined how, as men and women in aging bodies in a culture that devalues both old age and old people, they maintain, negotiate, or construct their sense of manhood and masculinity or womanhood and femininity in the context of dating, romance, and sexual intimacy. This dissertation consists of two studies, both grounded in a constructivist/interpretive paradigm and the thematic analysis of in-depth, semistructured interviews with 24 informants (11 women and 13 men) between the ages of 70 and 92. In the first study, using an intersectional framework of age relations and gender relations, I examined how internalized negative stereotypes of aging in general and one's own aging, in particular, shape the ways in which old men and women position themselves for finding romantic partners and how they manage identity to make themselves attractive romantic partners in an ageist society. Through their personal ads, Internet profiles, posted pictures, and within the interviews themselves, I found that informants both maintained and subverted age and gender expectations. They consistently resisted a self-identity as old by invoking claims and affirmations of neither looking nor acting their chronological age. Simultaneously, they communicated admonitions to potential dating partners that they should not look or act old. Both the men and the women were seeking new romantic partners younger than themselves, with the men's mean lower age 21 years younger and the women's, 10 years younger. In the second study, also grounded in considerations of age relations and gender relations, I examined informants' orientations to sexual activity and the importance of sex in their dating lives. Findings showed that, contrary to ageist stereotypes depicting old people as asexual and earlier research findings that older adults might settle for alternate intimate activities, the majority of the women and men in this study expressed interest in an intimate relationship that includes sex, and most interpreted this to mean penetrative intercourse. Nearly all of the men were sexually active with younger partners, with over half either using or holding samples of drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). A far smaller percentage of the women were currently dating or sexually active, and none had experience with partners who required the functional assistance of ED drugs. In conclusion, the informants present a picture of late-life dating in which individuals both consciously and unconsciously submit to, resist, and sometimes defy the structural constraints presented by societal ageism, age relations, and gender relations. The intersecting systems of inequality and oppression that impact these women and men as they pursue new love may seem only to privilege old men, offering them, for instance, advantage in terms of more lenience in showing their age and a broader age range in which to pursue dating partners. As a group, however, the women expressed more satisfaction with their lives and were less driven by the desire for an intimate partner, relishing the independence and autonomy their unattached status allowed them. Close

• 49. [Article] Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon

  Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon Author: Bigsby, Robert Alexander Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated with success and failure in the out-of-school program. The second purpose was to utilize these available socio-economic and educational factors identified as success or failure determiners to construct a mathematical success-failure prediction equation. Procedures Data for 302 enrollees were obtained through a random sampling of terminated out-of-school enrollees. Socio-economic information was extracted from enrollee application forms and files. Educational information was obtained from the last school attended. Stepwise multiple linear regression and classification analyses were performed on data to identify variables contributing most significantly to success or failure. For these analyses, data for enrollees were grouped by marital status, sex, and age. Analyses were performed on separated groups. Variables contributing most significantly to success and failure were utilized to construct an equation for success-failure prediction. Selected Findings 1. A higher proportion of females succeeded in the out-of-school program than did males. Forty-five and one tenth percent of the females succeeded compared to 26.9 percent of the males. 2. Factors affecting success or failure of male enrollees were (a) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old male enrollees failed in the program at a rate approximately four times that of older enrollees. (b) Number of siblings in enrollee's family. Male enrollees coming from families with four or more children succeed at a higher rate than enrollees with one, two, or three children. "Only children" failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (c) Highest school grade completed. There was a steady decrease in the failure rate of male enrollees as school grade completed increased. (d) Head of household employment. Single male enrollees living in homes in which the head of household worked part time succeeded at over twice the rate of those living in homes with the head of household working full time. This group also succeeded at a higher rate than those from homes in which the head of household was not working at all. 3. Factors affecting success or failure of female enrollees were: (a) Language spoken in the home. Enrollees speaking Spanish in the home succeeded at a substantially higher rate than those speaking English. (b) Social assistance. Single female enrollees whose families accepted cash welfare payments succeeded at a lower rate than those whose families did not accept welfare. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Single female enrollees stating a skilled lifetime occupational goal succeeded at a higher rate than those stating other lifetime goals. Those stating no lifetime goal or a professional goal failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (d) Family living group. Single female enrollees living with their mothers only succeeded at less than one-half the rate of those living with both parents. (e) Reason for leaving school. Female enrollees who left school for disciplinary reasons failed at a very high rate. (f) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old female enrollees tended not to succeed at as high a rate as 17, 18, 19, and 20 year-olds. 4. Accurate prediction of both success and failure was not possible for male enrollees and married or divorced females, 5. It was possible to correctly predict success and failure in the program of single female enrollees approximately 75 percent of the time by employing five socio-economic factors. 6. An equation was developed for predicting success or failure of single female enrollees. The following factors were employed in this prediction: (a) language spoken in home, (b) family living group, (c) reason for leaving school, (d) welfare, (e) lifetime occupational goal. Title: Analysis of selected factors relating to the Neighborhood Youth Corps program in rural counties of Oregon Author: Bigsby, Robert Alexander Purpose of the Study There were two major purposes of this study. The first was to determine which socio-economic and educational factors normally available to Neighborhood Youth Corps personnel were associated with success and failure in the out-of-school program. The second purpose was to utilize these available socio-economic and educational factors identified as success or failure determiners to construct a mathematical success-failure prediction equation. Procedures Data for 302 enrollees were obtained through a random sampling of terminated out-of-school enrollees. Socio-economic information was extracted from enrollee application forms and files. Educational information was obtained from the last school attended. Stepwise multiple linear regression and classification analyses were performed on data to identify variables contributing most significantly to success or failure. For these analyses, data for enrollees were grouped by marital status, sex, and age. Analyses were performed on separated groups. Variables contributing most significantly to success and failure were utilized to construct an equation for success-failure prediction. Selected Findings 1. A higher proportion of females succeeded in the out-of-school program than did males. Forty-five and one tenth percent of the females succeeded compared to 26.9 percent of the males. 2. Factors affecting success or failure of male enrollees were (a) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old male enrollees failed in the program at a rate approximately four times that of older enrollees. (b) Number of siblings in enrollee's family. Male enrollees coming from families with four or more children succeed at a higher rate than enrollees with one, two, or three children. "Only children" failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (c) Highest school grade completed. There was a steady decrease in the failure rate of male enrollees as school grade completed increased. (d) Head of household employment. Single male enrollees living in homes in which the head of household worked part time succeeded at over twice the rate of those living in homes with the head of household working full time. This group also succeeded at a higher rate than those from homes in which the head of household was not working at all. 3. Factors affecting success or failure of female enrollees were: (a) Language spoken in the home. Enrollees speaking Spanish in the home succeeded at a substantially higher rate than those speaking English. (b) Social assistance. Single female enrollees whose families accepted cash welfare payments succeeded at a lower rate than those whose families did not accept welfare. (c) Stated lifetime occupational goal. Single female enrollees stating a skilled lifetime occupational goal succeeded at a higher rate than those stating other lifetime goals. Those stating no lifetime goal or a professional goal failed at a substantially higher rate than others. (d) Family living group. Single female enrollees living with their mothers only succeeded at less than one-half the rate of those living with both parents. (e) Reason for leaving school. Female enrollees who left school for disciplinary reasons failed at a very high rate. (f) Enrollee age. Sixteen-year-old female enrollees tended not to succeed at as high a rate as 17, 18, 19, and 20 year-olds. 4. Accurate prediction of both success and failure was not possible for male enrollees and married or divorced females, 5. It was possible to correctly predict success and failure in the program of single female enrollees approximately 75 percent of the time by employing five socio-economic factors. 6. An equation was developed for predicting success or failure of single female enrollees. The following factors were employed in this prediction: (a) language spoken in home, (b) family living group, (c) reason for leaving school, (d) welfare, (e) lifetime occupational goal. Close

• 50. [Article] Women's studies : a new program for the community college

