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• 81. [Article] Is fire exclusion in mountain big sagebrush communities prudent? Soil nutrient, plant diversity and arthropod response to burning

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the International ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is fire exclusion in mountain big sagebrush communities prudent? Soil nutrient, plant diversity and arthropod response to burning Author: Nafus, Aleta M., Boyd, Chad S., Bates, Jonathan D., Davies, Kirk W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the International Association of Wildland Fire and published by CSIRO Publishing. It can be found at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/114.htm. Title: Is fire exclusion in mountain big sagebrush communities prudent? Soil nutrient, plant diversity and arthropod response to burning Author: Nafus, Aleta M., Boyd, Chad S., Bates, Jonathan D., Davies, Kirk W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the International Association of Wildland Fire and published by CSIRO Publishing. It can be found at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/114.htm. Close

• 82. [Article] Western forests, fire risk, and climate change

  Climate warming may first show up in forests as increased growth, which occurs as warmer temperatures, increased carbon dioxide, and more precipitation encourage higher rates of photosynthesis. The second ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western forests, fire risk, and climate change Author: Rapp, Valerie Climate warming may first show up in forests as increased growth, which occurs as warmer temperatures, increased carbon dioxide, and more precipitation encourage higher rates of photosynthesis. The second way that climate change may show up in forests is through changes in disturbance regimes—the long-term patterns of fire, drought, insects, and diseases that are basic to forest development. Advanced computer models are producing the first national-scale simulations of how ecosystems and fire regimes could change in the 21st century. In six of seven future scenarios run through one model, the Western United States gets wetter winters and warmer summers throughout the 21st century (as compared to current climate), with expanded woody growth across the West and thus, increased fire risk. These results have been used in national and global assessments of global climate change. The computer model can now produce 7-month forecasts of possible fire risks for the conterminous United States, made possible by incorporating year-to-year changes in climate, fuel loadings, and moisture into the model. The accuracy of 2002 and 2003 forecasts has validated the model’s approach, suggesting it can eventually be a useful planning tool for fire managers. Research results were produced by scientists from the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, working with others from Oregon State University and from around the world. The team’s research has led to the key insight that fire and fuel load issues in Western forests are linked to global carbon balance issues. The full story is inside. Title: Western forests, fire risk, and climate change Author: Rapp, Valerie Climate warming may first show up in forests as increased growth, which occurs as warmer temperatures, increased carbon dioxide, and more precipitation encourage higher rates of photosynthesis. The second way that climate change may show up in forests is through changes in disturbance regimes—the long-term patterns of fire, drought, insects, and diseases that are basic to forest development. Advanced computer models are producing the first national-scale simulations of how ecosystems and fire regimes could change in the 21st century. In six of seven future scenarios run through one model, the Western United States gets wetter winters and warmer summers throughout the 21st century (as compared to current climate), with expanded woody growth across the West and thus, increased fire risk. These results have been used in national and global assessments of global climate change. The computer model can now produce 7-month forecasts of possible fire risks for the conterminous United States, made possible by incorporating year-to-year changes in climate, fuel loadings, and moisture into the model. The accuracy of 2002 and 2003 forecasts has validated the model’s approach, suggesting it can eventually be a useful planning tool for fire managers. Research results were produced by scientists from the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, working with others from Oregon State University and from around the world. The team’s research has led to the key insight that fire and fuel load issues in Western forests are linked to global carbon balance issues. The full story is inside. Close

• 83. [Article] Snow water equivalent, snowpack surface debris concentrations, and micrometeorological conditions over snow in burned and unburned forest sites for three years following fire

