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• 1. [Article] The profile of an agricultural economy: Malheur County, Oregon

  This is a report of a survey-based, primary data inter-industrial trade model of the Malheur County economy. Such model, popularly known as county input-output models, are used to project impacts and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The profile of an agricultural economy: Malheur County, Oregon Author: Stringham, Tamzen, Obermiller, Frederick W., Iqbal, Muzaffar This is a report of a survey-based, primary data inter-industrial trade model of the Malheur County economy. Such model, popularly known as county input-output models, are used to project impacts and monetary trade-offs associated with changes in external markets, local technologies, and input availabilities. Title: The profile of an agricultural economy: Malheur County, Oregon Author: Stringham, Tamzen, Obermiller, Frederick W., Iqbal, Muzaffar This is a report of a survey-based, primary data inter-industrial trade model of the Malheur County economy. Such model, popularly known as county input-output models, are used to project impacts and monetary trade-offs associated with changes in external markets, local technologies, and input availabilities. Close

• 2. [Article] Dynamic factors affecting agricultural economy : proceedings marketing and distribution conference : 1946

  Published January 1946. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dynamic factors affecting agricultural economy : proceedings marketing and distribution conference : 1946 Author: Oregon State College Published January 1946. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Dynamic factors affecting agricultural economy : proceedings marketing and distribution conference : 1946 Author: Oregon State College Published January 1946. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 3. [Article] Final Report (Oregon State College, Warm Springs Research Project) : Vol. 3. The agricultural economy

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final Report (Oregon State College, Warm Springs Research Project) : Vol. 3. The agricultural economy Author: Oregon State College. Warm Springs Research Project Title: Final Report (Oregon State College, Warm Springs Research Project) : Vol. 3. The agricultural economy Author: Oregon State College. Warm Springs Research Project Close

• 4. [Article] Evaluation and cost analysis of alternative residue management methods for Kentucky bluegrass seed production in the Grande Ronde Valley

  The production of high quality grass seed is important to the agricultural economy of the Grande Ronde Valley (GRV) of eastern Oregon. The predominate grass seed crops grown in the area are Kentucky bluegrass ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation and cost analysis of alternative residue management methods for Kentucky bluegrass seed production in the Grande Ronde Valley Author: Walenta, Darrin L., 1968-, Diebel, Penelope L., 1961-, Gow, Laura R., Kiemnec, Gary L. The production of high quality grass seed is important to the agricultural economy of the Grande Ronde Valley (GRV) of eastern Oregon. The predominate grass seed crops grown in the area are Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescues. Historically, open-field burning has been an effective, economical means by which to remove residue and maintain seed yield and quality. The continued concern for air quality and public health have led to the adoption of alternative residue management methods that place less reliance on open-field burning of full straw residue loads. Title: Evaluation and cost analysis of alternative residue management methods for Kentucky bluegrass seed production in the Grande Ronde Valley Author: Walenta, Darrin L., 1968-, Diebel, Penelope L., 1961-, Gow, Laura R., Kiemnec, Gary L. The production of high quality grass seed is important to the agricultural economy of the Grande Ronde Valley (GRV) of eastern Oregon. The predominate grass seed crops grown in the area are Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescues. Historically, open-field burning has been an effective, economical means by which to remove residue and maintain seed yield and quality. The continued concern for air quality and public health have led to the adoption of alternative residue management methods that place less reliance on open-field burning of full straw residue loads. Close

• 5. [Article] Early spring forage production for western Oregon pastures

  Published January 2004. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Early spring forage production for western Oregon pastures Author: Hart, J., Bohle, Mylen G., Carr, J., Peters, A., Filley, S., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Porath, M., Pirelli, G. J. (Gene J.), Downing, T. Published January 2004. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Early spring forage production for western Oregon pastures Author: Hart, J., Bohle, Mylen G., Carr, J., Peters, A., Filley, S., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Porath, M., Pirelli, G. J. (Gene J.), Downing, T. Published January 2004. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 6. [Article] Right as rain? The value of water in Willamette Valley agriculture

  Signs of climate change across the Pacific Northwest indicate changing patterns of timing and availability of stream flow. Declining summer low flows, decreasing snow pack, higher temperatures and an increasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Right as rain? The value of water in Willamette Valley agriculture Author: Kalinin, Alexey V. Signs of climate change across the Pacific Northwest indicate changing patterns of timing and availability of stream flow. Declining summer low flows, decreasing snow pack, higher temperatures and an increasing fraction of mountain precipitation falling as rain, raise concerns about future reliability of stream flows. These changes will likely affect the agricultural economy and the balance between in stream and agricultural water uses, requiring a better understanding of how climatic factors and access to water affect farmers' livelihoods and the basin's economy. This study focuses on two economic questions about water and agriculture in the Willamette Valley. The first question asks: how sensitive is the value of water - as reflected in farmland rents - to variations in temperature, precipitation, soil quality and elevation? The results of a hedonic analysis provide insights into the potential effects of water scarcity that may result from climate change on economic returns to farmers. The second, related question seeks to understand the factors that affect farmers' decisions to exercise their water rights. Growers in the Willamette Valley do not always use their water rights, a surprising phenomenon compared to other farming regions in the western U.S. The analysis here estimates a logit model of farmers' field-level irrigation decisions. These decisions have quantitatively large implications for the consumptive use of water in the Basin overall. The relatively low estimated values for irrigation water rights (compared to other agricultural regions) reflect these patterns of intermittent use of those water rights. The comparison, however, between the per acre value of an irrigation water right and the incremental value of precipitation suggest that water has a similar value to farmers whether it comes as a right or as rain. Title: Right as rain? The value of water in Willamette Valley agriculture Author: Kalinin, Alexey V. Signs of climate change across the Pacific Northwest indicate changing patterns of timing and availability of stream flow. Declining summer low flows, decreasing snow pack, higher temperatures and an increasing fraction of mountain precipitation falling as rain, raise concerns about future reliability of stream flows. These changes will likely affect the agricultural economy and the balance between in stream and agricultural water uses, requiring a better understanding of how climatic factors and access to water affect farmers' livelihoods and the basin's economy. This study focuses on two economic questions about water and agriculture in the Willamette Valley. The first question asks: how sensitive is the value of water - as reflected in farmland rents - to variations in temperature, precipitation, soil quality and elevation? The results of a hedonic analysis provide insights into the potential effects of water scarcity that may result from climate change on economic returns to farmers. The second, related question seeks to understand the factors that affect farmers' decisions to exercise their water rights. Growers in the Willamette Valley do not always use their water rights, a surprising phenomenon compared to other farming regions in the western U.S. The analysis here estimates a logit model of farmers' field-level irrigation decisions. These decisions have quantitatively large implications for the consumptive use of water in the Basin overall. The relatively low estimated values for irrigation water rights (compared to other agricultural regions) reflect these patterns of intermittent use of those water rights. The comparison, however, between the per acre value of an irrigation water right and the incremental value of precipitation suggest that water has a similar value to farmers whether it comes as a right or as rain. Close

• 7. [Article] Fish and Community in Flood-prone Areas of the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam

  The Mekong River Delta plays an essential role to Vietnam’s economy in terms of both rice and fish production. Annual flooding water and a rich level of aquatic resources strongly affect about 10 million local ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish and Community in Flood-prone Areas of the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam Author: Sinh, Le Xuan The Mekong River Delta plays an essential role to Vietnam’s economy in terms of both rice and fish production. Annual flooding water and a rich level of aquatic resources strongly affect about 10 million local people, as well as extend beyond the boundaries of wetland itself. Flooding water and wild fish in it are considered common properties while physical and socio-economics conditions in the flooding water areas have changed very much during the last three decades. However, natural freshwater aquatic resources have rapidly depleted due to different reasons. Of which, the most important ones may be the construction of dense irrigation systems, property rights, policy and regulations, as well as livelihoods and perception of the local community. Major related issues are discussed in order to find out alternative solutions for a better use and management of aquatic resources in the freshwater areas of the Delta. Better management of fishing activities is suggested while aquaculture is considered as a major solution to compensate the fish losses as well as the most important solution in the restructure process of agricultural economy in the study area. In addition, an improvement of the linkage among different types of stakeholders is also required. Title: Fish and Community in Flood-prone Areas of the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam Author: Sinh, Le Xuan The Mekong River Delta plays an essential role to Vietnam’s economy in terms of both rice and fish production. Annual flooding water and a rich level of aquatic resources strongly affect about 10 million local people, as well as extend beyond the boundaries of wetland itself. Flooding water and wild fish in it are considered common properties while physical and socio-economics conditions in the flooding water areas have changed very much during the last three decades. However, natural freshwater aquatic resources have rapidly depleted due to different reasons. Of which, the most important ones may be the construction of dense irrigation systems, property rights, policy and regulations, as well as livelihoods and perception of the local community. Major related issues are discussed in order to find out alternative solutions for a better use and management of aquatic resources in the freshwater areas of the Delta. Better management of fishing activities is suggested while aquaculture is considered as a major solution to compensate the fish losses as well as the most important solution in the restructure process of agricultural economy in the study area. In addition, an improvement of the linkage among different types of stakeholders is also required. Close

• 8. [Article] Oregon agriculture and the economy

  Published May 2008. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon agriculture and the economy Author: Sorte, Bruce, Weber, Bruce A., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 2008. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon agriculture and the economy Author: Sorte, Bruce, Weber, Bruce A., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 2008. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 9. [Article] Agriculture & the Oregon economy

  Published March 2000. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture & the Oregon economy Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 2000. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Agriculture & the Oregon economy Author: Cornelius, James C. (James Conley), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 2000. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 10. [Article] Agriculture and Oregon's economy

  Published January 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture and Oregon's economy Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Obermiller, Frederick W. Published January 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Agriculture and Oregon's economy Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Obermiller, Frederick W. Published January 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 11. [Article] Trade Policy Reform, Productivity Growth and Welfare in South Korean Agriculture

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trade Policy Reform, Productivity Growth and Welfare in South Korean Agriculture Author: Yoo, Chun Kwon, Gopinath, Munisamy, Kim, Hanho This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. The published article can be found at: http://aepp.oxfordjournals.org/. Title: Trade Policy Reform, Productivity Growth and Welfare in South Korean Agriculture Author: Yoo, Chun Kwon, Gopinath, Munisamy, Kim, Hanho This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The article is published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. The published article can be found at: http://aepp.oxfordjournals.org/. Close

• 12. [Article] How agriculture contributes to Oregon's economy

  Published February 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How agriculture contributes to Oregon's economy Author: Nelson, A. Gene, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Obermiller, Frederick W. Published February 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: How agriculture contributes to Oregon's economy Author: Nelson, A. Gene, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Obermiller, Frederick W. Published February 1983. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 13. [Article] The role of employment in dualistic economic development models

  Traditionally employment and output have been the major two criteria for evaluating aggregate performance in a dual economic model for less developed countries. This has been mainly discussed by transferring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of employment in dualistic economic development models Author: Shadman-Valavi, Mohammad Traditionally employment and output have been the major two criteria for evaluating aggregate performance in a dual economic model for less developed countries. This has been mainly discussed by transferring labor from the agricultural sector to non-agricultural use. Most models are specified in such a manner that the migrated agricultural workers will be absorbed in non-agricultural jobs. In reality though, the transformation of labor to the non-agricultural sector (i. e., industrial or urban) has created an unemployment problem in that sector. The purposes of this paper are (1) to study some of the relevant common characteristics of less developed countries, (2) to review the literature related to labor employment, and (3) to demonstrate the importance of the efficiency of employment and output in dualistic development models. This paper has reviewed three classes of models. First, this study has considered the Fei-Ranis model of economic development which has drawn heavily from W. A. Lewis’s model of economic development with unlimited supplies of labor (Fei-Ranis is primarily a classical model). Second, the Jorgenson’s model of development of a dual economy has been presented. This model is based on Harrod-Domar's concept of steady growth, Third, this study looks at a more recent model, the Todaro model, which considered the practical problem of urban (industrial) unemployment. The problem of urban-unemployment is not considered by the first two models. Todaro's approach to the development of a dual economy may be the beginning of a new trend in the literature. On the basis of findings of this work it was concluded that: (1) The transformation of an agricultural surplus labor economy to an industrial surplus labor economy, can only be justified by a careful consideration of the production possibilities of each case, and the demand for the products of each sector. (2) The rate of growth of each sector will be dictated by the optimum growth path. This is the locus of optimum combination of output and employment of resources in each sector in the given time period. Because production possibilities and demand considerations operate to determine the optimum growth path, this path will rarely if ever coincide with the straight-line balanced growth path prominent in the Fei-Ranis model. Title: The role of employment in dualistic economic development models Author: Shadman-Valavi, Mohammad Traditionally employment and output have been the major two criteria for evaluating aggregate performance in a dual economic model for less developed countries. This has been mainly discussed by transferring labor from the agricultural sector to non-agricultural use. Most models are specified in such a manner that the migrated agricultural workers will be absorbed in non-agricultural jobs. In reality though, the transformation of labor to the non-agricultural sector (i. e., industrial or urban) has created an unemployment problem in that sector. The purposes of this paper are (1) to study some of the relevant common characteristics of less developed countries, (2) to review the literature related to labor employment, and (3) to demonstrate the importance of the efficiency of employment and output in dualistic development models. This paper has reviewed three classes of models. First, this study has considered the Fei-Ranis model of economic development which has drawn heavily from W. A. Lewis’s model of economic development with unlimited supplies of labor (Fei-Ranis is primarily a classical model). Second, the Jorgenson’s model of development of a dual economy has been presented. This model is based on Harrod-Domar's concept of steady growth, Third, this study looks at a more recent model, the Todaro model, which considered the practical problem of urban (industrial) unemployment. The problem of urban-unemployment is not considered by the first two models. Todaro's approach to the development of a dual economy may be the beginning of a new trend in the literature. On the basis of findings of this work it was concluded that: (1) The transformation of an agricultural surplus labor economy to an industrial surplus labor economy, can only be justified by a careful consideration of the production possibilities of each case, and the demand for the products of each sector. (2) The rate of growth of each sector will be dictated by the optimum growth path. This is the locus of optimum combination of output and employment of resources in each sector in the given time period. Because production possibilities and demand considerations operate to determine the optimum growth path, this path will rarely if ever coincide with the straight-line balanced growth path prominent in the Fei-Ranis model. Close

• 14. [Article] Agricultural development and urban unemployment : a simulation analysis of the Nigerian economy

  The study critically analyzes the implication of various agricultural development policies on urban unemployment and income distribution. More specifically it focuses on the evaluation of agricultural policies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural development and urban unemployment : a simulation analysis of the Nigerian economy Author: Byerlee, Derek Ronald The study critically analyzes the implication of various agricultural development policies on urban unemployment and income distribution. More specifically it focuses on the evaluation of agricultural policies at the macro-economic Level in the Nigerian economy. A system science and simulation approach is used to build and test a ten sector macro-economic model of the Nigerian economy to investigate the problem. The model simulates consumption, investment, employment and production endogenously. Validation of the model shows that it is capable of describing the major trends in the Nigerian economy for recent history. By interacting with a detailed agricultural sector model, the macro-model enables evaluation of agricultural policies in the context of the total economy after taking account of the important interactions between the agricultural and nonagricultural economies. In particular the model enables some measures of income distribution and employment to be included as targets of economic development planning together with the conventional target of growth. The model predicts that if current agricultural policies are continued, urban unemployment and income disparities will become increasingly more serious in Nigeria. Furthermore, the income differential between agriculture and nonagriculture is predicted to widen leading to a continuing increase in the rate of labor migration out of agriculture. The evaluation of two sets of agricultural policies, export crop modernization and food crop modernization, leads to a serious questioning of the present emphasis among development economists on agricultural development as a means of steadying the flow of rural-urban migration and reducing urban unemployment and rural-urban income inequities. Because of the considerable multiplier effects of increased agricultural incomes on nonagricultural incomes, both agricultural policies produced a wider differential between agricultural and nonagricultural incomes stimulating further labor migration out of agriculture. This effect was particularly acute in the case of the food modernization policy where the terms of trade turned against agriculture. Nevertheless both sets of policies and particularly the export modernization policy improved the disparity in self-employed earnings and wage earnings and produced a steady rise in nonagricultural self-employed earnings which, under current policies, were predicted to stagnate because of rising urban unemployment. Other policies to restrain wages and increase government employment demonstrated the considerable trade-off between various groups of the population arising out of the complexity of interactions between the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors. The macroeconomic simulation model is suggested as a useful approach to development planning where there is need to consider interactions between sectors and trade-offs between targets of development. Title: Agricultural development and urban unemployment : a simulation analysis of the Nigerian economy Author: Byerlee, Derek Ronald The study critically analyzes the implication of various agricultural development policies on urban unemployment and income distribution. More specifically it focuses on the evaluation of agricultural policies at the macro-economic Level in the Nigerian economy. A system science and simulation approach is used to build and test a ten sector macro-economic model of the Nigerian economy to investigate the problem. The model simulates consumption, investment, employment and production endogenously. Validation of the model shows that it is capable of describing the major trends in the Nigerian economy for recent history. By interacting with a detailed agricultural sector model, the macro-model enables evaluation of agricultural policies in the context of the total economy after taking account of the important interactions between the agricultural and nonagricultural economies. In particular the model enables some measures of income distribution and employment to be included as targets of economic development planning together with the conventional target of growth. The model predicts that if current agricultural policies are continued, urban unemployment and income disparities will become increasingly more serious in Nigeria. Furthermore, the income differential between agriculture and nonagriculture is predicted to widen leading to a continuing increase in the rate of labor migration out of agriculture. The evaluation of two sets of agricultural policies, export crop modernization and food crop modernization, leads to a serious questioning of the present emphasis among development economists on agricultural development as a means of steadying the flow of rural-urban migration and reducing urban unemployment and rural-urban income inequities. Because of the considerable multiplier effects of increased agricultural incomes on nonagricultural incomes, both agricultural policies produced a wider differential between agricultural and nonagricultural incomes stimulating further labor migration out of agriculture. This effect was particularly acute in the case of the food modernization policy where the terms of trade turned against agriculture. Nevertheless both sets of policies and particularly the export modernization policy improved the disparity in self-employed earnings and wage earnings and produced a steady rise in nonagricultural self-employed earnings which, under current policies, were predicted to stagnate because of rising urban unemployment. Other policies to restrain wages and increase government employment demonstrated the considerable trade-off between various groups of the population arising out of the complexity of interactions between the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors. The macroeconomic simulation model is suggested as a useful approach to development planning where there is need to consider interactions between sectors and trade-offs between targets of development. Close

• 15. [Article] Energy use coefficients for irrigation system materials

  Finite, uncertain, and increasingly expensive energy resources require a better understanding of energy utilization in all sectors of the national economy including agriculture. A significant portion of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Energy use coefficients for irrigation system materials Author: Daskalakis, George H. Finite, uncertain, and increasingly expensive energy resources require a better understanding of energy utilization in all sectors of the national economy including agriculture. A significant portion of energy used in agriculture is required for the manufacturing, installation, transporting, and operation of irrigation systems. Quantification of the amounts of energy used in these operations for various types of irrigation systems is necessary for planners in agricultural production, water resources, and energy conservation fields to determine the optimum system under varying regional resource constraints. Systems which were built in the former days of abundant and relatively inexpensive electrical energy may not be very efficient by today's standards. Decisions to expand or update these systems or to develop entirely new systems require energy utilization information as a basis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the manufacturing energy required for the following material groups used in irrigation systems: 1. Aluminum 2. Steel 3. Cooper, zinc, and brass 4. Low- and high-density polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride 5. Portland cement, asbestos-cement, and concrete There are primarily two methods of computing energy use coefficients: (1) the process analysis approach and (2) the input-output method. In the process analysis approach, delineation of each material production stage, beginning with natural resource extraction through final fabrication, is required. Analysis using the input-output method is based on energy flows corresponding to dollar flows between various sectors of the national economy. The energy consumption for a specific process can be calculated by know ing or estimating its cost and the breakdown of that cost into associated economic sectors. It was decided that the process analysis approach would be used. This method appeared to be more straightforward since each process step and its energy use associated with it must be specified. Title: Energy use coefficients for irrigation system materials Author: Daskalakis, George H. Finite, uncertain, and increasingly expensive energy resources require a better understanding of energy utilization in all sectors of the national economy including agriculture. A significant portion of energy used in agriculture is required for the manufacturing, installation, transporting, and operation of irrigation systems. Quantification of the amounts of energy used in these operations for various types of irrigation systems is necessary for planners in agricultural production, water resources, and energy conservation fields to determine the optimum system under varying regional resource constraints. Systems which were built in the former days of abundant and relatively inexpensive electrical energy may not be very efficient by today's standards. Decisions to expand or update these systems or to develop entirely new systems require energy utilization information as a basis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the manufacturing energy required for the following material groups used in irrigation systems: 1. Aluminum 2. Steel 3. Cooper, zinc, and brass 4. Low- and high-density polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride 5. Portland cement, asbestos-cement, and concrete There are primarily two methods of computing energy use coefficients: (1) the process analysis approach and (2) the input-output method. In the process analysis approach, delineation of each material production stage, beginning with natural resource extraction through final fabrication, is required. Analysis using the input-output method is based on energy flows corresponding to dollar flows between various sectors of the national economy. The energy consumption for a specific process can be calculated by know ing or estimating its cost and the breakdown of that cost into associated economic sectors. It was decided that the process analysis approach would be used. This method appeared to be more straightforward since each process step and its energy use associated with it must be specified. Close

• 16. [Article] Influence of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) on Fishery Development in Nigeria

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) on Fishery Development in Nigeria Author: Adeseluka, Michael, Oparinde, Lawrence Olusola, Amos, Taiwo Timothy Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver and Stefani J. Evers. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Influence of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) on Fishery Development in Nigeria Author: Adeseluka, Michael, Oparinde, Lawrence Olusola, Amos, Taiwo Timothy Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver and Stefani J. Evers. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 17. [Article] Measure 20: the impact of a 2 percent equal tax on the Oregon economy

  Published October 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measure 20: the impact of a 2 percent equal tax on the Oregon economy Author: Weber, Bruce, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Waters, Edward Published October 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Measure 20: the impact of a 2 percent equal tax on the Oregon economy Author: Weber, Bruce, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Waters, Edward Published October 1994. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 18. [Article] Your port and the local economy

  Reprinted July 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Your port and the local economy Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Smith, Frederick J. Reprinted July 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Your port and the local economy Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Smith, Frederick J. Reprinted July 1993. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 19. [Article] The estimation of regional secondary benefits resulting from an improvement in water quality of upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: an interindustry approach

  The primary objective of this study was to estimate the impact that an increase in recreational expenditures, resulting from water quality improvements of Klamath Lake, would have upon the Klamath County ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The estimation of regional secondary benefits resulting from an improvement in water quality of upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: an interindustry approach Author: Reiling, Stephen D. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the impact that an increase in recreational expenditures, resulting from water quality improvements of Klamath Lake, would have upon the Klamath County economy. As the sales of the economy expand to serve the needs of the recreationists, real benefits will be forthcoming to the businesses and households of the county in the forms of more business and higher incomes. To estimate the total impact of the increased volume of recreational expenditures that may be made in the economy, the economic relationships of the local economy had to be determined. Primary data were collected from business firms in the county to construct an input-output model of the county's economy. The level of recreational expenditures that would be made in the county as the water quality of the lake improved were estimated. This was done for two different stages of water quality improvement. The estimated levels of recreational expenditures were then analyzed within the input-output framework to estimate the total increase in the sales of the economy and to estimate the increase in income of households in the county. Title: The estimation of regional secondary benefits resulting from an improvement in water quality of upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: an interindustry approach Author: Reiling, Stephen D. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the impact that an increase in recreational expenditures, resulting from water quality improvements of Klamath Lake, would have upon the Klamath County economy. As the sales of the economy expand to serve the needs of the recreationists, real benefits will be forthcoming to the businesses and households of the county in the forms of more business and higher incomes. To estimate the total impact of the increased volume of recreational expenditures that may be made in the economy, the economic relationships of the local economy had to be determined. Primary data were collected from business firms in the county to construct an input-output model of the county's economy. The level of recreational expenditures that would be made in the county as the water quality of the lake improved were estimated. This was done for two different stages of water quality improvement. The estimated levels of recreational expenditures were then analyzed within the input-output framework to estimate the total increase in the sales of the economy and to estimate the increase in income of households in the county. Close

