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• 1. [Article] Physical Versus Harvest Based Measures of Capacity: The Case of the UK Vessel Capacity Unit System

  The FAO International Plan of Action on the management of fishing capacity calls for all member states to provide estimates of the total capacity of their fleets by 2001. In the UK, a “capacity” measurement ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physical Versus Harvest Based Measures of Capacity: The Case of the UK Vessel Capacity Unit System Author: Pascoe, Sean, Mardle, Simon, Coglan, Louise Year: 2001 The FAO International Plan of Action on the management of fishing capacity calls for all member states to provide estimates of the total capacity of their fleets by 2001. In the UK, a “capacity” measurement system is currently in place, based on vessel size and engine power. An assumption is made that this measure is related to the harvesting ability of the fleet, and is the basis of the existing capacity reduction programs. In this paper, the harvesting capacity of a sample of UK otter trawls and netter-liners is estimated using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Estimates are made on a species by species basis for the key species harvested. These are compared to the existing measures of physical capacity. Implications for capacity management based on the physical measures, given the results, are drawn. Title: Physical Versus Harvest Based Measures of Capacity: The Case of the UK Vessel Capacity Unit System Author: Pascoe, Sean, Mardle, Simon, Coglan, Louise Year: 2001 The FAO International Plan of Action on the management of fishing capacity calls for all member states to provide estimates of the total capacity of their fleets by 2001. In the UK, a “capacity” measurement system is currently in place, based on vessel size and engine power. An assumption is made that this measure is related to the harvesting ability of the fleet, and is the basis of the existing capacity reduction programs. In this paper, the harvesting capacity of a sample of UK otter trawls and netter-liners is estimated using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Estimates are made on a species by species basis for the key species harvested. These are compared to the existing measures of physical capacity. Implications for capacity management based on the physical measures, given the results, are drawn. Close

• 2. [Article] Findings of Two Recent U.S. Reports on Excess Harvesting Capacity in Federally Managed Commercial Fisheries

  NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) recently completed two reports on excess harvesting capacity, National Assessment of Excess Harvesting Capacity in Federally Managed Commercial Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Findings of Two Recent U.S. Reports on Excess Harvesting Capacity in Federally Managed Commercial Fisheries Author: Terry, Joseph, Pan, Minling NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) recently completed two reports on excess harvesting capacity, National Assessment of Excess Harvesting Capacity in Federally Managed Commercial Fisheries and Excess Harvesting Capacity in U.S. Fisheries: A Report to Congress. This paper presents the definitions of harvesting capacity, excess capacity, and overcapacity used in the two reports; summarizes the method used to estimate harvesting capacity; and presents some of the findings and policy recommendations in the two reports. The National Assessment was used in preparing the Report to Congress. The Report to Congress includes harvesting capacity assessments for 25 fisheries, 60 fleets, and 127 species groups; identifies and described the fisheries with the most severe examples of excess harvesting capacity; and discusses measures to reduce excess harvesting capacity. Title: Findings of Two Recent U.S. Reports on Excess Harvesting Capacity in Federally Managed Commercial Fisheries Author: Terry, Joseph, Pan, Minling NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) recently completed two reports on excess harvesting capacity, National Assessment of Excess Harvesting Capacity in Federally Managed Commercial Fisheries and Excess Harvesting Capacity in U.S. Fisheries: A Report to Congress. This paper presents the definitions of harvesting capacity, excess capacity, and overcapacity used in the two reports; summarizes the method used to estimate harvesting capacity; and presents some of the findings and policy recommendations in the two reports. The National Assessment was used in preparing the Report to Congress. The Report to Congress includes harvesting capacity assessments for 25 fisheries, 60 fleets, and 127 species groups; identifies and described the fisheries with the most severe examples of excess harvesting capacity; and discusses measures to reduce excess harvesting capacity. Close

• 3. [Article] Production Structure and Capacity Utilisation in Multi Product Industries: An Application to the Basque Trawl Industry

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production Structure and Capacity Utilisation in Multi Product Industries: An Application to the Basque Trawl Industry Author: Lazkano, Itziar Research Paper Title: Production Structure and Capacity Utilisation in Multi Product Industries: An Application to the Basque Trawl Industry Author: Lazkano, Itziar Research Paper Close

• 4. [Article] Measuring capacity and capacity utilization of the Eastern Mediterranean purse seine fleet

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring capacity and capacity utilization of the Eastern Mediterranean purse seine fleet Author: Wattage, Premachandra, Maravelioas, Christos, Tsitsika, Efthymia Abstract only. Title: Measuring capacity and capacity utilization of the Eastern Mediterranean purse seine fleet Author: Wattage, Premachandra, Maravelioas, Christos, Tsitsika, Efthymia Abstract only. Close

• 5. [Article] Stochastic Characterization of Highway Capacity and Its Applications

  Highway capacity has traditionally been treated as deterministic. In reality, however, capacity can vary from time to time and location to location due to inclement weather, various driving behavior, traffic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stochastic Characterization of Highway Capacity and Its Applications Author: Dong, Shangjia Highway capacity has traditionally been treated as deterministic. In reality, however, capacity can vary from time to time and location to location due to inclement weather, various driving behavior, traffic incident, bottleneck and workzone. This thesis aims to characterize the stochastic variations of highway capacity, and explore its applications. The stochastic variation of highway capacity is captured through a space-time Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (STARIMA) model. It is identified following a Seasonal STARIMA model (0,0,2₃ )× (0,1,0)₂, which indicates that the capacities of adjacent locations are spatially-temporally correlated. Hourly capacity patterns further verify the stochastic nature of highway capacity. The goal of this research is to study (1) how to take advantage of second order information, such as capacity variation, and (2) what benefits can be gained from stochastic capacity modeling. The implication of stochastic capacity is investigated through a ramp metering case study. A mean-standard deviation formulation of capacity is proposed to achieve the trade-off between traffic operation efficiency and robustness. Following that, a modified stochastic capacity-constraint ZONE ramp metering scheme embedded cell transmission model (CTM) algorithm is introduced. The numerical experiment suggests that considering second order information would alleviate the bottleneck effect and improve throughput. Monte Carlo simulation further supports this argument. This study helps verify and characterize the stochastic nature of capacity, validates the benefits of using second order information, and thus enhances the necessity of implementing stochastic capacity in traffic operation. In addition, this thesis presents a multiple days' highway capacity forecasting model and reveals the importance of incorporating capacity randomness separately in short term forecasting. Empirical observations of capacity with variations suggest that the existing deterministic notion of capacity (i.e., a fixed capacity value of 2400 veh/hr/ln) is inadequate to fully describe capacity fluctuations. The goal of this study is to provide insight on forecasting with inherent stochasticity. A hybrid highway capacity forecasting model based on wavelet dynamic neural time series is proposed. Based on 5-day capacity forecasting results, a 3.07% of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) demonstrates improved performance against single models. This is achieved by its ability to capture the details and solve a nonlinear time series problem with a dynamic neural network. Following the results, the study concludes with a discussion on why the individual modeling of stochastic information influences the forecasting performance. Title: Stochastic Characterization of Highway Capacity and Its Applications Author: Dong, Shangjia Highway capacity has traditionally been treated as deterministic. In reality, however, capacity can vary from time to time and location to location due to inclement weather, various driving behavior, traffic incident, bottleneck and workzone. This thesis aims to characterize the stochastic variations of highway capacity, and explore its applications. The stochastic variation of highway capacity is captured through a space-time Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (STARIMA) model. It is identified following a Seasonal STARIMA model (0,0,2₃ )× (0,1,0)₂, which indicates that the capacities of adjacent locations are spatially-temporally correlated. Hourly capacity patterns further verify the stochastic nature of highway capacity. The goal of this research is to study (1) how to take advantage of second order information, such as capacity variation, and (2) what benefits can be gained from stochastic capacity modeling. The implication of stochastic capacity is investigated through a ramp metering case study. A mean-standard deviation formulation of capacity is proposed to achieve the trade-off between traffic operation efficiency and robustness. Following that, a modified stochastic capacity-constraint ZONE ramp metering scheme embedded cell transmission model (CTM) algorithm is introduced. The numerical experiment suggests that considering second order information would alleviate the bottleneck effect and improve throughput. Monte Carlo simulation further supports this argument. This study helps verify and characterize the stochastic nature of capacity, validates the benefits of using second order information, and thus enhances the necessity of implementing stochastic capacity in traffic operation. In addition, this thesis presents a multiple days' highway capacity forecasting model and reveals the importance of incorporating capacity randomness separately in short term forecasting. Empirical observations of capacity with variations suggest that the existing deterministic notion of capacity (i.e., a fixed capacity value of 2400 veh/hr/ln) is inadequate to fully describe capacity fluctuations. The goal of this study is to provide insight on forecasting with inherent stochasticity. A hybrid highway capacity forecasting model based on wavelet dynamic neural time series is proposed. Based on 5-day capacity forecasting results, a 3.07% of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) demonstrates improved performance against single models. This is achieved by its ability to capture the details and solve a nonlinear time series problem with a dynamic neural network. Following the results, the study concludes with a discussion on why the individual modeling of stochastic information influences the forecasting performance. Close

• 6. [Article] Capacity and Factors Affecting Capacity Utilization of Marine Fisheries: A Case of Gill-net Fleet in the Bay of Bengal

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capacity and Factors Affecting Capacity Utilization of Marine Fisheries: A Case of Gill-net Fleet in the Bay of Bengal Author: Alam, Ferdous, Khan, Md Akhtaruzzaman, Guttormsen, Atle presentation Title: Capacity and Factors Affecting Capacity Utilization of Marine Fisheries: A Case of Gill-net Fleet in the Bay of Bengal Author: Alam, Ferdous, Khan, Md Akhtaruzzaman, Guttormsen, Atle presentation Close

• 7. [Article] Capacity Analysis and Fishery Policy: Theory vs Practice

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capacity Analysis and Fishery Policy: Theory vs Practice Author: Pascoe, Sean Research Paper Title: Capacity Analysis and Fishery Policy: Theory vs Practice Author: Pascoe, Sean Research Paper Close

• 8. [Article] Capacity and Non-Compliance in A Quota Regulated Fishery

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capacity and Non-Compliance in A Quota Regulated Fishery Author: Nøstbakken, Linda, Lazkano, Itziar Abstract only. Title: Capacity and Non-Compliance in A Quota Regulated Fishery Author: Nøstbakken, Linda, Lazkano, Itziar Abstract only. Close

• 9. [Article] Measuring Capacity of the New England Otter Trawl Fleet

  Measurement of capacity in marine fisheries is an important activity. An economic definition of capacity is the output level corresponding to the tangency between the long-run and short-run average cost ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring Capacity of the New England Otter Trawl Fleet Author: Kirkley, James, Walden, John B. Year: 2001 Measurement of capacity in marine fisheries is an important activity. An economic definition of capacity is the output level corresponding to the tangency between the long-run and short-run average cost curves. A technological-engineering definition is the maximum output per unit of time provided variable inputs are unrestricted. Although cost data to support an economic measurement of capacity in fisheries are not routinely available, data are typically available to support the technologicalengineering measure of capacity. Our paper provides an assessment of the technological-engineering concept of capacity in the New England multispecies otter trawl fishing fleet. Based on Färe et al. (1994), we calculate capacity using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a non-parametric technique which utilizes linear programming methods to evaluate the performance of individual firms. DEA is ideally suited to assess capacity in fisheries because it easily accommodates multiple output-multiple input technologies. The New England otter trawl fleet was used as a study fleet because it has a multi-product nature, and is comprised of a wide variety of vessel types and sizes. Title: Measuring Capacity of the New England Otter Trawl Fleet Author: Kirkley, James, Walden, John B. Year: 2001 Measurement of capacity in marine fisheries is an important activity. An economic definition of capacity is the output level corresponding to the tangency between the long-run and short-run average cost curves. A technological-engineering definition is the maximum output per unit of time provided variable inputs are unrestricted. Although cost data to support an economic measurement of capacity in fisheries are not routinely available, data are typically available to support the technologicalengineering measure of capacity. Our paper provides an assessment of the technological-engineering concept of capacity in the New England multispecies otter trawl fishing fleet. Based on Färe et al. (1994), we calculate capacity using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a non-parametric technique which utilizes linear programming methods to evaluate the performance of individual firms. DEA is ideally suited to assess capacity in fisheries because it easily accommodates multiple output-multiple input technologies. The New England otter trawl fleet was used as a study fleet because it has a multi-product nature, and is comprised of a wide variety of vessel types and sizes. Close

• 10. [Article] Estimating Heterogeneous Primal Capacity and Capacity Utilization Measures in a Multi-Species Fishery

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating Heterogeneous Primal Capacity and Capacity Utilization Measures in a Multi-Species Fishery Author: Felthoven, Ronald, Schnier, Kurt Research Paper Title: Estimating Heterogeneous Primal Capacity and Capacity Utilization Measures in a Multi-Species Fishery Author: Felthoven, Ronald, Schnier, Kurt Research Paper Close

• 11. [Article] Capacity, Excess Capacity, and Fisheries Management

  Excess capacity results because fishermen do not have an incentive to conserve fish in-the-sea causing them to overinvest in the capital used to harvest fish as well as other production or factor inputs. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capacity, Excess Capacity, and Fisheries Management Author: Ward, John Year: 2001 Excess capacity results because fishermen do not have an incentive to conserve fish in-the-sea causing them to overinvest in the capital used to harvest fish as well as other production or factor inputs. Excess 1 capacity like overcapitalization and overfishing is a symptom of our regulated, open access fishery management system. Because capacity has been an ill-defined term in the fisheries literature, it has been poorly understood by fisheries managers. Excess capacity exists in a fishery when the yield from the fishery exceeds the point where net benefits to society are at a maximum; i.e., once maximum economic yield (MEY) is exceeded. Since MEY often occurs before maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is achieved in a developing fishery, excess capacity already exists in a fishery with a fully utilized fish stock. Even where barriers to entry exist in a fishery, such as exclusive economic zones (EEZs), permit moratoriums, or transferable licenses, fishermen who participate in the fishery retain a market incentive to race for the fish since no property rights exist for the in situ marine resource; i.e., the fish-in-the-sea. While the adverse effects of excessive capacity levels have become too obvious and severe to ignore,2 they can be corrected. With economically rational fisheries management, fishermen behave as if a private property right exists for the in situ marine resource. This creates a market incentive for fishermen to conserve the fish stock by divesting capital and other factor inputs needed to harvest fish until the yield from the fishery corresponds to MEY, the fish stock is conserved, and excess capacity in the fishery is eliminated. Achieving this objective is a matter of great debate. Without an unbiased and objective capacity measurement metric, the success or failure of regulations designed to reduce capacity cannot be accurately assessed. Title: Capacity, Excess Capacity, and Fisheries Management Author: Ward, John Year: 2001 Excess capacity results because fishermen do not have an incentive to conserve fish in-the-sea causing them to overinvest in the capital used to harvest fish as well as other production or factor inputs. Excess 1 capacity like overcapitalization and overfishing is a symptom of our regulated, open access fishery management system. Because capacity has been an ill-defined term in the fisheries literature, it has been poorly understood by fisheries managers. Excess capacity exists in a fishery when the yield from the fishery exceeds the point where net benefits to society are at a maximum; i.e., once maximum economic yield (MEY) is exceeded. Since MEY often occurs before maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is achieved in a developing fishery, excess capacity already exists in a fishery with a fully utilized fish stock. Even where barriers to entry exist in a fishery, such as exclusive economic zones (EEZs), permit moratoriums, or transferable licenses, fishermen who participate in the fishery retain a market incentive to race for the fish since no property rights exist for the in situ marine resource; i.e., the fish-in-the-sea. While the adverse effects of excessive capacity levels have become too obvious and severe to ignore,2 they can be corrected. With economically rational fisheries management, fishermen behave as if a private property right exists for the in situ marine resource. This creates a market incentive for fishermen to conserve the fish stock by divesting capital and other factor inputs needed to harvest fish until the yield from the fishery corresponds to MEY, the fish stock is conserved, and excess capacity in the fishery is eliminated. Achieving this objective is a matter of great debate. Without an unbiased and objective capacity measurement metric, the success or failure of regulations designed to reduce capacity cannot be accurately assessed. Close

• 12. [Article] Privatization and Regulation of Capacity in a Multi-product Fishery: A Purse from a Sow's Ear?

  Using individual firm data from before and after the introduction of ITQs in the multi-species Nova Scotia mobile gear fishery, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to examine issues relating to capacity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Privatization and Regulation of Capacity in a Multi-product Fishery: A Purse from a Sow's Ear? Author: Grafton, R. Quentin, Squires, Dale, Dupont, Diane P., Kirkley, James Year: 2001 Using individual firm data from before and after the introduction of ITQs in the multi-species Nova Scotia mobile gear fishery, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to examine issues relating to capacity and capacity utilization. The paper examines how a change in the property rights regime can affect a multi-product industry and the consequences of these changes in terms of product-specific capacity utilization, as well as aggregate capacity utilization. The results provide insights to regulators interested in using market-based approaches to improve efficiency in multi-product industries. Title: Privatization and Regulation of Capacity in a Multi-product Fishery: A Purse from a Sow's Ear? Author: Grafton, R. Quentin, Squires, Dale, Dupont, Diane P., Kirkley, James Year: 2001 Using individual firm data from before and after the introduction of ITQs in the multi-species Nova Scotia mobile gear fishery, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to examine issues relating to capacity and capacity utilization. The paper examines how a change in the property rights regime can affect a multi-product industry and the consequences of these changes in terms of product-specific capacity utilization, as well as aggregate capacity utilization. The results provide insights to regulators interested in using market-based approaches to improve efficiency in multi-product industries. Close

• 13. [Article] Capacity utilization and inflation : international evidence

  The relevance of domestic and foreign capacity utilization rates in forecasting future inflation rate has been investigated empirically, using five industrialized countries for which the comparable data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capacity utilization and inflation : international evidence Author: Padungrat, Teardchart The relevance of domestic and foreign capacity utilization rates in forecasting future inflation rate has been investigated empirically, using five industrialized countries for which the comparable data are available. It has been found that capacity utilization rates, both domestic and foreign, have a long run stable relationship with domestic inflation rate and a positive shock in the capacity utilization rate results in a significant, although a little bit delayed, acceleration in the domestic inflation rate. Various econometric techniques have been used and led to consistent empirical findings. The results in the present study, therefore, dispute the claim that an increase in capacity utilization rate may not necessarily lead to an accelerated inflation down the road. Title: Capacity utilization and inflation : international evidence Author: Padungrat, Teardchart The relevance of domestic and foreign capacity utilization rates in forecasting future inflation rate has been investigated empirically, using five industrialized countries for which the comparable data are available. It has been found that capacity utilization rates, both domestic and foreign, have a long run stable relationship with domestic inflation rate and a positive shock in the capacity utilization rate results in a significant, although a little bit delayed, acceleration in the domestic inflation rate. Various econometric techniques have been used and led to consistent empirical findings. The results in the present study, therefore, dispute the claim that an increase in capacity utilization rate may not necessarily lead to an accelerated inflation down the road. Close

• 14. [Article] Economic and physical measures of capacity: A comparative analysis of Danish trawlers

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic and physical measures of capacity: A comparative analysis of Danish trawlers Author: Lindebo, Erik, Hoff, Ayoe, Vestergaard, Niels Research Paper Title: Economic and physical measures of capacity: A comparative analysis of Danish trawlers Author: Lindebo, Erik, Hoff, Ayoe, Vestergaard, Niels Research Paper Close

• 15. [Article] Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): A Framework for Assessing Capacity in Fisheries When Data are Limited

  The Sustainable Fisheries Act (SFA) and Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Management require restoration of fishery resources and a matching of capacity to desired resource levels. There is, thus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): A Framework for Assessing Capacity in Fisheries When Data are Limited Author: Squires, Dale, Kirkley, James L., Fare, Rolf, Grosskopf, Shawna Year: 2001 The Sustainable Fisheries Act (SFA) and Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Management require restoration of fishery resources and a matching of capacity to desired resource levels. There is, thus, a need to reduce harvesting capacity throughout many of the fisheries of the world. Yet, even the term capacity is not well defined, and it is even more complicated to measure. In this paper, we introduce several definitions and measures of capacity that are consistent with economic theory and empirical analyses. Since economic data on production activities are usually unavailable, we introduce the concept of data envelopment analysis (DEA) which may be used to calculate a physical or primal-based concept of capacity in fisheries. We initially introduce DEA and dispel many of the myths believed to be problems of DEA. We discuss how DEA may be used to calculate capacity in single and multiple-species fisheries. We Title: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): A Framework for Assessing Capacity in Fisheries When Data are Limited Author: Squires, Dale, Kirkley, James L., Fare, Rolf, Grosskopf, Shawna Year: 2001 The Sustainable Fisheries Act (SFA) and Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Management require restoration of fishery resources and a matching of capacity to desired resource levels. There is, thus, a need to reduce harvesting capacity throughout many of the fisheries of the world. Yet, even the term capacity is not well defined, and it is even more complicated to measure. In this paper, we introduce several definitions and measures of capacity that are consistent with economic theory and empirical analyses. Since economic data on production activities are usually unavailable, we introduce the concept of data envelopment analysis (DEA) which may be used to calculate a physical or primal-based concept of capacity in fisheries. We initially introduce DEA and dispel many of the myths believed to be problems of DEA. We discuss how DEA may be used to calculate capacity in single and multiple-species fisheries. We Close

