Search

Search Results

• 1. [Article] Assessing ecological integrity across jurisdictions and scales

  This paper is the product of a series of workshops that occurred between 2011 and 2014. They were hosted by the Institute for Natural Resources - Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, U.S. Geological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing ecological integrity across jurisdictions and scales Author: Kagan, James S., Vickerman, Sara This paper is the product of a series of workshops that occurred between 2011 and 2014. They were hosted by the Institute for Natural Resources - Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Defenders of Wildlife, and NatureServe, and attended by a wide variety of staff from resource agencies, non-profit organizations, universities and the private sector. Many of the participants reviewed and/or contributed to the content of the paper. Final editing decisions were made by the primary authors and do not necessarily reflect unanimous agreement from all parties. Title: Assessing ecological integrity across jurisdictions and scales Author: Kagan, James S., Vickerman, Sara This paper is the product of a series of workshops that occurred between 2011 and 2014. They were hosted by the Institute for Natural Resources - Oregon Biodiversity Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Defenders of Wildlife, and NatureServe, and attended by a wide variety of staff from resource agencies, non-profit organizations, universities and the private sector. Many of the participants reviewed and/or contributed to the content of the paper. Final editing decisions were made by the primary authors and do not necessarily reflect unanimous agreement from all parties. Close

• 2. [Article] Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species Author: Severson, John P., Maestas, Jeremy D., Reese, Kerry P., Hagen, Christian A., Baruch-Mordo, Sharon, Kiesecker, Joseph M., Naugle, David E., Falkowski, Michael J., Evans, Jeffrey S. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biological-conservation/. Title: Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species Author: Severson, John P., Maestas, Jeremy D., Reese, Kerry P., Hagen, Christian A., Baruch-Mordo, Sharon, Kiesecker, Joseph M., Naugle, David E., Falkowski, Michael J., Evans, Jeffrey S. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biological-conservation/. Close

• 3. [Article] Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species Author: Severson, John P., Maestas, Jeremy D., Reese, Kerry P., Falkowski, Michael J., Baruch-Mordo, Sharon, Evans, Jeffrey S., Naugle, David E., Hagen, Christian A., Kiesecker, Joseph M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biological-conservation/ Title: Saving sage-grouse from the trees: A proactive solution to reducing a key threat to a candidate species Author: Severson, John P., Maestas, Jeremy D., Reese, Kerry P., Falkowski, Michael J., Baruch-Mordo, Sharon, Evans, Jeffrey S., Naugle, David E., Hagen, Christian A., Kiesecker, Joseph M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/biological-conservation/ Close

• 4. [Article] Educating Pacific Northwest Campers on the Risk of Spreading Invasive Forest Pests through Firewood: Developing a Mental Model

  2011

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Educating Pacific Northwest Campers on the Risk of Spreading Invasive Forest Pests through Firewood: Developing a Mental Model Author: Runberg, Damon 2011 Title: Educating Pacific Northwest Campers on the Risk of Spreading Invasive Forest Pests through Firewood: Developing a Mental Model Author: Runberg, Damon 2011 Close

• 5. [Article] An Evaluation of the Efficiency of Minnow Traps for Estimating the Abundance of Minnows in Desert Spring Systems

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Evaluation of the Efficiency of Minnow Traps for Estimating the Abundance of Minnows in Desert Spring Systems Author: Scheerer, Paul D., Peterson, James T., Clements, Shaun To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.Vd3cREZSWPE Title: An Evaluation of the Efficiency of Minnow Traps for Estimating the Abundance of Minnows in Desert Spring Systems Author: Scheerer, Paul D., Peterson, James T., Clements, Shaun To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current#.Vd3cREZSWPE Close

• 6. [Article] Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA

  Correction: We discovered two typos and a change in a sentence needed in our published manuscript. Regarding the typos: timber estimates in Section 2 of the NWFP’s Long-Term Objectives should have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA Author: DellaSala, Dominick A., Baker, Rowan, Heiken, Doug, Nelson, S. Kim, et al. Correction: We discovered two typos and a change in a sentence needed in our published manuscript. Regarding the typos: timber estimates in Section 2 of the NWFP’s Long-Term Objectives should have been 2.34 million cubic meters annually instead of 234 million cubic meters annually and ~1.78 million cubic meters instead of 178 million cubic meters annually. The statement regarding murrelet populations—“Trends were downward (but not significant) in other NWFP states” should be deleted in this paper [1]. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by these changes. Title: Building on Two Decades of Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation under the Northwest Forest Plan, USA Author: DellaSala, Dominick A., Baker, Rowan, Heiken, Doug, Nelson, S. Kim, et al. Correction: We discovered two typos and a change in a sentence needed in our published manuscript. Regarding the typos: timber estimates in Section 2 of the NWFP’s Long-Term Objectives should have been 2.34 million cubic meters annually instead of 234 million cubic meters annually and ~1.78 million cubic meters instead of 178 million cubic meters annually. The statement regarding murrelet populations—“Trends were downward (but not significant) in other NWFP states” should be deleted in this paper [1]. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused to the readers by these changes. Close

• 7. [Article] Rapid endangered species assessment : a novel approach to improve extinction risk assessments in poorly known species

  The number of endangered species is rapidly increasing while paucity of adequate information and resources delays establishment of conservation actions. The IUCN’s listing system is insufficient to determine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rapid endangered species assessment : a novel approach to improve extinction risk assessments in poorly known species Author: Bianchi, Carlos A. The number of endangered species is rapidly increasing while paucity of adequate information and resources delays establishment of conservation actions. The IUCN’s listing system is insufficient to determine conservation priorities and many species lack information even to be evaluated (i.e., “data deficient”). Here I proposed and tested the Rapid Endangered Species Assessment approach, combining methods including distribution modeling, landscape/habitat availability analysis and an evaluation of population spatial structure to improve information about species of concern and make future extinction risk assessments more attainable. I used the Pfrimer’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura pfrimeri) an endemic Brazilian species, as a case study. I modeled and validated the potential distribution of the species, known to occur in association with the tropical dry forests in central Brazil, using the Maxent method. The model predicted potential occurrence in three regions in central Brazil. Field surveys used to validate model found the species at 17 sites, all located in the dry forests of the Paranã River Basin. Modeling results set boundaries for the analysis of loss and fragmentation of the species’ habitat. Satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques were used to estimate deforestation trends over a large spatiotemporal scale (31 years). Results indicated a 66.3% decrease in forest extent, average annual deforestation rate of 2.1% and significant increase in fragmentation, suggesting that these forests may disappear in less than 20 years if current deforestation rates persist. The habitat availability analysis set boundaries for the investigation of spatial arrangement of local populations of Pfrimer’s Parakeets, which was carried out by collecting information on abundance, densities estimates, species home range, and habitat use. Twenty individuals were monitored with radio transmitters and home range estimates averaged between 195.7 ha (fixed kernel) and 261.8 ha (minimum convex polygons). Habitat use was estimated with behavioral observations of birds flying through a mosaic of forests and pastures. I found no evidence that the species used open areas farther than 300m from the forest edge. Systematic line transects and observations of parakeets per time effort produced estimates of population densities at 11.7 individuals/km2; indicating strong variation in abundance indices among areas, suggesting a population decline. The Rapid Endangered Species Assessment represents a broad and integrative approach carried out over a short term and was successfully used to produce relevant data about a poorly known species. Thus, I propose the use of this approach as a minimally ideal yet scientifically viable method to generate information for extinction risk assessment of species. Title: Rapid endangered species assessment : a novel approach to improve extinction risk assessments in poorly known species Author: Bianchi, Carlos A. The number of endangered species is rapidly increasing while paucity of adequate information and resources delays establishment of conservation actions. The IUCN’s listing system is insufficient to determine conservation priorities and many species lack information even to be evaluated (i.e., “data deficient”). Here I proposed and tested the Rapid Endangered Species Assessment approach, combining methods including distribution modeling, landscape/habitat availability analysis and an evaluation of population spatial structure to improve information about species of concern and make future extinction risk assessments more attainable. I used the Pfrimer’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura pfrimeri) an endemic Brazilian species, as a case study. I modeled and validated the potential distribution of the species, known to occur in association with the tropical dry forests in central Brazil, using the Maxent method. The model predicted potential occurrence in three regions in central Brazil. Field surveys used to validate model found the species at 17 sites, all located in the dry forests of the Paranã River Basin. Modeling results set boundaries for the analysis of loss and fragmentation of the species’ habitat. Satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques were used to estimate deforestation trends over a large spatiotemporal scale (31 years). Results indicated a 66.3% decrease in forest extent, average annual deforestation rate of 2.1% and significant increase in fragmentation, suggesting that these forests may disappear in less than 20 years if current deforestation rates persist. The habitat availability analysis set boundaries for the investigation of spatial arrangement of local populations of Pfrimer’s Parakeets, which was carried out by collecting information on abundance, densities estimates, species home range, and habitat use. Twenty individuals were monitored with radio transmitters and home range estimates averaged between 195.7 ha (fixed kernel) and 261.8 ha (minimum convex polygons). Habitat use was estimated with behavioral observations of birds flying through a mosaic of forests and pastures. I found no evidence that the species used open areas farther than 300m from the forest edge. Systematic line transects and observations of parakeets per time effort produced estimates of population densities at 11.7 individuals/km2; indicating strong variation in abundance indices among areas, suggesting a population decline. The Rapid Endangered Species Assessment represents a broad and integrative approach carried out over a short term and was successfully used to produce relevant data about a poorly known species. Thus, I propose the use of this approach as a minimally ideal yet scientifically viable method to generate information for extinction risk assessment of species. Close

• 8. [Article] Recovering Aquatic Species at Risk: The valuation of management actions for incorporation into policy decisions

  The complex nature of policy decisions related to fisheries management actions undertaken for marine species protection results in policy makers frequently facing conflicting positions. For many management ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovering Aquatic Species at Risk: The valuation of management actions for incorporation into policy decisions Author: Forbes, Keldi, Boxall, Peter C., Solano Rivera, Catalina, Adamowicz, Vic The complex nature of policy decisions related to fisheries management actions undertaken for marine species protection results in policy makers frequently facing conflicting positions. For many management actions in Canada, a socio-economic impact assessment must be completed; this assessment estimates the impacts on the Canadian population. Two species-specific studies addressing the management of a Pacific Rockfish species and a Lake Sturgeon population were conducted for with the intent of estimating values for use in future analyses. Using conditional logit and latent class models, welfare measures were calculated for management actions related to each species; additionally, the impact of species’ characteristics, the protection program costs, and the demographic characteristics of the survey respondents were addressed. Title: Recovering Aquatic Species at Risk: The valuation of management actions for incorporation into policy decisions Author: Forbes, Keldi, Boxall, Peter C., Solano Rivera, Catalina, Adamowicz, Vic The complex nature of policy decisions related to fisheries management actions undertaken for marine species protection results in policy makers frequently facing conflicting positions. For many management actions in Canada, a socio-economic impact assessment must be completed; this assessment estimates the impacts on the Canadian population. Two species-specific studies addressing the management of a Pacific Rockfish species and a Lake Sturgeon population were conducted for with the intent of estimating values for use in future analyses. Using conditional logit and latent class models, welfare measures were calculated for management actions related to each species; additionally, the impact of species’ characteristics, the protection program costs, and the demographic characteristics of the survey respondents were addressed. Close

• 9. [Article] Illinois Valley timber sustainability assessment

  The Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) has developed a pragmatic, integrative assessment of forest restoration need and opportunity for federal forests in the Rogue Basin. This assessment, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Illinois Valley timber sustainability assessment Author: Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) The Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) has developed a pragmatic, integrative assessment of forest restoration need and opportunity for federal forests in the Rogue Basin. This assessment, and the cohesive strategy for forest restoration on which it is based, can help inform forest planning, generate recommendations to land managers, strengthen public support for forest restoration, and improve project efficiency and effectiveness. Goals for the cohesive restoration strategy: • Restore and maintain a diverse mosaic of healthy, resilient forests; • Protect and conserve habitat for species at risk; • Reduce the risk of severe fire to forests and communities; and • Generate products, employment, and economic activity through restoration. This report evaluates timber supply within a two-hour haul distance of the Rough & Ready mill site in the Illinois Valley. By identifying collaboratively supported, restoration-based timber volume, its findings can inform potential new mill investments. A complementary assessment, described in Chapter 2, outlines the contours of social support for federal forest restoration in southwest Oregon. Title: Illinois Valley timber sustainability assessment Author: Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) The Southern Oregon Forest Restoration Collaborative (SOFRC) has developed a pragmatic, integrative assessment of forest restoration need and opportunity for federal forests in the Rogue Basin. This assessment, and the cohesive strategy for forest restoration on which it is based, can help inform forest planning, generate recommendations to land managers, strengthen public support for forest restoration, and improve project efficiency and effectiveness. Goals for the cohesive restoration strategy: • Restore and maintain a diverse mosaic of healthy, resilient forests; • Protect and conserve habitat for species at risk; • Reduce the risk of severe fire to forests and communities; and • Generate products, employment, and economic activity through restoration. This report evaluates timber supply within a two-hour haul distance of the Rough & Ready mill site in the Illinois Valley. By identifying collaboratively supported, restoration-based timber volume, its findings can inform potential new mill investments. A complementary assessment, described in Chapter 2, outlines the contours of social support for federal forest restoration in southwest Oregon. Close

• 10. [Article] Comparative hazard assessment for protected species in a fire-prone landscape

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative hazard assessment for protected species in a fire-prone landscape Author: Mealey, Stephen P., Roloff, Gary J., Bailey, John D. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Title: Comparative hazard assessment for protected species in a fire-prone landscape Author: Mealey, Stephen P., Roloff, Gary J., Bailey, John D. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management/. Close

• 11. [Article] A Multivariate Poisson Approach to Estimating Target Catch and Bycatch Production

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Multivariate Poisson Approach to Estimating Target Catch and Bycatch Production Author: Stohs, Stephen, Hilger, James Abstract only. Title: A Multivariate Poisson Approach to Estimating Target Catch and Bycatch Production Author: Stohs, Stephen, Hilger, James Abstract only. Close

• 12. [Article] The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey

  The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey Author: Close, David A., Li, Hiram W., Fitzpatrick, Martin S. The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, who elevated the issue and initiated research to restore its populations, at least in the Columbia Basin. They regard Pacific lamprey as a highly valued resource and as a result ksuyas (lamprey) has become one of their cultural icons. Ksuyas are harvested to this day as a subsistence food by various tribes along the Pacific coast and are highly regarded for their cultural value. Interestingly, our review suggests that the Pacific lamprey plays an important role in the food web, may have acted as a buffer for salmon from predators, and may have been an important source of marine nutrients to oligotrophic watersheds. This is very different from the Euro- American perception that lampreys are pests. We suggest that cultural biases affected management policies. Title: The ecological and cultural importance of a species at risk of extinction, Pacific lamprey Author: Close, David A., Li, Hiram W., Fitzpatrick, Martin S. The cultural and ecological values of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have not been understood by Euro-Americans and thus their great decline has almost gone unnoticed except by Native Americans, who elevated the issue and initiated research to restore its populations, at least in the Columbia Basin. They regard Pacific lamprey as a highly valued resource and as a result ksuyas (lamprey) has become one of their cultural icons. Ksuyas are harvested to this day as a subsistence food by various tribes along the Pacific coast and are highly regarded for their cultural value. Interestingly, our review suggests that the Pacific lamprey plays an important role in the food web, may have acted as a buffer for salmon from predators, and may have been an important source of marine nutrients to oligotrophic watersheds. This is very different from the Euro- American perception that lampreys are pests. We suggest that cultural biases affected management policies. Close

• 13. [Article] Greater Sage-Grouse Umbrella CCAA for Wyoming Ranch Management: a Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances for Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus

  Prior to settlement in the 19th century, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter referred to as ‘sage-grouse’) inhabited 13 western States and three Canadian provinces, and their potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Greater Sage-Grouse Umbrella CCAA for Wyoming Ranch Management: a Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances for Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus Author: Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Department of Agriculture, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Forest Service, Wyoming Governor’s Office Prior to settlement in the 19th century, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter referred to as ‘sage-grouse’) inhabited 13 western States and three Canadian provinces, and their potential habitat covered over 1,200,483 square kilometers (km) (463,509 square miles (mi)). Sage-grouse have declined across their range due to a variety of causes and now occur in 11 States and two Canadian provinces. Many factors played a role in reducing sage-grouse from a once abundant, broadly distributed species, but the primary threat is loss of habitat due to increased surface disturbance and general fragmentation of the landscape. These concerns were identified in the 2005 Endangered Species Act (ESA) listing finding and remain so, but with more intensity and on a larger scale today. In the 2010 listing finding, additional concerns were identified as threats, including an increase in the use of sagebrush habitat for renewable energy such as wind power, and the spread of West Nile Virus (WNv). In anticipation of a final listing decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the Wyoming Governor’s Office (WGO) requested assistance from the FWS in developing a sage-grouse strategy for ranch management activities that could offer private landowners assurances their livestock operations could continue in the event the species was listed under the ESA. The WGO and FWS in conjunction with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the U.S Forest Service (USFS), the Wyoming Department of Agriculture (WDA), Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), and the Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts have developed this umbrella Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances (CCAA). A CCAA is a voluntary agreement whereby private landowners agree to manage their lands to remove or reduce threats to species at risk of being listed under the ESA. In return for managing their lands to the benefit of species at risk, these landowners receive assurances against additional regulatory requirements should that species ever be listed under the ESA. Under a CCAA, the FWS will issue enrolled landowners Enhancement of Survival (EOS) permits pursuant to section 10(a)(1)(A) of the ESA for a period of 20 years. Since the agreement is voluntary, the landowner can end it at any point, although in doing so they would give up any assurances, and the EOS permit would terminate. FWS will issue EOS permits to participating landowners contingent on development of a site-specific individual sage-grouse conservation plan consistent with this umbrella CCAA. This umbrella CCAA includes:  A general description of responsibilities of all involved participating agencies and landowners, and the area covered under the umbrella CCAA;  Background, status and general threats to sage-grouse, and conservation measures needed to remove or reduce those identified threats;  Expected benefits of prescribed actions in relation to the five threat factors the FWS is required to evaluate when considering a species for listing; and  Level of take likely to occur from activities on enrolled lands, assurances, monitoring, and annual reporting. Title: Greater Sage-Grouse Umbrella CCAA for Wyoming Ranch Management: a Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances for Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus Author: Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts, Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Wyoming Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Department of Agriculture, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Forest Service, Wyoming Governor’s Office Prior to settlement in the 19th century, greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter referred to as ‘sage-grouse’) inhabited 13 western States and three Canadian provinces, and their potential habitat covered over 1,200,483 square kilometers (km) (463,509 square miles (mi)). Sage-grouse have declined across their range due to a variety of causes and now occur in 11 States and two Canadian provinces. Many factors played a role in reducing sage-grouse from a once abundant, broadly distributed species, but the primary threat is loss of habitat due to increased surface disturbance and general fragmentation of the landscape. These concerns were identified in the 2005 Endangered Species Act (ESA) listing finding and remain so, but with more intensity and on a larger scale today. In the 2010 listing finding, additional concerns were identified as threats, including an increase in the use of sagebrush habitat for renewable energy such as wind power, and the spread of West Nile Virus (WNv). In anticipation of a final listing decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the Wyoming Governor’s Office (WGO) requested assistance from the FWS in developing a sage-grouse strategy for ranch management activities that could offer private landowners assurances their livestock operations could continue in the event the species was listed under the ESA. The WGO and FWS in conjunction with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the U.S Forest Service (USFS), the Wyoming Department of Agriculture (WDA), Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), and the Wyoming Association of Conservation Districts have developed this umbrella Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances (CCAA). A CCAA is a voluntary agreement whereby private landowners agree to manage their lands to remove or reduce threats to species at risk of being listed under the ESA. In return for managing their lands to the benefit of species at risk, these landowners receive assurances against additional regulatory requirements should that species ever be listed under the ESA. Under a CCAA, the FWS will issue enrolled landowners Enhancement of Survival (EOS) permits pursuant to section 10(a)(1)(A) of the ESA for a period of 20 years. Since the agreement is voluntary, the landowner can end it at any point, although in doing so they would give up any assurances, and the EOS permit would terminate. FWS will issue EOS permits to participating landowners contingent on development of a site-specific individual sage-grouse conservation plan consistent with this umbrella CCAA. This umbrella CCAA includes:  A general description of responsibilities of all involved participating agencies and landowners, and the area covered under the umbrella CCAA;  Background, status and general threats to sage-grouse, and conservation measures needed to remove or reduce those identified threats;  Expected benefits of prescribed actions in relation to the five threat factors the FWS is required to evaluate when considering a species for listing; and  Level of take likely to occur from activities on enrolled lands, assurances, monitoring, and annual reporting. Close

• 14. [Article] A Kalman Filter Approach to Estimating Marine Turtle Incidental Take Risk

  A principle U.S. fisheries management concern is ensuring compliance with Endangered Species Act requirements to limit incidental takes of listed species to levels which do not result in potential jeopardy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Kalman Filter Approach to Estimating Marine Turtle Incidental Take Risk Author: Stohs, Stephen, Kvamsdal, Sturla A principle U.S. fisheries management concern is ensuring compliance with Endangered Species Act requirements to limit incidental takes of listed species to levels which do not result in potential jeopardy to existing population stocks. Part of the risk assessment process involves an analysis of historic takes (bycatch) of ESA-listed species relative to fishing effort. Sample bycatch per unit of effort (BPUE) ratios are used to gauge the take risk to ESA-listed species posed by future fishing effort. The rare-event nature of protected species takes complicates the interpretation of sample BPUE ratios. For illustration, a total of 23 leatherback turtles were incidentally taken by fishermen in the California-Oregon drift gillnet fishery from the 1990 through 2006 fishing seasons in 7733 sets of fishing effort, with from 0 to 5 leatherback takes per season over the entire period. Should one conclude the incidental take risk was significantly higher during the season with 5 leatherback turtle takes than in seasons with 0 takes? To address this and related inference problems, we specify a state space model which describes the pattern of observed takes as a Poisson process conditional on the level of fishing effort. A time-varying Poisson rate parameter, expressed as BPUE, measures the time-varying level of take risk. A Kalman filter for Poisson processes is used to estimate the intertemporal variation in take risk from California-Oregon drift gillnet fishery observer data. A key question regards attributing the observed pattern of takes to randomness which drives fluctuations in observed takes versus intertemporal variation in the level of take risk. Title: A Kalman Filter Approach to Estimating Marine Turtle Incidental Take Risk Author: Stohs, Stephen, Kvamsdal, Sturla A principle U.S. fisheries management concern is ensuring compliance with Endangered Species Act requirements to limit incidental takes of listed species to levels which do not result in potential jeopardy to existing population stocks. Part of the risk assessment process involves an analysis of historic takes (bycatch) of ESA-listed species relative to fishing effort. Sample bycatch per unit of effort (BPUE) ratios are used to gauge the take risk to ESA-listed species posed by future fishing effort. The rare-event nature of protected species takes complicates the interpretation of sample BPUE ratios. For illustration, a total of 23 leatherback turtles were incidentally taken by fishermen in the California-Oregon drift gillnet fishery from the 1990 through 2006 fishing seasons in 7733 sets of fishing effort, with from 0 to 5 leatherback takes per season over the entire period. Should one conclude the incidental take risk was significantly higher during the season with 5 leatherback turtle takes than in seasons with 0 takes? To address this and related inference problems, we specify a state space model which describes the pattern of observed takes as a Poisson process conditional on the level of fishing effort. A time-varying Poisson rate parameter, expressed as BPUE, measures the time-varying level of take risk. A Kalman filter for Poisson processes is used to estimate the intertemporal variation in take risk from California-Oregon drift gillnet fishery observer data. A key question regards attributing the observed pattern of takes to randomness which drives fluctuations in observed takes versus intertemporal variation in the level of take risk. Close

• 15. [Article] Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef

  This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef Author: Merems, Arlene, Appy, Marcus, Romsos, Chris, Weeks, Hal, Fox, David, Amend, Mark This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and a nearly unfished reef off Cape Perpetua. There are over 17,000 angler trips for groundfish out of Depoe Bay annually, many choosing to fish Siletz Reef. In addition, numerous whale watching and sightseeing charter vessels operate in the vicinity of the reef. Cape Perpetua Reef consists of isolated patches of rock, and is too far from Newport (the nearest port) to receive much fishing effort. This examination of the influences of fishing pressure in nearshore rocky habitat complements, and is embedded in, a broader effort to understand the distribution and character of Oregon’s nearshore rocky reefs, and the species that are dependent upon them for habitat. The ODFW Marine Habitat Project has spent the last eight years working in cooperation with scientists and other resource agencies to develop methods for classifying and mapping nearshore rocky reefs habitats off Oregon. Because nearshore reefs are in state waters, Oregon is responsible for managing these living resources and habitats to sustain their long-term use and productivity. To date, eight reefs have been surveyed and mapped with sidescan and/or multibeam bathymetry at a resolution indicative of fish habitat. ODFW has also been developing non-extractive fish survey techniques to describe fish-habitat associations and estimate fish abundance at the habitat and reef scale. The importance of habitat to reef species cannot be over-stated and is now widely accepted in the scientific community and is the focus of major research efforts in other Pacific coastal states. Better understanding of the degree to which harvest influences relative and absolute abundance, combined with species-habitat relationships, is essential for resource managers to exercise their stewardship responsibilities to protect 5 essential habitat, develop population indices for species at risk, and maintain healthy and productive ecological systems. Title: Comparative Characterization of Two Nearshore Rocky Reef Areas: A high-use recreational fishing reef vs. an unfished reef Author: Merems, Arlene, Appy, Marcus, Romsos, Chris, Weeks, Hal, Fox, David, Amend, Mark This project has provided the ODFW Marine Habitat Project with a unique opportunity to make a comparative examination of the habitats and fish communities of a heavily fished reef off of Siletz Bay, and a nearly unfished reef off Cape Perpetua. There are over 17,000 angler trips for groundfish out of Depoe Bay annually, many choosing to fish Siletz Reef. In addition, numerous whale watching and sightseeing charter vessels operate in the vicinity of the reef. Cape Perpetua Reef consists of isolated patches of rock, and is too far from Newport (the nearest port) to receive much fishing effort. This examination of the influences of fishing pressure in nearshore rocky habitat complements, and is embedded in, a broader effort to understand the distribution and character of Oregon’s nearshore rocky reefs, and the species that are dependent upon them for habitat. The ODFW Marine Habitat Project has spent the last eight years working in cooperation with scientists and other resource agencies to develop methods for classifying and mapping nearshore rocky reefs habitats off Oregon. Because nearshore reefs are in state waters, Oregon is responsible for managing these living resources and habitats to sustain their long-term use and productivity. To date, eight reefs have been surveyed and mapped with sidescan and/or multibeam bathymetry at a resolution indicative of fish habitat. ODFW has also been developing non-extractive fish survey techniques to describe fish-habitat associations and estimate fish abundance at the habitat and reef scale. The importance of habitat to reef species cannot be over-stated and is now widely accepted in the scientific community and is the focus of major research efforts in other Pacific coastal states. Better understanding of the degree to which harvest influences relative and absolute abundance, combined with species-habitat relationships, is essential for resource managers to exercise their stewardship responsibilities to protect 5 essential habitat, develop population indices for species at risk, and maintain healthy and productive ecological systems. Close

• 16. [Article] Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper Author: Nafus, A. M., Davies, K. W., Madsen, M. D., Bates, Jonathan D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267. Title: Restoration of Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe Following Prescribed Burning to Control Western Juniper Author: Nafus, A. M., Davies, K. W., Madsen, M. D., Bates, Jonathan D. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/267. Close

• 17. [Article] Susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings to Phytophthora ramorum

  Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (D. Don) Endl. is a host for Phytophthora ramorum but it was unclear if the pathogen represents a significant disease risk to this tree species. In this study the susceptibility ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings to Phytophthora ramorum Author: Lucas, Sunny L. Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (D. Don) Endl. is a host for Phytophthora ramorum but it was unclear if the pathogen represents a significant disease risk to this tree species. In this study the susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings and the likelihood of sporulation on redwood were examined. Two methods were used to assess susceptibility. Seedling stems were artificially inoculated and pathogen colonization distance was measured in both main stems and side branches after 8 and 16 weeks. Pathogen colonization distance was usually minimal, rarely exceeding 15 mm from the inoculation site. In two seedlings the pathogen colonized tissue greater than 40 mm from the inoculation site. No seedling mortality was observed. However, small side branches (2.4 mm mean diameter) were often killed. A dose response experiment was conducted to determine the minimum zoospore concentration necessary to cause infection. Seedlings exposed to ≥ 5 x 10³ zoospores/mL became symptomatic. Nonetheless, symptom expression was variable unless seedlings were inoculated with > 1 x 10⁵ zoospores/mL. Sporulation was quantified by determining sporangia density (sporangia/cm²) on detached immature and mature foliage of redwood seedlings, and leaves of California bay (Umbellularia californica). In the first trial, significantly more sporangia/cm² were observed on California bay compared to redwood, but in the second trial, the results were reversed. Sporulation density on attached redwood foliage was also determined. Comparisons were again made between young and mature redwood foliage. In the attached branch experiment, sporangia density was higher than previously observed and no significant difference was found between sporangia/cm² necrotic tissue on young vs. mature redwood branches. Sporulation results and implications of these findings are discussed in relation to sporulation levels reported on other hosts. This study highlights the importance of determining both host susceptibility and the risk of P. ramorum spread from hosts to other uninfected plants. Title: Susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings to Phytophthora ramorum Author: Lucas, Sunny L. Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (D. Don) Endl. is a host for Phytophthora ramorum but it was unclear if the pathogen represents a significant disease risk to this tree species. In this study the susceptibility of coast redwood seedlings and the likelihood of sporulation on redwood were examined. Two methods were used to assess susceptibility. Seedling stems were artificially inoculated and pathogen colonization distance was measured in both main stems and side branches after 8 and 16 weeks. Pathogen colonization distance was usually minimal, rarely exceeding 15 mm from the inoculation site. In two seedlings the pathogen colonized tissue greater than 40 mm from the inoculation site. No seedling mortality was observed. However, small side branches (2.4 mm mean diameter) were often killed. A dose response experiment was conducted to determine the minimum zoospore concentration necessary to cause infection. Seedlings exposed to ≥ 5 x 10³ zoospores/mL became symptomatic. Nonetheless, symptom expression was variable unless seedlings were inoculated with > 1 x 10⁵ zoospores/mL. Sporulation was quantified by determining sporangia density (sporangia/cm²) on detached immature and mature foliage of redwood seedlings, and leaves of California bay (Umbellularia californica). In the first trial, significantly more sporangia/cm² were observed on California bay compared to redwood, but in the second trial, the results were reversed. Sporulation density on attached redwood foliage was also determined. Comparisons were again made between young and mature redwood foliage. In the attached branch experiment, sporangia density was higher than previously observed and no significant difference was found between sporangia/cm² necrotic tissue on young vs. mature redwood branches. Sporulation results and implications of these findings are discussed in relation to sporulation levels reported on other hosts. This study highlights the importance of determining both host susceptibility and the risk of P. ramorum spread from hosts to other uninfected plants. Close

• 18. [Article] Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project

  Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Close

• 19. [Article] Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A.