• 20. [Article] Agriculture: its importance to Oregon's economy

  Published March 1975. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture: its importance to Oregon's economy Author: Miles, Stanley, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published March 1975. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Agriculture: its importance to Oregon's economy Author: Miles, Stanley, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published March 1975. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 21. [Article] Impact : contributions to the state's economy

  Published March 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact : contributions to the state's economy Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Duncan, Andrew A. Published March 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Impact : contributions to the state's economy Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Duncan, Andrew A. Published March 1982. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 22. [Article] Farmer cooperative performance in a changing economy

  Published March 1963. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farmer cooperative performance in a changing economy Author: Korzan, Gerald E. (Gerald Earl), Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published March 1963. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Farmer cooperative performance in a changing economy Author: Korzan, Gerald E. (Gerald Earl), Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published March 1963. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 23. [Article] Douglas County, Oregon : structure of a timber county economy

  Published December 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Douglas County, Oregon : structure of a timber county economy Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Youmans, Russell C. Published December 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Douglas County, Oregon : structure of a timber county economy Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Youmans, Russell C. Published December 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 24. [Article] Growth, diversification, and cyclical instability in the Oregon economy, 1960-1979

  Published May 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth, diversification, and cyclical instability in the Oregon economy, 1960-1979 Author: Smith, Gary W., Weber, Bruce A., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published May 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Growth, diversification, and cyclical instability in the Oregon economy, 1960-1979 Author: Smith, Gary W., Weber, Bruce A., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published May 1984. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 25. [Article] Contribution of the Oregon wheat industry to Oregon's economy

  Published August 1986. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contribution of the Oregon wheat industry to Oregon's economy Author: Oregon Wheat Commission, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Martin, Michael V., Radtke, Hans D. Published August 1986. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Contribution of the Oregon wheat industry to Oregon's economy Author: Oregon Wheat Commission, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Martin, Michael V., Radtke, Hans D. Published August 1986. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 26. [Article] Agriculture : its importance to Oregon's economy

  Published August 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture : its importance to Oregon's economy Author: Miles, Stanley, Groder, Roland H., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published August 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Agriculture : its importance to Oregon's economy Author: Miles, Stanley, Groder, Roland H., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published August 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 27. [Article] A working model of the Clatsop County economy

  Published April 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A working model of the Clatsop County economy Author: Rompa, William J., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: A working model of the Clatsop County economy Author: Rompa, William J., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published April 1979. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 28. [Article] Grant County Oregon : structure of the county economy

  Published May 1972. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grant County Oregon : structure of the county economy Author: Haroldsen, Ancel D., Youmans, Russell C., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 1972. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Grant County Oregon : structure of the county economy Author: Haroldsen, Ancel D., Youmans, Russell C., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published May 1972. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 29. [Article] The role of fisheries in the sustainable development in small island economies: a case study of Tobago

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of fisheries in the sustainable development in small island economies: a case study of Tobago Author: James, Ronald, Teelucksingh, Sonja Abstract only. Title: The role of fisheries in the sustainable development in small island economies: a case study of Tobago Author: James, Ronald, Teelucksingh, Sonja Abstract only. Close

• 30. [Article] The Conservation Reserve Program : its impact on the economies of rural communities

  The purpose of this thesis is to present the results of a study of the impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program, Title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985, on the economies of small communities located ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Conservation Reserve Program : its impact on the economies of rural communities Author: Nofziger, Sharon Dianne The purpose of this thesis is to present the results of a study of the impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program, Title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985, on the economies of small communities located in Gilliam, Morrow and Umatilla Counties in Oregon. These counties are representative of many rural counties which are extremely dependent on agriculture for their economic well-being. The main objectives of this study are to determine: 1) the economic impacts of an agricultural policy, in this case the CRP, on rural communities; and 2) who may benefit and who may be adversely affected by the policy. As the structure of agriculture continues to change, communities as well as individual farmers, will experience this change in varying degrees. In general, the outlook for rural communities which are so dependent on agriculture is somewhat bleak. The focus of this thesis, therefore, is to attempt to assess the impact of the Conservation Reserve Program on such communities. Title: The Conservation Reserve Program : its impact on the economies of rural communities Author: Nofziger, Sharon Dianne The purpose of this thesis is to present the results of a study of the impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program, Title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985, on the economies of small communities located in Gilliam, Morrow and Umatilla Counties in Oregon. These counties are representative of many rural counties which are extremely dependent on agriculture for their economic well-being. The main objectives of this study are to determine: 1) the economic impacts of an agricultural policy, in this case the CRP, on rural communities; and 2) who may benefit and who may be adversely affected by the policy. As the structure of agriculture continues to change, communities as well as individual farmers, will experience this change in varying degrees. In general, the outlook for rural communities which are so dependent on agriculture is somewhat bleak. The focus of this thesis, therefore, is to attempt to assess the impact of the Conservation Reserve Program on such communities. Close

• 31. [Article] Some impacts of the rice export tax on the rice economy in Thailand

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some impacts of the rice export tax on the rice economy in Thailand Author: Rachapaetayakom, Linchong Title: Some impacts of the rice export tax on the rice economy in Thailand Author: Rachapaetayakom, Linchong Close

• 32. [Article] Projected income and employment impacts of a decline in the timber resource base of a highly timber-dependent economy

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Projected income and employment impacts of a decline in the timber resource base of a highly timber-dependent economy Author: Flacco, Paul Richard Title: Projected income and employment impacts of a decline in the timber resource base of a highly timber-dependent economy Author: Flacco, Paul Richard Close

• 33. [Article] Economic and environmental trade-offs in an estuarine based economy : a modified input-output model of Clatsop County, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic and environmental trade-offs in an estuarine based economy : a modified input-output model of Clatsop County, Oregon Author: Roberts, Kenneth, 1944- Title: Economic and environmental trade-offs in an estuarine based economy : a modified input-output model of Clatsop County, Oregon Author: Roberts, Kenneth, 1944- Close

• 34. [Article] Structural analysis of national economies under economic integration : The Latin American experience

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Structural analysis of national economies under economic integration : The Latin American experience Author: Bailey, Ronald Owen Title: Structural analysis of national economies under economic integration : The Latin American experience Author: Bailey, Ronald Owen Close

• 35. [Article] A simulation model of an extended-Bergstrom type economy

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A simulation model of an extended-Bergstrom type economy Author: Cheung, Kee-nam Title: A simulation model of an extended-Bergstrom type economy Author: Cheung, Kee-nam Close

• 36. [Article] Toward an econometric model of the Oregon economy

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward an econometric model of the Oregon economy Author: Smith, Gary Wilson Title: Toward an econometric model of the Oregon economy Author: Smith, Gary Wilson Close

• 37. [Article] The economy and advisability of operating a combined power and exhaust heating plant at the Oregon Agricultural College

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economy and advisability of operating a combined power and exhaust heating plant at the Oregon Agricultural College Author: Cohen, Lesser Raphael Solis, Read, Lance Title: The economy and advisability of operating a combined power and exhaust heating plant at the Oregon Agricultural College Author: Cohen, Lesser Raphael Solis, Read, Lance Close

• 38. [Article] When preservative treatment of wood is an economy.

  Revision of earlier publication

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: When preservative treatment of wood is an economy. Author: Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) Revision of earlier publication Title: When preservative treatment of wood is an economy. Author: Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) Revision of earlier publication Close

• 39. [Article] Wood in the national economy

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wood in the national economy Author: Winslow, Carlile Patterson, 1884-, Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) Title: Wood in the national economy Author: Winslow, Carlile Patterson, 1884-, Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) Close

• 40. [Article] Some factors affecting rate and economy of gains in beef cattle

  Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors affecting rate and economy of gains in beef cattle Author: Dahmen, J. J. (Jerome John), 1919-, Bogart, Ralph, 1908- Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Title: Some factors affecting rate and economy of gains in beef cattle Author: Dahmen, J. J. (Jerome John), 1919-, Bogart, Ralph, 1908- Information contained within documents may be obsolete. Please check for recent information at the OSU Extension Service website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/results.php?cat=Agriculture Close

• 41. [Article] Income, employment and expenditure patterns in a timber-based economy : Douglas County, Oregon : 1975

  Published November 1977. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Income, employment and expenditure patterns in a timber-based economy : Douglas County, Oregon : 1975 Author: Flacco, Paul Richard, 1950-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Youmans, Russell. Published November 1977. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Income, employment and expenditure patterns in a timber-based economy : Douglas County, Oregon : 1975 Author: Flacco, Paul Richard, 1950-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Youmans, Russell. Published November 1977. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 42. [Article] Business interrelationships of the Tillamook County economy : a study for analysis of economic change

  Published October 1978. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Business interrelationships of the Tillamook County economy : a study for analysis of economic change Author: Ives, Edward Ewing., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Youmans, Russell C. Published October 1978. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Business interrelationships of the Tillamook County economy : a study for analysis of economic change Author: Ives, Edward Ewing., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Youmans, Russell C. Published October 1978. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 43. [Article] Linkages between the economy and the environment : an analysis of economic growth in Clatsop County, Oregon

  Page 2 and 6 are blank pages in document

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Linkages between the economy and the environment : an analysis of economic growth in Clatsop County, Oregon Author: Rettig, R. Bruce, 1940-, Roberts, Kenneth, 1944-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Page 2 and 6 are blank pages in document Title: Linkages between the economy and the environment : an analysis of economic growth in Clatsop County, Oregon Author: Rettig, R. Bruce, 1940-, Roberts, Kenneth, 1944-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Page 2 and 6 are blank pages in document Close

• 44. [Article] Effects of selected changes in Federal land use on a rural economy

  Published March 1968. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of selected changes in Federal land use on a rural economy Author: Blanch, Grant E. (Grant Etherington), 1915-, Bromley, D. W., Stoevener, H. H., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published March 1968. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Effects of selected changes in Federal land use on a rural economy Author: Blanch, Grant E. (Grant Etherington), 1915-, Bromley, D. W., Stoevener, H. H., Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published March 1968. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 45. [Article] Impact of a major economic change on a coastal rural economy : a large aluminum plant in Clatsop County, Oregon

  Published July 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of a major economic change on a coastal rural economy : a large aluminum plant in Clatsop County, Oregon Author: Collin, Theodore, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Youmans, Russell C., Stoevener, H. H. Published July 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Impact of a major economic change on a coastal rural economy : a large aluminum plant in Clatsop County, Oregon Author: Collin, Theodore, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Youmans, Russell C., Stoevener, H. H. Published July 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 46. [Article] Labor relations and decline of the Oregon strawberry economy : effects on farm size

  Published October 1981. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Labor relations and decline of the Oregon strawberry economy : effects on farm size Author: Padfield, Harland, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published October 1981. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Labor relations and decline of the Oregon strawberry economy : effects on farm size Author: Padfield, Harland, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station Published October 1981. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 47. [Article] A citizen's guide to employment, inflation, income, and the Oregon economy

  Published February 1976. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A citizen's guide to employment, inflation, income, and the Oregon economy Author: Rettig, R. Bruce, 1940-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published February 1976. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: A citizen's guide to employment, inflation, income, and the Oregon economy Author: Rettig, R. Bruce, 1940-, Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published February 1976. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 48. [Article] The Oregon beef cattle industry : impact on the Oregon economy

  Published September 1997. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cat...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Oregon beef cattle industry : impact on the Oregon economy Author: Oregon Beef Council, Agricultural Research Foundation (Or.), Diebel, Penelope L., 1961-, Glascock, Johnna, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Obermiller, Frederick W., Tanaka, John Augustus Published September 1997. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: The Oregon beef cattle industry : impact on the Oregon economy Author: Oregon Beef Council, Agricultural Research Foundation (Or.), Diebel, Penelope L., 1961-, Glascock, Johnna, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Obermiller, Frederick W., Tanaka, John Augustus Published September 1997. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 49. [Article] Oregon's farm economy : trends and status, 1972

  Published January 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's farm economy : trends and status, 1972 Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Coppedge, Robert O. Published January 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon's farm economy : trends and status, 1972 Author: Oregon State University. Extension Service, Coppedge, Robert O. Published January 1973. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 50. [Article] Timber in Oregon : history & projected trends

  Declared out of print February 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregons...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Timber in Oregon : history & projected trends Author: Conway, Flaxen D. L., Wells, Gail Elizabeth, Oregon State University. Extension Service Declared out of print February 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Timber in Oregon : history & projected trends Author: Conway, Flaxen D. L., Wells, Gail Elizabeth, Oregon State University. Extension Service Declared out of print February 2010. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 51. [Article] Money sense for your children

  Published January 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Money sense for your children Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Money sense for your children Author: Morrow, Alice Mills, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 1991. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 52. [Article] Oregon's seafood industry : its importance to Oregon's economy

  Published January 1979.Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's seafood industry : its importance to Oregon's economy Author: Rompa, William J., Smith, Frederick J. (Frederick John), 1936-, Oregon State University. Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Miles, Stanley Published January 1979.Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon's seafood industry : its importance to Oregon's economy Author: Rompa, William J., Smith, Frederick J. (Frederick John), 1936-, Oregon State University. Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Miles, Stanley Published January 1979.Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 53. [Article] The Tillamook County economy : a working model for evaluating economic change

  Published March 1977. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Tillamook County economy : a working model for evaluating economic change Author: Rompa, William J., Ives, Edward Ewing, Youmans, Russell C., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 1977. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: The Tillamook County economy : a working model for evaluating economic change Author: Rompa, William J., Ives, Edward Ewing, Youmans, Russell C., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 1977. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 54. [Article] Assessing the Economic Impacts of Food Assistance Policy Using a Computable General Equilibrium Approach

  Over the past several years, increases in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have coincided with the 2007-2008 recession and the higher rates of unemployment in the U.S. With SNAP being ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the Economic Impacts of Food Assistance Policy Using a Computable General Equilibrium Approach Author: West, Tyler T. Over the past several years, increases in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have coincided with the 2007-2008 recession and the higher rates of unemployment in the U.S. With SNAP being the largest program, in terms of spending embedded in the farm bill, it is likely to see some spending cuts. The question that this study poses is “What kind of economic impacts could SNAP spending cuts have on household welfare, the agricultural and food industries, and factor markets?” To assess these economic impacts a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model using 2010 national level data is employed. A policy experiment is run where the SNAP program is eliminated creating a revenue neutral transfer of income from SNAP eligible households to ineligible households. The model finds changes in income and commodity output of the food and agriculture sectors and other sectors of the economy. There are almost no changes in primary factor markets and commodity prices. The experiment causes consumption patterns to change across household groups and creates a significant change in household welfare. The experiment shows that SNAP spending is miniscule in the United States’ $15 trillion economy. Title: Assessing the Economic Impacts of Food Assistance Policy Using a Computable General Equilibrium Approach Author: West, Tyler T. Over the past several years, increases in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have coincided with the 2007-2008 recession and the higher rates of unemployment in the U.S. With SNAP being the largest program, in terms of spending embedded in the farm bill, it is likely to see some spending cuts. The question that this study poses is “What kind of economic impacts could SNAP spending cuts have on household welfare, the agricultural and food industries, and factor markets?” To assess these economic impacts a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model using 2010 national level data is employed. A policy experiment is run where the SNAP program is eliminated creating a revenue neutral transfer of income from SNAP eligible households to ineligible households. The model finds changes in income and commodity output of the food and agriculture sectors and other sectors of the economy. There are almost no changes in primary factor markets and commodity prices. The experiment causes consumption patterns to change across household groups and creates a significant change in household welfare. The experiment shows that SNAP spending is miniscule in the United States’ $15 trillion economy. Close

• 55. [Article] The benefits of diversified agricultural systems among Maya Mopan farmers in southern Belize

  Maya Mopan farmers in southern Belize face socio-economic hardships, persisting environmental constraints, and an unfavorable political climate that has prevented land tenure stability on reservation lands. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The benefits of diversified agricultural systems among Maya Mopan farmers in southern Belize Author: Hofbauer, Derek M. Maya Mopan farmers in southern Belize face socio-economic hardships, persisting environmental constraints, and an unfavorable political climate that has prevented land tenure stability on reservation lands. This thesis describes the agricultural practices of a group of Mopan farmers and examines farm-site diversification and its relationship to ecological knowledge, out-migration, agricultural markets, and indigenous political systems. I also examine how modernization, religious conversions, and the Mopan's introduction into a capitalist economy have led to a decline in cultural practices and the augmentation of non-traditional behaviors among the younger generations. Data were obtained during my fieldwork in the Cayo and Toledo Districts of southern Belize from June-November, 2002. I conducted informal interviews with farmers and NGOs, engaged in participant observation techniques, documented 17 diversified Mayan farms, and formulated a self-administered questionnaire that was given to 38 students in the San Jose Village School. Additional data was acquired through voluntary work in farmers' fields and from available anthropological and agricultural literature. The results of this study indicate that Mopan farmers have diversified their farming systems by adopting new crop varieties, developing more sustainable agricultural techniques, increasing the production of cash crops, and adjusting their traditional labor systems. These findings are significant because they demonstrate ways in which farming communities throughout the tropics can improve their environments and economies amidst the influences of modernization, unsustainable development, and discriminatory government policies. Title: The benefits of diversified agricultural systems among Maya Mopan farmers in southern Belize Author: Hofbauer, Derek M. Maya Mopan farmers in southern Belize face socio-economic hardships, persisting environmental constraints, and an unfavorable political climate that has prevented land tenure stability on reservation lands. This thesis describes the agricultural practices of a group of Mopan farmers and examines farm-site diversification and its relationship to ecological knowledge, out-migration, agricultural markets, and indigenous political systems. I also examine how modernization, religious conversions, and the Mopan's introduction into a capitalist economy have led to a decline in cultural practices and the augmentation of non-traditional behaviors among the younger generations. Data were obtained during my fieldwork in the Cayo and Toledo Districts of southern Belize from June-November, 2002. I conducted informal interviews with farmers and NGOs, engaged in participant observation techniques, documented 17 diversified Mayan farms, and formulated a self-administered questionnaire that was given to 38 students in the San Jose Village School. Additional data was acquired through voluntary work in farmers' fields and from available anthropological and agricultural literature. The results of this study indicate that Mopan farmers have diversified their farming systems by adopting new crop varieties, developing more sustainable agricultural techniques, increasing the production of cash crops, and adjusting their traditional labor systems. These findings are significant because they demonstrate ways in which farming communities throughout the tropics can improve their environments and economies amidst the influences of modernization, unsustainable development, and discriminatory government policies. Close

• 56. [Article] Adjustment of automotive carburetors for economy

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Adjustment of automotive carburetors for economy Author: Oregon State Agricultural College. Engineering Experiment Station, Graf, Samuel Herman, 1887-, Gleeson, George Walter, 1905- Title: Adjustment of automotive carburetors for economy Author: Oregon State Agricultural College. Engineering Experiment Station, Graf, Samuel Herman, 1887-, Gleeson, George Walter, 1905- Close

• 57. [Article] Cleaning of Eutrophic Inland Waters for Fishery and Amenities: On the Treatment of Dynamic Aspects in Political Economy Modelling of Statutory Regulations in Polluting Communities

  Due to the immanent common property problem of water, non-point-pollution is the common feature of many inland waters and the eutrophic levels are alarmingly high. drinking water and other services are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cleaning of Eutrophic Inland Waters for Fishery and Amenities: On the Treatment of Dynamic Aspects in Political Economy Modelling of Statutory Regulations in Polluting Communities Author: Nuppenau, Ernst-August Year: 2001 Due to the immanent common property problem of water, non-point-pollution is the common feature of many inland waters and the eutrophic levels are alarmingly high. drinking water and other services are negatively affected by high eutrophic levels fisheries. Concerning causes of pollution, agriculture, subject to overuse of fertilizer and pesticides, is regarded as the main polluter. Environmental regulations on farm practices, such as animal waste and fertilizer application, seek to minimize shocks imposed by eutrophying substances. Since many waters already show high concentrations of these substances, even cleaning is needed. In the dynamic context of eutrophication, which results from multiple polluters and is accumulated over time, damage to water quality depends on stocks and flows of pollutants. The paper presents a model that counts for limitation of inflows and attributed levels of farm activity to pollution. The paper applies a combination of dynamic control and political economy models, optimized by a manager of a common property, a clean lake, a river or, more generally, an interconnected watershed. It seeks to achieve an agreed level of cleanness or eutrophic levels of water on behalf of a community. A political economy model depicts the bargaining process for the establishment of an objective function of the community. The manager is a partial manager, not a benevolent dictator, but has statutory power to regulate fertilizer application on lake shores and alleviate eutrophication with nutrients. Benefits are purified waters that benefit all members, including fishermen. As institutions, the approach investigates the tragedy of the commons and statutory regulations. Financial innovations for compensation are also possible. Title: Cleaning of Eutrophic Inland Waters for Fishery and Amenities: On the Treatment of Dynamic Aspects in Political Economy Modelling of Statutory Regulations in Polluting Communities Author: Nuppenau, Ernst-August Year: 2001 Due to the immanent common property problem of water, non-point-pollution is the common feature of many inland waters and the eutrophic levels are alarmingly high. drinking water and other services are negatively affected by high eutrophic levels fisheries. Concerning causes of pollution, agriculture, subject to overuse of fertilizer and pesticides, is regarded as the main polluter. Environmental regulations on farm practices, such as animal waste and fertilizer application, seek to minimize shocks imposed by eutrophying substances. Since many waters already show high concentrations of these substances, even cleaning is needed. In the dynamic context of eutrophication, which results from multiple polluters and is accumulated over time, damage to water quality depends on stocks and flows of pollutants. The paper presents a model that counts for limitation of inflows and attributed levels of farm activity to pollution. The paper applies a combination of dynamic control and political economy models, optimized by a manager of a common property, a clean lake, a river or, more generally, an interconnected watershed. It seeks to achieve an agreed level of cleanness or eutrophic levels of water on behalf of a community. A political economy model depicts the bargaining process for the establishment of an objective function of the community. The manager is a partial manager, not a benevolent dictator, but has statutory power to regulate fertilizer application on lake shores and alleviate eutrophication with nutrients. Benefits are purified waters that benefit all members, including fishermen. As institutions, the approach investigates the tragedy of the commons and statutory regulations. Financial innovations for compensation are also possible. Close

• 58. [Article] Strategic investments in agricultural industries and Oregon's economic development