• 16. [Article] The Capacity Ratio as a Measure of Solvency in Experiential Education

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and can be found at: http://www.ajpe.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Capacity Ratio as a Measure of Solvency in Experiential Education Author: Weber, Stanley, Ramirez, Juancho, Krueger, Janelle, Danielson, Jennifer, Hudgins, Gayle A., Christensen, Lindsay, Harshberger, Cara A., Rice, Luke This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and can be found at: http://www.ajpe.org/. Title: The Capacity Ratio as a Measure of Solvency in Experiential Education Author: Weber, Stanley, Ramirez, Juancho, Krueger, Janelle, Danielson, Jennifer, Hudgins, Gayle A., Christensen, Lindsay, Harshberger, Cara A., Rice, Luke This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and can be found at: http://www.ajpe.org/. Close

• 17. [Article] Assessing Short-run and Medium-run Fishing Capacity at the Industry Level and Its Reallocation

  Reducing harvesting capacity in fisheries is of international importance. In 1999, member nations of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) agreed to an International Plan of Action ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Short-run and Medium-run Fishing Capacity at the Industry Level and Its Reallocation Author: Kerstens, Kristiaan, Squires, Dale, Grosskopf, Shawna, Fare, Rolf, Kirkley, James E. Year: 2001 Reducing harvesting capacity in fisheries is of international importance. In 1999, member nations of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) agreed to an International Plan of Action to reduce fishing capacity. Two initial concerns were the acceptance of a workable definition of capacity and the development of methods to calculate capacity. FAO subsequently offered several definitions of capacity. A general definition of capacity is the output level over a given time period that a fishing fleet could expect to catch if the variable inputs are utilized under normal operating conditions given resource levels, technology, and other constraints. Concurrently, however, FAO and representatives of the member nations expressed concerns about reducing capacity at the national level (i.e., a reallocation of capital, labor, and other inputs) and with respect to both the short and long-run. In this paper, we present a possible approach for determining capacity at a more aggregate level than the vessel (e.g., fishery or region) with respect to the short and intermediate-run, and the allocation of fixed and variable inputs across different fisheries and regions. We extend one approach to measuring capacity of a firm to the case of an industry. Based on extensions of this specification, existing capacities are no longer fixed, but may be scaled up or down at will subject to a constant returns to scale technology. This allows for exploring plausible medium-term technological configurations at the industry level. Title: Assessing Short-run and Medium-run Fishing Capacity at the Industry Level and Its Reallocation Author: Kerstens, Kristiaan, Squires, Dale, Grosskopf, Shawna, Fare, Rolf, Kirkley, James E. Year: 2001 Reducing harvesting capacity in fisheries is of international importance. In 1999, member nations of the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) agreed to an International Plan of Action to reduce fishing capacity. Two initial concerns were the acceptance of a workable definition of capacity and the development of methods to calculate capacity. FAO subsequently offered several definitions of capacity. A general definition of capacity is the output level over a given time period that a fishing fleet could expect to catch if the variable inputs are utilized under normal operating conditions given resource levels, technology, and other constraints. Concurrently, however, FAO and representatives of the member nations expressed concerns about reducing capacity at the national level (i.e., a reallocation of capital, labor, and other inputs) and with respect to both the short and long-run. In this paper, we present a possible approach for determining capacity at a more aggregate level than the vessel (e.g., fishery or region) with respect to the short and intermediate-run, and the allocation of fixed and variable inputs across different fisheries and regions. We extend one approach to measuring capacity of a firm to the case of an industry. Based on extensions of this specification, existing capacities are no longer fixed, but may be scaled up or down at will subject to a constant returns to scale technology. This allows for exploring plausible medium-term technological configurations at the industry level. Close

• 18. [Article] Measures of Excess Capacity

  Excess capacity or capacity utilization measures are presented in the multi-output case. Such measures can be either technical or economic. They may also be ray measures or revenue measures. The choice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measures of Excess Capacity Author: Primont, Daniel Year: 2001 Excess capacity or capacity utilization measures are presented in the multi-output case. Such measures can be either technical or economic. They may also be ray measures or revenue measures. The choice of the best measure depends on data availability and the policy use of the measure. Title: Measures of Excess Capacity Author: Primont, Daniel Year: 2001 Excess capacity or capacity utilization measures are presented in the multi-output case. Such measures can be either technical or economic. They may also be ray measures or revenue measures. The choice of the best measure depends on data availability and the policy use of the measure. Close

• 19. [Article] Characterization of community capacity in a forest-dependent community : the case of the Haut-St.-Maurice

  In recent years, economic, social, technological, and environmental changes have all imposed challenges on forest-based communities. This has revived interest in studying these communities to understand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of community capacity in a forest-dependent community : the case of the Haut-St.-Maurice Author: Nadeau, Solange, 1967- In recent years, economic, social, technological, and environmental changes have all imposed challenges on forest-based communities. This has revived interest in studying these communities to understand their ability to tackle these challenges. This study is built around a case study of an industrial forest-based community and aims at characterizing the community's ability to deal with change. A review of the literature documented the evolution of the frameworks used to examine forest communities and guided the choice of a framework. This case study analysis focuses on community capacity and the research follows two avenues: documenting the evolution of community capacity over time, and assessing residents' opinions on major issues challenging their community's capacity. A mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods was used to address these questions. Interviews were used to document the evolution of community capacity. They reveal how community capacity was built through community empowerment with regard to social capital and infrastructure development. They also shed light on the constraining effects that stagnant human capital and institutional management arrangements for public lands had on this capacity. The interviews identified issues challenging the current capacity of the community. A series of questions about these issues was then presented to local residents by means of a mail survey. The survey assessed residents' attitudes and provided information about the degree of agreement within the community on issues associated with community capacity. It reveals the responsiveness of groups within the community, and highlights concerns expressed by specific groups regarding the hurdles faced either by the community or by themselves in building community capacity. Title: Characterization of community capacity in a forest-dependent community : the case of the Haut-St.-Maurice Author: Nadeau, Solange, 1967- In recent years, economic, social, technological, and environmental changes have all imposed challenges on forest-based communities. This has revived interest in studying these communities to understand their ability to tackle these challenges. This study is built around a case study of an industrial forest-based community and aims at characterizing the community's ability to deal with change. A review of the literature documented the evolution of the frameworks used to examine forest communities and guided the choice of a framework. This case study analysis focuses on community capacity and the research follows two avenues: documenting the evolution of community capacity over time, and assessing residents' opinions on major issues challenging their community's capacity. A mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods was used to address these questions. Interviews were used to document the evolution of community capacity. They reveal how community capacity was built through community empowerment with regard to social capital and infrastructure development. They also shed light on the constraining effects that stagnant human capital and institutional management arrangements for public lands had on this capacity. The interviews identified issues challenging the current capacity of the community. A series of questions about these issues was then presented to local residents by means of a mail survey. The survey assessed residents' attitudes and provided information about the degree of agreement within the community on issues associated with community capacity. It reveals the responsiveness of groups within the community, and highlights concerns expressed by specific groups regarding the hurdles faced either by the community or by themselves in building community capacity. Close

• 20. [Article] Predicting Capacity of Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries Using Porosity Measurements

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/carbon/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting Capacity of Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries Using Porosity Measurements Author: Gao, Wen-Yang, Ji, Xiulei, Bommier, Clement, Greaney, Alex, Luo, Wei, Ma, Shengqian This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/carbon/. Title: Predicting Capacity of Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries Using Porosity Measurements Author: Gao, Wen-Yang, Ji, Xiulei, Bommier, Clement, Greaney, Alex, Luo, Wei, Ma, Shengqian This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/carbon/. Close

• 21. [Article] Capacity Measurement and Policy Simulation of Fishery Industry in Japan

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capacity Measurement and Policy Simulation of Fishery Industry in Japan Author: Managi, Shunsuke Abstract only. Title: Capacity Measurement and Policy Simulation of Fishery Industry in Japan Author: Managi, Shunsuke Abstract only. Close

• 22. [Article] Dynamic investment and pricing decisions for municipal sewerage

  The capacity expansion investment decisions on the provision of municipal sewerage are the central aspects of this analysis. The purpose is to present a methodology, utilizing a dynamic demand and supply ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamic investment and pricing decisions for municipal sewerage Author: Hanson, Kenneth Allen The capacity expansion investment decisions on the provision of municipal sewerage are the central aspects of this analysis. The purpose is to present a methodology, utilizing a dynamic demand and supply model of sewerage, for recommending a set of values for the investment and pricing decision variables. The outcome of the investment decisions is an economically efficient time sequence of capacity expansions. The pricing decisions involves a departure from an economically efficient set of user charges, i.e. from marginal cost pricing. The model consists of a cost function, i.e. amount of capacity and variable operating factors used per period times price; a set of production process equations transforming influent to effluent water quality standards; and a set of factors affecting influent, cost, and production. The factors taken into consideration are: Economies of size in capacity expansion costs, technological change, inflation, deterioration of capacity and economic life of capacity, discounting to present value, time horizon of model, changes in effluent water quality standards, and changes in the flow of influent due to an increase in users, price elasticity of the flow of influent and changes in water consumptive habits, formation of substitutes through technological change, as well as rainstorm drainage and infiltration. It is the investment decisions on timing of capacity expansions and mix of capacity types in each expansion which are of concern. These investment decisions must be considered simultaneously with those on economic amortization of capacity expansion costs and economic life of capacity, as well as use of, variable operating factors in the production process. Furthermore consideration for pricing in terms of user charges is given. By simultaneously solving a set of necessary marginal conditions associated with the investment decision variables and use of variable operating factors, the timing of capacity expansions and mix of capacity types in each expansion may be derived. With the existence of several capacity types, several variable operating factors, numerous feasible times for a capacity expansion, and a set of complex equations representing the production process; the use of a simulation analysis is imperative. Formulation of a simulation model should be on the basis of the equations developed in this analysis. Though the values of the decision variables resulting from a Simulation analysis may not be optimal, i.e. minimize present value cost subject to a production output constraint, the present value cost for a set of feasible time sequence of capacity expansions may be compared under various influent, cost, and production conditions. Title: Dynamic investment and pricing decisions for municipal sewerage Author: Hanson, Kenneth Allen The capacity expansion investment decisions on the provision of municipal sewerage are the central aspects of this analysis. The purpose is to present a methodology, utilizing a dynamic demand and supply model of sewerage, for recommending a set of values for the investment and pricing decision variables. The outcome of the investment decisions is an economically efficient time sequence of capacity expansions. The pricing decisions involves a departure from an economically efficient set of user charges, i.e. from marginal cost pricing. The model consists of a cost function, i.e. amount of capacity and variable operating factors used per period times price; a set of production process equations transforming influent to effluent water quality standards; and a set of factors affecting influent, cost, and production. The factors taken into consideration are: Economies of size in capacity expansion costs, technological change, inflation, deterioration of capacity and economic life of capacity, discounting to present value, time horizon of model, changes in effluent water quality standards, and changes in the flow of influent due to an increase in users, price elasticity of the flow of influent and changes in water consumptive habits, formation of substitutes through technological change, as well as rainstorm drainage and infiltration. It is the investment decisions on timing of capacity expansions and mix of capacity types in each expansion which are of concern. These investment decisions must be considered simultaneously with those on economic amortization of capacity expansion costs and economic life of capacity, as well as use of, variable operating factors in the production process. Furthermore consideration for pricing in terms of user charges is given. By simultaneously solving a set of necessary marginal conditions associated with the investment decision variables and use of variable operating factors, the timing of capacity expansions and mix of capacity types in each expansion may be derived. With the existence of several capacity types, several variable operating factors, numerous feasible times for a capacity expansion, and a set of complex equations representing the production process; the use of a simulation analysis is imperative. Formulation of a simulation model should be on the basis of the equations developed in this analysis. Though the values of the decision variables resulting from a Simulation analysis may not be optimal, i.e. minimize present value cost subject to a production output constraint, the present value cost for a set of feasible time sequence of capacity expansions may be compared under various influent, cost, and production conditions. Close

• 23. [Article] The effect of spatial configuration of habitat capacity on β diversity

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of spatial configuration of habitat capacity on β diversity Author: Olden, J. D., Muneepeerakul, R., Lytle, D. A., Dong, X. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Title: The effect of spatial configuration of habitat capacity on β diversity Author: Olden, J. D., Muneepeerakul, R., Lytle, D. A., Dong, X. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Close

• 24. [Article] Bridge over troubled water : partnerships and the prospect of adaptive capacity among small Oregon coast water systems

  The Oregon Coast's small water systems, like the vast number of small water systems across the U.S., are greatly vulnerable. Failing infrastructure, limited financial capital, and inadequate staff combined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bridge over troubled water : partnerships and the prospect of adaptive capacity among small Oregon coast water systems Author: Dennis, Lauren Marie The Oregon Coast's small water systems, like the vast number of small water systems across the U.S., are greatly vulnerable. Failing infrastructure, limited financial capital, and inadequate staff combined with future changes in climate, population size, and regulatory stringency spell out a potentially dire future for the region's water supply and subsequently, its economy. To address small water system vulnerability, partnerships (i.e. regionalized and collaborative approaches to water management and delivery) have received increasing attention as a tool for improving managerial, technical, and financial capacities. But how do these relate to system adaptive capacity, i.e. the ability to respond and adjust to change? In an effort to evaluate regional partnerships and provide guidance to Oregon coastal water system managers as to how to appropriately use it, this study sets out to 1) assess the spectrum of water system partnership types through the framework of adaptive capacity; 2) identify likely drivers and barriers to partnership establishment and ways to overcome them; and 3) assemble recommendations and lessons learned for successful, adaptive capacity-building partnerships. This study suggests that partnerships do in fact increase adaptive capacity, and specifically, that more formalized partnership types (joint powers agencies and consolidations) provide the greatest adaptive capacity characteristics. The number of barriers far outweighed drivers, and recommendations for partnership success converged most commonly around the topic of fair governance. Recommended state actions, opportunities for financing, an evaluation of the adaptive capacity framework, and suggestions for further research are offered. Title: Bridge over troubled water : partnerships and the prospect of adaptive capacity among small Oregon coast water systems Author: Dennis, Lauren Marie The Oregon Coast's small water systems, like the vast number of small water systems across the U.S., are greatly vulnerable. Failing infrastructure, limited financial capital, and inadequate staff combined with future changes in climate, population size, and regulatory stringency spell out a potentially dire future for the region's water supply and subsequently, its economy. To address small water system vulnerability, partnerships (i.e. regionalized and collaborative approaches to water management and delivery) have received increasing attention as a tool for improving managerial, technical, and financial capacities. But how do these relate to system adaptive capacity, i.e. the ability to respond and adjust to change? In an effort to evaluate regional partnerships and provide guidance to Oregon coastal water system managers as to how to appropriately use it, this study sets out to 1) assess the spectrum of water system partnership types through the framework of adaptive capacity; 2) identify likely drivers and barriers to partnership establishment and ways to overcome them; and 3) assemble recommendations and lessons learned for successful, adaptive capacity-building partnerships. This study suggests that partnerships do in fact increase adaptive capacity, and specifically, that more formalized partnership types (joint powers agencies and consolidations) provide the greatest adaptive capacity characteristics. The number of barriers far outweighed drivers, and recommendations for partnership success converged most commonly around the topic of fair governance. Recommended state actions, opportunities for financing, an evaluation of the adaptive capacity framework, and suggestions for further research are offered. Close

• 25. [Article] Memory capacity in switching search strategies: Are low-capacity individuals more susceptible to capture by distractors?

  Lien, Ruthruff, and Naylor (2014) recently reported that switching target search strategies (e.g., from identifying the letter that is uniquely colored [singleton search] to the letter that has a specific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Memory capacity in switching search strategies: Are low-capacity individuals more susceptible to capture by distractors? Author: Thompson, Lane, Naylor, Jamie Lien, Ruthruff, and Naylor (2014) recently reported that switching target search strategies (e.g., from identifying the letter that is uniquely colored [singleton search] to the letter that has a specific color [feature search] or vice versa) made the attentional system more vulnerable to capture by salient-but-irrelevant objects. In the present study, we examined whether this limitation in the sharpness of attentional control following search strategy switches depends on individual working memory capacity. Similar methods to Lien et al.’s were used except that we measured individual working memory capacity using a change detection task. We found that low-capacity individuals are no more susceptible to capture by distractors while switching search strategies. These results indicate that the inability of attentional control system to rapidly and fully switch between different search settings is not associated with memory capacity. Title: Memory capacity in switching search strategies: Are low-capacity individuals more susceptible to capture by distractors? Author: Thompson, Lane, Naylor, Jamie Lien, Ruthruff, and Naylor (2014) recently reported that switching target search strategies (e.g., from identifying the letter that is uniquely colored [singleton search] to the letter that has a specific color [feature search] or vice versa) made the attentional system more vulnerable to capture by salient-but-irrelevant objects. In the present study, we examined whether this limitation in the sharpness of attentional control following search strategy switches depends on individual working memory capacity. Similar methods to Lien et al.’s were used except that we measured individual working memory capacity using a change detection task. We found that low-capacity individuals are no more susceptible to capture by distractors while switching search strategies. These results indicate that the inability of attentional control system to rapidly and fully switch between different search settings is not associated with memory capacity. Close

• 26. [Article] Fishing Capacity of Georgian Anchovy Fishery

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishing Capacity of Georgian Anchovy Fishery Author: Bilashvili, Kakhaber, García del Hoyo, Juan José, Castilla Espino, David, Metreveli, Maya Abstract only. Title: Fishing Capacity of Georgian Anchovy Fishery Author: Bilashvili, Kakhaber, García del Hoyo, Juan José, Castilla Espino, David, Metreveli, Maya Abstract only. Close

• 27. [Article] The Role of Capacity Regulations in Compliance

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Capacity Regulations in Compliance Author: Nostbakken, Linda, Lazkano, Itziar Abstract Only Title: The Role of Capacity Regulations in Compliance Author: Nostbakken, Linda, Lazkano, Itziar Abstract Only Close

• 28. [Article] Geographic and seasonal variation in photosynthetic efficiency and capacity of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca

  Net photosynthesis was measured for photosynthetic light efficiency and capacity on two-year-old plants from eight different seed sources in three measurement periods. The measurement periods corresponded ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geographic and seasonal variation in photosynthetic efficiency and capacity of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Author: Pope, Walter William Net photosynthesis was measured for photosynthetic light efficiency and capacity on two-year-old plants from eight different seed sources in three measurement periods. The measurement periods corresponded to the physiological periods 1) prior to bud swelling, 2) after needle elongation, and 3) predormancy. Measurement period differences in both photosynthetic efficiency and capacity were apparent. The pre-bud swelling period had the lowest capacity and efficiency, the pre-dormancy period had the highest capacity and efficiency, and the intermediate period was between the two other periods in capacity and efficiency. Seven seed sources from regions within the Rocky Mountains and one hybrid of Coastal X Arizona origin represented populations from which seedlings were raised and measured. There were no apparent differences with respect to seed-source photosynthetic capacity. There were seed source related differences in photosynthetic light efficiency. The seedlings from the northern Rocky Mountain seed sources had a greater light efficiency than those from the southern-Rocky Mountains. These differences in photosynthetic light efficiency may be linked to summer drought adaption. The Lambert-Beers law type light intensity correction is promising in achieving a better estimate of photosynthetic light efficiency. This light intensity correction is based on the individual plant's morphology, needle number, needle length and needle area. Stomatal conductance was an important covariable in photosynthetic capacity. The light intensity correction and stomatal conductance accentuated seedling differences. This accentuation is viewed as the plant's adapting to the given set of conditions in the growing environment with physiological responses as well as developmental and/Or morphological responses. Title: Geographic and seasonal variation in photosynthetic efficiency and capacity of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Author: Pope, Walter William Net photosynthesis was measured for photosynthetic light efficiency and capacity on two-year-old plants from eight different seed sources in three measurement periods. The measurement periods corresponded to the physiological periods 1) prior to bud swelling, 2) after needle elongation, and 3) predormancy. Measurement period differences in both photosynthetic efficiency and capacity were apparent. The pre-bud swelling period had the lowest capacity and efficiency, the pre-dormancy period had the highest capacity and efficiency, and the intermediate period was between the two other periods in capacity and efficiency. Seven seed sources from regions within the Rocky Mountains and one hybrid of Coastal X Arizona origin represented populations from which seedlings were raised and measured. There were no apparent differences with respect to seed-source photosynthetic capacity. There were seed source related differences in photosynthetic light efficiency. The seedlings from the northern Rocky Mountain seed sources had a greater light efficiency than those from the southern-Rocky Mountains. These differences in photosynthetic light efficiency may be linked to summer drought adaption. The Lambert-Beers law type light intensity correction is promising in achieving a better estimate of photosynthetic light efficiency. This light intensity correction is based on the individual plant's morphology, needle number, needle length and needle area. Stomatal conductance was an important covariable in photosynthetic capacity. The light intensity correction and stomatal conductance accentuated seedling differences. This accentuation is viewed as the plant's adapting to the given set of conditions in the growing environment with physiological responses as well as developmental and/Or morphological responses. Close

• 29. [Article] Institutional capacity building through land and water stewardship integration- an analysis of source water protection in Corvallis, Oregon