  See the related paper: Gleason, Kelly E; Nolin, Anne W; Roth, Travis R (2013) Charred forests increase snowmelt: Effects of burned woody debris and incoming solar radiation on snow ablation. Geophysical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Snow water equivalent, snowpack surface debris concentrations, and micrometeorological conditions over snow in burned and unburned forest sites for three years following fire Author: Nolin, Anne W, Gleason, Kelly E See the related paper: Gleason, Kelly E; Nolin, Anne W; Roth, Travis R (2013) Charred forests increase snowmelt: Effects of burned woody debris and incoming solar radiation on snow ablation. Geophysical Research Letters, 40: 4654-4661. DOI: 10.1002/grl.50896. Title: Snow water equivalent, snowpack surface debris concentrations, and micrometeorological conditions over snow in burned and unburned forest sites for three years following fire Author: Nolin, Anne W, Gleason, Kelly E See the related paper: Gleason, Kelly E; Nolin, Anne W; Roth, Travis R (2013) Charred forests increase snowmelt: Effects of burned woody debris and incoming solar radiation on snow ablation. Geophysical Research Letters, 40: 4654-4661. DOI: 10.1002/grl.50896. Close

• 84. [Article] Western forests, fire risk, and climate change

  Climate warming may first show up in forests as increased growth, which occurs as warmer temperatures, increased carbon dioxide, and more precipitation encourage higher rates of photosynthesis. The second ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western forests, fire risk, and climate change Author: Rapp, Valerie Climate warming may first show up in forests as increased growth, which occurs as warmer temperatures, increased carbon dioxide, and more precipitation encourage higher rates of photosynthesis. The second way that climate change may show up in forests is through changes in disturbance regimes—the long-term patterns of fire, drought, insects, and diseases that are basic to forest development. Advanced computer models are producing the first national-scale simulations of how ecosystems and fire regimes could change in the 21st century. In six of seven future scenarios run through one model, the Western United States gets wetter winters and warmer summers throughout the 21st century (as compared to current climate), with expanded woody growth across the West and thus, increased fire risk. These results have been used in national and global assessments of global climate change. The computer model can now produce 7-month forecasts of possible fire risks for the conterminous United States, made possible by incorporating year-to-year changes in climate, fuel loadings, and moisture into the model. The accuracy of 2002 and 2003 forecasts has validated the model’s approach, suggesting it can eventually be a useful planning tool for fire managers. Research results were produced by scientists from the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, working with others from Oregon State University and from around the world. The team’s research has led to the key insight that fire and fuel load issues in Western forests are linked to global carbon balance issues. The full story is inside. Title: Western forests, fire risk, and climate change Author: Rapp, Valerie Climate warming may first show up in forests as increased growth, which occurs as warmer temperatures, increased carbon dioxide, and more precipitation encourage higher rates of photosynthesis. The second way that climate change may show up in forests is through changes in disturbance regimes—the long-term patterns of fire, drought, insects, and diseases that are basic to forest development. Advanced computer models are producing the first national-scale simulations of how ecosystems and fire regimes could change in the 21st century. In six of seven future scenarios run through one model, the Western United States gets wetter winters and warmer summers throughout the 21st century (as compared to current climate), with expanded woody growth across the West and thus, increased fire risk. These results have been used in national and global assessments of global climate change. The computer model can now produce 7-month forecasts of possible fire risks for the conterminous United States, made possible by incorporating year-to-year changes in climate, fuel loadings, and moisture into the model. The accuracy of 2002 and 2003 forecasts has validated the model’s approach, suggesting it can eventually be a useful planning tool for fire managers. Research results were produced by scientists from the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, working with others from Oregon State University and from around the world. The team’s research has led to the key insight that fire and fuel load issues in Western forests are linked to global carbon balance issues. The full story is inside. Close

• 85. [Article] Fire meets inland water via burned wood: and then what?

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Society for Freshwater Science and published by The University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.freshwater-science.o...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fire meets inland water via burned wood: and then what? Author: Merten, Eric C., Warren, Dana R., Vaz, Pedro G., et al. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Society for Freshwater Science and published by The University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.freshwater-science.org/Journal/Access-FWS.cfm Title: Fire meets inland water via burned wood: and then what? Author: Merten, Eric C., Warren, Dana R., Vaz, Pedro G., et al. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Society for Freshwater Science and published by The University of Chicago Press. It can be found at: http://www.freshwater-science.org/Journal/Access-FWS.cfm Close