  This research is concerned with the current debate among Oregonians on how to improve the standard of living and accelerate economic development in Oregon. The main question is what economic activities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strategic investments in agricultural industries and Oregon's economic development Author: Koong, Dennis T This research is concerned with the current debate among Oregonians on how to improve the standard of living and accelerate economic development in Oregon. The main question is what economic activities make Oregon, and regions within Oregon grow? To find out where Oregon's economic strength and weaknesses lie, first we have to understand the income and employment contributions of different industries in Oregon. Second, decisions for improving Oregon's economic growth may be guided by investment in the production of goods for which Oregon is competitive relative to other goods in domestic and international regions. Third, we can investigate and hypothesize about reasons for strengths and weaknesses of Oregon's industries relative to other industries locally, nationally, and internationally. To provide a guideline for Oregon economic development, this study first classifies Oregon's economic activities into eight major economic sectors: agriculture, lumber and wood, high-tech, other manufacturing, non-financial private services, financial services, other private services, and government services. In 1995, it is estimated that these sectors generated about $72 billion in gross state product (GSP) for Oregon's economy, employed over 1.4 million people and provided total payroll of about $36.5 billion. Oregon's aggregate service sector, which includes both nongovernment private services and government services, generated about 76% of Oregon's gross state product (64% and 12% respectively), received about 76% of Oregon's payroll (58% and 18% respectively), and employed about 80% of Oregon's total employment (64% and 16% respectively). The wood sector contributed about 7% to Oregon's GSP, received 6% of Oregon's payroll, and employed about 5% of Oregon's employment. The agriculture sector generated about 7% of Oregon's GSP, received about 4% of Oregon's payroll, and accounted for about 5% of Oregon's employment. The high-tech industries contributed about 5% of Oregon's GSP, received 7% of Oregon's payroll, and employed about 4% of employment. Oregon exported about $ 9.43 billion in 1995. High-tech equipment exports were about 46% of Oregon's total exports. The agriculture sector accounted for 26%, of exports, the wood sector exported 15%, and other manufacturing products 13%. While Oregon's recent growth has accured mostly through aggregate service activities, the trade oriented sectors including agriculture, wood, and high-tech injected nearly nine and half billion dollars of foreign revenue into the state's economy in 1995. Second, this research utilizes state-level statistics along with "revealed comparative advantage" methodology and computes competitiveness indexes. These are calculated for individual industries in Oregon relative to the Pacific Northwest and the United States economies to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the Oregon economy. The comparison of Oregon's efficiency in the agricultural sector relative to the PNW and U.S. indicates that, in the last seven years, Oregon's comparative advantage in agricultural farm production (crops) has increased but its comparative advantage in food processing has been declining since 1992. In fact, in 1994 and 1995 Oregon exhibited a comparative disadvantage in food products relative to both the PNW and the United States economies. One hypothesis advanced in this study is that such decline may be due to the Oregon's higher labor costs relative to other states in the PNW and U.S. The possibility that Oregon pays higher wages to workers in food production relative to the PNW and U.S., combined with the notion that food production in Oregon is more labor-intensive relative to the PNW and U.S. may account for the fact that Oregon's comparative advantage in food processing has declined in recent years. With regard to the wood sector, Oregon has a comparative advantage in lumber and wood products relative to both the PNW and U.S. economies In the furniture and fixtures category Oregon holds a clear comparative advantage against the PNW region, however it has a distinct disadvantage compared to the United States economy. In the paper products, Oregon holds a comparative advantage relative to the U.S., however, Oregon is at a comparative disadvantage relative to the PNW (except for 1991 and 1992 when Oregon had a slight comparative advantage). During the 1989-1995 time period, Oregon has been more competitive relative to the PNW region in industrial machinery and computer equipment. However, the degree of advantage has declined from 157% in 1989, to 105% in 1995. Relative to U.S., Oregon improved its comparative advantage in the production of same goods from -16% comparative disadvantage in 1989, to being +25% more efficient in 1995. Similarly, Oregon held its comparative advantage in the production of electric equipment and measuring instruments relative to PNW during 1989-1995 time period. Relative to U.S., Oregon improved its efficiency in the production of electric equipment from -37% inefficiency in 1989, to +5% of comparative advantage in 1995. Oregon's comparative advantage in measuring instrument varied between 11% and 26% over 1989-1995 time period. With regard to recent arguments advanced against high-tech industries, the results of this study indicate that Oregon is becoming more efficient (regionally as well as nationally) in manufacture of high-tech products, this may be partially be due to economies of scale associated with this sector. With regards to food processing industries, it may be that costs associated with labor, materials, capital investment, and other inputs are high relative to other regions. Hence, we cannot be competitive in those industries. Alternatively, one may argue that labor productivity in Oregon's food industry is lower than other regions. If this is the case, increasing training and education programs to increase labor productivity, in addition to changing infrastructure, could improve efficiency in food industries and thereby improve Oregon's economic development. Title: Strategic investments in agricultural industries and Oregon's economic development Author: Koong, Dennis T This research is concerned with the current debate among Oregonians on how to improve the standard of living and accelerate economic development in Oregon. The main question is what economic activities make Oregon, and regions within Oregon grow? To find out where Oregon's economic strength and weaknesses lie, first we have to understand the income and employment contributions of different industries in Oregon. Second, decisions for improving Oregon's economic growth may be guided by investment in the production of goods for which Oregon is competitive relative to other goods in domestic and international regions. Third, we can investigate and hypothesize about reasons for strengths and weaknesses of Oregon's industries relative to other industries locally, nationally, and internationally. To provide a guideline for Oregon economic development, this study first classifies Oregon's economic activities into eight major economic sectors: agriculture, lumber and wood, high-tech, other manufacturing, non-financial private services, financial services, other private services, and government services. In 1995, it is estimated that these sectors generated about $72 billion in gross state product (GSP) for Oregon's economy, employed over 1.4 million people and provided total payroll of about $36.5 billion. Oregon's aggregate service sector, which includes both nongovernment private services and government services, generated about 76% of Oregon's gross state product (64% and 12% respectively), received about 76% of Oregon's payroll (58% and 18% respectively), and employed about 80% of Oregon's total employment (64% and 16% respectively). The wood sector contributed about 7% to Oregon's GSP, received 6% of Oregon's payroll, and employed about 5% of Oregon's employment. The agriculture sector generated about 7% of Oregon's GSP, received about 4% of Oregon's payroll, and accounted for about 5% of Oregon's employment. The high-tech industries contributed about 5% of Oregon's GSP, received 7% of Oregon's payroll, and employed about 4% of employment. Oregon exported about $ 9.43 billion in 1995. High-tech equipment exports were about 46% of Oregon's total exports. The agriculture sector accounted for 26%, of exports, the wood sector exported 15%, and other manufacturing products 13%. While Oregon's recent growth has accured mostly through aggregate service activities, the trade oriented sectors including agriculture, wood, and high-tech injected nearly nine and half billion dollars of foreign revenue into the state's economy in 1995. Second, this research utilizes state-level statistics along with "revealed comparative advantage" methodology and computes competitiveness indexes. These are calculated for individual industries in Oregon relative to the Pacific Northwest and the United States economies to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the Oregon economy. The comparison of Oregon's efficiency in the agricultural sector relative to the PNW and U.S. indicates that, in the last seven years, Oregon's comparative advantage in agricultural farm production (crops) has increased but its comparative advantage in food processing has been declining since 1992. In fact, in 1994 and 1995 Oregon exhibited a comparative disadvantage in food products relative to both the PNW and the United States economies. One hypothesis advanced in this study is that such decline may be due to the Oregon's higher labor costs relative to other states in the PNW and U.S. The possibility that Oregon pays higher wages to workers in food production relative to the PNW and U.S., combined with the notion that food production in Oregon is more labor-intensive relative to the PNW and U.S. may account for the fact that Oregon's comparative advantage in food processing has declined in recent years. With regard to the wood sector, Oregon has a comparative advantage in lumber and wood products relative to both the PNW and U.S. economies In the furniture and fixtures category Oregon holds a clear comparative advantage against the PNW region, however it has a distinct disadvantage compared to the United States economy. In the paper products, Oregon holds a comparative advantage relative to the U.S., however, Oregon is at a comparative disadvantage relative to the PNW (except for 1991 and 1992 when Oregon had a slight comparative advantage). During the 1989-1995 time period, Oregon has been more competitive relative to the PNW region in industrial machinery and computer equipment. However, the degree of advantage has declined from 157% in 1989, to 105% in 1995. Relative to U.S., Oregon improved its comparative advantage in the production of same goods from -16% comparative disadvantage in 1989, to being +25% more efficient in 1995. Similarly, Oregon held its comparative advantage in the production of electric equipment and measuring instruments relative to PNW during 1989-1995 time period. Relative to U.S., Oregon improved its efficiency in the production of electric equipment from -37% inefficiency in 1989, to +5% of comparative advantage in 1995. Oregon's comparative advantage in measuring instrument varied between 11% and 26% over 1989-1995 time period. With regard to recent arguments advanced against high-tech industries, the results of this study indicate that Oregon is becoming more efficient (regionally as well as nationally) in manufacture of high-tech products, this may be partially be due to economies of scale associated with this sector. With regards to food processing industries, it may be that costs associated with labor, materials, capital investment, and other inputs are high relative to other regions. Hence, we cannot be competitive in those industries. Alternatively, one may argue that labor productivity in Oregon's food industry is lower than other regions. If this is the case, increasing training and education programs to increase labor productivity, in addition to changing infrastructure, could improve efficiency in food industries and thereby improve Oregon's economic development. Close

• 59. [Article] International comparison and evaluation of agricultural productivity growth

  Long-run food price changes respond to long-run changes in food demand, quasi-fixed and variable production factors, and agricultural productivity. Recent global food-price volatility puts a renewed spotlight ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International comparison and evaluation of agricultural productivity growth Author: Rada, Nicholas E. Long-run food price changes respond to long-run changes in food demand, quasi-fixed and variable production factors, and agricultural productivity. Recent global food-price volatility puts a renewed spotlight on the trends and sources of any agricultural productivity growth. Because food prices’ most critical effects are on human hunger, it is especially important to examine productivity conditions in newly emerging economies. Two such economies evaluated in this dissertation are Indonesia and Brazil. As agriculture’s share of the Indonesian economy declines in the post-Green Revolution era, government attention increasingly has shifted to the industrial sector and away from agriculture. In light of these trends, we use province-level data and a multi-output frontier distance function approach to estimate product-specific productivity change on Indonesian farms, decomposing it into its technical-change and efficiency-change components. We find, at a 1.4% annual growth rate, that technical change has been modest and that little of this growth can be ascribed to government research efforts. Furthermore, average farm efficiency relative to the best-practice frontier has declined 0.4% per annum, so that mean productivity has risen by only 1% per year. Over-centralization of the agricultural research system may partly account for this poor performance. Brazil now is the largest coffee, sugar, and fruit juice producer, second-largest soybean and beef producer, and third-largest corn and broiler producer. It has overtaken the U.S. in poultry exports, nearly matches the U.S. in soybean exports, and dominates global trade in frozen orange juice. To test and better understand these advances, we draw on decennial farm censuses to examine technical change and efficiency in Brazilian agriculture. Our approach is to estimate a stochastic, multi-product, output distance frontier, using a translog functional form and data disaggregated to the micro-region (sub-state) level. Using two consecutive decennial farm censuses, we combine state-level Fisher productivity-change indexes with state-level translog distance function estimates of growth technical efficiency to impute state-level technical shifts. We find, leading up to the soon-to-be-released 2006 agricultural census, that Brazil’s multi-factor productivity growth rate between 1985 and 1996 was 20.2%. Mean state-level growth efficiency was 91.2%, implying the production frontier expanded 22.2% over the reference time period. Title: International comparison and evaluation of agricultural productivity growth Author: Rada, Nicholas E. Long-run food price changes respond to long-run changes in food demand, quasi-fixed and variable production factors, and agricultural productivity. Recent global food-price volatility puts a renewed spotlight on the trends and sources of any agricultural productivity growth. Because food prices’ most critical effects are on human hunger, it is especially important to examine productivity conditions in newly emerging economies. Two such economies evaluated in this dissertation are Indonesia and Brazil. As agriculture’s share of the Indonesian economy declines in the post-Green Revolution era, government attention increasingly has shifted to the industrial sector and away from agriculture. In light of these trends, we use province-level data and a multi-output frontier distance function approach to estimate product-specific productivity change on Indonesian farms, decomposing it into its technical-change and efficiency-change components. We find, at a 1.4% annual growth rate, that technical change has been modest and that little of this growth can be ascribed to government research efforts. Furthermore, average farm efficiency relative to the best-practice frontier has declined 0.4% per annum, so that mean productivity has risen by only 1% per year. Over-centralization of the agricultural research system may partly account for this poor performance. Brazil now is the largest coffee, sugar, and fruit juice producer, second-largest soybean and beef producer, and third-largest corn and broiler producer. It has overtaken the U.S. in poultry exports, nearly matches the U.S. in soybean exports, and dominates global trade in frozen orange juice. To test and better understand these advances, we draw on decennial farm censuses to examine technical change and efficiency in Brazilian agriculture. Our approach is to estimate a stochastic, multi-product, output distance frontier, using a translog functional form and data disaggregated to the micro-region (sub-state) level. Using two consecutive decennial farm censuses, we combine state-level Fisher productivity-change indexes with state-level translog distance function estimates of growth technical efficiency to impute state-level technical shifts. We find, leading up to the soon-to-be-released 2006 agricultural census, that Brazil’s multi-factor productivity growth rate between 1985 and 1996 was 20.2%. Mean state-level growth efficiency was 91.2%, implying the production frontier expanded 22.2% over the reference time period. Close

• 60. [Article] Three essays on trade liberalization and Korean agriculture

  Since the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) in 1994, global competition in Korean agricultural markets has significantly increased. The objective of this dissertation is to identify the effects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Three essays on trade liberalization and Korean agriculture Author: Yoo, Chun Kwon Since the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) in 1994, global competition in Korean agricultural markets has significantly increased. The objective of this dissertation is to identify the effects of trade liberalization on productivity and pricing in the Korean rice market (Essay 1 and 2) and on the entire agricultural sector (Essay 3). Rice is the major agricultural commodity in Korean agriculture with Rice Processing Complexes (RPC), i.e. agricultural cooperatives, playing a major role in the rice processing industry. Essays 1 and 2 examine RPCs adjustment to the increasingly competitive market environment. The first essay draws on the emerging heterogeneous-firms trade model to test the hypothesis that trade liberalization forces least productivity firms to exit (extensive margin) and encourages reallocation of resources and market share to high productivity firms (intensive margin) within an industry. The above churning results in an increase in the average productivity of the industry. Results from using plant-level RPC data from 2002-2008 to test the above hypothesis show that international competition via increases in rice import (Minimum Market Access) has the largest effect on RPCs' productivity. In particular, greater competition shifts the left tail of the productivity distribution to the right, increasing the median productivity of the Korean rice processing industry. Thus, the above findings suggest that RPCs, often considered to be quasi-public firms shielded from competition, face significant adjustment following trade liberalization. Economic theory suggests that a key input, i.e. raw product that farmer-members deliver, is treated as given in marketing cooperatives’ optimization, unlike in the case of profit maximizing firms. Thus, only if cooperatives minimize the cost of conventional inputs (labor and capital) cost and additionally, set the price of the raw product optimally, their production is efficient. Essay 2 examines RPCs' pricing efficiency, based on the above theory, by incorporating farmers' supply function of raw product (rice) into hypothesized RPCs' optimization framework. Results show that only large RPCs' pricing and thus, production is efficient. For small and medium RPCs, processing size, i.e. realizing economies of scale, is important for their efficiency. The latter finding suggests merger of neighboring small and medium RPCs to both expand supply of raw rice and lower processing costs. In fact, results show that post-merger RPCs have attained pricing efficiency similar to large RPCs. Since 2002, about 20 percent of Korean RPCs have merged adjusting to the competitive market and improving pricing efficiency and overall productivity. In the third essay, the effects of agricultural openness on aggregate agricultural productivity and farmers' welfare in Korea are examined. Results indicate that the openness significantly improves agricultural productivity, with a marked increase following URAA. However, in real terms, farm products' price and net farm business income have declined after trade liberalization. The findings show that agricultural trade liberalization has greatly benefitted Korean consumers, but the net impact on farmers' welfare from productivity growth, real price decline and transfer payments is less clear. The three essays show that Korean agriculture has been adjusting to the increasingly competitive environment in primary and processing sectors, contributing to overall gains for the Korean economy. Encouraging resource reallocation towards more competitive segments of Korean agriculture along with targeted transfer payments to revitalize losers from trade are needed to continue to realize and share gains from trade. Title: Three essays on trade liberalization and Korean agriculture Author: Yoo, Chun Kwon Since the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) in 1994, global competition in Korean agricultural markets has significantly increased. The objective of this dissertation is to identify the effects of trade liberalization on productivity and pricing in the Korean rice market (Essay 1 and 2) and on the entire agricultural sector (Essay 3). Rice is the major agricultural commodity in Korean agriculture with Rice Processing Complexes (RPC), i.e. agricultural cooperatives, playing a major role in the rice processing industry. Essays 1 and 2 examine RPCs adjustment to the increasingly competitive market environment. The first essay draws on the emerging heterogeneous-firms trade model to test the hypothesis that trade liberalization forces least productivity firms to exit (extensive margin) and encourages reallocation of resources and market share to high productivity firms (intensive margin) within an industry. The above churning results in an increase in the average productivity of the industry. Results from using plant-level RPC data from 2002-2008 to test the above hypothesis show that international competition via increases in rice import (Minimum Market Access) has the largest effect on RPCs' productivity. In particular, greater competition shifts the left tail of the productivity distribution to the right, increasing the median productivity of the Korean rice processing industry. Thus, the above findings suggest that RPCs, often considered to be quasi-public firms shielded from competition, face significant adjustment following trade liberalization. Economic theory suggests that a key input, i.e. raw product that farmer-members deliver, is treated as given in marketing cooperatives’ optimization, unlike in the case of profit maximizing firms. Thus, only if cooperatives minimize the cost of conventional inputs (labor and capital) cost and additionally, set the price of the raw product optimally, their production is efficient. Essay 2 examines RPCs' pricing efficiency, based on the above theory, by incorporating farmers' supply function of raw product (rice) into hypothesized RPCs' optimization framework. Results show that only large RPCs' pricing and thus, production is efficient. For small and medium RPCs, processing size, i.e. realizing economies of scale, is important for their efficiency. The latter finding suggests merger of neighboring small and medium RPCs to both expand supply of raw rice and lower processing costs. In fact, results show that post-merger RPCs have attained pricing efficiency similar to large RPCs. Since 2002, about 20 percent of Korean RPCs have merged adjusting to the competitive market and improving pricing efficiency and overall productivity. In the third essay, the effects of agricultural openness on aggregate agricultural productivity and farmers' welfare in Korea are examined. Results indicate that the openness significantly improves agricultural productivity, with a marked increase following URAA. However, in real terms, farm products' price and net farm business income have declined after trade liberalization. The findings show that agricultural trade liberalization has greatly benefitted Korean consumers, but the net impact on farmers' welfare from productivity growth, real price decline and transfer payments is less clear. The three essays show that Korean agriculture has been adjusting to the increasingly competitive environment in primary and processing sectors, contributing to overall gains for the Korean economy. Encouraging resource reallocation towards more competitive segments of Korean agriculture along with targeted transfer payments to revitalize losers from trade are needed to continue to realize and share gains from trade. Close

• 61. [Article] GardenSmart Oregon : a guide to non-invasive plants

  Published March 2008. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: GardenSmart Oregon : a guide to non-invasive plants Author: Tu, Mandy, Bixby, Mitch, Winter-Gorsline, Leslie, Goodridge, Jennifer M., Anderson, Stephen, Harber, Renee, McMahan, Linda, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Douglas, Jeff, Chan, Samuel Published March 2008. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: GardenSmart Oregon : a guide to non-invasive plants Author: Tu, Mandy, Bixby, Mitch, Winter-Gorsline, Leslie, Goodridge, Jennifer M., Anderson, Stephen, Harber, Renee, McMahan, Linda, Oregon State University. Extension Service, Douglas, Jeff, Chan, Samuel Published March 2008. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 62. [Article] Yesterday's orchard ... today's home [electronic resource] : legacy pesticides on former orchard property

  Published March 2009. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yesterday's orchard ... today's home [electronic resource] : legacy pesticides on former orchard property Author: Stone, Dave L. (David Louis), Anderson, Kim A., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 2009. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Yesterday's orchard ... today's home [electronic resource] : legacy pesticides on former orchard property Author: Stone, Dave L. (David Louis), Anderson, Kim A., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 2009. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 63. [Article] Wood-beam design method promises economies

  Published in Engineering News-Record May, 11, 1933

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wood-beam design method promises economies Author: March, H. W., Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), Heck, George Emil, 1888-, Newlin, J. A. (John A.), 1872-1943 Published in Engineering News-Record May, 11, 1933 Title: Wood-beam design method promises economies Author: March, H. W., Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), Heck, George Emil, 1888-, Newlin, J. A. (John A.), 1872-1943 Published in Engineering News-Record May, 11, 1933 Close

• 64. [Article] Impacts of Agriculture on the Inland Capture Fisheries in the Mekong Delta

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of Agriculture on the Inland Capture Fisheries in the Mekong Delta Author: Vu, Vi An, Ngwenya, Elkana Abstract only. Title: Impacts of Agriculture on the Inland Capture Fisheries in the Mekong Delta Author: Vu, Vi An, Ngwenya, Elkana Abstract only. Close

• 65. [Article] Evaluation of the Rich Fishery Resources in Democratic Republic of Congo and Contribution of Fisheries to the National Economy

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of the Rich Fishery Resources in Democratic Republic of Congo and Contribution of Fisheries to the National Economy Author: Mukanga, Tusanga Abstract Only Title: Evaluation of the Rich Fishery Resources in Democratic Republic of Congo and Contribution of Fisheries to the National Economy Author: Mukanga, Tusanga Abstract Only Close

• 66. [Article] Oregon's bounty of horticultural crops & landscapes

  Published December 2009. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's bounty of horticultural crops & landscapes Author: Seavert, Clark F., Weeks, Tom, Sugar, David, Castagnoli, S., Chilton, Mike, Brewer, Linda J., Andrews, N. (Nick), White, Linda D. (Linda Dee), Skinkis, P. (Patty), Fletcher, Richard A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Mertz, Chris, Azarenko, A. N. (Anita Nina), McReynolds, Bob, Strik, Bernadine C. (Bernadine Cornelia), 1962-, Burt, Lawrence A., Regan, Richard, Cook, Thomas W., Olsen, Jeff L., Bondi, Michael C., Oregon State University. Department of Horticulture, Kaiser, C. (Clive) Published December 2009. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Oregon's bounty of horticultural crops & landscapes Author: Seavert, Clark F., Weeks, Tom, Sugar, David, Castagnoli, S., Chilton, Mike, Brewer, Linda J., Andrews, N. (Nick), White, Linda D. (Linda Dee), Skinkis, P. (Patty), Fletcher, Richard A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Mertz, Chris, Azarenko, A. N. (Anita Nina), McReynolds, Bob, Strik, Bernadine C. (Bernadine Cornelia), 1962-, Burt, Lawrence A., Regan, Richard, Cook, Thomas W., Olsen, Jeff L., Bondi, Michael C., Oregon State University. Department of Horticulture, Kaiser, C. (Clive) Published December 2009. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 67. [Article] Agricultural export promotion and economic structure : an historical perspective