  The purpose of this study was to present the new women's studies program for the community college. The study advocated consciousness raising for females at all levels of public instruction, but this paper ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women's studies : a new program for the community college Author: Goltra, Raylene Denise The purpose of this study was to present the new women's studies program for the community college. The study advocated consciousness raising for females at all levels of public instruction, but this paper was limited to the community college. The program outlined would seek to help women to assume a more equal position in American society. The initial phase of the study sought to prove that women are second class citizens in America. For example: women hold none of the presidencies in the top 100 United States business firms. There are no, women governors, nor attorney generals in all the 50 states, In addition, state legislatures across the country comprise approximately 7,000 positions. Only 300 of these positions are held by women. On the federal level, the Senate is an all-male club. In the House of Representatives only Edith Greene of Oregon holds any really important committee power. In the working world, women in blue collar positions face grave problems of overt discrimination, They are often paid less, denied advancement, refused maternity leaves, and are usually the last hired and the first fired. In the professional world, women have made scant headway in the last 30 years. In medicine, fewer women are accepted now than in the 1920's. In the legal profession, upward mobility is almost nil. Barely one percent of all the nation's judges are women. In education, women are abundant on the teaching staffs in, elementary and secondary schools. However, they are rarely promoted to the principal level. Women are also well represented on community college teaching staffs, but almost never rise to upper echelon administrative positions, In higher education, the problem is even more severe. Women encounter blatant discrimination in graduate school, the first pre-requisite to higher education teaching and administration, The number of women holding associate and full professorships in American universities are almost non-existent, Some of the sociological effects of "keeping women in their place" can be seen in the rising rates of females involved in: child abuse, drug usage, desertion, divorce, and suicide. Another major problem is that the number of families headed by women continues to grow. Many of these families exist in poverty. The second phase of the study explored the traditional areas of societal leadership, to ascertain what they were doing to alter these conditions. The groups under investigation were all the major Christian denominations and Judaism. Next studied were labor unions with 30 percent or more female members. Professional and fraternal organizations were also queried. It was concluded that none of these organizations had any structured plan to alter the existing situation for women. The writer then accepted the proposition that the greatest existing societal change agent was the public school system, specifically for this study, the community college. The final phase of the study concerned a detailed plan for the aforementioned new program. Several existing community college women's programs were profiled. Their relative strengths and weaknesses were explored. The major flaw noted in many of these programs was their insistance upon separatism, a "women only" policy, The program envisioned in this paper decries the concept of separatism. Its guiding principle is the creation of greater understanding between people. All classes would comprise both male and female students. Women can hope to alter their position in society very little if they exclude men from this kind of program. The latter group needs to gain more sensitivity to the problem, not increased hostility, which would be the result of exclusion. This new program would be under a Special Programs Director who would also be responsible for courses aimed at others with societal problems such as: ethnic minorities, the handicapped, and the aged. Interaction of all these groups with each other and the rest of the student body would be stressed. The program would offer women awareness courses, vocational training, job placement, group therapy, community activity, and competent, low cost, child care. Finally, the study endeavored to prove that the program could be initiated on almost any campus using the existing facilities and, in many cases, existing personnel. Title: Women's studies : a new program for the community college Author: Goltra, Raylene Denise The purpose of this study was to present the new women's studies program for the community college. The study advocated consciousness raising for females at all levels of public instruction, but this paper was limited to the community college. The program outlined would seek to help women to assume a more equal position in American society. The initial phase of the study sought to prove that women are second class citizens in America. For example: women hold none of the presidencies in the top 100 United States business firms. There are no, women governors, nor attorney generals in all the 50 states, In addition, state legislatures across the country comprise approximately 7,000 positions. Only 300 of these positions are held by women. On the federal level, the Senate is an all-male club. In the House of Representatives only Edith Greene of Oregon holds any really important committee power. In the working world, women in blue collar positions face grave problems of overt discrimination, They are often paid less, denied advancement, refused maternity leaves, and are usually the last hired and the first fired. In the professional world, women have made scant headway in the last 30 years. In medicine, fewer women are accepted now than in the 1920's. In the legal profession, upward mobility is almost nil. Barely one percent of all the nation's judges are women. In education, women are abundant on the teaching staffs in, elementary and secondary schools. However, they are rarely promoted to the principal