  Globally, access to safe, reliable drinking water sources is a major challenge of this generation. Protected sources of drinking water provide communities with a sustainable, vital resource, yet many public ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Institutional capacity building through land and water stewardship integration- an analysis of source water protection in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Odom, Olivia Globally, access to safe, reliable drinking water sources is a major challenge of this generation. Protected sources of drinking water provide communities with a sustainable, vital resource, yet many public water suppliers lack legal authority over their source water protection (SWP) area, especially in surface water systems. Absence of legal authority and ownership restricts institutional capacity. In the absence of legal authority and land ownership, strong social capacity supplements weak institutional capacity for SWP. Using a case study approach, this paper presents a national experience survey of municipal approaches to increasing institutional capacity for SWP; details SWP programs of two similar municipalities; uses those findings to inform the creation of a SWP plan in Corvallis, Oregon with particular attention paid to the augmentation of institutional capacity by integration with existing environmental stewardship organizations; compares institutional outcomes; and finds that social capacity maximization is a viable approach to SWP. Title: Institutional capacity building through land and water stewardship integration- an analysis of source water protection in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Odom, Olivia Globally, access to safe, reliable drinking water sources is a major challenge of this generation. Protected sources of drinking water provide communities with a sustainable, vital resource, yet many public water suppliers lack legal authority over their source water protection (SWP) area, especially in surface water systems. Absence of legal authority and ownership restricts institutional capacity. In the absence of legal authority and land ownership, strong social capacity supplements weak institutional capacity for SWP. Using a case study approach, this paper presents a national experience survey of municipal approaches to increasing institutional capacity for SWP; details SWP programs of two similar municipalities; uses those findings to inform the creation of a SWP plan in Corvallis, Oregon with particular attention paid to the augmentation of institutional capacity by integration with existing environmental stewardship organizations; compares institutional outcomes; and finds that social capacity maximization is a viable approach to SWP. Close

• 30. [Article] Unsaturated Soils and Foundation Design : Theoretical Considerations for an Effective Stress Framework

  This study presents the theoretical background necessary to model the bearing capacity of shallow and deep foundations in partially saturated soils. The conventional bearing capacity equations for shallow ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Unsaturated Soils and Foundation Design : Theoretical Considerations for an Effective Stress Framework Author: Baker, Josiah D. This study presents the theoretical background necessary to model the bearing capacity of shallow and deep foundations in partially saturated soils. The conventional bearing capacity equations for shallow and deep foundations and the ?-method for deep foundation side resistance have been modified to include the effects of matric suction and varying water contents according to the effective stress framework. A closed-form solution has been proposed for the bearing capacity equation that modifies the overburden, unit weight, and cohesion terms in the conventional equation. The ?-method has been modified to consider suction stresses along the deep foundation and a reduction in K₀ due to tension cracking near the surface. The modified bearing capacity equation for shallow foundations shows good agreement to load-tests performed in partially saturated soils. Monte Carlo simulations were performed on silt loams, sands, and clays to characterize variance and distribution of bearing capacity. The results show that silts have the largest variance while clays have the smallest variance in predicted bearing capacity. Title: Unsaturated Soils and Foundation Design : Theoretical Considerations for an Effective Stress Framework Author: Baker, Josiah D. This study presents the theoretical background necessary to model the bearing capacity of shallow and deep foundations in partially saturated soils. The conventional bearing capacity equations for shallow and deep foundations and the ?-method for deep foundation side resistance have been modified to include the effects of matric suction and varying water contents according to the effective stress framework. A closed-form solution has been proposed for the bearing capacity equation that modifies the overburden, unit weight, and cohesion terms in the conventional equation. The ?-method has been modified to consider suction stresses along the deep foundation and a reduction in K₀ due to tension cracking near the surface. The modified bearing capacity equation for shallow foundations shows good agreement to load-tests performed in partially saturated soils. Monte Carlo simulations were performed on silt loams, sands, and clays to characterize variance and distribution of bearing capacity. The results show that silts have the largest variance while clays have the smallest variance in predicted bearing capacity. Close

• 31. [Article] Thesis on grazing survey of private lands of Eastern Oregon carrying capacity estimates

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thesis on grazing survey of private lands of Eastern Oregon carrying capacity estimates Author: Hole, C. Douglas Title: Thesis on grazing survey of private lands of Eastern Oregon carrying capacity estimates Author: Hole, C. Douglas Close

• 32. [Article] Carrying capacity studies of cattle range

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Carrying capacity studies of cattle range Author: Storm, Earl V. Title: Carrying capacity studies of cattle range Author: Storm, Earl V. Close

• 33. [Article] An Analysis of Fishing Capacity in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean Tuna Fishery and Management Implications

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Analysis of Fishing Capacity in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean Tuna Fishery and Management Implications Author: Reid, Christopher, Clarke, Raymond, Rodwell, Len, Jeon, Yongil Research Paper Title: An Analysis of Fishing Capacity in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean Tuna Fishery and Management Implications Author: Reid, Christopher, Clarke, Raymond, Rodwell, Len, Jeon, Yongil Research Paper Close

• 34. [Article] The FAO International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity

  In 1999, the FAO Committee on Fisheries adopted an International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity. The paper presents this new international fisheries instrument and discusses the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The FAO International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity Author: Gréboval, Dominique F. Year: 2001 In 1999, the FAO Committee on Fisheries adopted an International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity. The paper presents this new international fisheries instrument and discusses the main issues which would need to be addressed by Nations and regional fisheries organizations worldwide to ensure its implementation. Specific attention is given to measurement aspects, management methods, fleet reduction programmes, high seas fisheries and the need for a comprehensive approach to factors which contribute to overcapacity and unsustainability. The paper concludes that implementation raises important issues that need to be further addressed at national, international and global levels. It also suggests that comprehensive research work on the management of fishing capacity is much needed, especially in relation to the use of alternative policies instruments and management methods. Title: The FAO International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity Author: Gréboval, Dominique F. Year: 2001 In 1999, the FAO Committee on Fisheries adopted an International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity. The paper presents this new international fisheries instrument and discusses the main issues which would need to be addressed by Nations and regional fisheries organizations worldwide to ensure its implementation. Specific attention is given to measurement aspects, management methods, fleet reduction programmes, high seas fisheries and the need for a comprehensive approach to factors which contribute to overcapacity and unsustainability. The paper concludes that implementation raises important issues that need to be further addressed at national, international and global levels. It also suggests that comprehensive research work on the management of fishing capacity is much needed, especially in relation to the use of alternative policies instruments and management methods. Close

• 35. [Article] U.S. Efforts to Prepare Regular Assessments of Overcapacity in Federally-Managed Commercial Fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: U.S. Efforts to Prepare Regular Assessments of Overcapacity in Federally-Managed Commercial Fisheries Author: Terry, Joseph M. Research Paper Title: U.S. Efforts to Prepare Regular Assessments of Overcapacity in Federally-Managed Commercial Fisheries Author: Terry, Joseph M. Research Paper Close

• 36. [Article] Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Corrosion Damaged Stirrups for Shear Capacity

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/nsie20.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Corrosion Damaged Stirrups for Shear Capacity This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/nsie20. Title: Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Corrosion Damaged Stirrups for Shear Capacity This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/nsie20. Close

• 37. [Article] The Roles of Leadership Committees in Forest Collaborative Capacity

  The organizational capacity of natural resource collaborative groups can be an important factor in how effective they are at meeting their goals. This brief reviews the leadership committees of five forest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Roles of Leadership Committees in Forest Collaborative Capacity Author: Davis, Emily Jane The organizational capacity of natural resource collaborative groups can be an important factor in how effective they are at meeting their goals. This brief reviews the leadership committees of five forest collaboratives working on similar issues in eastern Oregon. It is intended to help new and existing groups best utilize this important component of organizational capacity for success. Title: The Roles of Leadership Committees in Forest Collaborative Capacity Author: Davis, Emily Jane The organizational capacity of natural resource collaborative groups can be an important factor in how effective they are at meeting their goals. This brief reviews the leadership committees of five forest collaboratives working on similar issues in eastern Oregon. It is intended to help new and existing groups best utilize this important component of organizational capacity for success. Close

• 38. [Article] Experience of vessel decommissioning in Danish fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experience of vessel decommissioning in Danish fisheries Author: Lindebo, Erik, Vestergaard, Niels Research Paper Title: Experience of vessel decommissioning in Danish fisheries Author: Lindebo, Erik, Vestergaard, Niels Research Paper Close

• 39. [Article] Economies of scale, excess capacity and potential rent in UK demersal whitefish trawl fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economies of scale, excess capacity and potential rent in UK demersal whitefish trawl fisheries Author: Pascoe, Sean Research Paper Title: Economies of scale, excess capacity and potential rent in UK demersal whitefish trawl fisheries Author: Pascoe, Sean Research Paper Close

• 40. [Article] An evaluation of the thermal properties and albedo of a macrotidal flat

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the thermal properties and albedo of a macrotidal flat Author: Cho, Yang-Ki, Kim, Tae-Wan, Dever, Edward P. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: An evaluation of the thermal properties and albedo of a macrotidal flat Author: Cho, Yang-Ki, Kim, Tae-Wan, Dever, Edward P. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 41. [Article] Is Output Control Effective as a Measure to Adjust Reduction of Over-Capacity?

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is Output Control Effective as a Measure to Adjust Reduction of Over-Capacity? Author: Kuronuma, Yoshihiro Research Paper Title: Is Output Control Effective as a Measure to Adjust Reduction of Over-Capacity? Author: Kuronuma, Yoshihiro Research Paper Close

• 42. [Article] Ultimate bearing capacity of shallow footings on plastic silt

  The usual approach to calculation of the ultimate bearing capacity of plastic silt is to assume no porewater drainage occurs during the loading period. The coefficient of permeability of plastic silt is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ultimate bearing capacity of shallow footings on plastic silt Author: Newton, Vernon C. The usual approach to calculation of the ultimate bearing capacity of plastic silt is to assume no porewater drainage occurs during the loading period. The coefficient of permeability of plastic silt is generally significantly larger than clay; therefore, partial drainage of porewater may occur during the loading period. This study evaluates the validity of the no porewater drainage assumption as it applies to a particular plastic silt. A series of plate load tests were performed on three circular footings of different sizes, placed on the bottom of a shallow excavation. Ultimate bearing capacity for each footing is interpreted from load-settlement curves. Samples were taken from the test pit and the shear strength was evaluated by laboratory testing. The shear strength is used in the Terzaghi, Meyerhof, and Hansen bearing capacity equations. Bearing capacities calculated using the no porewater drainage assumption and local shear failure conditions yield the best correlation with load test data. Title: Ultimate bearing capacity of shallow footings on plastic silt Author: Newton, Vernon C. The usual approach to calculation of the ultimate bearing capacity of plastic silt is to assume no porewater drainage occurs during the loading period. The coefficient of permeability of plastic silt is generally significantly larger than clay; therefore, partial drainage of porewater may occur during the loading period. This study evaluates the validity of the no porewater drainage assumption as it applies to a particular plastic silt. A series of plate load tests were performed on three circular footings of different sizes, placed on the bottom of a shallow excavation. Ultimate bearing capacity for each footing is interpreted from load-settlement curves. Samples were taken from the test pit and the shear strength was evaluated by laboratory testing. The shear strength is used in the Terzaghi, Meyerhof, and Hansen bearing capacity equations. Bearing capacities calculated using the no porewater drainage assumption and local shear failure conditions yield the best correlation with load test data. Close

• 43. [Article] Sand pumping efficiency of a water ejector apparatus

  The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of the solid transport capacity in pumping operation: A special type of jet apparatus was investigated which emits a water jet downward counter ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sand pumping efficiency of a water ejector apparatus Author: Saguanwongse, Suvat The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of the solid transport capacity in pumping operation: A special type of jet apparatus was investigated which emits a water jet downward counter current to delivery flow, from inside of the suction pipe toward sediment to be excavated. Two sizes of jet pipe were considered; each was tested at three different positions for a centrifugal delivery pump operated in its economic range of operation. This jet pipe discharge was confirmed to increase sand transport capacity of the centrifugal delivery pump as the jet mouth was in the position close to the annular suction mouth. At this position, the sand transport capacity of the centrifugal delivery pump increased as the jet discharge increased. When the jet mouth was positioned above the area close to the suction mouth, the sand transport capacity of the centrifugal delivery pump decreased. As the jet mouth was extended below the area close to the suction mouth, the sand transport capacity of the centrifugal delivery pump was nearly equal in either case of pumping with or without the jet water in operation. Title: Sand pumping efficiency of a water ejector apparatus Author: Saguanwongse, Suvat The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of the solid transport capacity in pumping operation: A special type of jet apparatus was investigated which emits a water jet downward counter current to delivery flow, from inside of the suction pipe toward sediment to be excavated. Two sizes of jet pipe were considered; each was tested at three different positions for a centrifugal delivery pump operated in its economic range of operation. This jet pipe discharge was confirmed to increase sand transport capacity of the centrifugal delivery pump as the jet mouth was in the position close to the annular suction mouth. At this position, the sand transport capacity of the centrifugal delivery pump increased as the jet discharge increased. When the jet mouth was positioned above the area close to the suction mouth, the sand transport capacity of the centrifugal delivery pump decreased. As the jet mouth was extended below the area close to the suction mouth, the sand transport capacity of the centrifugal delivery pump was nearly equal in either case of pumping with or without the jet water in operation. Close

• 44. [Article] A determination of ultimate pile capacity in clayey silt

  Predetermining the ultimate capacity of piles driven into purely cohesive soils and purely cohesionless soils involves, respectively, the consideration of soil shear strength in a completely undrained ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A determination of ultimate pile capacity in clayey silt Author: Thompson, Duane Melvin Predetermining the ultimate capacity of piles driven into purely cohesive soils and purely cohesionless soils involves, respectively, the consideration of soil shear strength in a completely undrained and a completely drained condition. For the intermediate cases concerning soils that possess both cohesion and internal friction (silts, clayey silts, sandy clays, etc. ) the capacity prediction may assume either condition of drainage depending upon the characteristics of the soil, its stress history, and the duration of load. The actual conditions of failure for piles driven into these soils are uncertain unless test piles can be observed under a series of loads to failure. This study involves the determination of the capacity of an individual pile driven into a clayey silt. Capacity predictions based upon static formulas by Terzaghi and Peck, Meyerhof and William Moore are calculated for both drained and undrained conditions around the pile. By the performance of a series of load tests is is found that in the soil encountered the ultimate load supported by the pile is best described by the Meyerhof determination, assuming a state of complete drainage. Title: A determination of ultimate pile capacity in clayey silt Author: Thompson, Duane Melvin Predetermining the ultimate capacity of piles driven into purely cohesive soils and purely cohesionless soils involves, respectively, the consideration of soil shear strength in a completely undrained and a completely drained condition. For the intermediate cases concerning soils that possess both cohesion and internal friction (silts, clayey silts, sandy clays, etc. ) the capacity prediction may assume either condition of drainage depending upon the characteristics of the soil, its stress history, and the duration of load. The actual conditions of failure for piles driven into these soils are uncertain unless test piles can be observed under a series of loads to failure. This study involves the determination of the capacity of an individual pile driven into a clayey silt. Capacity predictions based upon static formulas by Terzaghi and Peck, Meyerhof and William Moore are calculated for both drained and undrained conditions around the pile. By the performance of a series of load tests is is found that in the soil encountered the ultimate load supported by the pile is best described by the Meyerhof determination, assuming a state of complete drainage. Close

• 45. [Article] Managing Capacity in An Ivq (Individual Vessel Quota) Regime

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Managing Capacity in An Ivq (Individual Vessel Quota) Regime Author: Standal, Dag No poster available. Title: Managing Capacity in An Ivq (Individual Vessel Quota) Regime Author: Standal, Dag No poster available. Close

• 46. [Article] Technological Changes and their Impact on Fishing Capacity - A Case Study of the Hawaii-based Longline Fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technological Changes and their Impact on Fishing Capacity - A Case Study of the Hawaii-based Longline Fisheries Author: Nguyen, Quang Research Paper Title: Technological Changes and their Impact on Fishing Capacity - A Case Study of the Hawaii-based Longline Fisheries Author: Nguyen, Quang Research Paper Close

• 47. [Article] Integrated Ethylene and Temperature Conditioning for Induction of Ripening Capacity in ‘Anjou’ and ‘Comice’ pears

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/postharvest-biol...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrated Ethylene and Temperature Conditioning for Induction of Ripening Capacity in ‘Anjou’ and ‘Comice’ pears Author: Basile, Sally R., Sugar, David This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/postharvest-biology-and-technology/. Title: Integrated Ethylene and Temperature Conditioning for Induction of Ripening Capacity in ‘Anjou’ and ‘Comice’ pears Author: Basile, Sally R., Sugar, David This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/postharvest-biology-and-technology/. Close

• 48. [Article] A Simple Buy-back Auction for Fisheries Management

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Simple Buy-back Auction for Fisheries Management Author: Groves, Ted, Ledyard, John presentation Title: A Simple Buy-back Auction for Fisheries Management Author: Groves, Ted, Ledyard, John presentation Close

• 49. [Article] Computer simulation and evaluation of solar cooling systems with hot and cold storage options

  In this thesis, computer simulation and evaluation of solar cooling systems are presented. The simulations were conducted using the TRNSYS program, developed at the University of Wisconsin. The TRNSYS ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Computer simulation and evaluation of solar cooling systems with hot and cold storage options Author: Krishna, Sudhir S. In this thesis, computer simulation and evaluation of solar cooling systems are presented. The simulations were conducted using the TRNSYS program, developed at the University of Wisconsin. The TRNSYS program was modified by the addition of new models for the solar collector with high fluid thermal capacity, the absorption cooler, and a systems controller. These models are described. Several aspects of solar cooling systems design are presented here. The options of storing surplus availability at temperatures greater than 76°C (hot storage) and at temperatures less than 12°C (cold storage) are examined and discussed in detail. Analysis is also conducted to determine solar collector exiting temperature response to abrupt changes in solar insolation, with collector fluid thermal capacity and airconditioner nominal capacity as parameters. The affect of sink temperature on system performance and the question of using cooling towers are investigated. Problems associated with computer simulations and their solutions are discussed. The results indicate that the system with the cold storage consumes less auxiliary energy than the system with the hot storage, both systems being of equal size and capacity. However, the system with the cold storage requires a solar collector with high fluid thermal capacity. With regard to the effect of sink temperature on system performance, there is a sharp drop in the performance for sink temperatures exceeding 25°C. Title: Computer simulation and evaluation of solar cooling systems with hot and cold storage options Author: Krishna, Sudhir S. In this thesis, computer simulation and evaluation of solar cooling systems are presented. The simulations were conducted using the TRNSYS program, developed at the University of Wisconsin. The TRNSYS program was modified by the addition of new models for the solar collector with high fluid thermal capacity, the absorption cooler, and a systems controller. These models are described. Several aspects of solar cooling systems design are presented here. The options of storing surplus availability at temperatures greater than 76°C (hot storage) and at temperatures less than 12°C (cold storage) are examined and discussed in detail. Analysis is also conducted to determine solar collector exiting temperature response to abrupt changes in solar insolation, with collector fluid thermal capacity and airconditioner nominal capacity as parameters. The affect of sink temperature on system performance and the question of using cooling towers are investigated. Problems associated with computer simulations and their solutions are discussed. The results indicate that the system with the cold storage consumes less auxiliary energy than the system with the hot storage, both systems being of equal size and capacity. However, the system with the cold storage requires a solar collector with high fluid thermal capacity. With regard to the effect of sink temperature on system performance, there is a sharp drop in the performance for sink temperatures exceeding 25°C. Close

• 50. [Article] Bearing capacity and immediate settlement of shallow foundations on clay

  Shallow foundations are extensively used to support structures of all sizes and derive their support from near surface soils. Thus, they are typically embedded up to a few meters into the soil profile. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bearing capacity and immediate settlement of shallow foundations on clay Author: Strahler, Andrew W. Shallow foundations are extensively used to support structures of all sizes and derive their support from near surface soils. Thus, they are typically embedded up to a few meters into the soil profile. Designers of shallow foundations are required to meet two limit states: overall failure of the soil beneath the foundation (bearing capacity) and excessive settlement. Existing bearing capacity design methods use an assumed shearing plane within the soil and perfectly plastic soil behavior to estimate the ultimate resistance available. The immediate settlement of a shallow foundation is typically approximated using an elasticity-based method that does not account for actual, nonlinear soil behavior. A load test database was developed from footing load tests reported in the literature to assess the accuracy and uncertainty in existing design methodologies for calculating bearing capacity and immediate settlement. The assessment of uncertainty in bearing capacity and immediate settlement was accomplished through the application of a hyperbolic bearing pressure-displacement model, and the adaptation of the Duncan-Chang soil constitutive model to footing displacements. The prediction of bearing capacity using the general bearing capacity formula was compared to the bearing capacity extrapolated from the load test database using a hyperbolic bearing pressure-displacement model. On average the general bearing capacity formula under-predicts the bearing capacity and exhibits a significant amount of variability. The comparison was used to develop resistance statistics that were implemented to produce resistance factors for an LRFD based design approach using AASHTO load statistics. The Duncan-Chang model was adapted to predict bearing pressure displacement curves for footings in the load test database and used to estimate governing soil parameters. Bearing pressure-displacement curves fitted to the observed curves were used to back calculate soil stiffness. The soil stiffness was used with an elasticity-based displacement prediction method to evaluate the accuracy of the method. Finally, the back-calculated modulus from the fitted Duncan-Chang model was used to assess the accuracy and uncertainty associated with the elasticity-based K-factor, a correlation based stiffness parameter. In general the comparisons indicate that the current design procedures over-predict the bearing pressure associated with a given displacement and exhibit a significant amount of uncertainty. Title: Bearing capacity and immediate settlement of shallow foundations on clay Author: Strahler, Andrew W. Shallow foundations are extensively used to support structures of all sizes and derive their support from near surface soils. Thus, they are typically embedded up to a few meters into the soil profile. Designers of shallow foundations are required to meet two limit states: overall failure of the soil beneath the foundation (bearing capacity) and excessive settlement. Existing bearing capacity design methods use an assumed shearing plane within the soil and perfectly plastic soil behavior to estimate the ultimate resistance available. The immediate settlement of a shallow foundation is typically approximated using an elasticity-based method that does not account for actual, nonlinear soil behavior. A load test database was developed from footing load tests reported in the literature to assess the accuracy and uncertainty in existing design methodologies for calculating bearing capacity and immediate settlement. The assessment of uncertainty in bearing capacity and immediate settlement was accomplished through the application of a hyperbolic bearing pressure-displacement model, and the adaptation of the Duncan-Chang soil constitutive model to footing displacements. The prediction of bearing capacity using the general bearing capacity formula was compared to the bearing capacity extrapolated from the load test database using a hyperbolic bearing pressure-displacement model. On average the general bearing capacity formula under-predicts the bearing capacity and exhibits a significant amount of variability. The comparison was used to develop resistance statistics that were implemented to produce resistance factors for an LRFD based design approach using AASHTO load statistics. The Duncan-Chang model was adapted to predict bearing pressure displacement curves for footings in the load test database and used to estimate governing soil parameters. Bearing pressure-displacement curves fitted to the observed curves were used to back calculate soil stiffness. The soil stiffness was used with an elasticity-based displacement prediction method to evaluate the accuracy of the method. Finally, the back-calculated modulus from the fitted Duncan-Chang model was used to assess the accuracy and uncertainty associated with the elasticity-based K-factor, a correlation based stiffness parameter. In general the comparisons indicate that the current design procedures over-predict the bearing pressure associated with a given displacement and exhibit a significant amount of uncertainty. Close