  The United States has had a long history of promoting agricultural exports, and the return to conditions of extreme surplus in many agricultural markets in recent years has revived interest in this topic. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural export promotion and economic structure : an historical perspective Author: Townsend, Terry P. The United States has had a long history of promoting agricultural exports, and the return to conditions of extreme surplus in many agricultural markets in recent years has revived interest in this topic. Some products received imperial bounties during our colonial era, but the systematic collection of trade statistics for the purpose of investigating agricultural export opportunities did not begin until 1883. In the early 1890's, agents were sent to Europe to promote the use of corn as a human food. With the entry of the United States into World War I, massive government shipments for relief purposes were authorized, and the value of commodities exported under government programs reached a similar magnitude during World War II. Since World War II, numerous government programs such as Section 32 subsidies, soft currency sales, long-term dollar credits, barter, disaster relief and short-term credit sales have been used to increase agricultural exports. However, the long-run implications of these increases deserve consideration. Research in the field of international economic development has indicated that the emphasis of primary product exports may retard beneficial structural change in small primary product oriented economies. Research to test the applicability of these theories to farm states with small populations seems justified in light of recent interest in economic development. Patterns of income growth in the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Idaho and Arkansas, as well as four other small manufacturing states and seven large states were studied for evidence of structural change in response to increased agricultural exports. The evidence indicates that the large increases in agricultural export values seen since 1958 have speeded, not delayed, the process of structural change in the farm states. Consequently, the fear that increased exports will encourage a heightened dependence on agriculture in these states seems not to be borne out. Title: Agricultural export promotion and economic structure : an historical perspective Author: Townsend, Terry P. The United States has had a long history of promoting agricultural exports, and the return to conditions of extreme surplus in many agricultural markets in recent years has revived interest in this topic. Some products received imperial bounties during our colonial era, but the systematic collection of trade statistics for the purpose of investigating agricultural export opportunities did not begin until 1883. In the early 1890's, agents were sent to Europe to promote the use of corn as a human food. With the entry of the United States into World War I, massive government shipments for relief purposes were authorized, and the value of commodities exported under government programs reached a similar magnitude during World War II. Since World War II, numerous government programs such as Section 32 subsidies, soft currency sales, long-term dollar credits, barter, disaster relief and short-term credit sales have been used to increase agricultural exports. However, the long-run implications of these increases deserve consideration. Research in the field of international economic development has indicated that the emphasis of primary product exports may retard beneficial structural change in small primary product oriented economies. Research to test the applicability of these theories to farm states with small populations seems justified in light of recent interest in economic development. Patterns of income growth in the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Idaho and Arkansas, as well as four other small manufacturing states and seven large states were studied for evidence of structural change in response to increased agricultural exports. The evidence indicates that the large increases in agricultural export values seen since 1958 have speeded, not delayed, the process of structural change in the farm states. Consequently, the fear that increased exports will encourage a heightened dependence on agriculture in these states seems not to be borne out. Close

• 68. [Article] Food supply and economic development in Indonesia, problems and prospects

  The general purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of agriculture in Indonesia in supplying food to the country's economy. Analysis of the general inter-relationship between the agricultural and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food supply and economic development in Indonesia, problems and prospects Author: Afiff, Saleh The general purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of agriculture in Indonesia in supplying food to the country's economy. Analysis of the general inter-relationship between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors of a developing, densely-populated economy, and the sectorial interdependence viewed in relation to the supply and demand for food during the development process, provides a general framework of reference for the analysis of the food problems in Indonesia. The data originate from two basic sources: (1) Primary data from the various institutions involved in and responsible for the food economy in Indonesia. Much of these data were collected in Indonesia, and in part they were an outgrowth of the writer's work there. (2) Secondary data from published sources. Use of the food balance sheet shows that the common pattern of the Indonesian diet is characterized by a high starchy staple ratio and staples, rice is the most important. Through a comparison of these results with the nutritional standards calculated on the basis of methods suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the nutritional status of the Indonesian people is evaluated. By both qualitative and quantitative standards, the average diet of the Indonesian people is poor. Demand for food in Indonesia will increase significantly in the near future, primarily due to the population and income effect. From use of Okhawa's demand equation, major shifts are expected toward the consumption of more rice and more protective foods. Any rise in per capita income will bring strong pressure to increase the proportion of starches that are supplied by rice. To meet this growing demand, the need is to increase domestic production rather than commercial imports. Trends in the production of the six major farm food crops have been constructed and analyzed for the period of 1950 - 1965. With the exception of groundnuts, per capita production of these crops kept up with population growth. However, for the main food item, rice, the rate of increase of per capita production was lower than that of the per capita consumption. This gap resulted in the importation of huge amounts of rice. Analysis of the conditions of food production leads to the conclusion, that three factors are mainly responsible for the production gap: First, the prevalence of disguised unemployment in the food industry; second, the lack of adequate credit facilities and capital in the rural areas; third, the lack of an efficient marketing organization. Because of the inadequacies in these three important aspects of the institutional framework, the process of adapting new technologies and inputs to the production of food is slow. Speed is crucial. In view of the population problem, the longer the present trends are permitted to continue, the more difficult it will be to close the production gap. Analysis of these three factors leads to the following conclusions: (1) Industrialization is a necessary condition for expanding food production and over-all economic development, in order to absorb the surplus agricultural labor force. (2) Marketing reform is needed to improve the institutional framework in the producing areas, in order to maximize the rate of growth of food production. This reform includes providing adequate and efficient credit facilities, promoting competition in the food market at the local level, and improving the infrastructure. Title: Food supply and economic development in Indonesia, problems and prospects Author: Afiff, Saleh The general purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of agriculture in Indonesia in supplying food to the country's economy. Analysis of the general inter-relationship between the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors of a developing, densely-populated economy, and the sectorial interdependence viewed in relation to the supply and demand for food during the development process, provides a general framework of reference for the analysis of the food problems in Indonesia. The data originate from two basic sources: (1) Primary data from the various institutions involved in and responsible for the food economy in Indonesia. Much of these data were collected in Indonesia, and in part they were an outgrowth of the writer's work there. (2) Secondary data from published sources. Use of the food balance sheet shows that the common pattern of the Indonesian diet is characterized by a high starchy staple ratio and staples, rice is the most important. Through a comparison of these results with the nutritional standards calculated on the basis of methods suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the nutritional status of the Indonesian people is evaluated. By both qualitative and quantitative standards, the average diet of the Indonesian people is poor. Demand for food in Indonesia will increase significantly in the near future, primarily due to the population and income effect. From use of Okhawa's demand equation, major shifts are expected toward the consumption of more rice and more protective foods. Any rise in per capita income will bring strong pressure to increase the proportion of starches that are supplied by rice. To meet this growing demand, the need is to increase domestic production rather than commercial imports. Trends in the production of the six major farm food crops have been constructed and analyzed for the period of 1950 - 1965. With the exception of groundnuts, per capita production of these crops kept up with population growth. However, for the main food item, rice, the rate of increase of per capita production was lower than that of the per capita consumption. This gap resulted in the importation of huge amounts of rice. Analysis of the conditions of food production leads to the conclusion, that three factors are mainly responsible for the production gap: First, the prevalence of disguised unemployment in the food industry; second, the lack of adequate credit facilities and capital in the rural areas; third, the lack of an efficient marketing organization. Because of the inadequacies in these three important aspects of the institutional framework, the process of adapting new technologies and inputs to the production of food is slow. Speed is crucial. In view of the population problem, the longer the present trends are permitted to continue, the more difficult it will be to close the production gap. Analysis of these three factors leads to the following conclusions: (1) Industrialization is a necessary condition for expanding food production and over-all economic development, in order to absorb the surplus agricultural labor force. (2) Marketing reform is needed to improve the institutional framework in the producing areas, in order to maximize the rate of growth of food production. This reform includes providing adequate and efficient credit facilities, promoting competition in the food market at the local level, and improving the infrastructure. Close

• 69. [Article] Concepts to consider in developing a microcomputer simulation model to promote understanding of linkages between the macroeconomy and agriculture in a developing country

  The purpose of this thesis is to discuss concepts and strategies that provide a general framework which can be used to develop a microcomputer simulation model for educating senior public officials on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Concepts to consider in developing a microcomputer simulation model to promote understanding of linkages between the macroeconomy and agriculture in a developing country Author: Ndzinge, Loftus O. The purpose of this thesis is to discuss concepts and strategies that provide a general framework which can be used to develop a microcomputer simulation model for educating senior public officials on the linkages between the macroeconomy and agriculture in a developing country. Tradition has it that agriculture is preeminently microeconomics. Those working in the agricultural sector usually relegate macroeconomics to the corner of general economic issues. Yet, it is the macro-management of the economy that provides the strong environment necessary for development of both urban and rural sectors. Micro-agricultural policies and programs succeed generally because of the broader economic environment often pro vided by prudent management of the rate of growth of the money supply, by keeping most interest rates at economic levels, a reasonably open policy to ward developing of banking and para-banking institutions, an exchange rate policy that is liberal, and by trade policies which, although far from ideal, do not prevent the agricultural sector from deriving stimulation from international markets. This study, therefore, outlines an educational program specifically to meet the needs of those in policy analysis and decision-making positions in agriculture and related sectors so that they can understand macroeconomic policy and its linkages with agriculture. The program is built around the principle of adult learning theory so that it emphasizes hands-on, practical approach methods. Simulation, case method, and other participatory instructional methods are recommended as likely to be most effective. Title: Concepts to consider in developing a microcomputer simulation model to promote understanding of linkages between the macroeconomy and agriculture in a developing country Author: Ndzinge, Loftus O. The purpose of this thesis is to discuss concepts and strategies that provide a general framework which can be used to develop a microcomputer simulation model for educating senior public officials on the linkages between the macroeconomy and agriculture in a developing country. Tradition has it that agriculture is preeminently microeconomics. Those working in the agricultural sector usually relegate macroeconomics to the corner of general economic issues. Yet, it is the macro-management of the economy that provides the strong environment necessary for development of both urban and rural sectors. Micro-agricultural policies and programs succeed generally because of the broader economic environment often pro vided by prudent management of the rate of growth of the money supply, by keeping most interest rates at economic levels, a reasonably open policy to ward developing of banking and para-banking institutions, an exchange rate policy that is liberal, and by trade policies which, although far from ideal, do not prevent the agricultural sector from deriving stimulation from international markets. This study, therefore, outlines an educational program specifically to meet the needs of those in policy analysis and decision-making positions in agriculture and related sectors so that they can understand macroeconomic policy and its linkages with agriculture. The program is built around the principle of adult learning theory so that it emphasizes hands-on, practical approach methods. Simulation, case method, and other participatory instructional methods are recommended as likely to be most effective. Close

• 70. [Article] Analysis of U.S. interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence and income inequality (1969-1979)

  In spite of the rapid economic growth of the post-war era, there has not been significant improvement in the incidence of poverty, nor in the inequality of income distribution around the world, and particularly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of U.S. interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence and income inequality (1969-1979) Author: Tay, Winnie K. In spite of the rapid economic growth of the post-war era, there has not been significant improvement in the incidence of poverty, nor in the inequality of income distribution around the world, and particularly in the developing countries. A reason for the apparent failure of the poor to benefit from the effects of the post-war economic growth, as a number of development economists have hypothesized, lies in the structure of the economy. They argued that when it comes to alleviating poverty or improving the distribution of income, the type of growth is as important or more important than the rate of growth. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis on the relationship among economic structure, poverty incidence, and income inequality, by determining whether the changes in the structure of the U.S. economy during 1969-1979 have had any impacts on the changes in poverty incidence and income inequality in the states over the decade. More specifically, the study sought to determine whether the changes in the labor demand in a number of selected industries, could explain the interstate variation in (1) changes in the poverty incidence of different demographic groups, or (2) changes in the share of income received by different family groups ranked by income. Other factors such as transfer payments, migration, and unemployment rate, were included in the models as control variables. A linear multiple regression technique was applied in analyzing data from the 5O states and District of Columbia, published by the Bureaus of Census and of Economic Analysis. The results from the estimation of the model indicated that, in general, the models better explain the interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence than they explain the changes in income inequality. Changes in employment in agriculture sector were found to be positively and significantly associated with changes in poverty incidence for the nonelderly (negatively for the elderly) householders. The reverse relationships were found to be true for tourism and convention sector. Also found to be significant were the non-income dependent transfer payments which are comprised of the social security and other entitlement programs not dependent on income. As far as changes in the shares of income to different family groups are concerned, only the changes in labor demand in the agricultural sector and changes in population used as proxy for migration were found to be significant explanatory variables. Title: Analysis of U.S. interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence and income inequality (1969-1979) Author: Tay, Winnie K. In spite of the rapid economic growth of the post-war era, there has not been significant improvement in the incidence of poverty, nor in the inequality of income distribution around the world, and particularly in the developing countries. A reason for the apparent failure of the poor to benefit from the effects of the post-war economic growth, as a number of development economists have hypothesized, lies in the structure of the economy. They argued that when it comes to alleviating poverty or improving the distribution of income, the type of growth is as important or more important than the rate of growth. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis on the relationship among economic structure, poverty incidence, and income inequality, by determining whether the changes in the structure of the U.S. economy during 1969-1979 have had any impacts on the changes in poverty incidence and income inequality in the states over the decade. More specifically, the study sought to determine whether the changes in the labor demand in a number of selected industries, could explain the interstate variation in (1) changes in the poverty incidence of different demographic groups, or (2) changes in the share of income received by different family groups ranked by income. Other factors such as transfer payments, migration, and unemployment rate, were included in the models as control variables. A linear multiple regression technique was applied in analyzing data from the 5O states and District of Columbia, published by the Bureaus of Census and of Economic Analysis. The results from the estimation of the model indicated that, in general, the models better explain the interstate variation in changes in poverty incidence than they explain the changes in income inequality. Changes in employment in agriculture sector were found to be positively and significantly associated with changes in poverty incidence for the nonelderly (negatively for the elderly) householders. The reverse relationships were found to be true for tourism and convention sector. Also found to be significant were the non-income dependent transfer payments which are comprised of the social security and other entitlement programs not dependent on income. As far as changes in the shares of income to different family groups are concerned, only the changes in labor demand in the agricultural sector and changes in population used as proxy for migration were found to be significant explanatory variables. Close

• 71. [Article] An interindustry analysis of the importance of grazing on federal lands to the economy of Grant County, Oregon

  Use of federal lands for commercial and recreational activities contributes significantly to the economic stability of many rural areas. Recent increases in demand for recreational use have created conflicts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An interindustry analysis of the importance of grazing on federal lands to the economy of Grant County, Oregon Author: Bromley, Daniel W., 1940- Use of federal lands for commercial and recreational activities contributes significantly to the economic stability of many rural areas. Recent increases in demand for recreational use have created conflicts between uses and among users. Some are questioning the use of public land for private gain. The seemingly low grazing fees paid by western ranchers have been an additional catalytic agent. One significant question that arises is, how important are the present uses of federal lands to the total economy of an area? More specifically, what is the contribution to the economy of a given area from the use of federal lands as a source of livestock forage? To help answer this question, the economy of Grant County, Oregon was studied in detail. To determine the extent of federal grazing in eastern Oregon, data was obtained from a sample of livestock permittees with the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. Information concerning number of cattle grazed, Animal Unit Months of grazing, number of brood cows owned, number of privately-owned acres, and production of forage from private land was obtained. All business activity in Grant County was classified into one of fourteen sectors. Systematic random sampling and personal interviews were utilized to obtain information from the commercial businesses, and mailed questionnaires were sent to the agricultural producers. The data obtained was used to construct a transactions matrix. A matrix of input-output, or technical, coefficients was then derived. Ranches dependent upon federal grazing had a total output (gross sales) in 1964 of nearly $4 million, of which $3 million came from outside the County through exports. The ranches in this sector spent $0.48 per $1.00 of gross sales for the purchase of inputs from Grant County's businesses (exclusive of purchases of labor from the County's households.) Ranchers with federal grazing spent $1,792,533 in Grant County in 1964 for business inputs only, not including labor hired nor personal expenditures. Since these ranchers use both federal and private lands, it is difficult to precisely allocate how much of this quantity is attributable to each source. The lumber industry spent only $0.24 per $1.00 of output on the purchase of inputs in Grant County (not including $0.30 wages per $1.00 of output) but because its gross output was large, this brought $3,304,347 to the County's businesses. A recent study sponsored by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service showed that a 20 percent reduction in federal grazing use would cause an 11 percent reduction in gross ranch income. Using this information, a similar reduction in grazing use in Grant County would cause the total output of the Dependent Ranches sector to decline by $399,578. When this lower output level was run through the model, the output of the remaining 13 sectors was shown to decline by $244,161. An additional, indirect loss to the Dependent Ranches sector brought the total business reduction of all 14 sectors to $623,739. An income multiplier was computed to show the impact on County household incomes from this 20 percent reduction. The Dependent Ranches sector had an income multiplier of 1.801680. If the Dependent Ranches sector had its output reduced by the 11 percent, it would cause a loss of household incomes in that sector of $39,563. When this was multiplied by the income multiplier, the total income loss to all households in Grant County from the 20 percent reduction of federal grazing was $71,280. It was not possible to investigate the extent to which these losses might be offset. If several key recreation areas were closed to livestock and the increased recreational use was significant, increased expenditures by recreationists could reduce the net loss. However, because of different sectoral distribution of the direct effects, the indirect effects, and thus the total effect, would most likely be different. Title: An interindustry analysis of the importance of grazing on federal lands to the economy of Grant County, Oregon Author: Bromley, Daniel W., 1940- Use of federal lands for commercial and recreational activities contributes significantly to the economic stability of many rural areas. Recent increases in demand for recreational use have created conflicts between uses and among users. Some are questioning the use of public land for private gain. The seemingly low grazing fees paid by western ranchers have been an additional catalytic agent. One significant question that arises is, how important are the present uses of federal lands to the total economy of an area? More specifically, what is the contribution to the economy of a given area from the use of federal lands as a source of livestock forage? To help answer this question, the economy of Grant County, Oregon was studied in detail. To determine the extent of federal grazing in eastern Oregon, data was obtained from a sample of livestock permittees with the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. Information concerning number of cattle grazed, Animal Unit Months of grazing, number of brood cows owned, number of privately-owned acres, and production of forage from private land was obtained. All business activity in Grant County was classified into one of fourteen sectors. Systematic random sampling and personal interviews were utilized to obtain information from the commercial businesses, and mailed questionnaires were sent to the agricultural producers. The data obtained was used to construct a transactions matrix. A matrix of input-output, or technical, coefficients was then derived. Ranches dependent upon federal grazing had a total output (gross sales) in 1964 of nearly $4 million, of which $3 million came from outside the County through exports. The ranches in this sector spent $0.48 per $1.00 of gross sales for the purchase of inputs from Grant County's businesses (exclusive of purchases of labor from the County's households.) Ranchers with federal grazing spent $1,792,533 in Grant County in 1964 for business inputs only, not including labor hired nor personal expenditures. Since these ranchers use both federal and private lands, it is difficult to precisely allocate how much of this quantity is attributable to each source. The lumber industry spent only $0.24 per $1.00 of output on the purchase of inputs in Grant County (not including $0.30 wages per $1.00 of output) but because its gross output was large, this brought $3,304,347 to the County's businesses. A recent study sponsored by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service showed that a 20 percent reduction in federal grazing use would cause an 11 percent reduction in gross ranch income. Using this information, a similar reduction in grazing use in Grant County would cause the total output of the Dependent Ranches sector to decline by $399,578. When this lower output level was run through the model, the output of the remaining 13 sectors was shown to decline by $244,161. An additional, indirect loss to the Dependent Ranches sector brought the total business reduction of all 14 sectors to $623,739. An income multiplier was computed to show the impact on County household incomes from this 20 percent reduction. The Dependent Ranches sector had an income multiplier of 1.801680. If the Dependent Ranches sector had its output reduced by the 11 percent, it would cause a loss of household incomes in that sector of $39,563. When this was multiplied by the income multiplier, the total income loss to all households in Grant County from the 20 percent reduction of federal grazing was $71,280. It was not possible to investigate the extent to which these losses might be offset. If several key recreation areas were closed to livestock and the increased recreational use was significant, increased expenditures by recreationists could reduce the net loss. However, because of different sectoral distribution of the direct effects, the indirect effects, and thus the total effect, would most likely be different. Close

• 72. [Article] Farm level response to agricultural effluent control strategies : the case of the Willamette Valley

  Changes in the structure of the U.S. agricultural industry since World War II have transformed it into a highly productive component of the domestic economy. But these changes have not occurred without ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm level response to agricultural effluent control strategies : the case of the Willamette Valley Author: Taylor, Michael L. (Michael Lester), 1960- Changes in the structure of the U.S. agricultural industry since World War II have transformed it into a highly productive component of the domestic economy. But these changes have not occurred without indirect costs. For example, the reliance on agricultural chemicals has produced environmental effects causing growing concern. In addition, renewed awareness of and demand for environmental amenities by the general public are changing attitudes towards the agricultural industry and its implicit property rights. This public concern is prompting a growing use of regulatory controls for pollution problems, at a time of greater demands on water resources and declining farm sector population. In this dissertation an examination was made of economic incentives and other mechanisms available to farmers to offset pollution, with particular application to the Willamette Valley of Oregon. A two-part simulation was used, involving a biophysical model designed to simulate crop growth and nutrient flow, and separate economic optimization linear programming models of five representative farms. The output of each of the farm models is an optimal crop rotation mix and an associated set of nutrient outflows. Environmental restrictions and regulations were imposed when conducting policy tests, and changes in profit, crop mix, and physical outputs were recorded to provide a measure of policy effectiveness and cost. Policies tested included effluent charges, an input tax, per-acre standards, a required use of no-tillage, and a fall fertilizer ban. The results indicate that the availability of production options on each farm influences policy effectiveness and the cost of achieving pollution abatement. Nevertheless, some abatement is possible on all farms for relatively little cost. Of the policy measures, effluent charges provide abatement at least cost, although specific levels of abatement may not be attainable. When a farm is subject to multiple pollution problems, control of one type of pollutant may exacerbate other problems. Finally, farmers in the Willamette Valley can reduce both nitrogen use and effluent with a greater use of crop rotations. Title: Farm level response to agricultural effluent control strategies : the case of the Willamette Valley Author: Taylor, Michael L. (Michael Lester), 1960- Changes in the structure of the U.S. agricultural industry since World War II have transformed it into a highly productive component of the domestic economy. But these changes have not occurred without indirect costs. For example, the reliance on agricultural chemicals has produced environmental effects causing growing concern. In addition, renewed awareness of and demand for environmental amenities by the general public are changing attitudes towards the agricultural industry and its implicit property rights. This public concern is prompting a growing use of regulatory controls for pollution problems, at a time of greater demands on water resources and declining farm sector population. In this dissertation an examination was made of economic incentives and other mechanisms available to farmers to offset pollution, with particular application to the Willamette Valley of Oregon. A two-part simulation was used, involving a biophysical model designed to simulate crop growth and nutrient flow, and separate economic optimization linear programming models of five representative farms. The output of each of the farm models is an optimal crop rotation mix and an associated set of nutrient outflows. Environmental restrictions and regulations were imposed when conducting policy tests, and changes in profit, crop mix, and physical outputs were recorded to provide a measure of policy effectiveness and cost. Policies tested included effluent charges, an input tax, per-acre standards, a required use of no-tillage, and a fall fertilizer ban. The results indicate that the availability of production options on each farm influences policy effectiveness and the cost of achieving pollution abatement. Nevertheless, some abatement is possible on all farms for relatively little cost. Of the policy measures, effluent charges provide abatement at least cost, although specific levels of abatement may not be attainable. When a farm is subject to multiple pollution problems, control of one type of pollutant may exacerbate other problems. Finally, farmers in the Willamette Valley can reduce both nitrogen use and effluent with a greater use of crop rotations. Close

• 73. [Article] An economic analysis of the country specific impacts of freer international trade in sugar

