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• 1. [Article] Spatial price linkages between developed and developing countries : the case of rice and wheat markets

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial price linkages between developed and developing countries : the case of rice and wheat markets Author: Navin, Yavapolkul Title: Spatial price linkages between developed and developing countries : the case of rice and wheat markets Author: Navin, Yavapolkul Close

• 2. [Article] Teaching business to the poor : the effectiveness of business development services within microenterprise development

  Many economic development methods over the years have tried to solve the problem of poverty with varied success. Microenterprise development is a method that works with the poor to create small self-run ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Teaching business to the poor : the effectiveness of business development services within microenterprise development Author: Wilson, Taylor Anne Many economic development methods over the years have tried to solve the problem of poverty with varied success. Microenterprise development is a method that works with the poor to create small self-run businesses to increase their income, and therefore bring more freedom from disease illiteracy and discrimination. Within microenterprise development one element, called business development services, focuses on training and assisting the businesses with marketing, management, accounting or other business fundamentals. Business development services strive to teach good business practices to the poor, so they can then pull themselves out of poverty. The effectiveness of this method is extremely difficult to measure, but through a case study with Mercy Corps in Mongolia, one can see how the services have created jobs, businesses and organizations that will, prospectively, better the community and country as a whole. Title: Teaching business to the poor : the effectiveness of business development services within microenterprise development Author: Wilson, Taylor Anne Many economic development methods over the years have tried to solve the problem of poverty with varied success. Microenterprise development is a method that works with the poor to create small self-run businesses to increase their income, and therefore bring more freedom from disease illiteracy and discrimination. Within microenterprise development one element, called business development services, focuses on training and assisting the businesses with marketing, management, accounting or other business fundamentals. Business development services strive to teach good business practices to the poor, so they can then pull themselves out of poverty. The effectiveness of this method is extremely difficult to measure, but through a case study with Mercy Corps in Mongolia, one can see how the services have created jobs, businesses and organizations that will, prospectively, better the community and country as a whole. Close

• 3. [Article] How well do professional developers test with code coverage visualizations? An empirical study

  "Code coverage visualizations using block coverage neither guided developers toward productive testing strategies, nor did these visualizations motivate developers to write more tests or help them find ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How well do professional developers test with code coverage visualizations? An empirical study Author: Burnett, Margaret, 1949-, Lawrance, Joseph A., Clarke, Steven, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science, Rothermel, Gregg "Code coverage visualizations using block coverage neither guided developers toward productive testing strategies, nor did these visualizations motivate developers to write more tests or help them find more faults than the control group. Nevertheless, code coverage visualizations did influence developers in a few important ways. Code coverage visualizations led developers to overestimate their test effectiveness more than the control group. Yet, these same visualizations reduced the variability in the number of test cases developers wrote by changing the standard developers used to evaluate their test effectiveness. Thus, the true power of testing visualizations lies not only with the faults that visualizations can highlight; it also lies in how visualizations can change how developers think about testing. Testing visualizations guide developers toward a particular standard of effectiveness, so if we want developers to test software adequately, we must ensure that the coverage criteria we choose to visualize leads developers toward a good standard of test effectiveness."--Conclusion Title: How well do professional developers test with code coverage visualizations? An empirical study Author: Burnett, Margaret, 1949-, Lawrance, Joseph A., Clarke, Steven, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science, Rothermel, Gregg "Code coverage visualizations using block coverage neither guided developers toward productive testing strategies, nor did these visualizations motivate developers to write more tests or help them find more faults than the control group. Nevertheless, code coverage visualizations did influence developers in a few important ways. Code coverage visualizations led developers to overestimate their test effectiveness more than the control group. Yet, these same visualizations reduced the variability in the number of test cases developers wrote by changing the standard developers used to evaluate their test effectiveness. Thus, the true power of testing visualizations lies not only with the faults that visualizations can highlight; it also lies in how visualizations can change how developers think about testing. Testing visualizations guide developers toward a particular standard of effectiveness, so if we want developers to test software adequately, we must ensure that the coverage criteria we choose to visualize leads developers toward a good standard of test effectiveness."--Conclusion Close

• 4. [Article] Continuous Integration (CI) Needs and Wishes for Developers of Proprietary Code

  Continuous integration (CI) systems automate the compilation, building, and testing of software. Despite CI being one of the most widely used processes in software engineering, we do not know what motivates ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous Integration (CI) Needs and Wishes for Developers of Proprietary Code Author: Dig, Danny, Tunnell, Timothy, Nelson, Nicholas, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science, Hilton, Michael, Marinov, Darko Continuous integration (CI) systems automate the compilation, building, and testing of software. Despite CI being one of the most widely used processes in software engineering, we do not know what motivates developers to use CI, and what barriers and unmet needs they face. Without such knowledge developers make easily avoidable errors, managers reduce the productivity of developers by making misinformed decisions, tool builders invest in the wrong direction, and researchers miss many opportunities for improving the software engineering practice. Given the large fraction of proprietary code development, understanding how proprietary developers are using CI is vital to improving it. We present the first study of how CI is used in the proprietary development of software. We conduct 16 semi-structured interviews with developers from different industries and development scale. We generalize these findings by surveying 523 developers from all over the world. We find that 78% of developers feel more productive when using CI, and 85% think that using CI causes developers to give more value to automated testing. However, unlike open-source developers, many proprietary developers want to use CI but are not allowed to do so. 50% of developers have problems troubleshooting CI builds, and more than half of developers want easier configurations for CI tools and services. Title: Continuous Integration (CI) Needs and Wishes for Developers of Proprietary Code Author: Dig, Danny, Tunnell, Timothy, Nelson, Nicholas, Oregon State University. Dept. of Computer Science, Hilton, Michael, Marinov, Darko Continuous integration (CI) systems automate the compilation, building, and testing of software. Despite CI being one of the most widely used processes in software engineering, we do not know what motivates developers to use CI, and what barriers and unmet needs they face. Without such knowledge developers make easily avoidable errors, managers reduce the productivity of developers by making misinformed decisions, tool builders invest in the wrong direction, and researchers miss many opportunities for improving the software engineering practice. Given the large fraction of proprietary code development, understanding how proprietary developers are using CI is vital to improving it. We present the first study of how CI is used in the proprietary development of software. We conduct 16 semi-structured interviews with developers from different industries and development scale. We generalize these findings by surveying 523 developers from all over the world. We find that 78% of developers feel more productive when using CI, and 85% think that using CI causes developers to give more value to automated testing. However, unlike open-source developers, many proprietary developers want to use CI but are not allowed to do so. 50% of developers have problems troubleshooting CI builds, and more than half of developers want easier configurations for CI tools and services. Close

• 5. [Article] An analysis of the relationship between sustainable development and U.S. petroleum policy

  The term "sustainable development" describes certain proposals designed to provide the present generation with such needs as food, shelter, and energy while sustaining the environment or stock of natural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of the relationship between sustainable development and U.S. petroleum policy Author: Talmage, Catherine The term "sustainable development" describes certain proposals designed to provide the present generation with such needs as food, shelter, and energy while sustaining the environment or stock of natural resources for future generations. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the relationship between sustainable development and current U.S. petroleum policy. Information was gathered from newspapers, journals, government publications, and other relevant literature. The paper provided an overview of sustainable development, a history of u.s. petroleum policy, and an analysis of the congruence of sustainable development and current u.s. petroleum policy. The analysis showed that U.S. petroleum policy does not reflect the tenets of sustainable development. The paper examined three factors, other than the structure of America's government and decision-making process, that might explain the discrepancy between sustainable development and U.S. petroleum policy. These factors were widespread political inaction among Americans, negative interpretations of sustainable development, and a similarity between the intentions underlying both sustainable development and the problems it seeks to solve. The paper closed with some general speculations about sustainable development. Title: An analysis of the relationship between sustainable development and U.S. petroleum policy Author: Talmage, Catherine The term "sustainable development" describes certain proposals designed to provide the present generation with such needs as food, shelter, and energy while sustaining the environment or stock of natural resources for future generations. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the relationship between sustainable development and current U.S. petroleum policy. Information was gathered from newspapers, journals, government publications, and other relevant literature. The paper provided an overview of sustainable development, a history of u.s. petroleum policy, and an analysis of the congruence of sustainable development and current u.s. petroleum policy. The analysis showed that U.S. petroleum policy does not reflect the tenets of sustainable development. The paper examined three factors, other than the structure of America's government and decision-making process, that might explain the discrepancy between sustainable development and U.S. petroleum policy. These factors were widespread political inaction among Americans, negative interpretations of sustainable development, and a similarity between the intentions underlying both sustainable development and the problems it seeks to solve. The paper closed with some general speculations about sustainable development. Close

• 6. [Article] Process Development: Methodology and Implementation Strategy

  This white paper provides a practical guide and methodology that addresses these challenges. This “how to” guide for process development is comprised of three main components: 1) The Process Development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Process Development: Methodology and Implementation Strategy Author: Kearney, Thomas D, Collier, Robert W. This white paper provides a practical guide and methodology that addresses these challenges. This “how to” guide for process development is comprised of three main components: 1) The Process Development Template, a series of steps for developing processes; 2) the Process Development Implementation Steps, a series of steps for managing process development within an organization; and 3) Step-by-step examples created during the Sensor Life Cycle project that illustrate process development deliverables. Title: Process Development: Methodology and Implementation Strategy Author: Kearney, Thomas D, Collier, Robert W. This white paper provides a practical guide and methodology that addresses these challenges. This “how to” guide for process development is comprised of three main components: 1) The Process Development Template, a series of steps for developing processes; 2) the Process Development Implementation Steps, a series of steps for managing process development within an organization; and 3) Step-by-step examples created during the Sensor Life Cycle project that illustrate process development deliverables. Close

• 7. [Article] Do Community Driven Development (CDD) Programs Improve Social Relationships measured by Perceived Discrimination among Different Ethnicities in Nepal?

  2011

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Do Community Driven Development (CDD) Programs Improve Social Relationships measured by Perceived Discrimination among Different Ethnicities in Nepal? Author: Dhakal, Gunjan 2011 Title: Do Community Driven Development (CDD) Programs Improve Social Relationships measured by Perceived Discrimination among Different Ethnicities in Nepal? Author: Dhakal, Gunjan 2011 Close

• 8. [Article] Resilience and Small-scale Fisheries in the Developing World

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resilience and Small-scale Fisheries in the Developing World Author: Andrew, Neil Abstract only. Title: Resilience and Small-scale Fisheries in the Developing World Author: Andrew, Neil Abstract only. Close

• 9. [Article] The impact of a community college interdisciplinary faculty teaching and learning community on faculty professional development

  My study explores the impact of participation in a faculty teaching and learning community (TLC) on the professional development of community college faculty. I address the problem that, in spite of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impact of a community college interdisciplinary faculty teaching and learning community on faculty professional development Author: Pincus, Gail S. My study explores the impact of participation in a faculty teaching and learning community (TLC) on the professional development of community college faculty. I address the problem that, in spite of the growth of faculty development activity in the community college during the past decade, how faculty development occurs is not well understood. Previous research generally measures the success of individual faculty development strategies without providing much insight into how development occurs. Critical change forces that are currently impacting community college teaching require effective professional development. These critical forces are: changes in the nation's population demographics, economy, and the nature of work; the technological revolution; systems thinking; and developments in our understanding of how people learn in diverse ways. My research methodology was a descriptive, interpretive case study, focused on understanding how faculty viewed their experiences while participating in a TLC planning team during the 18-month study. I conducted multiple interviews with the 11 planning team members, supported with site visits and field notes; collected documents; conducted five triangulation interviews at different sites; and participated in peer briefings with a researcher who was concurrently studying a different faculty teaching and learning community model. The TLC faculty planning team members tell the story of the evolution of their teaching and learning community in four conversations that I created from the interviews. The essence of how faculty professional development occurs through the TLC can be described as a web of inclusion. This web incorporates the personal and professional development connections which the faculty make through the learner-centered environment of their TLC. Their TLC includes, supports, and promotes all kinds of personal and professional development, including kinds described as traditional by the TLC planning team. Key factors in the planning team's perceptions of how professional development occurs are (a) that they experience any specific professional development approach within the context of personal and social interactions, and (b) that they put their leadership efforts into creating a campus climate and conditions which have the capacity to increase the possibilities for professional development to occur. Title: The impact of a community college interdisciplinary faculty teaching and learning community on faculty professional development Author: Pincus, Gail S. My study explores the impact of participation in a faculty teaching and learning community (TLC) on the professional development of community college faculty. I address the problem that, in spite of the growth of faculty development activity in the community college during the past decade, how faculty development occurs is not well understood. Previous research generally measures the success of individual faculty development strategies without providing much insight into how development occurs. Critical change forces that are currently impacting community college teaching require effective professional development. These critical forces are: changes in the nation's population demographics, economy, and the nature of work; the technological revolution; systems thinking; and developments in our understanding of how people learn in diverse ways. My research methodology was a descriptive, interpretive case study, focused on understanding how faculty viewed their experiences while participating in a TLC planning team during the 18-month study. I conducted multiple interviews with the 11 planning team members, supported with site visits and field notes; collected documents; conducted five triangulation interviews at different sites; and participated in peer briefings with a researcher who was concurrently studying a different faculty teaching and learning community model. The TLC faculty planning team members tell the story of the evolution of their teaching and learning community in four conversations that I created from the interviews. The essence of how faculty professional development occurs through the TLC can be described as a web of inclusion. This web incorporates the personal and professional development connections which the faculty make through the learner-centered environment of their TLC. Their TLC includes, supports, and promotes all kinds of personal and professional development, including kinds described as traditional by the TLC planning team. Key factors in the planning team's perceptions of how professional development occurs are (a) that they experience any specific professional development approach within the context of personal and social interactions, and (b) that they put their leadership efforts into creating a campus climate and conditions which have the capacity to increase the possibilities for professional development to occur. Close

• 10. [Article] Ethiopia: poverty elimination and barriers to development

  Economic development and the eradication of poverty are complicated issues debated by experts. Current literature is polarized; offering extreme solutions that are easy to argue but that are ambiguous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ethiopia: poverty elimination and barriers to development Author: Reed, Samantha Economic development and the eradication of poverty are complicated issues debated by experts. Current literature is polarized; offering extreme solutions that are easy to argue but that are ambiguous or lacking application. Some of the most prominent researchers choose popular stances on development perhaps due to selling power. Unfortunately, no one current author offers a sufficient explanation or solution for development. However, this gap presents an opportunity. Synthesis of the current literature illuminates a new approach to development. Finally, specific country analysis of key policies and areas of concern is the first step in supporting economic development. Title: Ethiopia: poverty elimination and barriers to development Author: Reed, Samantha Economic development and the eradication of poverty are complicated issues debated by experts. Current literature is polarized; offering extreme solutions that are easy to argue but that are ambiguous or lacking application. Some of the most prominent researchers choose popular stances on development perhaps due to selling power. Unfortunately, no one current author offers a sufficient explanation or solution for development. However, this gap presents an opportunity. Synthesis of the current literature illuminates a new approach to development. Finally, specific country analysis of key policies and areas of concern is the first step in supporting economic development. Close

• 11. [Article] Transactional analysis applied to a community development issue

  Barth's theory of transactional analysis is applied to the community of Tiller, Oregon and its reaction to a development proposal. Community behavior patterns vis-a-vis the development proposal are examined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transactional analysis applied to a community development issue Author: Manolescu, Kathleen M. Barth's theory of transactional analysis is applied to the community of Tiller, Oregon and its reaction to a development proposal. Community behavior patterns vis-a-vis the development proposal are examined from a processual point of view to determine how these patterns are generated. The community's history and contemporary situation are described. Data derived from bibliographic and field research are presented to illustrate transactions involving reciprocity in the community. A generative model is formulated to depict the constraints and incentives channeling decision-making in the transactions. It is concluded that a transactional analysis is an appropriate tool for examining the community development process and for specifying critical elements in development. The analysis revealed cultural evaluations and therefore provided an indirect means for engaging citizen participation and for assessing the development proposal. Title: Transactional analysis applied to a community development issue Author: Manolescu, Kathleen M. Barth's theory of transactional analysis is applied to the community of Tiller, Oregon and its reaction to a development proposal. Community behavior patterns vis-a-vis the development proposal are examined from a processual point of view to determine how these patterns are generated. The community's history and contemporary situation are described. Data derived from bibliographic and field research are presented to illustrate transactions involving reciprocity in the community. A generative model is formulated to depict the constraints and incentives channeling decision-making in the transactions. It is concluded that a transactional analysis is an appropriate tool for examining the community development process and for specifying critical elements in development. The analysis revealed cultural evaluations and therefore provided an indirect means for engaging citizen participation and for assessing the development proposal. Close