• 51. [Article] Infiltration capacities and surface erodibility associated with forest harvesting activities in the Oregon Cascades

  An infiltration capacity and surface erodibility study was conducted six years after forest harvesting in the Oregon Cascades. A portable rainfall simulator was utilized to obtain field measurements on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Infiltration capacities and surface erodibility associated with forest harvesting activities in the Oregon Cascades Author: Johnson, Michael G. An infiltration capacity and surface erodibility study was conducted six years after forest harvesting in the Oregon Cascades. A portable rainfall simulator was utilized to obtain field measurements on the Coyote Creek and Hi-15 Watersheds during summer and fall, 1977. Seasonal variations were found to occur in infiltration capacities and surface erodibility. Infiltration capacities increased by 1.4 times from summer to fall, while surface erodibility characteristics, suspended sediment concentration and sediment yield, decreased from summer to fall. Surface limiting conditions during the summer and soil profile controlled conditions in the fall were hypothesized to explain this seasonal variation. Nearly all timber harvesting treatments for each study area had statistically equal summer infiltration capacities in comparison with adjacent unlogged areas. In addition, summer surface erodibility characteristics on treated areas were typically less than those found on undisturbed areas. Only certain skid trails, cable log paths and severely disturbed sites such as tractor windrowed and burned areas had substantially reduced infiltration capacities and increased surface erodibility. However, all areas, including the most severely disturbed, had fall infiltration capacities that exceeded usual and maximum fall precipitation intensities. Many skid trails and other highly disturbed and compacted areas at Coyote Creek appeared to have greatly recovered since logging six years ago. Freezing/thawing, biological activity, and shrinking and swelling of soils may account for this recovery in infiltration capacities, surface erodibility and soil properties. Skid trails and severely disturbed areas may partially account for peak flow increases and minor sedimentation the first few years after logging. However, data from this study collected six years following timber harvesting do not support the premise that continued increases in peak flows are caused by changes in infiltration capacities, except perhaps for a tractor windrowed and burned area. Predictive models for infiltration capacity (normally distributed) and surface erodibility characteristics (requiring normalizing transformations) were not found using regression techniques because of large amounts of variance. Variation in estimates of infiltration capacities and surface erodibility for individual plots and between study areas was identified. Title: Infiltration capacities and surface erodibility associated with forest harvesting activities in the Oregon Cascades Author: Johnson, Michael G. An infiltration capacity and surface erodibility study was conducted six years after forest harvesting in the Oregon Cascades. A portable rainfall simulator was utilized to obtain field measurements on the Coyote Creek and Hi-15 Watersheds during summer and fall, 1977. Seasonal variations were found to occur in infiltration capacities and surface erodibility. Infiltration capacities increased by 1.4 times from summer to fall, while surface erodibility characteristics, suspended sediment concentration and sediment yield, decreased from summer to fall. Surface limiting conditions during the summer and soil profile controlled conditions in the fall were hypothesized to explain this seasonal variation. Nearly all timber harvesting treatments for each study area had statistically equal summer infiltration capacities in comparison with adjacent unlogged areas. In addition, summer surface erodibility characteristics on treated areas were typically less than those found on undisturbed areas. Only certain skid trails, cable log paths and severely disturbed sites such as tractor windrowed and burned areas had substantially reduced infiltration capacities and increased surface erodibility. However, all areas, including the most severely disturbed, had fall infiltration capacities that exceeded usual and maximum fall precipitation intensities. Many skid trails and other highly disturbed and compacted areas at Coyote Creek appeared to have greatly recovered since logging six years ago. Freezing/thawing, biological activity, and shrinking and swelling of soils may account for this recovery in infiltration capacities, surface erodibility and soil properties. Skid trails and severely disturbed areas may partially account for peak flow increases and minor sedimentation the first few years after logging. However, data from this study collected six years following timber harvesting do not support the premise that continued increases in peak flows are caused by changes in infiltration capacities, except perhaps for a tractor windrowed and burned area. Predictive models for infiltration capacity (normally distributed) and surface erodibility characteristics (requiring normalizing transformations) were not found using regression techniques because of large amounts of variance. Variation in estimates of infiltration capacities and surface erodibility for individual plots and between study areas was identified. Close

• 52. [Article] Capital Utilization and investment Decisions: A Case Study for the Netherlands

  In this paper a data envelopment model is presented to evaluate short term investment decisions in the Dutch beam trawl and demersal fleet. We investigated how short run profit drives investment decisions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capital Utilization and investment Decisions: A Case Study for the Netherlands Author: Buisman, Erik, Bartelings, Heleen In this paper a data envelopment model is presented to evaluate short term investment decisions in the Dutch beam trawl and demersal fleet. We investigated how short run profit drives investment decisions and how a data envelopment analysis can be used to show what the optimal level of capital use is and how investment in variable and fixed inputs can optimize the output of the sector. The degree of capital utilization can be seen as a measure of whether firms should invest or disinvest in their capital assets. Capital utilization also measures to which extent idle and excess capacity is present in a firm. Differences in capital utilization mainly depend on the degree in which a firm can adjust fixed capital in the short run. It therefore should be a key economic parameter to evaluate the performance of a sector. We measured the physical capital utilization for the Dutch beam trawl and demersal fleet for 2005 and decomposed the capacity utilization into technical efficiency, economic capital utilization and optimal capacity idleness. Furthermore we illustrated how the economic capacity measure can be used to predict investment decisions in the fleet. Results show that economic capital utilization inefficiency is on average 13%, which indicates that landings could have been 13% higher then they were if the fleet operated 100% efficiently. About 1% of the capacity utilization inefficiency is caused by idle/excess capacity. This very low percentage indicates that there are few indivisibilities in the input for the Dutch beam trawl and demersal fleet. Based on short term profit maximization it is clear that it is optimal to make as much use of the available capital as possible. The remaining 12% can be attributed to economic capacity inefficiency and technical inefficiency in the fleet. Vessels with a low capital utilization are more likely to disinvest than vessels with a high capital utilization. Vessels with a capital utilization that is higher than unity almost always will choose to invest. Title: Capital Utilization and investment Decisions: A Case Study for the Netherlands Author: Buisman, Erik, Bartelings, Heleen In this paper a data envelopment model is presented to evaluate short term investment decisions in the Dutch beam trawl and demersal fleet. We investigated how short run profit drives investment decisions and how a data envelopment analysis can be used to show what the optimal level of capital use is and how investment in variable and fixed inputs can optimize the output of the sector. The degree of capital utilization can be seen as a measure of whether firms should invest or disinvest in their capital assets. Capital utilization also measures to which extent idle and excess capacity is present in a firm. Differences in capital utilization mainly depend on the degree in which a firm can adjust fixed capital in the short run. It therefore should be a key economic parameter to evaluate the performance of a sector. We measured the physical capital utilization for the Dutch beam trawl and demersal fleet for 2005 and decomposed the capacity utilization into technical efficiency, economic capital utilization and optimal capacity idleness. Furthermore we illustrated how the economic capacity measure can be used to predict investment decisions in the fleet. Results show that economic capital utilization inefficiency is on average 13%, which indicates that landings could have been 13% higher then they were if the fleet operated 100% efficiently. About 1% of the capacity utilization inefficiency is caused by idle/excess capacity. This very low percentage indicates that there are few indivisibilities in the input for the Dutch beam trawl and demersal fleet. Based on short term profit maximization it is clear that it is optimal to make as much use of the available capital as possible. The remaining 12% can be attributed to economic capacity inefficiency and technical inefficiency in the fleet. Vessels with a low capital utilization are more likely to disinvest than vessels with a high capital utilization. Vessels with a capital utilization that is higher than unity almost always will choose to invest. Close

• 53. [Article] Production efficiency and capacity utilisation of Queensland’s Sydney rock oyster (SRO) industry

  Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production efficiency and capacity utilisation of Queensland’s Sydney rock oyster (SRO) industry Author: Schrobback, Peggy Presentation Title: Production efficiency and capacity utilisation of Queensland’s Sydney rock oyster (SRO) industry Author: Schrobback, Peggy Presentation Close

• 54. [Article] Small sample, low-temperature calorimetry

  A calorimeter capable of measuring the heat capacity of 1 mg size samples from 4.2 to greater than 100 K has been designed, constructed, and tested. The sample is bonded to the end of a 0.002 inch diameter, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small sample, low-temperature calorimetry Author: Wolochuk, Lee A calorimeter capable of measuring the heat capacity of 1 mg size samples from 4.2 to greater than 100 K has been designed, constructed, and tested. The sample is bonded to the end of a 0.002 inch diameter, 0.5 cm long chromel-constantan thermocouple (type E) and heated optically with a laser and fiber optic. An advantage of this calorimeter is the low addenda heat capacity of the thermocouple. The thermocouple, which serves not only as the temperature sensor of the sample but also as the thermal link between the sample and a constant temperature reservoir, is anchored to a copper block, which acts as the constant temperature reservoir. Heat capacity is determined from the temperature rate of decay of the sample using a sweep method. The sample is heated to an initial temperature above the block temperature by the laser. The laser is then turned off and the sample temperature is allowed to decay to the block temperature. By measuring the temperature of the sample as a function of time and relating it to the thermal conductivity of the thermocouple in a separate experiment, the sample's heat capacity can be determined. The thermal conductivity of the thermocouple is determined by performing an experiment with a sample of known heat capacity. A design model created with a spreadsheet helped to determine what size thermocouple should be used as well as the best materials and dimensions of the components that make up the calorimeter. The model was also useful in determining the nature of a calorimetry experiment and helped determine how high above the block temperature the sample should be heated, how low the pressure inside the calorimeter should be, and how much time a calorimetry experiment would require. Experiments using copper samples have confirmed the validity of the design. The results of an experiment using a 1.1 mg copper sample agree (within expected uncertainty) with the accepted heat capacity of copper from 7 to 100 K. One factor in the uncertainty is the large heat capacity of the grease (Apiezon N) used to bond the sample to the tip of the thermocouple, especially below 15 K. Title: Small sample, low-temperature calorimetry Author: Wolochuk, Lee A calorimeter capable of measuring the heat capacity of 1 mg size samples from 4.2 to greater than 100 K has been designed, constructed, and tested. The sample is bonded to the end of a 0.002 inch diameter, 0.5 cm long chromel-constantan thermocouple (type E) and heated optically with a laser and fiber optic. An advantage of this calorimeter is the low addenda heat capacity of the thermocouple. The thermocouple, which serves not only as the temperature sensor of the sample but also as the thermal link between the sample and a constant temperature reservoir, is anchored to a copper block, which acts as the constant temperature reservoir. Heat capacity is determined from the temperature rate of decay of the sample using a sweep method. The sample is heated to an initial temperature above the block temperature by the laser. The laser is then turned off and the sample temperature is allowed to decay to the block temperature. By measuring the temperature of the sample as a function of time and relating it to the thermal conductivity of the thermocouple in a separate experiment, the sample's heat capacity can be determined. The thermal conductivity of the thermocouple is determined by performing an experiment with a sample of known heat capacity. A design model created with a spreadsheet helped to determine what size thermocouple should be used as well as the best materials and dimensions of the components that make up the calorimeter. The model was also useful in determining the nature of a calorimetry experiment and helped determine how high above the block temperature the sample should be heated, how low the pressure inside the calorimeter should be, and how much time a calorimetry experiment would require. Experiments using copper samples have confirmed the validity of the design. The results of an experiment using a 1.1 mg copper sample agree (within expected uncertainty) with the accepted heat capacity of copper from 7 to 100 K. One factor in the uncertainty is the large heat capacity of the grease (Apiezon N) used to bond the sample to the tip of the thermocouple, especially below 15 K. Close

• 55. [Article] Photosynthesis of conifers : influential factors and potentials for remote sensing

  Remote sensing offers the potential for monitoring photosynthesis over large temporal and spatial scales. The purpose of this thesis is to provide information that will help to develop methods to predict ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Photosynthesis of conifers : influential factors and potentials for remote sensing Author: Yoder, Barbara J. Remote sensing offers the potential for monitoring photosynthesis over large temporal and spatial scales. The purpose of this thesis is to provide information that will help to develop methods to predict photosynthesis from the light reflected by canopies. The studies focused on a simple model of canopy photosynthetic potential: Acanopy = E APAR, where Acanopy is photosynthetic potential, APAR is the fraction of incident visible light that can be absorbed by the canopy, and is the light use efficiency. The first experiment showed that for small canopies of Douglas-fir seedlings, E was not a constant, even though environmental conditions were the same for all measurements of photosynthesis. APAR alone explained 36% of the variability in canopy photosynthesis. Photosynthetic capacity of needles from the top of a canopy was a good indicator of E: A model combining APAR and photosynthetic capacity explained 83% of the variation in canopy photosynthesis. Chlorophyll concentration was positively correlated with photosynthetic capacity, but had no measurable correlation with APAR. Leaf area alone explained most of the variation in APAR (R2 = 0.87). The second study demonstrated that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), derived from amounts of red and near infrared light reflected by a vegetation, was a better indicator of E APAR than of APAR alone. This was because changes in leaf area at constant chlorophyll concentration caused reflectance to change in the near infrared but not the visible region. NDVI, however, was sensitive to both near infrared and visible reflectance. When chlorophyll varied at constant leaf area, NDVI varied but APAR did not. Because of the relationship between chlorophyll and photosynthetic capacity, and because variation in chlorophyll caused changes in the reflectance of red light, NDVI incorporated information about E. The third study demonstrated that in a mature hemlock stand, photosynthetic capacity did not change through the course of a year, despite below-freezing temperatures on two sampling dates, or in response to increased leaf nitrogen after fertilization. Previous studies have shown that many conifers have reduced photosynthetic capacity during the winter, and that photosynthetic capacity is often related to leaf nitrogen. This study points out exceptions that need to be considered in models of whole canopy photosynthesis. Title: Photosynthesis of conifers : influential factors and potentials for remote sensing Author: Yoder, Barbara J. Remote sensing offers the potential for monitoring photosynthesis over large temporal and spatial scales. The purpose of this thesis is to provide information that will help to develop methods to predict photosynthesis from the light reflected by canopies. The studies focused on a simple model of canopy photosynthetic potential: Acanopy = E APAR, where Acanopy is photosynthetic potential, APAR is the fraction of incident visible light that can be absorbed by the canopy, and is the light use efficiency. The first experiment showed that for small canopies of Douglas-fir seedlings, E was not a constant, even though environmental conditions were the same for all measurements of photosynthesis. APAR alone explained 36% of the variability in canopy photosynthesis. Photosynthetic capacity of needles from the top of a canopy was a good indicator of E: A model combining APAR and photosynthetic capacity explained 83% of the variation in canopy photosynthesis. Chlorophyll concentration was positively correlated with photosynthetic capacity, but had no measurable correlation with APAR. Leaf area alone explained most of the variation in APAR (R2 = 0.87). The second study demonstrated that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), derived from amounts of red and near infrared light reflected by a vegetation, was a better indicator of E APAR than of APAR alone. This was because changes in leaf area at constant chlorophyll concentration caused reflectance to change in the near infrared but not the visible region. NDVI, however, was sensitive to both near infrared and visible reflectance. When chlorophyll varied at constant leaf area, NDVI varied but APAR did not. Because of the relationship between chlorophyll and photosynthetic capacity, and because variation in chlorophyll caused changes in the reflectance of red light, NDVI incorporated information about E. The third study demonstrated that in a mature hemlock stand, photosynthetic capacity did not change through the course of a year, despite below-freezing temperatures on two sampling dates, or in response to increased leaf nitrogen after fertilization. Previous studies have shown that many conifers have reduced photosynthetic capacity during the winter, and that photosynthetic capacity is often related to leaf nitrogen. This study points out exceptions that need to be considered in models of whole canopy photosynthesis. Close

• 56. [Article] Development of an information processing capacity estimation method for managing a project subjected to disruptions

  This dissertation is an attempt at developing a method for the analysis and estimation of the effects of disruptions due to uncertainties. Such uncertainties may result from design changes and engineering ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of an information processing capacity estimation method for managing a project subjected to disruptions Author: Ro, In Kyu This dissertation is an attempt at developing a method for the analysis and estimation of the effects of disruptions due to uncertainties. Such uncertainties may result from design changes and engineering drawing delays in large-scale, complex, research and development, or construction projects. In order to provide management with a simple management tool for the analysis of disruption problems, the following works have been done in this dissertation. I nformation Theory is used to provide an entropy formula and the capacity concept for a project, based on a transformation function. A Systematic prediction procedure is developed. The procedure can provide management with warning information on the likely trouble spots in the early stage of a project as well as during project execution. A hypothesis is advanced that most of engineering drawing delays follow an exponential distribution. Using the maximum entropy principle, an exponential distribution is shown to be an adequate probability distribution for random occurring drawing delays. Furthermore, to support the hypothesis, x² 'goodness-of-fit' tests are conducted for actual industrial data concerning drawing delays. An entropy formula of a triangular distribution for activity is derived. The entropy formula is used as a working vehicle for developing an information processing capacity estimation method for a project. In addition, an entropy conversion method is proposed to compare and choose project(s) among more than one project that has different measurement units for activity duration, in terms of uncertainty of the project completion date. An information processing capacity estimation method is developed. The method can estimate the capacity of a project to handle equivocation due to design changes. It can also identify the associated activities and the necessary amount of human resources, considering the project completion date with 50% chance of success. Furthermore, the method can estimate the project slippages when the capacity is not large enough to handle the equivocation. In an attempt to evaluate the predictive ability of the method, project slippages estimated by the information processing capacity estimation method are compared with the results obtained by a computer Monte Carlo simulation program, CRASH. A x² 'goodness-of-fit' test is conducted. The result of the test shows that the estimated project slippages do not significantly differ from those obtained from the CRASH computer program at the 0.005 significance level. We conclude that the information processing capacity estimation method may be suggested as an expedient means of evaluating project status for management in the different stages of project execution. The effect of fatigue on the capacity of a project is evaluated. In one example, it is shown that a 25% increase of total working hours over the base schedule (6-day week, 8-hour day) results in only 16% increase of the capacity of the project. The effect of fatigue is shown as a 35% time lost of the total increased working hours. Title: Development of an information processing capacity estimation method for managing a project subjected to disruptions Author: Ro, In Kyu This dissertation is an attempt at developing a method for the analysis and estimation of the effects of disruptions due to uncertainties. Such uncertainties may result from design changes and engineering drawing delays in large-scale, complex, research and development, or construction projects. In order to provide management with a simple management tool for the analysis of disruption problems, the following works have been done in this dissertation. I nformation Theory is used to provide an entropy formula and the capacity concept for a project, based on a transformation function. A Systematic prediction procedure is developed. The procedure can provide management with warning information on the likely trouble spots in the early stage of a project as well as during project execution. A hypothesis is advanced that most of engineering drawing delays follow an exponential distribution. Using the maximum entropy principle, an exponential distribution is shown to be an adequate probability distribution for random occurring drawing delays. Furthermore, to support the hypothesis, x² 'goodness-of-fit' tests are conducted for actual industrial data concerning drawing delays. An entropy formula of a triangular distribution for activity is derived. The entropy formula is used as a working vehicle for developing an information processing capacity estimation method for a project. In addition, an entropy conversion method is proposed to compare and choose project(s) among more than one project that has different measurement units for activity duration, in terms of uncertainty of the project completion date. An information processing capacity estimation method is developed. The method can estimate the capacity of a project to handle equivocation due to design changes. It can also identify the associated activities and the necessary amount of human resources, considering the project completion date with 50% chance of success. Furthermore, the method can estimate the project slippages when the capacity is not large enough to handle the equivocation. In an attempt to evaluate the predictive ability of the method, project slippages estimated by the information processing capacity estimation method are compared with the results obtained by a computer Monte Carlo simulation program, CRASH. A x² 'goodness-of-fit' test is conducted. The result of the test shows that the estimated project slippages do not significantly differ from those obtained from the CRASH computer program at the 0.005 significance level. We conclude that the information processing capacity estimation method may be suggested as an expedient means of evaluating project status for management in the different stages of project execution. The effect of fatigue on the capacity of a project is evaluated. In one example, it is shown that a 25% increase of total working hours over the base schedule (6-day week, 8-hour day) results in only 16% increase of the capacity of the project. The effect of fatigue is shown as a 35% time lost of the total increased working hours. Close