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Author: Ford, Michael J., et al., Kennedy, Robert E., Beechie, Timothy J., Bartz, Krista K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Trends in Developed Land Cover Adjacent to Habitat for Threatened Salmon in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Author: Ford, Michael J., et al., Kennedy, Robert E., Beechie, Timothy J., Bartz, Krista K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 20. [Article] Overlap of North Pacific albatrosses with the U.S. west coastgroundfish and shrimp fisheries

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Overlap of North Pacific albatrosses with the U.S. west coastgroundfish and shrimp fisheries Author: Ballance, L. T., Jahncke, J., Zamon, J. E., Henry, R. W., Hyrenbach, K. D., Hester, M., Sato, F., Jennings, S. L., Bellman, M. A., Guy, T. J., Roletto, J., Ozaki, K., Geernaert, T. O., Blackie, B. A., Sydeman, W. J., Suryan, R. M., Croll, D. A., Deguchi, T., Melvin, E. F., Kappes, M. A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Overlap of North Pacific albatrosses with the U.S. west coastgroundfish and shrimp fisheries Author: Ballance, L. T., Jahncke, J., Zamon, J. E., Henry, R. W., Hyrenbach, K. D., Hester, M., Sato, F., Jennings, S. L., Bellman, M. A., Guy, T. J., Roletto, J., Ozaki, K., Geernaert, T. O., Blackie, B. A., Sydeman, W. J., Suryan, R. M., Croll, D. A., Deguchi, T., Melvin, E. F., Kappes, M. A. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 21. [Article] Patch dynamics of desert fishes in the arid wetlands of western Utah

  The conservation of declining desert fish species requires the identification of relations between fish population dynamics and their environments. Dynamic occupancy modeling, an approach that requires ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patch dynamics of desert fishes in the arid wetlands of western Utah Author: Sáenz, Jessica The conservation of declining desert fish species requires the identification of relations between fish population dynamics and their environments. Dynamic occupancy modeling, an approach that requires less information than traditional mark-recapture studies, may help identify important factors affecting population processes and aid desert fish conservation and restoration efforts. I used dynamic multi-season occupancy models for two analyses (multi-state and multi-species) to evaluate the influence of patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water, average patch depth, patch area), grazing damage, species interactions, population differences, patch connectivity and environmental variation (seasonal precipitation and temperature) on the patch dynamics (colonization, persistence, reproduction) of two desert chub species found in Snake Valley, UT. My results indicate that there was the strongest evidence according to model weights that patch dynamics in this system were influenced by patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water and average patch depth), grazing damage, population differences, biotic interactions, and winter precipitation rather than landscape level features such as connectivity. I observed positive effects of patch percent open water and average patch depth on least chub and Utah chub persistence. I also found that grazing damage increased their persistence at the medium damage level but decreased least chub and Utah chub colonization at the high grazing damage level. Least chub and Utah chub colonization varied between the two populations (study areas) with a higher probability of colonization at Bishop Springs than at Gandy Salt Marsh. In addition, I found some evidence that biotic interactions between least chub and Utah chub may be occurring in this system. Least chub were less likely to colonize patches previously occupied by Utah chub but surprisingly there was little evidence that these species interactions affected least chub persistence. Least chub reproduction increased with winter precipitation and was higher at Gandy Salt Marsh than Bishop Springs. The use of dynamic occupancy modeling in desert spring wetland complexes may provide a valuable tool for managers tasked with conserving at-risk desert fish species. Title: Patch dynamics of desert fishes in the arid wetlands of western Utah Author: Sáenz, Jessica The conservation of declining desert fish species requires the identification of relations between fish population dynamics and their environments. Dynamic occupancy modeling, an approach that requires less information than traditional mark-recapture studies, may help identify important factors affecting population processes and aid desert fish conservation and restoration efforts. I used dynamic multi-season occupancy models for two analyses (multi-state and multi-species) to evaluate the influence of patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water, average patch depth, patch area), grazing damage, species interactions, population differences, patch connectivity and environmental variation (seasonal precipitation and temperature) on the patch dynamics (colonization, persistence, reproduction) of two desert chub species found in Snake Valley, UT. My results indicate that there was the strongest evidence according to model weights that patch dynamics in this system were influenced by patch-level characteristics (patch percent open water and average patch depth), grazing damage, population differences, biotic interactions, and winter precipitation rather than landscape level features such as connectivity. I observed positive effects of patch percent open water and average patch depth on least chub and Utah chub persistence. I also found that grazing damage increased their persistence at the medium damage level but decreased least chub and Utah chub colonization at the high grazing damage level. Least chub and Utah chub colonization varied between the two populations (study areas) with a higher probability of colonization at Bishop Springs than at Gandy Salt Marsh. In addition, I found some evidence that biotic interactions between least chub and Utah chub may be occurring in this system. Least chub were less likely to colonize patches previously occupied by Utah chub but surprisingly there was little evidence that these species interactions affected least chub persistence. Least chub reproduction increased with winter precipitation and was higher at Gandy Salt Marsh than Bishop Springs. The use of dynamic occupancy modeling in desert spring wetland complexes may provide a valuable tool for managers tasked with conserving at-risk desert fish species. Close

• 22. [Article] Effects of esfenvalerate on native macroinvertebrates representative of Pacific Northwest streams

  Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of esfenvalerate on native macroinvertebrates representative of Pacific Northwest streams Author: Johnson, Katherine R. Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT taxa) are however, extremely sensitive to insecticide contamination. Given that urban and agricultural use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are increasing, there is concern that aquatic contamination by these compounds may pose a risk to aquatic insect species. The overarching hypothesis of this research is that specific aquatic insect life history attributes may increase their susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, through an exacerbation of toxic effects and/or enhancement of exposure. The goals of this work were (a) to determine if egg morphology affects esfenvalerate sensitivity, (b) to ascertain the impact of dietary exposure to esfenvalerate among different functional feeding groups, (c) to determine the effect of esfenvalerate intoxication on larval caddisfly case maintenance, and (d) to establish the effects of late-stage esfenvalerate exposure on emergence. Four different aquatic insect species were utilized during the course of these studies; Cinygmula reticulata McDonough (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae), Hesperoperla pacifica Banks (Plecoptera: Perlidae), and Brachycentrus americanus Banks (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) were used in the majority of the experiments. Baetis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) egg clutches were utilized as a surrogate for the difficult-to-obtain C. reticulata eggs. Esfenvalerate toxicity testing with aquatic insect eggs indicated that 48h esfenvalerate exposures ranging between 0.07 and 0.5 μg/L caused significant Baetis sp egg mortality. Exposure to lower concentrations immediately preceding hatch resulted in behavioral aberrations in first instar mayflies. The gelatinous clutch structure of caddisfly eggs proved to be the most susceptible egg morphology tested, with significant within-clutch mortality occurring following esfenvalerate exposures of 0.035 μg/L. No toxic effect was observed in H. pacifica eggs exposed to up to 1.0 μg/L esfenvalerate. Esfenvalerate-contaminated food caused adverse effects in both C. reticulata and B. americanus insects, but not in H. pacifica nymphs. A significant decrease in growth was observed in small C. reticulata nymphs reared on 0.05 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae, and a decrease in egg production in final-instar nymphs reared on 0.1 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae. Diet items exposed to esfenvalerate concentrations ranging between 0.5 to 1.0 μg/L induced case-abandonment in fourth-instar B. americanus larvae. None of the aquatic insect species differentiated between esfenvalerate-contaminated and clean food sources during feeding. 48h waterborne exposures of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg/L esfenvalerate also caused fourth-instar larvae to abandon cases, and impaired their ability to rebuild these protective structures. Finally, C. reticulata emergence was disrupted by esfenvalerate exposures ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 μg/L, resulting in significant mortality. B. americanus pupal exposures of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 μg/L esfenvalerate significantly reduced successful adult emergence and resulted in decreased egg weight of emerged females. A comparison of life stage esfenvalerate sensitivities of C. reticulata and B. americanus reveals that analogous life stages did not exhibit the same relative susceptibilities, with final-instar nymphs the most sensitive C. reticulata life stage tested, and egg clutches as the most sensitive B. americanus life stage. Title: Effects of esfenvalerate on native macroinvertebrates representative of Pacific Northwest streams Author: Johnson, Katherine R. Aquatic insects are essential components of healthy stream ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and other ecological functions. Aquatic insect species, particularly those in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT taxa) are however, extremely sensitive to insecticide contamination. Given that urban and agricultural use of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are increasing, there is concern that aquatic contamination by these compounds may pose a risk to aquatic insect species. The overarching hypothesis of this research is that specific aquatic insect life history attributes may increase their susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, through an exacerbation of toxic effects and/or enhancement of exposure. The goals of this work were (a) to determine if egg morphology affects esfenvalerate sensitivity, (b) to ascertain the impact of dietary exposure to esfenvalerate among different functional feeding groups, (c) to determine the effect of esfenvalerate intoxication on larval caddisfly case maintenance, and (d) to establish the effects of late-stage esfenvalerate exposure on emergence. Four different aquatic insect species were utilized during the course of these studies; Cinygmula reticulata McDonough (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae), Hesperoperla pacifica Banks (Plecoptera: Perlidae), and Brachycentrus americanus Banks (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) were used in the majority of the experiments. Baetis sp. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) egg clutches were utilized as a surrogate for the difficult-to-obtain C. reticulata eggs. Esfenvalerate toxicity testing with aquatic insect eggs indicated that 48h esfenvalerate exposures ranging between 0.07 and 0.5 μg/L caused significant Baetis sp egg mortality. Exposure to lower concentrations immediately preceding hatch resulted in behavioral aberrations in first instar mayflies. The gelatinous clutch structure of caddisfly eggs proved to be the most susceptible egg morphology tested, with significant within-clutch mortality occurring following esfenvalerate exposures of 0.035 μg/L. No toxic effect was observed in H. pacifica eggs exposed to up to 1.0 μg/L esfenvalerate. Esfenvalerate-contaminated food caused adverse effects in both C. reticulata and B. americanus insects, but not in H. pacifica nymphs. A significant decrease in growth was observed in small C. reticulata nymphs reared on 0.05 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae, and a decrease in egg production in final-instar nymphs reared on 0.1 μg/L esfenvalerate-exposed algae. Diet items exposed to esfenvalerate concentrations ranging between 0.5 to 1.0 μg/L induced case-abandonment in fourth-instar B. americanus larvae. None of the aquatic insect species differentiated between esfenvalerate-contaminated and clean food sources during feeding. 48h waterborne exposures of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg/L esfenvalerate also caused fourth-instar larvae to abandon cases, and impaired their ability to rebuild these protective structures. Finally, C. reticulata emergence was disrupted by esfenvalerate exposures ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 μg/L, resulting in significant mortality. B. americanus pupal exposures of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 μg/L esfenvalerate significantly reduced successful adult emergence and resulted in decreased egg weight of emerged females. A comparison of life stage esfenvalerate sensitivities of C. reticulata and B. americanus reveals that analogous life stages did not exhibit the same relative susceptibilities, with final-instar nymphs the most sensitive C. reticulata life stage tested, and egg clutches as the most sensitive B. americanus life stage. Close

• 23. [Article] Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon.

  Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Author: Cline, Brittany B. Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely recognized that events in different stages of the annual cycle have important implications for processes in avian ecology, evolution, and conservation, challenges associated with quantifying migratory connectivity frequently constrain annual-cycle approaches to the study of avian movement. The majority of cross-seasonal movement studies have been conducted to either (1) establish linkages between geographically distinct wintering, breeding and migratory stopover locations; or (2) assess site fidelity and movement within fractions of the annual cycle (i.e. individual seasons). Far fewer studies employ annual-cycle approaches to investigate how local and regional movement patterns of individuals change seasonally within an area of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Within western Oregon’s Willamette Valley in 2007, I quantified the intra- and inter-seasonal movement patterns, fidelity (regional/local), and migratory strategies of 37 radio-marked Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) to elucidate residency status in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Available evidence indicated the potential for a variety of possible migratory behaviors for this relatively understudied migratory species; results revealed that the group monitored constituted winter residents (74%), winter transients (14%), summer residents (9%), and one year-round resident breeder (3%). Findings indicated a lack of connectivity between populations captured during winter and summer, scant evidence of partial migration (one year-round resident), as well as the first documentation of between-season fidelity of snipe to the region (return of winter resident in subsequent fall). Spring migration chronology of radio-marked winter residents indicated a strong sex differential in timing of migration, with males departing an average of 9.68 days earlier than females (20.11 days including winter transients). In contrast, fall migration patterns were suggestive of inverse chronology (females departing before males). Male-biased winter sex ratios were consistent with observed latitudinal clines for other nonbreeding shorebird populations. The protracted spring migration periods resulted in gradual dispersal consistent with energy minimization migration strategies. Across seasons, the extent of movements and use of multiple wetland sites suggested that snipe were capable of exploratory movements, but more regularly perceived local and fine-scale segments of the landscape as connected. There were no differences in the areal extent of individual home-ranges, number of sites visited, individual mobility, or distances detected from capture sites by individual sex (or interaction of sex × season). However, movements differed significantly by season and residency, with individuals exhibiting contracted movements during late winter, and most expansive movements during precipitation-limited periods (late spring, summer, fall 2007). Mean home-range size was 3.52 ± 0.93 km2 (100% MCP) and 1.57 ± 0.42 km2 (95% fixed kernel), and did not vary by sex; however, home-range varied markedly by season (range 100% MCP = 1.04 – 7.56 km2). Overall results indicated variable fidelity patterns (e.g., prolonged periods of within-season residency, transient behavior, between-season fidelity, partial migration), which were indicative of a complex regional population structure. Wilson’s Snipe demonstrated striking differences in movement patterns, vagility and local site fidelity across seasons in the Willamette Valley, while previous studies of shorebird movement and habitat use in the region focused solely on winter and precipitation-copious periods. Furthermore, by highlighting the seasonal changes in snipe movement metrics, this study provides the first cross-seasonal profile of a shorebird species’ space-use in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Results provide insight on the regional and local fidelity and movement patterns of shorebirds in a spatiotemporally dynamic wetland landscape, across multiple seasons. Furthermore, findings indicate that single-season approaches to wetland management in the region present the risk of mischaracterizing species’ spatial requirements, and highlight the need to consider: (1) cross-seasonal effects, and (2) inter-specific differences in shorebird life histories when developing regional wetland conservation plans. Title: Seasonal movement, residency, and migration patterns of Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) across the annual cycle in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Author: Cline, Brittany B. Studies of avian movement ecology afford essential insights regarding species' life histories, population dynamics, habitat and resource requirements, and other ecological relationships. While it is widely recognized that events in different stages of the annual cycle have important implications for processes in avian ecology, evolution, and conservation, challenges associated with quantifying migratory connectivity frequently constrain annual-cycle approaches to the study of avian movement. The majority of cross-seasonal movement studies have been conducted to either (1) establish linkages between geographically distinct wintering, breeding and migratory stopover locations; or (2) assess site fidelity and movement within fractions of the annual cycle (i.e. individual seasons). Far fewer studies employ annual-cycle approaches to investigate how local and regional movement patterns of individuals change seasonally within an area of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Within western Oregon’s Willamette Valley in 2007, I quantified the intra- and inter-seasonal movement patterns, fidelity (regional/local), and migratory strategies of 37 radio-marked Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) to elucidate residency status in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Available evidence indicated the potential for a variety of possible migratory behaviors for this relatively understudied migratory species; results revealed that the group monitored constituted winter residents (74%), winter transients (14%), summer residents (9%), and one year-round resident breeder (3%). Findings indicated a lack of connectivity between populations captured during winter and summer, scant evidence of partial migration (one year-round resident), as well as the first documentation of between-season fidelity of snipe to the region (return of winter resident in subsequent fall). Spring migration chronology of radio-marked winter residents indicated a strong sex differential in timing of migration, with males departing an average of 9.68 days earlier than females (20.11 days including winter transients). In contrast, fall migration patterns were suggestive of inverse chronology (females departing before males). Male-biased winter sex ratios were consistent with observed latitudinal clines for other nonbreeding shorebird populations. The protracted spring migration periods resulted in gradual dispersal consistent with energy minimization migration strategies. Across seasons, the extent of movements and use of multiple wetland sites suggested that snipe were capable of exploratory movements, but more regularly perceived local and fine-scale segments of the landscape as connected. There were no differences in the areal extent of individual home-ranges, number of sites visited, individual mobility, or distances detected from capture sites by individual sex (or interaction of sex × season). However, movements differed significantly by season and residency, with individuals exhibiting contracted movements during late winter, and most expansive movements during precipitation-limited periods (late spring, summer, fall 2007). Mean home-range size was 3.52 ± 0.93 km2 (100% MCP) and 1.57 ± 0.42 km2 (95% fixed kernel), and did not vary by sex; however, home-range varied markedly by season (range 100% MCP = 1.04 – 7.56 km2). Overall results indicated variable fidelity patterns (e.g., prolonged periods of within-season residency, transient behavior, between-season fidelity, partial migration), which were indicative of a complex regional population structure. Wilson’s Snipe demonstrated striking differences in movement patterns, vagility and local site fidelity across seasons in the Willamette Valley, while previous studies of shorebird movement and habitat use in the region focused solely on winter and precipitation-copious periods. Furthermore, by highlighting the seasonal changes in snipe movement metrics, this study provides the first cross-seasonal profile of a shorebird species’ space-use in a region of breeding and wintering-range overlap. Results provide insight on the regional and local fidelity and movement patterns of shorebirds in a spatiotemporally dynamic wetland landscape, across multiple seasons. Furthermore, findings indicate that single-season approaches to wetland management in the region present the risk of mischaracterizing species’ spatial requirements, and highlight the need to consider: (1) cross-seasonal effects, and (2) inter-specific differences in shorebird life histories when developing regional wetland conservation plans. Close

• 24. [Article] Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids

  Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Title: Continuous monitoring and modeling to assess pesticide exposure in critical habitat for Pacific salmonids Author: Janney, Philip Kenton Pacific Northwest and California freshwater resources are key elements in the life history and ecology of Pacific salmon and steelhead listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Risk to listed Pacific salmonid species can be assessed by evaluating the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of salmonid species at sensitive life stages and pesticide concentrations at levels that may elicit adverse effects. Understanding the potential for the co-occurrence requires knowledge of pesticide use patterns and application methods, pesticide properties that influence environmental fate, as well as landscape/land management, edaphic, and climatic factors that influence off-site movement into surface water. Reported here is the use of a passive sampling device to monitor selected current use pesticides in surface water on a continuous basis. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) were deployed continuously in 5 watersheds within the Pudding River subbasin, critical habitat for the Upper Willamette River Chinook and Steelhead ESUs, between June 2010 and October 2011 in order to characterize the temporal trends in surface water concentrations. PSDs were deployed in off-channel habitats preferred by juvenile salmonids. The majority of the monitoring results were well below EPA aquatic life benchmarks, as well as levels of concern for listed salmonids. Using the EPA ecoregion framework watershed sensitivity to pesticide surface water loading was characterized. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the relationship between land management practices and PSD monitoring data collected in the Zollner Creek watershed. SWAT was evaluated under different parameterization scenarios representing increasing levels of local knowledge of the system in order to evaluate model performance in relation to average daily stream flow. Using spatially distributed precipitation data and incorporating engineered drainage features into model parameterization resulted in a satisfactory fit of average daily stream flow indicating satisfactory characterization of the watershed hydrology. SWAT was then used to simulate the fate of chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, the two most commonly detected pesticides in the PSD monitoring. The pattern of simulated time-weighted average (TWA) pesticide concentrations was similar to measured values. However, simulated pesticide TWA concentrations consistently underestimated measured values. The most likely source of this bias is underrepresented pesticide use practices. Close

• 25. [Article] All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters

  Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Title: All hosts are not created equal : variation in amphibian responses to an emerging fungal pathogen and why it matters Author: Gervasi, Stephanie S. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are a threat to human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. The emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), or amphibian chytrid fungus, is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Bd has been found on every continent where amphibians exist and has been documented to infect hundreds of species. As with other multi-host pathogens, the outcome of infection with Bd appears to vary among individuals, species, and populations. Variation in host responses to infection can lead to changes in the structure and composition of amphibian assemblages and can affect disease dynamics including pathogen persistence or fadeouts in ecological communities. Understanding the feedback between hosts and pathogens requires disentangling the influence of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic factors, yet fundamentally depends on characterizing intrinsic host responses to infection. This thesis broadly examines variation in species-specific susceptibility to the chytrid fungus among amphibians. I have characterized patterns of mortality, quantitative infection load, feeding behavior, and pathogen avoidance behavior of twenty different amphibian species exposed to the fungus or control conditions (Chapter 2). We found a high degree of variation in pathogen-induced responses to chytrid fungus, ranging from zero mortality to 100% mortality after only six days of pathogen exposure. Variation in infection load was also significant at the species level and there was not always a direct relationship between infection load and mortality. Behavior of pathogen exposed animals was significantly different from that of control animals, and reduced feeding behavior of pathogen-exposed animals is likely to be related to the decline in health of pathogen-exposed animals. In Chapter 3, I examined a special case of amphibian susceptibility to chytrid fungus in the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs are widely reported to be a tolerant host and a carrier of Bd that spreads the pathogen to less tolerant hosts. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using an experimental approach. In Chapter 3, co-authors and I tested whether bullfrogs raised from eggs to metamorphosis in outdoor mesocosms were susceptible to two different strains of Bd (one strain isolated from a "non susceptible" species, the American bullfrog; the second strain isolated from a highly susceptible species, the Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas)). Bullfrogs were susceptible to strain JEL 274, and this is the first documented case of susceptibility to chytrid fungus in this species. Bullfrogs were not susceptible to strain JEL 630, indicating variation in virulence among chytrid fungus strains and important context dependency when considering the effect of infection non individuals, species, and populations of amphibians. In Chapter 4, I examined fine- scale variation in responses of three key amphibian hosts, and examine the evidence for tolerance (the ability to maintain health as infection severity increases) or resistance (the ability to reduce pathogen infection load) of larval and post-metamorphic animals to Bd. I saw pronounced variation in responses to chytrid fungus among species, between life history stages, over time, and found that responses to the fungal inoculate were not dose dependent in two out of the three species examined. In the final data chapter, Chapter 5, I investigated immunological responses that underlie variation in species-specific responses to Bd. I looked at temporal patterns of functional immune responses during a time-course of early and later stage exposure to Bd, spanning 24 hours after experimental inoculation to 15 days post-inoculation. I uncovered patterns in immune responses that were distinctly associated with susceptibility and temporal patterns in infection load associated with susceptibility and immune response. This thesis provides critical information about variation in host responses to a conservation relevant pathogen. Differences in how host hosts acquire, transmit, and persist with infection have important implications for spatiotemporal disease dynamics. Further, understanding host sensitivity to infection allows for predictive risk management of imperiled species. Close

• 26. [Article] Bycatch Risk Pools for the US West Coast Groundfish Fishery

  Abstract only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bycatch Risk Pools for the US West Coast Groundfish Fishery Author: Jannot, Jason, Holland, Daniel Abstract only Title: Bycatch Risk Pools for the US West Coast Groundfish Fishery Author: Jannot, Jason, Holland, Daniel Abstract only Close

• 27. [Article] Habitat quality and assessing risks to avian biodiversity

  Models that assess the risk to biodiversity from landscape change can help communities prioritize planning decisions. Accurate representation of the ecology and life history traits of species is necessary. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat quality and assessing risks to avian biodiversity Author: Barczak, Mary J. Models that assess the risk to biodiversity from landscape change can help communities prioritize planning decisions. Accurate representation of the ecology and life history traits of species is necessary. This study introduces the use of habitat quality in a biodiversity risk model to determine the significance of habitat quality when predicting risks to biodiversity due to landscape change. The difference between residential and forest habitats in terms of habitat quality for breeding birds was used to test the significance of habitat quality to the risk model. Relative habitat quality was estimated from population densities for 62 bird species associated with both forest and residential habitats. The effect of habitat quality was tested using two possible future landscapes: Buildout and Spine. Predicted risk for the 62 bird species due to landscape change increased by 74% in the Buildout Landscape and 31% in the Spine Landscape when habitat quality was considered. The life history traits of species most at risk were compared to the traits of species that benefited from the landscape change. Life history traits considered included foraging strategy, nest type and placement, migratory status, and area sensitivity. Species at high risk included ground nesters, foliage and tree trunk gleaners, neotropical migrants, and area sensitive species. Title: Habitat quality and assessing risks to avian biodiversity Author: Barczak, Mary J. Models that assess the risk to biodiversity from landscape change can help communities prioritize planning decisions. Accurate representation of the ecology and life history traits of species is necessary. This study introduces the use of habitat quality in a biodiversity risk model to determine the significance of habitat quality when predicting risks to biodiversity due to landscape change. The difference between residential and forest habitats in terms of habitat quality for breeding birds was used to test the significance of habitat quality to the risk model. Relative habitat quality was estimated from population densities for 62 bird species associated with both forest and residential habitats. The effect of habitat quality was tested using two possible future landscapes: Buildout and Spine. Predicted risk for the 62 bird species due to landscape change increased by 74% in the Buildout Landscape and 31% in the Spine Landscape when habitat quality was considered. The life history traits of species most at risk were compared to the traits of species that benefited from the landscape change. Life history traits considered included foraging strategy, nest type and placement, migratory status, and area sensitivity. Species at high risk included ground nesters, foliage and tree trunk gleaners, neotropical migrants, and area sensitive species. Close