  The world sugar market does not perform in a perfect competitive setting. This research has applied a new framework to analyze the impacts of liberalization in international trade in sugar. The current round ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of the country specific impacts of freer international trade in sugar Author: Sanguanruang, Santisuk The world sugar market does not perform in a perfect competitive setting. This research has applied a new framework to analyze the impacts of liberalization in international trade in sugar. The current round of GATT negotiation has placed agricultural trade reform on top of the list. Trade in sugar will undoubtedly be affected by the outcome of the negotiation due to the substantial protection practiced by several governments. International trade in sugar is characterized by two separate types of market: special arrangement market and free market. The law of one price does not hold in world trade in sugar. A spatial equilibrium model cannot explain the rigidity in trade flows. Thus this research proposes to use the Export Side International Trade (ESIT) model to determine equilibrium prices and trade flows. The ESIT model maintains the rigidity of trade flows consistent with an Armington type model but does not require importing country prices data. The equilibrium in this model is determined by solving the excess supply and export demand functions in each exporting country. The protection or trade distortion policies in this research are captured by the concept of producer subsidy equivalent (PSE) and consumer subsidy equivalent (CSE). Applying the ESIT model to data on prices, trade flows, and removals of PSE and CSE at 1986 levels reveals that developing countries, not including Cuba, would expand their sugar economies by half a million metric tons a year. The gain in foreign exchange earnings for these countries would be in the magnitude of $170 million annually. The developed countries' sugar economies would contract by three million metric tons a year. The study identifies two developing countries from ASEAN, the Philippines and Thailand, as the major gainers both in terms of increases in export volume and exchange earnings. In conclusion, the study provides timely and valuable insights for formulating more informed planning in trade negotiations. The findings concerning contraction in the sugar sectors of the developed countries suggest reallocating of their resources to other areas to achieve economic efficiency. The liberalization in sugar trade could help the developing countries meet their foreign debt obligations. Expansion in employment and income redistribution to rural areas would result in these countries as well. Title: An economic analysis of the country specific impacts of freer international trade in sugar Author: Sanguanruang, Santisuk The world sugar market does not perform in a perfect competitive setting. This research has applied a new framework to analyze the impacts of liberalization in international trade in sugar. The current round of GATT negotiation has placed agricultural trade reform on top of the list. Trade in sugar will undoubtedly be affected by the outcome of the negotiation due to the substantial protection practiced by several governments. International trade in sugar is characterized by two separate types of market: special arrangement market and free market. The law of one price does not hold in world trade in sugar. A spatial equilibrium model cannot explain the rigidity in trade flows. Thus this research proposes to use the Export Side International Trade (ESIT) model to determine equilibrium prices and trade flows. The ESIT model maintains the rigidity of trade flows consistent with an Armington type model but does not require importing country prices data. The equilibrium in this model is determined by solving the excess supply and export demand functions in each exporting country. The protection or trade distortion policies in this research are captured by the concept of producer subsidy equivalent (PSE) and consumer subsidy equivalent (CSE). Applying the ESIT model to data on prices, trade flows, and removals of PSE and CSE at 1986 levels reveals that developing countries, not including Cuba, would expand their sugar economies by half a million metric tons a year. The gain in foreign exchange earnings for these countries would be in the magnitude of $170 million annually. The developed countries' sugar economies would contract by three million metric tons a year. The study identifies two developing countries from ASEAN, the Philippines and Thailand, as the major gainers both in terms of increases in export volume and exchange earnings. In conclusion, the study provides timely and valuable insights for formulating more informed planning in trade negotiations. The findings concerning contraction in the sugar sectors of the developed countries suggest reallocating of their resources to other areas to achieve economic efficiency. The liberalization in sugar trade could help the developing countries meet their foreign debt obligations. Expansion in employment and income redistribution to rural areas would result in these countries as well. Close

• 74. [Article] The Future of Oregon's Agricultural Land

  Sixty-four percent of Oregon's farmland is expected to change hands in the next 20 years, yet many Oregon farmers are unprepared for succession. Simultaneously, beginning farmers are finding it harder ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Future of Oregon's Agricultural Land Author: Horst, Megan, Gwin, Lauren, Martin, Sheila, Brekken, Christy Anderson, Stephenson, Garry, McAdams, Nellie Sixty-four percent of Oregon's farmland is expected to change hands in the next 20 years, yet many Oregon farmers are unprepared for succession. Simultaneously, beginning farmers are finding it harder to start farmers because of dramatically increasing land prices. These distinct but interwined challenges are addressed in a new research report from the Oregon State University Center for Small Farms, Portland State University's Planning Oregon/Institute for Metropolitan Studies, and Rogue Farm Corps. The study examines trends in land tenure and the effects they might have on Oregon's economy, rural communities, and environment. The report was in many ways inspired and informed by the land access working group of the Oregon Community Food Systems Network. Title: The Future of Oregon's Agricultural Land Author: Horst, Megan, Gwin, Lauren, Martin, Sheila, Brekken, Christy Anderson, Stephenson, Garry, McAdams, Nellie Sixty-four percent of Oregon's farmland is expected to change hands in the next 20 years, yet many Oregon farmers are unprepared for succession. Simultaneously, beginning farmers are finding it harder to start farmers because of dramatically increasing land prices. These distinct but interwined challenges are addressed in a new research report from the Oregon State University Center for Small Farms, Portland State University's Planning Oregon/Institute for Metropolitan Studies, and Rogue Farm Corps. The study examines trends in land tenure and the effects they might have on Oregon's economy, rural communities, and environment. The report was in many ways inspired and informed by the land access working group of the Oregon Community Food Systems Network. Close

• 75. [Article] Local economic impacts of changes in the availability of public timber

  For many resource-based communities throughout Oregon the timber industry plays an important role. In many of these areas, federal land holdings comprise a large proportion of the area's land holdings. Management ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local economic impacts of changes in the availability of public timber Author: Eppley, Linda M. For many resource-based communities throughout Oregon the timber industry plays an important role. In many of these areas, federal land holdings comprise a large proportion of the area's land holdings. Management decisions regarding resource use on the National Forest lands can have a major influence on the stability of local timber industries and on the communities of which they are a part. Input-output analysis has been used extensively to evaluate the importance of the timber industry to relatively small resource-dependent communities. In the past, the conventional input-output demand model has been used to assess the local impacts of changes in the availability of public timber resources. However, an analysis which interprets a change in primary resource supply as a change in final demand for the processing industry's output may incorrectly evaluate the impacts of shifts in primary resource supply on the local economy. The regional economic impacts resulting from a change in available primary inputs can be estimated more accurately using a modified approach to the conventional method of demand-pull analysis. Because of the network of forward linkages present within the regional economy, a change in primary inputs available to one sector may have a direct or indirect affect on all other sectors of the local economy. These supply-induced impacts on total sales can be calculated using an input-output supply model. The resulting change in total sales can be factored into two components--sales to local industries and sales to final demand. Regional impacts resulting from the first component can be calculated directly from the supply model. A modified version of the input-output demand model can be used to estimate the regional impacts associated with the supply-induced change in the value of local industry exports. This study identifies and evaluates the forward linkage structure present in small resource-based economies. The conventional input-output demand model is modified so that the local impacts of changes in primary resource supply can be evaluated vis-a-vis these structural relationships. A comparative economic impact analysis of three eastern Oregon counties is conducted using the modified input-output methodology. The results obtained using this procedure are compared to results obtained using the conventional method of analysis where changes in primary resource supply are extrapolated to reflect changes in final demand. In each county, estimates of regional impacts obtained using the modified input-output methodology differed from those calculated using the traditional form of analysis. The difference between the estimates was most significant in Morrow County where a relatively larger percentage of output in the wood products industry is sold locally. The demand-induced impacts in each county were considerably larger than the supply-induced changes. Although the initial shock to the system is supply-induced, the backward linkage structure plays a significant role in determining the overall impact of the stimulus on regional and sectoral output. The supply model is able to account for the direct and indirect impacts on regional sales transactions caused by a change in available primary inputs. The input-output demand model, by itself, is unable to account for these transactions. Because the modified input-output methodology provides a means by which changes in scarce primary factor supply can be apportioned into supply and demand related components, a better understanding of the regional economic impacts associated with changes in the availability of public timber can be obtained. Title: Local economic impacts of changes in the availability of public timber Author: Eppley, Linda M. For many resource-based communities throughout Oregon the timber industry plays an important role. In many of these areas, federal land holdings comprise a large proportion of the area's land holdings. Management decisions regarding resource use on the National Forest lands can have a major influence on the stability of local timber industries and on the communities of which they are a part. Input-output analysis has been used extensively to evaluate the importance of the timber industry to relatively small resource-dependent communities. In the past, the conventional input-output demand model has been used to assess the local impacts of changes in the availability of public timber resources. However, an analysis which interprets a change in primary resource supply as a change in final demand for the processing industry's output may incorrectly evaluate the impacts of shifts in primary resource supply on the local economy. The regional economic impacts resulting from a change in available primary inputs can be estimated more accurately using a modified approach to the conventional method of demand-pull analysis. Because of the network of forward linkages present within the regional economy, a change in primary inputs available to one sector may have a direct or indirect affect on all other sectors of the local economy. These supply-induced impacts on total sales can be calculated using an input-output supply model. The resulting change in total sales can be factored into two components--sales to local industries and sales to final demand. Regional impacts resulting from the first component can be calculated directly from the supply model. A modified version of the input-output demand model can be used to estimate the regional impacts associated with the supply-induced change in the value of local industry exports. This study identifies and evaluates the forward linkage structure present in small resource-based economies. The conventional input-output demand model is modified so that the local impacts of changes in primary resource supply can be evaluated vis-a-vis these structural relationships. A comparative economic impact analysis of three eastern Oregon counties is conducted using the modified input-output methodology. The results obtained using this procedure are compared to results obtained using the conventional method of analysis where changes in primary resource supply are extrapolated to reflect changes in final demand. In each county, estimates of regional impacts obtained using the modified input-output methodology differed from those calculated using the traditional form of analysis. The difference between the estimates was most significant in Morrow County where a relatively larger percentage of output in the wood products industry is sold locally. The demand-induced impacts in each county were considerably larger than the supply-induced changes. Although the initial shock to the system is supply-induced, the backward linkage structure plays a significant role in determining the overall impact of the stimulus on regional and sectoral output. The supply model is able to account for the direct and indirect impacts on regional sales transactions caused by a change in available primary inputs. The input-output demand model, by itself, is unable to account for these transactions. Because the modified input-output methodology provides a means by which changes in scarce primary factor supply can be apportioned into supply and demand related components, a better understanding of the regional economic impacts associated with changes in the availability of public timber can be obtained. Close

• 76. [Article] Rural ceramic production, consumption, and exchange in late classic Oaxaca, Mexico : a view from Yaasuchi

  The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico was home to one of the most intensively-studied archaic states in the New World. Centered at the hilltop city of Monte Albán, the Zapotec State first arose around 500 BC and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rural ceramic production, consumption, and exchange in late classic Oaxaca, Mexico : a view from Yaasuchi Author: Pink, Jeremias The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico was home to one of the most intensively-studied archaic states in the New World. Centered at the hilltop city of Monte Albán, the Zapotec State first arose around 500 BC and eventually encompassed much of the present-day state of Oaxaca. But by the Late Classic (AD 550 - 850), the state began to dissolve from a regional power into a series of autonomous city-states. The organization of the Zapotec economy in the centuries preceding state decline has been alternatively characterized as a state administered system or a commercial market economy, but most work hinges upon a continued assumption of mutual dependence between rural agricultural producers and urban manufacturers of craft goods. Yet little empirical research has focused on the economic behavior of households in rural communities. To address these assumptions, over 300 archaeological ceramics from the rural site of Yaasuchi were submitted for compositional analysis using INAA at the OSU Archaeometry Laboratory in order to establish provenance. These ceramics were drawn from two Late Classic domestic structures, a ceramic-production firing feature, and surface collections taken throughout the site. Together, they provide insight into patterns of production, consumption, and exchange at a small, rural community in Monte Albán’s hinterland. Comparisons of these data to compositional information from a large database of clays and ceramics from throughout the region show that as much as 90% of Yaasuchi ceramics were produced on site and exchanged between households. Of the remaining 10%, one third were produced in communities near Monte Albán while the remainder came from sources closer to Yaasuchi. These results suggest that Yaasuchi households were not dependent on exchange in urban centers for access to ceramics. Nor however, were they divorced from the regional economy. Rather, households employed a range of economic strategies to fulfil domestic needs, including craft production for intra-site and regional exchange. I argue that this pattern of economic behavior is consistent with a view of the Late Classic economy in which the growing autonomy of sub-regional polities resulted in an incompletely integrated, overlapping market network. The structure of this exchange system would have impacted the reliability of markets as both a source of goods and income, discouraging rural participation in regional exchange. Title: Rural ceramic production, consumption, and exchange in late classic Oaxaca, Mexico : a view from Yaasuchi Author: Pink, Jeremias The Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico was home to one of the most intensively-studied archaic states in the New World. Centered at the hilltop city of Monte Albán, the Zapotec State first arose around 500 BC and eventually encompassed much of the present-day state of Oaxaca. But by the Late Classic (AD 550 - 850), the state began to dissolve from a regional power into a series of autonomous city-states. The organization of the Zapotec economy in the centuries preceding state decline has been alternatively characterized as a state administered system or a commercial market economy, but most work hinges upon a continued assumption of mutual dependence between rural agricultural producers and urban manufacturers of craft goods. Yet little empirical research has focused on the economic behavior of households in rural communities. To address these assumptions, over 300 archaeological ceramics from the rural site of Yaasuchi were submitted for compositional analysis using INAA at the OSU Archaeometry Laboratory in order to establish provenance. These ceramics were drawn from two Late Classic domestic structures, a ceramic-production firing feature, and surface collections taken throughout the site. Together, they provide insight into patterns of production, consumption, and exchange at a small, rural community in Monte Albán’s hinterland. Comparisons of these data to compositional information from a large database of clays and ceramics from throughout the region show that as much as 90% of Yaasuchi ceramics were produced on site and exchanged between households. Of the remaining 10%, one third were produced in communities near Monte Albán while the remainder came from sources closer to Yaasuchi. These results suggest that Yaasuchi households were not dependent on exchange in urban centers for access to ceramics. Nor however, were they divorced from the regional economy. Rather, households employed a range of economic strategies to fulfil domestic needs, including craft production for intra-site and regional exchange. I argue that this pattern of economic behavior is consistent with a view of the Late Classic economy in which the growing autonomy of sub-regional polities resulted in an incompletely integrated, overlapping market network. The structure of this exchange system would have impacted the reliability of markets as both a source of goods and income, discouraging rural participation in regional exchange. Close

• 77. [Article] Alternative agrifood movements in an age of industrialized agriculture : an Ecuadorian case study

  Around the globe, an array of alternative agrifood movements has emerged largely in response to the ecological and socio-economic threat caused by industrialized agricultural processes. From organic agriculture, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alternative agrifood movements in an age of industrialized agriculture : an Ecuadorian case study Author: Daye, Rebecka Rising Around the globe, an array of alternative agrifood movements has emerged largely in response to the ecological and socio-economic threat caused by industrialized agricultural processes. From organic agriculture, to Slow Food, Locavore, and the Food Sovereignty movement, people around the world are reasserting their right to healthy and culturally appropriate food grown using ecologically sound practices. These movements are guided in part by different philosophical and practical approaches to agricultural production and food consumption. The purpose of this inquiry is to explore the relationship between alternative agrifood movements and industrialized agricultural, including their socio-cultural, economic, and ecological outcomes. I focus this inquiry on a case study in the Ecuadorian Andes at an organic farm, La Finca, and a local NGO, Ser Tierra, both of which are involved in the alternative food movement. Specifically, I sought to gain an overview of community-supported agriculture (CSA) initiatives implemented at the local level by La Finca, and to determine whether or not these initiatives could be adapted to support the efforts of women farmer's working with the NGO, and 2) to learn about local women farmers' food sovereignty and micro-credit programs offered by Ser Tierra. Although I recognize that there are other (and sometimes contradictory) interpretations, this body of research contends that industrialized agriculture is in a state of over-development, and that alternative agrifood movements (such as the La Finca organic farm and Ser Tierra farmer field schools) represent more than niche-marketing, but rather a real commitment to environmental sustainability and socio-economic justice. This argument is based on data that illustrate that 1) the ecological effects of industrialized agriculture are overwhelmingly destructive, with increased loss of biodiversity worldwide, whereas small-scale agricultural practices promote healthy soil and biodiversity, 2) the economic benefits of large-scale agriculture are increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few multinational corporations, while the livelihoods of many of the world's small-scale farmers are simultaneously destroyed, and 3) the socio-cultural impact of industrialized agriculture is a loss of traditional foods and a trend towards global food hegemony controlled by multinational agrifood complexes, rather than by individual or local cultural preferences. Title: Alternative agrifood movements in an age of industrialized agriculture : an Ecuadorian case study Author: Daye, Rebecka Rising Around the globe, an array of alternative agrifood movements has emerged largely in response to the ecological and socio-economic threat caused by industrialized agricultural processes. From organic agriculture, to Slow Food, Locavore, and the Food Sovereignty movement, people around the world are reasserting their right to healthy and culturally appropriate food grown using ecologically sound practices. These movements are guided in part by different philosophical and practical approaches to agricultural production and food consumption. The purpose of this inquiry is to explore the relationship between alternative agrifood movements and industrialized agricultural, including their socio-cultural, economic, and ecological outcomes. I focus this inquiry on a case study in the Ecuadorian Andes at an organic farm, La Finca, and a local NGO, Ser Tierra, both of which are involved in the alternative food movement. Specifically, I sought to gain an overview of community-supported agriculture (CSA) initiatives implemented at the local level by La Finca, and to determine whether or not these initiatives could be adapted to support the efforts of women farmer's working with the NGO, and 2) to learn about local women farmers' food sovereignty and micro-credit programs offered by Ser Tierra. Although I recognize that there are other (and sometimes contradictory) interpretations, this body of research contends that industrialized agriculture is in a state of over-development, and that alternative agrifood movements (such as the La Finca organic farm and Ser Tierra farmer field schools) represent more than niche-marketing, but rather a real commitment to environmental sustainability and socio-economic justice. This argument is based on data that illustrate that 1) the ecological effects of industrialized agriculture are overwhelmingly destructive, with increased loss of biodiversity worldwide, whereas small-scale agricultural practices promote healthy soil and biodiversity, 2) the economic benefits of large-scale agriculture are increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few multinational corporations, while the livelihoods of many of the world's small-scale farmers are simultaneously destroyed, and 3) the socio-cultural impact of industrialized agriculture is a loss of traditional foods and a trend towards global food hegemony controlled by multinational agrifood complexes, rather than by individual or local cultural preferences. Close

• 78. [Article] Standing in the Way of Control : Small Farmers, Water Use, and Technology Adoption in Oregon

  In recent years, several interrelated forces—prolonged drought, growing populations, height-ened environmental protections, sustained agricultural use, and hydrologic alterations due to climate change—have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Standing in the Way of Control : Small Farmers, Water Use, and Technology Adoption in Oregon Author: Hepperly, Jody R. In recent years, several interrelated forces—prolonged drought, growing populations, height-ened environmental protections, sustained agricultural use, and hydrologic alterations due to climate change—have increased pressure on water users in the Western United States, where the agricultural sector accounts for up to 90% of total water withdrawals. Technology im-provements developed since the 1950s have increased irrigation efficiency on many farms, and more recently networked technologies have promised to transform agriculture again, through advanced analytics, in-field sensors, and other telecommunications technology. While economies of scale and access to capital have spurred growth on larger farms, imple-mentation on smaller farms has lagged. This thesis is based on research initially proposed by Intel Labs and uses ethnographic interviews with farmers and policymakers in Oregon to un-derstand the both the barriers to technology implementation and the underlying factors asso-ciated with on-farm water use and technology adoption in Oregon. An analysis of interview data reveals several significant barriers to technology implementation, many of which are re-lated to the perceptions small farmers hold about themselves, their community, technology, regulation, water use, and the future. This thesis also examines the interconnections between Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and networked technology implementa-tion, and examines the utility of that policy framework to explain the challenges faced by small farmers as stakeholders in relation to water management decisions in Oregon. Title: Standing in the Way of Control : Small Farmers, Water Use, and Technology Adoption in Oregon Author: Hepperly, Jody R. In recent years, several interrelated forces—prolonged drought, growing populations, height-ened environmental protections, sustained agricultural use, and hydrologic alterations due to climate change—have increased pressure on water users in the Western United States, where the agricultural sector accounts for up to 90% of total water withdrawals. Technology im-provements developed since the 1950s have increased irrigation efficiency on many farms, and more recently networked technologies have promised to transform agriculture again, through advanced analytics, in-field sensors, and other telecommunications technology. While economies of scale and access to capital have spurred growth on larger farms, imple-mentation on smaller farms has lagged. This thesis is based on research initially proposed by Intel Labs and uses ethnographic interviews with farmers and policymakers in Oregon to un-derstand the both the barriers to technology implementation and the underlying factors asso-ciated with on-farm water use and technology adoption in Oregon. An analysis of interview data reveals several significant barriers to technology implementation, many of which are re-lated to the perceptions small farmers hold about themselves, their community, technology, regulation, water use, and the future. This thesis also examines the interconnections between Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and networked technology implementa-tion, and examines the utility of that policy framework to explain the challenges faced by small farmers as stakeholders in relation to water management decisions in Oregon. Close

• 79. [Article] Financing Thailand's economic development plan with special reference to the contribution of agriculture