• 57. [Article] Capacity Reducing Measures in Norway: the Case of the Cod Trawlers

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capacity Reducing Measures in Norway: the Case of the Cod Trawlers Author: Dreyer, Bent, Isaksen, John Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Capacity Reducing Measures in Norway: the Case of the Cod Trawlers Author: Dreyer, Bent, Isaksen, John Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 58. [Article] Ethylene synthesis, ripening capacity, and superficial scald inhibition in 1-MCP treated ‘d’Anjou’ pears are affected by storage temperature

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/postharvest-biol...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ethylene synthesis, ripening capacity, and superficial scald inhibition in 1-MCP treated ‘d’Anjou’ pears are affected by storage temperature Author: Xie, Xingbin, Wang, Yan, Sugar, David, Song, Jiankun This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/postharvest-biology-and-technology/ Title: Ethylene synthesis, ripening capacity, and superficial scald inhibition in 1-MCP treated ‘d’Anjou’ pears are affected by storage temperature Author: Xie, Xingbin, Wang, Yan, Sugar, David, Song, Jiankun This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/postharvest-biology-and-technology/ Close

• 59. [Article] A comparison of a smoking and nonsmoking population using the forced expiratory flow in the seventy-five to eighty-five percent segment of the spirometric curve

  Forced vital capacity lung expiration examinations of nonsmoking and cigarette-smoking male sample populations were compared to determine if the 75 to 85 percent segment was a more sensitive test of early ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of a smoking and nonsmoking population using the forced expiratory flow in the seventy-five to eighty-five percent segment of the spirometric curve Author: Breese, John David Forced vital capacity lung expiration examinations of nonsmoking and cigarette-smoking male sample populations were compared to determine if the 75 to 85 percent segment was a more sensitive test of early lung dysfunction. The nonsmoking population was composed of 240 men who were tested for values of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow 25 to 75 percent. Of this original group, 213 were evaluated for forced expiratory flow 75 to 85 percent. The smoking population contained 75 healthy men who had a history of consuming ten or more cigarettes per day for at least ten years. All participants were between the ages of 30 and 49. Nine-liter Stead- Wells spirometers with a plastic bell were used to measure lung capacity. Differences between the populations were determined by using linear analysis of covariance. Predictive regression equations were formulated for nonsmokers and smokers for FVC, FEF ₂₅₋₇₅[subscript %] and FEF ₇₅₋₈₅[subscript %]* The primary significant difference between the nonsmokers and smokers was found in the forced expiratory capacity flow rates farthest from total lung capacity (FEF ₇₅₋₈₅[subscript %]). Flow rates for the middle half of the spirogram (FEF ₂₅₋₇₅[subscript %]) were not significantly different for these two populations. Neither was there a difference for the forced vital capacity (FVC). In general, two other tests were found significant for only the FEF ₇₅₋₈₅[subscript %]. First, smokers with any symptoms of pulmonary damage as defined through the Emphysema Screening and Research Center questionnaire averaged significantly lower spirogram values. Secondly, the more years an individual smoked (minimum of ten cigarettes per day) the lower his test score. Title: A comparison of a smoking and nonsmoking population using the forced expiratory flow in the seventy-five to eighty-five percent segment of the spirometric curve Author: Breese, John David Forced vital capacity lung expiration examinations of nonsmoking and cigarette-smoking male sample populations were compared to determine if the 75 to 85 percent segment was a more sensitive test of early lung dysfunction. The nonsmoking population was composed of 240 men who were tested for values of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow 25 to 75 percent. Of this original group, 213 were evaluated for forced expiratory flow 75 to 85 percent. The smoking population contained 75 healthy men who had a history of consuming ten or more cigarettes per day for at least ten years. All participants were between the ages of 30 and 49. Nine-liter Stead- Wells spirometers with a plastic bell were used to measure lung capacity. Differences between the populations were determined by using linear analysis of covariance. Predictive regression equations were formulated for nonsmokers and smokers for FVC, FEF ₂₅₋₇₅[subscript %] and FEF ₇₅₋₈₅[subscript %]* The primary significant difference between the nonsmokers and smokers was found in the forced expiratory capacity flow rates farthest from total lung capacity (FEF ₇₅₋₈₅[subscript %]). Flow rates for the middle half of the spirogram (FEF ₂₅₋₇₅[subscript %]) were not significantly different for these two populations. Neither was there a difference for the forced vital capacity (FVC). In general, two other tests were found significant for only the FEF ₇₅₋₈₅[subscript %]. First, smokers with any symptoms of pulmonary damage as defined through the Emphysema Screening and Research Center questionnaire averaged significantly lower spirogram values. Secondly, the more years an individual smoked (minimum of ten cigarettes per day) the lower his test score. Close

• 60. [Article] A systems classification of watersheds and streams

  Adequate management and scientific investigation of ecosystems depends on classification of landscape systems based on all significant bio-physical and associated cultural properties. The present classification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A systems classification of watersheds and streams Author: McCullough, Dale A. Adequate management and scientific investigation of ecosystems depends on classification of landscape systems based on all significant bio-physical and associated cultural properties. The present classification is a hierarchical systems design that can be modeled in terms of a natural system interacting with its level-specific environment. A watershed system in this context is embedded in a landscape environment organized into, for example, zonal and regional systems. A system at any level is classified by its capacity and the capacity of its environment, capacity defining temporally the scope of possible system performances relative to the components, substrate, climate, biota, culture, and water. This theoretical framework for examining systems was translated into methods suitable for integrating the full capacities of watersheds and for displaying the discrete and continuous nature of watershed and stream system similarities. Classification of land to a sub-zonal level with a full capacity description coupled with analysis of watershed substrate variables provided an adequate representation of watershed capacity. This was demonstrated by empirical correlations of system, components described in the literature, and by the ability to predict soil properties from topographic characteristics of land facets that are formed on a grid system overlaid on the watershed. Watershed classes were shown to be a good surrogate for differentiation of stream classes. Watersheds were analyzed by facet on a grid system according to several substrate variables. Slope, aspect, altitude, radiation intensity on the winter solstice and equinox, and soil series occurrence by facet effectively sorted watershed and stream classes. These same classes were also revealed by a more extensive set of variables describing the statistical distribution of these primary variables and some variables describing topographic roughness, form, and drainage development. Spatial organization of the basin is a significant factor determining solar radiation distribution on slope facets and in segments of the drainage network. A gravity model of spatial organization of soils is potentially a useful model for stream reach performances, considering the reach environment as the upstream segment, network, and watershed system. Title: A systems classification of watersheds and streams Author: McCullough, Dale A. Adequate management and scientific investigation of ecosystems depends on classification of landscape systems based on all significant bio-physical and associated cultural properties. The present classification is a hierarchical systems design that can be modeled in terms of a natural system interacting with its level-specific environment. A watershed system in this context is embedded in a landscape environment organized into, for example, zonal and regional systems. A system at any level is classified by its capacity and the capacity of its environment, capacity defining temporally the scope of possible system performances relative to the components, substrate, climate, biota, culture, and water. This theoretical framework for examining systems was translated into methods suitable for integrating the full capacities of watersheds and for displaying the discrete and continuous nature of watershed and stream system similarities. Classification of land to a sub-zonal level with a full capacity description coupled with analysis of watershed substrate variables provided an adequate representation of watershed capacity. This was demonstrated by empirical correlations of system, components described in the literature, and by the ability to predict soil properties from topographic characteristics of land facets that are formed on a grid system overlaid on the watershed. Watershed classes were shown to be a good surrogate for differentiation of stream classes. Watersheds were analyzed by facet on a grid system according to several substrate variables. Slope, aspect, altitude, radiation intensity on the winter solstice and equinox, and soil series occurrence by facet effectively sorted watershed and stream classes. These same classes were also revealed by a more extensive set of variables describing the statistical distribution of these primary variables and some variables describing topographic roughness, form, and drainage development. Spatial organization of the basin is a significant factor determining solar radiation distribution on slope facets and in segments of the drainage network. A gravity model of spatial organization of soils is potentially a useful model for stream reach performances, considering the reach environment as the upstream segment, network, and watershed system. Close

• 61. [Article] Uplift capacity and displacement of helical anchors in cohesive soil

  Helical anchors are a type of deep foundation element that can be installed quickly in almost any location and can accept the immediate application of operational loads. The use of helical anchors has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Uplift capacity and displacement of helical anchors in cohesive soil Author: Young, Jessica (Jessica Marie) Helical anchors are a type of deep foundation element that can be installed quickly in almost any location and can accept the immediate application of operational loads. The use of helical anchors has expanded in recent decades from its established application in the power transmission industry to more traditional civil engineering applications such as residential construction, communication tower installations, and static and seismic structural retrofitting and reconstruction. Despite the wide range of helical anchor applications, few advances have been made in improving the understanding of their behavior. For example, existing helical anchor design methods, for cases where the anchors are loaded in uplift in cohesive soils, are based on the assumption that the soil above the helical plate is mobilized in a manner analogous to that beneath a deep foundation in bearing. An appropriate design method would acknowledge the effect of load directionality on the assumed failure mechanism. This thesis evaluates the existing cylindrical shear and individual plate bearing design methods for helical anchor capacity in uplift. Additionally, new capacity models are proposed to improve prediction accuracy and reduce prediction variability. A load test database of helical anchors loaded in tension is established from tests reported in the literature. The existing and proposed capacity models are compared to the capacities observed during loading tests using the statistical bias and its distribution. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) resistance factors are derived from closed-form solutions using First Order Second Moment (FOSM) reliability procedures. Finally, load-displacement models are developed through the evaluation of observed individual anchor plate breakout behavior and back-calculation of side shear capacity from load tests on multi-plate anchors. The new displacement models are compared to the load-displacement tests in the database. In general the comparisons indicate that the displacement-based models developed in this thesis provide a reasonable estimate of load-displacement behavior of helical anchors for service-level displacements. These findings provide engineers with new tools for design of helical anchor foundations. Title: Uplift capacity and displacement of helical anchors in cohesive soil Author: Young, Jessica (Jessica Marie) Helical anchors are a type of deep foundation element that can be installed quickly in almost any location and can accept the immediate application of operational loads. The use of helical anchors has expanded in recent decades from its established application in the power transmission industry to more traditional civil engineering applications such as residential construction, communication tower installations, and static and seismic structural retrofitting and reconstruction. Despite the wide range of helical anchor applications, few advances have been made in improving the understanding of their behavior. For example, existing helical anchor design methods, for cases where the anchors are loaded in uplift in cohesive soils, are based on the assumption that the soil above the helical plate is mobilized in a manner analogous to that beneath a deep foundation in bearing. An appropriate design method would acknowledge the effect of load directionality on the assumed failure mechanism. This thesis evaluates the existing cylindrical shear and individual plate bearing design methods for helical anchor capacity in uplift. Additionally, new capacity models are proposed to improve prediction accuracy and reduce prediction variability. A load test database of helical anchors loaded in tension is established from tests reported in the literature. The existing and proposed capacity models are compared to the capacities observed during loading tests using the statistical bias and its distribution. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) resistance factors are derived from closed-form solutions using First Order Second Moment (FOSM) reliability procedures. Finally, load-displacement models are developed through the evaluation of observed individual anchor plate breakout behavior and back-calculation of side shear capacity from load tests on multi-plate anchors. The new displacement models are compared to the load-displacement tests in the database. In general the comparisons indicate that the displacement-based models developed in this thesis provide a reasonable estimate of load-displacement behavior of helical anchors for service-level displacements. These findings provide engineers with new tools for design of helical anchor foundations. Close

• 62. [Article] A quantitative method for using an inventory of the soil and water resources of the state of Oregon to determine human population carrying capacities for two acceptable qualities of life

  A method was developed for converting the food producing capabilities of Oregon's soils to numerical data from which state and county carrying capacities for human populations could be calculated. Another method ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A quantitative method for using an inventory of the soil and water resources of the state of Oregon to determine human population carrying capacities for two acceptable qualities of life Author: Karr, Don John A method was developed for converting the food producing capabilities of Oregon's soils to numerical data from which state and county carrying capacities for human populations could be calculated. Another method was developed for converting the needs for housing and related support construction to numerical data which would consume cultivated soils as the population increased. An existing inventory of the state's soils and their characteristics was used to determine the locations and quantities of soils for each of the 36 counties and 17 major drainage basins. Seven major characteristics and limiting factors were included with other soil type information on 3,102 computer cards. Tabulation of the characteristics and limiting factors is presented in appendices by counties, drainage basins and the state. Streamflow records were obtained for all surface water gauging stations on Oregon streams. Records of the frequency and length of consecutive lower than average streamflow years were determined for significant streams by computer. The carrying capacity for human needs for housing and associated construction, dietary carbohydrates, proteins, and for water were determined for each county, drainage basin and the state for two different qualities of life. The computer program simulated competition between building and agricultural uses for cultivated soils. Printouts included all carrying capacities and final projected equilibrium dates. Oregon's carrying capacity was determined to be about 4.0 million people at a high standard of living, and about 4.8 million at an adequate standard of living. Factors which enhance or limit the carrying capacity were discussed for each county and basin and, for the state as a whole. Suggestions were presented which could refine data to be used for more precise information. Title: A quantitative method for using an inventory of the soil and water resources of the state of Oregon to determine human population carrying capacities for two acceptable qualities of life Author: Karr, Don John A method was developed for converting the food producing capabilities of Oregon's soils to numerical data from which state and county carrying capacities for human populations could be calculated. Another method was developed for converting the needs for housing and related support construction to numerical data which would consume cultivated soils as the population increased. An existing inventory of the state's soils and their characteristics was used to determine the locations and quantities of soils for each of the 36 counties and 17 major drainage basins. Seven major characteristics and limiting factors were included with other soil type information on 3,102 computer cards. Tabulation of the characteristics and limiting factors is presented in appendices by counties, drainage basins and the state. Streamflow records were obtained for all surface water gauging stations on Oregon streams. Records of the frequency and length of consecutive lower than average streamflow years were determined for significant streams by computer. The carrying capacity for human needs for housing and associated construction, dietary carbohydrates, proteins, and for water were determined for each county, drainage basin and the state for two different qualities of life. The computer program simulated competition between building and agricultural uses for cultivated soils. Printouts included all carrying capacities and final projected equilibrium dates. Oregon's carrying capacity was determined to be about 4.0 million people at a high standard of living, and about 4.8 million at an adequate standard of living. Factors which enhance or limit the carrying capacity were discussed for each county and basin and, for the state as a whole. Suggestions were presented which could refine data to be used for more precise information. Close

• 63. [Article] The British Columbia Salmon Fishery “Buyback” Program? A Case Study in Capacity Reduction

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The British Columbia Salmon Fishery “Buyback” Program? A Case Study in Capacity Reduction Author: James, Michelle Research Paper Title: The British Columbia Salmon Fishery “Buyback” Program? A Case Study in Capacity Reduction Author: James, Michelle Research Paper Close

• 64. [Article] Over-capacity, Regulation and Rent: A Norwegian Case Study

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Over-capacity, Regulation and Rent: A Norwegian Case Study Author: Gordon, Daniel V., Asche, Frank, Bjorndal, Trond Research Paper Title: Over-capacity, Regulation and Rent: A Norwegian Case Study Author: Gordon, Daniel V., Asche, Frank, Bjorndal, Trond Research Paper Close

• 65. [Article] Infiltration under a rainfall simulator

  A large rainfall simulator was used to study infiltration on six soil plots. Water content and capillary pressure were measured during steady rainfall at rates less than required to produce runoff. The equipment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Infiltration under a rainfall simulator Author: Will, Gregory Leonard A large rainfall simulator was used to study infiltration on six soil plots. Water content and capillary pressure were measured during steady rainfall at rates less than required to produce runoff. The equipment and procedures used to make these measurements are discussed. Water content and capillary pressure data obtained as a function of time were combined to produce the in situ water holding capacity curve for the profile. The results were compared with data obtained from soil samples using conventional laboratory techniques. Infiltration capacity curves were also obtained for these soils using high rates of rainfall. The infiltration capacity curves for the plots are compared using scaled variables. Title: Infiltration under a rainfall simulator Author: Will, Gregory Leonard A large rainfall simulator was used to study infiltration on six soil plots. Water content and capillary pressure were measured during steady rainfall at rates less than required to produce runoff. The equipment and procedures used to make these measurements are discussed. Water content and capillary pressure data obtained as a function of time were combined to produce the in situ water holding capacity curve for the profile. The results were compared with data obtained from soil samples using conventional laboratory techniques. Infiltration capacity curves were also obtained for these soils using high rates of rainfall. The infiltration capacity curves for the plots are compared using scaled variables. Close

• 66. [Article] Efficient, secure and covert channel capacity bounded protocols for multilevel security cross-domain environments - an experimental system

  The communication in MLS cross-domain environments faces many challenges. The three most important challenges are efficient key management, privacy preserving and covert channel. We propose an Efficient, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Efficient, secure and covert channel capacity bounded protocols for multilevel security cross-domain environments - an experimental system Author: Nandakumar Thampi, Archana The communication in MLS cross-domain environments faces many challenges. The three most important challenges are efficient key management, privacy preserving and covert channel. We propose an Efficient, Secure and Covert Channel Capacity Bounded Protocol which has three algorithms that addresses these challenges: The Efficient Attribute-based Fine-Grained Authentication (EAFA) algorithm, Anonymous Authentication (A2) algorithm and Limiting Covert Channel Capacity (LC3) algorithm. We implemented a prototype of the ESC3B protocol and measured the performance and efficiency of the system. Title: Efficient, secure and covert channel capacity bounded protocols for multilevel security cross-domain environments - an experimental system Author: Nandakumar Thampi, Archana The communication in MLS cross-domain environments faces many challenges. The three most important challenges are efficient key management, privacy preserving and covert channel. We propose an Efficient, Secure and Covert Channel Capacity Bounded Protocol which has three algorithms that addresses these challenges: The Efficient Attribute-based Fine-Grained Authentication (EAFA) algorithm, Anonymous Authentication (A2) algorithm and Limiting Covert Channel Capacity (LC3) algorithm. We implemented a prototype of the ESC3B protocol and measured the performance and efficiency of the system. Close

• 67. [Article] Design of interface shape for protective capillary barriers

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Design of interface shape for protective capillary barriers Author: Selker, John This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Title: Design of interface shape for protective capillary barriers Author: Selker, John This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/. Close

• 68. [Article] Skyline analysis with log drag

  This paper describes a mathematical formulation and a computer program in basic language for analyzing the load carrying capacity of skyline systems using the effects of log drag. The actual log and ground ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Skyline analysis with log drag Author: Tobey, Allen C. This paper describes a mathematical formulation and a computer program in basic language for analyzing the load carrying capacity of skyline systems using the effects of log drag. The actual log and ground geometry are used in the analysis of the payload capacities for standing, live and running skylines. The paper uses an example problem to show the effects of the various parameters used in computing payload capacity using the effects of log drag (choker length, log length, log to ground clearance, point of choker attachment, center of gravity of the log, coefficient of friction, and type of carriage). The method described in this paper was compared with an existing method which calculates skyline payloads for a fully suspended load. It was found that when logs have one end suspension, there can be considerable difference in the payloads calculated by the two methods. Title: Skyline analysis with log drag Author: Tobey, Allen C. This paper describes a mathematical formulation and a computer program in basic language for analyzing the load carrying capacity of skyline systems using the effects of log drag. The actual log and ground geometry are used in the analysis of the payload capacities for standing, live and running skylines. The paper uses an example problem to show the effects of the various parameters used in computing payload capacity using the effects of log drag (choker length, log length, log to ground clearance, point of choker attachment, center of gravity of the log, coefficient of friction, and type of carriage). The method described in this paper was compared with an existing method which calculates skyline payloads for a fully suspended load. It was found that when logs have one end suspension, there can be considerable difference in the payloads calculated by the two methods. Close

• 69. [Article] The role of epiphytes in rainfall interception by forests in the Pacific Northwest. II. Field measurements at the branch and canopy scale