• 28. [Article] Evolving Bycatch Risk in the Pacific Groundfish Trawl IFQ

  Catches of several potential choke species in the Pacific groundfish IFQ are highly uncertain and tend to be concentrated while quota is broadly distributed. An analysis prior to implementation of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evolving Bycatch Risk in the Pacific Groundfish Trawl IFQ Author: Holland, Dan Catches of several potential choke species in the Pacific groundfish IFQ are highly uncertain and tend to be concentrated while quota is broadly distributed. An analysis prior to implementation of the IFQ suggested substantial risk of individual vessels accidentally exceeding quota allocations for several rockfish species and Pacific halibut. Many fishermen lacked confidence that they would be able to acquire quota on the market to cover incidental catch and consequently joined risk pools to mitigate this risk. I update the analysis of bycatch risk using tow level catch data since implementation of the IFQ. The analysis indicates that expected catch rates of most choke species have declined suggesting more effective bycatch avoidance behavior. However, there remains a significant risk that vessels’ catch of some choke species can be several times median quota allocations, in part because many vessels have increased catch and effort by leasing quota pounds, but quota share ownership has remained distributed. The results underscore the importance of an efficient quota market to redistribute quota to match realized catches, but a recent analysis suggests that the quota market is not distributing quota effectively and is subject to high transactions costs.  This provides and explanation for the persistence of risk pools despite the fact that aggregate catches of overfished rockfish species and Pacific halibut have remained well below total quotas.   Title: Evolving Bycatch Risk in the Pacific Groundfish Trawl IFQ Author: Holland, Dan Catches of several potential choke species in the Pacific groundfish IFQ are highly uncertain and tend to be concentrated while quota is broadly distributed. An analysis prior to implementation of the IFQ suggested substantial risk of individual vessels accidentally exceeding quota allocations for several rockfish species and Pacific halibut. Many fishermen lacked confidence that they would be able to acquire quota on the market to cover incidental catch and consequently joined risk pools to mitigate this risk. I update the analysis of bycatch risk using tow level catch data since implementation of the IFQ. The analysis indicates that expected catch rates of most choke species have declined suggesting more effective bycatch avoidance behavior. However, there remains a significant risk that vessels’ catch of some choke species can be several times median quota allocations, in part because many vessels have increased catch and effort by leasing quota pounds, but quota share ownership has remained distributed. The results underscore the importance of an efficient quota market to redistribute quota to match realized catches, but a recent analysis suggests that the quota market is not distributing quota effectively and is subject to high transactions costs.  This provides and explanation for the persistence of risk pools despite the fact that aggregate catches of overfished rockfish species and Pacific halibut have remained well below total quotas.   Close

• 29. [Article] Balancing Efficiency and Risk with Flexible Catch Balancing Policies

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Balancing Efficiency and Risk with Flexible Catch Balancing Policies Author: Herrera, Guillermo E., Holland, Dan Research Paper Title: Balancing Efficiency and Risk with Flexible Catch Balancing Policies Author: Herrera, Guillermo E., Holland, Dan Research Paper Close

• 30. [Article] Divergent anti-predator strategies and risk allocation in juveniles of three North Pacific flatfishes

  Frequent or lengthy predation risk can cause one of two modifications of prey feeding behavior: 1) postponement of feeding to less risky periods, or 2) resumption of feeding behavior despite persistent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Divergent anti-predator strategies and risk allocation in juveniles of three North Pacific flatfishes Author: Boersma, Kate S. Frequent or lengthy predation risk can cause one of two modifications of prey feeding behavior: 1) postponement of feeding to less risky periods, or 2) resumption of feeding behavior despite persistent risk. North Pacific flatfishes exhibit both of these responses when confronted with temporal variation in risk, and this experimental series demonstrates that the particular response reflects species-specific behavioral strategies. Two laboratory experiments were conducted with juvenile English sole (Parophrys vetulus), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), which inhabit the same nurseries in Alaska as juveniles but have been shown to exhibit different levels of risk aversion. One experiment explored the effects of variation in risk exposure frequency on the tradeoff between feeding and anti-predator behaviors. A second experiment examined temporal allocation of feeding across three light levels to determine if fish responded to risk differently in environments simulating dusk. Both experiments revealed significant effects of behavioral strategy on responses to temporal patterns of risk. English sole fully recovered feeding behaviors with increasing frequency of predator encounters and did not modify their risk response as light level decreased. Rock sole did not resume feeding behavior as risk frequency increased, however they relaxed anti-predator behavior under low light conditions. Halibut demonstrated intermediate responses, exhibiting limited recovery of feeding with increasing risk frequency, and they modified their risk response in a low light environment. These trends suggest that divergent behavioral strategies not only affect how organisms respond to risk in the short term but also impact how temporal variation in risk is incorporated into the behavioral decision-making process. Title: Divergent anti-predator strategies and risk allocation in juveniles of three North Pacific flatfishes Author: Boersma, Kate S. Frequent or lengthy predation risk can cause one of two modifications of prey feeding behavior: 1) postponement of feeding to less risky periods, or 2) resumption of feeding behavior despite persistent risk. North Pacific flatfishes exhibit both of these responses when confronted with temporal variation in risk, and this experimental series demonstrates that the particular response reflects species-specific behavioral strategies. Two laboratory experiments were conducted with juvenile English sole (Parophrys vetulus), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), which inhabit the same nurseries in Alaska as juveniles but have been shown to exhibit different levels of risk aversion. One experiment explored the effects of variation in risk exposure frequency on the tradeoff between feeding and anti-predator behaviors. A second experiment examined temporal allocation of feeding across three light levels to determine if fish responded to risk differently in environments simulating dusk. Both experiments revealed significant effects of behavioral strategy on responses to temporal patterns of risk. English sole fully recovered feeding behaviors with increasing frequency of predator encounters and did not modify their risk response as light level decreased. Rock sole did not resume feeding behavior as risk frequency increased, however they relaxed anti-predator behavior under low light conditions. Halibut demonstrated intermediate responses, exhibiting limited recovery of feeding with increasing risk frequency, and they modified their risk response in a low light environment. These trends suggest that divergent behavioral strategies not only affect how organisms respond to risk in the short term but also impact how temporal variation in risk is incorporated into the behavioral decision-making process. Close

• 31. [Article] Fishing location choices in Oregon trawl fisheries : are fishermen risk-averse or risk-prone?

  Despite the fact that fishing is an inherently uncertain business, risk has rarely been formally recognized in fisheries science or management. Few fishery management plans include any form of risk assessment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishing location choices in Oregon trawl fisheries : are fishermen risk-averse or risk-prone? Author: Trisak, Jiraporn Despite the fact that fishing is an inherently uncertain business, risk has rarely been formally recognized in fisheries science or management. Few fishery management plans include any form of risk assessment and those that do focus on minimizing risk caused by uncertainty associated with markets and environmental conditions. Fishermen's attitudes towards risk, whether they are risk-neutral, risk-averse, or risk-prone, have rarely been considered. Although fishermen's attitudes towards risk have been shown in theory to have an impact on fish populations, none of the previous investigations precisely identified whether fishermen are risk-neutral, risk-averse, or risk-prone. This research attempted to identify fishermen's attitudes towards risk from an analysis of their decisions about where to fish. The research applied risk-sensitive foraging theory to an analysis of data from the Oregon trawl fishery for 1991. The data were provided by the Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. One file contained tow-by-tow information for each fishing trip on landings by species, time spent fishing, type of gear, and fishing locations. A corresponding file contained trip-by-trip information on landings and price by species. The two data files were screened for inconsistencies and then classified into small homogeneous categories based on port, fishing gear, fishing area, and boat size. Various variance-discounting models were fitted to each category to determine fishermen's attitudes toward risk. The models describe the expected utility of fishing at a given distance from port as a linear function of the mean, variance, and third moment of the dollar value per hour of the retained catch. The unknown parameters were estimated from the data using logistic regression techniques. The results of the analysis indicated that in two of fifteen categories the fishermen were risk-averse, and in four categories they were risk-neutral. However, for the remaining nine categories the results were inconclusive and in some cases the fishermen's choice of fishing locations appeared illogical. Instead of preferring fishing grounds that generated higher profits, it appeared that fishermen actively avoided such grounds. The inconclusive and sometimes illogical results may have been due to inappropriate assumptions about the data and about the factors motivating fishermen's decisions. Additionally, there might have been some factors that could have affected the analysis which this research overlooked. For example, this research only accounted for monetary rewards, but fishermen may have preferences other than revenues and costs that influence their choice of fishing grounds. Title: Fishing location choices in Oregon trawl fisheries : are fishermen risk-averse or risk-prone? Author: Trisak, Jiraporn Despite the fact that fishing is an inherently uncertain business, risk has rarely been formally recognized in fisheries science or management. Few fishery management plans include any form of risk assessment and those that do focus on minimizing risk caused by uncertainty associated with markets and environmental conditions. Fishermen's attitudes towards risk, whether they are risk-neutral, risk-averse, or risk-prone, have rarely been considered. Although fishermen's attitudes towards risk have been shown in theory to have an impact on fish populations, none of the previous investigations precisely identified whether fishermen are risk-neutral, risk-averse, or risk-prone. This research attempted to identify fishermen's attitudes towards risk from an analysis of their decisions about where to fish. The research applied risk-sensitive foraging theory to an analysis of data from the Oregon trawl fishery for 1991. The data were provided by the Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. One file contained tow-by-tow information for each fishing trip on landings by species, time spent fishing, type of gear, and fishing locations. A corresponding file contained trip-by-trip information on landings and price by species. The two data files were screened for inconsistencies and then classified into small homogeneous categories based on port, fishing gear, fishing area, and boat size. Various variance-discounting models were fitted to each category to determine fishermen's attitudes toward risk. The models describe the expected utility of fishing at a given distance from port as a linear function of the mean, variance, and third moment of the dollar value per hour of the retained catch. The unknown parameters were estimated from the data using logistic regression techniques. The results of the analysis indicated that in two of fifteen categories the fishermen were risk-averse, and in four categories they were risk-neutral. However, for the remaining nine categories the results were inconclusive and in some cases the fishermen's choice of fishing locations appeared illogical. Instead of preferring fishing grounds that generated higher profits, it appeared that fishermen actively avoided such grounds. The inconclusive and sometimes illogical results may have been due to inappropriate assumptions about the data and about the factors motivating fishermen's decisions. Additionally, there might have been some factors that could have affected the analysis which this research overlooked. For example, this research only accounted for monetary rewards, but fishermen may have preferences other than revenues and costs that influence their choice of fishing grounds. Close

• 32. [Article] Risk Assessment of the Mediterranean Seabass and Seabream industry in Greece: A Stochastic Simulation Approach Based on insurance Claims

  The Mediterranean finfish aquaculture is strongly represented from the successful industrial development of the mass production of the Mediterranean seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Spaurus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk Assessment of the Mediterranean Seabass and Seabream industry in Greece: A Stochastic Simulation Approach Based on insurance Claims Author: Tzovenis, Ioannis, Sorgeloos, Patrick, Viaene, Jacques, Theodorou, John A., Kotsonis, Antonios The Mediterranean finfish aquaculture is strongly represented from the successful industrial development of the mass production of the Mediterranean seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Spaurus aurata), with Greece as the major producer country, contributing with approximately 57% of the global farmed production of both species. Despite the difficulty to obtain information from the private and public sector about the aquaculture insurance claims, the analysis of insurance data is necessary to develop a risk management strategy of the industry. The aim of the present work is to identify the major risks affecting the seabass/seabream aquaculture by examining qualitative and quantitative insurance claims from the early developmental stage (mid-80s) up to the maturation of the Greek sector (2000). A risk assessment based on scenario quantification and Monte Carlo Simulation with the ZHA WORKS 4.2 QUANT software is used to reveal percentile statistics of 1 Year/Worst out of x Years aggregate loss and thus to "harden" the basis for decision taking. The use of the past insurance experience provides forecasting trends for risk avoidance in the future and contributes to a strategy development for the sustainability of the sector. Title: Risk Assessment of the Mediterranean Seabass and Seabream industry in Greece: A Stochastic Simulation Approach Based on insurance Claims Author: Tzovenis, Ioannis, Sorgeloos, Patrick, Viaene, Jacques, Theodorou, John A., Kotsonis, Antonios The Mediterranean finfish aquaculture is strongly represented from the successful industrial development of the mass production of the Mediterranean seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and seabream (Spaurus aurata), with Greece as the major producer country, contributing with approximately 57% of the global farmed production of both species. Despite the difficulty to obtain information from the private and public sector about the aquaculture insurance claims, the analysis of insurance data is necessary to develop a risk management strategy of the industry. The aim of the present work is to identify the major risks affecting the seabass/seabream aquaculture by examining qualitative and quantitative insurance claims from the early developmental stage (mid-80s) up to the maturation of the Greek sector (2000). A risk assessment based on scenario quantification and Monte Carlo Simulation with the ZHA WORKS 4.2 QUANT software is used to reveal percentile statistics of 1 Year/Worst out of x Years aggregate loss and thus to "harden" the basis for decision taking. The use of the past insurance experience provides forecasting trends for risk avoidance in the future and contributes to a strategy development for the sustainability of the sector. Close

• 33. [Article] Risk of Exposure to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Increases with the Density of Northern Cardinals

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk of Exposure to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Increases with the Density of Northern Cardinals Author: Vander Kelen, Patrick, McClure, Christopher J. W., Lusk, John, Stark, Lillian M., Hill, Geoffrey E., Armstrong, Keith, Hunt, Brenda, Hernandez, Jose, Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D., Hoover, Victor, Jinright, Joseph, Unnasch, Thomas R., Sickerman, Stephen, Estep, Laura K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Title: Risk of Exposure to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Increases with the Density of Northern Cardinals Author: Vander Kelen, Patrick, McClure, Christopher J. W., Lusk, John, Stark, Lillian M., Hill, Geoffrey E., Armstrong, Keith, Hunt, Brenda, Hernandez, Jose, Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D., Hoover, Victor, Jinright, Joseph, Unnasch, Thomas R., Sickerman, Stephen, Estep, Laura K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Public Library of Science and can be found at: http://www.plos.org/. Close

• 34. [Article] Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems?

  We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems? Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to examine the cascading effects of carnivore–herbivore interactions on woody browse species, as well as ecological responses involving riparian functions, beaver (Castor canadensis) populations, and general food webs. Our results indicate that predation risk may have profound effects on the structure of ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity. Our conclusions are based on theory involving trophic cascades, predation risk, and optimal foraging; on the research literature; and on our own recent studies in Yellowstone National Park. Additional research is needed to understand how the lethal effects of predation interact with its nonlethal effects to structure ecosystems. Title: Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation Risk Structure Ecosystems? Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. We investigated how large carnivores, herbivores, and plants may be linked to the maintenance of native species biodiversity through trophic cascades. The extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) from Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1920s and their reintroduction in 1995 provided the opportunity to examine the cascading effects of carnivore–herbivore interactions on woody browse species, as well as ecological responses involving riparian functions, beaver (Castor canadensis) populations, and general food webs. Our results indicate that predation risk may have profound effects on the structure of ecosystems and is an important constituent of native biodiversity. Our conclusions are based on theory involving trophic cascades, predation risk, and optimal foraging; on the research literature; and on our own recent studies in Yellowstone National Park. Additional research is needed to understand how the lethal effects of predation interact with its nonlethal effects to structure ecosystems. Close

• 35. [Article] A Quantitative Approach to Determine Cardiovascular and Neurodevelopment Risks and Benfits from Methylmercury and Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Fish Consumed in  the Columbia River Basin

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Quantitative Approach to Determine Cardiovascular and Neurodevelopment Risks and Benfits from Methylmercury and Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Fish Consumed in  the Columbia River Basin Author: Kile, Molly, Cusack, Leanne, Harper, Barbara, Harding, Anna, Stone, Dave Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: A Quantitative Approach to Determine Cardiovascular and Neurodevelopment Risks and Benfits from Methylmercury and Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Fish Consumed in  the Columbia River Basin Author: Kile, Molly, Cusack, Leanne, Harper, Barbara, Harding, Anna, Stone, Dave Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 36. [Article] Is Risk on Fishing Quotas Homogeneously Distributed among EU Member-States?

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is Risk on Fishing Quotas Homogeneously Distributed among EU Member-States? Author: Lopetegui, Itsaso, del Valle, Ikerne Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Is Risk on Fishing Quotas Homogeneously Distributed among EU Member-States? Author: Lopetegui, Itsaso, del Valle, Ikerne Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 37. [Article] Production Risk, Inefficiency, and Sustainability of Pangas Fish Farming: Lessons from the Bangladesh Aquaculture Sector

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production Risk, Inefficiency, and Sustainability of Pangas Fish Farming: Lessons from the Bangladesh Aquaculture Sector Author: Begum, Ratna, Nielsen, Rasmus, Akhtaruzzaman, Khan Md. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Production Risk, Inefficiency, and Sustainability of Pangas Fish Farming: Lessons from the Bangladesh Aquaculture Sector Author: Begum, Ratna, Nielsen, Rasmus, Akhtaruzzaman, Khan Md. Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 38. [Article] Species Diversification in Aquaculture: a Global Assessment

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Species Diversification in Aquaculture: a Global Assessment Author: Zhou, Xiaowei, Yan, Xue, Cai, Junning Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Species Diversification in Aquaculture: a Global Assessment Author: Zhou, Xiaowei, Yan, Xue, Cai, Junning Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 39. [Article] Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/jo...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission Author: Han, Barbara A., Storfer, Andrew, Blaustein, Andrew R., Searle, Catherine L., Kerby, Jacob L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Title: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission Author: Han, Barbara A., Storfer, Andrew, Blaustein, Andrew R., Searle, Catherine L., Kerby, Jacob L. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The published article can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292045-7758 Close

• 40. [Article] Evaluating the public health risks of methylmercury exposure and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption

  Although fish are a nutritious food source, they also are the main source of methylmercury exposure in U.S. populations. This research examined the risks from methylmercury and benefits from omega-3 fatty ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the public health risks of methylmercury exposure and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption Author: Cusack, Leanne K. Although fish are a nutritious food source, they also are the main source of methylmercury exposure in U.S. populations. This research examined the risks from methylmercury and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption. The first study provided the first region-specific quantitative risk/benefit analysis for nine commonly consumed freshwater fish species in the Columbia River Basin; which is home to many Native American Tribes and subsistence fishermen who consume large quantities of locally caught fish. (Donatuto and Harper 2008; Harper and Harris 2008)(Donatuto and Harper 2008; Harper and Harris 2008) My results showed that mountain whitefish and rainbow trout provided a net benefit for cardiovascular risk and improved infant visual response memory scores across all consumption rates in all subregions in which they were sampled. The second study examined the associations between region of residence, demographic characteristics and total blood mercury concentrations in a nationally representative sample of women of childbearing age, using the 1999-2010 NHANES database. Women who live in the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions have the highest, and women in the Midwest have the lowest, methymercury concentrations in their blood. The third study analyzed intra-and inter-specific variability in selenium: mercury molar ratios in ten species of freshwater fish from the Columbia River Basin to determine the potential application for fish consumption guidelines. Variability in selenium:mercury molar ratios was high within the fish species regardless of fish size. This variability within fish species warrants caution in using selenium:mercury ratios in risk assessment calculations. Overall, this research demonstrates the complexities involved in crafting guidelines that consider both the risks and benefits of fish consumption. Title: Evaluating the public health risks of methylmercury exposure and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption Author: Cusack, Leanne K. Although fish are a nutritious food source, they also are the main source of methylmercury exposure in U.S. populations. This research examined the risks from methylmercury and benefits from omega-3 fatty acids and selenium from fish consumption. The first study provided the first region-specific quantitative risk/benefit analysis for nine commonly consumed freshwater fish species in the Columbia River Basin; which is home to many Native American Tribes and subsistence fishermen who consume large quantities of locally caught fish. (Donatuto and Harper 2008; Harper and Harris 2008)(Donatuto and Harper 2008; Harper and Harris 2008) My results showed that mountain whitefish and rainbow trout provided a net benefit for cardiovascular risk and improved infant visual response memory scores across all consumption rates in all subregions in which they were sampled. The second study examined the associations between region of residence, demographic characteristics and total blood mercury concentrations in a nationally representative sample of women of childbearing age, using the 1999-2010 NHANES database. Women who live in the Atlantic and Pacific coastal regions have the highest, and women in the Midwest have the lowest, methymercury concentrations in their blood. The third study analyzed intra-and inter-specific variability in selenium: mercury molar ratios in ten species of freshwater fish from the Columbia River Basin to determine the potential application for fish consumption guidelines. Variability in selenium:mercury molar ratios was high within the fish species regardless of fish size. This variability within fish species warrants caution in using selenium:mercury ratios in risk assessment calculations. Overall, this research demonstrates the complexities involved in crafting guidelines that consider both the risks and benefits of fish consumption. Close

• 41. [Article] Cost-efficient management of aquatic invasive species : application to New Zealand mudsnails in the Pacific Northwest

  By affecting the ecological, pecuniary and aesthetic productivity of ecosystems, invasive species (IS) increase production and management costs to business, while straining public agencies' budgets with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cost-efficient management of aquatic invasive species : application to New Zealand mudsnails in the Pacific Northwest Author: Lim, Youngah By affecting the ecological, pecuniary and aesthetic productivity of ecosystems, invasive species (IS) increase production and management costs to business, while straining public agencies' budgets with monitoring, enforcement and management efforts. Understanding invasion pathways or vectors, and identifying costs and benefits of alternative management strategies are critical to public and private decision making in agriculture, natural resource and recreation industries. This study develops an integrated spatial framework to measure IS risk and cost-efficiency of alternative IS management strategies. For a given spatial unit, the framework weighs expected damages, based on measured IS risk, against the cost of alternative management strategies, i.e. spatial cost minimization. The study then applied the spatial cost minimization framework to the case of New Zealand mudsnails, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, (NZMS) in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) using data from a variety of sources. The first stage of the integrated framework is the measurement of NZMS establishment risk, which is estimated as a combination of anthropogenic introduction risk and habitat suitability risk. Since recreational boats are a main vector to disperse NZMS, the normalized boat flows in the PNW states—Idaho, Oregon, and Washington—are used as a proxy for the anthropogenic introduction risk. An environmental niche model then revealed the relationship between environmental features and NZMS presence, i.e. habitat suitability risk. Results suggest that distance, area size, water body concentration, and accessibility are major determinants of PNW recreational boat flows. Environmental characteristics such as elevation, geologic features, precipitation in January, March, and September, as well as the minimum temperature of June, July, and August, and the maximum temperature of June, August, and October are important determinants of PNW's habitat suitability for NZMS. Potential damages arising from NZMS include anglers' utility loss, which is caused by aquatic habitat degradation due to NZMS invasion, and biofouling influence on hydroelectricity plants, drinking water treatment plants, and boats. Because NZMS economic damages and related management cost are not yet fully identified in the literature, damages and management cost of zebra mussels serve as proxies for those of NZMS. Expected damages are then derived as the product of NZMS establishment risk from the first stage and potential damages noted above. Statewide management cost information is compiled from a phone survey of PNW invasive species field managers. Statewide and local management strategies are prevention, early detection and rapid response and its follow-up (EDRR plus) and ex-post management without EDRR. Local strategies additionally include boater decontamination and fish hatchery prevention efforts. Finally, the spatial cost minimization problem evaluates expected damages against the cost of each alternative management strategy (statewide and local). Solutions to this minimization problem, i.e. cost-efficient strategies, are derived for individual spatial units in each of the three PNW states. Reflecting uncertainty in the relationship between NZMS impacts and management, the spatial cost minimization is solved under different scenarios: unconstrained, NZMS damages are a fraction of those of zebra mussels, variation in the effectiveness of statewide and local management strategies, a budget constraint, and targeted NZMS risk level constraint. Results show that statewide prevention, local boater decontamination and fish hatchery prevention are the cost-efficient strategies for managing NZMS in the Pacific Northwest in most cases. Title: Cost-efficient management of aquatic invasive species : application to New Zealand mudsnails in the Pacific Northwest Author: Lim, Youngah By affecting the ecological, pecuniary and aesthetic productivity of ecosystems, invasive species (IS) increase production and management costs to business, while straining public agencies' budgets with monitoring, enforcement and management efforts. Understanding invasion pathways or vectors, and identifying costs and benefits of alternative management strategies are critical to public and private decision making in agriculture, natural resource and recreation industries. This study develops an integrated spatial framework to measure IS risk and cost-efficiency of alternative IS management strategies. For a given spatial unit, the framework weighs expected damages, based on measured IS risk, against the cost of alternative management strategies, i.e. spatial cost minimization. The study then applied the spatial cost minimization framework to the case of New Zealand mudsnails, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, (NZMS) in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) using data from a variety of sources. The first stage of the integrated framework is the measurement of NZMS establishment risk, which is estimated as a combination of anthropogenic introduction risk and habitat suitability risk. Since recreational boats are a main vector to disperse NZMS, the normalized boat flows in the PNW states—Idaho, Oregon, and Washington—are used as a proxy for the anthropogenic introduction risk. An environmental niche model then revealed the relationship between environmental features and NZMS presence, i.e. habitat suitability risk. Results suggest that distance, area size, water body concentration, and accessibility are major determinants of PNW recreational boat flows. Environmental characteristics such as elevation, geologic features, precipitation in January, March, and September, as well as the minimum temperature of June, July, and August, and the maximum temperature of June, August, and October are important determinants of PNW's habitat suitability for NZMS. Potential damages arising from NZMS include anglers' utility loss, which is caused by aquatic habitat degradation due to NZMS invasion, and biofouling influence on hydroelectricity plants, drinking water treatment plants, and boats. Because NZMS economic damages and related management cost are not yet fully identified in the literature, damages and management cost of zebra mussels serve as proxies for those of NZMS. Expected damages are then derived as the product of NZMS establishment risk from the first stage and potential damages noted above. Statewide management cost information is compiled from a phone survey of PNW invasive species field managers. Statewide and local management strategies are prevention, early detection and rapid response and its follow-up (EDRR plus) and ex-post management without EDRR. Local strategies additionally include boater decontamination and fish hatchery prevention efforts. Finally, the spatial cost minimization problem evaluates expected damages against the cost of each alternative management strategy (statewide and local). Solutions to this minimization problem, i.e. cost-efficient strategies, are derived for individual spatial units in each of the three PNW states. Reflecting uncertainty in the relationship between NZMS impacts and management, the spatial cost minimization is solved under different scenarios: unconstrained, NZMS damages are a fraction of those of zebra mussels, variation in the effectiveness of statewide and local management strategies, a budget constraint, and targeted NZMS risk level constraint. Results show that statewide prevention, local boater decontamination and fish hatchery prevention are the cost-efficient strategies for managing NZMS in the Pacific Northwest in most cases. Close

• 42. [Article] Improving ecological risk assessment of pesticides for nontarget terrestrial vertebrates

  The Quotient Method (QM) is used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in ecological risk assessments of pesticides for nontarget organisms. The QM requires several assumptions regarding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving ecological risk assessment of pesticides for nontarget terrestrial vertebrates Author: Wang, Guiming The Quotient Method (QM) is used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in ecological risk assessments of pesticides for nontarget organisms. The QM requires several assumptions regarding exposure and hazards of pesticides to wildlife; several of these assumptions have not been tested. During 1997-99, I conducted three experiments using the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) as a model species to test three assumptions of the QM. The experiments were conducted in 24 0.2-ha fenced vole-proof enclosures. In Experiment 1, I tracked voles using radio-telemetry and found that animals did not move from contaminated to uncontaminated habitat to avoid exposure to a pesticide, thus supporting one assumption of the QM. In Experiment 2, I studied demographic responses of gray-tailed voles and northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to liquid and granular formulations of diazinon. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that quail were more susceptible to granular diazinon than to liquid diazinon because of direct consumption of diazinon granules. Neither formulation of diazinon at 0.55 or 1.55 kg AI/ha adversely affected vole demography. In Experiment 3, I used sprinklers to simulate a 0.25-cm rainfall to test the assumption that the expected environmental concentration (EEC) of a pesticide is estimated immediately after application, and that rainfall does not modify the risk of pesticides to animals. The 0.25-cm rainfall may have reduced the risk of voles to Guthion® 2S either by improving the dry season habitat or by washing more pesticide residues down to the soil and reducing exposure of the animals. This experiment did not support the assumption of the QM that weather would not affect the EEC of pesticides. Last, I used a Ricker model incorporating demographic stochasticity to simulate the 1998 and 1999 vole populations and a single pesticide application at different population sizes. The simulations demonstrate that demographic stochasticity could cause uncertainties in predictions of significant effects of pesticide on voles, especially for small populations. These simulations suggest that ecological risk assessments of pesticides to nontarget wildlife should consider demographic characteristics of wildlife species to minimize the uncertainty of predictions. Title: Improving ecological risk assessment of pesticides for nontarget terrestrial vertebrates Author: Wang, Guiming The Quotient Method (QM) is used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in ecological risk assessments of pesticides for nontarget organisms. The QM requires several assumptions regarding exposure and hazards of pesticides to wildlife; several of these assumptions have not been tested. During 1997-99, I conducted three experiments using the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) as a model species to test three assumptions of the QM. The experiments were conducted in 24 0.2-ha fenced vole-proof enclosures. In Experiment 1, I tracked voles using radio-telemetry and found that animals did not move from contaminated to uncontaminated habitat to avoid exposure to a pesticide, thus supporting one assumption of the QM. In Experiment 2, I studied demographic responses of gray-tailed voles and northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) to liquid and granular formulations of diazinon. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that quail were more susceptible to granular diazinon than to liquid diazinon because of direct consumption of diazinon granules. Neither formulation of diazinon at 0.55 or 1.55 kg AI/ha adversely affected vole demography. In Experiment 3, I used sprinklers to simulate a 0.25-cm rainfall to test the assumption that the expected environmental concentration (EEC) of a pesticide is estimated immediately after application, and that rainfall does not modify the risk of pesticides to animals. The 0.25-cm rainfall may have reduced the risk of voles to Guthion® 2S either by improving the dry season habitat or by washing more pesticide residues down to the soil and reducing exposure of the animals. This experiment did not support the assumption of the QM that weather would not affect the EEC of pesticides. Last, I used a Ricker model incorporating demographic stochasticity to simulate the 1998 and 1999 vole populations and a single pesticide application at different population sizes. The simulations demonstrate that demographic stochasticity could cause uncertainties in predictions of significant effects of pesticide on voles, especially for small populations. These simulations suggest that ecological risk assessments of pesticides to nontarget wildlife should consider demographic characteristics of wildlife species to minimize the uncertainty of predictions. Close