• 12. [Article] Understanding Software Development and Testing Practices

  A bad software development process leads to wasted effort and inferior products. In order to improve a software process, it must be first understood. In this work I focus on understanding software processes. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding Software Development and Testing Practices Author: Hilton, Michael (Michael Edward) A bad software development process leads to wasted effort and inferior products. In order to improve a software process, it must be first understood. In this work I focus on understanding software processes. The first process we seek to understand is Continuous Integration (CI). CI systems automate the compilation, building, and testing of software. Despite CI rising as a big success story in automated software engineering, it has received almost no attention from the research community. For example, how widely is CI used in practice, and what are some costs and benefits associated with CI? Without answering such questions, developers, tool builders, and researchers make decisions based on folklore instead of data. We use three complementary methods to study the usage of CI in open-source projects. To understand which CI systems developers use, we analyzed 34,544 open-source projects from GitHub. To understand how developers use CI, we analyzed 1,529,291 builds from the most commonly used CI system. To understand why projects use or do not use CI, we surveyed 442 developers. With this data, we answered several key questions related to the usage, costs, and benefits of CI. Among our results, we show evidence that supports the claim that CI helps projects release more often, that CI is widely adopted by the most popular projects, as well as finding that the overall percentage of projects using CI continues to grow, making it important and timely to focus more research on CI. Furthermore, we present a qualitative study of the barriers and needs developers face when using CI. In this paper, we conduct 16 semi-structured interviews with developers from different industries and development scales. We triangulate our findings by running two surveys. The Focused Survey samples 51 developers at a single company. The Broad Survey samples a population of 523 developers from all over the world. We identify trade-offs developers face when using and implementing CI. Developers face trade-offs between speed and certainty (Assurance), between better access and information security (Security), and between more configuration options and better ease of use (Flexibility). We present implications of these trade-offs for developers, tool builders, and researchers. Additionally, we seek to use code and test changes to understand conformance to the Test Driven Development (TDD) process. We designed and implemented TDDViz, a tool that supports developers in better understanding how they conform to TDD. TDDViz supports this understanding by providing novel visualizations of developers’ TDD process. To enable TDDViz’s visualizations, we developed a novel automatic inferencer that identifies the phases that make up the TDD process solely based on code and test changes. We evaluate TDDViz using two complementary methods: a controlled experiment with 35 participants to evaluate the visualization, and a case study with 2601 TDD Sessions to evaluate the inference algorithm. The controlled experiment shows that, in comparison to existing visualizations, participants performed significantly better when using TDDViz to answer questions about code evolution. In addition, the case study shows that the inferencing algorithm in TDDViz infers TDD phases with an accuracy (F-measure) of 87%. Title: Understanding Software Development and Testing Practices Author: Hilton, Michael (Michael Edward) A bad software development process leads to wasted effort and inferior products. In order to improve a software process, it must be first understood. In this work I focus on understanding software processes. The first process we seek to understand is Continuous Integration (CI). CI systems automate the compilation, building, and testing of software. Despite CI rising as a big success story in automated software engineering, it has received almost no attention from the research community. For example, how widely is CI used in practice, and what are some costs and benefits associated with CI? Without answering such questions, developers, tool builders, and researchers make decisions based on folklore instead of data. We use three complementary methods to study the usage of CI in open-source projects. To understand which CI systems developers use, we analyzed 34,544 open-source projects from GitHub. To understand how developers use CI, we analyzed 1,529,291 builds from the most commonly used CI system. To understand why projects use or do not use CI, we surveyed 442 developers. With this data, we answered several key questions related to the usage, costs, and benefits of CI. Among our results, we show evidence that supports the claim that CI helps projects release more often, that CI is widely adopted by the most popular projects, as well as finding that the overall percentage of projects using CI continues to grow, making it important and timely to focus more research on CI. Furthermore, we present a qualitative study of the barriers and needs developers face when using CI. In this paper, we conduct 16 semi-structured interviews with developers from different industries and development scales. We triangulate our findings by running two surveys. The Focused Survey samples 51 developers at a single company. The Broad Survey samples a population of 523 developers from all over the world. We identify trade-offs developers face when using and implementing CI. Developers face trade-offs between speed and certainty (Assurance), between better access and information security (Security), and between more configuration options and better ease of use (Flexibility). We present implications of these trade-offs for developers, tool builders, and researchers. Additionally, we seek to use code and test changes to understand conformance to the Test Driven Development (TDD) process. We designed and implemented TDDViz, a tool that supports developers in better understanding how they conform to TDD. TDDViz supports this understanding by providing novel visualizations of developers’ TDD process. To enable TDDViz’s visualizations, we developed a novel automatic inferencer that identifies the phases that make up the TDD process solely based on code and test changes. We evaluate TDDViz using two complementary methods: a controlled experiment with 35 participants to evaluate the visualization, and a case study with 2601 TDD Sessions to evaluate the inference algorithm. The controlled experiment shows that, in comparison to existing visualizations, participants performed significantly better when using TDDViz to answer questions about code evolution. In addition, the case study shows that the inferencing algorithm in TDDViz infers TDD phases with an accuracy (F-measure) of 87%. Close

• 13. [Article] An analysis of social relationships at a development site in Kenya

  Both development and post-structuralist anthropologists have critiqued development. Development anthropologists are concerned that development does not take adequate account of the social and cultural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of social relationships at a development site in Kenya Author: Burke, Deborah A. Both development and post-structuralist anthropologists have critiqued development. Development anthropologists are concerned that development does not take adequate account of the social and cultural factors of developing nations, while post structuralists question the ontology of development and assert that domination over developing nations is inherent in the concept of development. To examine the social effects of development projects I conducted ethnographic research for a nine-week period on social relations at Sagana Fish Farm, located two kilometers from Sagana Township in the Kirinyaga District of the Central Province of Kenya. (The population of Sagana Township is approximately 5,885 people.) I obtained thirty-one semi-structured interviews, also relying on participant observation and informal interviews with civil servants (permanent employees) and casual laborers (temporary employees). I analyzed information obtained during interviews and participant observation within the context of power and resistance theory. Civil servants tended to value the presence of development projects because projects made structural enhancements and renovations to the fish farm. Development projects presented civil servants the possibility for skills development and additional income to fish farm employees and created temporary employment for individuals from neighboring communities. Civil servants stated that an inexpensive source of protein was available in the form of fish, chicken, and milk as a result of the work of development organizations. However, they also expressed concerns regarding the sustainability of development projects due to tension between expatriate development project workers and fish farm employees, inadequate information sharing and technology transfer, and financial and human resource mismanagement in the Kenya civil service. Casual laborers discussed the possibility of skills development through their work with development projects at the fish farm and expressed concern about their employment conditions. They were concerned about low wages in contrast with the intensity of their labor; insecure terms of employment; an absence of protective equipment at their work site; health and medical issues; and the availability of treated drinking water. Other concerns were associated with dignity, tribalism, and a fear of power of expatriate development workers and Kenyan civil service officers. Based on the above findings I made the following recommendations were made: implement cultural sensitivity training for expatriate development workers; develop project plans that foster a sense of investment in project operations; provide discounted fish to casual laborers; improve the work conditions of casual laborers; establish a health clinic; and provide informal loans to facilitate technology transfer. Title: An analysis of social relationships at a development site in Kenya Author: Burke, Deborah A. Both development and post-structuralist anthropologists have critiqued development. Development anthropologists are concerned that development does not take adequate account of the social and cultural factors of developing nations, while post structuralists question the ontology of development and assert that domination over developing nations is inherent in the concept of development. To examine the social effects of development projects I conducted ethnographic research for a nine-week period on social relations at Sagana Fish Farm, located two kilometers from Sagana Township in the Kirinyaga District of the Central Province of Kenya. (The population of Sagana Township is approximately 5,885 people.) I obtained thirty-one semi-structured interviews, also relying on participant observation and informal interviews with civil servants (permanent employees) and casual laborers (temporary employees). I analyzed information obtained during interviews and participant observation within the context of power and resistance theory. Civil servants tended to value the presence of development projects because projects made structural enhancements and renovations to the fish farm. Development projects presented civil servants the possibility for skills development and additional income to fish farm employees and created temporary employment for individuals from neighboring communities. Civil servants stated that an inexpensive source of protein was available in the form of fish, chicken, and milk as a result of the work of development organizations. However, they also expressed concerns regarding the sustainability of development projects due to tension between expatriate development project workers and fish farm employees, inadequate information sharing and technology transfer, and financial and human resource mismanagement in the Kenya civil service. Casual laborers discussed the possibility of skills development through their work with development projects at the fish farm and expressed concern about their employment conditions. They were concerned about low wages in contrast with the intensity of their labor; insecure terms of employment; an absence of protective equipment at their work site; health and medical issues; and the availability of treated drinking water. Other concerns were associated with dignity, tribalism, and a fear of power of expatriate development workers and Kenyan civil service officers. Based on the above findings I made the following recommendations were made: implement cultural sensitivity training for expatriate development workers; develop project plans that foster a sense of investment in project operations; provide discounted fish to casual laborers; improve the work conditions of casual laborers; establish a health clinic; and provide informal loans to facilitate technology transfer. Close

• 14. [Article] Discovery and Isolation of Bioactive Natural Products from Actinomycete Bacteria With an Examination of Infectious Disease Drug Development and Application: A Comparison of the Developing and Developed Worlds

  June 2012

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Discovery and Isolation of Bioactive Natural Products from Actinomycete Bacteria With an Examination of Infectious Disease Drug Development and Application: A Comparison of the Developing and Developed Worlds Author: Petrossian, Gregory June 2012 Title: Discovery and Isolation of Bioactive Natural Products from Actinomycete Bacteria With an Examination of Infectious Disease Drug Development and Application: A Comparison of the Developing and Developed Worlds Author: Petrossian, Gregory June 2012 Close

• 15. [Article] Preschool children's motor development and perceived competence

  This study compared the effects of two conditions on the motor development of preschool children and investigated the relationship between preschool children's motor development and perceived competence. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preschool children's motor development and perceived competence Author: Boucher, Barbara H. This study compared the effects of two conditions on the motor development of preschool children and investigated the relationship between preschool children's motor development and perceived competence. Specifically, it provided information for discerning: a) the relative effects of a sensory-motor condition and an unstructured activities condition on the motor development of preschool children immediately following the 20-week intervention; and b) whether perceived competence was related to motor development in the preschool children following termination of the treatment. Additionally, a teacher survey which addressed the teacher-consultant relationship was developed and piloted within the context of the study for use in future research. Subjects were 31 children enrolled in two preschool programs including: a) the curriculum group (N=16), and b) the non-curriculum group (N=l5). The Peabody Motor Developmental Scales and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance were used to assess the children's motor development and perceived competence, respectively. All subjects were tested prior to the 20- week intervention period and immediately following the intervention. A series of 2 (group) X 2 (testing time) repeated measures analyses of variance were used to analyze the impact of the two conditions. Results revealed that the motor development of subjects in both groups changed significantly over time; however, there were no differences between groups. Product-moment correlations and linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between preschool children's motor development and perceived competence. Results revealed that perceived competence relative to motor development did not change over time; however a reciprocal relationship between motor development and perceived competence in preschool children was found. The piloted teacher survey showed potential for evaluation of service delivery models and as a tool for teacher-consultant communication in future studies. Title: Preschool children's motor development and perceived competence Author: Boucher, Barbara H. This study compared the effects of two conditions on the motor development of preschool children and investigated the relationship between preschool children's motor development and perceived competence. Specifically, it provided information for discerning: a) the relative effects of a sensory-motor condition and an unstructured activities condition on the motor development of preschool children immediately following the 20-week intervention; and b) whether perceived competence was related to motor development in the preschool children following termination of the treatment. Additionally, a teacher survey which addressed the teacher-consultant relationship was developed and piloted within the context of the study for use in future research. Subjects were 31 children enrolled in two preschool programs including: a) the curriculum group (N=16), and b) the non-curriculum group (N=l5). The Peabody Motor Developmental Scales and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance were used to assess the children's motor development and perceived competence, respectively. All subjects were tested prior to the 20- week intervention period and immediately following the intervention. A series of 2 (group) X 2 (testing time) repeated measures analyses of variance were used to analyze the impact of the two conditions. Results revealed that the motor development of subjects in both groups changed significantly over time; however, there were no differences between groups. Product-moment correlations and linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between preschool children's motor development and perceived competence. Results revealed that perceived competence relative to motor development did not change over time; however a reciprocal relationship between motor development and perceived competence in preschool children was found. The piloted teacher survey showed potential for evaluation of service delivery models and as a tool for teacher-consultant communication in future studies. Close

• 16. [Article] A product development process measurement methodology applied to small manufacturing companies

  The implementation of concurrent engineering into many large companies has greatly improved their product development processes. These companies have seen significant gains in quality and customer satisfaction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A product development process measurement methodology applied to small manufacturing companies Author: Schlegel, Stephen C. The implementation of concurrent engineering into many large companies has greatly improved their product development processes. These companies have seen significant gains in quality and customer satisfaction with reduced product costs, defects, and time-to-market (Lake, 1992). Many large companies have successfully employed this relatively new product development philosophy. However, smaller companies have not yet integrated this philosophy into their product development systems with the success that larger companies have seen. With small companies composing 98% of the manufacturing firms in this country (U.S. Census Bureau, 1995), there has been a recent push for the development of implementation methods for small companies. This paper presents a five step approach that small manufacturing companies can use to implement a concurrent engineering based product development process. Our definition of a small manufacturing company is an organization with 50 or fewer employees and net annual sales of 10 million dollars or less. The first step provides a general outline for companies to use in documenting their current product development process. The second step involves comparing the company's current product development process to a concurrent engineering based product development process model that is general enough for nearly all manufacturing firms. This step also includes the use of the theory of constraints and a so-called revised theory of constraints method to further refine the process understanding and description. Third, a new methodology for designing and applying process measurements is used to provide insight into the relationships that exists between the internal and external resources, requirements and deliverables of the product development process. It is during this step that the Process Measurement Matrix (PMM) is developed. Fourth, the PMM is used in conjunction with the analytical hierarchy process or a simple ranking technique to develop relative priorities. Finally, the appropriate measurements are constructed for each subprocess in the product development process. Title: A product development process measurement methodology applied to small manufacturing companies Author: Schlegel, Stephen C. The implementation of concurrent engineering into many large companies has greatly improved their product development processes. These companies have seen significant gains in quality and customer satisfaction with reduced product costs, defects, and time-to-market (Lake, 1992). Many large companies have successfully employed this relatively new product development philosophy. However, smaller companies have not yet integrated this philosophy into their product development systems with the success that larger companies have seen. With small companies composing 98% of the manufacturing firms in this country (U.S. Census Bureau, 1995), there has been a recent push for the development of implementation methods for small companies. This paper presents a five step approach that small manufacturing companies can use to implement a concurrent engineering based product development process. Our definition of a small manufacturing company is an organization with 50 or fewer employees and net annual sales of 10 million dollars or less. The first step provides a general outline for companies to use in documenting their current product development process. The second step involves comparing the company's current product development process to a concurrent engineering based product development process model that is general enough for nearly all manufacturing firms. This step also includes the use of the theory of constraints and a so-called revised theory of constraints method to further refine the process understanding and description. Third, a new methodology for designing and applying process measurements is used to provide insight into the relationships that exists between the internal and external resources, requirements and deliverables of the product development process. It is during this step that the Process Measurement Matrix (PMM) is developed. Fourth, the PMM is used in conjunction with the analytical hierarchy process or a simple ranking technique to develop relative priorities. Finally, the appropriate measurements are constructed for each subprocess in the product development process. Close

• 17. [Article] How well do professional developers test with code coverage visualizations? : an empirical study

  Professional software developers do not test code adequately, even though testing tools are widely available. Until developers realize the deficiencies in their tests, inadequate testing of software seems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How well do professional developers test with code coverage visualizations? : an empirical study Author: Lawrance, Joseph A. Professional software developers do not test code adequately, even though testing tools are widely available. Until developers realize the deficiencies in their tests, inadequate testing of software seems likely to remain a major problem. To support developers writing tests, industry and researchers have proposed systems that visualize “testedness” for end-user and professional developers. Empirical studies of such systems for end-user programmers have begun to show success at helping end users write more effective tests. Encouraged by this research, we examined the effect that code coverage visualizations have on the effectiveness of test cases that professional software developers write. This paper presents the results of an empirical study conducted using code coverage visualizations found in a commercially available programming environment. Our results reveal that block coverage visualizations shaped developer behavior, but also led developers to overestimate how many faults their tests revealed. Title: How well do professional developers test with code coverage visualizations? : an empirical study Author: Lawrance, Joseph A. Professional software developers do not test code adequately, even though testing tools are widely available. Until developers realize the deficiencies in their tests, inadequate testing of software seems likely to remain a major problem. To support developers writing tests, industry and researchers have proposed systems that visualize “testedness” for end-user and professional developers. Empirical studies of such systems for end-user programmers have begun to show success at helping end users write more effective tests. Encouraged by this research, we examined the effect that code coverage visualizations have on the effectiveness of test cases that professional software developers write. This paper presents the results of an empirical study conducted using code coverage visualizations found in a commercially available programming environment. Our results reveal that block coverage visualizations shaped developer behavior, but also led developers to overestimate how many faults their tests revealed. Close

• 18. [Article] Development of Ports and its Impact on Marine Fish Production: A Critical Study of Gujarat State (India)