• 86. [Article] Ecological responses to riverine floods and flow alteration

  Floods are major disturbance events for riverine ecosystems, directly and indirectly impacting organisms and their habitat. In this study I investigated the role of riverine floods and flow alteration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological responses to riverine floods and flow alteration Author: McMullen, Laura E. Floods are major disturbance events for riverine ecosystems, directly and indirectly impacting organisms and their habitat. In this study I investigated the role of riverine floods and flow alteration in regulating aquatic macroinvertebrate population and community structure. I examined this problem using a variety of methods: a meta-analytic review of primary studies from the literature, a mathematical model synthesizing population and flood ecology, a multi-year experimental flood program in an arid-land river, and a field investigation of flood recovery behaviors in a charismatic larval odonate. I found that floods significantly reduced invertebrate abundance in the short term, but had varied effects across particular study sites, microhabitats, and taxonomic groups. I determined that both resistant and resilient capabilities are important to persistence of invertebrate populations after disturbance events, and that these traits may act in a binary fashion. Recovery over time of invertebrate populations may be partially due to "hidden resistance" of spatially displaced individuals in side-channels, benthic substrate, and vegetation or wood. Some invertebrates adapted to flood-prone rivers may possess behavioral adaptations for returning to the main-channel of the river after flood events. This dissertation contributes to riverine disturbance ecology and provides information useful to prediction and management of ecosystem flows in rivers. Title: Ecological responses to riverine floods and flow alteration Author: McMullen, Laura E. Floods are major disturbance events for riverine ecosystems, directly and indirectly impacting organisms and their habitat. In this study I investigated the role of riverine floods and flow alteration in regulating aquatic macroinvertebrate population and community structure. I examined this problem using a variety of methods: a meta-analytic review of primary studies from the literature, a mathematical model synthesizing population and flood ecology, a multi-year experimental flood program in an arid-land river, and a field investigation of flood recovery behaviors in a charismatic larval odonate. I found that floods significantly reduced invertebrate abundance in the short term, but had varied effects across particular study sites, microhabitats, and taxonomic groups. I determined that both resistant and resilient capabilities are important to persistence of invertebrate populations after disturbance events, and that these traits may act in a binary fashion. Recovery over time of invertebrate populations may be partially due to "hidden resistance" of spatially displaced individuals in side-channels, benthic substrate, and vegetation or wood. Some invertebrates adapted to flood-prone rivers may possess behavioral adaptations for returning to the main-channel of the river after flood events. This dissertation contributes to riverine disturbance ecology and provides information useful to prediction and management of ecosystem flows in rivers. Close

• 87. [Article] Influence of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) on stand structure, canopy fuels, and fire behavior in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests 21-28 years post-mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) epidemic in central Oregon

  Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests are widely distributed throughout western North America. However, the lodgepole pine forests of central Oregon are ecologically unique to the region, with a mixed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) on stand structure, canopy fuels, and fire behavior in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests 21-28 years post-mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) epidemic in central Oregon Author: Agne, Michelle C. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests are widely distributed throughout western North America. However, the lodgepole pine forests of central Oregon are ecologically unique to the region, with a mixed severity fire regime, low cone serotiny, and their occasional presence as a climax species. Most of the research conducted regarding the stand structure and disturbance regimes of lodgepole pine has occurred in the intermountain west. Research findings from other geographical locations may not be applicable to central Oregon lodgepole pine forests, given their distinctive ecological attributes. Lodgepole pine forests are subject to three widespread disturbance regimes: mountain pine beetle, dwarf mistletoe, and fire. Although much is known about each of these disturbances in lodgepole pine, little is known about their interactive effects. These disturbances occur pervasively in lodgepole pine and are known to co-occur on the landscape, so their effects must be investigated and interpreted simultaneously. This thesis describes the combined influences of dwarf mistletoe and mountain pine beetle on stand structure, canopy fuels, and fire behavior in central Oregon lodgepole pine forests. We randomly selected and sampled 39 0.075-hectare plots within 13 stands in the Deschutes National Forest in central Oregon. The plots varied from 0 to 4 in average dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) and all had experienced a mountain pine beetle mortality event 21 to 28 years prior to sampling. In Chapter 2, we compared stand density, stand basal area, canopy volume, proportion of the stand in dominant/codominant, intermediate, and suppressed cohorts, and average height and average diameter of each cohort, across the range of DMR. We found strong evidence of a decrease in canopy volume, suppressed cohort height, and dominant cohort diameter with increasing DMR. There was strong evidence that as DMR increases, proportion of the stand in the dominant/codominant cohort decreases, while proportion of the stand in the suppressed cohort increases. Structural differences associated with dwarf mistletoe create heterogeneity in this forest type and may have a large impact on the productivity, resistance, and resilience of these stands. These findings show that it is imperative to incorporate dwarf mistletoe effects when studying stand productivity and ecosystem recovery processes. In Chapter 3, we compared canopy base height, the fuel parameter that drives passive crown fire, and canopy bulk density, the fuel parameter that drives active crown fire, over the range of DMR to determine the effect of dwarf mistletoe on canopy fuels. We then used BehavePlus to model passive crown fire and active crown fire in our plots. We found strong evidence of a decrease in canopy base height with increasing DMR. There was suggestive evidence of decrease in canopy bulk density with increasing DMR, after accounting for stand density. The results of the fire behavior modeling suggest that at low to moderate wind speeds, likelihood of passive crown fire increases with increased DMR. However, under more extreme weather (wind speeds >20 mph), the effect of dwarf mistletoe on passive crown fire potential was not shown to be important. The potential for active crown fire was extremely low in our plots, regardless of DMR. These findings show that dwarf mistletoe is having a significant effect on the potential for passive crown fire in lodgepole pine forests 21 to 28 years post-mountain pine beetle epidemic, and should be considered in future research regarding post-mountain pine beetle fuels and fire behavior. Title: Influence of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) on stand structure, canopy fuels, and fire behavior in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests 21-28 years post-mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) epidemic in central Oregon Author: Agne, Michelle C. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests are widely distributed throughout western North America. However, the lodgepole pine forests of central Oregon are ecologically unique to the region, with a mixed severity fire regime, low cone serotiny, and their occasional presence as a climax species. Most of the research conducted regarding the stand structure and disturbance regimes of lodgepole pine has occurred in the intermountain west. Research findings from other geographical locations may not be applicable to central Oregon lodgepole pine forests, given their distinctive ecological attributes. Lodgepole pine forests are subject to three widespread disturbance regimes: mountain pine beetle, dwarf mistletoe, and fire. Although much is known about each of these disturbances in lodgepole pine, little is known about their interactive effects. These disturbances occur pervasively in lodgepole pine and are known to co-occur on the landscape, so their effects must be investigated and interpreted simultaneously. This thesis describes the combined influences of dwarf mistletoe and mountain pine beetle on stand structure, canopy fuels, and fire behavior in central Oregon lodgepole pine forests. We randomly selected and sampled 39 0.075-hectare plots within 13 stands in the Deschutes National Forest in central Oregon. The plots varied from 0 to 4 in average dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) and all had experienced a mountain pine beetle mortality event 21 to 28 years prior to sampling. In Chapter 2, we compared stand density, stand basal area, canopy volume, proportion of the stand in dominant/codominant, intermediate, and suppressed cohorts, and average height and average diameter of each cohort, across the range of DMR. We found strong evidence of a decrease in canopy volume, suppressed cohort height, and dominant cohort diameter with increasing DMR. There was strong evidence that as DMR increases, proportion of the stand in the dominant/codominant cohort decreases, while proportion of the stand in the suppressed cohort increases. Structural differences associated with dwarf mistletoe create heterogeneity in this forest type and may have a large impact on the productivity, resistance, and resilience of these stands. These findings show that it is imperative to incorporate dwarf mistletoe effects when studying stand productivity and ecosystem recovery processes. In Chapter 3, we compared canopy base height, the fuel parameter that drives passive crown fire, and canopy bulk density, the fuel parameter that drives active crown fire, over the range of DMR to determine the effect of dwarf mistletoe on canopy fuels. We then used BehavePlus to model passive crown fire and active crown fire in our plots. We found strong evidence of a decrease in canopy base height with increasing DMR. There was suggestive evidence of decrease in canopy bulk density with increasing DMR, after accounting for stand density. The results of the fire behavior modeling suggest that at low to moderate wind speeds, likelihood of passive crown fire increases with increased DMR. However, under more extreme weather (wind speeds >20 mph), the effect of dwarf mistletoe on passive crown fire potential was not shown to be important. The potential for active crown fire was extremely low in our plots, regardless of DMR. These findings show that dwarf mistletoe is having a significant effect on the potential for passive crown fire in lodgepole pine forests 21 to 28 years post-mountain pine beetle epidemic, and should be considered in future research regarding post-mountain pine beetle fuels and fire behavior. Close