• 43. [Article] Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA

  A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Zielinski, Christopher A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since 1996. The PRB complex, starting at river kilometer (Rkm) 103, blocks the further upstream migration of anadromous salmonids into upper river basin waters. Part of the process for evaluating the passage plan was the development of a Fish Health Management Program. The program is, in part, designed to minimize and communicate the magnitude of risk associated with passing serious fish pathogens upstream of the PRB until evaluation of the fish passage effort confirms that the reestablishment of anadromous fish species can be successful. With the goal of minimizing the risk of passing serious fish pathogens along with evaluating the magnitude of risk, several potential pathogens of concern were identified. At the forefront of concern is the fish pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis which is responsible for whirling disease in salmonids. Annual, or at least periodic, introduction of M. cerebralis into the lower DRB has occurred since at least 1984 as a result of infected stray adult salmonids spawning and dying there. These are primarily hatchery summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and to a lesser extent spring Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), from the Snake River system. Because of its' potential to cause significant mortality, the risk associated with M. cerebralis establishment in the DRB needed to be addressed. The risk of the parasite being transmitted and established upstream of the PRB with the renewal of fish passage at the PRB, and the potential for M. cerebralis to affect survival of reintroduced anadromous fish species required investigation. To evaluate these potential risks, we conducted multi-year studies (1998-2007) that informed a risk-assessment model. Tailored specifically for M. cerebralis, this model was used to identify key characteristics that will influence pathways of M. cerebralis introduction, the potential for establishment, and the consequences of establishment. The three steps involved in the risk assessment model are the release, exposure and consequence assessments. Using this model we evaluated the probability of introduction and establishment of M. cerebralis in the lower Deschutes River Basin (DRB) as well as in waters above the PRB with future passage of anadromous fish. The current study gives evidence that M. cerebralis is established in the lower DRB. The current study also gives evidence not all areas of the DRB can be classified as having the same likelihood for establishment and the potential impact the parasite poses will not be identical from one location to another. It is clear, however, that M. cerebralis could become established above the PRB if infected fish carry the myxospore into these waters. Title: Risk assessment : introduction and establishment of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Zielinski, Christopher A plan for the reestablishment of anadromous salmonid stocks into waters above the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project (PRB) located on the Deschutes River, Oregon has been under development since 1996. The PRB complex, starting at river kilometer (Rkm) 103, blocks the further upstream migration of anadromous salmonids into upper river basin waters. Part of the process for evaluating the passage plan was the development of a Fish Health Management Program. The program is, in part, designed to minimize and communicate the magnitude of risk associated with passing serious fish pathogens upstream of the PRB until evaluation of the fish passage effort confirms that the reestablishment of anadromous fish species can be successful. With the goal of minimizing the risk of passing serious fish pathogens along with evaluating the magnitude of risk, several potential pathogens of concern were identified. At the forefront of concern is the fish pathogen Myxobolus cerebralis which is responsible for whirling disease in salmonids. Annual, or at least periodic, introduction of M. cerebralis into the lower DRB has occurred since at least 1984 as a result of infected stray adult salmonids spawning and dying there. These are primarily hatchery summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and to a lesser extent spring Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), from the Snake River system. Because of its' potential to cause significant mortality, the risk associated with M. cerebralis establishment in the DRB needed to be addressed. The risk of the parasite being transmitted and established upstream of the PRB with the renewal of fish passage at the PRB, and the potential for M. cerebralis to affect survival of reintroduced anadromous fish species required investigation. To evaluate these potential risks, we conducted multi-year studies (1998-2007) that informed a risk-assessment model. Tailored specifically for M. cerebralis, this model was used to identify key characteristics that will influence pathways of M. cerebralis introduction, the potential for establishment, and the consequences of establishment. The three steps involved in the risk assessment model are the release, exposure and consequence assessments. Using this model we evaluated the probability of introduction and establishment of M. cerebralis in the lower Deschutes River Basin (DRB) as well as in waters above the PRB with future passage of anadromous fish. The current study gives evidence that M. cerebralis is established in the lower DRB. The current study also gives evidence not all areas of the DRB can be classified as having the same likelihood for establishment and the potential impact the parasite poses will not be identical from one location to another. It is clear, however, that M. cerebralis could become established above the PRB if infected fish carry the myxospore into these waters. Close

• 44. [Article] Assessment of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metal contamination of Moroccan marine species

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metal contamination of Moroccan marine species Author: El Hraiki, Abdelaziz Title: Assessment of chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metal contamination of Moroccan marine species Author: El Hraiki, Abdelaziz Close

• 45. [Article] Building a Database on Best Management Practices for Pesticide Applications to Aquatic Environments and NOAA Trust Species

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building a Database on Best Management Practices for Pesticide Applications to Aquatic Environments and NOAA Trust Species Author: Gianou, Kelsey, Chan, Samuel, Emanuel, Robert Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Building a Database on Best Management Practices for Pesticide Applications to Aquatic Environments and NOAA Trust Species Author: Gianou, Kelsey, Chan, Samuel, Emanuel, Robert Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 46. [Article] Growth and distributional correlates of behavior in three co-occurring juvenile flatfishes

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth and distributional correlates of behavior in three co-occurring juvenile flatfishes Author: Boersma, Kate S., Hurst, Thomas P., Ryer, Clifford H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Growth and distributional correlates of behavior in three co-occurring juvenile flatfishes Author: Boersma, Kate S., Hurst, Thomas P., Ryer, Clifford H. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/journals/meps/meps-home/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 47. [Article] The Barents Sea red king crab invasion- risky business or good business?

  Abstract only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Barents Sea red king crab invasion- risky business or good business? Author: Falk-Petersen, Jannike Abstract only Title: The Barents Sea red king crab invasion- risky business or good business? Author: Falk-Petersen, Jannike Abstract only Close

• 48. [Article] Markets, Pooling and Insurance for Managing Incidental Catch In Fisheries

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Markets, Pooling and Insurance for Managing Incidental Catch In Fisheries Author: Holland, Dan Abstract only. Title: Markets, Pooling and Insurance for Managing Incidental Catch In Fisheries Author: Holland, Dan Abstract only. Close

• 49. [Article] A survey of scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) occurring on table grapes in South Africa

  Increasing international trade and tourism have led to an increase in the introduction of exotic pests that pose a considerable economic threat to the agro-ecosystems of importing countries. Scale insects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A survey of scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) occurring on table grapes in South Africa Author: Krüger, Kerstin, Saccaggi, Davina L., Millar, Ian M., Walton, Vaughn M. Increasing international trade and tourism have led to an increase in the introduction of exotic pests that pose a considerable economic threat to the agro-ecosystems of importing countries. Scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) may be contaminants of export consignments from the South African deciduous fruit industry to the European Union, Israel, United Kingdom and the United States, for example. Infestations of immature scale insects found on South African fruit destined for export have resulted in increasing rates of rejection of such consignments. To identify the risk posed by scale insect species listed as phytosanitary pests on table grapes to the abovementioned importing countries, a field survey was undertaken in 2004–2005 in vineyards throughout all grape-producing regions in South Africa. Coccoidea species found during the current field survey were Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), Coccus hesperidum L. and Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead). With the exception of Pl. ficus, which has only been collected from Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) and Ficus carica (Moraceae) in South Africa, these species are polyphagous and have a wide host range. None of the scale insect species found to occur in vineyards in South Africa pose a phytosanitary risk to countries where fruit are exported except for Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) and N. viridis that have not been recorded in the USA. All scale insects previously found in vineyards in South Africa are listed and their phytosanitary status discussed. The results of the survey show that the risk of exporting scale insect pests of phytosanitary importance on table grapes from South Africa is limited. Title: A survey of scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) occurring on table grapes in South Africa Author: Krüger, Kerstin, Saccaggi, Davina L., Millar, Ian M., Walton, Vaughn M. Increasing international trade and tourism have led to an increase in the introduction of exotic pests that pose a considerable economic threat to the agro-ecosystems of importing countries. Scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) may be contaminants of export consignments from the South African deciduous fruit industry to the European Union, Israel, United Kingdom and the United States, for example. Infestations of immature scale insects found on South African fruit destined for export have resulted in increasing rates of rejection of such consignments. To identify the risk posed by scale insect species listed as phytosanitary pests on table grapes to the abovementioned importing countries, a field survey was undertaken in 2004–2005 in vineyards throughout all grape-producing regions in South Africa. Coccoidea species found during the current field survey were Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti), Coccus hesperidum L. and Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead). With the exception of Pl. ficus, which has only been collected from Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) and Ficus carica (Moraceae) in South Africa, these species are polyphagous and have a wide host range. None of the scale insect species found to occur in vineyards in South Africa pose a phytosanitary risk to countries where fruit are exported except for Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) and N. viridis that have not been recorded in the USA. All scale insects previously found in vineyards in South Africa are listed and their phytosanitary status discussed. The results of the survey show that the risk of exporting scale insect pests of phytosanitary importance on table grapes from South Africa is limited. Close

• 50. [Article] Long-Term Health Effects, Risk Perceptions, and Consumption Patterns for Aquacultured Seafood

  Presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Long-Term Health Effects, Risk Perceptions, and Consumption Patterns for Aquacultured Seafood Author: Uchida, Hirotsugu, Johnston, Roberty, Roheim, Cathy Presentation Title: Long-Term Health Effects, Risk Perceptions, and Consumption Patterns for Aquacultured Seafood Author: Uchida, Hirotsugu, Johnston, Roberty, Roheim, Cathy Presentation Close

• 51. [Article] Marine, Estuarine, and Diadromous Fish Stocks at Risk of Extinction in North America (Exclusive of Pacific Salmonids)

  The problem of extinction in the sea has been recognized only recently by the scientific community (Roberts and Hawkins 1999). For the last decade, the American Fisheries Society (AFS) has pursued an initiative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marine, Estuarine, and Diadromous Fish Stocks at Risk of Extinction in North America (Exclusive of Pacific Salmonids) Author: Sala, E., Musick, J.A., Gilmore, R.G., Sedberry, G.R., Harbin, M.M., McGovern, J.C., Poss, S.G., Weeks, H., Parker, S.J., Schmidt, T.W., Burgess, G.H., Eklund, A.M., Golden, J.T., Ha, D.S., Findley, L., Berkeley, S.A., Huntsman, G.R., Wright, S.G. The problem of extinction in the sea has been recognized only recently by the scientific community (Roberts and Hawkins 1999). For the last decade, the American Fisheries Society (AFS) has pursued an initiative to identify marine fish stocks that may be at risk of extinction in North America (Musick 1998; Coleman et al. 2000; Musick et al. 2000a; Musick et al. 2000b; Parker et al. 2000). The present paper presents the first recognized AFS list of marine, estuarine, and diadromous fishes that may be at risk of extinction in North America (exclusive of Pacific salmonids). The geographic scope of this review includes the coastal waters of Mexico, the continental United States, Alaska, and Canada. The objectives in preparing this list have been to identify stocks at risk at a sufficiently early stage of decline to avoid listing as threatened or endangered, minimize the probability of under- or overestimating the risk of extinction, use the best existing knowledge of stock dynamics at low population levels, and allow experts on stocks to bring to bear all the available knowledge about life history and conservation status in order to categorize risk of extinction. Title: Marine, Estuarine, and Diadromous Fish Stocks at Risk of Extinction in North America (Exclusive of Pacific Salmonids) Author: Sala, E., Musick, J.A., Gilmore, R.G., Sedberry, G.R., Harbin, M.M., McGovern, J.C., Poss, S.G., Weeks, H., Parker, S.J., Schmidt, T.W., Burgess, G.H., Eklund, A.M., Golden, J.T., Ha, D.S., Findley, L., Berkeley, S.A., Huntsman, G.R., Wright, S.G. The problem of extinction in the sea has been recognized only recently by the scientific community (Roberts and Hawkins 1999). For the last decade, the American Fisheries Society (AFS) has pursued an initiative to identify marine fish stocks that may be at risk of extinction in North America (Musick 1998; Coleman et al. 2000; Musick et al. 2000a; Musick et al. 2000b; Parker et al. 2000). The present paper presents the first recognized AFS list of marine, estuarine, and diadromous fishes that may be at risk of extinction in North America (exclusive of Pacific salmonids). The geographic scope of this review includes the coastal waters of Mexico, the continental United States, Alaska, and Canada. The objectives in preparing this list have been to identify stocks at risk at a sufficiently early stage of decline to avoid listing as threatened or endangered, minimize the probability of under- or overestimating the risk of extinction, use the best existing knowledge of stock dynamics at low population levels, and allow experts on stocks to bring to bear all the available knowledge about life history and conservation status in order to categorize risk of extinction. Close

• 52. [Article] Reproductive isolation and interspecific hybridization in the threatened species, Sidalcea nelsoniana

  In addition to its longstanding recognition as an influential evolutionary process, interspecific hybridization is increasingly regarded as a potential threat to the genetic integrity and survival of rare ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reproductive isolation and interspecific hybridization in the threatened species, Sidalcea nelsoniana Author: Gisler, Steven D. In addition to its longstanding recognition as an influential evolutionary process, interspecific hybridization is increasingly regarded as a potential threat to the genetic integrity and survival of rare plant species, manifested through gamete wasting, increased pest and disease pressures, outbreeding depression, competitive exclusion, and genetic assimilation. Alternatively, hybridization has also been interpreted as a theoretically beneficial process for rare species suffering from low adaptive genetic diversity and accumulated genetic load. As such, interspecific hybridization, and the underlying pre- and post-mating reproductive barriers that influence its progression, should be considered fundamental components of conservation planning for many rare species, particularly those predisposed to hybridization by various ecological, genetic, and anthropogenic risk factors. In this study I evaluate the nature and efficacy of preand post-mating hybridization barriers in the threatened species, Sidalcea nelsoniana, which is sympatric (or nearly so) with three other congeners in the scarce native grasslands of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. These four perennial species share a high risk of hybridization due to their mutual proximity, common occupation of disturbed habitats, susceptibility to anthropogenic dispersal, predominantly outcrossing mating systems, their capability of longlived persistence and vegetative expansion, and demonstrated hybridization tendencies among other members of the family and genus. Results show S. nelsoniana is reproductively isolated from all three of its congeners by a complex interplay of pre- and post-mating barriers. Although S. nelsoniana overlaps with S. campestris in the ecological attributes of flowering time, fine-scale geographic distribution, and pollinators, interspecific hybridization is discouraged through the post-mating barrier of sexual incompatibility (expressed primarily as reduced seed set). Hybridization between S. nelsoniana and S. virgata is limited by the premating barrier of asynchronous flowering (temporal isolation) and the supplemental post-mating barrier of sexual incompatibility, though the completeness of the latter varies in relation to crossing direction and S. virgata phenotype. Lastly, although S. nelsoniana and S. cusickii exhibit full interspecific sexual compatibility and produce fully fertile hybrids, hybridization in this species pair is discouraged by the pre-mating barrier of geographic isolation (the two species are narrowly parapatric). Additional findings of this study show that 1) pollinators transferred significantly more S. nelsoniana pollen to the heterospecific flowers of S. virgata and S. cusickii than to conspecific flowers (or those of S. campestris) in a mixed species array, 2) anthropogenic disturbance is ubiquitous across extant S. nelsoniana study populations so cannot be conclusively linked with the breakdown of spatial reproductive barriers, 3) polyploidy is confirmed in the species group and appears to directly influence the observed patterns of interspecific sexual compatibility and the chromosome numbers of hybrids, and 4) Fl hybrids exhibit a mosaic of parental, intermediate, and transgressive phenotypic characters that render hybrid discrimination difficult (especially in light of pronounced parental phenotypic variability). Ultimately, despite the presence of pre- and post-mating reproductive barriers, hybridization between Sidalcea nelsoniana and its local congeners is still possible through human intervention. Preserving the species' current genetic integrity will require prevention of Sidalcea dispersal that could lead to the breakdown of spatial, temporal, and sexual barriers between species. Development of useful molecular markers will be needed to help recognize hybrids in the wild, as traditional morphological methods appear inadequate for this endeavor. Title: Reproductive isolation and interspecific hybridization in the threatened species, Sidalcea nelsoniana Author: Gisler, Steven D. In addition to its longstanding recognition as an influential evolutionary process, interspecific hybridization is increasingly regarded as a potential threat to the genetic integrity and survival of rare plant species, manifested through gamete wasting, increased pest and disease pressures, outbreeding depression, competitive exclusion, and genetic assimilation. Alternatively, hybridization has also been interpreted as a theoretically beneficial process for rare species suffering from low adaptive genetic diversity and accumulated genetic load. As such, interspecific hybridization, and the underlying pre- and post-mating reproductive barriers that influence its progression, should be considered fundamental components of conservation planning for many rare species, particularly those predisposed to hybridization by various ecological, genetic, and anthropogenic risk factors. In this study I evaluate the nature and efficacy of preand post-mating hybridization barriers in the threatened species, Sidalcea nelsoniana, which is sympatric (or nearly so) with three other congeners in the scarce native grasslands of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. These four perennial species share a high risk of hybridization due to their mutual proximity, common occupation of disturbed habitats, susceptibility to anthropogenic dispersal, predominantly outcrossing mating systems, their capability of longlived persistence and vegetative expansion, and demonstrated hybridization tendencies among other members of the family and genus. Results show S. nelsoniana is reproductively isolated from all three of its congeners by a complex interplay of pre- and post-mating barriers. Although S. nelsoniana overlaps with S. campestris in the ecological attributes of flowering time, fine-scale geographic distribution, and pollinators, interspecific hybridization is discouraged through the post-mating barrier of sexual incompatibility (expressed primarily as reduced seed set). Hybridization between S. nelsoniana and S. virgata is limited by the premating barrier of asynchronous flowering (temporal isolation) and the supplemental post-mating barrier of sexual incompatibility, though the completeness of the latter varies in relation to crossing direction and S. virgata phenotype. Lastly, although S. nelsoniana and S. cusickii exhibit full interspecific sexual compatibility and produce fully fertile hybrids, hybridization in this species pair is discouraged by the pre-mating barrier of geographic isolation (the two species are narrowly parapatric). Additional findings of this study show that 1) pollinators transferred significantly more S. nelsoniana pollen to the heterospecific flowers of S. virgata and S. cusickii than to conspecific flowers (or those of S. campestris) in a mixed species array, 2) anthropogenic disturbance is ubiquitous across extant S. nelsoniana study populations so cannot be conclusively linked with the breakdown of spatial reproductive barriers, 3) polyploidy is confirmed in the species group and appears to directly influence the observed patterns of interspecific sexual compatibility and the chromosome numbers of hybrids, and 4) Fl hybrids exhibit a mosaic of parental, intermediate, and transgressive phenotypic characters that render hybrid discrimination difficult (especially in light of pronounced parental phenotypic variability). Ultimately, despite the presence of pre- and post-mating reproductive barriers, hybridization between Sidalcea nelsoniana and its local congeners is still possible through human intervention. Preserving the species' current genetic integrity will require prevention of Sidalcea dispersal that could lead to the breakdown of spatial, temporal, and sexual barriers between species. Development of useful molecular markers will be needed to help recognize hybrids in the wild, as traditional morphological methods appear inadequate for this endeavor. Close

• 53. [Article] Age, growth and maturity of the longnose skate (Raja rhina) for the U.S. west coast and sensitivity to fishing impacts

  In the past, sharks, skates and ray species have mainly occurred in incidental fisheries. Now they are increasingly being directly targeted due to the depleted status of traditionally targeted species. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age, growth and maturity of the longnose skate (Raja rhina) for the U.S. west coast and sensitivity to fishing impacts Author: Thompson, Josie E. In the past, sharks, skates and ray species have mainly occurred in incidental fisheries. Now they are increasingly being directly targeted due to the depleted status of traditionally targeted species. The life history characteristics of many elasmobranch species make them more sensitive to high rates of fishing mortality. The combination of these factors has resulted in the known local depletion of several elasmobranch species; including the barndoor skate, Raja laevis, of the Northwest Atlantic and the common skate, Raja batis, of Irish Sea. The longnose skate, Raja rhina, occurs commonly as incidental catch in trawl fisheries off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington. Commercial landings of skates, including R. rhina, have increased dramatically along the U.S. West coast. The objectives of this study have been to calculate accurate growth and maturity parameters for Raja rhina in order that the vulnerability of this species to fishing mortality can be assessed. The slow growth rates (k=0.04 to 0.06) and late ages-at-50% maturity (11 to 16 years with maximum ages between 15 and 22 years, depending on sex and region) which were calculated indicate that this species may be at great risk of depletion in the future. Survey biomass trends indicate that R. rhina populations have remained stable over the past twenty years. However, the possibility that biomass levels in the distant past were much higher than they are at present cannot be ruled out. It is recommended that the collection of fishery-dependent data for this species and other skate species begins immediately. This information, along with the results found in this are needed for a proper assessment for Raja rhina, so that the effects of current fishing pressures can be evaluated and regulated appropriately. Title: Age, growth and maturity of the longnose skate (Raja rhina) for the U.S. west coast and sensitivity to fishing impacts Author: Thompson, Josie E. In the past, sharks, skates and ray species have mainly occurred in incidental fisheries. Now they are increasingly being directly targeted due to the depleted status of traditionally targeted species. The life history characteristics of many elasmobranch species make them more sensitive to high rates of fishing mortality. The combination of these factors has resulted in the known local depletion of several elasmobranch species; including the barndoor skate, Raja laevis, of the Northwest Atlantic and the common skate, Raja batis, of Irish Sea. The longnose skate, Raja rhina, occurs commonly as incidental catch in trawl fisheries off the coast of California, Oregon and Washington. Commercial landings of skates, including R. rhina, have increased dramatically along the U.S. West coast. The objectives of this study have been to calculate accurate growth and maturity parameters for Raja rhina in order that the vulnerability of this species to fishing mortality can be assessed. The slow growth rates (k=0.04 to 0.06) and late ages-at-50% maturity (11 to 16 years with maximum ages between 15 and 22 years, depending on sex and region) which were calculated indicate that this species may be at great risk of depletion in the future. Survey biomass trends indicate that R. rhina populations have remained stable over the past twenty years. However, the possibility that biomass levels in the distant past were much higher than they are at present cannot be ruled out. It is recommended that the collection of fishery-dependent data for this species and other skate species begins immediately. This information, along with the results found in this are needed for a proper assessment for Raja rhina, so that the effects of current fishing pressures can be evaluated and regulated appropriately. Close

• 54. [Article] Performance of Willamette Valley native plants following herbicide exposure

  Prairies were once the dominant vegetation type in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Land use conversion, fire suppression, succession, and invasive species have reduced Willamette Valley prairies to less than ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Willamette Valley native plants following herbicide exposure Author: Blakeley-Smith, Matthew R. Prairies were once the dominant vegetation type in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Land use conversion, fire suppression, succession, and invasive species have reduced Willamette Valley prairies to less than 1% of their historical area. The remnant prairies that persist today are small in size and are highly fragmented. Marginal strips of habitat along roadsides and agricultural fields play an important role as refugia for native species and provide important resources for wildlife. These seemingly insignificant habitat units may also play an important role in facilitating gene flow between disjunct populations of prairie plants, thus reducing the potential for the negative effects of inbreeding depression. Presently, much of the land area in the Willamette Valley is dedicated to commercial agricultural which is heavily reliant on herbicides for weed control and field preparation. Since herbicide applications are imprecise and prone to drift, there is potential to impact the native plants surrounding these agricultural fields. Current EPA methods for assessing the ecological effects of herbicides may not be robust enough to account for potential impacts on native plants since the suggested test species are ten annual agricultural crops. To address the need for improved phytotoxicity testing protocols, we incorporated non-crop plant species into the EPA vegetative vigor test methodology for use in determining effects of low concentrations of chemical herbicides on Willamette Valley terrestrial plants. A separate experiment was conducted in order to determine how herbicides might be used to restore Butterfly Meadows, a degraded Willamette Valley prairie. The specific objective of this study were to: 1.) determine which herbicide treatments were most effective at reducing dominance of an invasive species, Brachypodium sylvaticum, 2.) determine if native species declined following herbicide treatments, and 3.) describe the compositional changes in the plant communities over a four-year period. The EPA vegetative vigor test study showed that there was a wide variety of responses among 17 species (14 native and 3 introduced) to each herbicide tested (glyphosate, tribenuron, and fluazifop). For glyphosate, Potentilla gracilis was the most sensitive species based on an EC25 value of 0.012 x f.a.r. for dry weight; while Bromus carinatus, Clarkia amoena, Gilia capitata, and Lupinus albicaulis were tolerant to glyphosate as indicated by no effect on dry weight. Seven Willamette Valley forb species were sensitive to tribenuron based on EC25 values ranging from 0.001 to 0.012 x f.a.r.; Clarkia amoena, Collinsia grandflora, Leucanthemum vulgare, Potentilla gracilis, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus occidentalis and Sanquisorba occidentalis. Six grass species and Eriophyllum lanatum were resistant to tribenuron showing no reduction in dry weight. Fluazifop primarily affected grass species as expected due to the grass-specific activity for this herbicide. Two native grasses, Elymus trachycaulus and Danthonia californica were the most sensitive to fluazifop, based on low EC25 values of 0.002 to 0.010 x f.a.r. A native fescue grass, Festuca roemeri, and nearly all the forb species were resistant to fluazifop, showing no response at any herbicide rate applied. The results from this research will be useful as background information for evaluating potential modifications in the EPA's Vegetative Vigor Test to assess the risk of herbicides to non-target plants. Seven different herbicide combinations were effective at reducing the cover of Brachypodium sylvaticum in test plots at Butterfly Meadows one year after treatment. The reduction of B. sylvaticum was short lived however, since the cover of this grass species was not different from control plots during the second growing season. Native plant species were not negatively impacted by the herbicide treatments, as shown by MRPP analysis. Successional trajectories illustrate that control plots that were dominated by B. sylvaticum remained relatively unchanged over the course of four years. Some treatments exhibited a sharp decline in dominance by graminoids after the first year, a recovery the second year, but never returned exactly to their pretreatment community composition after the third year. The reduction of the dominant species after the first growing season was associated with colonization by a number of introduced species into the newly created open habitat. Over the same period there was no overall increase in native species cover, suggesting that the native species at this site may be recruitment limited. Future restoration activities at this site should include multiple years of B. sylvaticum control, with special attention to the seed bank and tolerant individuals. Seed additions of native species may help fill empty niches and afford resistance to invasion by introduced species. Title: Performance of Willamette Valley native plants following herbicide exposure Author: Blakeley-Smith, Matthew R. Prairies were once the dominant vegetation type in Oregon's Willamette Valley. Land use conversion, fire suppression, succession, and invasive species have reduced Willamette Valley prairies to less than 1% of their historical area. The remnant prairies that persist today are small in size and are highly fragmented. Marginal strips of habitat along roadsides and agricultural fields play an important role as refugia for native species and provide important resources for wildlife. These seemingly insignificant habitat units may also play an important role in facilitating gene flow between disjunct populations of prairie plants, thus reducing the potential for the negative effects of inbreeding depression. Presently, much of the land area in the Willamette Valley is dedicated to commercial agricultural which is heavily reliant on herbicides for weed control and field preparation. Since herbicide applications are imprecise and prone to drift, there is potential to impact the native plants surrounding these agricultural fields. Current EPA methods for assessing the ecological effects of herbicides may not be robust enough to account for potential impacts on native plants since the suggested test species are ten annual agricultural crops. To address the need for improved phytotoxicity testing protocols, we incorporated non-crop plant species into the EPA vegetative vigor test methodology for use in determining effects of low concentrations of chemical herbicides on Willamette Valley terrestrial plants. A separate experiment was conducted in order to determine how herbicides might be used to restore Butterfly Meadows, a degraded Willamette Valley prairie. The specific objective of this study were to: 1.) determine which herbicide treatments were most effective at reducing dominance of an invasive species, Brachypodium sylvaticum, 2.) determine if native species declined following herbicide treatments, and 3.) describe the compositional changes in the plant communities over a four-year period. The EPA vegetative vigor test study showed that there was a wide variety of responses among 17 species (14 native and 3 introduced) to each herbicide tested (glyphosate, tribenuron, and fluazifop). For glyphosate, Potentilla gracilis was the most sensitive species based on an EC25 value of 0.012 x f.a.r. for dry weight; while Bromus carinatus, Clarkia amoena, Gilia capitata, and Lupinus albicaulis were tolerant to glyphosate as indicated by no effect on dry weight. Seven Willamette Valley forb species were sensitive to tribenuron based on EC25 values ranging from 0.001 to 0.012 x f.a.r.; Clarkia amoena, Collinsia grandflora, Leucanthemum vulgare, Potentilla gracilis, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus occidentalis and Sanquisorba occidentalis. Six grass species and Eriophyllum lanatum were resistant to tribenuron showing no reduction in dry weight. Fluazifop primarily affected grass species as expected due to the grass-specific activity for this herbicide. Two native grasses, Elymus trachycaulus and Danthonia californica were the most sensitive to fluazifop, based on low EC25 values of 0.002 to 0.010 x f.a.r. A native fescue grass, Festuca roemeri, and nearly all the forb species were resistant to fluazifop, showing no response at any herbicide rate applied. The results from this research will be useful as background information for evaluating potential modifications in the EPA's Vegetative Vigor Test to assess the risk of herbicides to non-target plants. Seven different herbicide combinations were effective at reducing the cover of Brachypodium sylvaticum in test plots at Butterfly Meadows one year after treatment. The reduction of B. sylvaticum was short lived however, since the cover of this grass species was not different from control plots during the second growing season. Native plant species were not negatively impacted by the herbicide treatments, as shown by MRPP analysis. Successional trajectories illustrate that control plots that were dominated by B. sylvaticum remained relatively unchanged over the course of four years. Some treatments exhibited a sharp decline in dominance by graminoids after the first year, a recovery the second year, but never returned exactly to their pretreatment community composition after the third year. The reduction of the dominant species after the first growing season was associated with colonization by a number of introduced species into the newly created open habitat. Over the same period there was no overall increase in native species cover, suggesting that the native species at this site may be recruitment limited. Future restoration activities at this site should include multiple years of B. sylvaticum control, with special attention to the seed bank and tolerant individuals. Seed additions of native species may help fill empty niches and afford resistance to invasion by introduced species. Close