  Gujarat, a major maritime state, has 20 percent coastline and accounts for 10 per cent of fish production of India. Recently, the government of Gujarat has placed a special emphasis on the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of Ports and its Impact on Marine Fish Production: A Critical Study of Gujarat State (India) Author: Kulkarni, Vilas, Asthana, Anjani Gujarat, a major maritime state, has 20 percent coastline and accounts for 10 per cent of fish production of India. Recently, the government of Gujarat has placed a special emphasis on the development of ports with an objective to explore the opportunities of trade through the ports. The government plans to develop around 41 ports in the state wherein 12 are almost operational. Looking to this development many private players have shown interest in port development under Publicprivate partnership model. These developments are on the commercial lines of trade negating the living resources of sea. Moreover, this is also adversely affecting the natural habitat of fishery, resulting in depletion of production and degradation of species. In this process, the fishermen community of the state are worst affected. Based on the primary and secondary survey in and around two ports of Veraval and Porbandar the study finds that fishermen are facing difficulties to sustain the fish production and commercial species of fish for their survival. Now, they need to enter deep into the sea for fishing which has increased the cost of fishing operation. In the end, comparing the two ports the study gives suggestions for the sustainable development of ports and fisheries. Title: Development of Ports and its Impact on Marine Fish Production: A Critical Study of Gujarat State (India) Author: Kulkarni, Vilas, Asthana, Anjani Gujarat, a major maritime state, has 20 percent coastline and accounts for 10 per cent of fish production of India. Recently, the government of Gujarat has placed a special emphasis on the development of ports with an objective to explore the opportunities of trade through the ports. The government plans to develop around 41 ports in the state wherein 12 are almost operational. Looking to this development many private players have shown interest in port development under Publicprivate partnership model. These developments are on the commercial lines of trade negating the living resources of sea. Moreover, this is also adversely affecting the natural habitat of fishery, resulting in depletion of production and degradation of species. In this process, the fishermen community of the state are worst affected. Based on the primary and secondary survey in and around two ports of Veraval and Porbandar the study finds that fishermen are facing difficulties to sustain the fish production and commercial species of fish for their survival. Now, they need to enter deep into the sea for fishing which has increased the cost of fishing operation. In the end, comparing the two ports the study gives suggestions for the sustainable development of ports and fisheries. Close

• 19. [Article] Chapter 2 - Encouraging Intellectual Growth

  Librarians work with students, in K-12, public, and academic library settings, but often have little background preparation in how students’ development impacts their learning. Learners undergo a tremendous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chapter 2 - Encouraging Intellectual Growth Author: Bridges, Laurie M., McElroy, Kelly, Rempel, Hannah Gascho Librarians work with students, in K-12, public, and academic library settings, but often have little background preparation in how students’ development impacts their learning. Learners undergo a tremendous amount of personal and academic growth throughout their lifetime. Understanding key theories about how students develop and grow can help librarians improve the way they design instruction sessions, outreach activities, and reference services. This guide will present theories in an easy to understand way, along with examples and suggestions for practical application. This book provides practical advice for librarians just beginning to work with learners as well as helpful tips for seasoned library professionals, including school, public, reference, instruction, and outreach librarians. Subjects covered include: ● Integrating development theories into practice ● Intellectual development theories ● Identity development theory ● Involvement theory ● Assessing the impact of using development theories After reading this book, librarians who work with many different learners will have a practical approach for incorporating development theories into their daily work. In addition, librarians will come away with ideas for tailoring their user services programs to meet learners at a range of developmental stages. Title: Chapter 2 - Encouraging Intellectual Growth Author: Bridges, Laurie M., McElroy, Kelly, Rempel, Hannah Gascho Librarians work with students, in K-12, public, and academic library settings, but often have little background preparation in how students’ development impacts their learning. Learners undergo a tremendous amount of personal and academic growth throughout their lifetime. Understanding key theories about how students develop and grow can help librarians improve the way they design instruction sessions, outreach activities, and reference services. This guide will present theories in an easy to understand way, along with examples and suggestions for practical application. This book provides practical advice for librarians just beginning to work with learners as well as helpful tips for seasoned library professionals, including school, public, reference, instruction, and outreach librarians. Subjects covered include: ● Integrating development theories into practice ● Intellectual development theories ● Identity development theory ● Involvement theory ● Assessing the impact of using development theories After reading this book, librarians who work with many different learners will have a practical approach for incorporating development theories into their daily work. In addition, librarians will come away with ideas for tailoring their user services programs to meet learners at a range of developmental stages. Close

• 20. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.6 No.1 (March 1974)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.6 No.1 (March 1974) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.6 No.1 (March 1974) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 21. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.6 No.2 (July 1974)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.6 No.2 (July 1974) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.6 No.2 (July 1974) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 22. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.8 No.2 (July 1976)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.8 No.2 (July 1976) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.8 No.2 (July 1976) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 23. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.5 No.2 (June 1973)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.5 No.2 (June 1973) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.5 No.2 (June 1973) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 24. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.6 No.3 (November 1974)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.6 No.3 (November 1974) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.6 No.3 (November 1974) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 25. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.8 No.1 (April 1976)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.8 No.1 (April 1976) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.8 No.1 (April 1976) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 26. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.8 No.3 (November 1976)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.8 No.3 (November 1976) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.8 No.3 (November 1976) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 27. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.5 No.3 (October 1973)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.5 No.3 (October 1973) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.5 No.3 (October 1973) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 28. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.10 No.2 (August 1978)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.10 No.2 (August 1978) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.10 No.2 (August 1978) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 29. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.7 No.1 (April 1975)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.7 No.1 (April 1975) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.7 No.1 (April 1975) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 30. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.9 No.1 (May 1977)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.9 No.1 (May 1977) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.9 No.1 (May 1977) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office Close

• 31. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.7 No.2 (July 1975)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.7 No.2 (July 1975) Author: Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.7 No.2 (July 1975) Author: Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 32. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.7 No.3 (December 1975)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.7 No.3 (December 1975) Author: Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project newsletter; Vol.7 No.3 (December 1975) Author: Oregon State University Extension Service. Resource Conservation and Development Project Office, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 33. [Article] Wind Energy in Solano County

  While the U.S. energy portfolio increasingly includes renewables, social acceptance of such technologies can pose an important challenge for developers. Using survey data from a random sample of nearby ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wind Energy in Solano County Author: Kelly, Anna C. While the U.S. energy portfolio increasingly includes renewables, social acceptance of such technologies can pose an important challenge for developers. Using survey data from a random sample of nearby households (n=524), content analysis of coverage in local newspapers, and interviews with various stakeholders (n=14), I explore local social acceptance of wind farms in two California counties that have experienced several large-scale developments in the last decade (Contra Costa and Solano). There is nation-wide controversy surrounding an extension of a Golden Eagle take-permit (kill tag) granted to Solano County wind developers. Unlike previous studies that describe tense battles between impacted communities and developers, wind farms in these two counties engendered minimal local opposition. I show a case where urban growth restrictions influenced successful large-scale wind development. These growth restrictions led to considerable geographic distance between Solano County cities and the wind development. The only local controversy I found came from the Travis Air Force base in Solano County, which imposed three separate moratoriums on wind development due to incompatibility with their operative mission. I use the concepts of distributional and procedural justice to show how the wind developers and landowners worked with the community. The interviews and surveys show evidence of local acceptance of wind development, and suggest that individuals in the county perceive wind development as a positive aspect of their community. This work provides important insights for government officials and energy developers in terms of effective strategies for renewable energy development. Title: Wind Energy in Solano County Author: Kelly, Anna C. While the U.S. energy portfolio increasingly includes renewables, social acceptance of such technologies can pose an important challenge for developers. Using survey data from a random sample of nearby households (n=524), content analysis of coverage in local newspapers, and interviews with various stakeholders (n=14), I explore local social acceptance of wind farms in two California counties that have experienced several large-scale developments in the last decade (Contra Costa and Solano). There is nation-wide controversy surrounding an extension of a Golden Eagle take-permit (kill tag) granted to Solano County wind developers. Unlike previous studies that describe tense battles between impacted communities and developers, wind farms in these two counties engendered minimal local opposition. I show a case where urban growth restrictions influenced successful large-scale wind development. These growth restrictions led to considerable geographic distance between Solano County cities and the wind development. The only local controversy I found came from the Travis Air Force base in Solano County, which imposed three separate moratoriums on wind development due to incompatibility with their operative mission. I use the concepts of distributional and procedural justice to show how the wind developers and landowners worked with the community. The interviews and surveys show evidence of local acceptance of wind development, and suggest that individuals in the county perceive wind development as a positive aspect of their community. This work provides important insights for government officials and energy developers in terms of effective strategies for renewable energy development. Close

• 34. [Article] Lincoln County economic development strategies : long-range plan 1995-2015

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lincoln County economic development strategies : long-range plan 1995-2015 Author: Economic Development Alliance of Lincoln County Title: Lincoln County economic development strategies : long-range plan 1995-2015 Author: Economic Development Alliance of Lincoln County Close

• 35. [Article] A plan for adapting principles of child development to meet the needs of Korean children

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A plan for adapting principles of child development to meet the needs of Korean children Author: Choi, E. Soon Title: A plan for adapting principles of child development to meet the needs of Korean children Author: Choi, E. Soon Close

• 36. [Article] Towards Equity, Sustainability and Stability: A Sector Planning Approach to Fishing and Mariculture Development in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa

  A development mandate is explicit in South Africa’s new fisheries legislation, the Marine Living Resources Act, which is based on the principles of equity, sustainability and stability. The new policy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Towards Equity, Sustainability and Stability: A Sector Planning Approach to Fishing and Mariculture Development in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa Author: Philips, Lionel, Britz, Peter, Sauer, Warwick, Mather, Dinty Year: 2001 A development mandate is explicit in South Africa’s new fisheries legislation, the Marine Living Resources Act, which is based on the principles of equity, sustainability and stability. The new policy represents a significant departure from that of the previous Government, which largely confined its role to resource management. This presents a challenge in terms of the development of institutional strategies and capacity to promote socio-economic goals. A case study of a sector planning approach to fishing and mariculture development in the Northern Cape Province is described, as well as lessons learned from the experience. The economy of the Namaqualand coastal region of the Northern Cape Province is dominated by mining which is in decline, however fishing and mariculture offer a significant opportunity for sustainable economic development provided appropriate interventions are made. Specific initiatives have included the establishment of a representative community based Fishing and Mariculture Development Association (FAMDA), mentor support for emerging fishing and mariculture entrepreneurs, a socio-economic baseline and impact assessment of the potential of mariculture and fishery development, research support to promote fishery and aquaculture development, and the development of new projects and investments. It is concluded that the single biggest constraint to fishing and mariculture development remains institutional, and that well coordinated planning and institutional arrangements will be required if development goals of South Africa’s new Marine Living Resources Act are to be realised. Title: Towards Equity, Sustainability and Stability: A Sector Planning Approach to Fishing and Mariculture Development in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa Author: Philips, Lionel, Britz, Peter, Sauer, Warwick, Mather, Dinty Year: 2001 A development mandate is explicit in South Africa’s new fisheries legislation, the Marine Living Resources Act, which is based on the principles of equity, sustainability and stability. The new policy represents a significant departure from that of the previous Government, which largely confined its role to resource management. This presents a challenge in terms of the development of institutional strategies and capacity to promote socio-economic goals. A case study of a sector planning approach to fishing and mariculture development in the Northern Cape Province is described, as well as lessons learned from the experience. The economy of the Namaqualand coastal region of the Northern Cape Province is dominated by mining which is in decline, however fishing and mariculture offer a significant opportunity for sustainable economic development provided appropriate interventions are made. Specific initiatives have included the establishment of a representative community based Fishing and Mariculture Development Association (FAMDA), mentor support for emerging fishing and mariculture entrepreneurs, a socio-economic baseline and impact assessment of the potential of mariculture and fishery development, research support to promote fishery and aquaculture development, and the development of new projects and investments. It is concluded that the single biggest constraint to fishing and mariculture development remains institutional, and that well coordinated planning and institutional arrangements will be required if development goals of South Africa’s new Marine Living Resources Act are to be realised. Close

• 37. [Article] Aquaculture as a Vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia

  Throughout the world the landings of capture fisheries are declining and this is not because the fishing nations are managing their resources better but because of the non-availability of the fish species. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquaculture as a Vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia Author: Elago, Panduleni Throughout the world the landings of capture fisheries are declining and this is not because the fishing nations are managing their resources better but because of the non-availability of the fish species. The reduction in capture fisheries is a wakeup call for the nations to undertake Aquaculture development. Though Namibia is one of the driest countries in the world, aquaculture development is a necessity if fish is to remain part of our menu. The goal of aquaculture development in Namibia is to develop a sustainable industry aiming to promote food security and poverty reduction. Since the introduction of fish farming in 2003, the Government has been engaged in creating a conducive environment for the small and medium fish farmers. This paper focuses on the responses of small and medium farmers towards the government’s effort, for promoting Aquaculture as a vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia. Title: Aquaculture as a Vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia Author: Elago, Panduleni Throughout the world the landings of capture fisheries are declining and this is not because the fishing nations are managing their resources better but because of the non-availability of the fish species. The reduction in capture fisheries is a wakeup call for the nations to undertake Aquaculture development. Though Namibia is one of the driest countries in the world, aquaculture development is a necessity if fish is to remain part of our menu. The goal of aquaculture development in Namibia is to develop a sustainable industry aiming to promote food security and poverty reduction. Since the introduction of fish farming in 2003, the Government has been engaged in creating a conducive environment for the small and medium fish farmers. This paper focuses on the responses of small and medium farmers towards the government’s effort, for promoting Aquaculture as a vehicle for Socio-Economic Development in Namibia. Close

• 38. [Article] Community Driven Development (CDD) in Action: Three Case Studies of International Nongovernmental Development Organizations’ (INGOs’) CDD Practices

  Since the 1980s, NGOs have created a necessary niche for themselves within developing nations addressing poverty “traps” such as: lack of infrastructure, corruption, environmental degradation, conflict, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community Driven Development (CDD) in Action: Three Case Studies of International Nongovernmental Development Organizations’ (INGOs’) CDD Practices Author: Rhynard-Geil, Meghann Since the 1980s, NGOs have created a necessary niche for themselves within developing nations addressing poverty “traps” such as: lack of infrastructure, corruption, environmental degradation, conflict, disease, educational paucity, and gender inequality. Due to increasing issues of dependency and failed development projects resulting from a top-down, organizational structure, international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) are adopting what the World Bank calls Community Driven Development (CDD), a bottom-up organizational approach, which places the beneficiary community in control of development projects. Despite its perceived success, the features of CDD have not been operationalized at an institutional, measurable, or replicable level, and as a result, organizations are making their own decisions about what CDD actually entails. The purpose of this paper is to compare the current practices of three small-scale, independent INGOs to the World Bank’s elements of CDD in terms of both its presence and quality within their organizational structures and practices. Understanding what changes organizations make to CDD and why will help evolve our understanding in regards to what aspects of CDD are the strongest and most essential to the continued success of individual development projects and the long-term goals of the communities in which they are implemented. Title: Community Driven Development (CDD) in Action: Three Case Studies of International Nongovernmental Development Organizations’ (INGOs’) CDD Practices Author: Rhynard-Geil, Meghann Since the 1980s, NGOs have created a necessary niche for themselves within developing nations addressing poverty “traps” such as: lack of infrastructure, corruption, environmental degradation, conflict, disease, educational paucity, and gender inequality. Due to increasing issues of dependency and failed development projects resulting from a top-down, organizational structure, international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) are adopting what the World Bank calls Community Driven Development (CDD), a bottom-up organizational approach, which places the beneficiary community in control of development projects. Despite its perceived success, the features of CDD have not been operationalized at an institutional, measurable, or replicable level, and as a result, organizations are making their own decisions about what CDD actually entails. The purpose of this paper is to compare the current practices of three small-scale, independent INGOs to the World Bank’s elements of CDD in terms of both its presence and quality within their organizational structures and practices. Understanding what changes organizations make to CDD and why will help evolve our understanding in regards to what aspects of CDD are the strongest and most essential to the continued success of individual development projects and the long-term goals of the communities in which they are implemented. Close

• 39. [Article] Study and Refactoring of Android Asynchronous Programming

  To avoid unresponsiveness, a core part of mobile development is asynchronous programming. Android provides several async constructs that developers can use. However, developers can still use the inappropriate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study and Refactoring of Android Asynchronous Programming Author: Okur, Semih, Dig, Danny, Oregon State University. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science., Lin, Yu To avoid unresponsiveness, a core part of mobile development is asynchronous programming. Android provides several async constructs that developers can use. However, developers can still use the inappropriate async constructs, which result in memory leaks, lost results, and wasted energy. Fortunately, refactoring tools can eliminate these problems by transforming async code to use the appropriate constructs. In this paper we conducted a formative study on a corpus of 611 widely-used Android apps to map the asynchronous landscape of Android apps, understand how developers retrofit asynchrony, and learn about barriers encountered by developers. Based on this study, we designed, implemented, and evaluated ASYNCDROID, a refactoring tool which enables Android developers to transform existing improperly-used async constructs into correct constructs. Our empirical evaluation shows that ASYNCDROID is applicable, accurate, and saves developers effort. We submitted 30 refactoring patches, and developers consider that the refactorings are useful. Title: Study and Refactoring of Android Asynchronous Programming Author: Okur, Semih, Dig, Danny, Oregon State University. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science., Lin, Yu To avoid unresponsiveness, a core part of mobile development is asynchronous programming. Android provides several async constructs that developers can use. However, developers can still use the inappropriate async constructs, which result in memory leaks, lost results, and wasted energy. Fortunately, refactoring tools can eliminate these problems by transforming async code to use the appropriate constructs. In this paper we conducted a formative study on a corpus of 611 widely-used Android apps to map the asynchronous landscape of Android apps, understand how developers retrofit asynchrony, and learn about barriers encountered by developers. Based on this study, we designed, implemented, and evaluated ASYNCDROID, a refactoring tool which enables Android developers to transform existing improperly-used async constructs into correct constructs. Our empirical evaluation shows that ASYNCDROID is applicable, accurate, and saves developers effort. We submitted 30 refactoring patches, and developers consider that the refactorings are useful. Close