  Thailand may be called an underdeveloped country. The population of 26-28,000,000 people is increasing at a rate of three percent per year. Seventy-five percent of the people live in rural areas and agriculture, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Financing Thailand's economic development plan with special reference to the contribution of agriculture Author: Srinives, Kamol Thailand may be called an underdeveloped country. The population of 26-28,000,000 people is increasing at a rate of three percent per year. Seventy-five percent of the people live in rural areas and agriculture, the most important occupation, contributes from 36 to 40 percent of the gross national product. Productivity and per capita income are low. However, Thailand is a rapidly developing country that has the resources to develop much more. The population density of 51 persons per square kilometer is only one-fifth that of Japan. Only 20 percent of the land area is cultivated, but an additional 15 percent of the total area could be brought under cultivation. Thailand has large unused water resources. Lack of storage causes the country to be very dry, or very wet and flooded, but new programs are providing multi-purpose dams which will store water for flood control and irrigation. The 10 million rai now under irrigation can be more than doubled. Irrigation will greatly increase productivity and make it possible to grow two crops per year. A wide variety of crops are grown. The average level of education of the people is very low, but this is being corrected by new schools for the youth and extension programs for the adult farmers. Much economic development has occurred during the past decades, but the first National Economic Development Plan was started in 1961 and will end in 1966. Under the Plan, many problems of education, health, community welfare and government administration will be reduced. The infrastructure of the economy will be built through public development investments in power, irrigation, communication, transportation, and community development. The government has the policy of promoting industry and manufacturing through the private investment. From 1961 to 1963, gross fixed capital formation in the public sector increased by 700 million baht ($1.00 U.S. = 20.8 baht) while in the private sector the increase was 3,500 million baht. One of the principal objectives of the National Economic Development Plan is the development of agriculture. Fourteen percent of the expenditures under the Plan are for agriculture and cooperatives, but agricultural productivity will be benefited also by expenditures for communications, transportation, power, community facilities, and others. The major share--52 percent--of the funds for development investment will come from the appropriation of government tax revenues. Foreign loans will provide for 22 percent and foreign grants for 11 percent. During the first three years of the Plan, increases in agricultural production have been far in excess of targets in the Plan. Even with the conservative estimates of the Plan, increases in agricultural output should reach five billion baht per year by 1966. Exports of agricultural products should earn two billion baht per year. These estimates do not include any additional national income resulting from processing and handling of agricultural commodities. The growth in agricultural income will continue for many years after the end of the Plan as farmers learn to use new techniques such as irrigation, and as completion of projects permits irrigation of more land. For the six-year period, Development Plan expenditures are expected to average 5.4 billion baht per year. Foreign grants and loans needed during the years of the Plan to balance international payments range from 1. 92 to 3. 57 billion baht. Given these magnitudes of investment, increases in agricultural output, and potential further increases, it can be concluded that increased production from the agricultural sector could provide the capital for financing the economic development of Thailand. Whether this can be achieved depends upon the success of the administrators of Thailand's economic development in recognizing the potential and in coordinating the Development Plans. Title: Financing Thailand's economic development plan with special reference to the contribution of agriculture Author: Srinives, Kamol Thailand may be called an underdeveloped country. The population of 26-28,000,000 people is increasing at a rate of three percent per year. Seventy-five percent of the people live in rural areas and agriculture, the most important occupation, contributes from 36 to 40 percent of the gross national product. Productivity and per capita income are low. However, Thailand is a rapidly developing country that has the resources to develop much more. The population density of 51 persons per square kilometer is only one-fifth that of Japan. Only 20 percent of the land area is cultivated, but an additional 15 percent of the total area could be brought under cultivation. Thailand has large unused water resources. Lack of storage causes the country to be very dry, or very wet and flooded, but new programs are providing multi-purpose dams which will store water for flood control and irrigation. The 10 million rai now under irrigation can be more than doubled. Irrigation will greatly increase productivity and make it possible to grow two crops per year. A wide variety of crops are grown. The average level of education of the people is very low, but this is being corrected by new schools for the youth and extension programs for the adult farmers. Much economic development has occurred during the past decades, but the first National Economic Development Plan was started in 1961 and will end in 1966. Under the Plan, many problems of education, health, community welfare and government administration will be reduced. The infrastructure of the economy will be built through public development investments in power, irrigation, communication, transportation, and community development. The government has the policy of promoting industry and manufacturing through the private investment. From 1961 to 1963, gross fixed capital formation in the public sector increased by 700 million baht ($1.00 U.S. = 20.8 baht) while in the private sector the increase was 3,500 million baht. One of the principal objectives of the National Economic Development Plan is the development of agriculture. Fourteen percent of the expenditures under the Plan are for agriculture and cooperatives, but agricultural productivity will be benefited also by expenditures for communications, transportation, power, community facilities, and others. The major share--52 percent--of the funds for development investment will come from the appropriation of government tax revenues. Foreign loans will provide for 22 percent and foreign grants for 11 percent. During the first three years of the Plan, increases in agricultural production have been far in excess of targets in the Plan. Even with the conservative estimates of the Plan, increases in agricultural output should reach five billion baht per year by 1966. Exports of agricultural products should earn two billion baht per year. These estimates do not include any additional national income resulting from processing and handling of agricultural commodities. The growth in agricultural income will continue for many years after the end of the Plan as farmers learn to use new techniques such as irrigation, and as completion of projects permits irrigation of more land. For the six-year period, Development Plan expenditures are expected to average 5.4 billion baht per year. Foreign grants and loans needed during the years of the Plan to balance international payments range from 1. 92 to 3. 57 billion baht. Given these magnitudes of investment, increases in agricultural output, and potential further increases, it can be concluded that increased production from the agricultural sector could provide the capital for financing the economic development of Thailand. Whether this can be achieved depends upon the success of the administrators of Thailand's economic development in recognizing the potential and in coordinating the Development Plans. Close

• 80. [Article] A regional computable general equilibrium model with applications for the Pacific Northwest

  Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A regional computable general equilibrium model with applications for the Pacific Northwest Author: Zheng, Xiaojuan Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the market for any one good or service is linked to numerous other goods and services, and back to fundamental inputs such as labor and capital. In this dissertation, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the Pacific Northwest region is developed. It describes all parts of Pacific Northwest economy simultaneously and how its industries, households, government institutions, and factors of production interact with each other. The model is used to address two policy issues in the Northwest: development of a new biofuels supply chain, and the impact of future events such as climate change on Pacific Northwest farmers. Before these applications are carried out, a major effort is made to estimate the parameters of the general equilibrium model, and to validate that the model is representative of the regional economy. Techniques from the literature on calibration of macro-economic models are employed, in conjunction with historical agricultural price and quantity data for the Northwest. These methods allow greater confidence to be placed in the analyses that follow. Once the model is parameterized and validated, the first application concerns the potential of an oilseed crop, camelina, to be used as a new biofuel for the aviation sector. The aim of this study is to identify conditions and policies under which a supply chain could be developed within the Northwest. Several policy options are examined within the model with regard to meeting stated targets by the aviation sector for using camelina as a biofuel. Model results indicate that a regional supply chain for biofuels is unlikely to develop unless subsidies are targeted to particular activities, including farming and processing. Particular estimates of these subsidies are derived. The second application of the model concerns how the Pacific Northwest wheat economy will be affected by long-run changes in climate, population growth, input costs, and other phenomena. A series of possible future scenarios, called Representative Agricultural Pathways (RAPs), are developed to describe trends in key drivers at the regional and global scales. These RAPs are quantified and integrated as simulations into the CGE model, the first time this has been done within the literature. In general the health of the Pacific Northwest wheat sector, as represented by wheat prices, exports quantities, and producer economic welfare, appears to be quite viable under a range of alternative future scenarios. Title: A regional computable general equilibrium model with applications for the Pacific Northwest Author: Zheng, Xiaojuan Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the market for any one good or service is linked to numerous other goods and services, and back to fundamental inputs such as labor and capital. In this dissertation, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the Pacific Northwest region is developed. It describes all parts of Pacific Northwest economy simultaneously and how its industries, households, government institutions, and factors of production interact with each other. The model is used to address two policy issues in the Northwest: development of a new biofuels supply chain, and the impact of future events such as climate change on Pacific Northwest farmers. Before these applications are carried out, a major effort is made to estimate the parameters of the general equilibrium model, and to validate that the model is representative of the regional economy. Techniques from the literature on calibration of macro-economic models are employed, in conjunction with historical agricultural price and quantity data for the Northwest. These methods allow greater confidence to be placed in the analyses that follow. Once the model is parameterized and validated, the first application concerns the potential of an oilseed crop, camelina, to be used as a new biofuel for the aviation sector. The aim of this study is to identify conditions and policies under which a supply chain could be developed within the Northwest. Several policy options are examined within the model with regard to meeting stated targets by the aviation sector for using camelina as a biofuel. Model results indicate that a regional supply chain for biofuels is unlikely to develop unless subsidies are targeted to particular activities, including farming and processing. Particular estimates of these subsidies are derived. The second application of the model concerns how the Pacific Northwest wheat economy will be affected by long-run changes in climate, population growth, input costs, and other phenomena. A series of possible future scenarios, called Representative Agricultural Pathways (RAPs), are developed to describe trends in key drivers at the regional and global scales. These RAPs are quantified and integrated as simulations into the CGE model, the first time this has been done within the literature. In general the health of the Pacific Northwest wheat sector, as represented by wheat prices, exports quantities, and producer economic welfare, appears to be quite viable under a range of alternative future scenarios. Close

• 81. [Article] An economic analysis of land prices of mountainous grazing land in eastern Oregon

  The "unusual" behavior of agricultural land prices is the subject of considerable debate and controversy and is the object of this research. There is little doubt that land prices have been increasing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of land prices of mountainous grazing land in eastern Oregon Author: Winter, John R. The "unusual" behavior of agricultural land prices is the subject of considerable debate and controversy and is the object of this research. There is little doubt that land prices have been increasing steadily since 1959 and dramatically throughout the decade of the 1970's. However, there is widespread disagreement among economists, appraisers, and other interested parties as to the causes of the dramatic increases in land prices. Net agricultural income is undoubtedly an important factor in the agricultural land market. Yet, land prices have continued to increase in the face of steady and even declining net incomes. Other factors often considered as exerting considerable influences are inflation, pressures from an increasing population, incentives to attain economies of size through ranch enlargement, and capitalization of government farm program "payments" into land values. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that exert significant influence on agricultural grazing land sale prices in two Eastern Oregon counties and to assess the impact of changes in these factors on the selling price of grazing land. A single equation linear regression model is used to identify the factors that have a significant impact on the price of grazing land. The variables determined to be positively correlated to the price of grazing land are the productivity of the land, the price of feeder cattle, inflation, and the assessed value of real property included in the land sales. The price of hay is negatively correlated with the price of grazing land. The inclusion of public land (USFS and BLM) grazing privileges in the sale was found to have no significant effect on the price of grazing land. In addition, purchases for the purpose of ranch enlargement are occurring at lower prices than purchases for ranch establishment. The major limitations of this study are the restrictions placed on the sales that are analyzed and the problem of standardizing a measure of land productivity. The first limitation is defensible given the stated objectives of the study and the need to limit the analysis to a roughly homogeneous class of land sales. The latter limitation prohibits generalization of the results to other areas without appropriate standardization of the measure of land productivity. Title: An economic analysis of land prices of mountainous grazing land in eastern Oregon Author: Winter, John R. The "unusual" behavior of agricultural land prices is the subject of considerable debate and controversy and is the object of this research. There is little doubt that land prices have been increasing steadily since 1959 and dramatically throughout the decade of the 1970's. However, there is widespread disagreement among economists, appraisers, and other interested parties as to the causes of the dramatic increases in land prices. Net agricultural income is undoubtedly an important factor in the agricultural land market. Yet, land prices have continued to increase in the face of steady and even declining net incomes. Other factors often considered as exerting considerable influences are inflation, pressures from an increasing population, incentives to attain economies of size through ranch enlargement, and capitalization of government farm program "payments" into land values. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that exert significant influence on agricultural grazing land sale prices in two Eastern Oregon counties and to assess the impact of changes in these factors on the selling price of grazing land. A single equation linear regression model is used to identify the factors that have a significant impact on the price of grazing land. The variables determined to be positively correlated to the price of grazing land are the productivity of the land, the price of feeder cattle, inflation, and the assessed value of real property included in the land sales. The price of hay is negatively correlated with the price of grazing land. The inclusion of public land (USFS and BLM) grazing privileges in the sale was found to have no significant effect on the price of grazing land. In addition, purchases for the purpose of ranch enlargement are occurring at lower prices than purchases for ranch establishment. The major limitations of this study are the restrictions placed on the sales that are analyzed and the problem of standardizing a measure of land productivity. The first limitation is defensible given the stated objectives of the study and the need to limit the analysis to a roughly homogeneous class of land sales. The latter limitation prohibits generalization of the results to other areas without appropriate standardization of the measure of land productivity. Close

• 82. [Article] Unification decisions of a cooperative consolidation

  Unifications among agricultural cooperatives are becoming increasingly commonplace. This process is prompted by the desire to achieve economies of size, to reduce operating costs, to achieve product diversification, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Unification decisions of a cooperative consolidation Author: Wentzel, Roland Karl Unifications among agricultural cooperatives are becoming increasingly commonplace. This process is prompted by the desire to achieve economies of size, to reduce operating costs, to achieve product diversification, to improve the quality of offered services, to eliminate overlapping memberships, and to achieve marketing and/or bargaining power. Historical data indicate that agricultural cooperatives have become stronger through unifications, but unification is not a sufficient condition for the enhanced economic performance of every unified cooperative. The only valid generalization that can be made in predicting the performance of incipient unifications is that complex, interrelated problems will be encountered. A network diagram is used to clarify and present such activities and events as were completed by a consolidation among five agricultural cooperatives. Examination of this consolidation indicated that no single business function is conspicuously more difficult to unify than any other. Each function is important to the success of the unified entity and each demands managerial attention. However, the resistance of employed personnel to the changes precipitated by unification is the, most pervading source of problems. The most highly interrelated unification event is the selection of the general manager. This may also be the most crucial event since leadership permeates an organization, touching upon seemingly unrelated aspects. In combining the operations of constituent cooperatives, most business functions are related in some fashion to others. Despite these interrelationships, certain functions can be integrated before others with minimal danger of causing grave problems. Problems are best avoided and a rapid unification is best achieved by anticipating what must be done when unifying. The activities which the observed unified cooperative undertook in the course of unifying the operations of its constituent cooperatives are presented in a descriptive network. Yet, merely knowing what must be done is insufficient; one must also understand how unification activities are related as well as each activity's relative importance. These latter conditions are met in part by the prescriptive unification model which employs the PERT technique. Finally, if rapid and effective integration is desired, the relative importance of unification activities is appropriately measured in a temporal context. Transition from independent to unified operation will be most rapidly and effectively achieved by undertaking activities in progressive order as indicated by priority criteria. Title: Unification decisions of a cooperative consolidation Author: Wentzel, Roland Karl Unifications among agricultural cooperatives are becoming increasingly commonplace. This process is prompted by the desire to achieve economies of size, to reduce operating costs, to achieve product diversification, to improve the quality of offered services, to eliminate overlapping memberships, and to achieve marketing and/or bargaining power. Historical data indicate that agricultural cooperatives have become stronger through unifications, but unification is not a sufficient condition for the enhanced economic performance of every unified cooperative. The only valid generalization that can be made in predicting the performance of incipient unifications is that complex, interrelated problems will be encountered. A network diagram is used to clarify and present such activities and events as were completed by a consolidation among five agricultural cooperatives. Examination of this consolidation indicated that no single business function is conspicuously more difficult to unify than any other. Each function is important to the success of the unified entity and each demands managerial attention. However, the resistance of employed personnel to the changes precipitated by unification is the, most pervading source of problems. The most highly interrelated unification event is the selection of the general manager. This may also be the most crucial event since leadership permeates an organization, touching upon seemingly unrelated aspects. In combining the operations of constituent cooperatives, most business functions are related in some fashion to others. Despite these interrelationships, certain functions can be integrated before others with minimal danger of causing grave problems. Problems are best avoided and a rapid unification is best achieved by anticipating what must be done when unifying. The activities which the observed unified cooperative undertook in the course of unifying the operations of its constituent cooperatives are presented in a descriptive network. Yet, merely knowing what must be done is insufficient; one must also understand how unification activities are related as well as each activity's relative importance. These latter conditions are met in part by the prescriptive unification model which employs the PERT technique. Finally, if rapid and effective integration is desired, the relative importance of unification activities is appropriately measured in a temporal context. Transition from independent to unified operation will be most rapidly and effectively achieved by undertaking activities in progressive order as indicated by priority criteria. Close

• 83. [Article] An inquiry into the import demand for fresh American fruit in Hong Kong

  West Coast fruit cooperatives working together in joint-venture trading companies may well lower the prices of their fruit for export through economies of scale. However, present and future foreign demand for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An inquiry into the import demand for fresh American fruit in Hong Kong Author: Johnson, Martin A. West Coast fruit cooperatives working together in joint-venture trading companies may well lower the prices of their fruit for export through economies of scale. However, present and future foreign demand for American fruit may constrain any economies of scale that are realized in joint-venture agreements. The major objective of this thesis is to analyze the import demand for fresh American oranges, apples, and grapes of one important buying area, Hong Kong. Two theoretical constructs are used to model the import demand for American oranges, apples, and grapes in Hong Kong. One relies on more traditional assumptions of product homogeneity. The other utilizes the Strotzian utility tree. The resulting models are estimated using Ordinary Least Squares. Four conclusions may be drawn from the estimated models. First, Hong Kong consumers have very elastic responses to changes in the prices of American oranges, apples, and grapes relative to the prices of oranges, apples, and grapes from other sources. Second, this result is especially true when below average demand conditions prevail. Hence, lower prices realized through joint-venture trading companies increase the competitiveness of American fruit at these weaker times. Third, the per capita quantity demanded of American oranges, apples, and grapes will increase as the incomes of Hong Kong's inhabitants rise. Fourth, the statistical problems encountered in the larger models preclude any definite conclusions regarding the price effects of other fruit on the demand for American oranges, apples, and grapes or the price effects which the American fruit may have on each other. Title: An inquiry into the import demand for fresh American fruit in Hong Kong Author: Johnson, Martin A. West Coast fruit cooperatives working together in joint-venture trading companies may well lower the prices of their fruit for export through economies of scale. However, present and future foreign demand for American fruit may constrain any economies of scale that are realized in joint-venture agreements. The major objective of this thesis is to analyze the import demand for fresh American oranges, apples, and grapes of one important buying area, Hong Kong. Two theoretical constructs are used to model the import demand for American oranges, apples, and grapes in Hong Kong. One relies on more traditional assumptions of product homogeneity. The other utilizes the Strotzian utility tree. The resulting models are estimated using Ordinary Least Squares. Four conclusions may be drawn from the estimated models. First, Hong Kong consumers have very elastic responses to changes in the prices of American oranges, apples, and grapes relative to the prices of oranges, apples, and grapes from other sources. Second, this result is especially true when below average demand conditions prevail. Hence, lower prices realized through joint-venture trading companies increase the competitiveness of American fruit at these weaker times. Third, the per capita quantity demanded of American oranges, apples, and grapes will increase as the incomes of Hong Kong's inhabitants rise. Fourth, the statistical problems encountered in the larger models preclude any definite conclusions regarding the price effects of other fruit on the demand for American oranges, apples, and grapes or the price effects which the American fruit may have on each other. Close

• 84. [Article] Land trusts in the New West : conserving and responding to local geographies?

  This research focuses on the relationship between the emerging role of land trusts and rapid growth and change in the West. Teton County, Idaho, Teton County, Wyoming, and Sublette County, Wyoming, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land trusts in the New West : conserving and responding to local geographies? Author: Loynes, Kathryn This research focuses on the relationship between the emerging role of land trusts and rapid growth and change in the West. Teton County, Idaho, Teton County, Wyoming, and Sublette County, Wyoming, and each of their associated land trusts, are used as case studies. Each county has experienced varying levels of agricultural activity throughout their respective histories, with transformations over time bringing about the current local economies and land use patterns that exist today. Interviews were conducted with land trust staff members and city and county planning officials and integrated with an evaluation of the local geographies of each county (biophysical attributes, population dynamics, industry, policies, and residents' land management preferences) as well as broader scale regulations and economies. The end result of this project demonstrates at local and regional scales how land trusts have become major players in the land use-land tenure equation of Western communities and how their operations are unique to the cultural, physical, and economic-political geographies of their service areas. While the West tends to be lumped together as one large entity with regard to policy decisions and ideas about private property rights, this research reveals a high amount of variation in the processes occurring in and shaping relatively small areas of the Western states -- lending itself to further studies on the interaction between different scales of land patterns in the region as well as how communities are approaching the challenges of New West landscapes. Title: Land trusts in the New West : conserving and responding to local geographies? Author: Loynes, Kathryn This research focuses on the relationship between the emerging role of land trusts and rapid growth and change in the West. Teton County, Idaho, Teton County, Wyoming, and Sublette County, Wyoming, and each of their associated land trusts, are used as case studies. Each county has experienced varying levels of agricultural activity throughout their respective histories, with transformations over time bringing about the current local economies and land use patterns that exist today. Interviews were conducted with land trust staff members and city and county planning officials and integrated with an evaluation of the local geographies of each county (biophysical attributes, population dynamics, industry, policies, and residents' land management preferences) as well as broader scale regulations and economies. The end result of this project demonstrates at local and regional scales how land trusts have become major players in the land use-land tenure equation of Western communities and how their operations are unique to the cultural, physical, and economic-political geographies of their service areas. While the West tends to be lumped together as one large entity with regard to policy decisions and ideas about private property rights, this research reveals a high amount of variation in the processes occurring in and shaping relatively small areas of the Western states -- lending itself to further studies on the interaction between different scales of land patterns in the region as well as how communities are approaching the challenges of New West landscapes. Close

• 85. [Article] A structural description of Oregon counties, 1973-1978

  Local government officials and county planners may find descriptive information concerning the economic structure of each Oregon county useful for planning for future economic development. Specifically, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A structural description of Oregon counties, 1973-1978 Author: Ledeboer, M. Vivian Local government officials and county planners may find descriptive information concerning the economic structure of each Oregon county useful for planning for future economic development. Specifically, citizens of counties and planning districts need to know whether industries in their area are growing or declining and in which industries a comparative advantage occurs. A regional economy is comprised of a mix of industries. Growth (decline) in various industrial sectors contributes to overall regional growth (decline). Numerous factors may account for an industry's growth: high productivity of capital and labor; new technologies which increase output per unit cost; positive labor-management relations which lead to improved performance; and unique locational advantages which may reduce input, transport, or other costs. Prior to identifying the possible determinants of growth in a specific area, a technique which measures the differences in growth rates among regions is necessary. Shift-share analysis is a descriptive tool which permits a systematic assessment of the industrial changes occurring in a region. The shift-share technique determines how specific industries in certain regions are performing relative to the same industries in a larger reference region. The primary objective of the thesis is to apply the modified shift-share technique proposed by Kalbacher [1979] to delineate changes in income in each Oregon county for the time period 1973 to 1978. The Pacific Northwest region which includes the states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington is the designated reference economy. Labor and proprietors' income data, available at the county level from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, are utilized to measure the change in a region's economic activity level relative to the Pacific Northwest region. The shift-share model does not provide, by itself, a clear-cut explanation on how regions grow and to what extent interregional growth divergencies can be explained. In order to explain the varying rates of growth experienced by the individual Oregon counties, additional analysis of factors underlying the regional share component is necessary. Selected variables, which represent economic and social characteristics of each Oregon county, are utilized in the regression analysis which attempts to identify possible determinants of a county's regional share value. Title: A structural description of Oregon counties, 1973-1978 Author: Ledeboer, M. Vivian Local government officials and county planners may find descriptive information concerning the economic structure of each Oregon county useful for planning for future economic development. Specifically, citizens of counties and planning districts need to know whether industries in their area are growing or declining and in which industries a comparative advantage occurs. A regional economy is comprised of a mix of industries. Growth (decline) in various industrial sectors contributes to overall regional growth (decline). Numerous factors may account for an industry's growth: high productivity of capital and labor; new technologies which increase output per unit cost; positive labor-management relations which lead to improved performance; and unique locational advantages which may reduce input, transport, or other costs. Prior to identifying the possible determinants of growth in a specific area, a technique which measures the differences in growth rates among regions is necessary. Shift-share analysis is a descriptive tool which permits a systematic assessment of the industrial changes occurring in a region. The shift-share technique determines how specific industries in certain regions are performing relative to the same industries in a larger reference region. The primary objective of the thesis is to apply the modified shift-share technique proposed by Kalbacher [1979] to delineate changes in income in each Oregon county for the time period 1973 to 1978. The Pacific Northwest region which includes the states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington is the designated reference economy. Labor and proprietors' income data, available at the county level from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, are utilized to measure the change in a region's economic activity level relative to the Pacific Northwest region. The shift-share model does not provide, by itself, a clear-cut explanation on how regions grow and to what extent interregional growth divergencies can be explained. In order to explain the varying rates of growth experienced by the individual Oregon counties, additional analysis of factors underlying the regional share component is necessary. Selected variables, which represent economic and social characteristics of each Oregon county, are utilized in the regression analysis which attempts to identify possible determinants of a county's regional share value. Close

• 86. [Article] The Contribution of Aquaculture and Fishery Resources to Rural Livelihoods: Evidence from Household Consumption in Vietnam

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Contribution of Aquaculture and Fishery Resources to Rural Livelihoods: Evidence from Household Consumption in Vietnam Author: Ngwenya, Elkana Abstract only. Title: The Contribution of Aquaculture and Fishery Resources to Rural Livelihoods: Evidence from Household Consumption in Vietnam Author: Ngwenya, Elkana Abstract only. Close

• 87. [Article] Development of Fisheries in Vietnam: Lessons and Challenges

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of Fisheries in Vietnam: Lessons and Challenges Author: Ha, Thong Xuan Abstract only. Title: Development of Fisheries in Vietnam: Lessons and Challenges Author: Ha, Thong Xuan Abstract only. Close

• 88. [Article] Economic Potentials of Women in Small-scale Fisheries in West Africa