• 55. [Article] Per capita invasion probabilities: an empirical model to predict rates of invasion via ballast water

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Per capita invasion probabilities: an empirical model to predict rates of invasion via ballast water Author: Minton, Mark S., Lee, Henry II, Reusser, Deborah A., Fofonoff, Paul W., Frazier, Melanie, Miller, Whitman, Ruiz, Gregory M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://esa.org/. Title: Per capita invasion probabilities: an empirical model to predict rates of invasion via ballast water Author: Minton, Mark S., Lee, Henry II, Reusser, Deborah A., Fofonoff, Paul W., Frazier, Melanie, Miller, Whitman, Ruiz, Gregory M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Ecological Society of America and can be found at: http://esa.org/. Close

• 56. [Article] Host-pathogen dynamics in a changing environment : susceptibility of amphibians to an emerging infectious disease

  Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Host-pathogen dynamics in a changing environment : susceptibility of amphibians to an emerging infectious disease Author: Searle, Catherine L. Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with disease outbreaks. Although multiple pathogens and factors play a role in these declines, the aquatic fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has received considerable attention due to its substantial contribution to amphibian population declines around the world. Bd prevalence and severity appears to be increasing worldwide, either from recent anthropogenic spread of the pathogen or from changes in the environment that have altered host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation explores the factors that affect host susceptibility to Bd. I first tested the effects of hormonal stress on susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 2). Using corticosterone, the major chronic stress hormone in amphibians, I was able to mimic the physiological effects of stress without altering other factors that may affect the host-pathogen relationship. I exposed three species of larval amphibians to corticosterone for two weeks to induce chronic stress before challenging them with exposure to Bd. I found that exposure to corticosterone did not alter infection prevalence or severity in any species, indicating that chronically elevated levels of corticosterone do not affect susceptibility to Bd. I next examined the interactive effects of the ubiquitous stressor, ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), and host infection by Bd (Chapter 3). UVB can cause lethal and sublethal effects in amphibians, including increased susceptibility to pathogens. In outdoor mesocosms, I used ambient levels of UVB to stress larval amphibians while simultaneously exposing them to Bd. Although exposure to UVB increased mortality, it did not alter infection. To investigate the effects of community structure on infection prevalence and severity, I studied how six anuran species (frogs and toads) differed in susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 4). I experimentally exposed post-metamorphic amphibians native to North America to Bd under identical laboratory conditions. All species tested had higher rates of mortality when exposed to Bd compared to unexposed controls. However, the species differed widely in their rates of Bd-associated mortality, even though there was no difference in infection levels among species. I also found that within species, the relationship between body size and infection varied, indicating physiological differences in the way that amphibian species respond to pathogen infection. Finally, I studied the effects of the amphibian host community on infection. I experimentally exposed larval amphibians to Bd after manipulating host density and species richness in the laboratory (Chapter 5). I recorded five measures of disease risk and found a dilution effect where greater species richness decreased disease risk, even after taking into account changes in density. Together with Chapter 4, this study emphasizes the need to understand the effects of the community on host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation provides insight into the effects of stress and community structure on disease dynamics. Although there has been a great effort to understand Bd since it was discovered, the ecology of Bd remains relatively unknown. My research represents an important step in understanding the host-pathogen relationship in a changing environment. Title: Host-pathogen dynamics in a changing environment : susceptibility of amphibians to an emerging infectious disease Author: Searle, Catherine L. Infectious diseases are a growing concern for both humans and wildlife. The negative effects of infectious disease have been exemplified by the recent global amphibian population declines associated with disease outbreaks. Although multiple pathogens and factors play a role in these declines, the aquatic fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has received considerable attention due to its substantial contribution to amphibian population declines around the world. Bd prevalence and severity appears to be increasing worldwide, either from recent anthropogenic spread of the pathogen or from changes in the environment that have altered host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation explores the factors that affect host susceptibility to Bd. I first tested the effects of hormonal stress on susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 2). Using corticosterone, the major chronic stress hormone in amphibians, I was able to mimic the physiological effects of stress without altering other factors that may affect the host-pathogen relationship. I exposed three species of larval amphibians to corticosterone for two weeks to induce chronic stress before challenging them with exposure to Bd. I found that exposure to corticosterone did not alter infection prevalence or severity in any species, indicating that chronically elevated levels of corticosterone do not affect susceptibility to Bd. I next examined the interactive effects of the ubiquitous stressor, ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), and host infection by Bd (Chapter 3). UVB can cause lethal and sublethal effects in amphibians, including increased susceptibility to pathogens. In outdoor mesocosms, I used ambient levels of UVB to stress larval amphibians while simultaneously exposing them to Bd. Although exposure to UVB increased mortality, it did not alter infection. To investigate the effects of community structure on infection prevalence and severity, I studied how six anuran species (frogs and toads) differed in susceptibility to Bd (Chapter 4). I experimentally exposed post-metamorphic amphibians native to North America to Bd under identical laboratory conditions. All species tested had higher rates of mortality when exposed to Bd compared to unexposed controls. However, the species differed widely in their rates of Bd-associated mortality, even though there was no difference in infection levels among species. I also found that within species, the relationship between body size and infection varied, indicating physiological differences in the way that amphibian species respond to pathogen infection. Finally, I studied the effects of the amphibian host community on infection. I experimentally exposed larval amphibians to Bd after manipulating host density and species richness in the laboratory (Chapter 5). I recorded five measures of disease risk and found a dilution effect where greater species richness decreased disease risk, even after taking into account changes in density. Together with Chapter 4, this study emphasizes the need to understand the effects of the community on host-pathogen dynamics. This dissertation provides insight into the effects of stress and community structure on disease dynamics. Although there has been a great effort to understand Bd since it was discovered, the ecology of Bd remains relatively unknown. My research represents an important step in understanding the host-pathogen relationship in a changing environment. Close

• 57. [Article] Yellowfin Tuna: A Global and Uk Supply Chain Analysis

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yellowfin Tuna: A Global and Uk Supply Chain Analysis Author: Brown, Adam, Garrett, Angus No poster available. Title: Yellowfin Tuna: A Global and Uk Supply Chain Analysis Author: Brown, Adam, Garrett, Angus No poster available. Close

• 58. [Article] A population viability analysis of the Oregon chub (Oregonichthys crameri) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  The Oregon chub (Oregonichthys crameri) is a small minnow (Family: Cyprinidae) endemic to Oregon’s Willamette Valley. In 1993, the Oregon chub was listed as endangered because of habitat loss and predation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A population viability analysis of the Oregon chub (Oregonichthys crameri) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Peterson, Erin The Oregon chub (Oregonichthys crameri) is a small minnow (Family: Cyprinidae) endemic to Oregon’s Willamette Valley. In 1993, the Oregon chub was listed as endangered because of habitat loss and predation and competition by nonnative fishes. Conservation efforts by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and other agencies have led the Oregon chub to become the first fish ever proposed for delisting due to recovery. The goal of this project was to analyze population parameters from 18 sites containing Oregon chub and determine how factors such as the presence of nonnative species and the supplementation of other chub might affect them. I used regression to determine overall trends for each population and a population viability analysis to evaluate quasi-extinction risk for each population. Results indicate that over long time periods, the supplementation of chub can reduce extinction risk, while the presence of nonnative fishes may cause populations to drop below critical thresholds for population size. The outcome of this project is important because it supports current management practices by showing that continued monitoring is needed to maintain the progress that has been made towards the recovery of the Oregon chub. Title: A population viability analysis of the Oregon chub (Oregonichthys crameri) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Peterson, Erin The Oregon chub (Oregonichthys crameri) is a small minnow (Family: Cyprinidae) endemic to Oregon’s Willamette Valley. In 1993, the Oregon chub was listed as endangered because of habitat loss and predation and competition by nonnative fishes. Conservation efforts by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and other agencies have led the Oregon chub to become the first fish ever proposed for delisting due to recovery. The goal of this project was to analyze population parameters from 18 sites containing Oregon chub and determine how factors such as the presence of nonnative species and the supplementation of other chub might affect them. I used regression to determine overall trends for each population and a population viability analysis to evaluate quasi-extinction risk for each population. Results indicate that over long time periods, the supplementation of chub can reduce extinction risk, while the presence of nonnative fishes may cause populations to drop below critical thresholds for population size. The outcome of this project is important because it supports current management practices by showing that continued monitoring is needed to maintain the progress that has been made towards the recovery of the Oregon chub. Close

• 59. [Article] Trait-based diet selection: Prey behaviour and morphology predict vulnerability to predation in reef fish communities

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Author(s) and the British Ecological Society. It is published by John Wiley ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trait-based diet selection: Prey behaviour and morphology predict vulnerability to predation in reef fish communities Author: Côté, Isabelle M., Green, Stephanie J. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Author(s) and the British Ecological Society. It is published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2656 Title: Trait-based diet selection: Prey behaviour and morphology predict vulnerability to predation in reef fish communities Author: Côté, Isabelle M., Green, Stephanie J. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the Author(s) and the British Ecological Society. It is published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291365-2656 Close

• 60. [Article] Plant and amphibian assemblages in zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range

  We have a poor understanding of the biotic communities in zero-order basins, drainages extending from ridgelines to the initiation of first-order streams. This study describes baseline plant and amphibian ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant and amphibian assemblages in zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Sheridan, Chris D. We have a poor understanding of the biotic communities in zero-order basins, drainages extending from ridgelines to the initiation of first-order streams. This study describes baseline plant and amphibian composition in unmanaged zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range. Specifically, I studied: i) the spatial distribution and diversity of species, including riparian-associates; and ii) the dominant environmental, spatial and geomorphic gradients in species composition The results of this research have implications for riparian management in steep, forested landscapes in the Pacific Northwest. The composition of tree and shrub layers in zero-order basins was more similar to upland areas than to larger-order riparian areas. Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar had highest basal areas; bigleaf maple had highest hardwood density. Convergent areas (areas collecting surface flow) had significantly lower relative densities than surrounding slopes. I identified 138 forest floor herb, shrub, and seedling tree species in zero-order basins. Gradient analysis and empirical modeling suggested that the composition of forest floor plant assemblages was associated with environmental parameters related to geomorphic position and overstory characteristics, such as distance from basin center, basin aspect and overstory relative density. Vegetation types, developed using classification, followed similar environmental patterns. Vegetation types were useful in clarifying environmental gradients acting on groups of plant species, and in delineating the lateral extent of geomorphic and fluvial influences. Riparian-associated vegetation types were mostly restricted to valley floors and lower slope areas. Geomorphic and lateral surfaces were drivers of environmental gradients in zero-order basins; plant species composition followed these geomorphic gradients. Surfaces close to basin center ("inner gorges"), including valley centers, splash zones, and lower slope areas, supported the highest plant species diversity and most distinct plant assemblages. The spatial distribution patterns of amphibian species and assemblages were characterized along longitudinal and lateral gradients, and relative to three geomorphic surfaces (valleys, headmost areas and slopes), and empirical species-habitat models were developed. I identified eight amphibian species in zero-order basins (865 total captures), and analyzed data for six. Headmost areas supported a distinctive upland amphibian assemblage, while valley floors had the highest riparian amphibian diversity. Captures of three riparian species were higher in valley surfaces, within S m of the center of zero-order basins, while captures of three upland species were highest in areas 2-5 m from center. Upland-associated species were captured two times farther from basin centers than riparian-associated species. The best predictors of amphibian captures in empirical models were geomorphic, stability/ disturbance, moisture and overstory parameters. Ordination and indicator species analysis facilitated characterization of amphibian species assemblages within geomorphic surface zones, and suggested spatial compression of habitats and species in zero-order basins, in comparison to broader spatial extents in larger basins. Plant and amphibian assemblages in unmanaged zero-order basins were most similar to each other in their lateral and geomorphic spatial patterning, including the importance of inner gorge areas for support of diverse communities. Plant species were strongly associated with geomorphic position parameters, while amphibians had stronger ties to discrete microhabitat elements such as moisture levels and large substrate. Amphibians appeared to have a more distinctive assemblage in headmost areas than plant species. Results suggest that assemblages of plants and amphibians in these basins are distinct from both larger-order riparian assemblages and from vegetation in surrounding hillslopes. Riparian management designs could take these spatial patterns and habitat associations into account to maintain the ecological integrity of headwater communities. The longitudinal and lateral extents of landscape areas managed to minimize risk to persistence of zero-order basin plant and amphibian assemblages would need to incorporate both fluvial and hillslope disturbance regimes, and microhabitat features associated with them. Title: Plant and amphibian assemblages in zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Sheridan, Chris D. We have a poor understanding of the biotic communities in zero-order basins, drainages extending from ridgelines to the initiation of first-order streams. This study describes baseline plant and amphibian composition in unmanaged zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range. Specifically, I studied: i) the spatial distribution and diversity of species, including riparian-associates; and ii) the dominant environmental, spatial and geomorphic gradients in species composition The results of this research have implications for riparian management in steep, forested landscapes in the Pacific Northwest. The composition of tree and shrub layers in zero-order basins was more similar to upland areas than to larger-order riparian areas. Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar had highest basal areas; bigleaf maple had highest hardwood density. Convergent areas (areas collecting surface flow) had significantly lower relative densities than surrounding slopes. I identified 138 forest floor herb, shrub, and seedling tree species in zero-order basins. Gradient analysis and empirical modeling suggested that the composition of forest floor plant assemblages was associated with environmental parameters related to geomorphic position and overstory characteristics, such as distance from basin center, basin aspect and overstory relative density. Vegetation types, developed using classification, followed similar environmental patterns. Vegetation types were useful in clarifying environmental gradients acting on groups of plant species, and in delineating the lateral extent of geomorphic and fluvial influences. Riparian-associated vegetation types were mostly restricted to valley floors and lower slope areas. Geomorphic and lateral surfaces were drivers of environmental gradients in zero-order basins; plant species composition followed these geomorphic gradients. Surfaces close to basin center ("inner gorges"), including valley centers, splash zones, and lower slope areas, supported the highest plant species diversity and most distinct plant assemblages. The spatial distribution patterns of amphibian species and assemblages were characterized along longitudinal and lateral gradients, and relative to three geomorphic surfaces (valleys, headmost areas and slopes), and empirical species-habitat models were developed. I identified eight amphibian species in zero-order basins (865 total captures), and analyzed data for six. Headmost areas supported a distinctive upland amphibian assemblage, while valley floors had the highest riparian amphibian diversity. Captures of three riparian species were higher in valley surfaces, within S m of the center of zero-order basins, while captures of three upland species were highest in areas 2-5 m from center. Upland-associated species were captured two times farther from basin centers than riparian-associated species. The best predictors of amphibian captures in empirical models were geomorphic, stability/ disturbance, moisture and overstory parameters. Ordination and indicator species analysis facilitated characterization of amphibian species assemblages within geomorphic surface zones, and suggested spatial compression of habitats and species in zero-order basins, in comparison to broader spatial extents in larger basins. Plant and amphibian assemblages in unmanaged zero-order basins were most similar to each other in their lateral and geomorphic spatial patterning, including the importance of inner gorge areas for support of diverse communities. Plant species were strongly associated with geomorphic position parameters, while amphibians had stronger ties to discrete microhabitat elements such as moisture levels and large substrate. Amphibians appeared to have a more distinctive assemblage in headmost areas than plant species. Results suggest that assemblages of plants and amphibians in these basins are distinct from both larger-order riparian assemblages and from vegetation in surrounding hillslopes. Riparian management designs could take these spatial patterns and habitat associations into account to maintain the ecological integrity of headwater communities. The longitudinal and lateral extents of landscape areas managed to minimize risk to persistence of zero-order basin plant and amphibian assemblages would need to incorporate both fluvial and hillslope disturbance regimes, and microhabitat features associated with them. Close

• 61. [Article] A Low-disturbance Capture Technique for Ground-nesting Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is published by the Waterbird Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Low-disturbance Capture Technique for Ground-nesting Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) Author: Kerr, Lauren H., Roby, Daniel D., Lyons, Donald E., Adkins, Jessica Y., Courtot, Karen N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is published by the Waterbird Society and can be found at: http://waterbirds.org/journal/ Title: A Low-disturbance Capture Technique for Ground-nesting Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) Author: Kerr, Lauren H., Roby, Daniel D., Lyons, Donald E., Adkins, Jessica Y., Courtot, Karen N. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is published by the Waterbird Society and can be found at: http://waterbirds.org/journal/ Close

• 62. [Article] Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction

  Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Close

• 63. [Article] Quantifying dilution and amplification in a community of hosts for tick-borne pathogens

  Data associated with this paper have been deposited in the KNB Data Repository: https://knb.ecoinformatics.org/#view/ knb.779.2

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantifying dilution and amplification in a community of hosts for tick-borne pathogens Author: Ostfeld, Richard S., Keesing, Felicia, Holt, Robert D., Levi, Taal, Barfield, Michael Data associated with this paper have been deposited in the KNB Data Repository: https://knb.ecoinformatics.org/#view/ knb.779.2 Title: Quantifying dilution and amplification in a community of hosts for tick-borne pathogens Author: Ostfeld, Richard S., Keesing, Felicia, Holt, Robert D., Levi, Taal, Barfield, Michael Data associated with this paper have been deposited in the KNB Data Repository: https://knb.ecoinformatics.org/#view/ knb.779.2 Close

• 64. [Article] Cost-effectiveness analysis for endangered and threatened Snake River salmon recovery planning

  This thesis addresses the costs of implementation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the particular case of Snake River chinook salmon. Unlike most previous listings under the act, restoration of Snake ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cost-effectiveness analysis for endangered and threatened Snake River salmon recovery planning Author: Garber-Yonts, Brian E This thesis addresses the costs of implementation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the particular case of Snake River chinook salmon. Unlike most previous listings under the act, restoration of Snake River salmon will have impacts on a very broad array of industries and user groups over a region that spans several states and crosses international boundaries. It is indeed projected that the potential economic effects of salmon recovery will outweigh those of every other species listing under the ESA put together. While the case of Snake River salmon may not be entirely representative of ESA listings in general, it is an important test case for economic analysis of species recovery. What is particularly notable about the ESA is the unequivocalness of its mandate: take no action that further threatens an identified species, and take all action necessary to restore the population to a level at which its survival is assured. Upon implementation, however, it becomes immediately obvious that absolute certainty is unattainable, at any cost, and that resources for restoration are indeed limited. Thus arises the question of how to balance cost against risk of extinction. While the explicit balancing of costs and benefits of species recovery is (at least presently) essentially forbidden under the Act, the increasing marginal cost of further increments of risk reduction makes the consideration of the economics of species recovery unavoidable.The approach taken in this thesis is to define a cost effectiveness frontier which identifies the least cost recovery alternatives for each incremental decrease in risk of extinction, i.e define cost as a function of probability of survival. Monte-carlo simulations using a set of salmon life-cycle models are employed to assess the probability of survival achievable under a broad range of recovery alternatives. Alternatives range from elimination of sport and commercial harvest of Snake River chinook, alternative operation of hydropower facilities in the Snake and Columbia Basins, including removal of one or more dams on the Snake River, increased barge transportation of outmigrating juvenile salmon, improvement in upstream passage and spawning habitat, and a number of others. The alternatives considered span a range of costs and degrees of political acceptability. Cost assessments are largely gathered from ongoing federal and state planning analyses and include both direct and indirect costs of implementation. In addition to the level of costs under each alternative, this analysis also addresses the distribution of economic impacts across different user groups in the Columbia and Snake River Basin. Title: Cost-effectiveness analysis for endangered and threatened Snake River salmon recovery planning Author: Garber-Yonts, Brian E This thesis addresses the costs of implementation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the particular case of Snake River chinook salmon. Unlike most previous listings under the act, restoration of Snake River salmon will have impacts on a very broad array of industries and user groups over a region that spans several states and crosses international boundaries. It is indeed projected that the potential economic effects of salmon recovery will outweigh those of every other species listing under the ESA put together. While the case of Snake River salmon may not be entirely representative of ESA listings in general, it is an important test case for economic analysis of species recovery. What is particularly notable about the ESA is the unequivocalness of its mandate: take no action that further threatens an identified species, and take all action necessary to restore the population to a level at which its survival is assured. Upon implementation, however, it becomes immediately obvious that absolute certainty is unattainable, at any cost, and that resources for restoration are indeed limited. Thus arises the question of how to balance cost against risk of extinction. While the explicit balancing of costs and benefits of species recovery is (at least presently) essentially forbidden under the Act, the increasing marginal cost of further increments of risk reduction makes the consideration of the economics of species recovery unavoidable.The approach taken in this thesis is to define a cost effectiveness frontier which identifies the least cost recovery alternatives for each incremental decrease in risk of extinction, i.e define cost as a function of probability of survival. Monte-carlo simulations using a set of salmon life-cycle models are employed to assess the probability of survival achievable under a broad range of recovery alternatives. Alternatives range from elimination of sport and commercial harvest of Snake River chinook, alternative operation of hydropower facilities in the Snake and Columbia Basins, including removal of one or more dams on the Snake River, increased barge transportation of outmigrating juvenile salmon, improvement in upstream passage and spawning habitat, and a number of others. The alternatives considered span a range of costs and degrees of political acceptability. Cost assessments are largely gathered from ongoing federal and state planning analyses and include both direct and indirect costs of implementation. In addition to the level of costs under each alternative, this analysis also addresses the distribution of economic impacts across different user groups in the Columbia and Snake River Basin. Close

• 65. [Article] Potential effects of ungulate exclusion fencing on displaying Hawaiian Petrels (Pterodroma sandwichensis) at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park

  Recently the National Park Service has proposed raising fence heights to exclude mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon) from conservation areas at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Concern over previous mortality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential effects of ungulate exclusion fencing on displaying Hawaiian Petrels (Pterodroma sandwichensis) at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park Author: Swift, Roberta Recently the National Park Service has proposed raising fence heights to exclude mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon) from conservation areas at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Concern over previous mortality of Hawaiian Petrels (Pterodronia sandwichensis) due to collision with fences prompted this study to quantify the potential effects of raising fence heights on this critically endangered seabird. Avian perception and navigation capabilities were researched, and vision was judged to be the dominant sense that Hawaiian Petrels may use to detect and avoid fences. Previous studies and the techniques they used to assess the risk of bird collision with obstructions were also reviewed. In the current study, we used behavior to quantify the ability of Hawaiian Petrels to detect and avoid fences, and the relative collision risk of three different fence designs. We observed night-time flight behavior of Hawaiian Petrels using night vision goggles in a breeding colony display area for seven weeks during the summer of 2003. We recorded petrel behavior around three simulated fence designs: (1) a 1.2-m hogwire fence, (2) a 1.8-m hogwire fence, and (3) a 1.8-m hogwire fence with white flagging added for visibility. We also recorded behaviors during a control observation period, when no fence was present, to represent the natural flight behavior of the birds. Fences used during the trials were made of surrogate materials to mimic hogwire fencing, including 13-cm square fabric netting and padded bamboo poles that would not harm the birds, should they collide with them. Because collisions with fences were rare, we quantified the risk of petrels colliding with each simulated fence by counting the number of passes attempted below fence height, as evidenced by late avoidance behaviors and collisions. We compared the proportions of late avoidance behaviors and collisions among fence types to investigate the effects of fence type on fence strike risk. Counts during the control period were a measure of the proportion of passes when birds were at risk of colliding with fences of different heights during unobstructed flight. Hawaiian Petrels were significantly more likely to attempt to pass at heights above ground level below fence height when no fence was present (during the control period) than when the 1.2-m fence or 1.8-m simulated fences were present. This result indicates that although petrels flew below fence height when no fence was present, they were able to detect and avoid 1.2-m and 1.8-m fences in their flight path. However, one petrel did collide with the simulated 1.2-m fence on a foggy night, suggesting that Hawaiian Petrels may have more difficulty avoiding fences during poor visibility conditions. There was no significant difference in the likelihood of Hawaiian Petrels to exhibit late avoidance behaviors and collisions between the two fence heights. Therefore, the 1.2-m and 1.8-m simulated fences apparently posed similar fence strike risk to birds. There was a suggestive difference in the likelihood of petrels to exhibit avoidance behaviors and collisions between flagged and unflagged fences. This suggests that Hawaiian Petrels were able to detect and avoid flagged fences at greater distances, possibly reducing fence strike risk. We also investigated the effect of fence orientation relative to slope on petrel avoidance behavior. Fence orientation had no detectable effect on the proportion of late avoidance behaviors and collisions exhibited by displaying Hawaiian Petrels. However, investigations into the effect of fence orientation may be more appropriate when studying behavior of petrels commuting to or from breeding colonies rather than that of displaying birds following circuitous flight paths. In conclusion, fences help to protect essential habitats of native species and pose little risk to displaying Hawaiian Petrels. Fence strike risk for this critically endangered species may be further minimized by adding visible materials, such as white flagging, during construction. The methods developed in this study could be used to test fence designs proposed for future construction, particularly designs that would exclude both introduced predators and feral ungulates from Hawaiian Petrel breeding habitat. Title: Potential effects of ungulate exclusion fencing on displaying Hawaiian Petrels (Pterodroma sandwichensis) at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park Author: Swift, Roberta Recently the National Park Service has proposed raising fence heights to exclude mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon) from conservation areas at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Concern over previous mortality of Hawaiian Petrels (Pterodronia sandwichensis) due to collision with fences prompted this study to quantify the potential effects of raising fence heights on this critically endangered seabird. Avian perception and navigation capabilities were researched, and vision was judged to be the dominant sense that Hawaiian Petrels may use to detect and avoid fences. Previous studies and the techniques they used to assess the risk of bird collision with obstructions were also reviewed. In the current study, we used behavior to quantify the ability of Hawaiian Petrels to detect and avoid fences, and the relative collision risk of three different fence designs. We observed night-time flight behavior of Hawaiian Petrels using night vision goggles in a breeding colony display area for seven weeks during the summer of 2003. We recorded petrel behavior around three simulated fence designs: (1) a 1.2-m hogwire fence, (2) a 1.8-m hogwire fence, and (3) a 1.8-m hogwire fence with white flagging added for visibility. We also recorded behaviors during a control observation period, when no fence was present, to represent the natural flight behavior of the birds. Fences used during the trials were made of surrogate materials to mimic hogwire fencing, including 13-cm square fabric netting and padded bamboo poles that would not harm the birds, should they collide with them. Because collisions with fences were rare, we quantified the risk of petrels colliding with each simulated fence by counting the number of passes attempted below fence height, as evidenced by late avoidance behaviors and collisions. We compared the proportions of late avoidance behaviors and collisions among fence types to investigate the effects of fence type on fence strike risk. Counts during the control period were a measure of the proportion of passes when birds were at risk of colliding with fences of different heights during unobstructed flight. Hawaiian Petrels were significantly more likely to attempt to pass at heights above ground level below fence height when no fence was present (during the control period) than when the 1.2-m fence or 1.8-m simulated fences were present. This result indicates that although petrels flew below fence height when no fence was present, they were able to detect and avoid 1.2-m and 1.8-m fences in their flight path. However, one petrel did collide with the simulated 1.2-m fence on a foggy night, suggesting that Hawaiian Petrels may have more difficulty avoiding fences during poor visibility conditions. There was no significant difference in the likelihood of Hawaiian Petrels to exhibit late avoidance behaviors and collisions between the two fence heights. Therefore, the 1.2-m and 1.8-m simulated fences apparently posed similar fence strike risk to birds. There was a suggestive difference in the likelihood of petrels to exhibit avoidance behaviors and collisions between flagged and unflagged fences. This suggests that Hawaiian Petrels were able to detect and avoid flagged fences at greater distances, possibly reducing fence strike risk. We also investigated the effect of fence orientation relative to slope on petrel avoidance behavior. Fence orientation had no detectable effect on the proportion of late avoidance behaviors and collisions exhibited by displaying Hawaiian Petrels. However, investigations into the effect of fence orientation may be more appropriate when studying behavior of petrels commuting to or from breeding colonies rather than that of displaying birds following circuitous flight paths. In conclusion, fences help to protect essential habitats of native species and pose little risk to displaying Hawaiian Petrels. Fence strike risk for this critically endangered species may be further minimized by adding visible materials, such as white flagging, during construction. The methods developed in this study could be used to test fence designs proposed for future construction, particularly designs that would exclude both introduced predators and feral ungulates from Hawaiian Petrel breeding habitat. Close