• 88. [Article] Using Resilience and Resistance Concepts to Manage Threats to Sagebrush Ecosystems, Gunnison Sage-Grouse, and Greater Sage-Grouse in Their Eastern Range: A Strategic Multi-Scale Approach

  This report provides a strategic approach developed by a Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies interagency working group for conservation of sagebrush ecosystems, Greater sage-grouse, and Gunnison ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Resilience and Resistance Concepts to Manage Threats to Sagebrush Ecosystems, Gunnison Sage-Grouse, and Greater Sage-Grouse in Their Eastern Range: A Strategic Multi-Scale Approach Author: Chambers, J. C. This report provides a strategic approach developed by a Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies interagency working group for conservation of sagebrush ecosystems, Greater sage-grouse, and Gunnison sage-grouse. It uses information on (1) factors that influence sagebrush ecosystem resilience to disturbance and resistance to nonnative invasive annual grasses and (2) distribution and relative abundance of sage-grouse populations to address persistent ecosystem threats, such as invasive annual grasses and wildfire, and land use and development threats, such as oil and gas development and cropland conversion, to develop effective management strategies. A sage-grouse habitat matrix links relative resilience and resistance of sagebrush ecosystems with modeled sage-grouse breeding habitat probabilities to help decisionmakers assess risks and determine appropriate management strategies at both landscape and site scales. Areas for targeted management are assessed by overlaying matrix components with Greater sage-grouse Priority Areas for Conservation and Gunnison sage-grouse critical habitat and linkages, breeding bird concentration areas, and specific habitat threats. Decision tools are discussed for determining the suitability of target areas for management and the most appropriate management actions. A similar approach was developed for the Great Basin that was incorporated into the Federal land use plan amendments and served as the basis of a Bureau of Land Management Fire and Invasives Assessment Tool, which was used to prioritize sage-grouse habitat for targeted management activities. Title: Using Resilience and Resistance Concepts to Manage Threats to Sagebrush Ecosystems, Gunnison Sage-Grouse, and Greater Sage-Grouse in Their Eastern Range: A Strategic Multi-Scale Approach Author: Chambers, J. C. This report provides a strategic approach developed by a Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies interagency working group for conservation of sagebrush ecosystems, Greater sage-grouse, and Gunnison sage-grouse. It uses information on (1) factors that influence sagebrush ecosystem resilience to disturbance and resistance to nonnative invasive annual grasses and (2) distribution and relative abundance of sage-grouse populations to address persistent ecosystem threats, such as invasive annual grasses and wildfire, and land use and development threats, such as oil and gas development and cropland conversion, to develop effective management strategies. A sage-grouse habitat matrix links relative resilience and resistance of sagebrush ecosystems with modeled sage-grouse breeding habitat probabilities to help decisionmakers assess risks and determine appropriate management strategies at both landscape and site scales. Areas for targeted management are assessed by overlaying matrix components with Greater sage-grouse Priority Areas for Conservation and Gunnison sage-grouse critical habitat and linkages, breeding bird concentration areas, and specific habitat threats. Decision tools are discussed for determining the suitability of target areas for management and the most appropriate management actions. A similar approach was developed for the Great Basin that was incorporated into the Federal land use plan amendments and served as the basis of a Bureau of Land Management Fire and Invasives Assessment Tool, which was used to prioritize sage-grouse habitat for targeted management activities. Close