  To determine how epiphytes affect the canopy hydrology of old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests, we measured rainfall interception by individual branches and an entire stand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of epiphytes in rainfall interception by forests in the Pacific Northwest. II. Field measurements at the branch and canopy scale Author: Pypker, Thomas G., Unsworth, Michael H., Bond, Barbara J. To determine how epiphytes affect the canopy hydrology of old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests, we measured rainfall interception by individual branches and an entire stand from March 2003 to May 2004. Epiphyte-laden branches at heights of 3.1, 24.8 and 46.5 m remained partially saturated for most of the wet season and required more than 30 mm of rainfall to become saturated. We used the mean, minimum, and individual storm methods to estimate canopy water storage capacity. Canopy water storage capacity averaged 3.1–5.0 mm, but these are probably underestimates of the maximum canopy water storage capacity, because the canopy was partially saturated prior to most storm events and the saturation of the canopy was delayed by preferential flow through the epiphyte-laden branches. Contrary to expectation, the water stored on epiphyte-laden branches after exposure to natural rainfall increased with rainfall intensity because the rough three-dimensional structure of the lichen and bryophyte mats limits water loss from raindrop splash and impedes the drainage of water from the branch. We conclude that epiphytic lichens and bryophytes increase canopy water storage capacity, prolong the time required for the canopy to saturate and dry, and alter the transfer of water through the canopy Title: The role of epiphytes in rainfall interception by forests in the Pacific Northwest. II. Field measurements at the branch and canopy scale Author: Pypker, Thomas G., Unsworth, Michael H., Bond, Barbara J. To determine how epiphytes affect the canopy hydrology of old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests, we measured rainfall interception by individual branches and an entire stand from March 2003 to May 2004. Epiphyte-laden branches at heights of 3.1, 24.8 and 46.5 m remained partially saturated for most of the wet season and required more than 30 mm of rainfall to become saturated. We used the mean, minimum, and individual storm methods to estimate canopy water storage capacity. Canopy water storage capacity averaged 3.1–5.0 mm, but these are probably underestimates of the maximum canopy water storage capacity, because the canopy was partially saturated prior to most storm events and the saturation of the canopy was delayed by preferential flow through the epiphyte-laden branches. Contrary to expectation, the water stored on epiphyte-laden branches after exposure to natural rainfall increased with rainfall intensity because the rough three-dimensional structure of the lichen and bryophyte mats limits water loss from raindrop splash and impedes the drainage of water from the branch. We conclude that epiphytic lichens and bryophytes increase canopy water storage capacity, prolong the time required for the canopy to saturate and dry, and alter the transfer of water through the canopy Close

• 70. [Article] Bearing Strength Capacity of Continuous Supported Timber Beams: Unified Approach for Test Methods and Structural Design Codes

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by ASCE-American Society of Civil Engineers and can be found at: http://ascelibra...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bearing Strength Capacity of Continuous Supported Timber Beams: Unified Approach for Test Methods and Structural Design Codes Author: Leijten, A. J. M., Franke, S., Quenneville, P., Gupta, R. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by ASCE-American Society of Civil Engineers and can be found at: http://ascelibrary.org/journal/jsendh. Title: Bearing Strength Capacity of Continuous Supported Timber Beams: Unified Approach for Test Methods and Structural Design Codes Author: Leijten, A. J. M., Franke, S., Quenneville, P., Gupta, R. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by ASCE-American Society of Civil Engineers and can be found at: http://ascelibrary.org/journal/jsendh. Close

• 71. [Article] miranda garciaThesis FINAL.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: miranda garciaThesis FINAL.pdf Author: Miranda-Garcia, Omar Title: miranda garciaThesis FINAL.pdf Author: Miranda-Garcia, Omar Close

• 72. [Article] 20120830 - Dumitru - By Students, For Students.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 20120830 - Dumitru - By Students, For Students.pdf Author: Dumitru, Morgan Title: 20120830 - Dumitru - By Students, For Students.pdf Author: Dumitru, Morgan Close

• 73. [Article] Report on natural purification capacities Willamette River

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on natural purification capacities Willamette River Author: Velz, C. J. Title: Report on natural purification capacities Willamette River Author: Velz, C. J. Close

• 74. [Article] Institution Versus Technology - The History of Capacity Expansion in Norwegian Fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Institution Versus Technology - The History of Capacity Expansion in Norwegian Fisheries Author: Standal, Dag Research Paper Title: Institution Versus Technology - The History of Capacity Expansion in Norwegian Fisheries Author: Standal, Dag Research Paper Close

• 75. [Article] Measuring Fishing Capacity with a DEA Method in the French Prawn Fishery

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring Fishing Capacity with a DEA Method in the French Prawn Fishery Author: Gonzales, Frédéric, Baranger, Laurent Research Paper Title: Measuring Fishing Capacity with a DEA Method in the French Prawn Fishery Author: Gonzales, Frédéric, Baranger, Laurent Research Paper Close

• 76. [Article] Testing and evaluation of flexural reinforcing bars terminating in columns

  Capacity of transverse 1950's vintage reinforced concrete deck girder bridge bent caps with large straight bar anchorages were investigated and evaluated. Eleven subassemblage column specimens were examined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Testing and evaluation of flexural reinforcing bars terminating in columns Author: Koester, Carl C. Capacity of transverse 1950's vintage reinforced concrete deck girder bridge bent caps with large straight bar anchorages were investigated and evaluated. Eleven subassemblage column specimens were examined with different anchorage lengths, bar groupings, amount of transverse steel, and externally applied axial force. Test results showed an increase in anchorage capacity due to the presence of transverse steel and externally applied axial force. Experimental results were compared with contemporary bridge and building design specifications which do not currently account for the beneficial effects of column axial force acting transverse to the splitting plane. A modification factor was developed to account for the presence of axial force in determining the available anchorage capacity. Results showed that the modified development length provided reasonable and conservative prediction of the available capacity of straight flexural bar anchorages terminating in column sections. Title: Testing and evaluation of flexural reinforcing bars terminating in columns Author: Koester, Carl C. Capacity of transverse 1950's vintage reinforced concrete deck girder bridge bent caps with large straight bar anchorages were investigated and evaluated. Eleven subassemblage column specimens were examined with different anchorage lengths, bar groupings, amount of transverse steel, and externally applied axial force. Test results showed an increase in anchorage capacity due to the presence of transverse steel and externally applied axial force. Experimental results were compared with contemporary bridge and building design specifications which do not currently account for the beneficial effects of column axial force acting transverse to the splitting plane. A modification factor was developed to account for the presence of axial force in determining the available anchorage capacity. Results showed that the modified development length provided reasonable and conservative prediction of the available capacity of straight flexural bar anchorages terminating in column sections. Close

• 77. [Article] Dennis_defense_ppt.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dennis_defense_ppt.pdf Author: Dennis, Lauren Marie Title: Dennis_defense_ppt.pdf Author: Dennis, Lauren Marie Close

• 78. [Article] DennisLaurenM2014.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: DennisLaurenM2014.pdf Author: Dennis, Lauren Marie Title: DennisLaurenM2014.pdf Author: Dennis, Lauren Marie Close

• 79. [Article] Who pay the cost of the reduction of the large scale purse seine vessels?

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Who pay the cost of the reduction of the large scale purse seine vessels? Author: Shibata, Takashi Abstract Only Title: Who pay the cost of the reduction of the large scale purse seine vessels? Author: Shibata, Takashi Abstract Only Close

• 80. [Article] Who pays the cost of the reduction of the large scale purse seine vessels?

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Who pays the cost of the reduction of the large scale purse seine vessels? Author: Shibata, Takashi Abstract Only Title: Who pays the cost of the reduction of the large scale purse seine vessels? Author: Shibata, Takashi Abstract Only Close

• 81. [Article] Superior Cathode of Sodium-Ion Batteries: Orthorhombic V₂O₅ Nanoparticles Generated in Nanoporous Carbon by Ambient Hydrolysis Deposition

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/journal/...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Superior Cathode of Sodium-Ion Batteries: Orthorhombic V₂O₅ Nanoparticles Generated in Nanoporous Carbon by Ambient Hydrolysis Deposition Author: Stickle, William F., Gates, Cooper, Ji, Xiulei, Stucky, Galen D., Rains, Jordan, Luo, Wei, Wang, Xingfeng, Raju, Vadivukarasi This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/journal/nalefd Title: Superior Cathode of Sodium-Ion Batteries: Orthorhombic V₂O₅ Nanoparticles Generated in Nanoporous Carbon by Ambient Hydrolysis Deposition Author: Stickle, William F., Gates, Cooper, Ji, Xiulei, Stucky, Galen D., Rains, Jordan, Luo, Wei, Wang, Xingfeng, Raju, Vadivukarasi This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: http://pubs.acs.org/journal/nalefd Close

• 82. [Article] A determination of the moisture retaining capacity of bark

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A determination of the moisture retaining capacity of bark Author: Halverson, John B. Title: A determination of the moisture retaining capacity of bark Author: Halverson, John B. Close

• 83. [Article] Hydrology of five forest roads in the Oregon Coast Range

  Understanding the impact of low volume road networks on forested watersheds is important for future forest management and watershed restoration. This study characterized the hydrology of five segments ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrology of five forest roads in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Marbet, Christine Erica Understanding the impact of low volume road networks on forested watersheds is important for future forest management and watershed restoration. This study characterized the hydrology of five segments of forest road in the Oregon Coast Range. Rainfall, infiltration, road surface runoff, and intercepted subsurface flow were measured at each road segment. Results indicate that these individual segments of forest road differ hydrologically, depending on how much subsurface flow they intercept from the hillslope. The first objective of this study was to compare and contrast hydrologic behavior of ditch flow resulting from infiltration-excess overland flow on the road surface with ditch flow that was intercepted subsurface flow from the hillslope. Overland flow and intercepted subsurface flow were physically separated in the ditch by a divider and routed through two trapezoidal flumes at the bottom of each road study segment. Runoff derived from infiltration-excess overland flow on the road surface was ephemeral, responding to high intensity rainfall, and it ceased within minutes to hours after rainfall. This was the only type of flow observed in road ditches at four of the five study sites. Subsurface flow intercepted from the hillslope was intermittent, occurring continuously during the rainy season with a more gradual, muted response to storms. This type of flow occurred, along with ephemeral ditch flow, at one of the five study sites. Ephemeral flow in the ditch of this site produced minimal runoff volume, no more than 4.5 m³ (16 mm / m² of road), for storms up to 140 mm in depth. In contrast, intermittent ditch flow intercepted from the hillslope produced up to 801 m³ (2800 mm / m² of road) for similar storms, 20 times more flow than all of the rainfall that had occurred on the road surface. Any ephemeral ditch flow derived from subsurface flow on the hillslope was not observed in this study, though it may exist. The second objective of this thesis was to quantify the relationship between rainfall intensity, infiltration capacity and road surface runoff at the study road segments. A rainfall simulator was used to measure road infiltration capacities. Estimates of infiltration capacity from the rainfall simulation averaged 4 mm/hr and ranged from 0 to 11 mm/hr. Despite the low infiltration capacities, runoff volumes from the road surface were on average only 5 percent of natural rainfall, because rainfall intensity remained lower than infiltration capacity during most of the duration of storms. Infrequent pulses of high intensity rainfall overwhelmed the infiltration capacity of the road and produced surface runoff. Median lag time from peak rainfall intensity to peak discharge of road-derived ditch flow was 10 minutes on road segments with up to 250 m² of surface area. Two other estimates of the infiltration capacity of a given road were 1) the maximum rainfall intensity that did not produce runoff, and 2) the minimum rainfall intensity that did produce runoff. These intensities ranged from 0.5 to 11 mm/hr, similar to the infiltration capacity estimates from rainfall simulation. Infiltration capacity and ephemeral road surface runoff were similar for all road segments in this study. Intermittent flow, intercepted from the hillslope, differed between roads and was two orders of magnitude greater than ephemeral runoff from the road surface. Intercepted subsurface flow has greater potential to cause erosive damage than ephemeral runoff from the road surface, because of its large peak discharges and flow volumes. Title: Hydrology of five forest roads in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Marbet, Christine Erica Understanding the impact of low volume road networks on forested watersheds is important for future forest management and watershed restoration. This study characterized the hydrology of five segments of forest road in the Oregon Coast Range. Rainfall, infiltration, road surface runoff, and intercepted subsurface flow were measured at each road segment. Results indicate that these individual segments of forest road differ hydrologically, depending on how much subsurface flow they intercept from the hillslope. The first objective of this study was to compare and contrast hydrologic behavior of ditch flow resulting from infiltration-excess overland flow on the road surface with ditch flow that was intercepted subsurface flow from the hillslope. Overland flow and intercepted subsurface flow were physically separated in the ditch by a divider and routed through two trapezoidal flumes at the bottom of each road study segment. Runoff derived from infiltration-excess overland flow on the road surface was ephemeral, responding to high intensity rainfall, and it ceased within minutes to hours after rainfall. This was the only type of flow observed in road ditches at four of the five study sites. Subsurface flow intercepted from the hillslope was intermittent, occurring continuously during the rainy season with a more gradual, muted response to storms. This type of flow occurred, along with ephemeral ditch flow, at one of the five study sites. Ephemeral flow in the ditch of this site produced minimal runoff volume, no more than 4.5 m³ (16 mm / m² of road), for storms up to 140 mm in depth. In contrast, intermittent ditch flow intercepted from the hillslope produced up to 801 m³ (2800 mm / m² of road) for similar storms, 20 times more flow than all of the rainfall that had occurred on the road surface. Any ephemeral ditch flow derived from subsurface flow on the hillslope was not observed in this study, though it may exist. The second objective of this thesis was to quantify the relationship between rainfall intensity, infiltration capacity and road surface runoff at the study road segments. A rainfall simulator was used to measure road infiltration capacities. Estimates of infiltration capacity from the rainfall simulation averaged 4 mm/hr and ranged from 0 to 11 mm/hr. Despite the low infiltration capacities, runoff volumes from the road surface were on average only 5 percent of natural rainfall, because rainfall intensity remained lower than infiltration capacity during most of the duration of storms. Infrequent pulses of high intensity rainfall overwhelmed the infiltration capacity of the road and produced surface runoff. Median lag time from peak rainfall intensity to peak discharge of road-derived ditch flow was 10 minutes on road segments with up to 250 m² of surface area. Two other estimates of the infiltration capacity of a given road were 1) the maximum rainfall intensity that did not produce runoff, and 2) the minimum rainfall intensity that did produce runoff. These intensities ranged from 0.5 to 11 mm/hr, similar to the infiltration capacity estimates from rainfall simulation. Infiltration capacity and ephemeral road surface runoff were similar for all road segments in this study. Intermittent flow, intercepted from the hillslope, differed between roads and was two orders of magnitude greater than ephemeral runoff from the road surface. Intercepted subsurface flow has greater potential to cause erosive damage than ephemeral runoff from the road surface, because of its large peak discharges and flow volumes. Close

• 84. [Article] Assessing community capacity in Rural America: some lessons from two rural observatories

  Building community capacity is a central concern of both policymakers and community residents. Both want to understand why some communities are more successful in achieving positive social, economic and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing community capacity in Rural America: some lessons from two rural observatories Author: Marre, Alexander, Weber, Bruce Building community capacity is a central concern of both policymakers and community residents. Both want to understand why some communities are more successful in achieving positive social, economic and environmental outcomes, and how to increase the capacity of communities to achieve these outcomes. This is particularly true in communities that face the most difficult economic challenges: central cities of large metropolitan areas and remote rural communities. Most attempts to define, assess and build community capacity, however, have been undertaken in urban neighborhoods. While there is much to learn from these studies of urban places, there are distinctive characteristics and dynamics of rural communities that introduce unique challenges to the assessment and building of community capacity. Two efforts to study rural communities and assess their “capacity” in rural North America are reviewed in this paper: the New Rural Economy (NRE) Rural Observatory of the Canadian Rural Revitalization Foundation and the social capital community assessments of rural Central Oregon communities in the Ventures Program funded by the Northwest Area Foundation. The NRE Rural Observatory, initiated in 1998, is a university-based research effort that involves contractual commitments with 23 rural communities in Canada – selected to represent the diversity of rural places in Canada along several dimensions – to monitor social and economic change and governance in these places. The Ventures Program, initiated in 1999, is a foundation/community partnership program that establishes long-term (10-year) commitments in 5 rural areas in the Western United States in order to encourage poverty-reduction strategies that will yield long-term impact. The project included assessments of community life in each of the participating communities using the Social Capital Community Benchmark Surveys. This paper reviews literature on community capacity and related concepts, then examines the New Rural Economy Rural Observatory and community social capital assessments of Central Oregon Ventures program for lessons that can inform the understanding of these concepts in the rural United States. Drawing on publications and reports from these programs and input from the principals, the paper focuses on the criteria used to select rural communities, local participation in project design and data collection, and the measures used to assess community capacity in the projects. The goal is to generate knowledge leading to policies supportive of sustainable rural places. Title: Assessing community capacity in Rural America: some lessons from two rural observatories Author: Marre, Alexander, Weber, Bruce Building community capacity is a central concern of both policymakers and community residents. Both want to understand why some communities are more successful in achieving positive social, economic and environmental outcomes, and how to increase the capacity of communities to achieve these outcomes. This is particularly true in communities that face the most difficult economic challenges: central cities of large metropolitan areas and remote rural communities. Most attempts to define, assess and build community capacity, however, have been undertaken in urban neighborhoods. While there is much to learn from these studies of urban places, there are distinctive characteristics and dynamics of rural communities that introduce unique challenges to the assessment and building of community capacity. Two efforts to study rural communities and assess their “capacity” in rural North America are reviewed in this paper: the New Rural Economy (NRE) Rural Observatory of the Canadian Rural Revitalization Foundation and the social capital community assessments of rural Central Oregon communities in the Ventures Program funded by the Northwest Area Foundation. The NRE Rural Observatory, initiated in 1998, is a university-based research effort that involves contractual commitments with 23 rural communities in Canada – selected to represent the diversity of rural places in Canada along several dimensions – to monitor social and economic change and governance in these places. The Ventures Program, initiated in 1999, is a foundation/community partnership program that establishes long-term (10-year) commitments in 5 rural areas in the Western United States in order to encourage poverty-reduction strategies that will yield long-term impact. The project included assessments of community life in each of the participating communities using the Social Capital Community Benchmark Surveys. This paper reviews literature on community capacity and related concepts, then examines the New Rural Economy Rural Observatory and community social capital assessments of Central Oregon Ventures program for lessons that can inform the understanding of these concepts in the rural United States. Drawing on publications and reports from these programs and input from the principals, the paper focuses on the criteria used to select rural communities, local participation in project design and data collection, and the measures used to assess community capacity in the projects. The goal is to generate knowledge leading to policies supportive of sustainable rural places. Close

• 85. [Article] An economic analysis of the long-run decision-making behavior of Oregon otter trawl fishermen

  In the formulation of fisheries management plans required under the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976 specific attention is paid to the "capacity" of domestic fishing vessels to harvest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of the long-run decision-making behavior of Oregon otter trawl fishermen Author: Herrick, Samuel F. In the formulation of fisheries management plans required under the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976 specific attention is paid to the "capacity" of domestic fishing vessels to harvest the predetermined optimum yield on an annual basis. Capacity is interpreted in this thesis as the technical harvesting potential of the fishing fleet over a specific period of time. In this context capacity reflects the size and composition of the fishing fleet of interest. The primary emphasis of this thesis was to identify economic, factors which affect harvesting capacity in the fishery. In this regard the long-run decision-making behavior of individual fishermen was of interest since the size and composition of the fleet, and hence harvesting capacity, is affected by specific choices made at the individual level. A theoretical analysis of the long-run decision making of individual fishermen was developed and was followed by an empirical application to a sample of fishermen who were active in the Oregon trawl fisheries during one or more of the years 1970-1975. The theoretical discussion initially centers upon those aspects of the fisherman's choices which detract from the application of a contemporary flexible accelerator type model to the analysis of fisherman decision behavior. Instead the logit approach was chosen to analyze discrete choice decisions that occur at the individual level in the Oregon trawl fisheries. Logit analysis is specifically designed to handle qualitative dependent variables and theoretically allows for the differences in decision rules among members of the decision-making population. In addition, the results of the logit analysis at the individual level can be extended to the population level to examine aggregate behavior of interest to fishery policy makers. The logit approach was applied to a number of individual decisions that affect technical capacity and the distribution of technical capacity in the Oregon trawl fisheries. The first logit model analyzed the decision of whether to leave or continue trawling. The next logit specification described the fisherman's choice of trawl fishery where the set of fishery alternatives in the Oregon case is comprised of the shrimp, groundfish and combination (groundfish and shrimp) fisheries. The last decision concerned the fisherman's choice of fishing vessel where vessels were classified according to gross tonnage and age. In general the analytical results reflect the simplicity of the initial specifications. Nonetheless, the potential of the logit approach for analyzing fisherman decision-making behavior was reasonably well demonstrated. Finally, several modifications and extensions of the preliminary work were discussed which, in the light of more specific data, would lead to a more complete, predictive and policy-oriented analysis of harvesting capacity in the fishery. Title: An economic analysis of the long-run decision-making behavior of Oregon otter trawl fishermen Author: Herrick, Samuel F. In the formulation of fisheries management plans required under the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976 specific attention is paid to the "capacity" of domestic fishing vessels to harvest the predetermined optimum yield on an annual basis. Capacity is interpreted in this thesis as the technical harvesting potential of the fishing fleet over a specific period of time. In this context capacity reflects the size and composition of the fishing fleet of interest. The primary emphasis of this thesis was to identify economic, factors which affect harvesting capacity in the fishery. In this regard the long-run decision-making behavior of individual fishermen was of interest since the size and composition of the fleet, and hence harvesting capacity, is affected by specific choices made at the individual level. A theoretical analysis of the long-run decision making of individual fishermen was developed and was followed by an empirical application to a sample of fishermen who were active in the Oregon trawl fisheries during one or more of the years 1970-1975. The theoretical discussion initially centers upon those aspects of the fisherman's choices which detract from the application of a contemporary flexible accelerator type model to the analysis of fisherman decision behavior. Instead the logit approach was chosen to analyze discrete choice decisions that occur at the individual level in the Oregon trawl fisheries. Logit analysis is specifically designed to handle qualitative dependent variables and theoretically allows for the differences in decision rules among members of the decision-making population. In addition, the results of the logit analysis at the individual level can be extended to the population level to examine aggregate behavior of interest to fishery policy makers. The logit approach was applied to a number of individual decisions that affect technical capacity and the distribution of technical capacity in the Oregon trawl fisheries. The first logit model analyzed the decision of whether to leave or continue trawling. The next logit specification described the fisherman's choice of trawl fishery where the set of fishery alternatives in the Oregon case is comprised of the shrimp, groundfish and combination (groundfish and shrimp) fisheries. The last decision concerned the fisherman's choice of fishing vessel where vessels were classified according to gross tonnage and age. In general the analytical results reflect the simplicity of the initial specifications. Nonetheless, the potential of the logit approach for analyzing fisherman decision-making behavior was reasonably well demonstrated. Finally, several modifications and extensions of the preliminary work were discussed which, in the light of more specific data, would lead to a more complete, predictive and policy-oriented analysis of harvesting capacity in the fishery. Close