• 40. [Article] Conway's Law Revisited: The Evidence For a Task-based Perspective

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by IEEE Computer Society and can be found at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/Rece...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conway's Law Revisited: The Evidence For a Task-based Perspective Author: Cataldo, Marcelo, Kwan, Irwin, Damian, Daniela This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by IEEE Computer Society and can be found at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=52. Title: Conway's Law Revisited: The Evidence For a Task-based Perspective Author: Cataldo, Marcelo, Kwan, Irwin, Damian, Daniela This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by IEEE Computer Society and can be found at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=52. Close

• 41. [Article] A Discussion of Sustainable Development of Yemeni Fisheries in the Context of Millennium Development Goals and Stakeholder Aspiration

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Discussion of Sustainable Development of Yemeni Fisheries in the Context of Millennium Development Goals and Stakeholder Aspiration Author: Pollard, Iain C. Research Paper Title: A Discussion of Sustainable Development of Yemeni Fisheries in the Context of Millennium Development Goals and Stakeholder Aspiration Author: Pollard, Iain C. Research Paper Close

• 42. [Article] Tuna industries development potential in Pacific Islands countries: aspirations, feasibility and influences in the WCPFC

  Power Point presentation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tuna industries development potential in Pacific Islands countries: aspirations, feasibility and influences in the WCPFC Author: Barclay, Kate Power Point presentation. Title: Tuna industries development potential in Pacific Islands countries: aspirations, feasibility and influences in the WCPFC Author: Barclay, Kate Power Point presentation. Close

• 43. [Article] A Blueprint for Ocean Energy Development 2010-2015

  In an effort to foster a collaborative approach to advancing the ocean energy industry, OWET convened the OWET 2010 Developersʼ Summit on September 27 and 28, 2010 in Portland, Oregon. The purpose of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Blueprint for Ocean Energy Development 2010-2015 Author: Oregon Wave Energy Trust In an effort to foster a collaborative approach to advancing the ocean energy industry, OWET convened the OWET 2010 Developersʼ Summit on September 27 and 28, 2010 in Portland, Oregon. The purpose of the Summit was to create an open dialogue among developers, utilities, and regulatory and policy leaders to develop a strategy to advance ocean energy development in Oregon and the Pacific Northwest of North America by 2015. Approximately 40 attendees gathered for two days of dialog and brainstorming sessions, information sharing, and discussion about opportunities to advance the industry. Key topics addressed in the Summit included regulatory and permitting processes, policies to encourage and finance the early stages of ocean energy development, and connecting facilities to the electrical transmission infrastructure. This Blueprint captures the results of the Summit, identifies goals for 2015, and recommends actions discussed at the Summit. OWET intends for this Blueprint to be used as a focused action plan to advance a responsible ocean energy industry.2 This Blueprint also introduces the concept of “Blue Tag Power” that was discussed at the Summit and developed further at Ocean Renewable Energy Conference V. Blue Tag Power is a designation that would include wave, tidal, in-stream current and offshore wind. Title: A Blueprint for Ocean Energy Development 2010-2015 Author: Oregon Wave Energy Trust In an effort to foster a collaborative approach to advancing the ocean energy industry, OWET convened the OWET 2010 Developersʼ Summit on September 27 and 28, 2010 in Portland, Oregon. The purpose of the Summit was to create an open dialogue among developers, utilities, and regulatory and policy leaders to develop a strategy to advance ocean energy development in Oregon and the Pacific Northwest of North America by 2015. Approximately 40 attendees gathered for two days of dialog and brainstorming sessions, information sharing, and discussion about opportunities to advance the industry. Key topics addressed in the Summit included regulatory and permitting processes, policies to encourage and finance the early stages of ocean energy development, and connecting facilities to the electrical transmission infrastructure. This Blueprint captures the results of the Summit, identifies goals for 2015, and recommends actions discussed at the Summit. OWET intends for this Blueprint to be used as a focused action plan to advance a responsible ocean energy industry.2 This Blueprint also introduces the concept of “Blue Tag Power” that was discussed at the Summit and developed further at Ocean Renewable Energy Conference V. Blue Tag Power is a designation that would include wave, tidal, in-stream current and offshore wind. Close

• 44. [Article] Appendix A.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Appendix A.pdf Author: Butler, Barbara, Webster, Janet Title: Appendix A.pdf Author: Butler, Barbara, Webster, Janet Close

• 45. [Article] Argentina.ppt

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Argentina.ppt Author: Butler, Barbara, Webster, Janet Title: Argentina.ppt Author: Butler, Barbara, Webster, Janet Close

• 46. [Article] MOWLA IIFET.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MOWLA IIFET.pdf Author: Naher, Nurun, Mowla, Runia Title: MOWLA IIFET.pdf Author: Naher, Nurun, Mowla, Runia Close

• 47. [Article] Mowla 115 IIFET 2014.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mowla 115 IIFET 2014.pdf Author: Naher, Nurun, Mowla, Runia Title: Mowla 115 IIFET 2014.pdf Author: Naher, Nurun, Mowla, Runia Close

• 48. [Article] A self-directed learning-based model for training needs assessment of clients at small business development centers

  The purpose of this study was to improve instructional system design at Small Business Development Centers by developing a best practice model for assessing client training needs. Two research questions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A self-directed learning-based model for training needs assessment of clients at small business development centers Author: Good, Glenn C. The purpose of this study was to improve instructional system design at Small Business Development Centers by developing a best practice model for assessing client training needs. Two research questions were addressed: 1. Is self-directed learning an appropriate framework for instructional system design at Small Business Development Centers? 2. What are the components of a self-directed learning-based model for assessing the training needs of Small Business Development Center clients in Small Business Management programs? The theoretical framework that guided the research was constructivism. METHODS: Data collection included: 1) reviews of self-directed learning, instructional system design, needs assessment and Small Business Development Center literature; 2) preliminary interviews of Small Business Development Centers clients and instructors and university professors; 3) facilitation of a Delphi Method (using email); and 4) final interviews of the Delphi panelists. Analysis included qualitative and quantitative techniques. Findings included the compatibility of self-directed learning with Small Business Development Center educational practices and Delphi panel consensus on 34 training needs assessment items. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The conclusions were: 1. Self-directed learning is an appropriate framework for instructional system design at Small Business Development Centers. 2. Knowles' Andragogical Process Model is an appropriate foundation upon which to design instructional systems for Small Business Development Centers. 3. A self-directed learning-based training needs assessment model that incorporates the components of Knowles' Andragogical Process Model serves the needs of clients enrolled in the Small Business Management program at Small Business Development Centers. 4. Self-directed learning-based instructional systems for graduate programs in business and adult education will prepare personnel qualified to improve Small Business Development Center and other adult education programs. A model for assessing client training needs at Small Business Development Centers was developed from this study. The model illustrates the integration of self-directed learning with instructional design in Small Business Management programs. Recommendations were made for program development and further research. Self-directed learning-based instructional designs were recommended for Small Business Development Center and adult education program developers. Research is needed to test the model and to conduct action research that includes Small Business Development Center instructors and clients and university professors. Title: A self-directed learning-based model for training needs assessment of clients at small business development centers Author: Good, Glenn C. The purpose of this study was to improve instructional system design at Small Business Development Centers by developing a best practice model for assessing client training needs. Two research questions were addressed: 1. Is self-directed learning an appropriate framework for instructional system design at Small Business Development Centers? 2. What are the components of a self-directed learning-based model for assessing the training needs of Small Business Development Center clients in Small Business Management programs? The theoretical framework that guided the research was constructivism. METHODS: Data collection included: 1) reviews of self-directed learning, instructional system design, needs assessment and Small Business Development Center literature; 2) preliminary interviews of Small Business Development Centers clients and instructors and university professors; 3) facilitation of a Delphi Method (using email); and 4) final interviews of the Delphi panelists. Analysis included qualitative and quantitative techniques. Findings included the compatibility of self-directed learning with Small Business Development Center educational practices and Delphi panel consensus on 34 training needs assessment items. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The conclusions were: 1. Self-directed learning is an appropriate framework for instructional system design at Small Business Development Centers. 2. Knowles' Andragogical Process Model is an appropriate foundation upon which to design instructional systems for Small Business Development Centers. 3. A self-directed learning-based training needs assessment model that incorporates the components of Knowles' Andragogical Process Model serves the needs of clients enrolled in the Small Business Management program at Small Business Development Centers. 4. Self-directed learning-based instructional systems for graduate programs in business and adult education will prepare personnel qualified to improve Small Business Development Center and other adult education programs. A model for assessing client training needs at Small Business Development Centers was developed from this study. The model illustrates the integration of self-directed learning with instructional design in Small Business Management programs. Recommendations were made for program development and further research. Self-directed learning-based instructional designs were recommended for Small Business Development Center and adult education program developers. Research is needed to test the model and to conduct action research that includes Small Business Development Center instructors and clients and university professors. Close

• 49. [Article] Diagramming practices in open source software development

  Visual information presented in diagrams promotes information processing both in an individual and in collaborative work. Previous literature has identified the role of diagrams in understanding information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diagramming practices in open source software development Author: Chung, Eunyoung Visual information presented in diagrams promotes information processing both in an individual and in collaborative work. Previous literature has identified the role of diagrams in understanding information processing in a variety of disciplines. In software engineering, diagrams are a prevalent method involved in process development: diagrams are used for system comprehension, design of architecture, design and improvement of usability and communication with developers. Free/Open Source software (FOSS) development is a highly distributed environment where developers and users share content over multiple sites and communicate through computer-mediated channels. However, prior research lacks a deep understanding of diagramming practices in OSS. To understand how and why diagramming practices occur in FOSS, we first conducted interviews with nine contributors from a single project, Ubuntu. Next, to generalize our study, we conducted a large-scale survey with contributors from a wide range of FOSS communities as well as follow-up interviews that provided insights into understanding their diagramming practices. We found that although contributors mostly agree that diagram use has positive effects toward development, FOSS contributors occasionally are not willing to use them due to a lack of supporting tools outside of the conventions related to FOSS culture. We propose that diagramming practices can support and promote collaboration in FOSS. This thesis is composed of three manuscripts. First, we study diagramming practices in the Ubuntu project. Second, we report diagramming practices, focusing on design-oriented activities in which developers and designers extensively use diagrams in collocated development. We also investigate whether or not OSS contributors appreciate diagramming practices for design-oriented activities in non-collocated development. We finally report how and why diagramming practices occur in FOSS communities. Title: Diagramming practices in open source software development Author: Chung, Eunyoung Visual information presented in diagrams promotes information processing both in an individual and in collaborative work. Previous literature has identified the role of diagrams in understanding information processing in a variety of disciplines. In software engineering, diagrams are a prevalent method involved in process development: diagrams are used for system comprehension, design of architecture, design and improvement of usability and communication with developers. Free/Open Source software (FOSS) development is a highly distributed environment where developers and users share content over multiple sites and communicate through computer-mediated channels. However, prior research lacks a deep understanding of diagramming practices in OSS. To understand how and why diagramming practices occur in FOSS, we first conducted interviews with nine contributors from a single project, Ubuntu. Next, to generalize our study, we conducted a large-scale survey with contributors from a wide range of FOSS communities as well as follow-up interviews that provided insights into understanding their diagramming practices. We found that although contributors mostly agree that diagram use has positive effects toward development, FOSS contributors occasionally are not willing to use them due to a lack of supporting tools outside of the conventions related to FOSS culture. We propose that diagramming practices can support and promote collaboration in FOSS. This thesis is composed of three manuscripts. First, we study diagramming practices in the Ubuntu project. Second, we report diagramming practices, focusing on design-oriented activities in which developers and designers extensively use diagrams in collocated development. We also investigate whether or not OSS contributors appreciate diagramming practices for design-oriented activities in non-collocated development. We finally report how and why diagramming practices occur in FOSS communities. Close

• 50. [Article] An examination of Oregon Writing Project teachers : a qualitative study of professional development experiences

  This qualitative study examined the influence of the 2011 Oregon Writing Project (OWP) Summer Institute (SI) on the professional development of six teachers in the following ways: 1. The development of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of Oregon Writing Project teachers : a qualitative study of professional development experiences Author: Obery, Angela D. This qualitative study examined the influence of the 2011 Oregon Writing Project (OWP) Summer Institute (SI) on the professional development of six teachers in the following ways: 1. The development of case descriptions of teachers' personal and professional backgrounds relevant to their teaching of writing. 2. An examination of the effects of the Summer Institute on participants' self-reported teaching practices, attitudes, and beliefs about the teaching of writing. 3. An examination of participants' perceptions of aspects of the SI program that they deemed 'influential' in their professional development. Data was collected from Summer Institute application materials, written coursework, and follow-up interviews. Using inductive reasoning, systematic analysis of the data resulted in the following findings: 1. Teachers reported a neglect of writing education in their teacher preparation programs, as well as in the professional development programs offered by K-12 schools. 2. Participants tended to report change in their professional and personal practices, attitudes, and beliefs related to writing following the Summer Institute. 3. Participants unanimously identified the characteristics of time and a safe learning environment as significant in their professional development experience. The study suggests the need for more comprehensive inclusion of writing instructional methods in preservice and professional development programs. The study also reinforces pre-existing research that supports professional development models that are designed to be teacher and context-centered within a collaborative community. The present research highlights the need to consider factors of time and participant feelings of "safety" when designing professional development programs. Finally, the study maintains that effective professional development may offer the important teacher learning and confidence needed in K-12 schools Title: An examination of Oregon Writing Project teachers : a qualitative study of professional development experiences Author: Obery, Angela D. This qualitative study examined the influence of the 2011 Oregon Writing Project (OWP) Summer Institute (SI) on the professional development of six teachers in the following ways: 1. The development of case descriptions of teachers' personal and professional backgrounds relevant to their teaching of writing. 2. An examination of the effects of the Summer Institute on participants' self-reported teaching practices, attitudes, and beliefs about the teaching of writing. 3. An examination of participants' perceptions of aspects of the SI program that they deemed 'influential' in their professional development. Data was collected from Summer Institute application materials, written coursework, and follow-up interviews. Using inductive reasoning, systematic analysis of the data resulted in the following findings: 1. Teachers reported a neglect of writing education in their teacher preparation programs, as well as in the professional development programs offered by K-12 schools. 2. Participants tended to report change in their professional and personal practices, attitudes, and beliefs related to writing following the Summer Institute. 3. Participants unanimously identified the characteristics of time and a safe learning environment as significant in their professional development experience. The study suggests the need for more comprehensive inclusion of writing instructional methods in preservice and professional development programs. The study also reinforces pre-existing research that supports professional development models that are designed to be teacher and context-centered within a collaborative community. The present research highlights the need to consider factors of time and participant feelings of "safety" when designing professional development programs. Finally, the study maintains that effective professional development may offer the important teacher learning and confidence needed in K-12 schools Close

• 51. [Article] Integrating indigenous knowledge into the community development process : the Zimbabwean experience

  This study is a critical ethnography of my professional career as an educator born and raised in the Shona culture in Zimbabwe. In this metaphysical study I reconstruct a worldview that I consider to be ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating indigenous knowledge into the community development process : the Zimbabwean experience Author: Munyaka, Golden This study is a critical ethnography of my professional career as an educator born and raised in the Shona culture in Zimbabwe. In this metaphysical study I reconstruct a worldview that I consider to be representative of Shona customs and beliefs. Doing this project has challenged my own ethnic identity as I struggled to position myself on the emic-etic continuum. As a young educator, I believed my professional practice was rooted in the high professional ethics of "modern science." Today as I come to the end of this particular journey, I have raised more questions than answers. To what extend does "modern science" represent the worldviews of indigenous people like me? More still, to what extent does the development of knowledge and technology engage rural indigenous communities? Is it possible for rural indigenous communities to achieve sustainable development as outsiders to the "scientific" community? The questions I have raised in this study have led me to understand that the current state of "development" as a concept and discourse needs to be redefined from the perspective of ordinary rural people. Universal notions of development have failed to inform policy makers and researchers on how to solve social problems of poverty and access to basic services like clean water, food, shelter, and affordable health care and education. Globalization as the new manifestation of "modernity" is leading to increased exclusion of disadvantaged communities, mostly women and indigenous rural people, from enjoying the benefits of new knowledge and advanced technology. In this dissertation, I review the main paradigms of community development from 1884 when Africa was officially "christianized" at the Berlin Conference. The epistemology of community development gave me a unique opportunity to propose a grassroots model to community development that I refer to as the "G Community Development" theory (or simply the GCD theory). The GCD theory is grounded in the Zimbabwean context and my woridview. This theory is my tentative approach to make sense of the state of the development of indigenous communities in rural Zimbabwe. Under no circumstances do I seek to generalize the application of this theoretical artifact. Title: Integrating indigenous knowledge into the community development process : the Zimbabwean experience Author: Munyaka, Golden This study is a critical ethnography of my professional career as an educator born and raised in the Shona culture in Zimbabwe. In this metaphysical study I reconstruct a worldview that I consider to be representative of Shona customs and beliefs. Doing this project has challenged my own ethnic identity as I struggled to position myself on the emic-etic continuum. As a young educator, I believed my professional practice was rooted in the high professional ethics of "modern science." Today as I come to the end of this particular journey, I have raised more questions than answers. To what extend does "modern science" represent the worldviews of indigenous people like me? More still, to what extent does the development of knowledge and technology engage rural indigenous communities? Is it possible for rural indigenous communities to achieve sustainable development as outsiders to the "scientific" community? The questions I have raised in this study have led me to understand that the current state of "development" as a concept and discourse needs to be redefined from the perspective of ordinary rural people. Universal notions of development have failed to inform policy makers and researchers on how to solve social problems of poverty and access to basic services like clean water, food, shelter, and affordable health care and education. Globalization as the new manifestation of "modernity" is leading to increased exclusion of disadvantaged communities, mostly women and indigenous rural people, from enjoying the benefits of new knowledge and advanced technology. In this dissertation, I review the main paradigms of community development from 1884 when Africa was officially "christianized" at the Berlin Conference. The epistemology of community development gave me a unique opportunity to propose a grassroots model to community development that I refer to as the "G Community Development" theory (or simply the GCD theory). The GCD theory is grounded in the Zimbabwean context and my woridview. This theory is my tentative approach to make sense of the state of the development of indigenous communities in rural Zimbabwe. Under no circumstances do I seek to generalize the application of this theoretical artifact. Close