• 89. [Article] Carbon Dynamics in Response to Land Cover Change in Tropical Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia

  This study focuses in providing the knowledge on carbon (C) stocks, emission and ecosystem productivity related to land use/land cover change in tropical peatlands. The field research activities were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Carbon Dynamics in Response to Land Cover Change in Tropical Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia Author: Basuki, Imam This study focuses in providing the knowledge on carbon (C) stocks, emission and ecosystem productivity related to land use/land cover change in tropical peatlands. The field research activities were conducted for about 17 months between August 2013 to December 2015, at Pematang Gadung peat dome (peat depth up to 10.5 m), Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives of this study were: a). to quantify C stocks of tropical coastal peat swamp forest, and the potential impact of forest degradation due to draining and logging activities on the forest’s carbon stocks; b). to examine the change in ecosystem C stocks and the potential C emissions in relation to land conversion from intact peat swamp forest (PSF) to logged peat forest (LPSF), early seral (ES) and oil palm plantation (OP); and c). to estimate net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in peat swamp forests, logged peat forest, early seral and smallholder - oil palm plantations. The intact peat forest sites have higher total aboveground C stocks (125 Mg C ha-1) than the logged peat forest sites (77 Mg C ha-1). Mean depths of the LPSF was 725 cm and the PSF was 915 cm (p= 0.06). Mean peat carbon stocks at PSF was 4,243 Mg C ha-1, higher than at LPSF that was 3,675 Mg C ha-1. Logging and draining had reduced the biomass of trees and the peat carbon pools. My study demonstrated that tropical coastal PSF has the largest total carbon stocks among terrestrial ecosystems on earth. The large carbon stocks and high rates of PSF degradation, points to the relevance for inclusion of PSF in nationally appropriate climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. The mean ecosystem carbon stock for the PSF sites was 4,401 Mg C ha-1. Ecosystem C stocks of LPSF, ES and OP was 3,768, 3,147, and 3,442 Mg C ha-1, respectively. PSF stocks was significantly higher than the degraded land covers. At all sites, soils comprised > 96% of the mean ecosystem carbon stock. Using the estimation based on ecosystem carbon loss to total peat depths, the conversion of PSF to LPSF, ES and OP was estimated to result in a net loss of 1,982, 4,259 and 3,176 Mg C-CO2 ha-1, respectively. My results confirm that land cover change significantly impacted soil properties and reduced ecosystem carbon stocks. The tropical peatlands need urgent and significant efforts in conservation and restoration, to regain its function as a C sink and mitigate climate change. I found that land use/land cover change resulted in large shifts in NPP and NEP. LPSF, ES and OP have significantly lower NPP (11.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, 10.8 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 and 3.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, respectively) than PSF (13.2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). ES showed lower heterotrophic respiration (30.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1) than PSF, LPSF and OP (37.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, 40.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, 38.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, respectively). LPSF and OP were net carbon sources; they have negative mean NEP values (-0.1 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1 and -25.1 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1, respectively). In contrast PSF and ES were net carbon sinks (10.8 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1 and 9.1 CCO2 ha-1 yr-1, respectively). PSF is among the most productive of terrestrial ecosystems, with an NPP exceeding that of many tropical rain forests and similar to the most productive mangrove ecosystems. I found that land use decreases productivity of the LPSF and OP sites. The ES had a similar NEP to the PSF, but frequent fires in this ecosystem likely offset carbon gains during the fire intervals. Land use change and forest degradation have shifted tropical PSFs from net carbon sinks to net carbon sources. My study demonstrated that land conversion in tropical peat swamp forests should be halted and degraded peatlands need to be restored in order to mitigate climate change. Title: Carbon Dynamics in Response to Land Cover Change in Tropical Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia Author: Basuki, Imam This study focuses in providing the knowledge on carbon (C) stocks, emission and ecosystem productivity