• 66. [Article] Uncertainty and Risk in the Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management: Some Insights from an Ecosystem Computer Simulation Model

  Understanding the complexities of ecosystems is difficult enough, but when the human dimension is added to the inherent uncertainty and risk in fisheries management, the actual versus expected results ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Uncertainty and Risk in the Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management: Some Insights from an Ecosystem Computer Simulation Model Author: Ward, John, Metzner, Rebecca, DeYoung, Cassandra Understanding the complexities of ecosystems is difficult enough, but when the human dimension is added to the inherent uncertainty and risk in fisheries management, the actual versus expected results move from the counter-intuitive to the paradoxical. Without an adequate understanding of the interrelationships between ecosystem components, including the human dimension, scientific management becomes intuition-based management, which is often counterproductive to achieving desired goals and objectives. A computer simulation model is developed for multiple species, resource areas, stocks, and cohorts. To explicitly incorporate ecosystem effects predator-prey and competitor relationships are constructed to interpret interactions between different species of fish. Fishing fleet dynamics are captured by modeling multiple vessel classes based on specifications for catchability and concentration profiles. Additional uncertainty is included through the effects of market supply and demand on price for different discount rates. Economic impacts are also estimated for each point in time as biological and market conditions change. This simulation model results are then compared to determine if the management objective of maximization of net benefits subject to the fish stock conservation goal are achievable in an ecosystem context while also considering impacts on jobs, income, and sales. Insights from this simulation of an ecosystem should provide information on the needed research required for the ecosystem approach to fisheries management to be successful in achieving its multiple objectives. Title: Uncertainty and Risk in the Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management: Some Insights from an Ecosystem Computer Simulation Model Author: Ward, John, Metzner, Rebecca, DeYoung, Cassandra Understanding the complexities of ecosystems is difficult enough, but when the human dimension is added to the inherent uncertainty and risk in fisheries management, the actual versus expected results move from the counter-intuitive to the paradoxical. Without an adequate understanding of the interrelationships between ecosystem components, including the human dimension, scientific management becomes intuition-based management, which is often counterproductive to achieving desired goals and objectives. A computer simulation model is developed for multiple species, resource areas, stocks, and cohorts. To explicitly incorporate ecosystem effects predator-prey and competitor relationships are constructed to interpret interactions between different species of fish. Fishing fleet dynamics are captured by modeling multiple vessel classes based on specifications for catchability and concentration profiles. Additional uncertainty is included through the effects of market supply and demand on price for different discount rates. Economic impacts are also estimated for each point in time as biological and market conditions change. This simulation model results are then compared to determine if the management objective of maximization of net benefits subject to the fish stock conservation goal are achievable in an ecosystem context while also considering impacts on jobs, income, and sales. Insights from this simulation of an ecosystem should provide information on the needed research required for the ecosystem approach to fisheries management to be successful in achieving its multiple objectives. Close

• 67. [Article] Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Society for Conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction Author: George, Daniel, Kelly, Terra R., Rivers, James W., et al., Grantham, Jesse To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Society for Conservation Biology and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291523-1739. Title: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction Author: George, Daniel, Kelly, Terra R., Rivers, James W., et al., Grantham, Jesse To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Society for Conservation Biology and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291523-1739. Close

• 68. [Article] A Qualitative Risk Assessment of Hookah Diving as Fishing Technology in Small-Scale Fisheries

  In many small-scale fisheries around the world, hookah diving is the main fishing method and gear to catch high-value species like sea urchin, sea cucumber, queen conch and spiny lobster. Decompression ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Qualitative Risk Assessment of Hookah Diving as Fishing Technology in Small-Scale Fisheries Author: Seijo, Juan Carlos, Huchim, Oswaldo In many small-scale fisheries around the world, hookah diving is the main fishing method and gear to catch high-value species like sea urchin, sea cucumber, queen conch and spiny lobster. Decompression sickness (DCS) and carbon monoxide poisoning (COP) are diseases related to hookah diving and are the cause of non-fatal and fatal injuries in small-scale fishers with the social and economic effects over households and coastal communities. A misunderstanding about diving risks still prevails among small-scale fishers. This study reports on a qualitative risk analysis method developed to obtain fishers perception, the likelihood of undesired health threatening events occurring as a result of hookah diving, and the corresponding perceptions of impacts or consequences of such accidents. These risk perceptions are contrasted with hyperbaric physicians’ perceptions and the actual diving accidents occurring in the spiny lobster (P. argus) and sea cucumber (I. badionotus) small-scale fisheries in a Yucatan northeastern coastal community. Fishers identified the DCS as a major problem in the diving activity; however, their impact value perceived was lower than the one perceived by the physicians. Fishers diving behavior exceeded the recommended standards for a safety diving practice. The method allows for identification of priority decisions relevant to the need for appropriate fishing technologies, for fishers capacity building associated with health-related precautionary measures, and increased community awareness of possible consequences of current fishing technology.  Title: A Qualitative Risk Assessment of Hookah Diving as Fishing Technology in Small-Scale Fisheries Author: Seijo, Juan Carlos, Huchim, Oswaldo In many small-scale fisheries around the world, hookah diving is the main fishing method and gear to catch high-value species like sea urchin, sea cucumber, queen conch and spiny lobster. Decompression sickness (DCS) and carbon monoxide poisoning (COP) are diseases related to hookah diving and are the cause of non-fatal and fatal injuries in small-scale fishers with the social and economic effects over households and coastal communities. A misunderstanding about diving risks still prevails among small-scale fishers. This study reports on a qualitative risk analysis method developed to obtain fishers perception, the likelihood of undesired health threatening events occurring as a result of hookah diving, and the corresponding perceptions of impacts or consequences of such accidents. These risk perceptions are contrasted with hyperbaric physicians’ perceptions and the actual diving accidents occurring in the spiny lobster (P. argus) and sea cucumber (I. badionotus) small-scale fisheries in a Yucatan northeastern coastal community. Fishers identified the DCS as a major problem in the diving activity; however, their impact value perceived was lower than the one perceived by the physicians. Fishers diving behavior exceeded the recommended standards for a safety diving practice. The method allows for identification of priority decisions relevant to the need for appropriate fishing technologies, for fishers capacity building associated with health-related precautionary measures, and increased community awareness of possible consequences of current fishing technology.  Close

• 69. [Article] Fleet coordination of catch under share-based management in the Central Gulf of Alaska groundfish fishery

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fleet coordination of catch under share-based management in the Central Gulf of Alaska groundfish fishery Author: Fina, Mark Abstract only. Title: Fleet coordination of catch under share-based management in the Central Gulf of Alaska groundfish fishery Author: Fina, Mark Abstract only. Close

• 70. [Article] Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the National ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains Author: Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Burbidge, Andrew A., Campbell, Karl, Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Courchamp, Franck, Jones, Holly P., Keitt, Bradford S., Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Spatz, Dena R., Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Holmes, Nick D., Croll, Donald A., Bonnaud, Elsa, Towns, David R., Poncet, Sally, Rocamora, Gérard To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.pnas.org/ Title: Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains Author: Howald, Gregg R., Miskelly, Colin M., Burbidge, Andrew A., Campbell, Karl, Rauzon, Mark J., Cowan, Philip E., Seddon, Philip J., Corkery, Ilse, Ebbert, Steve, Oppel, Steffen, Kappes, Peter J., Butchart, Stuart H. M., Courchamp, Franck, Jones, Holly P., Keitt, Bradford S., Russell, James C., Tershy, Bernie R., Kress, Stephen W., Samaniego-Herrera, Araceli, Cuthbert, Richard J., Aguirre-Muñoz, Alfonso, Spatz, Dena R., Genovesi, Piero, Armstrong, Doug P., Holmes, Nick D., Croll, Donald A., Bonnaud, Elsa, Towns, David R., Poncet, Sally, Rocamora, Gérard To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.pnas.org/ Close

• 71. [Article] Silvicultural Treatment Impacts on Understory Trees and 20-Year Understory Vegetation Dynamics in Mature Douglas-Fir Forests

  Policy regarding the management of public forests has undergone a drastic shift over the past couple of decades due to the loss old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. For ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Silvicultural Treatment Impacts on Understory Trees and 20-Year Understory Vegetation Dynamics in Mature Douglas-Fir Forests Author: Priebe, Jim E. Policy regarding the management of public forests has undergone a drastic shift over the past couple of decades due to the loss old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. For much of the 20th century, forest management on public lands emphasized timber production through the use of even-aged management practices. There has been increasing recognition, however, that traditional even-aged management approaches are unable to support species that rely on the complex, heterogeneous structures provided by old-growth forests. In response, public forest managers have redirected their focus to developing more ecologically sustainable forests capable of meeting a broad array of objectives including an increasing emphasis on the development of late-seral and old-growth characteristics. Thinning has been identified as a promising method for promoting late-seral characteristics in managed stands. Recent long-term studies have shown that thinning stands does indeed accelerate the development of at least some late-seral structure characteristics, particularly when varying levels of thinning intensity and non-uniform retention patterns are incorporated into silvicultural prescriptions. Likewise, thinning has also shown some ability to increase the abundance of late-seral associated plant species in the understory. The impacts of thinning on vegetation dynamics are complicated by external factors such as natural disturbance events and the influence of pre-treatment vegetation on post-treatment communities. Within the context of managing for late-seral attributes, thinning is used to imitate natural disturbance processes. However, this does not preclude the occurrence of natural disturbances, which may either disrupt or compound treatment effects. Initial site conditions create another potential complication for the development of late-seral attributes by limiting the potential for change in understory communities. While some studies have shown that thinning improves late-seral plant abundance, others have found that the legacy of pre-treatment vegetation has a stronger impact on post-treatment communities. This study focused on the impacts of ice storm disturbance and pre-treatment vegetation on the understory of mature Douglas-fir forests using the ongoing Mature Forest Study (MFS), a long-term silvicultural experiment evaluating the effects of thinning and understory vegetation management treatments, as a framework. The first study examined the impact of an ice storm (glaze disturbance) on planted understory trees. Specifically, I looked at the effect of understory tree species, tree size, and overstory neighborhood environment on the type (bending, crown loss), source (ice loading, falling debris), and severity of damage experienced by planted understory trees at one of the MFS sites. Tree species, size, and overstory environment all affected the amount of understory glaze damage. Frequency and severity of damage both varied among underplanted tree species. In general, smaller trees were more prone to being bent, while larger trees were more susceptible to crown loss. The Douglas-fir component of the overstory provided enough additional sheltering that the increased risk to understory trees from falling debris was balanced by a corresponding decrease in the odds of damage by ice loading. This was not the case for the hardwood component; increasing risk of damage to understory trees from falling debris with increasing hardwood basal area drove an overall increase in the risk of understory damage as hardwood basal area increased. This study suggests that species, tree size, and overstory environment all need to be considered by managers hoping to reduce glaze damage risk to younger cohorts in multi-aged stands. The second study investigated the impacts of thinning intensity and herbicide application on the long-term (20-year post-treatment) development of understory vegetation communities on both of the MFS sites. Trends were examined with a focus on the ability of herbicide application, in concert with thinning treatments, to reduce the legacy of common pre-treatment species and promote the abundance of late-seral associates. Results indicated that both thinning intensity and herbicide application affected 20-year changes in understory plant community composition. Herbicide application was associated with a decrease in the abundance of common pre-treatment species, suggesting that it did reduce the legacy effect. However, this was not associated with any change in the abundance of late-seral species. While light thinning showed some ability to mitigate decline in late-seral species relative to higher intensity thinnings, there was no evidence of treatment interaction with herbicide application. These results suggest that while managers may be able to reduce the influence of initial site conditions on post-treatment vegetation communities, the use of herbicides offers little control over the successional trajectory of the understory. Light thinning appears to be the most effective means of increasing late-seral species abundance, although the use of herbicides to meet other management objectives is not contraindicated by the results of this study. Overall, these results suggest that the best options available to managers to both reduce glaze disturbance impacts to understory trees and hasten the development of late-seral plant communities are heavy thinning with unmanaged leave patches to provide late-seral refugia, or light thinning with gaps to provide growing space for better tree regeneration. Title: Silvicultural Treatment Impacts on Understory Trees and 20-Year Understory Vegetation Dynamics in Mature Douglas-Fir Forests Author: Priebe, Jim E. Policy regarding the management of public forests has undergone a drastic shift over the past couple of decades due to the loss old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. For much of the 20th century, forest management on public lands emphasized timber production through the use of even-aged management practices. There has been increasing recognition, however, that traditional even-aged management approaches are unable to support species that rely on the complex, heterogeneous structures provided by old-growth forests. In response, public forest managers have redirected their focus to developing more ecologically sustainable forests capable of meeting a broad array of objectives including an increasing emphasis on the development of late-seral and old-growth characteristics. Thinning has been identified as a promising method for promoting late-seral characteristics in managed stands. Recent long-term studies have shown that thinning stands does indeed accelerate the development of at least some late-seral structure characteristics, particularly when varying levels of thinning intensity and non-uniform retention patterns are incorporated into silvicultural prescriptions. Likewise, thinning has also shown some ability to increase the abundance of late-seral associated plant species in the understory. The impacts of thinning on vegetation dynamics are complicated by external factors such as natural disturbance events and the influence of pre-treatment vegetation on post-treatment communities. Within the context of managing for late-seral attributes, thinning is used to imitate natural disturbance processes. However, this does not preclude the occurrence of natural disturbances, which may either disrupt or compound treatment effects. Initial site conditions create another potential complication for the development of late-seral attributes by limiting the potential for change in understory communities. While some studies have shown that thinning improves late-seral plant abundance, others have found that the legacy of pre-treatment vegetation has a stronger impact on post-treatment communities. This study focused on the impacts of ice storm disturbance and pre-treatment vegetation on the understory of mature Douglas-fir forests using the ongoing Mature Forest Study (MFS), a long-term silvicultural experiment evaluating the effects of thinning and understory vegetation management treatments, as a framework. The first study examined the impact of an ice storm (glaze disturbance) on planted understory trees. Specifically, I looked at the effect of understory tree species, tree size, and overstory neighborhood environment on the type (bending, crown loss), source (ice loading, falling debris), and severity of damage experienced by planted understory trees at one of the MFS sites. Tree species, size, and overstory environment all affected the amount of understory glaze damage. Frequency and severity of damage both varied among underplanted tree species. In general, smaller trees were more prone to being bent, while larger trees were more susceptible to crown loss. The Douglas-fir component of the overstory provided enough additional sheltering that the increased risk to understory trees from falling debris was balanced by a corresponding decrease in the odds of damage by ice loading. This was not the case for the hardwood component; increasing risk of damage to understory trees from falling debris with increasing hardwood basal area drove an overall increase in the risk of understory damage as hardwood basal area increased. This study suggests that species, tree size, and overstory environment all need to be considered by managers hoping to reduce glaze damage risk to younger cohorts in multi-aged stands. The second study investigated the impacts of thinning intensity and herbicide application on the long-term (20-year post-treatment) development of understory vegetation communities on both of the MFS sites. Trends were examined with a focus on the ability of herbicide application, in concert with thinning treatments, to reduce the legacy of common pre-treatment species and promote the abundance of late-seral associates. Results indicated that both thinning intensity and herbicide application affected 20-year changes in understory plant community composition. Herbicide application was associated with a decrease in the abundance of common pre-treatment species, suggesting that it did reduce the legacy effect. However, this was not associated with any change in the abundance of late-seral species. While light thinning showed some ability to mitigate decline in late-seral species relative to higher intensity thinnings, there was no evidence of treatment interaction with herbicide application. These results suggest that while managers may be able to reduce the influence of initial site conditions on post-treatment vegetation communities, the use of herbicides offers little control over the successional trajectory of the understory. Light thinning appears to be the most effective means of increasing late-seral species abundance, although the use of herbicides to meet other management objectives is not contraindicated by the results of this study. Overall, these results suggest that the best options available to managers to both reduce glaze disturbance impacts to understory trees and hasten the development of late-seral plant communities are heavy thinning with unmanaged leave patches to provide late-seral refugia, or light thinning with gaps to provide growing space for better tree regeneration. Close

• 72. [Article] Historic Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality for Columbian Black-Tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon

  In contrast with other Odocoileus species, Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) population dynamics are not well understood throughout the species’ range. Concerns over apparent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historic Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality for Columbian Black-Tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon Author: Groot, Kevyn A. In contrast with other Odocoileus species, Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) population dynamics are not well understood throughout the species’ range. Concerns over apparent long-term population declines have prompted efforts to fill basic knowledge gaps including estimates of vital rates (fecundity, recruitment and survival) and cause-specific mortality. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife completed an extensive Columbian black-tailed (black-tailed) deer radio-collaring study in Oregon's south Cascade range from 1994 - 2000, with the goal of better understanding and anticipating the effects of different harvest management strategies on deer herds in the region. I utilized this historical data to conduct an in-depth investigation of seasonal sex- and age-specific survival rates and cause-specific mortality rates for marked black-tailed deer. I used known-fate data for 293 male and female radio-collared black-tailed of 3 age classes (yearling, 2-year old, adult) to estimate seasonal survival and investigate a variety of explanatory factors including sex, age class, temporal effects (seasonal, annual and trends across season and year), and time-dependent large-scale regional climate covariates. Variation in survival rates for this population was best explained by an interaction between sex and age class, with decreased probability of survival with increasing age class. The age effect was most pronounced in males, and although female survival in the older age classes was higher compared to male survival as predicted, yearling males had higher survival rates than yearling females. There was strong support for temporal variation in survival between summer and winter seasons, with winter survival best modeled as constant across years and summer survival variable across years. Winter survival was generally higher than summer except in 1997 when winter and summer rates were similar. Despite annual variation in summer survival rates, large-scale climate indices (Southern Oscillation Index, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Palmer Drought Severity Index) did not explain any temporal variation in survival rates within seasons. Low survival rates during the summer season, particularly for older males, resulted in low estimates of annual survival in some years. Annual estimates for males ranged from 0.47 - 0.76 for yearlings, 0.29 - 0.60 for 2-year olds and 0.14 - 0.40 for adults across the 6 years of this study. Annual estimates for females were generally higher than for males but were some of the lowest documented for the species, ranging from 0.47 - 0.76 for yearlings, 0.46 - 0.75 for 2-year olds and 0.44 - 0.74 for adults. I used the nonparametric cumulative incidence function estimator (NPCIFE) to generate annual and seasonal cumulative incidence functions for four competing risks: harvest, predation, other low-incidence sources of anthropogenic or natural mortality, and mortality due to unknown sources. Annual and seasonal risk functions were pooled across all years of the study to maximize sample size. As predicted in this system with limited antlerless harvest, cumulative risk of harvest across the entire annual cycle (365 days) was significantly higher for males (0.16, 95% CI = 0.11 - 0.21); a 16% annual cumulative risk compared to just 3% for females (0.03, 95% CI = 0.01 - 0.05). In addition, cause-specific mortality by male age class during the period of highest hunting pressure (general Cascade rifle season) suggested that 2-year-old males had over twice the cumulative risk of legal harvest with 22% of this age class killed by hunters during the general rifle season (0.22, 95% CI = 0.12 - 0.33) compared to 10% of adults (0.10, 95% CI = 0.04 - 0.15). Most yearling males survived the harvest season as cumulative legal harvest risk for yearling males was low (0.02, 95% CI = -0.01 - 0.06) relative to 2-year-olds and adults. Cougars (Puma concolor) were the primary predator of marked black-tailed deer and there was no significant difference in annual cumulative predation risk between the sexes (males: 0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 - 0.08; females: 0.05, 95% CI = 0.03 - 0.08), with only 5% risk of predation each year for both males and females. There was strong evidence that cumulative predation risk for females was higher in winter (0.04, 95% CI = 0.02 - 0.06) compared to summer (0.01, 95% CI = -0.002 - 0.02), and an increase in cumulative risk from February to May provides supportive evidence that females are more susceptible to predation during these months. High survival rates of yearling males with dramatic declines in survival once many of these deer became 2-year olds or older suggest that harvest may have had an additive effect and been the primary cause of low survival rates observed for males. Observed variability in summer survival resulted in variable, and in some years very low, annual survival rates for adult females; a strong contrast to the generally stable annual survival rates reported for other populations of mule deer. The highest estimates of annual survival for yearling males and for females of all age classes (0.74) in 1997 are comparable to the low range of estimates observed in other populations, but in other years estimates are much lower than what has been previously reported for black-tailed deer. These low survival rates might suggest a mechanism resulting in population decline over time, but more information on other vital rates (fecundity, fawn survival, and recruitment), carrying capacity of the system and population size is necessary to understand the population dynamics of black-tailed deer in this region during the 1990's. Properties of the data relative to male age classes in particular (low sample sizes, high censoring rates) decreased precision of these estimates and might have resulted in biased estimates. Adult females had consistently sufficient sample sizes over the course of the study to generate more precise, reliable estimates of survival, particularly in the latter 3 years of the study; these estimates should therefore be viewed with more confidence. Cause-specific mortality rates should be viewed as minimums due to the high number of unknown mortalities (40% of total) in the study population, but they suggest that hunting is the primary source of mortality for adult males and predation has the highest impact on seasonal female mortality rates. Given the historical nature of these results, my estimates should be used as a baseline and foundation for comparison with results from current black-tailed deer research in Oregon. These results have raised potential questions regarding harvest levels on male black-tailed deer in addition to possible resource constraints affecting both sexes on seasonal ranges, and can therefore focus new research to address these concerns. Title: Historic Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality for Columbian Black-Tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon Author: Groot, Kevyn A. In contrast with other Odocoileus species, Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) population dynamics are not well understood throughout the species’ range. Concerns over apparent long-term population declines have prompted efforts to fill basic knowledge gaps including estimates of vital rates (fecundity, recruitment and survival) and cause-specific mortality. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife completed an extensive Columbian black-tailed (black-tailed) deer radio-collaring study in Oregon's south Cascade range from 1994 - 2000, with the goal of better understanding and anticipating the effects of different harvest management strategies on deer herds in the region. I utilized this historical data to conduct an in-depth investigation of seasonal sex- and age-specific survival rates and cause-specific mortality rates for marked black-tailed deer. I used known-fate data for 293 male and female radio-collared black-tailed of 3 age classes (yearling, 2-year old, adult) to estimate seasonal survival and investigate a variety of explanatory factors including sex, age class, temporal effects (seasonal, annual and trends across season and year), and time-dependent large-scale regional climate covariates. Variation in survival rates for this population was best explained by an interaction between sex and age class, with decreased probability of survival with increasing age class. The age effect was most pronounced in males, and although female survival in the older age classes was higher compared to male survival as predicted, yearling males had higher survival rates than yearling females. There was strong support for temporal variation in survival between summer and winter seasons, with winter survival best modeled as constant across years and summer survival variable across years. Winter survival was generally higher than summer except in 1997 when winter and summer rates were similar. Despite annual variation in summer survival rates, large-scale climate indices (Southern Oscillation Index, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Palmer Drought Severity Index) did not explain any temporal variation in survival rates within seasons. Low survival rates during the summer season, particularly for older males, resulted in low estimates of annual survival in some years. Annual estimates for males ranged from 0.47 - 0.76 for yearlings, 0.29 - 0.60 for 2-year olds and 0.14 - 0.40 for adults across the 6 years of this study. Annual estimates for females were generally higher than for males but were some of the lowest documented for the species, ranging from 0.47 - 0.76 for yearlings, 0.46 - 0.75 for 2-year olds and 0.44 - 0.74 for adults. I used the nonparametric cumulative incidence function estimator (NPCIFE) to generate annual and seasonal cumulative incidence functions for four competing risks: harvest, predation, other low-incidence sources of anthropogenic or natural mortality, and mortality due to unknown sources. Annual and seasonal risk functions were pooled across all years of the study to maximize sample size. As predicted in this system with limited antlerless harvest, cumulative risk of harvest across the entire annual cycle (365 days) was significantly higher for males (0.16, 95% CI = 0.11 - 0.21); a 16% annual cumulative risk compared to just 3% for females (0.03, 95% CI = 0.01 - 0.05). In addition, cause-specific mortality by male age class during the period of highest hunting pressure (general Cascade rifle season) suggested that 2-year-old males had over twice the cumulative risk of legal harvest with 22% of this age class killed by hunters during the general rifle season (0.22, 95% CI = 0.12 - 0.33) compared to 10% of adults (0.10, 95% CI = 0.04 - 0.15). Most yearling males survived the harvest season as cumulative legal harvest risk for yearling males was low (0.02, 95% CI = -0.01 - 0.06) relative to 2-year-olds and adults. Cougars (Puma concolor) were the primary predator of marked black-tailed deer and there was no significant difference in annual cumulative predation risk between the sexes (males: 0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 - 0.08; females: 0.05, 95% CI = 0.03 - 0.08), with only 5% risk of predation each year for both males and females. There was strong evidence that cumulative predation risk for females was higher in winter (0.04, 95% CI = 0.02 - 0.06) compared to summer (0.01, 95% CI = -0.002 - 0.02), and an increase in cumulative risk from February to May provides supportive evidence that females are more susceptible to predation during these months. High survival rates of yearling males with dramatic declines in survival once many of these deer became 2-year olds or older suggest that harvest may have had an additive effect and been the primary cause of low survival rates observed for males. Observed variability in summer survival resulted in variable, and in some years very low, annual survival rates for adult females; a strong contrast to the generally stable annual survival rates reported for other populations of mule deer. The highest estimates of annual survival for yearling males and for females of all age classes (0.74) in 1997 are comparable to the low range of estimates observed in other populations, but in other years estimates are much lower than what has been previously reported for black-tailed deer. These low survival rates might suggest a mechanism resulting in population decline over time, but more information on other vital rates (fecundity, fawn survival, and recruitment), carrying capacity of the system and population size is necessary to understand the population dynamics of black-tailed deer in this region during the 1990's. Properties of the data relative to male age classes in particular (low sample sizes, high censoring rates) decreased precision of these estimates and might have resulted in biased estimates. Adult females had consistently sufficient sample sizes over the course of the study to generate more precise, reliable estimates of survival, particularly in the latter 3 years of the study; these estimates should therefore be viewed with more confidence. Cause-specific mortality rates should be viewed as minimums due to the high number of unknown mortalities (40% of total) in the study population, but they suggest that hunting is the primary source of mortality for adult males and predation has the highest impact on seasonal female mortality rates. Given the historical nature of these results, my estimates should be used as a baseline and foundation for comparison with results from current black-tailed deer research in Oregon. These results have raised potential questions regarding harvest levels on male black-tailed deer in addition to possible resource constraints affecting both sexes on seasonal ranges, and can therefore focus new research to address these concerns. Close

• 73. [Article] The Economic Implications of Changing Regulations for Deep Sea Fishing under the European Common Fisheries Policy: UK Case Study

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economic Implications of Changing Regulations for Deep Sea Fishing under the European Common Fisheries Policy: UK Case Study Author: Mangi, Stephen, Burns, Finlay, Neat, Francis, Kenny, Andrew, Ribeiro-Santos, Ana, Posen, Paulette, Readdy, Lisa Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: The Economic Implications of Changing Regulations for Deep Sea Fishing under the European Common Fisheries Policy: UK Case Study Author: Mangi, Stephen, Burns, Finlay, Neat, Francis, Kenny, Andrew, Ribeiro-Santos, Ana, Posen, Paulette, Readdy, Lisa Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 74. [Article] Evaluation of differing anti-predator strategies of three juvenile north Pacific flatfish species