• 52. [Article] Sustainable development assessment and the management of heterogeneous fisheries’ activities: the case of European Union participation in Senegal’s marine fishery

  The article provides policy guiding recommendations for enhancing the sustainable development of Senegal’s marine fishery system. A new sustainable development assessment method is proposed and is applied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainable development assessment and the management of heterogeneous fisheries’ activities: the case of European Union participation in Senegal’s marine fishery Author: Failler, Pierre, Stilwell, Jonathan, Laloë, Francis, Samba, Alassane The article provides policy guiding recommendations for enhancing the sustainable development of Senegal’s marine fishery system. A new sustainable development assessment method is proposed and is applied to Senegal’s marine fishery in order to provide these recommendations. A discussion of the conditions for sustainable development suggest that the sustainable development of fisheries is dependent upon complex interdependencies between heterogeneous factors. These interdependencies lead to the assumption that assessing the sustainable development status of fishery systems should rely upon descriptive multi-criterion assessments. The proposed multi-criterion assessment evaluates the sustainable development consequences of the activities of three user groups frequenting Senegal’s marine fishery. These groups are the local artisanal group, the local industrial group and the European Union distant water fleets which were present in Senegalese waters until June 2006. The results of this evaluation show that the heterogeneity of the user groups frequenting Senegal’s marine fishery system can be capitalised upon through allocating fishery access in accord with each group’s ability to generate sustainable development benefits, while taking policy action to mitigate their negative impacts. On the basis of these findings the article makes three key policy recommendations for the sustainable development of Senegals’s marine fishery. These recommendations provide for the presence of an EU fleet in Senegalese waters as a measure for contributing to the sustainable development of the fishery. Title: Sustainable development assessment and the management of heterogeneous fisheries’ activities: the case of European Union participation in Senegal’s marine fishery Author: Failler, Pierre, Stilwell, Jonathan, Laloë, Francis, Samba, Alassane The article provides policy guiding recommendations for enhancing the sustainable development of Senegal’s marine fishery system. A new sustainable development assessment method is proposed and is applied to Senegal’s marine fishery in order to provide these recommendations. A discussion of the conditions for sustainable development suggest that the sustainable development of fisheries is dependent upon complex interdependencies between heterogeneous factors. These interdependencies lead to the assumption that assessing the sustainable development status of fishery systems should rely upon descriptive multi-criterion assessments. The proposed multi-criterion assessment evaluates the sustainable development consequences of the activities of three user groups frequenting Senegal’s marine fishery. These groups are the local artisanal group, the local industrial group and the European Union distant water fleets which were present in Senegalese waters until June 2006. The results of this evaluation show that the heterogeneity of the user groups frequenting Senegal’s marine fishery system can be capitalised upon through allocating fishery access in accord with each group’s ability to generate sustainable development benefits, while taking policy action to mitigate their negative impacts. On the basis of these findings the article makes three key policy recommendations for the sustainable development of Senegals’s marine fishery. These recommendations provide for the presence of an EU fleet in Senegalese waters as a measure for contributing to the sustainable development of the fishery. Close

• 53. [Article] A comparative study of the relation among religion, development, and population policy in three Muslim countries : Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia

  This is an interdisciplinary study combining the areas of Sociology, Religious Studies, and Adult and Community Education. Drawing from these disciplines, an investigation was made into the religious and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative study of the relation among religion, development, and population policy in three Muslim countries : Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia Author: Rihani, Ina Lee This is an interdisciplinary study combining the areas of Sociology, Religious Studies, and Adult and Community Education. Drawing from these disciplines, an investigation was made into the religious and socio-economic variables of development and their relation to family planning policies in the Muslim world. The primary focus in this study was upon the Muslim countries of: United Arab Republic (Egypt), Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia. Two main hypotheses were designed after reviewing the literature regarding theories and variables in demography and development in order to investigate how religious traditionalism and socio-economic developmental factors affect whether a government's formal population policy is antinatal or pronatal. The first hypothesis is that religious traditionalism has an inverse relation to a formal antinatal population policy. And the second hypothesis is that the level of development has a direct relation to a formal antinatal population policy. From secondary data, the findings of this thesis are two fold. The first part of the conclusion reveals that the results of many of the indicators used to investigate the original hypotheses did not support the hypotheses. Thus, a revision of the operationalization of the concepts of religion and development were made in the second part of the conclusion which yielded a recasting and re-evaluation of the data collected. The latter discussion raised questions concerning variables used in standard research to measure Islamic traditionalism and levels of socio-economic development. The variables used in research by the First and Second World researchers to measure Islamic traditionalism are being rejected by several Muslim Third World writers as being incorrect and often ethnocentric. The many standard socio-economic development measurements are also questioned, for they too are often ethnocentric and are measurements of the economic system and not always of the results of that system in terms of the welfare of the ordinary person. From the recent writings of Muslim Third World writers concerning Islam and M.D. Morris' new book, Measuring the Conditions of the World's Poor: The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), in which he introduces a new measurement of "development" - the PQLI, a final analysis of this study is made. The final findings suggest that religion should be considered as a dependent variable to that society's secular forces. Development is believed to be an important factor affecting population policy, but is a concept which needs to be defined in terms of "societal development" and not as "economic development". Title: A comparative study of the relation among religion, development, and population policy in three Muslim countries : Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia Author: Rihani, Ina Lee This is an interdisciplinary study combining the areas of Sociology, Religious Studies, and Adult and Community Education. Drawing from these disciplines, an investigation was made into the religious and socio-economic variables of development and their relation to family planning policies in the Muslim world. The primary focus in this study was upon the Muslim countries of: United Arab Republic (Egypt), Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia. Two main hypotheses were designed after reviewing the literature regarding theories and variables in demography and development in order to investigate how religious traditionalism and socio-economic developmental factors affect whether a government's formal population policy is antinatal or pronatal. The first hypothesis is that religious traditionalism has an inverse relation to a formal antinatal population policy. And the second hypothesis is that the level of development has a direct relation to a formal antinatal population policy. From secondary data, the findings of this thesis are two fold. The first part of the conclusion reveals that the results of many of the indicators used to investigate the original hypotheses did not support the hypotheses. Thus, a revision of the operationalization of the concepts of religion and development were made in the second part of the conclusion which yielded a recasting and re-evaluation of the data collected. The latter discussion raised questions concerning variables used in standard research to measure Islamic traditionalism and levels of socio-economic development. The variables used in research by the First and Second World researchers to measure Islamic traditionalism are being rejected by several Muslim Third World writers as being incorrect and often ethnocentric. The many standard socio-economic development measurements are also questioned, for they too are often ethnocentric and are measurements of the economic system and not always of the results of that system in terms of the welfare of the ordinary person. From the recent writings of Muslim Third World writers concerning Islam and M.D. Morris' new book, Measuring the Conditions of the World's Poor: The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), in which he introduces a new measurement of "development" - the PQLI, a final analysis of this study is made. The final findings suggest that religion should be considered as a dependent variable to that society's secular forces. Development is believed to be an important factor affecting population policy, but is a concept which needs to be defined in terms of "societal development" and not as "economic development". Close

• 54. [Article] A moral development theory : a synthesis from selected moral development theories, a spiral progression model of human development, and ego-state personality theory

  Controversy regarding moral development research has given rise to a proliferation of theories competing for acceptance. For all these researchers, the work of Lawrence Kohlberg is the pivot point for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A moral development theory : a synthesis from selected moral development theories, a spiral progression model of human development, and ego-state personality theory Author: Armstrong, Carolyn Sue Controversy regarding moral development research has given rise to a proliferation of theories competing for acceptance. For all these researchers, the work of Lawrence Kohlberg is the pivot point for comparisons, contrasts, and discussions. Still, no theories to date adequately describe and document a theoretically complete conception of moral judgment and behavior. The contention in this thesis is that Kohlberg's moral development theory should remain the base-camp for further exploration but concepts from the past as well as new components from other fields should be added to construct a better model of human moral thinking and behaving. This thesis formulates a comprehensive and more adequate moral development theory which fits existing data. Pertinent aspects of past and present moral theories are summarized. Theories are evaluated in light of knowledge gained from past thinkers and recent research. Inadequacies are discussed. New pieces from psychological personality theories are presented to replace the normally accepted concept of a unitary ego theory. A more realistic model of growth as a spiral development process is presented. This spiral model allows features of the invariant stage sequence and step-wise hierarchial development process, critical to Piaget's cognitive development theory and to Kohlberg's justice-oriented moral development theory, to exist while couched in a broader growth process that encompasses the pertinent additional features of other researchers' works. The newly constructed theory is presented. Documented case materials and portions of counseling sessions are used to show some adequacy-of-fit of aspects of this theory. Title: A moral development theory : a synthesis from selected moral development theories, a spiral progression model of human development, and ego-state personality theory Author: Armstrong, Carolyn Sue Controversy regarding moral development research has given rise to a proliferation of theories competing for acceptance. For all these researchers, the work of Lawrence Kohlberg is the pivot point for comparisons, contrasts, and discussions. Still, no theories to date adequately describe and document a theoretically complete conception of moral judgment and behavior. The contention in this thesis is that Kohlberg's moral development theory should remain the base-camp for further exploration but concepts from the past as well as new components from other fields should be added to construct a better model of human moral thinking and behaving. This thesis formulates a comprehensive and more adequate moral development theory which fits existing data. Pertinent aspects of past and present moral theories are summarized. Theories are evaluated in light of knowledge gained from past thinkers and recent research. Inadequacies are discussed. New pieces from psychological personality theories are presented to replace the normally accepted concept of a unitary ego theory. A more realistic model of growth as a spiral development process is presented. This spiral model allows features of the invariant stage sequence and step-wise hierarchial development process, critical to Piaget's cognitive development theory and to Kohlberg's justice-oriented moral development theory, to exist while couched in a broader growth process that encompasses the pertinent additional features of other researchers' works. The newly constructed theory is presented. Documented case materials and portions of counseling sessions are used to show some adequacy-of-fit of aspects of this theory. Close

• 55. [Article] The clonal development of vine maple during Douglas-fir stand development in the Coast Range of Oregon

  Natural Douglas-fir stand development is the result of many types of disturbance, both natural and management induced. The magnitude and timing of these disturbances have profound effects on the structure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The clonal development of vine maple during Douglas-fir stand development in the Coast Range of Oregon Author: O'Dea, Mary E. Natural Douglas-fir stand development is the result of many types of disturbance, both natural and management induced. The magnitude and timing of these disturbances have profound effects on the structure and composition of both the overstory and understory plant communities. Vine maple responds to disturbance by basal sprouting, layering, producing seed and establishing seedlings. By means of clonal regeneration and seedling establishment, vine maple is able to maintain its presence from one stand to the next over a wide range of sites. Previous studies on vine maple have not quantified its or growth in relation to the structural changes which occur during stand development and secondary succession in Douglas-fir forests. A knowledge of vine maple clone development is needed to understand the processes of understory development in secondary succession, and to predict the results of thinning and other silvicultural practices in these forests. The objective of this study was to quantify changes in vine maple development in relation to Douglas-fir stand age and density. Also investigated were the effects of layering on clone development in Douglas-fir stands of different ages and under different management regimes. The second segment of this study was to examine layering more closely, in regards to the rate and pattern of root initiations, and the capability of severed stems to root. The clonal development of vine maple was found to be strongly related to stand age, with most developmental changes occurring during the first 50 years of stand development. Basal sprouting and layering are present throughout stand development, with basal sprouting present primarily in early stand development and layering in the later stages. Seed production and seedling establishment are present in all stages of stand development, except during the years immediately following crown closure. Clone regeneration was found to be strongly influenced by cultural practices common to forest management, such as commercial thinning and prescribed fire. These management treatments affect clone regeneration by controlling clone size and forest debris. These treatments also affect the timing of seedling presence and the abundance of seedlings in stands. In order to understand natural forest succession, and to predict the effect of management practices on stand development, it is important to understand how clonal understory plants, such as vine maple, reproduce and grow during different stages of stand development. Title: The clonal development of vine maple during Douglas-fir stand development in the Coast Range of Oregon Author: O'Dea, Mary E. Natural Douglas-fir stand development is the result of many types of disturbance, both natural and management induced. The magnitude and timing of these disturbances have profound effects on the structure and composition of both the overstory and understory plant communities. Vine maple responds to disturbance by basal sprouting, layering, producing seed and establishing seedlings. By means of clonal regeneration and seedling establishment, vine maple is able to maintain its presence from one stand to the next over a wide range of sites. Previous studies on vine maple have not quantified its or growth in relation to the structural changes which occur during stand development and secondary succession in Douglas-fir forests. A knowledge of vine maple clone development is needed to understand the processes of understory development in secondary succession, and to predict the results of thinning and other silvicultural practices in these forests. The objective of this study was to quantify changes in vine maple development in relation to Douglas-fir stand age and density. Also investigated were the effects of layering on clone development in Douglas-fir stands of different ages and under different management regimes. The second segment of this study was to examine layering more closely, in regards to the rate and pattern of root initiations, and the capability of severed stems to root. The clonal development of vine maple was found to be strongly related to stand age, with most developmental changes occurring during the first 50 years of stand development. Basal sprouting and layering are present throughout stand development, with basal sprouting present primarily in early stand development and layering in the later stages. Seed production and seedling establishment are present in all stages of stand development, except during the years immediately following crown closure. Clone regeneration was found to be strongly influenced by cultural practices common to forest management, such as commercial thinning and prescribed fire. These management treatments affect clone regeneration by controlling clone size and forest debris. These treatments also affect the timing of seedling presence and the abundance of seedlings in stands. In order to understand natural forest succession, and to predict the effect of management practices on stand development, it is important to understand how clonal understory plants, such as vine maple, reproduce and grow during different stages of stand development. Close

• 56. [Article] Colonization, Statemaking, and Development: A Political Ecology of the Saru River Development Project, Hokkaido, Japan