level. Women are also well represented on community college teaching staffs, but almost never rise to upper echelon administrative positions, In higher education, the problem is even more severe. Women encounter blatant discrimination in graduate school, the first pre-requisite to higher education teaching and administration, The number of women holding associate and full professorships in American universities are almost non-existent, Some of the sociological effects of "keeping women in their place" can be seen in the rising rates of females involved in: child abuse, drug usage, desertion, divorce, and suicide. Another major problem is that the number of families headed by women continues to grow. Many of these families exist in poverty. The second phase of the study explored the traditional areas of societal leadership, to ascertain what they were doing to alter these conditions. The groups under investigation were all the major Christian denominations and Judaism. Next studied were labor unions with 30 percent or more female members. Professional and fraternal organizations were also queried. It was concluded that none of these organizations had any structured plan to alter the existing situation for women. The writer then accepted the proposition that the greatest existing societal change agent was the public school system, specifically for this study, the community college. The final phase of the study concerned a detailed plan for the aforementioned new program. Several existing community college women's programs were profiled. Their relative strengths and weaknesses were explored. The major flaw noted in many of these programs was their insistance upon separatism, a "women only" policy, The program envisioned in this paper decries the concept of separatism. Its guiding principle is the creation of greater understanding between people. All classes would comprise both male and female students. Women can hope to alter their position in society very little if they exclude men from this kind of program. The latter group needs to gain more sensitivity to the problem, not increased hostility, which would be the result of exclusion. This new program would be under a Special Programs Director who would also be responsible for courses aimed at others with societal problems such as: ethnic minorities, the handicapped, and the aged. Interaction of all these groups with each other and the rest of the student body would be stressed. The program would offer women awareness courses, vocational training, job placement, group therapy, community activity, and competent, low cost, child care. Finally, the study endeavored to prove that the program could be initiated on almost any campus using the existing facilities and, in many cases, existing personnel. Close

• 51. [Article] An empirical study of the problem of attrition of students of first-year accounting in Oregon community colleges

  The study was conducted in order to learn of the extent to which attrition exists among students enrolled in the first-year accounting course in Oregon community colleges, the factors tending to contribute to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An empirical study of the problem of attrition of students of first-year accounting in Oregon community colleges Author: Schultz, Alan R. The study was conducted in order to learn of the extent to which attrition exists among students enrolled in the first-year accounting course in Oregon community colleges, the factors tending to contribute to the problem, and the approaches which might be used to help alleviate the problem. The design of the study consisted of two parts. The first part of the study was to gather information about the teaching philosophies and practices of the accounting faculties, and the number of students enrolled in and completing the three-terms of first-year accounting during the college years 1970-1972 at the eleven community colleges offering the course throughout the state. These same students were also analyzed by age, sex, marital status, high school background, major, military background, class (freshman/sophomore), and courseload. The second part of the investigation consisted of a two-year controlled study of the students at Linn-Benton Community College in Albany, Oregon, who had enrolled in the first term of the three-term sequence of first-year accounting in the fall of 1970 (the control year) and those who had enrolled in the first term of the three-term sequence in the fall of 1971 (the experimental group). In this study the day classes of the control year were compared to the day classes of the experimental year, while the evening classes of the control year were compared to the evening classes of the experimental year. The purpose of this latter study was to determine if two types of personalized attention (mandatory individual counseling and voluntary accounting "help" sessions) given to all classes in the experimental year would (1) allow more of these students to complete the three-term accounting sequence, and (2) allow more of these students to score significantly higher on the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' (AICPA) Achievement Test, Level I, Form E-S. To insure that all students of both years entering the first-term of accounting were equal in accounting aptitude, the AICPA Orientation Test, Form B, Revised, was given. The results of the findings indicate that the accounting instructors (1) did not have adequate background information about (a) the student's reading and comprehension level, (b) how the student viewed himself as a scholar, and (c) the student's level of interest in accounting at the time he entered; (2) agreed on (a) informing the students early in the course of the value of accounting, (b) building the student's self-confidence, (c) building their own