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• 301. [Article] Geology, flooding & human activities : establishing a hierarchy of influence for controls on historic channel change, Willamette River, Oregon

  Channel evolution and influences of changing floodplain characteristics, heterogenous bank materials, and altered flow regimes were examined along the Willamette River, a large alluvial river in northwestern Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology, flooding & human activities : establishing a hierarchy of influence for controls on historic channel change, Willamette River, Oregon Author: Wallick, Jennifer Rose Channel evolution and influences of changing floodplain characteristics, heterogenous bank materials, and altered flow regimes were examined along the Willamette River, a large alluvial river in northwestern Oregon. The Willamette River is composed of a series of geomorphically diverse reaches, which have each evolved uniquely in the century following Euro-American settlement. The river was divided into three large (30-50 km) alluvial reaches according to physiographic characteristics. The historically anastomosing and relatively steep McKenzie Reach (uppermost study reach), extends between the confluences of the McKenzie and Long Tom Rivers. The Willamette along the lower-gradient Santiam Reach (between the confluences of the Santiam and Yamhill Rivers is primarily contained within a single channel and has experienced lower rates of erosion than upper reaches. The Long Tom Reach (extending between the confluences of the Long Tom and Santiam Rivers), acts as a transition between the upper and lower Willamette, as it is here that the channel adopts a single-thread planform and becomes more stable. To assess the role of bank materials on bank-erosion rates, a method for detecting relative differences in erodibility between bank materials along large floodplains was developed. Coupling historic patterns of channel change with a simple model of bank erodibility enabled tracking of relative changes in bank erodibility among time intervals and bank materials. The analysis was applied to the McKenzie Reach for three time periods: 1850-1895, 1895-1932, and 1972-1995, and relative differences in bank erodibility were calculated for Holocene alluvium, partially cemented Pleistocene gravels, and revetments constructed in the 20th century. This simple model of bank erodibility reveals that, for all three periods, banks composed of Holocene alluvium were at least 2-5 times more erodible than banks composed of Pleistocene gravels. Revetment installed in the twentieth century was highly resistant to erosion and was at least 10 times less erodible than Pleistocene gravels. To examine larger-scale controls of geology, flooding, and human intervention on channel stability, rates and styles of historic channel change were determined for the McKenzie, Long Tom and Santiam Reaches and were linked with events or factors that may have triggered the observed patterns of channel change. Effects of anthropogenic activities on channel change were assessed by reviewing historic documents describing settlement patterns, riparian deforestation, channel improvements, and other actions. The role of flooding was assessed by compiling gauge records, anecdotal accounts of flooding, and by comparing stream-power distributions of large historic floods against smaller, post-dam floods with a 2-D flood model. Analyses of these larger-scale controls revealed that between 1850 and 1895, a period marked by the 3 largest floods of record, all reaches experienced numerous avulsions, increases in channel width, and decreases in centerline length. During the interval 1895-1932, a period with frequent, moderate-sized floods, migration rates increased by 50-300%, sinuosity increased and channel width decreased. The interval 1932-1995 was initially marked by rapid migration, but channel stabilization and dam building slowed erosion rates, causing the Long Tom and Santiam Reaches to display similar migration rates as those recorded for 1850-1895. Along the upper Willamette (McKenzie Reach), channel change during 1972 to 1995 was primarily limited to lateral migration along areas unrestricted by revetments and occurred at rates similar to 1850-1895 levels. Channel width decreased along all reaches during the 20th century. It is hypothesized that flooding may have been the primary factor responsible for the large-scale straightening and widening that occurred during 1850-1895. Actions taken to reduce streamside wood and side-channels along the McKenzie and Long Tom Reaches may have also contributed to widening. Along some areas of the floodplain, where the largely straightened and widened 1895 channel flowed through Holocene alluvium, the channel developed small bends that subsequently migrated rapidly downstream, and triggered rapid migration of adjacent bends. This concurrence of events and conditions suggests that accelerated erosion during the period 1895-1932 results from a combination of a "primed" planform, highly erodible bank materials, and a highly erosive flow regime with many moderate-sized floods. Migration rates 1895-1932 may have also increased as a result of land clearing and snag removal, as increasing numbers of settlers occupied floodplain lands in this interval. Anthropogenic activities have no clear effect on planform or erosion rates until the 193 D's, when widespread bank stabilization and dam construction resulted in diminished migration rates, fewer avulsions, and channel narrowing. By the late century, 30-45% of each reach was stabilized with revetments, while naturally resistant bank materials bordered an additional 13-30% of the channel length. Results indicate that revetments, naturally resistant bank materials, and flow regulation restrict migration and channel movement along the modern Willamette River. Efforts aiming to increase lateral migration on the Willamette River might consider removing revetment from bends bordered by Holocene alluvium along higher-gradient areas of the floodplain. However, such efforts may not create the suite of floodplain dynamics displayed by the