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• 81. [Article] Redd site selection and spawning habitat use by fall chinook salmon

  The spawning habitat associated with fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd clusters was investigated in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. A conceptual spawning habitat model is proposed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Redd site selection and spawning habitat use by fall chinook salmon Author: Geist, David R. The spawning habitat associated with fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd clusters was investigated in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. A conceptual spawning habitat model is proposed that describes how geomorphic features of river channels create hydraulic processes, including hyporheic flows, that influence where salmon spawn in unconstrained reaches of large mainstem alluvial rivers. Spatial point pattern analysis of redds showed that redd clusters averaged approximately 10 hectares in area and their locations were consistent from year to year. The tendency to spawn in clusters suggests fall chinook salmon's use of spawning habitat is highly selective. Hydraulic characteristics of the redd clusters were significantly different than the habitat surrounding them. Velocity and lateral slope of the river bottom were the most important habitat variables in predicting redd site selection. While these variables explained a large proportion of the variance in redd site selection (86 to 96%), some unmeasured factors still accounted for a small percentage of actual spawning site selection. Further investigation showed that the magnitude and chemical characteristics of hyporheic discharge were different between and within two spawning areas. Apparently, fall chinook salmon used chemical and physical cues from the discharge to locate spawning areas. Traditional spawning habitat models could be improved if they: used spawning area-specific, rather than river-specific; spawning characteristics; incorporated hyporheic discharge measurements; and gave further consideration to the geomorphic features that are present in the unconstrained segments of large alluvial rivers. Ultimately the recovery of endangered fall chinook salmon will depend on how well we are able to recreate the characteristics once common in alluvial floodplains of large rivers. The results from this research can be used to better define the relationship between these physical habitat characteristics and fall chinook salmon spawning site selection, and provide more efficient use of limited recovery resources. Title: Redd site selection and spawning habitat use by fall chinook salmon Author: Geist, David R. The spawning habitat associated with fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd clusters was investigated in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. A conceptual spawning habitat model is proposed that describes how geomorphic features of river channels create hydraulic processes, including hyporheic flows, that influence where salmon spawn in unconstrained reaches of large mainstem alluvial rivers. Spatial point pattern analysis of redds showed that redd clusters averaged approximately 10 hectares in area and their locations were consistent from year to year. The tendency to spawn in clusters suggests fall chinook salmon's use of spawning habitat is highly selective. Hydraulic characteristics of the redd clusters were significantly different than the habitat surrounding them. Velocity and lateral slope of the river bottom were the most important habitat variables in predicting redd site selection. While these variables explained a large proportion of the variance in redd site selection (86 to 96%), some unmeasured factors still accounted for a small percentage of actual spawning site selection. Further investigation showed that the magnitude and chemical characteristics of hyporheic discharge were different between and within two spawning areas. Apparently, fall chinook salmon used chemical and physical cues from the discharge to locate spawning areas. Traditional spawning habitat models could be improved if they: used spawning area-specific, rather than river-specific; spawning characteristics; incorporated hyporheic discharge measurements; and gave further consideration to the geomorphic features that are present in the unconstrained segments of large alluvial rivers. Ultimately the recovery of endangered fall chinook salmon will depend on how well we are able to recreate the characteristics once common in alluvial floodplains of large rivers. The results from this research can be used to better define the relationship between these physical habitat characteristics and fall chinook salmon spawning site selection, and provide more efficient use of limited recovery resources. Close

• 82. [Article] Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses

  This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Title: Salmon anchor habitat strategy : invited expert responses Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon Department of Forestry This document compiles written responses by experts in their respective fields to questions from the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group about the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy component of Oregon Department of Forestry Northwestern Oregon State Forest Management Plan. Close

• 83. [Article] Habitat restoration in the Columbia River Estuary : a strategy for implementing standard monitoring protocols

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat restoration in the Columbia River Estuary : a strategy for implementing standard monitoring protocols Author: Anderson, Michael G. Title: Habitat restoration in the Columbia River Estuary : a strategy for implementing standard monitoring protocols Author: Anderson, Michael G. Close

• 84. [Article] Analysis of land use/land cover and the frequency of bankfull flow in selected salmon habitat recovery streams in the Pacific Northwest using GIS