• 86. [Article] Number of Adult Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Occupying a Comb: A Standard for Estimating Colony Populations

  This article is the copyright property of the Entomological Society of America and may not be used for any commercial or other private purpose without specific written permission of the Entomological Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Number of Adult Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Occupying a Comb: A Standard for Estimating Colony Populations Author: Burgett, D. Michael This article is the copyright property of the Entomological Society of America and may not be used for any commercial or other private purpose without specific written permission of the Entomological Society of America Title: Number of Adult Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Occupying a Comb: A Standard for Estimating Colony Populations Author: Burgett, D. Michael This article is the copyright property of the Entomological Society of America and may not be used for any commercial or other private purpose without specific written permission of the Entomological Society of America Close

• 87. [Article] Skyline analysis programs for use with extended memory programmable calculators

  This paper describes a mathematical formulation and computer programs for use on hand-held programmable calculators to analyze the load carrying capacity of skyline systems, including the effects of log ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Skyline analysis programs for use with extended memory programmable calculators Author: Bodenhausen, Craig This paper describes a mathematical formulation and computer programs for use on hand-held programmable calculators to analyze the load carrying capacity of skyline systems, including the effects of log drag. The actual physical characteristics of the load and the ground geometry are used in the analysis of the payload capacities for standing, live, and running skylines. Included in this paper are instructions for the use of the programs and example problems illustrating their use. Title: Skyline analysis programs for use with extended memory programmable calculators Author: Bodenhausen, Craig This paper describes a mathematical formulation and computer programs for use on hand-held programmable calculators to analyze the load carrying capacity of skyline systems, including the effects of log drag. The actual physical characteristics of the load and the ground geometry are used in the analysis of the payload capacities for standing, live, and running skylines. Included in this paper are instructions for the use of the programs and example problems illustrating their use. Close

• 88. [Article] Interrelationships among characteristics of body form and milk production in dairy cattle

  Evaluations of body form and measures of milk production were recorded for 188 Holstein lactations and 77 Jersey lactations in the Oregon State University Dairy Herds. Components of body form included ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interrelationships among characteristics of body form and milk production in dairy cattle Author: Ufford, Glen Raymond Evaluations of body form and measures of milk production were recorded for 188 Holstein lactations and 77 Jersey lactations in the Oregon State University Dairy Herds. Components of body form included general appearance, dairy character, body capacity, and mammary system and 34 sub-components of these four traits plus body weight and wither height. Subjective components of body form were scored by two judges at approximately 30 days post-partum independent of age and previous score. Measures of milk production included actual and mature equivalent yields of milk, fat, and SNF, and percentages of fat and SNF plus peak yield, persistency of milk yield, solids-corrected milk, and test-day yields of milk for the first six months of lactation. Age at parturition and estimated breeding value were also included in this study. Sub-components of body form were quite effective in explaining the variation in the four major components. General appearance, dairy character, body capacity, and mammary system had R² values of .84, .94, .95, and .95, and .82, .95, .94, and .96, respectively for Holsteins and Jerseys. Correlations among the sub-components of dairy character and of body capacity were quite strong, ranging from .49 to .96 for both breeds. Correlations among the sub-components of general appearance were lowest and the most variable of the four major components (-.08 to .91). Correlations among components of mammary system were intermediate. Path coefficients indicated that the sub-components with the most effect on overall score for general appearance were stature, feet and legs, and rump or its components. Sub-components of dairy character had about equal effects on overall score for dairy character except that scores for pins and hide had the least influence. Scores for overall body capacity were influenced the greatest by depth of barrel. In scoring mammary system the most emphasis was placed on fore udder, followed by rear udder and score for teats. Final score was most influenced by scores for mammary system. It was found that the relative emphasis as indicated by path coefficient analyses was strongly affected by the variability of the traits involved. The effect of age was found to be significant in this study making interpretation of the correlations more difficult. Dairy character, body capacity, body weight, and wither height all increased with age. General appearance and final score were less affected by age. Scores for mammary system decreased with advancing age. Milk yield was correlated .99 with SNF yield. Milk yield with fat yield (.92 in Holsteins and .94 in Jerseys) were higher than previously reported. Age had no significant effect on percent fat but caused a decrease in percent SNF with advancing age. Correlations of most of the components of body form with milk yield were rather low. Dairy character was correlated .46 and .15 with actual milk yield in Holsteins and Jerseys, respectively. Adjusting the milk, fat, and SNF to mature equivalents or adjusting milk to a common energy basis were not effective in increasing the correlations of body form with milk production. Dairy character was correlated .43 and -.09 with peak yield and persistency, respectively for Holstein and .26 and .01, respectively for Jerseys. Measures of body size (body capacity, body weight, and wither height) were more highly correlated with peak production than with other measures of milk production. Their respective correlations with peak yield for Holsteins and Jerseys were .25 and .17 for body capacity, .39 and .41 for body weight, and .32 and .25 for wither height. The corresponding correlations of these components with persistency were -.07 and -.01 for body capacity, -.33 and -.23 for body weight and -.23 and -.08 for wither height. Title: Interrelationships among characteristics of body form and milk production in dairy cattle Author: Ufford, Glen Raymond Evaluations of body form and measures of milk production were recorded for 188 Holstein lactations and 77 Jersey lactations in the Oregon State University Dairy Herds. Components of body form included general appearance, dairy character, body capacity, and mammary system and 34 sub-components of these four traits plus body weight and wither height. Subjective components of body form were scored by two judges at approximately 30 days post-partum independent of age and previous score. Measures of milk production included actual and mature equivalent yields of milk, fat, and SNF, and percentages of fat and SNF plus peak yield, persistency of milk yield, solids-corrected milk, and test-day yields of milk for the first six months of lactation. Age at parturition and estimated breeding value were also included in this study. Sub-components of body form were quite effective in explaining the variation in the four major components. General appearance, dairy character, body capacity, and mammary system had R² values of .84, .94, .95, and .95, and .82, .95, .94, and .96, respectively for Holsteins and Jerseys. Correlations among the sub-components of dairy character and of body capacity were quite strong, ranging from .49 to .96 for both breeds. Correlations among the sub-components of general appearance were lowest and the most variable of the four major components (-.08 to .91). Correlations among components of mammary system were intermediate. Path coefficients indicated that the sub-components with the most effect on overall score for general appearance were stature, feet and legs, and rump or its components. Sub-components of dairy character had about equal effects on overall score for dairy character except that scores for pins and hide had the least influence. Scores for overall body capacity were influenced the greatest by depth of barrel. In scoring mammary system the most emphasis was placed on fore udder, followed by rear udder and score for teats. Final score was most influenced by scores for mammary system. It was found that the relative emphasis as indicated by path coefficient analyses was strongly affected by the variability of the traits involved. The effect of age was found to be significant in this study making interpretation of the correlations more difficult. Dairy character, body capacity, body weight, and wither height all increased with age. General appearance and final score were less affected by age. Scores for mammary system decreased with advancing age. Milk yield was correlated .99 with SNF yield. Milk yield with fat yield (.92 in Holsteins and .94 in Jerseys) were higher than previously reported. Age had no significant effect on percent fat but caused a decrease in percent SNF with advancing age. Correlations of most of the components of body form with milk yield were rather low. Dairy character was correlated .46 and .15 with actual milk yield in Holsteins and Jerseys, respectively. Adjusting the milk, fat, and SNF to mature equivalents or adjusting milk to a common energy basis were not effective in increasing the correlations of body form with milk production. Dairy character was correlated .43 and -.09 with peak yield and persistency, respectively for Holstein and .26 and .01, respectively for Jerseys. Measures of body size (body capacity, body weight, and wither height) were more highly correlated with peak production than with other measures of milk production. Their respective correlations with peak yield for Holsteins and Jerseys were .25 and .17 for body capacity, .39 and .41 for body weight, and .32 and .25 for wither height. The corresponding correlations of these components with persistency were -.07 and -.01 for body capacity, -.33 and -.23 for body weight and -.23 and -.08 for wither height. Close

• 89. [Article] Characterizing adaptive governance capacity: A case study of the Willamette River Basin

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterizing adaptive governance capacity: A case study of the Willamette River Basin Author: Jones, Ingria Title: Characterizing adaptive governance capacity: A case study of the Willamette River Basin Author: Jones, Ingria Close

• 90. [Article] The Peruvian Anchovy Sector: Costs and Benefits. An analysis of recent behavior and future challenges

  The paper analyzes the recent behavior of the Peruvian Anchoveta Sector, the largest single stock fishery in the world. It describes the different phases of boom and contraction that it has undergone since ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Peruvian Anchovy Sector: Costs and Benefits. An analysis of recent behavior and future challenges Author: Gutierrez, Maria E., Paredes, Carlos E. The paper analyzes the recent behavior of the Peruvian Anchoveta Sector, the largest single stock fishery in the world. It describes the different phases of boom and contraction that it has undergone since the 1960s, and how the lack of adequate regulation allowed –and even fostered– over-investment in the sector during the past 20 years. The unsurprising consequence of this policy regime is that the current size of both the fishing fleet and the processing plants is grossly oversized. Indeed, excess fleet capacity could be in the neighborhood of 60-70%, while the excess processing capacity of the plants is even more dramatic (between 65% and 80%). The economic costs entailed by this excess capacity are discussed in the paper. Estimates of resource rent loss using a modified version of the Excel program developed for such a purpose within the framework of the World Bank / FAO’s “Rent Drain” project are presented. This version allows the estimation of rent loss accruing from the fleet’s excess capacity (and ensuing large fixed costs). Using detailed cost structures for fleet and plants, the paper estimates that current aggregate foregone profits amount to US$400 million per year. The last section of the paper identifies and discusses a series of policy options and challenges for reform in the near future, including the adoption of ITQs and institutional change to deal with corruption. Title: The Peruvian Anchovy Sector: Costs and Benefits. An analysis of recent behavior and future challenges Author: Gutierrez, Maria E., Paredes, Carlos E. The paper analyzes the recent behavior of the Peruvian Anchoveta Sector, the largest single stock fishery in the world. It describes the different phases of boom and contraction that it has undergone since the 1960s, and how the lack of adequate regulation allowed –and even fostered– over-investment in the sector during the past 20 years. The unsurprising consequence of this policy regime is that the current size of both the fishing fleet and the processing plants is grossly oversized. Indeed, excess fleet capacity could be in the neighborhood of 60-70%, while the excess processing capacity of the plants is even more dramatic (between 65% and 80%). The economic costs entailed by this excess capacity are discussed in the paper. Estimates of resource rent loss using a modified version of the Excel program developed for such a purpose within the framework of the World Bank / FAO’s “Rent Drain” project are presented. This version allows the estimation of rent loss accruing from the fleet’s excess capacity (and ensuing large fixed costs). Using detailed cost structures for fleet and plants, the paper estimates that current aggregate foregone profits amount to US$400 million per year. The last section of the paper identifies and discusses a series of policy options and challenges for reform in the near future, including the adoption of ITQs and institutional change to deal with corruption. Close

• 91. [Article] Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds in fruits of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Julius Kühn-Institut - Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen. The published article can be ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds in fruits of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes Author: Ercisli, S., Akin, M., Eyduran, S. P., et al. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Julius Kühn-Institut - Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen. The published article can be found at: http://pub.jki.bund.de/index.php/JABFQ/index Title: Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds in fruits of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes Author: Ercisli, S., Akin, M., Eyduran, S. P., et al. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Julius Kühn-Institut - Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen. The published article can be found at: http://pub.jki.bund.de/index.php/JABFQ/index Close

• 92. [Article] Inoculation potential of soil-borne Frankia on red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.)

  Inoculation trials were set up in fumigated nursery beds for red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) seedling production. Frankia inoculum was applied in eight treatments: control, nodule suspension, and three levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Inoculation potential of soil-borne Frankia on red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) Author: Martin, Kendall J. Inoculation trials were set up in fumigated nursery beds for red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) seedling production. Frankia inoculum was applied in eight treatments: control, nodule suspension, and three levels of cell suspension (strain ArI5) applied with and without a peat carrier. Seedlings were evaluated at midseason and lifting. The peat inoculum treatment produced larger seedlings than the other treatments, both at mid-season and at lifting. The other treatments had little effect on growth. Size differences paralleled differences in degree of nodulation. Differences in percentage of seedlings nodulated were most pronounced at midseason, indicating that the inoculation conferred primarily an early-season advantage. In a second nursery experiment, Frankia inoculum was applied in a peat mix carrier, in four treatments: uninoculated control, strain ArI5, strain AvcI1, and combined dual-inoculum. Seedlings were evaluated at midseason and at lifting. Frankia DNA from nodules was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. The controls were poorly nodulated and grew slowly. The single strain inoculum for ArI5 produced larger seedlings than for AvcI1, both at mid-season and at lifting. The dual-inoculum treatment produced larger seedlings than all other treatments. The AvcI1 single-inoculum nodules primarily produced fingerprints identical to AvcI1, but nodule fingerprints from all other treatments were dominated by ArI5 patterns. In a field experiment, nodulation capacity was determined for soils from red alder stands in the Oregon coast range covering a wide span of ages. Total nitrogen, total carbon, nitrate, ammonium and pH were measured on the same soil samples. Soil pH was most highly correlated with nodulation potential, with nitrate content also significant. Cluster analysis of the sites using these two variables produced two groups with distinctly different nodulation capacities. The higher capacity cluster was lower in nitrate and higher in pH than the majority of sites in the lower capacity cluster. There was general overlap in the age ranges for the two groups but the lower capacity cluster contained the oldest sites. Title: Inoculation potential of soil-borne Frankia on red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) Author: Martin, Kendall J. Inoculation trials were set up in fumigated nursery beds for red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) seedling production. Frankia inoculum was applied in eight treatments: control, nodule suspension, and three levels of cell suspension (strain ArI5) applied with and without a peat carrier. Seedlings were evaluated at midseason and lifting. The peat inoculum treatment produced larger seedlings than the other treatments, both at mid-season and at lifting. The other treatments had little effect on growth. Size differences paralleled differences in degree of nodulation. Differences in percentage of seedlings nodulated were most pronounced at midseason, indicating that the inoculation conferred primarily an early-season advantage. In a second nursery experiment, Frankia inoculum was applied in a peat mix carrier, in four treatments: uninoculated control, strain ArI5, strain AvcI1, and combined dual-inoculum. Seedlings were evaluated at midseason and at lifting. Frankia DNA from nodules was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. The controls were poorly nodulated and grew slowly. The single strain inoculum for ArI5 produced larger seedlings than for AvcI1, both at mid-season and at lifting. The dual-inoculum treatment produced larger seedlings than all other treatments. The AvcI1 single-inoculum nodules primarily produced fingerprints identical to AvcI1, but nodule fingerprints from all other treatments were dominated by ArI5 patterns. In a field experiment, nodulation capacity was determined for soils from red alder stands in the Oregon coast range covering a wide span of ages. Total nitrogen, total carbon, nitrate, ammonium and pH were measured on the same soil samples. Soil pH was most highly correlated with nodulation potential, with nitrate content also significant. Cluster analysis of the sites using these two variables produced two groups with distinctly different nodulation capacities. The higher capacity cluster was lower in nitrate and higher in pH than the majority of sites in the lower capacity cluster. There was general overlap in the age ranges for the two groups but the lower capacity cluster contained the oldest sites. Close

• 93. [Article] Food abundance and energetic carrying capacity for wintering waterfowl in the Great Salt Lake wetlands

  Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, is surrounded by 191,884 hectares of wetlands. These wetlands provide critical habitat for hundreds of thousands of breeding, migrating and wintering waterfowl each year. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food abundance and energetic carrying capacity for wintering waterfowl in the Great Salt Lake wetlands Author: Johnson, Amber Marie Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, is surrounded by 191,884 hectares of wetlands. These wetlands provide critical habitat for hundreds of thousands of breeding, migrating and wintering waterfowl each year. As the human population around GSL increases, government officials have proposed to divert more water from the Jordan, Ogden, and Bear Rivers to meet municipal demands. Freshwater diversions from the rivers that supply the wetlands will likely decrease the amount of wetland habitat available to waterfowl. To justify current and future water allocation for wetlands around the GSL, managers must quantify the value of these habitats to migratory wetland birds, and one measure of habitat quality is food abundance. However, food abundance in the GSL wetlands is unknown. In this study, I quantified food abundance in managed and unmanaged wetland areas along the east side of the GSL. Managed wetlands included state, federal, and private lands contained within levees and actively managed as waterfowl habitat. I defined unmanaged wetlands as those shallow water areas outside levees impacted by freshwater flows from the Jordan, Bear, and Ogden Rivers and from managed wetlands. Unmanaged wetlands are under no specific management regime and are under the greatest threat by proposed water diversions because they are currently not protected under Utah water laws. I used multi-stage and simple random sampling to quantify food abundance in managed and unmanaged wetland. Sampling in managed wetlands occurred during September 2005-2006 (n = 12) and unmanaged wetlands during 2006 (n = 3) before the majority of waterfowl arrive on fall migration. I estimated the biomass of seeds, tubers, invertebrates, and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Mean tuber and invertebrate biomass was similar between managed and unmanaged wetlands in 2006 (ps > 0.09); however, leafy biomass was 37% higher in unmanaged wetlands (t = 2.47, p = 0.015) and seed biomass was 65% higher in managed wetlands (t = 5.06, p <0.001). I then used biomass estimates to calculate energetic carrying capacity of both managed and unmanaged wetland habitats and determine the effects of possible water diversions from unmanaged wetlands on migratory waterfowl. I used information on daily bird energy needs, biomass estimates, and true metabolizable energy of each food type to estimate duck carrying capacity in habitats dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation. I separated ducks into three guilds based on food habits and feeding methods (dabblers, divers and grazers). The unit of comparison for energetic carrying capacity was Duck Use Day (DUD), defined as the amount of energy needed to support one duck for one day. Carrying capacity was higher in managed vs. unmanaged habitats for all three duck foraging guilds. If unmanaged wetlands decline by 80%, I estimated that duck carrying capacity would decrease 34% for grazers, 20% for divers, and 14% for dabblers. Results from this research provide a quantitative value to both managed and unmanaged wetlands surrounding the GSL to wintering waterfowl and provide guidance for the future conservation, restoration and maintenance of hundreds of thousands of hectares of critical wetland habitat. Title: Food abundance and energetic carrying capacity for wintering waterfowl in the Great Salt Lake wetlands Author: Johnson, Amber Marie Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, is surrounded by 191,884 hectares of wetlands. These wetlands provide critical habitat for hundreds of thousands of breeding, migrating and wintering waterfowl each year. As the human population around GSL increases, government officials have proposed to divert more water from the Jordan, Ogden, and Bear Rivers to meet municipal demands. Freshwater diversions from the rivers that supply the wetlands will likely decrease the amount of wetland habitat available to waterfowl. To justify current and future water allocation for wetlands around the GSL, managers must quantify the value of these habitats to migratory wetland birds, and one measure of habitat quality is food abundance. However, food abundance in the GSL wetlands is unknown. In this study, I quantified food abundance in managed and unmanaged wetland areas along the east side of the GSL. Managed wetlands included state, federal, and private lands contained within levees and actively managed as waterfowl habitat. I defined unmanaged wetlands as those shallow water areas outside levees impacted by freshwater flows from the Jordan, Bear, and Ogden Rivers and from managed wetlands. Unmanaged wetlands are under no specific management regime and are under the greatest threat by proposed water diversions because they are currently not protected under Utah water laws. I used multi-stage and simple random sampling to quantify food abundance in managed and unmanaged wetland. Sampling in managed wetlands occurred during September 2005-2006 (n = 12) and unmanaged wetlands during 2006 (n = 3) before the majority of waterfowl arrive on fall migration. I estimated the biomass of seeds, tubers, invertebrates, and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Mean tuber and invertebrate biomass was similar between managed and unmanaged wetlands in 2006 (ps > 0.09); however, leafy biomass was 37% higher in unmanaged wetlands (t = 2.47, p = 0.015) and seed biomass was 65% higher in managed wetlands (t = 5.06, p <0.001). I then used biomass estimates to calculate energetic carrying capacity of both managed and unmanaged wetland habitats and determine the effects of possible water diversions from unmanaged wetlands on migratory waterfowl. I used information on daily bird energy needs, biomass estimates, and true metabolizable energy of each food type to estimate duck carrying capacity in habitats dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation. I separated ducks into three guilds based on food habits and feeding methods (dabblers, divers and grazers). The unit of comparison for energetic carrying capacity was Duck Use Day (DUD), defined as the amount of energy needed to support one duck for one day. Carrying capacity was higher in managed vs. unmanaged habitats for all three duck foraging guilds. If unmanaged wetlands decline by 80%, I estimated that duck carrying capacity would decrease 34% for grazers, 20% for divers, and 14% for dabblers. Results from this research provide a quantitative value to both managed and unmanaged wetlands surrounding the GSL to wintering waterfowl and provide guidance for the future conservation, restoration and maintenance of hundreds of thousands of hectares of critical wetland habitat. Close