self-confidence, (d) reviewing solutions to homework in class, (e) providing the students with the best text available, and (f) using all input available to improve their instruction; (3) tended to prefer grouping accounting students (although this was not the case at the time); (4) continued to use the lecture method of instruction exclusively; (5) offered a wide variety of informal opportunities to personalize the learning of accounting by the availability of office hours, individual counseling, and one-to-one and group "help" sessions; (6) have avoided offering more formal opportunities for personalizing the subject matter by seldom using programmed texts and filmstrips, and workbooks and/or practice sets with keys, and audio and video tapes; (7) felt that personalizing the subject matter (a) helped to enhance student interest, (b) helped to enhance student learning, (c) helped encourage more students to complete each term (as well as the three-term sequence), (d) helped the instructor to better understand why some students have certain learning difficulties, (e) encouraged more instructors to more carefully organize their materials, and (f) encouraged more instructors to evaluate their methods of instruction. Additional findings of the study indicate that the average community college in Oregon had only 30% of all students enrolled in the first-year accounting course complete the three-term sequence. In addition, only 32% of all students required to have at least three terms of first-year accounting completed the sequence, and likewise only 24% of all students required to have at least one term of accounting completed all three terms of the sequence. In the metropolitan Portland area only 23% of all students, regardless of major, completed the three-term sequence. An analysis of the personal characteristics of these same students indicates, that a larger percentage of the students completing the sequence tended to be (a) male, (b) age 31 or older, (c) married, (d) high school graduates, (e) veterans, (f) sophomores, (g) part-time students, and (h) accounting majors. Students tending to be less successful were (a) female, (b) age 19-21, (c) divorced, separated, or widowed, (d) without either a high school diploma or GED certificate, (e) non-veterans, (f) freshmen, (g) full-time students, and (h) college transfer secretarial science majors. The results of the controlled study at Linn-Benton Community College indicate that even when students enrolled in the first-year accounting course are required to counsel individually with their instructor at the beginning of each term of the three-term sequence and are given the opportunity to attend voluntary accounting "help" sessions, they will probably (a) seldom attend the "help" sessions, (b) not score significantly higher on the AICPA Achievement Test, or (c) be more likely to complete the three-term sequence than those students not having had these two types of personalized attention provided to them. These observations led to the conclusion that a communication gap seems to exist between the instructor and the students. To help correct the problem a battery of tests was recommended, including the AICPA Orientation Test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory Test, and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, in order to better understand the background of incoming students. These tests could then be used in conjunction with the recommended mandatory individual counseling sessions at the beginning of each term along with mandatory laboratory sessions throughout the term. In addition, it was also recommended that pre-tests be given at the beginning of each term to help the instructor better plan his presentations for those areas where students indicated the most need. The AICPA Orientation Test, Form B, Revised, was concluded to be a valid test by which to measure the degree of success the student could expect upon completion of the three-term accounting sequence. The results of the study at Linn-Benton Community College also indicate that the students who had enrolled in the evening classes had a wide range of abilities and aptitudes from one year to the next. In conclusion it appears that personalized attention in its present form at Linn-Benton Community College is not effective in guaranteeing the successful completion of the three-term sequence of first-year accounting. Additional research may still have to be made into the motivational makeup of individual students. Title: An empirical study of the problem of attrition of students of first-year accounting in Oregon community colleges Author: Schultz, Alan R. The study was conducted in order to learn of the extent to which attrition exists among students enrolled in the first-year accounting course in Oregon community colleges, the factors tending to contribute to the problem, and the approaches which might be used to help alleviate the problem. The design of the study consisted of two parts. The first part of the study was to gather information about the teaching philosophies and practices of the accounting faculties, and the number of students enrolled in and completing the three-terms of first-year accounting during the college years 1970-1972 at the eleven community colleges offering the course throughout the state. These same students were also analyzed by age, sex, marital status, high school background, major, military background, class (freshman/sophomore), and courseload. The second part of the investigation consisted of a two-year controlled study of the students at Linn-Benton Community College in Albany, Oregon, who had enrolled in the first term of the three-term sequence of first-year accounting in the fall of 1970 (the control year) and those who had enrolled in the first term of the three-term sequence in the fall of 1971 (the