historic Willamette, as much of the rapid migration, side channel maintenance and avulsions were related to flooding, channel change along adjacent bends, and large wood; all of which are largely absent from the modern floodplain. Title: Geology, flooding & human activities : establishing a hierarchy of influence for controls on historic channel change, Willamette River, Oregon Author: Wallick, Jennifer Rose Channel evolution and influences of changing floodplain characteristics, heterogenous bank materials, and altered flow regimes were examined along the Willamette River, a large alluvial river in northwestern Oregon. The Willamette River is composed of a series of geomorphically diverse reaches, which have each evolved uniquely in the century following Euro-American settlement. The river was divided into three large (30-50 km) alluvial reaches according to physiographic characteristics. The historically anastomosing and relatively steep McKenzie Reach (uppermost study reach), extends between the confluences of the McKenzie and Long Tom Rivers. The Willamette along the lower-gradient Santiam Reach (between the confluences of the Santiam and Yamhill Rivers is primarily contained within a single channel and has experienced lower rates of erosion than upper reaches. The Long Tom Reach (extending between the confluences of the Long Tom and Santiam Rivers), acts as a transition between the upper and lower Willamette, as it is here that the channel adopts a single-thread planform and becomes more stable. To assess the role of bank materials on bank-erosion rates, a method for detecting relative differences in erodibility between bank materials along large floodplains was developed. Coupling historic patterns of channel change with a simple model of bank erodibility enabled tracking of relative changes in bank erodibility among time intervals and bank materials. The analysis was applied to the McKenzie Reach for three time periods: 1850-1895, 1895-1932, and 1972-1995, and relative differences in bank erodibility were calculated for Holocene alluvium, partially cemented Pleistocene gravels, and revetments constructed in the 20th century. This simple model of bank erodibility reveals that, for all three periods, banks composed of Holocene alluvium were at least 2-5 times more erodible than banks composed of Pleistocene gravels. Revetment installed in the twentieth century was highly resistant to erosion and was at least 10 times less erodible than Pleistocene gravels. To examine larger-scale controls of geology, flooding, and human intervention on channel stability, rates and styles of historic channel change were determined for the McKenzie, Long Tom and Santiam Reaches and were linked with events or factors that may have triggered the observed patterns of channel change. Effects of anthropogenic activities on channel change were assessed by reviewing historic documents describing settlement patterns, riparian deforestation, channel improvements, and other actions. The role of flooding was assessed by compiling gauge records, anecdotal accounts of flooding, and by comparing stream-power distributions of large historic floods against smaller, post-dam floods with a 2-D flood model. Analyses of these larger-scale controls revealed that between 1850 and 1895, a period marked by the 3 largest floods of record, all reaches experienced numerous avulsions, increases in channel width, and decreases in centerline length. During the interval 1895-1932, a period with frequent, moderate-sized floods, migration rates increased by 50-300%, sinuosity increased and channel width decreased. The interval 1932-1995 was initially marked by rapid migration, but channel stabilization and dam building slowed erosion rates, causing the Long Tom and Santiam Reaches to display similar migration rates as those recorded for 1850-1895. Along the upper Willamette (McKenzie Reach), channel change during 1972 to 1995 was primarily limited to lateral migration along areas unrestricted by revetments and occurred at rates similar to 1850-1895 levels. Channel width decreased along all reaches during the 20th century. It is hypothesized that flooding may have been the primary factor responsible for the large-scale straightening and widening that occurred during 1850-1895. Actions taken to reduce streamside wood and side-channels along the McKenzie and Long Tom Reaches may have also contributed to widening. Along some areas of the floodplain, where the largely straightened and widened 1895 channel flowed through Holocene alluvium, the channel developed small bends that subsequently migrated rapidly downstream, and triggered rapid migration of adjacent bends. This concurrence of events and conditions suggests that accelerated erosion during the period 1895-1932 results from a combination of a "primed" planform, highly erodible bank materials, and a highly erosive flow regime with many moderate-sized floods. Migration rates 1895-1932 may have also increased as a result of land clearing and snag removal, as increasing numbers of settlers occupied floodplain lands in this interval. Anthropogenic activities have no clear effect on planform or erosion rates until the 193 D's, when widespread bank stabilization and dam construction resulted in diminished migration rates, fewer avulsions, and channel narrowing. By the late century, 30-45% of each reach was stabilized with revetments, while naturally resistant bank materials bordered an additional 13-30% of the channel length. Results indicate that revetments, naturally resistant bank materials, and flow regulation restrict migration and channel movement along the modern Willamette River. Efforts aiming to increase lateral migration on the Willamette River might consider removing revetment from bends bordered by Holocene alluvium along higher-gradient areas of the floodplain. However, such efforts may not create the suite of floodplain dynamics displayed by the historic Willamette, as much of the rapid migration, side channel maintenance and avulsions were related to flooding, channel change along adjacent bends, and large wood; all of which are largely absent from the modern floodplain. Close