• 94. [Article] Resilience and adaptability of transboundary rivers : the principle of equitable distribution of benefits and the institutional capacity of the Nile Basin

  Biophysical, socioeconomic and geopolitical pressures from population growth and economic development are leading to an increase in tensions regarding the sharing of water within transboundary basins. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resilience and adaptability of transboundary rivers : the principle of equitable distribution of benefits and the institutional capacity of the Nile Basin Author: Iyob, Biniam Biophysical, socioeconomic and geopolitical pressures from population growth and economic development are leading to an increase in tensions regarding the sharing of water within transboundary basins. Transboundary basins are surface rivers and groundwater resources that are shared among sovereign nations and autonomous regions. This dissertation focuses on surface water in several river basin organizations (RBOs), with focus on the Nile Basin. Various international principles and rules have been proposed to build resilience and adaptive capacity in order to promote cooperation among stakeholders sharing river basins. In this dissertation, resilience is defined as the ability of a transboundary water management system to maintain its basic functions when subjected to biophysical, socioeconomic, and geopolitical pressures. Adaptability is defined as the capacity of an institution, such as a transboundary basin organization, to be resilient. This dissertation: 1) assesses the extent to which the principle of equitable distribution of benefits (EDB) contributes to resilience and 2) evaluates the institutional capacity of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) to be resilient under biophysical, socioeconomic, and geopolitical pressures. A review of the literature about managing transboundary rivers (Chapter 2) describes: 1) stakeholder interests, 2) current and potential trends in conflict and/or cooperation, 3) transboundary security, 4) management strategies, and 5) institutional capacity in shared rivers. The chapter discusses the difference in responses to these challenges among stakeholders across differing spatial (international, national, provincial and local) scales. It asserts that institutions, especially RBOs, play a key role in managing transboundary rivers. The EDB principle is evaluated with respect to the most cited international rule on rivers, the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (Chapter 3). We propose a broad approach for implementing the EDB in transboundary river basins. The chapter argues that the EDB requires an assessment of the distribution of potential benefits, while simultaneously considering sustainable management strategies including as many factors as possible. The EDB principle is ambiguous, making it difficult to implement in the Nile Basin (Chapter 4). These ambiguities include poor definitions of terms such as equity and benefits, and few details on how to implement benefit sharing. Nevertheless, the principle has tremendous potential for maximizing benefits and promoting cooperation in the Nile Basin. In Chapter 5, we assess the institutional capacity of the NBI (an RBO formed by nine of the ten Nile countries) to be resilient in the face of probable biophysical, socioeconomic and geopolitical pressures. The resiliency of the NBI was assessed using five criteria: 1) vision statement, 2) doing research, 3) proposal of specific projects, 4) implementation of projects and 5) monitoring of projects. The chapter finds that the NBI has mixed resiliency strengths ranging from no resilience (where none of the five criterions are achieved) to achieving all of the five criterions (very high) in mitigating biophysical, socioeconomic and geopolitical pressures. In conclusion, this dissertation shows that development aspirations, sustainable water management, poverty alleviation and conflict resolution objectives could be met more successfully through an equitable benefit sharing framework rather than water quantity allocation and improving the institutional capacity of RBOs. Title: Resilience and adaptability of transboundary rivers : the principle of equitable distribution of benefits and the institutional capacity of the Nile Basin Author: Iyob, Biniam Biophysical, socioeconomic and geopolitical pressures from population growth and economic development are leading to an increase in tensions regarding the sharing of water within transboundary basins. Transboundary basins are surface rivers and groundwater resources that are shared among sovereign nations and autonomous regions. This dissertation focuses on surface water in several river basin organizations (RBOs), with focus on the Nile Basin. Various international principles and rules have been proposed to build resilience and adaptive capacity in order to promote cooperation among stakeholders sharing river basins. In this dissertation, resilience is defined as the ability of a transboundary water management system to maintain its basic functions when subjected to biophysical, socioeconomic, and geopolitical pressures. Adaptability is defined as the capacity of an institution, such as a transboundary basin organization, to be resilient. This dissertation: 1) assesses the extent to which the principle of equitable distribution of benefits (EDB) contributes to resilience and 2) evaluates the institutional capacity of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) to be resilient under biophysical, socioeconomic, and geopolitical pressures. A review of the literature about managing transboundary rivers (Chapter 2) describes: 1) stakeholder interests, 2) current and potential trends in conflict and/or cooperation, 3) transboundary security, 4) management strategies, and 5) institutional capacity in shared rivers. The chapter discusses the difference in responses to these challenges among stakeholders across differing spatial (international, national, provincial and local) scales. It asserts that institutions, especially RBOs, play a key role in managing transboundary rivers. The EDB principle is evaluated with respect to the most cited international rule on rivers, the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (Chapter 3). We propose a broad approach for implementing the EDB in transboundary river basins. The chapter argues that the EDB requires an assessment of the distribution of potential benefits, while simultaneously considering sustainable management strategies including as many factors as possible. The EDB principle is ambiguous, making it difficult to implement in the Nile Basin (Chapter 4). These ambiguities include poor definitions of terms such as equity and benefits, and few details on how to implement benefit sharing. Nevertheless, the principle has tremendous potential for maximizing benefits and promoting cooperation in the Nile Basin. In Chapter 5, we assess the institutional capacity of the NBI (an RBO formed by nine of the ten Nile countries) to be resilient in the face of probable biophysical, socioeconomic and geopolitical pressures. The resiliency of the NBI was assessed using five criteria: 1) vision statement, 2) doing research, 3) proposal of specific projects, 4) implementation of projects and 5) monitoring of projects. The chapter finds that the NBI has mixed resiliency strengths ranging from no resilience (where none of the five criterions are achieved) to achieving all of the five criterions (very high) in mitigating biophysical, socioeconomic and geopolitical pressures. In conclusion, this dissertation shows that development aspirations, sustainable water management, poverty alleviation and conflict resolution objectives could be met more successfully through an equitable benefit sharing framework rather than water quantity allocation and improving the institutional capacity of RBOs. Close

• 95. [Article] Experimental research on the behavior and strength of large-scale steel gusset plates with sway-buckling response including effects of corrosion and retrofit options

  The collapse of the I-35W Bridge in Minneapolis, MN on August 1, 2007 brought into question the design and inspection of gusset plates in steel truss bridges. The experimental tests performed in this research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental research on the behavior and strength of large-scale steel gusset plates with sway-buckling response including effects of corrosion and retrofit options Author: Hafner, Anthony G. The collapse of the I-35W Bridge in Minneapolis, MN on August 1, 2007 brought into question the design and inspection of gusset plates in steel truss bridges. The experimental tests performed in this research study the sway-buckling strength and behavior of large-scale steel gusset plates in an isolated truss connection. Parameters studied include plate thickness,combination member loading, initial out-of-plane imperfection, diagonal compression member out-of-plane flexural stiffness, corrosion, and alternative retrofits to increase lateral stiffness. The flexural stiffness of the diagonal compression member and retrofit designs were unique to the testing program. The variables monitored during testing include gusset plate surface stresses and strains, member axial strains, out-of-plane displacement of the gusset plate free edge, and buckling capacity. The results were compared with previously established design models for predicting buckling capacity of gusset plates which include the Whitmore effective width, the Modified-Thornton method, and the FHWA Load Rating Guidelines. A parametric finite element model was developed to determine the lateral stiffness of the gusset plate connection and the additional stiffness provided by the alternative retrofit options. The results showed interaction between the diagonal compression member and gusset plate occurs, which affects sway-buckling capacity. Combination of member loads showed evidence of detrimental effects on sway-buckling capacity. Corrosion of the gusset plates along the top edge of the bottom chord did not lead to significant reduction in sway-buckling capacity. The two retrofit designs showed increases in both lateral stiffness and buckling capacity as well as economic benefits over traditional retrofit methods. Comparison of the results to the current design guidelines showed that the current methods are conservative and do not accurately represent the true behavior of gusset plate connections. The research concludes with two proposed models for future use in design and retrofit of gusset plates. The first is a member-gusset plate interaction model based on a stepped column analogy that takes into account the effects of member flexural stiffness and gusset plate stiffness. The second is a general design guideline developed for retrofit of gusset plate connections dominated by sway-buckling behavior which uses a stiffness based approach to increase the capacity of gusset plate connections. Title: Experimental research on the behavior and strength of large-scale steel gusset plates with sway-buckling response including effects of corrosion and retrofit options Author: Hafner, Anthony G. The collapse of the I-35W Bridge in Minneapolis, MN on August 1, 2007 brought into question the design and inspection of gusset plates in steel truss bridges. The experimental tests performed in this research study the sway-buckling strength and behavior of large-scale steel gusset plates in an isolated truss connection. Parameters studied include plate thickness,combination member loading, initial out-of-plane imperfection, diagonal compression member out-of-plane flexural stiffness, corrosion, and alternative retrofits to increase lateral stiffness. The flexural stiffness of the diagonal compression member and retrofit designs were unique to the testing program. The variables monitored during testing include gusset plate surface stresses and strains, member axial strains, out-of-plane displacement of the gusset plate free edge, and buckling capacity. The results were compared with previously established design models for predicting buckling capacity of gusset plates which include the Whitmore effective width, the Modified-Thornton method, and the FHWA Load Rating Guidelines. A parametric finite element model was developed to determine the lateral stiffness of the gusset plate connection and the additional stiffness provided by the alternative retrofit options. The results showed interaction between the diagonal compression member and gusset plate occurs, which affects sway-buckling capacity. Combination of member loads showed evidence of detrimental effects on sway-buckling capacity. Corrosion of the gusset plates along the top edge of the bottom chord did not lead to significant reduction in sway-buckling capacity. The two retrofit designs showed increases in both lateral stiffness and buckling capacity as well as economic benefits over traditional retrofit methods. Comparison of the results to the current design guidelines showed that the current methods are conservative and do not accurately represent the true behavior of gusset plate connections. The research concludes with two proposed models for future use in design and retrofit of gusset plates. The first is a member-gusset plate interaction model based on a stepped column analogy that takes into account the effects of member flexural stiffness and gusset plate stiffness. The second is a general design guideline developed for retrofit of gusset plate connections dominated by sway-buckling behavior which uses a stiffness based approach to increase the capacity of gusset plate connections. Close

• 96. [Article] Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management

  An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management Author: Wevers, Mary Jo An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries. Title: Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management Author: Wevers, Mary Jo An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries. Close

• 97. [Article] The relationship between cation exchange capacity, total bases, and exchange acidity in certain Oregon soils

  Two soils representative of the coast and three representing the Willamette Valley have been studied for their general chemical characteristics. Exchange capacity and exchangeable cations were determined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship between cation exchange capacity, total bases, and exchange acidity in certain Oregon soils Author: Lin, Clara Ju-Yuan Two soils representative of the coast and three representing the Willamette Valley have been studied for their general chemical characteristics. Exchange capacity and exchangeable cations were determined by the ammonium acetate and the BaCl₂-triethanolamine buffer methods. Exchange capacity was also obtained from conductimetric titrations which were run on each soil before and after destroying the organic matter.Potentiometric titrations were run before and after leaching each soil with HCl. Lime requirement was determined by Woodruff's method and also obtained from the pH-lime curves. The two coastal soils, Astoria and Clatsop, have lower pH and base saturation and higher organic matter content and exchange capacity than the Melbourne, Olympic, and Willamette soils from the valley. The Melbourne soil had the highest base saturation percentage and Astoria had the lowest. The amount of exchangeable aluminum was also higher in the coastal soils. The amount of exchange capacity contributed to the organic fraction was 65 per cent in the Olympic and Willamette soils and 50 per cent in the other three. The value for exchange capacity by the different methods was in good agreement in the three valley soils before and after the organic matter was destroyed. In the coastal soils there was no agreement between methods in any case. This would indicate that in the latter two soils, type of clay mineral present may be more of an influence than in the former soils. The potentiometric titration curves showed that the two coastal soils were well buffered and the valley soils were only slightly buffered. After the soils were leached with HCl the Melbourne soil was the only one which indicated a strong acid property. The exchange properties of the soils as affected by additions of lime were studied by incubating the soils for four weeks with added increments of lime. With each added increment of lime the pH increased and exchangeable acidity decreased in each soil. The amount of lime to bring the soils to any given degree of base saturation appeared to be proportional to the magnitude of the exchange capacity and inversely proportional to the degree of base saturation. At any given pH value there was a considerable difference in the degree of base saturation for these soils. This might well be a reflection of the type of minerals present in the different soils. More lime was required to bring the two coastal soils up to pH 6.5 as indicated by the pH-lime relationship curve than that estimated by the Woodruff method. Consistent results were observed in the three valley soils. This suggests that the buffer solution at pH 7 as recommended by Woodruff was not strong enough to neutralize the acidity in the coastal soils. There was good agreement between the two methods in the determination of the exchangeable bases. The BaCl₂-buffer method gave much higher values of exchangeable acidity than did the ammonium acetate method. These values, when converted to tons of calcium carbonate, agree fairly closely with the amount of lime required to bring the soils to pH 7 when added directly to the soil. When lime was added above the saturation point the amount of exchangeable calcium as determined by the ammonium acetate method increased but remained relatively constant for the BaCl₂-buffer method. The various analysis seem to indicate that the Astoria and Clatsop soils contain predominantly 2:1 type clay minerals while the Olympic and Willamette soils contain predominantly the 1:1 type. The Melbourne soil exhibits properties more closely associated with the coastal soils. Title: The relationship between cation exchange capacity, total bases, and exchange acidity in certain Oregon soils Author: Lin, Clara Ju-Yuan Two soils representative of the coast and three representing the Willamette Valley have been studied for their general chemical characteristics. Exchange capacity and exchangeable cations were determined by the ammonium acetate and the BaCl₂-triethanolamine buffer methods. Exchange capacity was also obtained from conductimetric titrations which were run on each soil before and after destroying the organic matter.Potentiometric titrations were run before and after leaching each soil with HCl. Lime requirement was determined by Woodruff's method and also obtained from the pH-lime curves. The two coastal soils, Astoria and Clatsop, have lower pH and base saturation and higher organic matter content and exchange capacity than the Melbourne, Olympic, and Willamette soils from the valley. The Melbourne soil had the highest base saturation percentage and Astoria had the lowest. The amount of exchangeable aluminum was also higher in the coastal soils. The amount of exchange capacity contributed to the organic fraction was 65 per cent in the Olympic and Willamette soils and 50 per cent in the other three. The value for exchange capacity by the different methods was in good agreement in the three valley soils before and after the organic matter was destroyed. In the coastal soils there was no agreement between methods in any case. This would indicate that in the latter two soils, type of clay mineral present may be more of an influence than in the former soils. The potentiometric titration curves showed that the two coastal soils were well buffered and the valley soils were only slightly buffered. After the soils were leached with HCl the Melbourne soil was the only one which indicated a strong acid property. The exchange properties of the soils as affected by additions of lime were studied by incubating the soils for four weeks with added increments of lime. With each added increment of lime the pH increased and exchangeable acidity decreased in each soil. The amount of lime to bring the soils to any given degree of base saturation appeared to be proportional to the magnitude of the exchange capacity and inversely proportional to the degree of base saturation. At any given pH value there was a considerable difference in the degree of base saturation for these soils. This might well be a reflection of the type of minerals present in the different soils. More lime was required to bring the two coastal soils up to pH 6.5 as indicated by the pH-lime relationship curve than that estimated by the Woodruff method. Consistent results were observed in the three valley soils. This suggests that the buffer solution at pH 7 as recommended by Woodruff was not strong enough to neutralize the acidity in the coastal soils. There was good agreement between the two methods in the determination of the exchangeable bases. The BaCl₂-buffer method gave much higher values of exchangeable acidity than did the ammonium acetate method. These values, when converted to tons of calcium carbonate, agree fairly closely with the amount of lime required to bring the soils to pH 7 when added directly to the soil. When lime was added above the saturation point the amount of exchangeable calcium as determined by the ammonium acetate method increased but remained relatively constant for the BaCl₂-buffer method. The various analysis seem to indicate that the Astoria and Clatsop soils contain predominantly 2:1 type clay minerals while the Olympic and Willamette soils contain predominantly the 1:1 type. The Melbourne soil exhibits properties more closely associated with the coastal soils. Close

• 98. [Article] Efficiency in multilevel decision making systems: A comparative analysis of Italian buyback programs

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Efficiency in multilevel decision making systems: A comparative analysis of Italian buyback programs Author: Spagnolo, Massimo Research Paper Title: Efficiency in multilevel decision making systems: A comparative analysis of Italian buyback programs Author: Spagnolo, Massimo Research Paper Close

• 99. [Article] Environmental controls on the capacity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) to compensate for defoliation by cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae L.)

  To assess the effect of summer moisture stress on the capacity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) to compensate for defoliation by the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae LT7), the performance of plants ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental controls on the capacity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) to compensate for defoliation by cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae L.) Author: Cox, Caroline Shipley To assess the effect of summer moisture stress on the capacity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) to compensate for defoliation by the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae LT7), the performance of plants grown under different irrigation regimes was measured. The proportion of plants producing new leaves following defoliation, the number of nodes at which these leaves were produced, the biomass of the new leaves, the proportion of plants producing secondary flowers, the number of secondary capitula produced, and the rate at which mature fruits were produced all increased with increasing frequency of irrigation. A comparison of natural ragwort populations at a site with a relatively high amount of summer rainfall with a site with little summer rainfall and a comparison of populations during wet and dry years at the same site indicated that the relationship observed between moisture stress and compensation capacity under experimental conditions exists in natural populations. These results indicate that the full potential of the cinnabar moth as a biological control agent of tansy ragwort will be apparent in years with below average summer rainfall. In wet areas the introduction of additional biological control agents should be considered. Investigation of the influences of abiotic conditions on the interactions between plants and their herbivores may be necessary in other studies concerned with predicting the outcome of this interaction. Title: Environmental controls on the capacity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) to compensate for defoliation by cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae L.) Author: Cox, Caroline Shipley To assess the effect of summer moisture stress on the capacity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) to compensate for defoliation by the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae LT7), the performance of plants grown under different irrigation regimes was measured. The proportion of plants producing new leaves following defoliation, the number of nodes at which these leaves were produced, the biomass of the new leaves, the proportion of plants producing secondary flowers, the number of secondary capitula produced, and the rate at which mature fruits were produced all increased with increasing frequency of irrigation. A comparison of natural ragwort populations at a site with a relatively high amount of summer rainfall with a site with little summer rainfall and a comparison of populations during wet and dry years at the same site indicated that the relationship observed between moisture stress and compensation capacity under experimental conditions exists in natural populations. These results indicate that the full potential of the cinnabar moth as a biological control agent of tansy ragwort will be apparent in years with below average summer rainfall. In wet areas the introduction of additional biological control agents should be considered. Investigation of the influences of abiotic conditions on the interactions between plants and their herbivores may be necessary in other studies concerned with predicting the outcome of this interaction. Close

• 100. [Article] Beyond free will: an empirical case for a capacity model of human agency

  Although the question of free will has persisted throughout the history of philosophy as an important metaphysical consideration, rarely does the inquiry include empirical evidence from other disciplines ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond free will: an empirical case for a capacity model of human agency Author: Helzer, Erik G. Although the question of free will has persisted throughout the history of philosophy as an important metaphysical consideration, rarely does the inquiry include empirical evidence from other disciplines concerned with human behavior. In this interdisciplinary paper, I combine the wisdom of psychologists, metaphysicians, and philosophers of science to comment on the problem. Research on cognitive organization, priming, spreading activation, and attribution is reviewed, and I challenge the notion of autonomous controlled processing. I argue from empirical psychological evidence that the concept of free will is an incoherent model for understanding the complex interrelatedness of human behavior. It amounts to little more than an historical placeholder that should be replaced by a descriptive framework rooted in science. I suggest as a replacement a capacity model of human agency, which allows for active, but not free, agents. Important metaphysical concepts such as personal identity, control, and responsibility can be maintained under this new framework and are, in fact, superior insofar as they are rooted in an accurate description of human functioning. Title: Beyond free will: an empirical case for a capacity model of human agency Author: Helzer, Erik G. Although the question of free will has persisted throughout the history of philosophy as an important metaphysical consideration, rarely does the inquiry include empirical evidence from other disciplines concerned with human behavior. In this interdisciplinary paper, I combine the wisdom of psychologists, metaphysicians, and philosophers of science to comment on the problem. Research on cognitive organization, priming, spreading activation, and attribution is reviewed, and I challenge the notion of autonomous controlled processing. I argue from empirical psychological evidence that the concept of free will is an incoherent model for understanding the complex interrelatedness of human behavior. It amounts to little more than an historical placeholder that should be replaced by a descriptive framework rooted in science. I suggest as a replacement a capacity model of human agency, which allows for active, but not free, agents. Important metaphysical concepts such as personal identity, control, and responsibility can be maintained under this new framework and are, in fact, superior insofar as they are rooted in an accurate description of human functioning. Close