  Pleuronectid flatfish are generally thought to utilize stereotypical anti-predator behavior to reduce encounters with potential predators, including burial, maintaining a low profile on the bottom, cryptic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of differing anti-predator strategies of three juvenile north Pacific flatfish species Author: Lemke, Jena Pleuronectid flatfish are generally thought to utilize stereotypical anti-predator behavior to reduce encounters with potential predators, including burial, maintaining a low profile on the bottom, cryptic coloration, and reduced activity. However, a series of laboratory experiments demonstrate significantly different predation rates on juvenile (Age-0) English sole (Parophrys vetulus), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) by Age-2 Pacific halibut predators, suggesting differing anti-predator strategies and/or capabilities. Specifically, differences between the three species include their tendency to bury, their body posture relative to the bottom, as well as their activity levels both in the presence and absence of perceived predation risk. English sole, with the highest predation rates, tend to bury less frequently, exhibit an arched body posture (with head elevated off the bottom), and have generally higher activity levels in the presence of predators when compared to the other two species. Because of these behavioral characteristics, which render them more conspicuous, English sole are encountered more frequently by halibut predators than the other two species. Additionally, English sole are less likely to escape from these predators once pursued. As an estuarine dependent species, English sole are generally exposed to lower densities of predators in an environment that tends to be highly turbid. As a result English sole, may have "relaxed" anti-predator behaviors in comparison to northern rock sole and Pacific halibut which recruit to less turbid, predator rich, coastal nurseries. Title: Evaluation of differing anti-predator strategies of three juvenile north Pacific flatfish species Author: Lemke, Jena Pleuronectid flatfish are generally thought to utilize stereotypical anti-predator behavior to reduce encounters with potential predators, including burial, maintaining a low profile on the bottom, cryptic coloration, and reduced activity. However, a series of laboratory experiments demonstrate significantly different predation rates on juvenile (Age-0) English sole (Parophrys vetulus), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) by Age-2 Pacific halibut predators, suggesting differing anti-predator strategies and/or capabilities. Specifically, differences between the three species include their tendency to bury, their body posture relative to the bottom, as well as their activity levels both in the presence and absence of perceived predation risk. English sole, with the highest predation rates, tend to bury less frequently, exhibit an arched body posture (with head elevated off the bottom), and have generally higher activity levels in the presence of predators when compared to the other two species. Because of these behavioral characteristics, which render them more conspicuous, English sole are encountered more frequently by halibut predators than the other two species. Additionally, English sole are less likely to escape from these predators once pursued. As an estuarine dependent species, English sole are generally exposed to lower densities of predators in an environment that tends to be highly turbid. As a result English sole, may have "relaxed" anti-predator behaviors in comparison to northern rock sole and Pacific halibut which recruit to less turbid, predator rich, coastal nurseries. Close

• 75. [Article] Efficacy and host specificity compared between two populations of the psyllid Aphalara itadori, candidates for biological control of invasive knotweeds in North America

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Efficacy and host specificity compared between two populations of the psyllid Aphalara itadori, candidates for biological control of invasive knotweeds in North America Author: Grevstad, Fritzi, Reardon, Richard C., Bourchier, Robert, Shaw, Richard, Cortat, Ghislaine, Sanguankeo, Paolo To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: Efficacy and host specificity compared between two populations of the psyllid Aphalara itadori, candidates for biological control of invasive knotweeds in North America Author: Grevstad, Fritzi, Reardon, Richard C., Bourchier, Robert, Shaw, Richard, Cortat, Ghislaine, Sanguankeo, Paolo To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 76. [Article] Food-System of Tuna Industry: Market Distortions in Canning and Sashimi Markets

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food-System of Tuna Industry: Market Distortions in Canning and Sashimi Markets Author: Yamashita, Haruko Research Paper Title: Food-System of Tuna Industry: Market Distortions in Canning and Sashimi Markets Author: Yamashita, Haruko Research Paper Close

• 77. [Article] Predicted Redistribution of Ceratomyxa shasta Genotypes with Salmonid Passage in the Deschutes River, Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicted Redistribution of Ceratomyxa shasta Genotypes with Salmonid Passage in the Deschutes River, Oregon Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Stinson, Matthew E. T. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/. Title: Predicted Redistribution of Ceratomyxa shasta Genotypes with Salmonid Passage in the Deschutes River, Oregon Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Stinson, Matthew E. T. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/. Close

• 78. [Article] Developing Models for the Forage Ratios of Culiseta melanura and Culex erraticus using Species Characteristics for Avian Hosts

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Entomological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.entsoc.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing Models for the Forage Ratios of Culiseta melanura and Culex erraticus using Species Characteristics for Avian Hosts Author: Hassan, Hassan K., Unnasch, Thomas R., Hill, Geoffrey E., Estep, Laura K., Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D., McClure, Christopher J. W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Entomological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.entsoc.org/. Title: Developing Models for the Forage Ratios of Culiseta melanura and Culex erraticus using Species Characteristics for Avian Hosts Author: Hassan, Hassan K., Unnasch, Thomas R., Hill, Geoffrey E., Estep, Laura K., Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D., McClure, Christopher J. W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Entomological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.entsoc.org/. Close

• 79. [Article] Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species

  Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Close

• 80. [Article] Impacts of ponderosa pine forest restoration treatments on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in the Blue Mountains of Oregon

  Before the arrival of Euro-Americans, the inland Pacific Northwest was settled by native people whose frequent intentional burning of the landscape promoted open stands dominated by large fire-resistant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of ponderosa pine forest restoration treatments on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Smith, Jane E. (Jane Elizabeth) Before the arrival of Euro-Americans, the inland Pacific Northwest was settled by native people whose frequent intentional burning of the landscape promoted open stands dominated by large fire-resistant ponderosa pine. Fire suppression for nearly a century, livestock grazing, and logging of the largest trees has resulted in forests characterized by increased densities of small trees with closed canopies and unusually high fuel loads. Such structural changes to the forest ecosystem are particularly evident in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington where forest managers are applying prescribed fire and thinning to reduce the risk of stand-replacing wildfire and reestablish stand structure characteristics seen prior to Euro-American settlement. Aboveground ecosystem recovery after disturbance is directly linked to the survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) that form an obligate symbiosis with roots of tree species in the Pinaceae. EMF are critical for the uptake of nutrients by the tree host. The research comprising this dissertation explores the response of the EMF community structure and composition, live fine root biomass, and duff (decaying material) levels to (i) seasonal burning (fall vs. spring) and (ii) alternative fuel reducing restoration treatments (thinned only, prescribed burned only, thinned and prescribed burned). In both studies, treatments significantly reducing duff depth (e.g. fall burning and both restoration burning treatments) negatively impacted EMF species richness and live fine root biomass. The EMF community is characterized by a large number of species scattered at low frequencies across the sites. The frequent occurrence of a few species (e.g. Rhizopogon salebrosus and Wilcoxina rehmii), in both studies before and after treatment applications, demonstrates that some EMF species survive or rapidly reestablish after disturbance. The initial reduction of EMF species richness, fine root biomass, and duff levels after prescribed fire has important implications for whether managers can achieve the desired future condition of stands with large-tree retention and low fuel loads. The impacts of prescribed fire on the soil microbial community, along with the recovery potential of a site and the impending risk of stand-replacing wildfire in stands differing in structure from historic conditions, bear consideration when developing restoration prescriptions. Title: Impacts of ponderosa pine forest restoration treatments on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community and fine root biomass in the Blue Mountains of Oregon Author: Smith, Jane E. (Jane Elizabeth) Before the arrival of Euro-Americans, the inland Pacific Northwest was settled by native people whose frequent intentional burning of the landscape promoted open stands dominated by large fire-resistant ponderosa pine. Fire suppression for nearly a century, livestock grazing, and logging of the largest trees has resulted in forests characterized by increased densities of small trees with closed canopies and unusually high fuel loads. Such structural changes to the forest ecosystem are particularly evident in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington where forest managers are applying prescribed fire and thinning to reduce the risk of stand-replacing wildfire and reestablish stand structure characteristics seen prior to Euro-American settlement. Aboveground ecosystem recovery after disturbance is directly linked to the survival of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) that form an obligate symbiosis with roots of tree species in the Pinaceae. EMF are critical for the uptake of nutrients by the tree host. The research comprising this dissertation explores the response of the EMF community structure and composition, live fine root biomass, and duff (decaying material) levels to (i) seasonal burning (fall vs. spring) and (ii) alternative fuel reducing restoration treatments (thinned only, prescribed burned only, thinned and prescribed burned). In both studies, treatments significantly reducing duff depth (e.g. fall burning and both restoration burning treatments) negatively impacted EMF species richness and live fine root biomass. The EMF community is characterized by a large number of species scattered at low frequencies across the sites. The frequent occurrence of a few species (e.g. Rhizopogon salebrosus and Wilcoxina rehmii), in both studies before and after treatment applications, demonstrates that some EMF species survive or rapidly reestablish after disturbance. The initial reduction of EMF species richness, fine root biomass, and duff levels after prescribed fire has important implications for whether managers can achieve the desired future condition of stands with large-tree retention and low fuel loads. The impacts of prescribed fire on the soil microbial community, along with the recovery potential of a site and the impending risk of stand-replacing wildfire in stands differing in structure from historic conditions, bear consideration when developing restoration prescriptions. Close

• 81. [Article] The effects of an emerging pathogen on amphibian host behaviors and interactions

  Contemporary environmental change encompasses massive biodiversity loss and increasing numbers of emerging diseases worldwide. As part of a global biodiversity crisis, amphibians are disappearing at unprecedented ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects of an emerging pathogen on amphibian host behaviors and interactions Author: Han, Barbara A. Contemporary environmental change encompasses massive biodiversity loss and increasing numbers of emerging diseases worldwide. As part of a global biodiversity crisis, amphibians are disappearing at unprecedented rates. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is an emerging infectious pathogen prominently associated with many declines. Chapter 1 reviews the past decade of research on this system and highlights areas where knowledge is notably lacking. Host behavior remains a crucial determinant of host-pathogen dynamics yet studies addressing the effects of Batrachochytrium on amphibian behaviors are virtually nonexistent. Remaining chapters examine behavioral responses of host species to Batrachochytrium. Chapter 2 examines how ancient behaviors that have persisted in amphibians for millions of years change with exposure to Batrachochytrium. I examined thermoregulatory behavior in tadpoles of four species (Pseudacris regilla, Rana aurora, Bufo boreas, Rana cascadae), and aggregation behavior in two species that school as tadpoles (B. boreas, R. cascadae). Results suggest that some amphibians will continue seeking optimal temperatures and continue aggregating regardless of infection risk. I discuss the importance of behavioral plasticity and evolutionary inertia in interpreting host behavioral responses to infection. Chapter 3 examines Batrachochytrium dynamics when multiple host species interact. I manipulated infection status in tadpoles of three naturally co-occurring hosts (P. regilla, B. boreas, R. cascadae) in various combinations and measured growth, survival and infection severity. There were strong interactions between species combinations and infection leading to pathogen-mediated mutualism and competition. Results also suggest that both species richness and species identity may be important factors moderating a dilution effect in this system. Coexisting, interacting hosts must also contend with predators in a community. Chapter 4 explores Batrachochytrium-induced changes in antipredator behaviors in four species (P. regilla, R. aurora, B. boreas, R. cascadae). I also examined whether antipredator behaviors increased survivorship in the presence of lethal predators in R. cascadae, R. aurora. Exposure to Batrachochytrium changed activity rate and refuge use in Bufo, but not in the other species. Nonselective predation of Batrachochytriumexposed prey by susceptible predators adds an unexplored dimension of complexity to this system. Chapter 5 summarizes the ecological implications of studies presented in this dissertation. Title: The effects of an emerging pathogen on amphibian host behaviors and interactions Author: Han, Barbara A. Contemporary environmental change encompasses massive biodiversity loss and increasing numbers of emerging diseases worldwide. As part of a global biodiversity crisis, amphibians are disappearing at unprecedented rates. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is an emerging infectious pathogen prominently associated with many declines. Chapter 1 reviews the past decade of research on this system and highlights areas where knowledge is notably lacking. Host behavior remains a crucial determinant of host-pathogen dynamics yet studies addressing the effects of Batrachochytrium on amphibian behaviors are virtually nonexistent. Remaining chapters examine behavioral responses of host species to Batrachochytrium. Chapter 2 examines how ancient behaviors that have persisted in amphibians for millions of years change with exposure to Batrachochytrium. I examined thermoregulatory behavior in tadpoles of four species (Pseudacris regilla, Rana aurora, Bufo boreas, Rana cascadae), and aggregation behavior in two species that school as tadpoles (B. boreas, R. cascadae). Results suggest that some amphibians will continue seeking optimal temperatures and continue aggregating regardless of infection risk. I discuss the importance of behavioral plasticity and evolutionary inertia in interpreting host behavioral responses to infection. Chapter 3 examines Batrachochytrium dynamics when multiple host species interact. I manipulated infection status in tadpoles of three naturally co-occurring hosts (P. regilla, B. boreas, R. cascadae) in various combinations and measured growth, survival and infection severity. There were strong interactions between species combinations and infection leading to pathogen-mediated mutualism and competition. Results also suggest that both species richness and species identity may be important factors moderating a dilution effect in this system. Coexisting, interacting hosts must also contend with predators in a community. Chapter 4 explores Batrachochytrium-induced changes in antipredator behaviors in four species (P. regilla, R. aurora, B. boreas, R. cascadae). I also examined whether antipredator behaviors increased survivorship in the presence of lethal predators in R. cascadae, R. aurora. Exposure to Batrachochytrium changed activity rate and refuge use in Bufo, but not in the other species. Nonselective predation of Batrachochytriumexposed prey by susceptible predators adds an unexplored dimension of complexity to this system. Chapter 5 summarizes the ecological implications of studies presented in this dissertation. Close

• 82. [Article] The Challenges and Opportunities of a Proactive Endangered Species Act : A Case Study of the Greater Sage Grouse

  The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is considered by many to be among the most powerful and most contentious environmental laws in the United States. Persistent challenges to the Act’s implementation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Challenges and Opportunities of a Proactive Endangered Species Act : A Case Study of the Greater Sage Grouse Author: Taylor, Casey Lynn The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is considered by many to be among the most powerful and most contentious environmental laws in the United States. Persistent challenges to the Act’s implementation make reaching conservation goals problematic. Most notably, the very nature of the law—providing protections for species already at risk of extinction—means its protections are offered only when the situation is already dire, when conservation efforts will be the most difficult, costly, and controversial. Impacted industries and rural communities have frequently chafed under the regulations imposed by the Act, while environmentalists have seen the ESA as a reliable tool for slowing or stopping unwanted development. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has begun altering its approach to species conservation by pursuing a series of more proactive tools within the ESA in an effort to address declining species before emergency action under the Act is required. These efforts, including working collaboratively with state governments, federal management agencies, and private landowners, were highly visible in the case of the Greater Sage Grouse, a recent candidate for ESA protection in the western United States. Using the sage grouse as a focal case study, this dissertation evaluates some of the challenges and opportunities involved in these proactive, collaborative conservation efforts. In particular, analysis focuses on one of the key components of the ESA process—the selection, interpretation, and application of scientific evidence. Interviews with stakeholders across three sage grouse states—Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming—as well as planning documents, government reports, and media accounts in these states were collected in order to understand the relationship between collaboration and the use of science in proactive conservation efforts for the sage grouse. Evidence from the three studies in this dissertation suggests that in such efforts, discussion and negotiation surrounding the nature of species threats and possible conservation actions can be hampered by the lack of trust between stakeholders and administrative agencies. The first study (Chapter 2) examines three different conservation efforts in Oregon, and finds that organizational goals, history, and scale of operations influence the degree of collaboration within a particular effort, when then influences the manner in which science is utilized in the process. The second study (Chapter 3) compares the development of voluntary conservation agreements between private landowners and FWS across three states and finds that positive working relationships and trust are critical in effectively negotiating species threats, conservation actions, and monitoring protocols. That being said, when relationships and trust are still being developed, as they often are for the FWS with regard to the ESA, these can be supplemented by partnering with other agencies and organizations with better relationships with communities on the ground, such as the NRCS. The third study (Chapter 4) asks participants from the two earlier portions of the dissertation to define the term ‘best available science,’ an ambiguous concept which is often used as a metric for decision-making in environmental law. Analysis of these responses finds substantial common ground regarding how ‘best available science’ should be defined and identified, but also points to areas of concern with the practice of science-based decision-making. Title: The Challenges and Opportunities of a Proactive Endangered Species Act : A Case Study of the Greater Sage Grouse Author: Taylor, Casey Lynn The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is considered by many to be among the most powerful and most contentious environmental laws in the United States. Persistent challenges to the Act’s implementation make reaching conservation goals problematic. Most notably, the very nature of the law—providing protections for species already at risk of extinction—means its protections are offered only when the situation is already dire, when conservation efforts will be the most difficult, costly, and controversial. Impacted industries and rural communities have frequently chafed under the regulations imposed by the Act, while environmentalists have seen the ESA as a reliable tool for slowing or stopping unwanted development. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has begun altering its approach to species conservation by pursuing a series of more proactive tools within the ESA in an effort to address declining species before emergency action under the Act is required. These efforts, including working collaboratively with state governments, federal management agencies, and private landowners, were highly visible in the case of the Greater Sage Grouse, a recent candidate for ESA protection in the western United States. Using the sage grouse as a focal case study, this dissertation evaluates some of the challenges and opportunities involved in these proactive, collaborative conservation efforts. In particular, analysis focuses on one of the key components of the ESA process—the selection, interpretation, and application of scientific evidence. Interviews with stakeholders across three sage grouse states—Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming—as well as planning documents, government reports, and media accounts in these states were collected in order to understand the relationship between collaboration and the use of science in proactive conservation efforts for the sage grouse. Evidence from the three studies in this dissertation suggests that in such efforts, discussion and negotiation surrounding the nature of species threats and possible conservation actions can be hampered by the lack of trust between stakeholders and administrative agencies. The first study (Chapter 2) examines three different conservation efforts in Oregon, and finds that organizational goals, history, and scale of operations influence the degree of collaboration within a particular effort, when then influences the manner in which science is utilized in the process. The second study (Chapter 3) compares the development of voluntary conservation agreements between private landowners and FWS across three states and finds that positive working relationships and trust are critical in effectively negotiating species threats, conservation actions, and monitoring protocols. That being said, when relationships and trust are still being developed, as they often are for the FWS with regard to the ESA, these can be supplemented by partnering with other agencies and organizations with better relationships with communities on the ground, such as the NRCS. The third study (Chapter 4) asks participants from the two earlier portions of the dissertation to define the term ‘best available science,’ an ambiguous concept which is often used as a metric for decision-making in environmental law. Analysis of these responses finds substantial common ground regarding how ‘best available science’ should be defined and identified, but also points to areas of concern with the practice of science-based decision-making. Close

• 83. [Article] Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon

  First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Arsan, E. Leyla First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain west. Recent development of risk assessment models used to assess the likelihood and consequences of exotic parasite introduction, have strengthened the process of science-based decision-making in aquatic animal health. In the case of M. cerebralis, it is necessary to use a risk assessment model with two unique segments that clearly address the distinct life stages and respective hosts of the parasite separately. The studies described examine the probability of M. cerebralis introduction and establishment for two regions: the state of Alaska, and the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The Alaska risk assessment was based on the assumption that the parasite did not already occur in the state. However, in the process of validating this assumption, we documented the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the parasite in the state. The pathogen was identified in hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Anchorage area. Although this is the first detection of the parasite in Alaska, clinical whirling disease has never been documented in the state. To qualitatively assess the risk of further spread of M. cerebralis in Alaska, four potential routes of dissemination were examined: movement of fish by humans, natural dispersal (via migratory birds and stray anadromous salmon), recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. This research indicates the most likely pathway for M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish. In the Willamette River basin, Oregon, introduction of M. cerebralis has already occurred, though establishment appears limited to a single private hatchery. Introduction in this region was considered the most likely to occur as a result of human movements of fish. Straying anadromous salmonids were also assessed and were present in higher numbers than predicted. However, they were not infected with the parasite, and thus the probability for introduction by this route is low. The probability of introduction of the parasite varies throughout the Willamette River basin. Areas with the highest probability for M. cerebralis introduction were identified as the Clackamas and Santiam River subbasins. The Clackamas River has already experienced an introduction of the parasite, has the largest concentration of hatcheries (state, federal, and private), has a popular sport fishery, and is the closest major tributary to the enormous piscivorous bird-populations in the Columbia River estuary. The Santiam subbasin has a popular sport fishery, received the highest number of stray fish in the Willamette River basin, and has the second largest concentration of hatcheries in the Willamette River basin. Unique from introduction, establishment of the parasite is dependent upon several environmental and biological factors including: water temperatures, spatial/temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the parasite’s invertebrate host, Tubifex tubifex. The distribution, genetic composition and susceptibility of T. tubifex, were considered the most important factor in the ability of M. cerebralis to establish in both systems. Surveys of oligochaete populations were conducted in both study regions. In Alaska, T. tubifex was not detected from the southeast region and the apparent lack of appropriate tubificid hosts may prevent establishment in that part of the state. However, 4 lineages (I, III, IV, and VI) of the species were identified from southcentral Alaska. Lineage IV has not been previously been described in North America and its susceptibility to M. cerebralis was unknown. When lineage IV T. tubifex and 3 mixed-lineage (I, III, IV and VI) groups were exposed to M. cerebralis, only lineage III became infected under our experimental conditions. Thus, if the parasite were dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in southcentral Alaska, although detrimental effects on fish populations may be reduced as a result of the presence of non-susceptible lineages of T. tubifex. The probability of further establishment in this area is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the proximity to the known area of infection make conditions particularly appropriate. Similar to findings in Alaska, the Willamette River basin, Oregon also supports populations of susceptible T. tubifex. If the pathogen were introduced, probability of establishment is high in certain areas of the basin as all conditions are appropriate for propagation of the parasite life cycle. Tributaries to the mainstem Willamette River have the highest probability of establishment as these areas have the greatest numbers of susceptible T. tubifex. However, the abundance of resistant strains of T. tubifex could mitigate the effects of M. cerebralis if introduced. Management recommendations to reduce the likelihood of parasite dissemination are similar for Oregon and Alaska since human movement of fish and angler activities were considered the most likely routes of introduction for both regions. Based on this research, steps should also be taken to limit human movement of fish, whether by restricting carcass planting for stream enrichment in Oregon, or by prohibiting use of fish heads as bait in southcentral Alaska. The states should also allot resources to angler education and awareness of the effects of angler activity and recreation on dispersal of M. cerebralis. This could be done using a combination of brochures and signage at boat ramps describing how to prevent spread of aquatic nuisance species. Title: Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Arsan, E. Leyla First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain west. Recent development of risk assessment models used to assess the likelihood and consequences of exotic parasite introduction, have strengthened the process of science-based decision-making in aquatic animal health. In the case of M. cerebralis, it is necessary to use a risk assessment model with two unique segments that clearly address the distinct life stages and respective hosts of the parasite separately. The studies described examine the probability of M. cerebralis introduction and establishment for two regions: the state of Alaska, and the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The Alaska risk assessment was based on the assumption that the parasite did not already occur in the state. However, in the process of validating this assumption, we documented the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the parasite in the state. The pathogen was identified in hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Anchorage area. Although this is the first detection of the parasite in Alaska, clinical whirling disease has never been documented in the state. To qualitatively assess the risk of further spread of M. cerebralis in Alaska, four potential routes of dissemination were examined: movement of fish by humans, natural dispersal (via migratory birds and stray anadromous salmon), recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. This research indicates the most likely pathway for M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish. In the Willamette River basin, Oregon, introduction of M. cerebralis has already occurred, though establishment appears limited to a single private hatchery. Introduction in this region was considered the most likely to occur as a result of human movements of fish. Straying anadromous salmonids were also assessed and were present in higher numbers than predicted. However, they were not infected with the parasite, and thus the probability for introduction by this route is low. The probability of introduction of the parasite varies throughout the Willamette River basin. Areas with the highest probability for M. cerebralis introduction were identified as the Clackamas and Santiam River subbasins. The Clackamas River has already experienced an introduction of the parasite, has the largest concentration of hatcheries (state, federal, and private), has a popular sport fishery, and is the closest major tributary to the enormous piscivorous bird-populations in the Columbia River estuary. The Santiam subbasin has a popular sport fishery, received the highest number of stray fish in the Willamette River basin, and has the second largest concentration of hatcheries in the Willamette River basin. Unique from introduction, establishment of the parasite is dependent upon several environmental and biological factors including: water temperatures, spatial/temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the parasite’s invertebrate host, Tubifex tubifex. The distribution, genetic composition and susceptibility of T. tubifex, were considered the most important factor in the ability of M. cerebralis to establish in both systems. Surveys of oligochaete populations were conducted in both study regions. In Alaska, T. tubifex was not detected from the southeast region and the apparent lack of appropriate tubificid hosts may prevent establishment in that part of the state. However, 4 lineages (I, III, IV, and VI) of the species were identified from southcentral Alaska. Lineage IV has not been previously been described in North America and its susceptibility to M. cerebralis was unknown. When lineage IV T. tubifex and 3 mixed-lineage (I, III, IV and VI) groups were exposed to M. cerebralis, only lineage III became infected under our experimental conditions. Thus, if the parasite were dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in southcentral Alaska, although detrimental effects on fish populations may be reduced as a result of the presence of non-susceptible lineages of T. tubifex. The probability of further establishment in this area is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the proximity to the known area of infection make conditions particularly appropriate. Similar to findings in Alaska, the Willamette River basin, Oregon also supports populations of susceptible T. tubifex. If the pathogen were introduced, probability of establishment is high in certain areas of the basin as all conditions are appropriate for propagation of the parasite life cycle. Tributaries to the mainstem Willamette River have the highest probability of establishment as these areas have the greatest numbers of susceptible T. tubifex. However, the abundance of resistant strains of T. tubifex could mitigate the effects of M. cerebralis if introduced. Management recommendations to reduce the likelihood of parasite dissemination are similar for Oregon and Alaska since human movement of fish and angler activities were considered the most likely routes of introduction for both regions. Based on this research, steps should also be taken to limit human movement of fish, whether by restricting carcass planting for stream enrichment in Oregon, or by prohibiting use of fish heads as bait in southcentral Alaska. The states should also allot resources to angler education and awareness of the effects of angler activity and recreation on dispersal of M. cerebralis. This could be done using a combination of brochures and signage at boat ramps describing how to prevent spread of aquatic nuisance species. Close

• 84. [Article] Available Information and Data Gaps: Birds, Bats, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Threatened & Endangered Species