• 302. [Article] Seasonal flows of international British Columbia-Alaska rivers: The nonlinear influence of ocean-atmosphere circulation patterns

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal flows of international British Columbia-Alaska rivers: The nonlinear influence of ocean-atmosphere circulation patterns Author: Hood, E., O'Neel, S., Dahlke, H. E., Fleming, S. W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/advances-in-water-resources/ Title: Seasonal flows of international British Columbia-Alaska rivers: The nonlinear influence of ocean-atmosphere circulation patterns Author: Hood, E., O'Neel, S., Dahlke, H. E., Fleming, S. W. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/advances-in-water-resources/ Close

• 303. [Article] Current Drug Policies in the United States : Using Research to Inform Policy

  Drug policies in the United States are rapidly changing at the state and national level paralleling a shift in drug culture from a societal perspective. This dissertation addresses current public health ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Current Drug Policies in the United States : Using Research to Inform Policy Author: Beathard, Candice Drug policies in the United States are rapidly changing at the state and national level paralleling a shift in drug culture from a societal perspective. This dissertation addresses current public health policy topics with a focus on three recent drug policies. As of 2015, medical cannabis is legal in 23 states and recreational cannabis in four, while others are proposing similar ballot measures. The effect of dynamic cannabis policies on public health outcomes is critical to understand. Study 1 analyzed the 2012 population survey of behavioral risk factors on eleventh graders in Oregon to test whether, and to what extent, increased medical cannabis supply - measured by county-level per-capita medical cannabis cardholders - may elevate the likelihood of using cannabis and diverted medical cannabis among adolescents. The population-based analysis revealed that approximately 3% (N=505) of Oregon eleventh graders obtained medical cannabis from a registered cardholder or grower. This study also empirically tested mechanisms through which supply of medical cannabis may affect adolescents' cannabis use including perceived risk of using cannabis, approval, and perceived availability, and found that an increase in supply of medical cannabis decreases adolescents' approval of cannabis usage. Drug testing public assistance recipients is another drug policy receiving national attention. Ten states in the past three years have implemented a drug testing policy for welfare recipients with little empirical evidence supporting implementation. Study 2 analyzed data from the 2013 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), and provided current data on substance use, abuse, and dependence among welfare receipts. The study also tested the relationship between SUAD and welfare receipt, and identified TANF recipients at a greater risk of using substances. Seven percent of NSDUH respondents received TANF in the previous 12 months (n = 2,595). Of these 17% used cannabis only in the previous year, 14% used a substance excluding cannabis in the previous year, 2% satisfied substance abuse criteria, and 6% satisfied substance dependence criteria. Substance use including only cannabis, substance use excluding cannabis, and substance dependence are positively significantly associated with receipt of TANF, however, other problems such as mental health and alcohol are more prevalent among TANF recipients and remain undetected by drug testing. Of the TANF recipient population, 22% received mental health treatment within the previous year. In 2012, Washington voters approved legalizing cannabis recreationally, and concurrently Washington became one of 16 states with a driving under the influence of cannabis policy, i.e., a per se or zero tolerance per se law. Study 3 examined the relationship between Washington’s historic cannabis policy and traffic fatalities as well as driving under the influence of drugs using 2006-2013 data from the Washington State Department of Transportation and Oregon Department of Transportation. This study also provided four extension models adjusting for group-specific time trends, and age, sex, and sobriety level of drivers. Washington's cannabis policy is positively significantly associated with fatal collisions and significantly negatively associated with driving under the influence of drugs. Title: Current Drug Policies in the United States : Using Research to Inform Policy Author: Beathard, Candice Drug policies in the United States are rapidly changing at the state and national level paralleling a shift in drug culture from a societal perspective. This dissertation addresses current public health policy topics with a focus on three recent drug policies. As of 2015, medical cannabis is legal in 23 states and recreational cannabis in four, while others are proposing similar ballot measures. The effect of dynamic cannabis policies on public health outcomes is critical to understand. Study 1 analyzed the 2012 population survey of behavioral risk factors on eleventh graders in Oregon to test whether, and to what extent, increased medical cannabis supply - measured by county-level per-capita medical cannabis cardholders - may elevate the likelihood of using cannabis and diverted medical cannabis among adolescents. The population-based analysis revealed that approximately 3% (N=505) of Oregon eleventh graders obtained medical cannabis from a registered cardholder or grower. This study also empirically tested mechanisms through which supply of medical cannabis may affect adolescents' cannabis use including perceived risk of using cannabis, approval, and perceived availability, and found that an increase in supply of medical cannabis decreases adolescents' approval of cannabis usage. Drug testing public assistance recipients is another drug policy receiving national attention. Ten states in the past three years have implemented a drug testing policy for welfare recipients with little empirical evidence supporting implementation. Study 2 analyzed data from the 2013 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), and provided current data on substance use, abuse, and dependence among welfare receipts. The study also tested the relationship between SUAD and welfare receipt, and identified TANF recipients at a greater risk of using substances. Seven percent of NSDUH respondents received TANF in the previous 12 months (n = 2,595). Of these 17% used cannabis only in the previous year, 14% used a substance excluding cannabis in the previous year, 2% satisfied substance abuse criteria, and 6% satisfied substance dependence criteria. Substance use including only cannabis, substance use excluding cannabis, and substance dependence are positively significantly associated with receipt of TANF, however, other problems such as mental health and alcohol are more prevalent among TANF recipients and remain undetected by drug testing. Of the TANF recipient population, 22% received mental health treatment within the previous year. In 2012, Washington voters approved legalizing cannabis recreationally, and concurrently Washington became one of 16 states with a driving under the influence of cannabis policy, i.e., a per se or zero tolerance per se law. Study 3 examined the relationship between Washington’s historic cannabis policy and traffic fatalities as well as driving under the influence of drugs using 2006-2013 data from the Washington State Department of Transportation and Oregon Department of Transportation. This study also provided four extension models adjusting for group-specific time trends, and age, sex, and sobriety level of drivers. Washington's cannabis policy is positively significantly associated with fatal collisions and significantly negatively associated with driving under the influence of drugs. Close

• 304. [Article] Active deformation of the Cascadia forearc : implications for great earthquake potential in Oregon and Washington