experimental group). In this study the day classes of the control year were compared to the day classes of the experimental year, while the evening classes of the control year were compared to the evening classes of the experimental year. The purpose of this latter study was to determine if two types of personalized attention (mandatory individual counseling and voluntary accounting "help" sessions) given to all classes in the experimental year would (1) allow more of these students to complete the three-term accounting sequence, and (2) allow more of these students to score significantly higher on the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' (AICPA) Achievement Test, Level I, Form E-S. To insure that all students of both years entering the first-term of accounting were equal in accounting aptitude, the AICPA Orientation Test, Form B, Revised, was given. The results of the findings indicate that the accounting instructors (1) did not have adequate background information about (a) the student's reading and comprehension level, (b) how the student viewed himself as a scholar, and (c) the student's level of interest in accounting at the time he entered; (2) agreed on (a) informing the students early in the course of the value of accounting, (b) building the student's self-confidence, (c) building their own self-confidence, (d) reviewing solutions to homework in class, (e) providing the students with the best text available, and (f) using all input available to improve their instruction; (3) tended to prefer grouping accounting students (although this was not the case at the time); (4) continued to use the lecture method of instruction exclusively; (5) offered a wide variety of informal opportunities to personalize the learning of accounting by the availability of office hours, individual counseling, and one-to-one and group "help" sessions; (6) have avoided offering more formal opportunities for personalizing the subject matter by seldom using programmed texts and filmstrips, and workbooks and/or practice sets with keys, and audio and video tapes; (7) felt that personalizing the subject matter (a) helped to enhance student interest, (b) helped to enhance student learning, (c) helped encourage more students to complete each term (as well as the three-term sequence), (d) helped the instructor to better understand why some students have certain learning difficulties, (e) encouraged more instructors to more carefully organize their materials, and (f) encouraged more instructors to evaluate their methods of instruction. Additional findings of the study indicate that the average community college in Oregon had only 30% of all students enrolled in the first-year accounting course complete the three-term sequence. In addition, only 32% of all students required to have at least three terms of first-year accounting completed the sequence, and likewise only 24% of all students required to have at least one term of accounting completed all three terms of the sequence. In the metropolitan Portland area only 23% of all students, regardless of major, completed the three-term sequence. An analysis of the personal characteristics of these same students indicates, that a larger percentage of the students completing the sequence tended to be (a) male, (b) age 31 or older, (c) married, (d) high school graduates, (e) veterans, (f) sophomores, (g) part-time students, and (h) accounting majors. Students tending to be less successful were (a) female, (b) age 19-21, (c) divorced, separated, or widowed, (d) without either a high school diploma or GED certificate, (e) non-veterans, (f) freshmen, (g) full-time students, and (h) college transfer secretarial science majors. The results of the controlled study at Linn-Benton Community College indicate that even when students enrolled in the first-year accounting course are required to counsel individually with their instructor at the beginning of each term of the three-term sequence and are given the opportunity to attend voluntary accounting "help" sessions, they will probably (a) seldom attend the "help" sessions, (b) not score significantly higher on the AICPA Achievement Test, or (c) be more likely to complete the three-term sequence than those students not having had these two types of personalized attention provided to them. These observations led to the conclusion that a communication gap seems to exist between the instructor and the students. To help correct the problem a battery of tests was recommended, including the AICPA Orientation Test, the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory Test, and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, in order to better understand the background of incoming students. These tests could then be used in conjunction with the recommended mandatory individual counseling sessions at the beginning of each term along with mandatory laboratory sessions throughout the term. In addition, it was also recommended that pre-tests be given at the beginning of each term to help the instructor better plan his presentations for those areas where students indicated the most need. The AICPA Orientation Test, Form B, Revised, was concluded to be a valid test by which to measure the degree of success the student could expect upon completion of the three-term accounting sequence. The results of the study at Linn-Benton Community College also indicate that the students who had enrolled in the evening classes had a wide range of abilities and aptitudes from one year to the next. In conclusion it appears that personalized attention in its present form at Linn-Benton Community College is not effective in guaranteeing the successful completion of the three-term sequence of first-year accounting. Additional research may still have to be made into the motivational makeup of individual students. Close