  In the past three and a half a century since fisheries development was embarked upon in West Africa, the significant contributions of women in sustaining the socio-economic livelihoods of their families ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Potentials of Women in Small-scale Fisheries in West Africa Author: Williams, Stella B. Year: 2001 In the past three and a half a century since fisheries development was embarked upon in West Africa, the significant contributions of women in sustaining the socio-economic livelihoods of their families has been neglected and taken for granted. Development and support systems have paid much less attention to the economic potentials of women in small-scale fisheries in West Africa. Women in developing economies, especially in Africa lack access to services such as credit, fisheries extension, technology, information and basic education which are critical for shifting patterns of fisheries production or increasing output, all these are limited. Research information on the role and extent of women’s involvement in agricultural and/or fisheries development process show a genuine desire to improve their socio-economic status. However, by a combination of factors, women could not break through the cycle of poverty. There is therefore need for the support systems to be organized in a way that should bring about social changes that may be resisted at first, but will eventually promote the role of women in the economy. Gender relations should not be seen as competitive but rather as complementary and mutually reinforcing. General recommendations include: training and extension programmes in fisheries targeting women in areas where they contribute to fisheries activities like processing, packaging, distribution and marketing; microcredit programmes to benefit women; networks formed at national level with the active participation of all the stakeholders. Title: Economic Potentials of Women in Small-scale Fisheries in West Africa Author: Williams, Stella B. Year: 2001 In the past three and a half a century since fisheries development was embarked upon in West Africa, the significant contributions of women in sustaining the socio-economic livelihoods of their families has been neglected and taken for granted. Development and support systems have paid much less attention to the economic potentials of women in small-scale fisheries in West Africa. Women in developing economies, especially in Africa lack access to services such as credit, fisheries extension, technology, information and basic education which are critical for shifting patterns of fisheries production or increasing output, all these are limited. Research information on the role and extent of women’s involvement in agricultural and/or fisheries development process show a genuine desire to improve their socio-economic status. However, by a combination of factors, women could not break through the cycle of poverty. There is therefore need for the support systems to be organized in a way that should bring about social changes that may be resisted at first, but will eventually promote the role of women in the economy. Gender relations should not be seen as competitive but rather as complementary and mutually reinforcing. General recommendations include: training and extension programmes in fisheries targeting women in areas where they contribute to fisheries activities like processing, packaging, distribution and marketing; microcredit programmes to benefit women; networks formed at national level with the active participation of all the stakeholders. Close

• 89. [Article] The impact of National Interstate Route 5 on adjacent non-agricultural land uses in the Willamette Valley, from Salem to Portland, Oregon

  The impacts of modern limited-access highways on the spatial distribution of non-agricultural development, and their influence in the shaping of occupancy patterns, are far-reaching and should be of eminent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impact of National Interstate Route 5 on adjacent non-agricultural land uses in the Willamette Valley, from Salem to Portland, Oregon Author: Preston, John Phillip The impacts of modern limited-access highways on the spatial distribution of non-agricultural development, and their influence in the shaping of occupancy patterns, are far-reaching and should be of eminent concern to all Americans. The location of the Interstate routes, with 80 percent of their 41,000 miles crossing rural localities, renders large areas of previously inaccessible agricultural and other rural land accessible to the urban-related land uses of commercial, residential, and industrial developments. The very nature of the spatial interaction of rural lands with these urbanizing forces (as a result of Interstate Highway construction), reresults in the creation of a problem of national importance -- the increasingly rapid and usually uncontrolled conversion of some of the nation's prime agricultural lands to non-agricultural uses. The nature and extent of the dynamic effects of increasing encroachment by urban-related spatial systems into agricultural areas are exemplified by the route of National Interstate 5, from Salem to Portland, Oregon. Previous to the transgression by this segment of Interstate 5, the area was predominantly devoted to agricultural uses. Since urban-related development adjacent to this highway has occurred during the last ten years, it provides an excellent focus for the study of highwayrelated land uses similar to those occurring on the national level. The purpose of this study, therefore, is twofold: An examination and evaluation of the present and possible future impact of the recently constructed limited-access highway, Interstate 5, on adjacent nonagricultural land uses from Salem to Portland, Oregon. The extent and nature of this development is evaluated in the light of such influential factors as the nature of access, topographical features, distance and relation to urban centers, entrenchment of prior or present land uses, and real estate values. An examination of the problem of disorganized and uncontrolled commercial sprawl in the vicinity of interchanges, and in areas of ribbon development adjacent to the freeway. The possibilities of utilizing land use controls, particularly progress being made in the formulation of zoning provisions, are also examined. The analysis revealed that, aside from the removal of productive farm land taken by the right-of-way, the aggravation of existing drainage problems, and the parceling of farms and farm operations, the construction of Interstate 5 set dynamic forces in motion that are completely altering the existing spatial organization of land uses and economies along its route. It was concluded that Interstate 5 has become a dominant influence in the shaping of non-agricultural occupancy patterns on adjacent lands. The economic and land use changes appear to result from the stimulus provided by the highway for commercial, residential, and industrial development, and from the attending changes in existing land ownership, land values, and in existing land use controls. In view of the realization that the effects of limited-access highways are far-reaching and extend much beyond the immediate properties from which right-of-way was acquired, several recommendations are presented for consideration: When acquiring lands on which modern highways are to be constructed, consideration should be given to the character of land capabilities near the right-ofway, and to the impact the highway will have upon spatial organization and use systems. A program should be initiated by responsible agencies to inform and educate the public as to the total implications of the present trend of rapid conversion of large quantities of prime agricultural land to non-agricultural uses 3. The public at large should be made to realize that money spent now on the examination of alternative Interstate routes to utilize lands of limited agricultural capabilities and the employment of land use controls are actually investments for the future. Title: The impact of National Interstate Route 5 on adjacent non-agricultural land uses in the Willamette Valley, from Salem to Portland, Oregon Author: Preston, John Phillip The impacts of modern limited-access highways on the spatial distribution of non-agricultural development, and their influence in the shaping of occupancy patterns, are far-reaching and should be of eminent concern to all Americans. The location of the Interstate routes, with 80 percent of their 41,000 miles crossing rural localities, renders large areas of previously inaccessible agricultural and other rural land accessible to the urban-related land uses of commercial, residential, and industrial developments. The very nature of the spatial interaction of rural lands with these urbanizing forces (as a result of Interstate Highway construction), reresults in the creation of a problem of national importance -- the increasingly rapid and usually uncontrolled conversion of some of the nation's prime agricultural lands to non-agricultural uses. The nature and extent of the dynamic effects of increasing encroachment by urban-related spatial systems into agricultural areas are exemplified by the route of National Interstate 5, from Salem to Portland, Oregon. Previous to the transgression by this segment of Interstate 5, the area was predominantly devoted to agricultural uses. Since urban-related development adjacent to this highway has occurred during the last ten years, it provides an excellent focus for the study of highwayrelated land uses similar to those occurring on the national level. The purpose of this study, therefore, is twofold: An examination and evaluation of the present and possible future impact of the recently constructed limited-access highway, Interstate 5, on adjacent nonagricultural land uses from Salem to Portland, Oregon. The extent and nature of this development is evaluated in the light of such influential factors as the nature of access, topographical features, distance and relation to urban centers, entrenchment of prior or present land uses, and real estate values. An examination of the problem of disorganized and uncontrolled commercial sprawl in the vicinity of interchanges, and in areas of ribbon development adjacent to the freeway. The possibilities of utilizing land use controls, particularly progress being made in the formulation of zoning provisions, are also examined. The analysis revealed that, aside from the removal of productive farm land taken by the right-of-way, the aggravation of existing drainage problems, and the parceling of farms and farm operations, the construction of Interstate 5 set dynamic forces in motion that are completely altering the existing spatial organization of land uses and economies along its route. It was concluded that Interstate 5 has become a dominant influence in the shaping of non-agricultural occupancy patterns on adjacent lands. The economic and land use changes appear to result from the stimulus provided by the highway for commercial, residential, and industrial development, and from the attending changes in existing land ownership, land values, and in existing land use controls. In view of the realization that the effects of limited-access highways are far-reaching and extend much beyond the immediate properties from which right-of-way was acquired, several recommendations are presented for consideration: When acquiring lands on which modern highways are to be constructed, consideration should be given to the character of land capabilities near the right-ofway, and to the impact the highway will have upon spatial organization and use systems. A program should be initiated by responsible agencies to inform and educate the public as to the total implications of the present trend of rapid conversion of large quantities of prime agricultural land to non-agricultural uses 3. The public at large should be made to realize that money spent now on the examination of alternative Interstate routes to utilize lands of limited agricultural capabilities and the employment of land use controls are actually investments for the future. Close

• 90. [Article] Economies as drivers of deforestation : a study of the soy production in Brazil

  In the last decade food production has undergone dramatic changes. The introduction of biotechnology and genetic modification has greatly increased crop yields and altered the balance of international ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economies as drivers of deforestation : a study of the soy production in Brazil Author: Story, Matt In the last decade food production has undergone dramatic changes. The introduction of biotechnology and genetic modification has greatly increased crop yields and altered the balance of international agricultural trade. This paper aims to discuss and explore a current global issue involving international trade and its sometimes hazardous environmental impact. Following in the wake of the Mad Cow epidemic in Europe, caused mainly by the use of ground up animal bones in livestock feed, farmers were forced to find a non-animal based protein-rich feed for livestock. Soy meal was found to be a perfect alternative, resulting in a large increase in the demand for soy. Currently, the United States is the world’s largest exporter of agricultural products; more importantly, the largest exporter of soy based products. The overwhelming majority of the United States’ soy based exports are of the genetically modified variety. Both China and the European Union currently prohibit the importation of genetically modified foods, eliminating the United States from a large foreign market. This large, emerging market opportunity is appealing to many countries currently producing non-genetically modified soy. Few countries however, possess the resources and agricultural infrastructure necessary to take advantage of this opportunity. The world’s second largest exporter of soy based products is Brazil, a country that at present predominantly produces non-genetically modified soy. Brazil has historically committed to producing non-genetically modified soy and has vast amounts of both land and labor to capitalize on foreign markets. In order to satisfy the already large and growing demand for non-genetically modified soy, Brazil would be forced to undertake large, expansive agricultural projects and convert millions of acres of tropical rainforests into land fertile enough for soy production. The issue at hand is one of short term benefits and long term consequences. Brazil has access and control over the largest and most unique natural resource in the world, the Amazon rainforest. Though the majority of if lies within the borders of Brazil, the Amazon rainforest affects the global climate, impacting countries thousands of miles away. The decision to exploit the Amazon rainforest lies largely on the shoulders of the Brazilian government, but the consequences of these decisions will travel far beyond Brazil’s borders. Genetically modified foods are the topic of continuous discussion and debate, with numerous pundits on each side of the issue debating their acceptance. The first section of this analysis will concern genetically modified foods and their role in this situation. The second section will discuss Brazil’s current economic condition, their motivations for possibly undertaking such a large effort towards fulfilling the non-genetically modified soy demand, and their possible entrance into the genetically modified soy market. The third and final section of this analysis will explain in detail the potential environmental impact of these actions and conclude with a discussion concerning the idea of economic progression as a driver of environmental destruction. Title: Economies as drivers of deforestation : a study of the soy production in Brazil Author: Story, Matt In the last decade food production has undergone dramatic changes. The introduction of biotechnology and genetic modification has greatly increased crop yields and altered the balance of international agricultural trade. This paper aims to discuss and explore a current global issue involving international trade and its sometimes hazardous environmental impact. Following in the wake of the Mad Cow epidemic in Europe, caused mainly by the use of ground up animal bones in livestock feed, farmers were forced to find a non-animal based protein-rich feed for livestock. Soy meal was found to be a perfect alternative, resulting in a large increase in the demand for soy. Currently, the United States is the world’s largest exporter of agricultural products; more importantly, the largest exporter of soy based products. The overwhelming majority of the United States’ soy based exports are of the genetically modified variety. Both China and the European Union currently prohibit the importation of genetically modified foods, eliminating the United States from a large foreign market. This large, emerging market opportunity is appealing to many countries currently producing non-genetically modified soy. Few countries however, possess the resources and agricultural infrastructure necessary to take advantage of this opportunity. The world’s second largest exporter of soy based products is Brazil, a country that at present predominantly produces non-genetically modified soy. Brazil has historically committed to producing non-genetically modified soy and has vast amounts of both land and labor to capitalize on foreign markets. In order to satisfy the already large and growing demand for non-genetically modified soy, Brazil would be forced to undertake large, expansive agricultural projects and convert millions of acres of tropical rainforests into land fertile enough for soy production. The issue at hand is one of short term benefits and long term consequences. Brazil has access and control over the largest and most unique natural resource in the world, the Amazon rainforest. Though the majority of if lies within the borders of Brazil, the Amazon rainforest affects the global climate, impacting countries thousands of miles away. The decision to exploit the Amazon rainforest lies largely on the shoulders of the Brazilian government, but the consequences of these decisions will travel far beyond Brazil’s borders. Genetically modified foods are the topic of continuous discussion and debate, with numerous pundits on each side of the issue debating their acceptance. The first section of this analysis will concern genetically modified foods and their role in this situation. The second section will discuss Brazil’s current economic condition, their motivations for possibly undertaking such a large effort towards fulfilling the non-genetically modified soy demand, and their possible entrance into the genetically modified soy market. The third and final section of this analysis will explain in detail the potential environmental impact of these actions and conclude with a discussion concerning the idea of economic progression as a driver of environmental destruction. Close

• 91. [Article] A policy preference function analysis of the forest sector in the Cote d'Ivoire

  The main objective of this study was to offer an alternative methodology for forest sector modeling in developing economies. To this effect, a policy preference function was developed and estimated using ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A policy preference function analysis of the forest sector in the Cote d'Ivoire Author: Yapi, Atse The main objective of this study was to offer an alternative methodology for forest sector modeling in developing economies. To this effect, a policy preference function was developed and estimated using data from the forest sector of the Cote d'Ivoire. The justification for this alternative framework for forest sector analysis is twofold. First, forest sector policies in developing countries are often guided by the results of market-simulating studies. Although these market-based planning models are valuable, they fail to take into account the political economic environment in which the planning of the forest sector takes place. This omission may partially explain the poor performance of many forest industrial projects in the Third World. Second, policy evaluations based solely on economic efficiency criteria are incomplete in general, and more specifically so in the setting of developing economies. As Rausser (1990) points out, the integration of both economic and political factors is essential in understanding and formulating recommendations for governments in developing countries in order to achieve real economic policy reforms. This study formulated the problem facing public forestry policy makers in terms of expected discounted welfare maximization, subject to a set of stochastic constraint equations describing the forest economy. The revealed-preference-inverse-control technique was used to estimate the model. Marginal utilities and utility elasticities were derived that indicated that private profit, government revenues, and reforestation have intrinsic values to forestry policy makers in the Cote d'Ivoire. Employment and foreign exchange earnings and savings did not appear to be directly valued. The interpretation is that public policy makers compromise on employment and foreign exchange earnings in order to achieve their revenue, profit, and environment protection objectives. Large sample standard errors were computed for the PPF parameter estimates. Although the individual policy preference weights did not appear to be measured with much accuracy, a subsequent hypothesis test (Chisquare test) rejected, at the 1% level, the hypothesis that all the estimates of the objective function parameters equal zero. The implication is that although individually the estimates of the PPF parameters may not be measured accurately, they do, when taken together, suggest that the elements specified in this model are useful in explaining the behavior of forestry policy makers in the Cote d'Ivoire. The model was validated using a validity test that focuses on the predictive ability of the model. The validated PPF was then used to evaluate alternative policy scenarios over a short planning horizon during which the estimated PPF weights can be assumed constant. Title: A policy preference function analysis of the forest sector in the Cote d'Ivoire Author: Yapi, Atse The main objective of this study was to offer an alternative methodology for forest sector modeling in developing economies. To this effect, a policy preference function was developed and estimated using data from the forest sector of the Cote d'Ivoire. The justification for this alternative framework for forest sector analysis is twofold. First, forest sector policies in developing countries are often guided by the results of market-simulating studies. Although these market-based planning models are valuable, they fail to take into account the political economic environment in which the planning of the forest sector takes place. This omission may partially explain the poor performance of many forest industrial projects in the Third World. Second, policy evaluations based solely on economic efficiency criteria are incomplete in general, and more specifically so in the setting of developing economies. As Rausser (1990) points out, the integration of both economic and political factors is essential in understanding and formulating recommendations for governments in developing countries in order to achieve real economic policy reforms. This study formulated the problem facing public forestry policy makers in terms of expected discounted welfare maximization, subject to a set of stochastic constraint equations describing the forest economy. The revealed-preference-inverse-control technique was used to estimate the model. Marginal utilities and utility elasticities were derived that indicated that private profit, government revenues, and reforestation have intrinsic values to forestry policy makers in the Cote d'Ivoire. Employment and foreign exchange earnings and savings did not appear to be directly valued. The interpretation is that public policy makers compromise on employment and foreign exchange earnings in order to achieve their revenue, profit, and environment protection objectives. Large sample standard errors were computed for the PPF parameter estimates. Although the individual policy preference weights did not appear to be measured with much accuracy, a subsequent hypothesis test (Chisquare test) rejected, at the 1% level, the hypothesis that all the estimates of the objective function parameters equal zero. The implication is that although individually the estimates of the PPF parameters may not be measured accurately, they do, when taken together, suggest that the elements specified in this model are useful in explaining the behavior of forestry policy makers in the Cote d'Ivoire. The model was validated using a validity test that focuses on the predictive ability of the model. The validated PPF was then used to evaluate alternative policy scenarios over a short planning horizon during which the estimated PPF weights can be assumed constant. Close

• 92. [Article] Three essays on firm heterogeneity and regional development

  The objective of this dissertation is to theoretically and empirically examine the role of firm heterogeneity in terms of productivity and skill-intensity in the agglomeration process and the effect of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Three essays on firm heterogeneity and regional development Author: Saito, Hisamitsu The objective of this dissertation is to theoretically and empirically examine the role of firm heterogeneity in terms of productivity and skill-intensity in the agglomeration process and the effect of agglomeration on regional economic development. In the first essay, I analyze the effect of trade liberalization on agglomeration of high- and low-productivity firms and the consequences for regional economic development. By extending a new-economic-geography model, I find that competition, domestic and international, disperses low-productivity firms to less-developed regions. Trading with advanced countries also appears to bring about dispersion of economic activity. However, attempts by less-developed regions to provide monetary incentives are less likely to attract high-productivity firms. In the second essay, I empirically test the hypothesis that high-productivity (exporting) plants in Chile self-select to locate in large markets. Plants’ raw productivity, i.e., productivity independent of agglomeration economies, is computed to obtain regional productivity-distribution measures. I find that high-productivity (exporting) plants indeed locate in a region where other plants in the same industry agglomerate, industrial structure is diversified and market size is large. Finally, plants’ self-selection outweighs the contribution of agglomeration economies in increasing a region’s productivity. In the third essay, I identify the mechanism by which human-capital spillovers occur at the plant-level and examine the relationship between spillovers and agglomeration of high skill-intensive plants in Chile. I employ plant-level production functions incorporating the absorptive capacity hypothesis, i.e., high skill-intensive plants benefit more from human-capital spillovers than others. Empirically, in 5 out of 8 manufacturing industries, the benefit from spillovers is larger in high skill-intensive plants. Plant entry and exit are also affected by spillovers resulting in regional skill disparities. The results of the three essays reveal locational preferences of various types of firms. Policy options for economic development through increases in regional productivity include specializing in targeted industry, diversifying regional industrial structure, enlarging the market size and workforce education. The results of this dissertation help local governments to evaluate of the benefits from each policy option, which when compared with their knowledge of costs, aid in the selection of an effective policy to improve regional well-being. Title: Three essays on firm heterogeneity and regional development Author: Saito, Hisamitsu The objective of this dissertation is to theoretically and empirically examine the role of firm heterogeneity in terms of productivity and skill-intensity in the agglomeration process and the effect of agglomeration on regional economic development. In the first essay, I analyze the effect of trade liberalization on agglomeration of high- and low-productivity firms and the consequences for regional economic development. By extending a new-economic-geography model, I find that competition, domestic and international, disperses low-productivity firms to less-developed regions. Trading with advanced countries also appears to bring about dispersion of economic activity. However, attempts by less-developed regions to provide monetary incentives are less likely to attract high-productivity firms. In the second essay, I empirically test the hypothesis that high-productivity (exporting) plants in Chile self-select to locate in large markets. Plants’ raw productivity, i.e., productivity independent of agglomeration economies, is computed to obtain regional productivity-distribution measures. I find that high-productivity (exporting) plants indeed locate in a region where other plants in the same industry agglomerate, industrial structure is diversified and market size is large. Finally, plants’ self-selection outweighs the contribution of agglomeration economies in increasing a region’s productivity. In the third essay, I identify the mechanism by which human-capital spillovers occur at the plant-level and examine the relationship between spillovers and agglomeration of high skill-intensive plants in Chile. I employ plant-level production functions incorporating the absorptive capacity hypothesis, i.e., high skill-intensive plants benefit more from human-capital spillovers than others. Empirically, in 5 out of 8 manufacturing industries, the benefit from spillovers is larger in high skill-intensive plants. Plant entry and exit are also affected by spillovers resulting in regional skill disparities. The results of the three essays reveal locational preferences of various types of firms. Policy options for economic development through increases in regional productivity include specializing in targeted industry, diversifying regional industrial structure, enlarging the market size and workforce education. The results of this dissertation help local governments to evaluate of the benefits from each policy option, which when compared with their knowledge of costs, aid in the selection of an effective policy to improve regional well-being. Close