  The offshore waters and the coastline of Oregon provide year-round habitat for a number of birds, marine mammals, sea turtles, and possibly bats, at least fifteen of which are federally listed as threatened ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Available Information and Data Gaps: Birds, Bats, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Threatened & Endangered Species Author: Pereksta, David M. The offshore waters and the coastline of Oregon provide year-round habitat for a number of birds, marine mammals, sea turtles, and possibly bats, at least fifteen of which are federally listed as threatened or endangered. Previous workshops on offshore renewable energy have provided baseline information on the distribution and abundance of these species on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). There are varying amounts of baseline information for offshore species; however, seasonal variability and relative abundance are generally known at a broad scale. Sea turtles are subtropical and tropical breeders and all species found on the Pacific OCS are uncommon north of Mexico. Sea turtles that occur in the waters off of Oregon are primarily leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea); however, loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles could also occur. All of these species are listed as either threatened or endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA); there is designated Critical Habitat for the leatherback sea turtle off the Oregon coast. Sea turtles are drawn to offshore waters during the summer upwelling period where they feed on a variety of pelagic and benthic organisms. A diversity of marine mammals occur offshore of Oregon including 24 species of cetaceans and 6 species of pinnipeds. Sea otters are rare, but stragglers from Washington are occasionally seen along the Oregon coast. Among the cetaceans seen in Oregon waters, the north Pacific right (Eubalaena japonica), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (Balaenoptera physalus), sei (Balaenoptera borealis), humpback (Megaptera novaengliae), killer (Orcinus orca), and sperm (Physeter macrocephalus) whales are listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA. Federally listed pinnipeds include the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) and Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), the latter of which also has designated Critical Habitat off the Oregon coast. Little is known about the offshore movement of bats on the Pacific OCS, but observations from the Farallon Islands off San Francisco have regularly recorded the presence of the migratory hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) during migration periods. Modeling has shown that hoary bat arrivals and departures correlate with low wind speeds, low moon illumination, and relatively high degrees of cloud cover. In addition, low barometric pressure predicted arrivals. The status of bats offshore has received little to no attention and study is needed to determine their presence on the Pacific OCS. Marine birds occur widely on the Pacific OCS off Oregon. Nearshore areas are inhabited by a variety of species of sea ducks, loons, grebes, cormorants, pelicans, gulls, terns, and several alcids. Deepwater areas 8-35 miles offshore and beyond are inhabited by albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels, storm-petrels, skuas, jaegers, alcids, and pelagic shorebirds, gulls and terns. Federally listed species under the ESA that have been extensively monitored and studied along the Oregon coast include the Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) and Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). As studies reveal more information about the population status and movements of the endangered Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) and Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), we are finding that these species are rare, but regular off the Oregon coast at specific times of the year. Previous workshops on offshore renewable energy have also described the potential effects that the construction and operation of energy devices could have on these taxonomic groups. Activities that can have effects on these species include construction and operational activities, vessel traffic, seismic surveys, foundation and cable installation, turbine operation, foundation protection, and the ongoing presence of cables. Resulting effects include collision and entanglement, barotrauma (particularly for bats), prey base and habitat alteration, trash ingestion (particularly for sea turtles), displacement, movement barriers, electromagnetic field effects, light attraction, pollution, and noise impacts. Renewable energy conferences and workshops have identified knowledge and data gaps that need to be addressed to inform the planning and regulating of commercial-scale projects on the Pacific OCS. Gaps identified for sea turtles include understanding their seasonal use of the OCS particularly for post-hatchling stages; noise and EMF effects; and comprehensive population estimates; the latter will be difficult to assess due to the turtles’ solitary nature and wide distribution. Gaps identified for marine mammals include information on site-specific baseline data on occurrence, distribution, and behavior; site-specific acoustic effects on species with low frequency sensitivity; baseline information on migration routes and home ranges; impacts on gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus); monitoring to understand interactions between marine mammals and renewable energy devices; and acoustic-related effects. Gaps identified for marine birds include site-specific spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of birds at sea; nocturnal activity; important areas of bird activity that should be avoided; important migration patterns; potential effects on seabird prey; energetic consequences; and effects of EMF, noise, lights and structures, and collision risk. Sensitivity analysis and decision support tools have also been identified as necessary to assess the risk to marine birds. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s Environmental Studies Program has funded a variety of seabird and marine mammal studies to collect baseline information and assess the effects of conventional and renewable energy projects on the Pacific OCS. Recently completed studies focused on renewable energy include a summary of knowledge of select areas of the Pacific coast, an analysis of the effects of EMFs from undersea power cables on marine species, and protocols for baseline studies and monitoring for ocean renewable energy. A number of additional studies focused on renewable energy are underway or proposed, several of which should eliminate some of the identified knowledge and data gaps. These include aerial surveys of seabirds and marine mammals off the Pacific Northwest, assessing vulnerability of marine birds to offshore renewable energy devices, data synthesis and high-resolution predictive modeling of marine bird distributions in the Pacific, and several others. In addition, there are pilot studies in the Atlantic that are assessing and testing technologies that could be used for surveying and monitoring birds, bats, marine mammals, and sea turtles in the Pacific. Title: Available Information and Data Gaps: Birds, Bats, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Threatened & Endangered Species Author: Pereksta, David M. The offshore waters and the coastline of Oregon provide year-round habitat for a number of birds, marine mammals, sea turtles, and possibly bats, at least fifteen of which are federally listed as threatened or endangered. Previous workshops on offshore renewable energy have provided baseline information on the distribution and abundance of these species on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). There are varying amounts of baseline information for offshore species; however, seasonal variability and relative abundance are generally known at a broad scale. Sea turtles are subtropical and tropical breeders and all species found on the Pacific OCS are uncommon north of Mexico. Sea turtles that occur in the waters off of Oregon are primarily leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea); however, loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles could also occur. All of these species are listed as either threatened or endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA); there is designated Critical Habitat for the leatherback sea turtle off the Oregon coast. Sea turtles are drawn to offshore waters during the summer upwelling period where they feed on a variety of pelagic and benthic organisms. A diversity of marine mammals occur offshore of Oregon including 24 species of cetaceans and 6 species of pinnipeds. Sea otters are rare, but stragglers from Washington are occasionally seen along the Oregon coast. Among the cetaceans seen in Oregon waters, the north Pacific right (Eubalaena japonica), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (Balaenoptera physalus), sei (Balaenoptera borealis), humpback (Megaptera novaengliae), killer (Orcinus orca), and sperm (Physeter macrocephalus) whales are listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA. Federally listed pinnipeds include the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) and Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), the latter of which also has designated Critical Habitat off the Oregon coast. Little is known about the offshore movement of bats on the Pacific OCS, but observations from the Farallon Islands off San Francisco have regularly recorded the presence of the migratory hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) during migration periods. Modeling has shown that hoary bat arrivals and departures correlate with low wind speeds, low moon illumination, and relatively high degrees of cloud cover. In addition, low barometric pressure predicted arrivals. The status of bats offshore has received little to no attention and study is needed to determine their presence on the Pacific OCS. Marine birds occur widely on the Pacific OCS off Oregon. Nearshore areas are inhabited by a variety of species of sea ducks, loons, grebes, cormorants, pelicans, gulls, terns, and several alcids. Deepwater areas 8-35 miles offshore and beyond are inhabited by albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels, storm-petrels, skuas, jaegers, alcids, and pelagic shorebirds, gulls and terns. Federally listed species under the ESA that have been extensively monitored and studied along the Oregon coast include the Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) and Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). As studies reveal more information about the population status and movements of the endangered Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) and Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), we are finding that these species are rare, but regular off the Oregon coast at specific times of the year. Previous workshops on offshore renewable energy have also described the potential effects that the construction and operation of energy devices could have on these taxonomic groups. Activities that can have effects on these species include construction and operational activities, vessel traffic, seismic surveys, foundation and cable installation, turbine operation, foundation protection, and the ongoing presence of cables. Resulting effects include collision and entanglement, barotrauma (particularly for bats), prey base and habitat alteration, trash ingestion (particularly for sea turtles), displacement, movement barriers, electromagnetic field effects, light attraction, pollution, and noise impacts. Renewable energy conferences and workshops have identified knowledge and data gaps that need to be addressed to inform the planning and regulating of commercial-scale projects on the Pacific OCS. Gaps identified for sea turtles include understanding their seasonal use of the OCS particularly for post-hatchling stages; noise and EMF effects; and comprehensive population estimates; the latter will be difficult to assess due to the turtles’ solitary nature and wide distribution. Gaps identified for marine mammals include information on site-specific baseline data on occurrence, distribution, and behavior; site-specific acoustic effects on species with low frequency sensitivity; baseline information on migration routes and home ranges; impacts on gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus); monitoring to understand interactions between marine mammals and renewable energy devices; and acoustic-related effects. Gaps identified for marine birds include site-specific spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of birds at sea; nocturnal activity; important areas of bird activity that should be avoided; important migration patterns; potential effects on seabird prey; energetic consequences; and effects of EMF, noise, lights and structures, and collision risk. Sensitivity analysis and decision support tools have also been identified as necessary to assess the risk to marine birds. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s Environmental Studies Program has funded a variety of seabird and marine mammal studies to collect baseline information and assess the effects of conventional and renewable energy projects on the Pacific OCS. Recently completed studies focused on renewable energy include a summary of knowledge of select areas of the Pacific coast, an analysis of the effects of EMFs from undersea power cables on marine species, and protocols for baseline studies and monitoring for ocean renewable energy. A number of additional studies focused on renewable energy are underway or proposed, several of which should eliminate some of the identified knowledge and data gaps. These include aerial surveys of seabirds and marine mammals off the Pacific Northwest, assessing vulnerability of marine birds to offshore renewable energy devices, data synthesis and high-resolution predictive modeling of marine bird distributions in the Pacific, and several others. In addition, there are pilot studies in the Atlantic that are assessing and testing technologies that could be used for surveying and monitoring birds, bats, marine mammals, and sea turtles in the Pacific. Close

• 85. [Article] Effects of Pesticide Mixtures on Host-Pathogen Dynamics of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Pesticide Mixtures on Host-Pathogen Dynamics of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Author: Buck, Julia C., Brogan, William R. III, Urbina, Jenny, Blaustein, Andrew R., Dang, Trang D., Hua, Jessica, et al. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Title: Effects of Pesticide Mixtures on Host-Pathogen Dynamics of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Author: Buck, Julia C., Brogan, William R. III, Urbina, Jenny, Blaustein, Andrew R., Dang, Trang D., Hua, Jessica, et al. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Public Library of Science. The published article can be found at: http://www.plosone.org/. Close

• 86. [Article] Songbirds as sentinels of mercury in terrestrial habitats of eastern North America

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Songbirds as sentinels of mercury in terrestrial habitats of eastern North America Author: Adams, Evan M., Evers, David C., et al., Jackson, Allyson K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10646. Title: Songbirds as sentinels of mercury in terrestrial habitats of eastern North America Author: Adams, Evan M., Evers, David C., et al., Jackson, Allyson K. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10646. Close

• 87. [Article] The sustainability of timber production from Eastern Amazonian forests

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The sustainability of timber production from Eastern Amazonian forests Author: Vidal, Edson, Carter, Douglas R., Macpherson, Alexander J., Schulze, Mark D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Title: The sustainability of timber production from Eastern Amazonian forests Author: Vidal, Edson, Carter, Douglas R., Macpherson, Alexander J., Schulze, Mark D. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.elsevier.com/. Close

• 88. [Article] Pool habitat characteristics and juvenile anadromous salmonids in two Oregon coastal streams

  Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pool habitat characteristics and juvenile anadromous salmonids in two Oregon coastal streams Author: Haapala, Deborah L. Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number of pools within similar lineal distances. Pools in the pristine system also had larger substrates (percent dominant within pools) and smaller pool area (p=0.01). Fish diversity was found to be greater in pools in the pristine system than in the managed system using the Simpson's Diversity and Shannon Evenness indicies (p=0.01). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index did not show any differences between streams. The difference in assemblage diversity was due to differences in relative abundance and not species richness. Relative abundance of juvenile steelhead and cutthroat trout and coho salmon was more even in Cummins Creek, the pristine system, than in Cape Creek, the managed system. Relative abundance of coho increased in the managed system possibly due to a change in pool habitat characteristics, whose conditions favored coho salmon, but this relationship was not clear. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing communities of juvenile anadromous salmonids as opposed to studies involving a single species. Past land management activities have focused upon single species' with regards to a particular habitat component, which has decreased biodiversity and changed stream habitat characteristics through cumulative effects. Resource managers should examine interactions between habitat characteristics and salmonid communities in order to maintain biological diversity or risk creating favored habitat for a single species within stream systems. Title: Pool habitat characteristics and juvenile anadromous salmonids in two Oregon coastal streams Author: Haapala, Deborah L. Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number of pools within similar lineal distances. Pools in the pristine system also had larger substrates (percent dominant within pools) and smaller pool area (p=0.01). Fish diversity was found to be greater in pools in the pristine system than in the managed system using the Simpson's Diversity and Shannon Evenness indicies (p=0.01). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index did not show any differences between streams. The difference in assemblage diversity was due to differences in relative abundance and not species richness. Relative abundance of juvenile steelhead and cutthroat trout and coho salmon was more even in Cummins Creek, the pristine system, than in Cape Creek, the managed system. Relative abundance of coho increased in the managed system possibly due to a change in pool habitat characteristics, whose conditions favored coho salmon, but this relationship was not clear. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing communities of juvenile anadromous salmonids as opposed to studies involving a single species. Past land management activities have focused upon single species' with regards to a particular habitat component, which has decreased biodiversity and changed stream habitat characteristics through cumulative effects. Resource managers should examine interactions between habitat characteristics and salmonid communities in order to maintain biological diversity or risk creating favored habitat for a single species within stream systems. Close

• 89. [Article] Summary of Science, Activities, Programs, and Policies That Influence the Rangewide Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)

  This report documents and summarizes several decades of work on sage-grouse populations, sagebrush as habitat, and sagebrush community and ecosystem functions based on the recent assessment and findings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of Science, Activities, Programs, and Policies That Influence the Rangewide Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Author: Manier, D. J. This report documents and summarizes several decades of work on sage-grouse populations, sagebrush as habitat, and sagebrush community and ecosystem functions based on the recent assessment and findings of the USFWS under consideration of the Endangered Species Act. As reflected here, some of these topics receive a greater depth of discussion because of the perceived importance of the issue for sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Though explicit connections to effects on sage-grouse populations are attempted throughout, these connections remain elusive and difficult to document. Understanding that perfect knowledge of these species and ecosystems is impossible due to natural complexity and human limitations, drawing connections between the direct effects on sagebrush ecosystems and the effect of ecosystem condition on habitat condition, and finally the connection between habitat quality and sage-grouse population dynamics remains the lofty goal of science and management. This effort is necessary and important, and despite the perception that these complicated, indirect relations are difficult to characterize and manage, many advances in understanding and application have been documented. The distributions of habitats, species, and human land uses are notably heterogeneous across large landscapes, and understanding the relations and processes that create these patterns, including both positive and negative associations, will assist in long-term planning by helping to identify risks to habitat and resource conservation success, control and mitigate our activities to reduce impacts and insure resiliency, and protect and conserve our natural heritage and natural resources for future generations. Rather than any single source of habitat degradation, the cumulative and synergistic impact of multiple disturbances, continued spread and dominance of invasive species, and increased impacts of land use continue to have the most significant influence on the trajectory of sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Future patterns of land use, combined with effective restoration and management may improve, or degrade, the remaining sage-grouse ranges, but natural dynamics and unforeseen stochasticity promise to add complexity to future plans and landscapes. Title: Summary of Science, Activities, Programs, and Policies That Influence the Rangewide Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) Author: Manier, D. J. This report documents and summarizes several decades of work on sage-grouse populations, sagebrush as habitat, and sagebrush community and ecosystem functions based on the recent assessment and findings of the USFWS under consideration of the Endangered Species Act. As reflected here, some of these topics receive a greater depth of discussion because of the perceived importance of the issue for sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Though explicit connections to effects on sage-grouse populations are attempted throughout, these connections remain elusive and difficult to document. Understanding that perfect knowledge of these species and ecosystems is impossible due to natural complexity and human limitations, drawing connections between the direct effects on sagebrush ecosystems and the effect of ecosystem condition on habitat condition, and finally the connection between habitat quality and sage-grouse population dynamics remains the lofty goal of science and management. This effort is necessary and important, and despite the perception that these complicated, indirect relations are difficult to characterize and manage, many advances in understanding and application have been documented. The distributions of habitats, species, and human land uses are notably heterogeneous across large landscapes, and understanding the relations and processes that create these patterns, including both positive and negative associations, will assist in long-term planning by helping to identify risks to habitat and resource conservation success, control and mitigate our activities to reduce impacts and insure resiliency, and protect and conserve our natural heritage and natural resources for future generations. Rather than any single source of habitat degradation, the cumulative and synergistic impact of multiple disturbances, continued spread and dominance of invasive species, and increased impacts of land use continue to have the most significant influence on the trajectory of sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse populations. Future patterns of land use, combined with effective restoration and management may improve, or degrade, the remaining sage-grouse ranges, but natural dynamics and unforeseen stochasticity promise to add complexity to future plans and landscapes. Close

• 90. [Article] C239S Mutation in the β-Tubulin of Phytophthora sojae Confers Resistance to Zoxamide

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Frontiers Media. The published article can be found at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: C239S Mutation in the β-Tubulin of Phytophthora sojae Confers Resistance to Zoxamide Author: Song, Xi, Cai, Meng, Bi, Yang, Lin, Dong, Tyler, Brett M., Miao, Jianqiang, Liu, Xili, Chen, Lei This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Frontiers Media. The published article can be found at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/microbiology Title: C239S Mutation in the β-Tubulin of Phytophthora sojae Confers Resistance to Zoxamide Author: Song, Xi, Cai, Meng, Bi, Yang, Lin, Dong, Tyler, Brett M., Miao, Jianqiang, Liu, Xili, Chen, Lei This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Frontiers Media. The published article can be found at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/microbiology Close

• 91. [Article] Presentation of Dogmatis, An Inter and Multidisciplinary Programme for the Assessment of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Fish, and Results About Risk of fortuitous Import on French Market

  Poster session.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Presentation of Dogmatis, An Inter and Multidisciplinary Programme for the Assessment of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Fish, and Results About Risk of fortuitous Import on French Market Author: Mariojouls, Catherine, Ngo, May-Ahn, Sohm, Frédéric, Pucheu, Elodie, Doussan, Isabelle, Mambrini, Muriel, Bertheau, Yves, Coutellec, Léo, Schmid, Anne Françoise, Barrey, Sandrine, Boy, Laurence Poster session. Title: Presentation of Dogmatis, An Inter and Multidisciplinary Programme for the Assessment of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Fish, and Results About Risk of fortuitous Import on French Market Author: Mariojouls, Catherine, Ngo, May-Ahn, Sohm, Frédéric, Pucheu, Elodie, Doussan, Isabelle, Mambrini, Muriel, Bertheau, Yves, Coutellec, Léo, Schmid, Anne Françoise, Barrey, Sandrine, Boy, Laurence Poster session. Close

• 92. [Article] How to reduce the risk of pesticide resistance in winegrape pests in Oregon

  Published September 2008. Reviewed March 2012. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How to reduce the risk of pesticide resistance in winegrape pests in Oregon Author: Walton, Vaughn, Pscheidt, Jay W., Skinkis, P. (Patty), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Kaiser, C. (Clive) Published September 2008. Reviewed March 2012. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: How to reduce the risk of pesticide resistance in winegrape pests in Oregon Author: Walton, Vaughn, Pscheidt, Jay W., Skinkis, P. (Patty), Oregon State University. Extension Service, Kaiser, C. (Clive) Published September 2008. Reviewed March 2012. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 93. [Article] Defining and evaluating recovery of OCN coho salmon stocks: implications for rebuilding stocks under the Oregon Plan : summary of a workshop organized by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, August 4-5, 1999

  This report was written by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Defining and evaluating recovery of OCN coho salmon stocks: implications for rebuilding stocks under the Oregon Plan : summary of a workshop organized by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, August 4-5, 1999 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was written by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Title: Defining and evaluating recovery of OCN coho salmon stocks: implications for rebuilding stocks under the Oregon Plan : summary of a workshop organized by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, August 4-5, 1999 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was written by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. Close

• 94. [Article] Fishery Management When Biological and Economic Disturbances Are Correlated

  Economists studying the management of fisheries have universally assumed disturbances affecting harvest costs are unrelated to disturbances affecting biological growth. This paper gives examples of commercially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishery Management When Biological and Economic Disturbances Are Correlated Author: Kennedy, Chris J. Economists studying the management of fisheries have universally assumed disturbances affecting harvest costs are unrelated to disturbances affecting biological growth. This paper gives examples of commercially valuable species that are impacted reproductively and behaviorally by a single environmental variable (e.g., temperature), leading to correlated disturbances in current marginal harvest costs and future biological growth. A general analytical model examines the importance of considering correlated disturbances when choosing optimal escapement targets, and shows how the presence of correlation affects the value of waiting for information on harvest costs. These results give insight as to the appropriate use of "self-correcting" mechanisms for controlling harvest, such as landing fees, versus hard targets, and provide a framework for proactive management of fisheries in the face of large-scale marine disturbances that can affect both the biological growth and behavior of commercially valuable species. Title: Fishery Management When Biological and Economic Disturbances Are Correlated Author: Kennedy, Chris J. Economists studying the management of fisheries have universally assumed disturbances affecting harvest costs are unrelated to disturbances affecting biological growth. This paper gives examples of commercially valuable species that are impacted reproductively and behaviorally by a single environmental variable (e.g., temperature), leading to correlated disturbances in current marginal harvest costs and future biological growth. A general analytical model examines the importance of considering correlated disturbances when choosing optimal escapement targets, and shows how the presence of correlation affects the value of waiting for information on harvest costs. These results give insight as to the appropriate use of "self-correcting" mechanisms for controlling harvest, such as landing fees, versus hard targets, and provide a framework for proactive management of fisheries in the face of large-scale marine disturbances that can affect both the biological growth and behavior of commercially valuable species. Close

• 95. [Article] A Stochastic Viability Approach for Ecosystem-Based Management of Mixed Fisheries: The Case of The Bay of Biscay Demersal Fisheries

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Stochastic Viability Approach for Ecosystem-Based Management of Mixed Fisheries: The Case of The Bay of Biscay Demersal Fisheries Author: Gourguet, Sophie, Doyen, Luc, Thébaud, Olivier, Macher, Claire, Guyader, Olivier Abstract only. Title: A Stochastic Viability Approach for Ecosystem-Based Management of Mixed Fisheries: The Case of The Bay of Biscay Demersal Fisheries Author: Gourguet, Sophie, Doyen, Luc, Thébaud, Olivier, Macher, Claire, Guyader, Olivier Abstract only. Close

• 96. [Article] Modeling the stochastic dynamics of the aggregate stock in collapsed fisheries: the case of the northern cod

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the stochastic dynamics of the aggregate stock in collapsed fisheries: the case of the northern cod Author: Maroto, Jose Abstract Only Title: Modeling the stochastic dynamics of the aggregate stock in collapsed fisheries: the case of the northern cod Author: Maroto, Jose Abstract Only Close

• 97. [Article] Nest Success and Cause-Specific Nest Failure of Grassland Passerines Breeding in Prairie Grazed by Livestock

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nest Success and Cause-Specific Nest Failure of Grassland Passerines Breeding in Prairie Grazed by Livestock Author: Etterson, Matthew A., Kennedy, Patricia L., Johnson, Tracey N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Nest Success and Cause-Specific Nest Failure of Grassland Passerines Breeding in Prairie Grazed by Livestock Author: Etterson, Matthew A., Kennedy, Patricia L., Johnson, Tracey N. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 98. [Article] Evaluating sustainability of fisheries bycatch mortality for marine megafauna: a review of conservation reference points for data-limited populations

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Foundation for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating sustainability of fisheries bycatch mortality for marine megafauna: a review of conservation reference points for data-limited populations Author: Moore, J. E., Cope, J. M., Zhou, S., Heppell, S. S., Pardo, S. A., Fordham, S. V., Simpfendorfer, C. A., Tuck, G. N., Dillingham, P. W., Curtis, K. A., Lewison, R. L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Foundation for Environmental Conservation and published by Cambridge University Press. It can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ENC. Title: Evaluating sustainability of fisheries bycatch mortality for marine megafauna: a review of conservation reference points for data-limited populations Author: Moore, J. E., Cope, J. M., Zhou, S., Heppell, S. S., Pardo, S. A., Fordham, S. V., Simpfendorfer, C. A., Tuck, G. N., Dillingham, P. W., Curtis, K. A., Lewison, R. L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Foundation for Environmental Conservation and published by Cambridge University Press. It can be found at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ENC. Close

• 99. [Article] The Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate) Voluntary Reduction Plan - an Update 1988

  Urethane is a by-product of the fermentation and distillation of alcoholic beverages. In recent years, concern has been expressed over its presence in such beverages because of studies which demonstrate that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate) Voluntary Reduction Plan - an Update 1988 Author: Watson, Barney, Scanlan, Richard A. Urethane is a by-product of the fermentation and distillation of alcoholic beverages. In recent years, concern has been expressed over its presence in such beverages because of studies which demonstrate that urethane can cause cancer in various animal species and, as a consequence, must be regarded as a potential carcinogen in humans. The degree of risk, if any, that urethane may pose to humans is unknown because of a lack of adequate scientific and toxicological information. The U.S Food and Drug Administration and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, which share legal jurisdiction over the regulation of alcoholic beverages, are currently seeking the scientific data necessary to determine more accurately the relationship, if any, between urethane level in foods and beverages and human cancer. Title: The Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate) Voluntary Reduction Plan - an Update 1988 Author: Watson, Barney, Scanlan, Richard A. Urethane is a by-product of the fermentation and distillation of alcoholic beverages. In recent years, concern has been expressed over its presence in such beverages because of studies which demonstrate that urethane can cause cancer in various animal species and, as a consequence, must be regarded as a potential carcinogen in humans. The degree of risk, if any, that urethane may pose to humans is unknown because of a lack of adequate scientific and toxicological information. The U.S Food and Drug Administration and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, which share legal jurisdiction over the regulation of alcoholic beverages, are currently seeking the scientific data necessary to determine more accurately the relationship, if any, between urethane level in foods and beverages and human cancer. Close

• 100. [Article] Efficacy of Empirical Seed Zones: Pseudoroegneria Spicata Reproductive Phenology & Seedling Stage Traits

  Ecological restoration is needed to mitigate losses to biodiversity. Restoration success is enhanced through the use of native plant materials that are genetically diverse and locally adapted. Seed transfer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Efficacy of Empirical Seed Zones: Pseudoroegneria Spicata Reproductive Phenology & Seedling Stage Traits Author: Prive, Kathryn A. Ecological restoration is needed to mitigate losses to biodiversity. Restoration success is enhanced through the use of native plant materials that are genetically diverse and locally adapted. Seed transfer zones have been developed to delineate geographic areas where native seed can be collected and distributed with reduced risk of maladaptation. Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve is a widespread bunchgrass species with recently delineated seed zones, that is used extensively for ecological restoration in the Intermountain West. In this work, I conducted two studies of seed zone efficacy for P. spicata. In the first study, I determined if genetic differences in reproductive timing exist among P. spicata populations, and whether any such differences should be considered to avoid single-harvest stabilizing selection, which would cause inadvertent genetic loss during commercial seed production. In the second study, I determined if seedling traits differ among P. spicata populations, and if seed transfer zones developed using adult traits account for these differences. I utilized linear mixed modeling, intra-class coefficient analysis, nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling, and multi-response permutation procedures to quantify differences in the timing of anthesis, ripening, and dispersal and various seedling stage phenotypic traits for P. spicata. I found that variation in the timing of anthesis is not well explained by seed zones but that there was little difference in the mean values of this trait among populations from the same seed zone. On the other hand, genetic variation in seed ripening is captured by seed zones. For the dispersal stage, a lack of strong evidence for genetic differences among populations suggests a plastic response to environmental cues. Thus, typical single-pass seed harvest techniques are not likely to cause inadvertent selection for reproductive timing when seed transfer guidelines are followed. In the second study, I found that seed zones do not account for variation in seedling traits, meaning the use of current seed zones could risk the transfer of seeds to locations where seedling recruitment and establishment are hindered. This is important, since seedling establishment is often a limiting factor in restoration success. Although I focused these studies on P. spicata, my findings of incongruences between both reproductive timing and seedling stage phenotypic traits with respect to seed transfer zones suggests that such incongruities could be commonplace among other species used in restoration. Inadvertent selection during seed increase does not appear to be a risk in P. spicata when seed transfer guidelines are followed, but more research is needed to ensure that seedling stage traits are accounted for within future native species seed transfer guidelines. Title: Efficacy of Empirical Seed Zones: Pseudoroegneria Spicata Reproductive Phenology & Seedling Stage Traits Author: Prive, Kathryn A. Ecological restoration is needed to mitigate losses to biodiversity. Restoration success is enhanced through the use of native plant materials that are genetically diverse and locally adapted. Seed transfer zones have been developed to delineate geographic areas where native seed can be collected and distributed with reduced risk of maladaptation. Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve is a widespread bunchgrass species with recently delineated seed zones, that is used extensively for ecological restoration in the Intermountain West. In this work, I conducted two studies of seed zone efficacy for P. spicata. In the first study, I determined if genetic differences in reproductive timing exist among P. spicata populations, and whether any such differences should be considered to avoid single-harvest stabilizing selection, which would cause inadvertent genetic loss during commercial seed production. In the second study, I determined if seedling traits differ among P. spicata populations, and if seed transfer zones developed using adult traits account for these differences. I utilized linear mixed modeling, intra-class coefficient analysis, nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling, and multi-response permutation procedures to quantify differences in the timing of anthesis, ripening, and dispersal and various seedling stage phenotypic traits for P. spicata. I found that variation in the timing of anthesis is not well explained by seed zones but that there was little difference in the mean values of this trait among populations from the same seed zone. On the other hand, genetic variation in seed ripening is captured by seed zones. For the dispersal stage, a lack of strong evidence for genetic differences among populations suggests a plastic response to environmental cues. Thus, typical single-pass seed harvest techniques are not likely to cause inadvertent selection for reproductive timing when seed transfer guidelines are followed. In the second study, I found that seed zones do not account for variation in seedling traits, meaning the use of current seed zones could risk the transfer of seeds to locations where seedling recruitment and establishment are hindered. This is important, since seedling establishment is often a limiting factor in restoration success. Although I focused these studies on P. spicata, my findings of incongruences between both reproductive timing and seedling stage phenotypic traits with respect to seed transfer zones suggests that such incongruities could be commonplace among other species used in restoration. Inadvertent selection during seed increase does not appear to be a risk in P. spicata when seed transfer guidelines are followed, but more research is needed to ensure that seedling stage traits are accounted for within future native species seed transfer guidelines. Close