  Nine west-northwest-trending faults on the continental margin of Oregon and Washington, between 43° 05'N and 470 20'N latitude, have been mapped using seismic reflection, sidescan sonar, submersibles, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Active deformation of the Cascadia forearc : implications for great earthquake potential in Oregon and Washington Author: Goldfinger, Chris Nine west-northwest-trending faults on the continental margin of Oregon and Washington, between 43° 05'N and 470 20'N latitude, have been mapped using seismic reflection, sidescan sonar, submersibles, and swath bathymetry. Five of these oblique faults are found on both the Juan de Fuca and North American plates, and offset abyssal plain sedimentary units left-laterally from 2.0 to 5.5 km. These five faults extend 8-18 km northwestward from the deformation front. The remaining four faults, found only on the North American plate, are also inferred to have a left-lateral slip sense. The age of the Wecoma fault on the abyssal plain is 600±50 ka, and has an average slip rate of 7-1 0 mm/year. Slip rates of the other four abyssal plain faults are 5.5 ± 2 - 6. 7 ± 3 mm/yr. These faults are active, as indicated by offset of the youngest sedimentary units, surficial fault scarps, offsets of surficial channels, and deep fluid venting. All nine faults have been surveyed on the continental slope using SeaMARC 1A sidescan sonar, and three of them were surveyed with a high-resolution AMS 150 sidescan sonar on the continental shelf off central Oregon. On the continental slope, the faults are expressed as linear, high-angle WNW trending scarps, and WNW trending fault-parallel folds that we interpret as flower structures. Active structures on the shelf include folds trending from NNE to WNW and associated flexural slip thrust faulting; NNW to N trending right-lateral strike-slip faults; and WNW trending left-lateral strike-slip faults. Some of these structures intersect the coast and can be correlated with onshore Quaternary faults and folds, and others are suspected to be deforming the coastal region. These structures may be contributing to the coastal marsh stratigraphic record of co-seismic subsidence events in the Holocene. We postulate that the set of nine WNW trending left-lateral strike-slip faults extend and rotate the forearc clockwise, absorbing most or all of the arc parallel component of plate convergence. The high rate of forearc deformation implies that the Cascadia forearc may lack the rigidity to generate M > 8.2 earthquakes. From a comparison of Cascadia seismogenic zone geometry to data from circum-Pacific great earthquakes of this century, the maximum Cascadia rupture is estimated to be 500 to 600 km in length, with a 150-400 km rupture length in best agreement with historical data. Title: Active deformation of the Cascadia forearc : implications for great earthquake potential in Oregon and Washington Author: Goldfinger, Chris Nine west-northwest-trending faults on the continental margin of Oregon and Washington, between 43° 05'N and 470 20'N latitude, have been mapped using seismic reflection, sidescan sonar, submersibles, and swath bathymetry. Five of these oblique faults are found on both the Juan de Fuca and North American plates, and offset abyssal plain sedimentary units left-laterally from 2.0 to 5.5 km. These five faults extend 8-18 km northwestward from the deformation front. The remaining four faults, found only on the North American plate, are also inferred to have a left-lateral slip sense. The age of the Wecoma fault on the abyssal plain is 600±50 ka, and has an average slip rate of 7-1 0 mm/year. Slip rates of the other four abyssal plain faults are 5.5 ± 2 - 6. 7 ± 3 mm/yr. These faults are active, as indicated by offset of the youngest sedimentary units, surficial fault scarps, offsets of surficial channels, and deep fluid venting. All nine faults have been surveyed on the continental slope using SeaMARC 1A sidescan sonar, and three of them were surveyed with a high-resolution AMS 150 sidescan sonar on the continental shelf off central Oregon. On the continental slope, the faults are expressed as linear, high-angle WNW trending scarps, and WNW trending fault-parallel folds that we interpret as flower structures. Active structures on the shelf include folds trending from NNE to WNW and associated flexural slip thrust faulting; NNW to N trending right-lateral strike-slip faults; and WNW trending left-lateral strike-slip faults. Some of these structures intersect the coast and can be correlated with onshore Quaternary faults and folds, and others are suspected to be deforming the coastal region. These structures may be contributing to the coastal marsh stratigraphic record of co-seismic subsidence events in the Holocene. We postulate that the set of nine WNW trending left-lateral strike-slip faults extend and rotate the forearc clockwise, absorbing most or all of the arc parallel component of plate convergence. The high rate of forearc deformation implies that the Cascadia forearc may lack the rigidity to generate M > 8.2 earthquakes. From a comparison of Cascadia seismogenic zone geometry to data from circum-Pacific great earthquakes of this century, the maximum Cascadia rupture is estimated to be 500 to 600 km in length, with a 150-400 km rupture length in best agreement with historical data. Close

• 305. [Article] An evaluation of Oregon Youth Conservation Corps 1996 summer programs

  The Oregon Youth Conservation Corps (OYCC) is a youth work program created by the Oregon Legislature in 1987. The OYCC provides both summer and year-round employment programs primarily for disadvantaged ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of Oregon Youth Conservation Corps 1996 summer programs Author: Miller, Marc S. The Oregon Youth Conservation Corps (OYCC) is a youth work program created by the Oregon Legislature in 1987. The OYCC provides both summer and year-round employment programs primarily for disadvantaged and at-risk youth. The legislatively defined purpose of the OYCC is to protect, conserve, and improve the natural, historical, and cultural resources of the state, and to increase the education, training, and employment opportunities for participating youth. In addition, youth are given the opportunity to improve work skills and work-related social skills, develop the work ethic, and increase employability. The OYCC's impact on Oregon's resources, such as the improvements made to parks and the enhancement of public recreation areas, has been well documented. What has not been methodically studied are the outcomes of OYCC participation on youths' work skills, social skills, employability, and educational goals. This study examined participant outcomes for 400 of the over 600 youth enrolled in OYCC 1996 summer programs. Summer programs operate in nearly all of Oregon's 36 counties, and programs vary in length from 5 weeks to 10 weeks duration. Crew sizes vary from 4 to 10 participants, and are led by an adult crew leader. Pretest surveys were completed by participants and crew leaders at the beginning of each program. Participants and crew leaders completed posttest surveys again at the end of each program. Retrospective (post-then pre) pretests were also used. Measures were adopted from a Colorado State University evaluation of Youth Conservation Corps (Johnson, Driver, Ross, & Shikiar, 1982) These measures assessed changes in work skills, work-related social skills, educational goals, and potential for future employability. Data were analyzed to determine if outcomes of OYCC participation varied by program length, residential status, or participants' risk status. Investigator-designed measures were used to obtain demographic data. Both the traditional pretest-post test and the retrospective pretest methodologies revealed significant increases in participants' work competence and skills, work attitudes and behaviors, and comfort with diversity among co-workers. Increases were most significant among higher risk youth. Residential programs were particularly effective. Suggestions for future evaluation development and implementation are made. Title: An evaluation of Oregon Youth Conservation Corps 1996 summer programs Author: Miller, Marc S. The Oregon Youth Conservation Corps (OYCC) is a youth work program created by the Oregon Legislature in 1987. The OYCC provides both summer and year-round employment programs primarily for disadvantaged and at-risk youth. The legislatively defined purpose of the OYCC is to protect, conserve, and improve the natural, historical, and cultural resources of the state, and to increase the education, training, and employment opportunities for participating youth. In addition, youth are given the opportunity to improve work skills and work-related social skills, develop the work ethic, and increase employability. The OYCC's impact on Oregon's resources, such as the improvements made to parks and the enhancement of public recreation areas, has been well documented. What has not been methodically studied are the outcomes of OYCC participation on youths' work skills, social skills, employability, and educational goals. This study examined participant outcomes for 400 of the over 600 youth enrolled in OYCC 1996 summer programs. Summer programs operate in nearly all of Oregon's 36 counties, and programs vary in length from 5 weeks to 10 weeks duration. Crew sizes vary from 4 to 10 participants, and are led by an adult crew leader. Pretest surveys were completed by participants and crew leaders at the beginning of each program. Participants and crew leaders completed posttest surveys again at the end of each program. Retrospective (post-then pre) pretests were also used. Measures were adopted from a Colorado State University evaluation of Youth Conservation Corps (Johnson, Driver, Ross, & Shikiar, 1982) These measures assessed changes in work skills, work-related social skills, educational goals, and potential for future employability. Data were analyzed to determine if outcomes of OYCC participation varied by program length, residential status, or participants' risk status. Investigator-designed measures were used to obtain demographic data. Both the traditional pretest-post test and the retrospective pretest methodologies revealed significant increases in participants' work competence and skills, work attitudes and behaviors, and comfort with diversity among co-workers. Increases were most significant among higher risk youth. Residential programs were particularly effective. Suggestions for future evaluation development and implementation are made. Close