related to land use/land cover change in tropical peatlands. The field research activities were conducted for about 17 months between August 2013 to December 2015, at Pematang Gadung peat dome (peat depth up to 10.5 m), Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives of this study were: a). to quantify C stocks of tropical coastal peat swamp forest, and the potential impact of forest degradation due to draining and logging activities on the forest’s carbon stocks; b). to examine the change in ecosystem C stocks and the potential C emissions in relation to land conversion from intact peat swamp forest (PSF) to logged peat forest (LPSF), early seral (ES) and oil palm plantation (OP); and c). to estimate net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in peat swamp forests, logged peat forest, early seral and smallholder - oil palm plantations. The intact peat forest sites have higher total aboveground C stocks (125 Mg C ha-1) than the logged peat forest sites (77 Mg C ha-1). Mean depths of the LPSF was 725 cm and the PSF was 915 cm (p= 0.06). Mean peat carbon stocks at PSF was 4,243 Mg C ha-1, higher than at LPSF that was 3,675 Mg C ha-1. Logging and draining had reduced the biomass of trees and the peat carbon pools. My study demonstrated that tropical coastal PSF has the largest total carbon stocks among terrestrial ecosystems on earth. The large carbon stocks and high rates of PSF degradation, points to the relevance for inclusion of PSF in nationally appropriate climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. The mean ecosystem carbon stock for the PSF sites was 4,401 Mg C ha-1. Ecosystem C stocks of LPSF, ES and OP was 3,768, 3,147, and 3,442 Mg C ha-1, respectively. PSF stocks was significantly higher than the degraded land covers. At all sites, soils comprised > 96% of the mean ecosystem carbon stock. Using the estimation based on ecosystem carbon loss to total peat depths, the conversion of PSF to LPSF, ES and OP was estimated to result in a net loss of 1,982, 4,259 and 3,176 Mg C-CO2 ha-1, respectively. My results confirm that land cover change significantly impacted soil properties and reduced ecosystem carbon stocks. The tropical peatlands need urgent and significant efforts in conservation and restoration, to regain its function as a C sink and mitigate climate change. I found that land use/land cover change resulted in large shifts in NPP and NEP. LPSF, ES and OP have significantly lower NPP (11.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, 10.8 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 and 3.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, respectively) than PSF (13.2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). ES showed lower heterotrophic respiration (30.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1) than PSF, LPSF and OP (37.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, 40.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, 38.7 Mg CO2 ha-1 yr-1, respectively). LPSF and OP were net carbon sources; they have negative mean NEP values (-0.1 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1 and -25.1 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1, respectively). In contrast PSF and ES were net carbon sinks (10.8 Mg CO2-e ha-1 yr-1 and 9.1 CCO2 ha-1 yr-1, respectively). PSF is among the most productive of terrestrial ecosystems, with an NPP exceeding that of many tropical rain forests and similar to the most productive mangrove ecosystems. I found that land use decreases productivity of the LPSF and OP sites. The ES had a similar NEP to the PSF, but frequent fires in this ecosystem likely offset carbon gains during the fire intervals. Land use change and forest degradation have shifted tropical PSFs from net carbon sinks to net carbon sources. My study demonstrated that land conversion in tropical peat swamp forests should be halted and degraded peatlands need to be restored in order to mitigate climate change. Close

• 90. [Article] The Effects of Forest Fuel-Reduction Treatments in the United States

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience/. To the best of our knowledge, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Forest Fuel-Reduction Treatments in the United States Author: Schwilk, Dylan W., Fontaine, Joseph B., Fettig, Christopher J., Hartsough, Bruce R., Kennedy, Patricia L., Stephens, Scott L., McIver, James D., Boerner, Ralph E. J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: The Effects of Forest Fuel-Reduction Treatments in the United States Author: Schwilk, Dylan W., Fontaine, Joseph B., Fettig, Christopher J., Hartsough, Bruce R., Kennedy, Patricia L., Stephens, Scott L., McIver, James D., Boerner, Ralph E. J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Institute of Biological Sciences and can be found at: http://www.aibs.org/bioscience/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close