• 93. [Article] Trade costs and business dynamics in U.S. regions and industries

  Firms' participation in exporting or foreign direct investment is an extremely rare behavior: only 4 percent of over 5.5 million U.S. firms were exporters in 2000. Exporters are generally larger (e.g. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trade costs and business dynamics in U.S. regions and industries Author: Wu, Qian Firms' participation in exporting or foreign direct investment is an extremely rare behavior: only 4 percent of over 5.5 million U.S. firms were exporters in 2000. Exporters are generally larger (e.g. output and employment) and more productive than firms serving only domestic markets. Such heterogeneity within a narrowly defined industry cannot be fully explained by either comparative advantage arguments or the presence of scale economies and consumers' love of variety. Recent studies of heterogeneous firms show that a reduction in trade costs, i.e. policy, geographic and institutional barriers, has two effects within an industry previously not recognized in trade literature: (i) exit of low productivity firms, and (ii) resource reallocation in favor of high productivity firms. These two effects combine to raise an industry's average productivity and overall welfare, but can adversely affect some regions of an economy with firm closures or job losses. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the effects of trade costs on firm entry, exit, and employment at a regional level in the United States. For this purpose, industry-specific trade costs by U.S. regions are derived and their underlying sources are examined. The chosen trade-costs measure, based on the gravity equation, captures the variation over time in trade fictions among countries. Data from the Census Bureau and the World Bank are employed to quantify trade costs by U.S. industries and regions. Results show that a single measure of trade costs for the United States does not adequately represent the large number of and diverse regions through which trade in agriculture and manufacturing occurs. Moreover, geographic factors appear to be relatively more important than policy barriers in explaining the level of trade costs faced by U.S. regions. Drawing on recent heterogeneous firms models, this dissertation specifies an empirical framework to examine: (i) firm entry or exit arising from changes in trade costs, i.e. extensive margin, and (ii) changes in employment of surviving firms creation arising from changes in trade costs, i.e. intensive margin. These two hypotheses are tested using regional business dynamics data from the Census Bureau and trade cost measures derived earlier. Results show that trade cost changes affect firm exit and employment as hypothesized. That is, lowering trade costs increases the likelihood of firm exit, presumably of the low-productivity ones. Thus, trade costs, by way of the extensive margin, affect an industry's average productivity. Similarly, trade costs appear to affect the employment of surviving firms suggesting that the intensive margin also operates to improve average productivity of an industry, such as through resource reallocation towards high-productivity firms. The intra-industry reallocation of resources to high productivity firms is an important source of gains from trade to the whole economy. Nonetheless, some regions face firm exit and job losses. In assessing the gains from trade, attention must be paid to the distributional consequences of resource reallocation within an industry as well as a country. Title: Trade costs and business dynamics in U.S. regions and industries Author: Wu, Qian Firms' participation in exporting or foreign direct investment is an extremely rare behavior: only 4 percent of over 5.5 million U.S. firms were exporters in 2000. Exporters are generally larger (e.g. output and employment) and more productive than firms serving only domestic markets. Such heterogeneity within a narrowly defined industry cannot be fully explained by either comparative advantage arguments or the presence of scale economies and consumers' love of variety. Recent studies of heterogeneous firms show that a reduction in trade costs, i.e. policy, geographic and institutional barriers, has two effects within an industry previously not recognized in trade literature: (i) exit of low productivity firms, and (ii) resource reallocation in favor of high productivity firms. These two effects combine to raise an industry's average productivity and overall welfare, but can adversely affect some regions of an economy with firm closures or job losses. The objective of this dissertation is to examine the effects of trade costs on firm entry, exit, and employment at a regional level in the United States. For this purpose, industry-specific trade costs by U.S. regions are derived and their underlying sources are examined. The chosen trade-costs measure, based on the gravity equation, captures the variation over time in trade fictions among countries. Data from the Census Bureau and the World Bank are employed to quantify trade costs by U.S. industries and regions. Results show that a single measure of trade costs for the United States does not adequately represent the large number of and diverse regions through which trade in agriculture and manufacturing occurs. Moreover, geographic factors appear to be relatively more important than policy barriers in explaining the level of trade costs faced by U.S. regions. Drawing on recent heterogeneous firms models, this dissertation specifies an empirical framework to examine: (i) firm entry or exit arising from changes in trade costs, i.e. extensive margin, and (ii) changes in employment of surviving firms creation arising from changes in trade costs, i.e. intensive margin. These two hypotheses are tested using regional business dynamics data from the Census Bureau and trade cost measures derived earlier. Results show that trade cost changes affect firm exit and employment as hypothesized. That is, lowering trade costs increases the likelihood of firm exit, presumably of the low-productivity ones. Thus, trade costs, by way of the extensive margin, affect an industry's average productivity. Similarly, trade costs appear to affect the employment of surviving firms suggesting that the intensive margin also operates to improve average productivity of an industry, such as through resource reallocation towards high-productivity firms. The intra-industry reallocation of resources to high productivity firms is an important source of gains from trade to the whole economy. Nonetheless, some regions face firm exit and job losses. In assessing the gains from trade, attention must be paid to the distributional consequences of resource reallocation within an industry as well as a country. Close

• 94. [Article] The relationship of absentee ownership of manufacturing plants to income growth, income inequality and employment instability in Oregon

  Absentee-owned manufacturing plants made up a significant portion of the manufacturing sector in Oregon. In both 1969 and 1979, more than a quarter of the state's wage and salary manufacturing workers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of absentee ownership of manufacturing plants to income growth, income inequality and employment instability in Oregon Author: Mandelbaum, Thomas B. Absentee-owned manufacturing plants made up a significant portion of the manufacturing sector in Oregon. In both 1969 and 1979, more than a quarter of the state's wage and salary manufacturing workers were employed by manufacturers whose home offices were located in other states or nations. Although the orthodox economic view suggests that absentee-owned plants will provide widespread benefits, others argue that the presence of such firms leads to adverse economic changes in the host economies in which the plants operate. In order to investigate some of these changes, the empirical relationship of absentee ownership to income growth, income inequality, and employment instability were analyzed. Two measures of absentee ownership were used: the level of manufacturing employment In absentee-owned plants and the proportion of all manufacturing employees in absentee-owned plants in Oregon counties and SMSAs. The different measures of absentee ownership reflect different assumptions regarding the most likely alternative in the absence of absentee-owned plants. The level of employment in absentee-owned plants was used to analyze the hypothesized impacts under the assumption that absentee-owned plants are a net addition to the economy, displacing no indigenous manufacturers. The effects are referred to as "absolute" impacts. The "relative" effects were investigated through the application of models that include measures of the proportion of manufacturing employment In absentee-owned plants. These models reflect the assumption that absentee-owned firms completely displace locally owned manufacturers. If this assumption is adopted it is appropriate to compare the effects of absentee-owned firms to the impacts of indigenous firms that would have otherwise existed. Several cross-sectional multiple regression models were specified to investigate either the absolute or relative impacts of absentee ownership on income growth. The results provided no strong evidence that absentee ownership affects income growth In Oregon counties. It is concluded from a partial correlation analysis that the level of absentee ownership in a county was not significantly related to income inequality. But compared to local ownership, absentee ownership was significantly associated with a larger share of Income for middle income families and a smaller share for the highest income families. From the results of a multiple regression analysis of the relationship between absentee ownership and employment instability, It was concluded that, compared to local ownership, absentee ownership of manufacturers was significantly associated with less employment instability. The arguments of the orthodox theorists are more consistent with the results than those of the critical social scientists. None of the findings indicated that absentee ownership was associated with adverse economic impacts on the host economy. The results suggest that if the goals of economic development efforts are to decrease instability and equalize the income distribution, then the present policy of industrial attraction practiced in Oregon may be generally appropriate. Title: The relationship of absentee ownership of manufacturing plants to income growth, income inequality and employment instability in Oregon Author: Mandelbaum, Thomas B. Absentee-owned manufacturing plants made up a significant portion of the manufacturing sector in Oregon. In both 1969 and 1979, more than a quarter of the state's wage and salary manufacturing workers were employed by manufacturers whose home offices were located in other states or nations. Although the orthodox economic view suggests that absentee-owned plants will provide widespread benefits, others argue that the presence of such firms leads to adverse economic changes in the host economies in which the plants operate. In order to investigate some of these changes, the empirical relationship of absentee ownership to income growth, income inequality, and employment instability were analyzed. Two measures of absentee ownership were used: the level of manufacturing employment In absentee-owned plants and the proportion of all manufacturing employees in absentee-owned plants in Oregon counties and SMSAs. The different measures of absentee ownership reflect different assumptions regarding the most likely alternative in the absence of absentee-owned plants. The level of employment in absentee-owned plants was used to analyze the hypothesized impacts under the assumption that absentee-owned plants are a net addition to the economy, displacing no indigenous manufacturers. The effects are referred to as "absolute" impacts. The "relative" effects were investigated through the application of models that include measures of the proportion of manufacturing employment In absentee-owned plants. These models reflect the assumption that absentee-owned firms completely displace locally owned manufacturers. If this assumption is adopted it is appropriate to compare the effects of absentee-owned firms to the impacts of indigenous firms that would have otherwise existed. Several cross-sectional multiple regression models were specified to investigate either the absolute or relative impacts of absentee ownership on income growth. The results provided no strong evidence that absentee ownership affects income growth In Oregon counties. It is concluded from a partial correlation analysis that the level of absentee ownership in a county was not significantly related to income inequality. But compared to local ownership, absentee ownership was significantly associated with a larger share of Income for middle income families and a smaller share for the highest income families. From the results of a multiple regression analysis of the relationship between absentee ownership and employment instability, It was concluded that, compared to local ownership, absentee ownership of manufacturers was significantly associated with less employment instability. The arguments of the orthodox theorists are more consistent with the results than those of the critical social scientists. None of the findings indicated that absentee ownership was associated with adverse economic impacts on the host economy. The results suggest that if the goals of economic development efforts are to decrease instability and equalize the income distribution, then the present policy of industrial attraction practiced in Oregon may be generally appropriate. Close

• 95. [Article] Impact of Trade-Linked Policies on the Management of Fisheries in West Africa

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of Trade-Linked Policies on the Management of Fisheries in West Africa Author: Failler, Pierre Research Paper Title: Impact of Trade-Linked Policies on the Management of Fisheries in West Africa Author: Failler, Pierre Research Paper Close

• 96. [Article] A model for rating agricultural suitability of land parcels in western Oregon

  A model was developed that allows potential users to identify the agricultural suitability of parcels of land in western Oregon. Literature was reviewed regarding five possible benefits to be derived from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A model for rating agricultural suitability of land parcels in western Oregon Author: Rogers, William Reinhold A model was developed that allows potential users to identify the agricultural suitability of parcels of land in western Oregon. Literature was reviewed regarding five possible benefits to be derived from public policies designed to preserve productive agricultural land. They are (1) the provision of sufficient cropland to supply the food needs of an expanding national and world population; (2) the maintenance of healthy local economies in predominantly agricultural areas; (3) the increased efficiency that results from more orderly urban development; (4) the reduction of resource misallocations resulting fromthe conversion of the better agricultural lands to other uses; (5) the provision of open space in rapidly urbanizing areas. Systems currently being used to identify productive agricultural land were also reviewed. Among these were the land capability classification system, the "prime" and "unique" farmlands criteria, and various numerical indices such as the corn suitability rating. A comprehensive compilation was made of all factors having potentially significant effects on agricultural land use. Similar factors were grouped together and a model was developed incorporating the most important of these factors. Specific criteria were developed for evaluating the effects of the factors. The workability of the model was determined by applying it in several test areas and through numerous consultations. The model itself was developed in the form of a branching flow chart. After an initial question regarding commitment to other uses has been answered, the procedure involves the determination of two separate scores, one for soil productivity that ranges from 0-52 points and one for compatibility that ranges from 0- 48 points. The overall rating of agricultural suitability ranges from 0-100 points and is obtained by adding the two separate scores. Information needed to calculate the two scores is readily available. The determination of the soil productivity score requires use of crop yield data as well as irrigation and drainage information for soil map units. The determination of the compatibility score requires information about surrounding land uses and the location of the nearest urban growth boundary. To validate the model 43 parcels of land in six counties in western Oregon (Benton, Clackamas, Jackson, Lane, Marion and Tillamook) were selected as representative of six predetermined situations regarding soil productivity and extent of urban growth pressure. These situations were: (1) highly productive soils with little growth pressure; (2) highly productive soils with heavy growth pressure; (3) moderately productive soils with little growth pressure; (4) moderately productive soils with heavy growth pressure; (5) soils with relatively low productivity and little growth pressure; (6) soils with relatively low productivity and heavy growth pressure. The t test using pooled variances (Sp²) was used to determine whether differences between the means of the six situations were significant. The resulting analysis showed that when applying the model, those parcels with highly productive soils and little growth pressure had significantly higher total scores than all other parcels. Likewise, the parcels with soils of relatively low productivity and heavy growth pressure had the lowest scores. The other parcels fell somewhere in between. The model has several potential applications in Oregon. It can be used as a tool in evaluating the effects of changes in agricultural management, in evaluating the effects of land use decisions on surrounding agricultural lands, or in evaluating proposals for lot splits. It could also be used as part of the general long-range planning process. Other applications may be discovered by potential users as the need arises. Title: A model for rating agricultural suitability of land parcels in western Oregon Author: Rogers, William Reinhold A model was developed that allows potential users to identify the agricultural suitability of parcels of land in western Oregon. Literature was reviewed regarding five possible benefits to be derived from public policies designed to preserve productive agricultural land. They are (1) the provision of sufficient cropland to supply the food needs of an expanding national and world population; (2) the maintenance of healthy local economies in predominantly agricultural areas; (3) the increased efficiency that results from more orderly urban development; (4) the reduction of resource misallocations resulting fromthe conversion of the better agricultural lands to other uses; (5) the provision of open space in rapidly urbanizing areas. Systems currently being used to identify productive agricultural land were also reviewed. Among these were the land capability classification system, the "prime" and "unique" farmlands criteria, and various numerical indices such as the corn suitability rating. A comprehensive compilation was made of all factors having potentially significant effects on agricultural land use. Similar factors were grouped together and a model was developed incorporating the most important of these factors. Specific criteria were developed for evaluating the effects of the factors. The workability of the model was determined by applying it in several test areas and through numerous consultations. The model itself was developed in the form of a branching flow chart. After an initial question regarding commitment to other uses has been answered, the procedure involves the determination of two separate scores, one for soil productivity that ranges from 0-52 points and one for compatibility that ranges from 0- 48 points. The overall rating of agricultural suitability ranges from 0-100 points and is obtained by adding the two separate scores. Information needed to calculate the two scores is readily available. The determination of the soil productivity score requires use of crop yield data as well as irrigation and drainage information for soil map units. The determination of the compatibility score requires information about surrounding land uses and the location of the nearest urban growth boundary. To validate the model 43 parcels of land in six counties in western Oregon (Benton, Clackamas, Jackson, Lane, Marion and Tillamook) were selected as representative of six predetermined situations regarding soil productivity and extent of urban growth pressure. These situations were: (1) highly productive soils with little growth pressure; (2) highly productive soils with heavy growth pressure; (3) moderately productive soils with little growth pressure; (4) moderately productive soils with heavy growth pressure; (5) soils with relatively low productivity and little growth pressure; (6) soils with relatively low productivity and heavy growth pressure. The t test using pooled variances (Sp²) was used to determine whether differences between the means of the six situations were significant. The resulting analysis showed that when applying the model, those parcels with highly productive soils and little growth pressure had significantly higher total scores than all other parcels. Likewise, the parcels with soils of relatively low productivity and heavy growth pressure had the lowest scores. The other parcels fell somewhere in between. The model has several potential applications in Oregon. It can be used as a tool in evaluating the effects of changes in agricultural management, in evaluating the effects of land use decisions on surrounding agricultural lands, or in evaluating proposals for lot splits. It could also be used as part of the general long-range planning process. Other applications may be discovered by potential users as the need arises. Close

• 97. [Article] Evaluation of dwarf mistletoe control, Sula Ranger District, Bitteroot National Forest

  Residual Douglas-fir left after harvesting are dwarf mistletoe-infected and pose a threat to regeneration. Felling of residuals, coupled with planned slash disposal and thinning, will effectively reduce ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of dwarf mistletoe control, Sula Ranger District, Bitteroot National Forest Author: Dooling, Oscar J., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Byler, James W. Residual Douglas-fir left after harvesting are dwarf mistletoe-infected and pose a threat to regeneration. Felling of residuals, coupled with planned slash disposal and thinning, will effectively reduce dwarf mistletoe intensity and increase future volume yields. The benefit/cost ratio based on timber values only, for the current rotation, is 0.041/1 at 10 percent and 1.793/1 at 6 percent. Elimination of dwarf mistletoe infection for several rotations will increase the benefit/cost ratio. Value added to the economy cannot be used in benefit/cost analysis, but will be a substantial sum. Control is recommended. Title: Evaluation of dwarf mistletoe control, Sula Ranger District, Bitteroot National Forest Author: Dooling, Oscar J., United States. Forest Service. Northern Region. State & Private Forestry, Byler, James W. Residual Douglas-fir left after harvesting are dwarf mistletoe-infected and pose a threat to regeneration. Felling of residuals, coupled with planned slash disposal and thinning, will effectively reduce dwarf mistletoe intensity and increase future volume yields. The benefit/cost ratio based on timber values only, for the current rotation, is 0.041/1 at 10 percent and 1.793/1 at 6 percent. Elimination of dwarf mistletoe infection for several rotations will increase the benefit/cost ratio. Value added to the economy cannot be used in benefit/cost analysis, but will be a substantial sum. Control is recommended. Close

• 98. [Article] Export Performance of Indian Fisheries Sector: Strengths and Challenges Ahead

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Export Performance of Indian Fisheries Sector: Strengths and Challenges Ahead Author: Joshi, P. K., Badruddin, Kumar, Anjani Research Paper Title: Export Performance of Indian Fisheries Sector: Strengths and Challenges Ahead Author: Joshi, P. K., Badruddin, Kumar, Anjani Research Paper Close

• 99. [Article] Foreign direct investment and wage inequality across and within nations : an empirical analysis

  Foreign direct investment (FDI), the movement of long-term capital, has been increasingly important in the world economy since the early 1970s. Its growth rate outpaces that of trade in goods and gross ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Foreign direct investment and wage inequality across and within nations : an empirical analysis Author: Chen, Weiyan Foreign direct investment (FDI), the movement of long-term capital, has been increasingly important in the world economy since the early 1970s. Its growth rate outpaces that of trade in goods and gross national product (GNP) during the same period. Prior literature mostly focuses on either the causes (determinants) of FDI or its relationships with trade and economic growth. This dissertation investigates the consequences of FDI, especially its empirical effects on wages in developing and developed countries. Moreover, the differential effects of FDI on various types of labor within developing countries are estimated. Using an extension of a specific-factors model, a revenue (GNP) function framework with FDI is derived. From a translog specification of GNP function, the share of labor compensation in GNP is derived as a function of output prices, factor endowments and FDI. Data from the United Nations and the World Bank, for 1975-1995, are used to estimate the labor share equations. Panel estimation procedures, complemented by specification tests and error structure analyses, are used since the data set includes 11 developing and 15 developed countries. Results suggest that inward FDI increases developing countries' wage rate, while outward FDI lowers the wage rate of developed countries. Thus, factor price equalization between developed and developing countries is observed as a result of FDI flows. Moreover, inward FDI raises skilled (non-agricultural) labor's wage, while lowering that of the unskilled (agricultural) labor. Thus, FDI is likely a source of income inequality within developing countries, although the overall wage rate increased due to FDI inflows. The effects of FDI on wage inequality within China are estimated to provide a case study. Results are similar to that of the cross-country case. Overall wage rate in China has increased with more FDI inflows, but the coastal provinces have benefited more than the interior provinces. Title: Foreign direct investment and wage inequality across and within nations : an empirical analysis Author: Chen, Weiyan Foreign direct investment (FDI), the movement of long-term capital, has been increasingly important in the world economy since the early 1970s. Its growth rate outpaces that of trade in goods and gross national product (GNP) during the same period. Prior literature mostly focuses on either the causes (determinants) of FDI or its relationships with trade and economic growth. This dissertation investigates the consequences of FDI, especially its empirical effects on wages in developing and developed countries. Moreover, the differential effects of FDI on various types of labor within developing countries are estimated. Using an extension of a specific-factors model, a revenue (GNP) function framework with FDI is derived. From a translog specification of GNP function, the share of labor compensation in GNP is derived as a function of output prices, factor endowments and FDI. Data from the United Nations and the World Bank, for 1975-1995, are used to estimate the labor share equations. Panel estimation procedures, complemented by specification tests and error structure analyses, are used since the data set includes 11 developing and 15 developed countries. Results suggest that inward FDI increases developing countries' wage rate, while outward FDI lowers the wage rate of developed countries. Thus, factor price equalization between developed and developing countries is observed as a result of FDI flows. Moreover, inward FDI raises skilled (non-agricultural) labor's wage, while lowering that of the unskilled (agricultural) labor. Thus, FDI is likely a source of income inequality within developing countries, although the overall wage rate increased due to FDI inflows. The effects of FDI on wage inequality within China are estimated to provide a case study. Results are similar to that of the cross-country case. Overall wage rate in China has increased with more FDI inflows, but the coastal provinces have benefited more than the interior provinces. Close

• 100. [Article] An economic analysis of small-holders agriculture in the central highlands of Ethiopia : a system simulation approach

  In the majority of the less developed countries the small-scale peasant agriculture is the dominant sector of the countries' economies. The successes of major agricultural programs in order to increase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of small-holders agriculture in the central highlands of Ethiopia : a system simulation approach Author: Bellete, Solomon In the majority of the less developed countries the small-scale peasant agriculture is the dominant sector of the countries' economies. The successes of major agricultural programs in order to increase the potentials depend primarily on the understanding of the economic organizations of the peasant households. This study analyzed over a period of five years the production/ consumption behavior of small-holders peasant agriculture at the micro-level in a case study region representing the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. The consequences of increased resource productivities as a result of assumed technologica forces, on the production/consumption behavior of a typical farm househlold were evaluated. A dynamic system simulation framework was employed to describe and analyze the economic growth process given the farm household's goals. The system framework or model was specified by four interconnected components consisting of cultivated land area; production-inventory; income-consumption; and agricultural investment. In the absence of increases in resource productivities the system simulation model predicted over the specified period of time a relatively stable consumption pattern. In addition, land area allocated to crops such as teff and wheat increased by over 50 percent resulting in modest increase in output and income. However, nearly half of the potential arable land was left uncultivated during this period of time. With an intermediate increase in the level of capital productivities the results showed wide fluctuation in income and consumption with an upward trend over the specified period. Land areas under teff and wheat doubled and also resulted in slight increases for barley and pulses. Production based on further increased capital productivities indicated that all of the potential available land would be put under cultivation over a period of four years and in addition the conditions of unstable consumption and income patterns would be more exasperated. The reason for these unstable situations appeared to be the behavior of the level of investment which was in turn assumed to depend on the situation of the supply of and demand for household food. In view of the circumstances pointed out changes would be required in order to meet the goals and aspirations of the farm household and to promote the farmer's welfare. The findings of the study suggested that increased welfare would be accompanied by increased risks to meet adequately the food needs of the household over time. The study concluded that the resolution of the conflicting goals of the individual farm household would require the intervention of the public agencies and particularly those engaged in research, extension and agricultural service activities. However, careful considerations should be given to the goals expressed by the individual household units at the micro-level and those expressed goals of the public at large, to increase the level of resolution and to bring about changes with positive and desirable consequences to the farming communities. Title: An economic analysis of small-holders agriculture in the central highlands of Ethiopia : a system simulation approach Author: Bellete, Solomon In the majority of the less developed countries the small-scale peasant agriculture is the dominant sector of the countries' economies. The successes of major agricultural programs in order to increase the potentials depend primarily on the understanding of the economic organizations of the peasant households. This study analyzed over a period of five years the production/ consumption behavior of small-holders peasant agriculture at the micro-level in a case study region representing the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. The consequences of increased resource productivities as a result of assumed technologica forces, on the production/consumption behavior of a typical farm househlold were evaluated. A dynamic system simulation framework was employed to describe and analyze the economic growth process given the farm household's goals. The system framework or model was specified by four interconnected components consisting of cultivated land area; production-inventory; income-consumption; and agricultural investment. In the absence of increases in resource productivities the system simulation model predicted over the specified period of time a relatively stable consumption pattern. In addition, land area allocated to crops such as teff and wheat increased by over 50 percent resulting in modest increase in output and income. However, nearly half of the potential arable land was left uncultivated during this period of time. With an intermediate increase in the level of capital productivities the results showed wide fluctuation in income and consumption with an upward trend over the specified period. Land areas under teff and wheat doubled and also resulted in slight increases for barley and pulses. Production based on further increased capital productivities indicated that all of the potential available land would be put under cultivation over a period of four years and in addition the conditions of unstable consumption and income patterns would be more exasperated. The reason for these unstable situations appeared to be the behavior of the level of investment which was in turn assumed to depend on the situation of the supply of and demand for household food. In view of the circumstances pointed out changes would be required in order to meet the goals and aspirations of the farm household and to promote the farmer's welfare. The findings of the study suggested that increased welfare would be accompanied by increased risks to meet adequately the food needs of the household over time. The study concluded that the resolution of the conflicting goals of the individual farm household would require the intervention of the public agencies and particularly those engaged in research, extension and agricultural service activities. However, careful considerations should be given to the goals expressed by the individual household units at the micro-level and those expressed goals of the public at large, to increase the level of resolution and to bring about changes with positive and desirable consequences to the farming communities. Close