• 306. [Article] Library Instruction Y/Our Way: Examining Librarian-Developed Stand-Alone Workshops for Student Learning

  Poster presented at American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, February 17, 2013.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Library Instruction Y/Our Way: Examining Librarian-Developed Stand-Alone Workshops for Student Learning Author: Hussong-Christian, Uta, Rempel, Hannah Gascho Poster presented at American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, February 17, 2013. Title: Library Instruction Y/Our Way: Examining Librarian-Developed Stand-Alone Workshops for Student Learning Author: Hussong-Christian, Uta, Rempel, Hannah Gascho Poster presented at American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, February 17, 2013. Close

• 307. [Article] Life histories of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River estuary as inferred from scale and otolith microchemistry

  Despite evidence that juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) utilize North Pacific estuaries for growth and salinity acclimation, research in the Columbia River estuary has lead to opposing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life histories of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River estuary as inferred from scale and otolith microchemistry Author: Campbell, Lance A. Despite evidence that juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) utilize North Pacific estuaries for growth and salinity acclimation, research in the Columbia River estuary has lead to opposing hypotheses about the estuary’s importance as a salmon rearing environment. Many contemporary tagging studies indicate that salmon residency within the estuary is short (< 1 week) and that mortality of estuarine migrants is a significant impediment to recovery of depressed salmon stocks. On the other hand, life history interpretations from fish scales collected early in the twentieth century suggest that juvenile Chinook salmon reared extensively in the estuary, leading some to hypothesize that life history variation has been constrained by anthropogenic changes in the Columbia River basin. To test these hypotheses we first validated previous methods of life history interpretation by comparing the results of otolith chemistry, scale chemistry, and scale morphology from juvenile salmon collected during monthly beach seine surveys in 2003. Although scale and otolith chemistry were strongly correlated, and scale chemistry was an accurate indicator of salt-water entry, scale morphometric characteristics did not coincide consistently with the time of salmon entry into brackish water. We measured Strontium 86 and Calcium 43 in salmon otoliths collected in the lower Columbia River estuary in 2003-05 to quantify the period of salt-water residency of juvenile salmon and to back-calculate their size at salt-water entry. The estimated salt-water residency of juvenile Chinook ranged from 0-176 days with a mean residence time of 54, 67 and 30 days in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Chinook salmon that resided in salt water for more than 30 days comprised 55, 51 and 30% of the total estuary beach seine collections during each of these years. Forty to fifty percent of Chinook salmon had entered the saline portion of the estuary at a fork length < 60 mm. Furthermore we found a negative relationship between the size and time of entry with residency, where smaller earlier migrants on average resided for longer periods then larger late migrants. Peak migration times occurred in May, and 90% of the outmigration was completed by August 30 in all years. This pattern is substantially truncated relative to the results of a 1914-1916 salmon life-history survey, which showed that the historical outmigration period lasted well into the fall and was characterized by late pulses of new recruits into the lower estuary. Nonetheless, recent otolith results indicate that subyearling Chinook salmon use the saline portion of the estuary in a high proportion and for extended periods of time in contrast to short residency times reported by contemporary tagging and marking studies. Title: Life histories of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River estuary as inferred from scale and otolith microchemistry Author: Campbell, Lance A. Despite evidence that juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) utilize North Pacific estuaries for growth and salinity acclimation, research in the Columbia River estuary has lead to opposing hypotheses about the estuary’s importance as a salmon rearing environment. Many contemporary tagging studies indicate that salmon residency within the estuary is short (< 1 week) and that mortality of estuarine migrants is a significant impediment to recovery of depressed salmon stocks. On the other hand, life history interpretations from fish scales collected early in the twentieth century suggest that juvenile Chinook salmon reared extensively in the estuary, leading some to hypothesize that life history variation has been constrained by anthropogenic changes in the Columbia River basin. To test these hypotheses we first validated previous methods of life history interpretation by comparing the results of otolith chemistry, scale chemistry, and scale morphology from juvenile salmon collected during monthly beach seine surveys in 2003. Although scale and otolith chemistry were strongly correlated, and scale chemistry was an accurate indicator of salt-water entry, scale morphometric characteristics did not coincide consistently with the time of salmon entry into brackish water. We measured Strontium 86 and Calcium 43 in salmon otoliths collected in the lower Columbia River estuary in 2003-05 to quantify the period of salt-water residency of juvenile salmon and to back-calculate their size at salt-water entry. The estimated salt-water residency of juvenile Chinook ranged from 0-176 days with a mean residence time of 54, 67 and 30 days in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Chinook salmon that resided in salt water for more than 30 days comprised 55, 51 and 30% of the total estuary beach seine collections during each of these years. Forty to fifty percent of Chinook salmon had entered the saline portion of the estuary at a fork length < 60 mm. Furthermore we found a negative relationship between the size and time of entry with residency, where smaller earlier migrants on average resided for longer periods then larger late migrants. Peak migration times occurred in May, and 90% of the outmigration was completed by August 30 in all years. This pattern is substantially truncated relative to the results of a 1914-1916 salmon life-history survey, which showed that the historical outmigration period lasted well into the fall and was characterized by late pulses of new recruits into the lower estuary. Nonetheless, recent otolith results indicate that subyearling Chinook salmon use the saline portion of the estuary in a high proportion and for extended periods of time in contrast to short residency times reported by contemporary tagging and marking studies. Close