  Although dam construction has been an integral tool in development initiatives for nearly a century, dams can have significant negative impacts on local residents, particularly those who are permanently ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Colonization, Statemaking, and Development: A Political Ecology of the Saru River Development Project, Hokkaido, Japan Author: Ioannides, Michael J. Year: 2017 Although dam construction has been an integral tool in development initiatives for nearly a century, dams can have significant negative impacts on local residents, particularly those who are permanently displaced from their homes and must be resettled elsewhere. Dams have unique impacts on indigenous peoples. As a result, many dam construction projects become flashpoints for organized resistance among indigenous peoples. This thesis examines a case that exemplifies indigenous resistance to dam construction: the Saru River Development Project in Hokkaido, Japan, involving the Nibutani Dam (completed 1997) and the Biratori Dam (under construction). This project has been famously opposed by indigenous Ainu landholders. Although much has been written about the legal and political significance of the Ainu’s resistance to the Saru River Development Project, information on the project’s impacts on local Ainu residents is scattered across many disparate sources, and no comprehensive English-language account has yet been produced. This thesis seeks to fill this gap in the literature by cataloging the impacts of the Saru River Development Project as comprehensively as possible and synthesizing available facts into a holistic account. This thesis organizes these impacts according to the newly-published Matrix Framework (Kirchherr and Charles 2016), enabling it to be more easily compared with other case studies of dam construction around the world. This thesis documents the ways in which inadequate social impact assessment and mitigation efforts may compound the effects of an enduring colonial legacy, contributing to resentment and resistance against development projects on the part of indigenous peoples. It suggests important lessons for improving social impact assessment and mitigation measures, not only for the Saru River Development Project itself, but for any future development project involving indigenous peoples. It also contributes to anthropological knowledge regarding the role of development projects as primary drivers of cultural change in indigenous communities. The roots of the Saru River Development Project originate in the history of Japan’s colonial invasion of Hokkaido. Political ecology provides a powerful lens through which to examine this history, allowing its influence on Hokkaido’s present-day social-ecological systems to become apparent. In this thesis, I develop a theory of statemaking and subjectmaking that is used to analyze the historical continuities that exist between colonial-era modernization efforts and contemporary development projects, including this one. This historical focus is especially crucial, given the current political climate and the international rise of the far-right, which has increasingly come to embrace a romanticized view of colonial history. By producing historical accounts that shed light on colonial violence, anthropologists can play an active role in combating the resurgence of colonial governmentality. Such historically-focused anthropology, with an explicit focus on “decolonizing” the discourse of contemporary development, is therefore of critical importance—perhaps now more than ever. Title: Colonization, Statemaking, and Development: A Political Ecology of the Saru River Development Project, Hokkaido, Japan Author: Ioannides, Michael J. Year: 2017 Although dam construction has been an integral tool in development initiatives for nearly a century, dams can have significant negative impacts on local residents, particularly those who are permanently displaced from their homes and must be resettled elsewhere. Dams have unique impacts on indigenous peoples. As a result, many dam construction projects become flashpoints for organized resistance among indigenous peoples. This thesis examines a case that exemplifies indigenous resistance to dam construction: the Saru River Development Project in Hokkaido, Japan, involving the Nibutani Dam (completed 1997) and the Biratori Dam (under construction). This project has been famously opposed by indigenous Ainu landholders. Although much has been written about the legal and political significance of the Ainu’s resistance to the Saru River Development Project, information on the project’s impacts on local Ainu residents is scattered across many disparate sources, and no comprehensive English-language account has yet been produced. This thesis seeks to fill this gap in the literature by cataloging the impacts of the Saru River Development Project as comprehensively as possible and synthesizing available facts into a holistic account. This thesis organizes these impacts according to the newly-published Matrix Framework (Kirchherr and Charles 2016), enabling it to be more easily compared with other case studies of dam construction around the world. This thesis documents the ways in which inadequate social impact assessment and mitigation efforts may compound the effects of an enduring colonial legacy, contributing to resentment and resistance against development projects on the part of indigenous peoples. It suggests important lessons for improving social impact assessment and mitigation measures, not only for the Saru River Development Project itself, but for any future development project involving indigenous peoples. It also contributes to anthropological knowledge regarding the role of development projects as primary drivers of cultural change in indigenous communities. The roots of the Saru River Development Project originate in the history of Japan’s colonial invasion of Hokkaido. Political ecology provides a powerful lens through which to examine this history, allowing its influence on Hokkaido’s present-day social-ecological systems to become apparent. In this thesis, I develop a theory of statemaking and subjectmaking that is used to analyze the historical continuities that exist between colonial-era modernization efforts and contemporary development projects, including this one. This historical focus is especially crucial, given the current political climate and the international rise of the far-right, which has increasingly come to embrace a romanticized view of colonial history. By producing historical accounts that shed light on colonial violence, anthropologists can play an active role in combating the resurgence of colonial governmentality. Such historically-focused anthropology, with an explicit focus on “decolonizing” the discourse of contemporary development, is therefore of critical importance—perhaps now more than ever. Close

• 57. [Article] Mechanisms which encourage beneficiary participation in decision making in rural development assistance projects in developing countries

  This study was designed to discover how beneficiary participation in decision making can be encouraged and enhanced in rural development assistance projects in developing countries. The study sought to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mechanisms which encourage beneficiary participation in decision making in rural development assistance projects in developing countries Author: Bates, Reid A. This study was designed to discover how beneficiary participation in decision making can be encouraged and enhanced in rural development assistance projects in developing countries. The study sought to increase the understanding about how beneficiary participation occurs through the identification of patterns, processes or techniques in development assistance projects that enhance the ability of local people to gain control of the benefits and decision making processes in projects affecting their lives. The data for this study were obtained from telephone interviews with seven individuals who are or have been rural development assistance project managers. A constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis was employed. The findings indicated that community participation is encouraged and enhanced in projects that involve a few salient activities, relatively less complex inputs and consequently less money than larger, more complex projects. These projects should be based on a felt need in the community and be designed to fit community capabilities. As such, they enhance the power of participation to produce a recognizable benefit and to provide a sense of progress toward community established goals. In addition, community participation is encouraged when some investment is required from the community. Investment creates ownership and tests the value and appropriateness of the activity to the community. The case studies suggested that participation is a process that requires support at the community level, from intermediary organizations and from donor agencies and national governments. At the community level, the most practical and effective vehicle through which to implement participatory projects is existing community organizations. These organizations generally possess the necessary skills to be, and by definition, should be involved in all phases of the project from design to evaluation. Locally identified leaders, while a two-edged sword, are necessary for the effectiveness of local organizations and for the endorsement of project activities. Intermediary organizations emerge in this study as key actors in the participatory development process. These organizations act as catalysts and linkages by informing and sharing information with communities; by helping communities gather data about themselves in identifying the most critical problems; by mediating in conflict resolution; and in obtaining funds and other forms of assistance from outside the community. Their role is characterized by an approach to rural communities that is both understanding and interactive. Donor organizations and national governments are seen in the role of development coordinators. The coordinator role is responsive to community desires and strives for equality among diverse groups and communities. They emphasize a "process" approach to development administration. As a result of effective participation, rural poor communities are able to meet their basic needs, solve their problems, and achieve the power to control their lives. In terms of mechanisms encouraging beneficiary participation, this study recommends the following: 1) Participatory development should be viewed as a process of trial and error learning whose goal is community empowerment. Empowerment signifies the degree to which people have gained the capacity to obtain results which they intend to obtain from their involvement in decision making in the development process. 2) Intermediary organizations must assume a key role in the participatory development process. These organizations are composed of sensitive and understanding people who are dedicated to community participation. The function of these organizations is twofold. First, they act as links between donor agencies or national governments and local communities. Second, they function as catalysts in participatory development. The goal of these organizations is to facilitate the building of community capacity in terms of skills and knowledge to the point that the community no longer needs their assistance. 3) The appropriate roles of donor agencies and national governments in participatory development is as coordinators of development assistance projects. This role requires them to provide funds specifically for participatory development; to strive for equity in funding different groups and communities; and to adopt a "process" style of project administration that is seen as most conducive to participatory development. 4) Projects aiming at encouraging beneficiary participation should start small, with a few relatively simple activities that respond to local needs. These activities are most effectively implemented through existing local organizations that are characterized as having control of financial resources, legal authority, involvement in all project activities from design to evaluation and are led by community appointed leaders. 5) It is more important to emphasize "how" projects are implemented rather than "what" is accomplished. This "how" necessarily involves beneficiary participation which is defined as the participation of beneficiaries in their own development by controlling resources, defining needs and making decisions about how these needs can best be met. Title: Mechanisms which encourage beneficiary participation in decision making in rural development assistance projects in developing countries Author: Bates, Reid A. This study was designed to discover how beneficiary participation in decision making can be encouraged and enhanced in rural development assistance projects in developing countries. The study sought to increase the understanding about how beneficiary participation occurs through the identification of patterns, processes or techniques in development assistance projects that enhance the ability of local people to gain control of the benefits and decision making processes in projects affecting their lives. The data for this study were obtained from telephone interviews with seven individuals who are or have been rural development assistance project managers. A constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis was employed. The findings indicated that community participation is encouraged and enhanced in projects that involve a few salient activities, relatively less complex inputs and consequently less money than larger, more complex projects. These projects should be based on a felt need in the community and be designed to fit community capabilities. As such, they enhance the power of participation to produce a recognizable benefit and to provide a sense of progress toward community established goals. In addition, community participation is encouraged when some investment is required from the community. Investment creates ownership and tests the value and appropriateness of the activity to the community. The case studies suggested that participation is a process that requires support at the community level, from intermediary organizations and from donor agencies and national governments. At the community level, the most practical and effective vehicle through which to implement participatory projects is existing community organizations. These organizations generally possess the necessary skills to be, and by definition, should be involved in all phases of the project from design to evaluation. Locally identified leaders, while a two-edged sword, are necessary for the effectiveness of local organizations and for the endorsement of project activities. Intermediary organizations emerge in this study as key actors in the participatory development process. These organizations act as catalysts and linkages by informing and sharing information with communities; by helping communities gather data about themselves in identifying the most critical problems; by mediating in conflict resolution; and in obtaining funds and other forms of assistance from outside the community. Their role is characterized by an approach to rural communities that is both understanding and interactive. Donor organizations and national governments are seen in the role of development coordinators. The coordinator role is responsive to community desires and strives for equality among diverse groups and communities. They emphasize a "process" approach to development administration. As a result of effective participation, rural poor communities are able to meet their basic needs, solve their problems, and achieve the power to control their lives. In terms of mechanisms encouraging beneficiary participation, this study recommends the following: 1) Participatory development should be viewed as a process of trial and error learning whose goal is community empowerment. Empowerment signifies the degree to which people have gained the capacity to obtain results which they intend to obtain from their involvement in decision making in the development process. 2) Intermediary organizations must assume a key role in the participatory development process. These organizations are composed of sensitive and understanding people who are dedicated to community participation. The function of these organizations is twofold. First, they act as links between donor agencies or national governments and local communities. Second, they function as catalysts in participatory development. The goal of these organizations is to facilitate the building of community capacity in terms of skills and knowledge to the point that the community no longer needs their assistance. 3) The appropriate roles of donor agencies and national governments in participatory development is as coordinators of development assistance projects. This role requires them to provide funds specifically for participatory development; to strive for equity in funding different groups and communities; and to adopt a "process" style of project administration that is seen as most conducive to participatory development. 4) Projects aiming at encouraging beneficiary participation should start small, with a few relatively simple activities that respond to local needs. These activities are most effectively implemented through existing local organizations that are characterized as having control of financial resources, legal authority, involvement in all project activities from design to evaluation and are led by community appointed leaders. 5) It is more important to emphasize "how" projects are implemented rather than "what" is accomplished. This "how" necessarily involves beneficiary participation which is defined as the participation of beneficiaries in their own development by controlling resources, defining needs and making decisions about how these needs can best be met. Close

• 58. [Article] Guidelines for developing urban forest practice ordinances

  Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -124.961735; East Bounding Coordinate: -116.415546; North Bounding Coordinate: 46.344729; South Bounding Coordinate: 41.914842.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guidelines for developing urban forest practice ordinances Author: Rupp, Michael, Plamondon, Scott, Bell, Paul C. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -124.961735; East Bounding Coordinate: -116.415546; North Bounding Coordinate: 46.344729; South Bounding Coordinate: 41.914842. Title: Guidelines for developing urban forest practice ordinances Author: Rupp, Michael, Plamondon, Scott, Bell, Paul C. Bounding coordinates: West Bounding Coordinate: -124.961735; East Bounding Coordinate: -116.415546; North Bounding Coordinate: 46.344729; South Bounding Coordinate: 41.914842. Close

• 59. [Article] Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Area : 1980

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Area : 1980 Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Area, United States. Soil Conservation Service Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Area : 1980 Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Area, United States. Soil Conservation Service Close

• 60. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.1 (April 1970)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.1 (April 1970) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.1 (April 1970) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 61. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.4 No.2 (July 1972)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.4 No.2 (July 1972) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.4 No.2 (July 1972) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 62. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol. 1 No.3 (December 1969)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol. 1 No.3 (December 1969) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol. 1 No.3 (December 1969) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 63. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Selected Activities (1970-1973)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Selected Activities (1970-1973) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Selected Activities (1970-1973) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 64. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.4 (February 1971)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.4 (February 1971) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.4 (February 1971) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 65. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.3 No.4 (November 1971)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.3 No.4 (November 1971) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.3 No.4 (November 1971) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 66. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.4 No.1 (March 1972)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.4 No.1 (March 1972) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.4 No.1 (March 1972) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 67. [Article] Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1967

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1967 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1967 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 68. [Article] Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1972

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1972 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1972 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 69. [Article] Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Area : 1977/1978

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Area : 1977/1978 Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Area, United States. Soil Conservation Service Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Area : 1977/1978 Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Area, United States. Soil Conservation Service Close

• 70. [Article] Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1968

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1968 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1968 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 71. [Article] Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1975

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1975 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1975 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 72. [Article] Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1971

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1971 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1971 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 73. [Article] 2011-2013 Biennial Report

  Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) is a nonprofit public-private partnership funded by the Oregon Innovation Council. Its mission is to support the responsible development of wave energy in Oregon. OWET emphasizes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 2011-2013 Biennial Report Author: Oregon Wave Energy Trust Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) is a nonprofit public-private partnership funded by the Oregon Innovation Council. Its mission is to support the responsible development of wave energy in Oregon. OWET emphasizes an inclusive, collaborative model to ensure that Oregon maintains its competitive advantage and maximizes the economic development potential of this emerging industry. Our work includes stakeholder outreach and education, policy development, environmental assessment, applied research and market development. Title: 2011-2013 Biennial Report Author: Oregon Wave Energy Trust Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) is a nonprofit public-private partnership funded by the Oregon Innovation Council. Its mission is to support the responsible development of wave energy in Oregon. OWET emphasizes an inclusive, collaborative model to ensure that Oregon maintains its competitive advantage and maximizes the economic development potential of this emerging industry. Our work includes stakeholder outreach and education, policy development, environmental assessment, applied research and market development. Close

• 74. [Article] Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1973

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1973 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1973 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 75. [Article] Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1974

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1974 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Program of action, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation & Development Project, Oregon : 1974 Author: United States. Soil Conservation Service, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 76. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol. 1 No. 1 (March 1969)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol. 1 No. 1 (March 1969) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol. 1 No. 1 (March 1969) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 77. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.5 No.1 (March 1973)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.5 No.1 (March 1973) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.5 No.1 (March 1973) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 78. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.3 (November 1970)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.3 (November 1970) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.3 (November 1970) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 79. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol. 1 No. 2 (September 1969)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol. 1 No. 2 (September 1969) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol. 1 No. 2 (September 1969) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 80. [Article] Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1970

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1970 Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, United States. Soil Conservation Service Title: Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1970 Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, United States. Soil Conservation Service Close

• 81. [Article] Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1969

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1969 Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, United States. Soil Conservation Service Title: Annual work plan, Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project program : 1969 Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project, United States. Soil Conservation Service Close

• 82. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.4 No.3 (December 1972)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.4 No.3 (December 1972) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.4 No.3 (December 1972) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 83. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.2 (July 1970)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.2 (July 1970) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.2 No.2 (July 1970) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 84. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.3 No.2 (May 1971)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.3 No.2 (May 1971) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.3 No.2 (May 1971) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 85. [Article] Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.3 No.3 (August 1971)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.3 No.3 (August 1971) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Title: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project. Newsletter; Vol.3 No.3 (August 1971) Author: Upper Willamette Resource Conservation and Development Project Close

• 86. [Article] 2010 Annual Report

  Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) is a nonprofit public-private partnership funded by the Oregon Innovation Council. Its mission is to support the responsible development of wave energy in Oregon. OWET emphasizes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 2010 Annual Report Author: Oregon Wave Energy Trust Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) is a nonprofit public-private partnership funded by the Oregon Innovation Council. Its mission is to support the responsible development of wave energy in Oregon. OWET emphasizes an inclusive, collaborative model to ensure that Oregon maintains its competitive advantage and maximizes the economic development potential of this emerging industry. Our work includes stakeholder outreach and education, policy development, environmental assessment, applied research and market development. Title: 2010 Annual Report Author: Oregon Wave Energy Trust Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) is a nonprofit public-private partnership funded by the Oregon Innovation Council. Its mission is to support the responsible development of wave energy in Oregon. OWET emphasizes an inclusive, collaborative model to ensure that Oregon maintains its competitive advantage and maximizes the economic development potential of this emerging industry. Our work includes stakeholder outreach and education, policy development, environmental assessment, applied research and market development. Close

• 87. [Article] Alaska Mariculture Initiative–Why not Alaska? Six Economic Case Studies of Successful Mariculture Industries and Their Potential Relationship to a Statewide Strategic Plan to Develop Alaska’s Industry

  The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alaska Mariculture Initiative–Why not Alaska? Six Economic Case Studies of Successful Mariculture Industries and Their Potential Relationship to a Statewide Strategic Plan to Develop Alaska’s Industry Author: Decker, Julie, Wellman, Katherine The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s current micro industry (approximately $500,000 in annual sales) to a fully developed industry. In general, the existing seafood industry (harvesters and processors) does not consider itself to be potential beneficiaries of mariculture development. Since the Aquatic Farm Act was passed in 1988, allowing for aquatic farming of shellfish and marine plants in Alaska, the stakeholders and agencies have not been acting in coordination to expedite the development of the industry, pointing to the necessity for a statewide strategic plan. The Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation (AFDF) is spearheading the Alaska Mariculture Initiative (Initiative), which will develop a clear and comprehensive statewide strategic plan. An important part of the Initiative is an economic analysis to inform the decisions to be made in the creation of the strategic plan. Phase I of the economic analysis will be six comparative case studies which outline examples of successful mariculture industries in different regions of the world with similar or relevant environmental and/or economic conditions to Alaska, including native species and potential stakeholders. The results of these case studies will be presented as well as their potential relationship to Alaska’s statewide strategic plan. Title: Alaska Mariculture Initiative–Why not Alaska? Six Economic Case Studies of Successful Mariculture Industries and Their Potential Relationship to a Statewide Strategic Plan to Develop Alaska’s Industry Author: Decker, Julie, Wellman, Katherine The potential economic impact of a fully developed mariculture industry in Alaska is not well understood by industry or policy makers. It is also not entirely clear what is needed to move from Alaska’s current micro industry (approximately $500,000 in annual sales) to a fully developed industry. In general, the existing seafood industry (harvesters and processors) does not consider itself to be potential beneficiaries of mariculture development. Since the Aquatic Farm Act was passed in 1988, allowing for aquatic farming of shellfish and marine plants in Alaska, the stakeholders and agencies have not been acting in coordination to expedite the development of the industry, pointing to the necessity for a statewide strategic plan. The Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation (AFDF) is spearheading the Alaska Mariculture Initiative (Initiative), which will develop a clear and comprehensive statewide strategic plan. An important part of the Initiative is an economic analysis to inform the decisions to be made in the creation of the strategic plan. Phase I of the economic analysis will be six comparative case studies which outline examples of successful mariculture industries in different regions of the world with similar or relevant environmental and/or economic conditions to Alaska, including native species and potential stakeholders. The results of these case studies will be presented as well as their potential relationship to Alaska’s statewide strategic plan. Close