  Bankfull discharge is an important indicator of streamfiow and affects physical instream habitat. Geographic Information Systems (G IS), hydrologic modeling, and statistical analysis were utilized to assess ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of land use/land cover and the frequency of bankfull flow in selected salmon habitat recovery streams in the Pacific Northwest using GIS Author: Whelan, Franziska Bankfull discharge is an important indicator of streamfiow and affects physical instream habitat. Geographic Information Systems (G IS), hydrologic modeling, and statistical analysis were utilized to assess the relationship of bankfull discharge recurrence intervals and land use / land cover watershed wide and for stream adjacent buffers and bands of varying widths. Land use I land cover was determined for watersheds and stream adjacent zones along salmon habitat recovery streams in 71 large Pacific Northwest watersheds. Watersheds were defined using an integrated methodology for watershed delineation relying on the ArcView Spatial Analyst Hydrologic Modeling extension. Databases include field collected data, gaging station data, USGS land use / land cover data, USGS digital elevation models, a stream network coverage, and supplemental data. Data were analyzed using ArcView, ArcView Spatial Analyst with the Hydrologic Modeling extension, Arclnfo, and S-PLUS. Land use alterations at the watershed scale were found to affect the frequency of critical streamfiow events. Bankfull flow occurs more frequently in watersheds with high percentages of agricultural or urban land use. This study recommends land use / land cover assessment at the watershed scale to be an important consideration in river restoration and other stream management efforts. Stream adjacent land use / land cover is significantly correlated to bankfull discharge recurrence interval and corresponding flood risk. This dissertation, therefore, proposes two new analytical techniques that evaluate spatial patterns of land use / land cover and their influences on flood risk for large watersheds. The Critical Zone Management Model presented in this study is designed to aid land managers in the assessment of flood risk for large watersheds. A Land Use Runoff index (LUR-index) suggests stream corridor sensitive zones should be larger than presently delineated in land and watershed planning. Land use I land cover within this sensitive zone is strongly correlated to streamfiow. This research may further be used for future watershed management considerations, and flood risk prediction studies Title: Analysis of land use/land cover and the frequency of bankfull flow in selected salmon habitat recovery streams in the Pacific Northwest using GIS Author: Whelan, Franziska Bankfull discharge is an important indicator of streamfiow and affects physical instream habitat. Geographic Information Systems (G IS), hydrologic modeling, and statistical analysis were utilized to assess the relationship of bankfull discharge recurrence intervals and land use / land cover watershed wide and for stream adjacent buffers and bands of varying widths. Land use I land cover was determined for watersheds and stream adjacent zones along salmon habitat recovery streams in 71 large Pacific Northwest watersheds. Watersheds were defined using an integrated methodology for watershed delineation relying on the ArcView Spatial Analyst Hydrologic Modeling extension. Databases include field collected data, gaging station data, USGS land use / land cover data, USGS digital elevation models, a stream network coverage, and supplemental data. Data were analyzed using ArcView, ArcView Spatial Analyst with the Hydrologic Modeling extension, Arclnfo, and S-PLUS. Land use alterations at the watershed scale were found to affect the frequency of critical streamfiow events. Bankfull flow occurs more frequently in watersheds with high percentages of agricultural or urban land use. This study recommends land use / land cover assessment at the watershed scale to be an important consideration in river restoration and other stream management efforts. Stream adjacent land use / land cover is significantly correlated to bankfull discharge recurrence interval and corresponding flood risk. This dissertation, therefore, proposes two new analytical techniques that evaluate spatial patterns of land use / land cover and their influences on flood risk for large watersheds. The Critical Zone Management Model presented in this study is designed to aid land managers in the assessment of flood risk for large watersheds. A Land Use Runoff index (LUR-index) suggests stream corridor sensitive zones should be larger than presently delineated in land and watershed planning. Land use I land cover within this sensitive zone is strongly correlated to streamfiow. This research may further be used for future watershed management considerations, and flood risk prediction studies Close

• 85. [Article] Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Title: Tillamook Bay comprehensive conservation and mangement plan : restoring the balance Close

• 86. [Article] Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project

  Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Title: Assessing the feasibility of policy prescriptions in the Salmon 2100 Project Author: Whitehead, Katharine S. Wild salmon populations are in decline in the Pacific Northwest. In the region populations and runs of Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytsha), Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockey (Oncorhynchus nerka), and Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been listed as threatened and/or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the U.S. and/or the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in Canada in the years 1991-2007. Considerable time, money and brainpower has been put into salmon recovery with mixed results. The future for wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest remains uncertain. In 2006 Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon was published. The book is made up of 23 essays by 33 authors who were challenged to each develop a comprehensive policy prescription in response to the question: “What specific policies must be implemented in order to have a high probability of sustaining significant runs of wild salmon through 2100 in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and southern British Columbia?” A qualitative study was designed to assess whether any of the policy prescriptions presented in Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon are feasible or viable in the real world. A thorough document analysis was conducted of Salmon 2100: The Future of Wild Pacific Salmon. The Social Construction Framework was used to categorize the target populations, code the policy prescriptions, and identify the benefits and burdens of each policy prescription for each target population. This information was then used to assess the feasibility of each policy prescription, based on the Social Construction Framework. The findings suggest that some of the policy prescriptions are feasible and could be developed for successful implementation in the real world. There is evidence that projects similar to the Salmon 2100 project could provide useful information and potential solutions to other natural resource policy challenges. Close

• 87. [Article] Restoration of the Salmon River salt marshes : retrospect and prospect

  "Final report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Funds supporting this study have been provided by Region 10 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA."

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of the Salmon River salt marshes : retrospect and prospect Author: Frenkel, Robert E., Morlan, Janet C. "Final report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Funds supporting this study have been provided by Region 10 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA." Title: Restoration of the Salmon River salt marshes : retrospect and prospect Author: Frenkel, Robert E., Morlan, Janet C. "Final report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Funds supporting this study have been provided by Region 10 of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA." Close

• 88. [Article] Setting measurable goals for salmon and watershed recovery : examples and recommendations for the Oregon plan for Salmon and Watersheds

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Setting measurable goals for salmon and watershed recovery : examples and recommendations for the Oregon plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: O'Mealy, Mikell K. Year: 2000 Title: Setting measurable goals for salmon and watershed recovery : examples and recommendations for the Oregon plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: O'Mealy, Mikell K. Year: 2000 Close

• 89. [Article] The Nehalem Estuary

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Nehalem Estuary Title: The Nehalem Estuary Close

• 90. [Article] Association of Juvenile Salmon and Estuarine Fish with Intertidal Seagrass and Oyster Aquaculture Habitats in a Northeast Pacific Estuary

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Association of Juvenile Salmon and Estuarine Fish with Intertidal Seagrass and Oyster Aquaculture Habitats in a Northeast Pacific Estuary Author: Dumbauld, Brett R., Bosley, Katelyn M., Hosack, Geoffrey R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current Title: Association of Juvenile Salmon and Estuarine Fish with Intertidal Seagrass and Oyster Aquaculture Habitats in a Northeast Pacific Estuary Author: Dumbauld, Brett R., Bosley, Katelyn M., Hosack, Geoffrey R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current Close