• 308. [Article] Emergency fire rehabilitation of BLM lands in the Great Basin : revegetation & monitoring

  The Bureau of Land Managements (BLM) Emergency Fire Rehabilitation (EFR) policy was developed in 1985 to encourage protection of sites from soil erosion and to minimize potential changes in vegetation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Emergency fire rehabilitation of BLM lands in the Great Basin : revegetation & monitoring Author: McArthur, Ted O. The Bureau of Land Managements (BLM) Emergency Fire Rehabilitation (EFR) policy was developed in 1985 to encourage protection of sites from soil erosion and to minimize potential changes in vegetation communities that may result from the dominance of weedy species. To achieve the goals of EFR policy, managers often used introduced perennial grasses that established quicker and competed better with introduced annuals than did native plants. However, the change of sagebrush-grass communities to communities dominated by introduced forage grasses has led to concerns for wildlife habitat. This concern contributed to a policy change encouraging the use of native species, when available, for rehabilitation projects. This study attempts to assess the effectiveness of BLM EFR projects in meeting the stated goals of the BLM EFR policy in the Great Basin. To do this, two field offices per state were randomly selected from an inclusive list of all Great Basin field offices. In 2001, we randomly selected three EFR projects per field office from those projects that used native species. On each project site, we used a common monitoring technique in association with monitoring techniques implemented by the BLM to assess if national EFR objectives were being met. A semi-structured survey was developed to determine the potential reasons why native and introduced plants were either used or not used, why monitoring was and was not proposed, and whether monitoring was implemented in rehabilitation projects. BLM monitoring techniques did not adequately evaluate EFR goal achievement. The time it took to implement any of the BLM methods did not differ significantly from the time needed to implement the common protocol on the two projects where BLM had implemented monitoring and used native plants (F[subscript 3,12]=1.63, P=0.23). Cost to implement the common monitoring technique was minimal and it directly measured aspects of stated EFR policy goals. Vegetative cover of all natives, seeded and volunteers, contributed half of the overall cover on EFR projects and was significantly higher than sown introduced species. Invasive species were intermediate and did not differ significantly from either the natives or the introduced. The seeded species were a subset of the native or introduced classes. Composition by cover between sown native, sown introduced, and invasive species did not differ significantly. Vegetation cover increased the surface soil stability 39% of the time and subsurface stability 56% beneath the vegetation. Respondents of the survey stated that they generally use more natives and more complex seed mixtures than they did historically. Many also stated that they prefer to use native over introduced species. However, most felt that introduced species are more effective in meeting EFR goals on the degraded sites than native species. All respondents would like to access a summarized report of other rehabilitation projects. The respondents were split between accessing it through the World Wide Web or through a written report. We believe that a common database could be created and maintained on the World Wide Web if a common sampling protocol was implemented. Title: Emergency fire rehabilitation of BLM lands in the Great Basin : revegetation & monitoring Author: McArthur, Ted O. The Bureau of Land Managements (BLM) Emergency Fire Rehabilitation (EFR) policy was developed in 1985 to encourage protection of sites from soil erosion and to minimize potential changes in vegetation communities that may result from the dominance of weedy species. To achieve the goals of EFR policy, managers often used introduced perennial grasses that established quicker and competed better with introduced annuals than did native plants. However, the change of sagebrush-grass communities to communities dominated by introduced forage grasses has led to concerns for wildlife habitat. This concern contributed to a policy change encouraging the use of native species, when available, for rehabilitation projects. This study attempts to assess the effectiveness of BLM EFR projects in meeting the stated goals of the BLM EFR policy in the Great Basin. To do this, two field offices per state were randomly selected from an inclusive list of all Great Basin field offices. In 2001, we randomly selected three EFR projects per field office from those projects that used native species. On each project site, we used a common monitoring technique in association with monitoring techniques implemented by the BLM to assess if national EFR objectives were being met. A semi-structured survey was developed to determine the potential reasons why native and introduced plants were either used or not used, why monitoring was and was not proposed, and whether monitoring was implemented in rehabilitation projects. BLM monitoring techniques did not adequately evaluate EFR goal achievement. The time it took to implement any of the BLM methods did not differ significantly from the time needed to implement the common protocol on the two projects where BLM had implemented monitoring and used native plants (F[subscript 3,12]=1.63, P=0.23). Cost to implement the common monitoring technique was minimal and it directly measured aspects of stated EFR policy goals. Vegetative cover of all natives, seeded and volunteers, contributed half of the overall cover on EFR projects and was significantly higher than sown introduced species. Invasive species were intermediate and did not differ significantly from either the natives or the introduced. The seeded species were a subset of the native or introduced classes. Composition by cover between sown native, sown introduced, and invasive species did not differ significantly. Vegetation cover increased the surface soil stability 39% of the time and subsurface stability 56% beneath the vegetation. Respondents of the survey stated that they generally use more natives and more complex seed mixtures than they did historically. Many also stated that they prefer to use native over introduced species. However, most felt that introduced species are more effective in meeting EFR goals on the degraded sites than native species. All respondents would like to access a summarized report of other rehabilitation projects. The respondents were split between accessing it through the World Wide Web or through a written report. We believe that a common database could be created and maintained on the World Wide Web if a common sampling protocol was implemented. Close