• 88. [Article] Software history under the lens : a study on why and how developers examine it

  Despite software history being indispensable for developers, there is little empirical knowledge about how they examine software history. Without such knowledge, researchers and tool builders are in danger ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Software history under the lens : a study on why and how developers examine it Author: Srinivasa Ragavan, Sruti, Dig, Danny, Bailey, Brian, Codoban, Mihai Despite software history being indispensable for developers, there is little empirical knowledge about how they examine software history. Without such knowledge, researchers and tool builders are in danger of making wrong assumptions and building inadequate tools. In this paper we present an in-depth empirical study about the motivations developers have for examining software history, the strategies they use, and the challenges they encounter. To learn these, we interviewed 14 experienced developers from industry, and then extended our findings by surveying 217 developers. We found that history does not begin with the latest commit but with uncommitted changes. Moreover, we found that developers had different motivations for examining recent and old history. Based on these findings we propose 3-LENS HISTORY, a novel unified model for reasoning about software history. Title: Software history under the lens : a study on why and how developers examine it Author: Srinivasa Ragavan, Sruti, Dig, Danny, Bailey, Brian, Codoban, Mihai Despite software history being indispensable for developers, there is little empirical knowledge about how they examine software history. Without such knowledge, researchers and tool builders are in danger of making wrong assumptions and building inadequate tools. In this paper we present an in-depth empirical study about the motivations developers have for examining software history, the strategies they use, and the challenges they encounter. To learn these, we interviewed 14 experienced developers from industry, and then extended our findings by surveying 217 developers. We found that history does not begin with the latest commit but with uncommitted changes. Moreover, we found that developers had different motivations for examining recent and old history. Based on these findings we propose 3-LENS HISTORY, a novel unified model for reasoning about software history. Close

• 89. [Article] Development of a Mobile Application for Android Platforms

  The ability to develop mobile applications for smartphones and tablets is an increasingly valuable skill in today’s labor market. This thesis details the development of the mobile application Drone Drop ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a Mobile Application for Android Platforms Author: Hayden, Levi G. The ability to develop mobile applications for smartphones and tablets is an increasingly valuable skill in today’s labor market. This thesis details the development of the mobile application Drone Drop from beginning to finish. I first describe the background research conducted to learn about programming languages and other tools used by developers. I explain the design process for a simple, yet challenging game. I highlight the general steps for code implementation, including class structuring and troubleshooting. I prepare Drone Drop for publication on the Google Play Marketplace by creating graphics and audio as well as by signing the development file with a secure developer key. Upon completion of this thesis, I have successfully hosted an original application on the global Android marketplace and have received downloads from all over the world. I have tested in-app advertisement through Google AdMob and have completed a trial marketing campaign through Google AdWords. To try Drone Drop, visit https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fmi.game.android on an Android device or search for “Drone Drop” by Island Studios on Google Play. Title: Development of a Mobile Application for Android Platforms Author: Hayden, Levi G. The ability to develop mobile applications for smartphones and tablets is an increasingly valuable skill in today’s labor market. This thesis details the development of the mobile application Drone Drop from beginning to finish. I first describe the background research conducted to learn about programming languages and other tools used by developers. I explain the design process for a simple, yet challenging game. I highlight the general steps for code implementation, including class structuring and troubleshooting. I prepare Drone Drop for publication on the Google Play Marketplace by creating graphics and audio as well as by signing the development file with a secure developer key. Upon completion of this thesis, I have successfully hosted an original application on the global Android marketplace and have received downloads from all over the world. I have tested in-app advertisement through Google AdMob and have completed a trial marketing campaign through Google AdWords. To try Drone Drop, visit https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.fmi.game.android on an Android device or search for “Drone Drop” by Island Studios on Google Play. Close

• 90. [Article] Involvement of PP6 in Dephosphorylation of Bcl11b, a Tumor Suppressor Transcription Factor

  The purpose of this honors thesis research project is to investigate the molecular causes of childhood and infant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. T-cells are the work horses of the immune system, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Involvement of PP6 in Dephosphorylation of Bcl11b, a Tumor Suppressor Transcription Factor Author: Parker, Chelsea R. The purpose of this honors thesis research project is to investigate the molecular causes of childhood and infant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. T-cells are the work horses of the immune system, and like any organ, must develop properly to be fully functional. Improper development of thymocytes into T-cells can lead to development of T-cell leukemias and lymphomas. Regulation of thymocyte development is coordinated by transcription factors, of which Bcl1 1b is essential for proper T-cell development. Bcl1 1b is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Previously, a correlation was found between dephosphorylation of Bcl1 1b and increased expression of Id2 in developing T-cells. Regulation of the tumorigenic Id2 gene is crucial for proper T-cell development. Based on preliminary studies, we hypothesized that PP6 is the phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating Bcl11b and altering transcriptional activity of the Id2 gene. DNA constructs for PP6 and Bcl11b proteins were transfected into HEK-293T cells, and then cells were lysed and assayed for Bcl11b phosphorylation. Our results indicated that PP6 co-expression increased Bcl11b dephosphorylation in HEK-293T cells. However, reporter gene assays showed that PP6 co-expression has no effect on Bcl11b-dependent repression of the Id2 promoter in transfected HEK-293T cells. The next step is to investigate whether PP6 down-regulation of Bcl1 1b affects Id2 expression in native thymocytes. Title: Involvement of PP6 in Dephosphorylation of Bcl11b, a Tumor Suppressor Transcription Factor Author: Parker, Chelsea R. The purpose of this honors thesis research project is to investigate the molecular causes of childhood and infant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. T-cells are the work horses of the immune system, and like any organ, must develop properly to be fully functional. Improper development of thymocytes into T-cells can lead to development of T-cell leukemias and lymphomas. Regulation of thymocyte development is coordinated by transcription factors, of which Bcl1 1b is essential for proper T-cell development. Bcl1 1b is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Previously, a correlation was found between dephosphorylation of Bcl1 1b and increased expression of Id2 in developing T-cells. Regulation of the tumorigenic Id2 gene is crucial for proper T-cell development. Based on preliminary studies, we hypothesized that PP6 is the phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating Bcl11b and altering transcriptional activity of the Id2 gene. DNA constructs for PP6 and Bcl11b proteins were transfected into HEK-293T cells, and then cells were lysed and assayed for Bcl11b phosphorylation. Our results indicated that PP6 co-expression increased Bcl11b dephosphorylation in HEK-293T cells. However, reporter gene assays showed that PP6 co-expression has no effect on Bcl11b-dependent repression of the Id2 promoter in transfected HEK-293T cells. The next step is to investigate whether PP6 down-regulation of Bcl1 1b affects Id2 expression in native thymocytes. Close

• 91. [Article] The effect of temperature on crossvein formation in crossveinless-like strains of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen)

  Development of the posterior crossvein in crossveinless-like strains of Drosophila melanogaster can be influenced by high temperature shocks at specific times in pupal development. Three sensitive periods ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of temperature on crossvein formation in crossveinless-like strains of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) Author: Thompson, Steven Risley Development of the posterior crossvein in crossveinless-like strains of Drosophila melanogaster can be influenced by high temperature shocks at specific times in pupal development. Three sensitive periods were detected in age response studies on Ona X, Ona II, 5-hi III; crossvein restoration at 14 hours in pupal development, a crossvein limiting response at 22 hours in pupal development and a reduction in penetrance at 28 hours in pupal development. A further characterization of these responses revealed that at 22 hours there also exists a rapid crossvein restoration which appears to be identical with the response at 14 hours, and another restoration following long durations of treatment at 22 hours. At 28 hours an additional crossvein limiting response was observed. Temperature coefficients have been calculated for all the responses, except those at 28 hours, and these coefficients indicate that the basis of the various responses are due to conformational changes in protein following temperature denaturation. Preliminary genetic studies of the responses showed a profound effect of the major gene, and this gene was localized to 48.1 on the genetic map of the third chromosome. The data have been interpreted as being consistent with affecting either a control mechanism involved in the development of the posterior crossvein, or a reaction sequence involved in the development of the posterior crossvein. Title: The effect of temperature on crossvein formation in crossveinless-like strains of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) Author: Thompson, Steven Risley Development of the posterior crossvein in crossveinless-like strains of Drosophila melanogaster can be influenced by high temperature shocks at specific times in pupal development. Three sensitive periods were detected in age response studies on Ona X, Ona II, 5-hi III; crossvein restoration at 14 hours in pupal development, a crossvein limiting response at 22 hours in pupal development and a reduction in penetrance at 28 hours in pupal development. A further characterization of these responses revealed that at 22 hours there also exists a rapid crossvein restoration which appears to be identical with the response at 14 hours, and another restoration following long durations of treatment at 22 hours. At 28 hours an additional crossvein limiting response was observed. Temperature coefficients have been calculated for all the responses, except those at 28 hours, and these coefficients indicate that the basis of the various responses are due to conformational changes in protein following temperature denaturation. Preliminary genetic studies of the responses showed a profound effect of the major gene, and this gene was localized to 48.1 on the genetic map of the third chromosome. The data have been interpreted as being consistent with affecting either a control mechanism involved in the development of the posterior crossvein, or a reaction sequence involved in the development of the posterior crossvein. Close

• 92. [Article] Addendum to A Blueprint for Ocean Energy Development 2010-2015

  OWET convened the second annual OWET Developersʼ Summit on August 2, 2011 in Portland, Oregon. The Summit brought together participants, both new and those who had attended the first OWET Developersʼ Summit ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Addendum to A Blueprint for Ocean Energy Development 2010-2015 Author: Oregon Wave Energy Trust OWET convened the second annual OWET Developersʼ Summit on August 2, 2011 in Portland, Oregon. The Summit brought together participants, both new and those who had attended the first OWET Developersʼ Summit 2010, to review the Blueprint for Ocean Energy Development 2010-2015 and to discuss: the progress made in developing ocean energy during the past year, ongoing challenges, and modifications to the Blueprint needed to refine its strategies to advance ocean energy development in Oregon and the Pacific Northwest of North America by 2015. This addendum to the Blueprint captures the results of the Summit. OWET intends for this addendum to supplement the action plan focused on advancing a responsible ocean energy industry that is presented in the Blueprint. Blueprint action items will continue to define OWETʼs work. Title: Addendum to A Blueprint for Ocean Energy Development 2010-2015 Author: Oregon Wave Energy Trust OWET convened the second annual OWET Developersʼ Summit on August 2, 2011 in Portland, Oregon. The Summit brought together participants, both new and those who had attended the first OWET Developersʼ Summit 2010, to review the Blueprint for Ocean Energy Development 2010-2015 and to discuss: the progress made in developing ocean energy during the past year, ongoing challenges, and modifications to the Blueprint needed to refine its strategies to advance ocean energy development in Oregon and the Pacific Northwest of North America by 2015. This addendum to the Blueprint captures the results of the Summit. OWET intends for this addendum to supplement the action plan focused on advancing a responsible ocean energy industry that is presented in the Blueprint. Blueprint action items will continue to define OWETʼs work. Close

• 93. [Article] Recreational Fisheries in China: Theories and Planning

  Poster presentation extended description

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recreational Fisheries in China: Theories and Planning Author: Ying, Ping Poster presentation extended description Title: Recreational Fisheries in China: Theories and Planning Author: Ying, Ping Poster presentation extended description Close

• 94. [Article] Using software changes to understand the test driven development process

  A bad software development process leads to wasted effort and inferior products. In order to improve a software process, it is important to first understand it. Our unique approach in this paper is to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using software changes to understand the test driven development process Author: Hilton, Michael (Michael Edward), Dig, Danny, McDonald, Sean, Oregon State University. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Metoyer, Ron, Nelson, Nicholas, McDonald, Hugh A bad software development process leads to wasted effort and inferior products. In order to improve a software process, it is important to first understand it. Our unique approach in this paper is to use code and test changes to understand conformance to a process. We analyze the meaning of these changes to obtain a deep, rich understanding about the process. In this paper we use Test Driven Development (TDD) as a case study to validate our approach. We designed a visualization to enable developers to better understand their TDD software process. We analyze our visualization by using the Cognitive Dimensions framework to discuss some findings and design adjustments. To enable this visualization, we developed a novel automatic inferencer that identifies the phases that make up the TDD process solely based on code and test changes. We evaluate our TDD inferencer by performing an empirical evaluation on a corpus of 2601 TDD sessions. Our inferencer achieves an accuracy of 87%. Title: Using software changes to understand the test driven development process Author: Hilton, Michael (Michael Edward), Dig, Danny, McDonald, Sean, Oregon State University. School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Metoyer, Ron, Nelson, Nicholas, McDonald, Hugh A bad software development process leads to wasted effort and inferior products. In order to improve a software process, it is important to first understand it. Our unique approach in this paper is to use code and test changes to understand conformance to a process. We analyze the meaning of these changes to obtain a deep, rich understanding about the process. In this paper we use Test Driven Development (TDD) as a case study to validate our approach. We designed a visualization to enable developers to better understand their TDD software process. We analyze our visualization by using the Cognitive Dimensions framework to discuss some findings and design adjustments. To enable this visualization, we developed a novel automatic inferencer that identifies the phases that make up the TDD process solely based on code and test changes. We evaluate our TDD inferencer by performing an empirical evaluation on a corpus of 2601 TDD sessions. Our inferencer achieves an accuracy of 87%. Close

• 95. [Article] Foreign direct investment and wage inequality across and within nations : an empirical analysis

  Foreign direct investment (FDI), the movement of long-term capital, has been increasingly important in the world economy since the early 1970s. Its growth rate outpaces that of trade in goods and gross ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foreign direct investment and wage inequality across and within nations : an empirical analysis Author: Chen, Weiyan Foreign direct investment (FDI), the movement of long-term capital, has been increasingly important in the world economy since the early 1970s. Its growth rate outpaces that of trade in goods and gross national product (GNP) during the same period. Prior literature mostly focuses on either the causes (determinants) of FDI or its relationships with trade and economic growth. This dissertation investigates the consequences of FDI, especially its empirical effects on wages in developing and developed countries. Moreover, the differential effects of FDI on various types of labor within developing countries are estimated. Using an extension of a specific-factors model, a revenue (GNP) function framework with FDI is derived. From a translog specification of GNP function, the share of labor compensation in GNP is derived as a function of output prices, factor endowments and FDI. Data from the United Nations and the World Bank, for 1975-1995, are used to estimate the labor share equations. Panel estimation procedures, complemented by specification tests and error structure analyses, are used since the data set includes 11 developing and 15 developed countries. Results suggest that inward FDI increases developing countries' wage rate, while outward FDI lowers the wage rate of developed countries. Thus, factor price equalization between developed and developing countries is observed as a result of FDI flows. Moreover, inward FDI raises skilled (non-agricultural) labor's wage, while lowering that of the unskilled (agricultural) labor. Thus, FDI is likely a source of income inequality within developing countries, although the overall wage rate increased due to FDI inflows. The effects of FDI on wage inequality within China are estimated to provide a case study. Results are similar to that of the cross-country case. Overall wage rate in China has increased with more FDI inflows, but the coastal provinces have benefited more than the interior provinces. Title: Foreign direct investment and wage inequality across and within nations : an empirical analysis Author: Chen, Weiyan Foreign direct investment (FDI), the movement of long-term capital, has been increasingly important in the world economy since the early 1970s. Its growth rate outpaces that of trade in goods and gross national product (GNP) during the same period. Prior literature mostly focuses on either the causes (determinants) of FDI or its relationships with trade and economic growth. This dissertation investigates the consequences of FDI, especially its empirical effects on wages in developing and developed countries. Moreover, the differential effects of FDI on various types of labor within developing countries are estimated. Using an extension of a specific-factors model, a revenue (GNP) function framework with FDI is derived. From a translog specification of GNP function, the share of labor compensation in GNP is derived as a function of output prices, factor endowments and FDI. Data from the United Nations and the World Bank, for 1975-1995, are used to estimate the labor share equations. Panel estimation procedures, complemented by specification tests and error structure analyses, are used since the data set includes 11 developing and 15 developed countries. Results suggest that inward FDI increases developing countries' wage rate, while outward FDI lowers the wage rate of developed countries. Thus, factor price equalization between developed and developing countries is observed as a result of FDI flows. Moreover, inward FDI raises skilled (non-agricultural) labor's wage, while lowering that of the unskilled (agricultural) labor. Thus, FDI is likely a source of income inequality within developing countries, although the overall wage rate increased due to FDI inflows. The effects of FDI on wage inequality within China are estimated to provide a case study. Results are similar to that of the cross-country case. Overall wage rate in China has increased with more FDI inflows, but the coastal provinces have benefited more than the interior provinces. Close