• 309. [Article] Twenty-year changes in riparian bird communities of east-central Oregon

  Over the last 50 years, riparian zones in the semi-arid West have gained recognition as disproportionately important habitats for both breeding bird communities and agricultural operations. Despite growing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Twenty-year changes in riparian bird communities of east-central Oregon Author: Ellis, Michael S. Over the last 50 years, riparian zones in the semi-arid West have gained recognition as disproportionately important habitats for both breeding bird communities and agricultural operations. Despite growing interest in exploring avian-habitat relationships in these systems to better inform land management, few studies have attempted to describe temporal changes in the region's riparian bird communities. To provide a frame of reference for these changes, we compared indices of avian abundance and diversity from three streamside vegetation associations in east-central Oregon during the 2014 breeding season with baseline data collected by TA Sanders and WD Edge in 1993 and 1994 (Sanders and Edge 1998). Our objectives were to identify patterns of change in the avian community with a focus on riparian shrub-dependent species, to re-examine previously reported relationships between avian abundance and vegetation volume, and to identify possible causes of declines in abundance and diversity with the goal of providing land managers in the semi-arid region information to be used in the guidance and adaptation of management practices. We combined field protocols used by Sanders and Edge to survey birds along point count transects and to measure riparian vegetation with modern analytical techniques. We found few major differences in overall diversity between study periods, but documented precipitous declines in detections for two of three riparian shrub-dependent focal species - Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia) and Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax trailii). Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) detections declined by a smaller margin. Changes in number of detections for these species did not reflect trends in mesic shrub volume, which had been identified as a likely driver of obligate species abundance by Sanders and Edge but remained relatively unchanged between study periods. Declines of all three focal species reflected regional Breeding Bird Survey trends, corroborating our finding that their declines may not be a result of changes in local site conditions. Compositional similarity between avian communities was significantly higher in 2014 than in 1993-1994, exhibiting a shift toward greater homogenization between structurally distinct riparian habitats. Our results suggest managing working lands for riparian shrub cover or volume, an important metric of grazing intensity and riparian system health, may not be enough to conserve diversity and abundance of riparian-shrub dependent birds, and more work should be done to identify and alleviate factors contributing to these species' declines. Title: Twenty-year changes in riparian bird communities of east-central Oregon Author: Ellis, Michael S. Over the last 50 years, riparian zones in the semi-arid West have gained recognition as disproportionately important habitats for both breeding bird communities and agricultural operations. Despite growing interest in exploring avian-habitat relationships in these systems to better inform land management, few studies have attempted to describe temporal changes in the region's riparian bird communities. To provide a frame of reference for these changes, we compared indices of avian abundance and diversity from three streamside vegetation associations in east-central Oregon during the 2014 breeding season with baseline data collected by TA Sanders and WD Edge in 1993 and 1994 (Sanders and Edge 1998). Our objectives were to identify patterns of change in the avian community with a focus on riparian shrub-dependent species, to re-examine previously reported relationships between avian abundance and vegetation volume, and to identify possible causes of declines in abundance and diversity with the goal of providing land managers in the semi-arid region information to be used in the guidance and adaptation of management practices. We combined field protocols used by Sanders and Edge to survey birds along point count transects and to measure riparian vegetation with modern analytical techniques. We found few major differences in overall diversity between study periods, but documented precipitous declines in detections for two of three riparian shrub-dependent focal species - Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia) and Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax trailii). Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) detections declined by a smaller margin. Changes in number of detections for these species did not reflect trends in mesic shrub volume, which had been identified as a likely driver of obligate species abundance by Sanders and Edge but remained relatively unchanged between study periods. Declines of all three focal species reflected regional Breeding Bird Survey trends, corroborating our finding that their declines may not be a result of changes in local site conditions. Compositional similarity between avian communities was significantly higher in 2014 than in 1993-1994, exhibiting a shift toward greater homogenization between structurally distinct riparian habitats. Our results suggest managing working lands for riparian shrub cover or volume, an important metric of grazing intensity and riparian system health, may not be enough to conserve diversity and abundance of riparian-shrub dependent birds, and more work should be done to identify and alleviate factors contributing to these species' declines. Close

• 310. [Article] A chemosystematic study of the phylogenetic position of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh. (Brassicaceae) employing numerical methods