• 96. [Article] The role of employment in dualistic economic development models

  Traditionally employment and output have been the major two criteria for evaluating aggregate performance in a dual economic model for less developed countries. This has been mainly discussed by transferring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of employment in dualistic economic development models Author: Shadman-Valavi, Mohammad Traditionally employment and output have been the major two criteria for evaluating aggregate performance in a dual economic model for less developed countries. This has been mainly discussed by transferring labor from the agricultural sector to non-agricultural use. Most models are specified in such a manner that the migrated agricultural workers will be absorbed in non-agricultural jobs. In reality though, the transformation of labor to the non-agricultural sector (i. e., industrial or urban) has created an unemployment problem in that sector. The purposes of this paper are (1) to study some of the relevant common characteristics of less developed countries, (2) to review the literature related to labor employment, and (3) to demonstrate the importance of the efficiency of employment and output in dualistic development models. This paper has reviewed three classes of models. First, this study has considered the Fei-Ranis model of economic development which has drawn heavily from W. A. Lewis’s model of economic development with unlimited supplies of labor (Fei-Ranis is primarily a classical model). Second, the Jorgenson’s model of development of a dual economy has been presented. This model is based on Harrod-Domar's concept of steady growth, Third, this study looks at a more recent model, the Todaro model, which considered the practical problem of urban (industrial) unemployment. The problem of urban-unemployment is not considered by the first two models. Todaro's approach to the development of a dual economy may be the beginning of a new trend in the literature. On the basis of findings of this work it was concluded that: (1) The transformation of an agricultural surplus labor economy to an industrial surplus labor economy, can only be justified by a careful consideration of the production possibilities of each case, and the demand for the products of each sector. (2) The rate of growth of each sector will be dictated by the optimum growth path. This is the locus of optimum combination of output and employment of resources in each sector in the given time period. Because production possibilities and demand considerations operate to determine the optimum growth path, this path will rarely if ever coincide with the straight-line balanced growth path prominent in the Fei-Ranis model. Title: The role of employment in dualistic economic development models Author: Shadman-Valavi, Mohammad Traditionally employment and output have been the major two criteria for evaluating aggregate performance in a dual economic model for less developed countries. This has been mainly discussed by transferring labor from the agricultural sector to non-agricultural use. Most models are specified in such a manner that the migrated agricultural workers will be absorbed in non-agricultural jobs. In reality though, the transformation of labor to the non-agricultural sector (i. e., industrial or urban) has created an unemployment problem in that sector. The purposes of this paper are (1) to study some of the relevant common characteristics of less developed countries, (2) to review the literature related to labor employment, and (3) to demonstrate the importance of the efficiency of employment and output in dualistic development models. This paper has reviewed three classes of models. First, this study has considered the Fei-Ranis model of economic development which has drawn heavily from W. A. Lewis’s model of economic development with unlimited supplies of labor (Fei-Ranis is primarily a classical model). Second, the Jorgenson’s model of development of a dual economy has been presented. This model is based on Harrod-Domar's concept of steady growth, Third, this study looks at a more recent model, the Todaro model, which considered the practical problem of urban (industrial) unemployment. The problem of urban-unemployment is not considered by the first two models. Todaro's approach to the development of a dual economy may be the beginning of a new trend in the literature. On the basis of findings of this work it was concluded that: (1) The transformation of an agricultural surplus labor economy to an industrial surplus labor economy, can only be justified by a careful consideration of the production possibilities of each case, and the demand for the products of each sector. (2) The rate of growth of each sector will be dictated by the optimum growth path. This is the locus of optimum combination of output and employment of resources in each sector in the given time period. Because production possibilities and demand considerations operate to determine the optimum growth path, this path will rarely if ever coincide with the straight-line balanced growth path prominent in the Fei-Ranis model. Close

• 97. [Article] Relevance of U. S. graduate education in agriculture to careers in agricultural development of East African agriculturalists

  The purpose of this study, to examine the relevance of U.S. graduate education in agriculture to careers in agricultural development of East African agriculturalists, was examined in terms of three problems: Problem ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relevance of U. S. graduate education in agriculture to careers in agricultural development of East African agriculturalists Author: Acker, David G. The purpose of this study, to examine the relevance of U.S. graduate education in agriculture to careers in agricultural development of East African agriculturalists, was examined in terms of three problems: Problem 1: Was U.S. graduate education in agriculture relevant to careers in agricultural development of East African agriculturalists? Problem 2: Was U.S. graduate education in agriculture relevant to national agricultural development objectives? Problem 3: Were demographic characteristics of participants related to their perceptions of relevance of their education to careers and national agricultural development objectives? The population of this study was East African alumni of U.S. graduate programs in agriculture. A purposeful sample of 114 Tanzanian alumni of U.S. graduate programs in agriculture who had been sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development was surveyed. Relevance of training to career and to national agricultural development objectives was measured. Descriptive statistics were selected to analyze these data. The following conclusions were drawn from the study: 1) U.S. graduate education in agriculture is perceived as somewhat relevant to careers in agricultural development. Training in the discipline and training in research are most relevant. Training in social science and knowledge transfer skills is least relevant. Perceptions of relevance differ depending on major area of study, occupational group, and level of responsibility. Such differences can be used in training program design to ensure greater relevance. 2) U.S. graduate education in agriculture is perceived as somewhat relevant to the national agricultural development objectives of Tanzania. Training in social objectives is most relevant. Training in trade objectives is least relevant. 3) The relevance of U.S. graduate education in agriculture can be improved by expanding the content of courses, faculty preparation, and research to include a developing country perspective. Title: Relevance of U. S. graduate education in agriculture to careers in agricultural development of East African agriculturalists Author: Acker, David G. The purpose of this study, to examine the relevance of U.S. graduate education in agriculture to careers in agricultural development of East African agriculturalists, was examined in terms of three problems: Problem 1: Was U.S. graduate education in agriculture relevant to careers in agricultural development of East African agriculturalists? Problem 2: Was U.S. graduate education in agriculture relevant to national agricultural development objectives? Problem 3: Were demographic characteristics of participants related to their perceptions of relevance of their education to careers and national agricultural development objectives? The population of this study was East African alumni of U.S. graduate programs in agriculture. A purposeful sample of 114 Tanzanian alumni of U.S. graduate programs in agriculture who had been sponsored by the United States Agency for International Development was surveyed. Relevance of training to career and to national agricultural development objectives was measured. Descriptive statistics were selected to analyze these data. The following conclusions were drawn from the study: 1) U.S. graduate education in agriculture is perceived as somewhat relevant to careers in agricultural development. Training in the discipline and training in research are most relevant. Training in social science and knowledge transfer skills is least relevant. Perceptions of relevance differ depending on major area of study, occupational group, and level of responsibility. Such differences can be used in training program design to ensure greater relevance. 2) U.S. graduate education in agriculture is perceived as somewhat relevant to the national agricultural development objectives of Tanzania. Training in social objectives is most relevant. Training in trade objectives is least relevant. 3) The relevance of U.S. graduate education in agriculture can be improved by expanding the content of courses, faculty preparation, and research to include a developing country perspective. Close

• 98. [Article] College student novice spreadsheet reasoning and errors

  The spreadsheet has become a common technology tool and is now a predominant form of end-user programming. Some of the same features that make spreadsheets excellent tools for ad-hoc development can introduce ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: College student novice spreadsheet reasoning and errors Author: Hoag, James A. The spreadsheet has become a common technology tool and is now a predominant form of end-user programming. Some of the same features that make spreadsheets excellent tools for ad-hoc development can introduce errors into the final product. Although a variety of research has been performed investigating methods to detect errors in spreadsheets, little has been done to investigate initial reasoning errors. The spreadsheet error taxonomy developed by Rajalingham, Chadwick, and Knight (2001) includes categories for reasoning errors that have not yet been investigated. Previous studies have categorized errors in existing spreadsheets, but have not analyzed the source of the error. This study investigates the reasoning of college students while developing spreadsheets and examines the reasoning associated with errors generated in spreadsheet development. For this study, a phenomenological qualitative design incorporated a think-aloud protocol, interviews, and recordings of spreadsheet development of three purposefully-selected students. Data sources were analyzed to determine their reasoning, the types of errors produced based on the taxonomy, and associations between reasoning and errors. The findings indicated that students used different types of reasoning in the mathematical phases of spreadsheet development than they do in the spreadsheet implementation phase. As novice spreadsheet developers, the students had significant difficulties translating problems into mathematical representations. Spreadsheet skills and concepts improved with practice through the course, but mathematical representations remained problematic. The students enjoyed using the spreadsheet as a tool for doing mathematical reasoning. Several themes emerged as the study progressed: Reasoning differences during mathematical and spreadsheet phases of development; using icons for functions affected conceptualization of the functions; copy operations were perceived as ―painting‖ rather than applying a formula to a series; and the effectiveness of the taxonomy for categorizing reasoning errors . The results suggested modifications to student learning experiences leading to more accurate spreadsheet development: Integrate spreadsheets into mathematics courses; increase education in spreadsheet development; integrate formal design and testing components to the spreadsheet curriculum; include spreadsheet errors in the curriculum Title: College student novice spreadsheet reasoning and errors Author: Hoag, James A. The spreadsheet has become a common technology tool and is now a predominant form of end-user programming. Some of the same features that make spreadsheets excellent tools for ad-hoc development can introduce errors into the final product. Although a variety of research has been performed investigating methods to detect errors in spreadsheets, little has been done to investigate initial reasoning errors. The spreadsheet error taxonomy developed by Rajalingham, Chadwick, and Knight (2001) includes categories for reasoning errors that have not yet been investigated. Previous studies have categorized errors in existing spreadsheets, but have not analyzed the source of the error. This study investigates the reasoning of college students while developing spreadsheets and examines the reasoning associated with errors generated in spreadsheet development. For this study, a phenomenological qualitative design incorporated a think-aloud protocol, interviews, and recordings of spreadsheet development of three purposefully-selected students. Data sources were analyzed to determine their reasoning, the types of errors produced based on the taxonomy, and associations between reasoning and errors. The findings indicated that students used different types of reasoning in the mathematical phases of spreadsheet development than they do in the spreadsheet implementation phase. As novice spreadsheet developers, the students had significant difficulties translating problems into mathematical representations. Spreadsheet skills and concepts improved with practice through the course, but mathematical representations remained problematic. The students enjoyed using the spreadsheet as a tool for doing mathematical reasoning. Several themes emerged as the study progressed: Reasoning differences during mathematical and spreadsheet phases of development; using icons for functions affected conceptualization of the functions; copy operations were perceived as ―painting‖ rather than applying a formula to a series; and the effectiveness of the taxonomy for categorizing reasoning errors . The results suggested modifications to student learning experiences leading to more accurate spreadsheet development: Integrate spreadsheets into mathematics courses; increase education in spreadsheet development; integrate formal design and testing components to the spreadsheet curriculum; include spreadsheet errors in the curriculum Close

• 99. [Article] The process of moral development : a comparison of home economics, business, and liberal arts students

  The present study examined the influence of the demographic variables of age, gender, major in college, and level of education or class standing on individuals' stage of moral development. Trevino's interactionist ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The process of moral development : a comparison of home economics, business, and liberal arts students Author: Coglas, Melinda C. The present study examined the influence of the demographic variables of age, gender, major in college, and level of education or class standing on individuals' stage of moral development. Trevino's interactionist model, combined with the basic principles of cognitive moral development, provided the theoretical basis for this study. One-hundred and forty-four university students, representing business, home economics, and liberal arts majors, participated in this qualitative study. The research instrument used was the Sociomoral Reflection Measure (SMR), designed to measure an individual's level of moral development. The SMR considered four stages of moral development: 1) unilateral and simplistic, 2) exchanging and instrumental, 3) mutual and prosocial, and 4) systemic and standard, in addition to three transitional stages: a) transition 1/2, b) transition 2/3, and c) transition 3/4. The stage achieved indicated an individual's level of moral maturity. One-way analysis of variance statistics were performed to test the research hypotheses. Frequencies and percentages were also calculated for both the demographic and sociomoral stage data with regard to the total sample. Analogous with previous research, findings indicated that age directly related to an individual's current stage of moral development. Concurrently, the class standing variable also was found to influence one's stage of moral development. Conversely, the remaining demographic variables tested differed from previous studies, failing to prove significant. A collegian's choice of major was not found to influence stage of moral development achieved. Furthermore, the impact of gender-based differences on stage of moral development did not appear to be of significance. Title: The process of moral development : a comparison of home economics, business, and liberal arts students Author: Coglas, Melinda C. The present study examined the influence of the demographic variables of age, gender, major in college, and level of education or class standing on individuals' stage of moral development. Trevino's interactionist model, combined with the basic principles of cognitive moral development, provided the theoretical basis for this study. One-hundred and forty-four university students, representing business, home economics, and liberal arts majors, participated in this qualitative study. The research instrument used was the Sociomoral Reflection Measure (SMR), designed to measure an individual's level of moral development. The SMR considered four stages of moral development: 1) unilateral and simplistic, 2) exchanging and instrumental, 3) mutual and prosocial, and 4) systemic and standard, in addition to three transitional stages: a) transition 1/2, b) transition 2/3, and c) transition 3/4. The stage achieved indicated an individual's level of moral maturity. One-way analysis of variance statistics were performed to test the research hypotheses. Frequencies and percentages were also calculated for both the demographic and sociomoral stage data with regard to the total sample. Analogous with previous research, findings indicated that age directly related to an individual's current stage of moral development. Concurrently, the class standing variable also was found to influence one's stage of moral development. Conversely, the remaining demographic variables tested differed from previous studies, failing to prove significant. A collegian's choice of major was not found to influence stage of moral development achieved. Furthermore, the impact of gender-based differences on stage of moral development did not appear to be of significance. Close

• 100. [Article] Topics in international trade : the economic and environmental effect of capital liberalization in developing countries

  This paper uses general equilibrium static and dynamic models to examine the economic and environmental effect of capital liberalization policy based on the general equilibrium static and dynamic models. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Topics in international trade : the economic and environmental effect of capital liberalization in developing countries Author: Cho, Bong-jae This paper uses general equilibrium static and dynamic models to examine the economic and environmental effect of capital liberalization policy based on the general equilibrium static and dynamic models. The first topic develops a static general equilibrium model of a small open economy in the presence of unemployment with three sectors: a nontradeable sector, a tradeable sector, and an environmental sector. In the second section, I use a dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy in the presence of unemployment with three sectors: an importable sector, an exportable sector, and an environmental sector. In the last section I analyze the environmental effect of a developing country's capital liberalization policy when the consumer values the environment. The dynamic model, based on intertemporal optimization, focuses on the role of how land development is affected by foreign capital investment. The time-varying dynamic policies, such as planned permanent and planned gradual capital liberalization, are investigated to analyze the dynamic path of land and foreign capital stock in the short-run. The major findings of this paper are described as follows. In the long-run dynamic analysis, the production of the environmental good in a developing country is reduced when the developing country has a positive net income effect due to further capital liberalization, if there is an initial shortage of capital investment. The reduction of the environmental good might have a significant welfare impacts on the welfare of a country if the consumer places high value on the environment. This result indicates that countries with less environmental awareness are likely to improve the welfare of their countries whereas countries with strong environmental awareness are likely to reduce the welfare of their countries with capital liberalization. The other important result is that inclusion of the environment in the consumer's utility function slows down the pace of land development in the short-run dynamic model if the developing country lowers its capital investment tax rate. Title: Topics in international trade : the economic and environmental effect of capital liberalization in developing countries Author: Cho, Bong-jae This paper uses general equilibrium static and dynamic models to examine the economic and environmental effect of capital liberalization policy based on the general equilibrium static and dynamic models. The first topic develops a static general equilibrium model of a small open economy in the presence of unemployment with three sectors: a nontradeable sector, a tradeable sector, and an environmental sector. In the second section, I use a dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy in the presence of unemployment with three sectors: an importable sector, an exportable sector, and an environmental sector. In the last section I analyze the environmental effect of a developing country's capital liberalization policy when the consumer values the environment. The dynamic model, based on intertemporal optimization, focuses on the role of how land development is affected by foreign capital investment. The time-varying dynamic policies, such as planned permanent and planned gradual capital liberalization, are investigated to analyze the dynamic path of land and foreign capital stock in the short-run. The major findings of this paper are described as follows. In the long-run dynamic analysis, the production of the environmental good in a developing country is reduced when the developing country has a positive net income effect due to further capital liberalization, if there is an initial shortage of capital investment. The reduction of the environmental good might have a significant welfare impacts on the welfare of a country if the consumer places high value on the environment. This result indicates that countries with less environmental awareness are likely to improve the welfare of their countries whereas countries with strong environmental awareness are likely to reduce the welfare of their countries with capital liberalization. The other important result is that inclusion of the environment in the consumer's utility function slows down the pace of land development in the short-run dynamic model if the developing country lowers its capital investment tax rate. Close