  The Brassicaceae, Mustard Family, is a well marked natural family, whose tetramerous flowers, tetradynamous stamens, and distinctive bi- carpellary fruits, clearly distinguish it from related families. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A chemosystematic study of the phylogenetic position of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh. (Brassicaceae) employing numerical methods Author: Kaplan, Hesh J. The Brassicaceae, Mustard Family, is a well marked natural family, whose tetramerous flowers, tetradynamous stamens, and distinctive bi- carpellary fruits, clearly distinguish it from related families. It is a large family of some 3, 000 recognized species and over 300 genera. Although numerous attempts have been made over the past two centuries to develop a taxonomic system that would organize the family into natural, or at the least convenient, groupings, no proposal has met with general acceptance. This investigation is a new attempt to understand intergeneric relationships. To scale this effort to a manageable scope, I selected the genus Arabidopsis, in particular the species A. thaliana, as the focus of all investigations. An important aspect of this thesis is that it introduces research techniques that have evolved since the family was last examined. Chemical methods used include protein electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography of flavonoid and related compounds. A variety of computer-assisted numerical analyses were performed on both chemical and morphological data sets. A total of 54 species were investigated, representing 37 genera. The electrophoresis survey showed that many of the bands of the enzyme fructose 1, 6- diphosphate aldolase (1.U.B. No. 4.1.2.13) did not represent true isozymes, but were the results of secondary interactions between the enzymes and phenolic compounds. These artifacts were eliminated when a number of precautions were exercised during the extraction process, notably the washing of the plant extracts with synthetic phenolic-binding compounds (XAD-4 and polyclar-AT). Neither the electrophoresis nor the TLC surveys generated data sets that produced rational phenograms when clustering strategies were applied. Counter to expectations, each species was characterized by unique flavonoid idiogram patterns. Similarly, the electrophoretic phenotypes failed to generate reasonable phenograms although they support recognized intrageneric groupings. A correlation was observed between flavonoid distribution and plant habit. A significant quality of the 37 genera analyzed was their failure to form consistent groupings. The plants were shown to be widely scattered in the multidimensional character space, and clusters were markedly influenced by algorithm choice. However, two distinct groupings did emerge when the several numerical approaches were compared. The groups are separated by differing attitudes of the cotyledons with respect to the seed radicle. This single character difference was reinforced by weak but consistent correlations with chemical data. This finding sustains the method devised by de Cando lle and popularized by Schulz, who relied on cotyledonary position as a primary criterion for delimiting the tribes of the Brassicaceae. As a corollary, my numerical results place Arabidopsis near Sisymbrium and remote from its historical allies, Arabis and Cardamine. The limits of the genus Arabidopsis and a natural classification system for the Brassicaceae were not resolved by this work. However, the problems inherent in these tasks were identified. Title: A chemosystematic study of the phylogenetic position of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) heynh. (Brassicaceae) employing numerical methods Author: Kaplan, Hesh J. The Brassicaceae, Mustard Family, is a well marked natural family, whose tetramerous flowers, tetradynamous stamens, and distinctive bi- carpellary fruits, clearly distinguish it from related families. It is a large family of some 3, 000 recognized species and over 300 genera. Although numerous attempts have been made over the past two centuries to develop a taxonomic system that would organize the family into natural, or at the least convenient, groupings, no proposal has met with general acceptance. This investigation is a new attempt to understand intergeneric relationships. To scale this effort to a manageable scope, I selected the genus Arabidopsis, in particular the species A. thaliana, as the focus of all investigations. An important aspect of this thesis is that it introduces research techniques that have evolved since the family was last examined. Chemical methods used include protein electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography of flavonoid and related compounds. A variety of computer-assisted numerical analyses were performed on both chemical and morphological data sets. A total of 54 species were investigated, representing 37 genera. The electrophoresis survey showed that many of the bands of the enzyme fructose 1, 6- diphosphate aldolase (1.U.B. No. 4.1.2.13) did not represent true isozymes, but were the results of secondary interactions between the enzymes and phenolic compounds. These artifacts were eliminated when a number of precautions were exercised during the extraction process, notably the washing of the plant extracts with synthetic phenolic-binding compounds (XAD-4 and polyclar-AT). Neither the electrophoresis nor the TLC surveys generated data sets that produced rational phenograms when clustering strategies were applied. Counter to expectations, each species was characterized by unique flavonoid idiogram patterns. Similarly, the electrophoretic phenotypes failed to generate reasonable phenograms although they support recognized intrageneric groupings. A correlation was observed between flavonoid distribution and plant habit. A significant quality of the 37 genera analyzed was their failure to form consistent groupings. The plants were shown to be widely scattered in the multidimensional character space, and clusters were markedly influenced by algorithm choice. However, two distinct groupings did emerge when the several numerical approaches were compared. The groups are separated by differing attitudes of the cotyledons with respect to the seed radicle. This single character difference was reinforced by weak but consistent correlations with chemical data. This finding sustains the method devised by de Cando lle and popularized by Schulz, who relied on cotyledonary position as a primary criterion for delimiting the tribes of the Brassicaceae. As a corollary, my numerical results place Arabidopsis near Sisymbrium and remote from its historical allies, Arabis and Cardamine. The limits of the genus Arabidopsis and a natural classification system for the Brassicaceae were not resolved by this work. However, the problems inherent in these tasks were identified. Close

• 311. [Article] Trace-element Analysis of Ancient Near Eastern Ceramics from the Mid-4th Millennium to 3rd Millennium BC

  This dataset contains trace-element data, descriptive information, and photographs for 1778 ceramic vessels from the Near East dating to the mid-4th millennium through 3rd millennium BC. Samples were selected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trace-element Analysis of Ancient Near Eastern Ceramics from the Mid-4th Millennium to 3rd Millennium BC Author: Minc, Leah D. This dataset contains trace-element data, descriptive information, and photographs for 1778 ceramic vessels from the Near East dating to the mid-4th millennium through 3rd millennium BC. Samples were selected from existing collections and submitted for INAA at the OSU Archaeometry Lab between 2010 and 2014. The sample included material from Southern Mesopotamia, The Susiana Plain, Tell Brak, Jebel Aruda, Tell Hadidi, Tell Humeida, Nineveh, Godin Tepe, Kunji Cave, Tal-e Geser, Mamasani, the Kur River Basin, Yanik Tepe, Tepe Hissar, Sang-e Chakmaq, Tal-I Iblis, Tepe Yahya, Shar-I Sokhta, Bampur, and Makran. Title: Trace-element Analysis of Ancient Near Eastern Ceramics from the Mid-4th Millennium to 3rd Millennium BC Author: Minc, Leah D. This dataset contains trace-element data, descriptive information, and photographs for 1778 ceramic vessels from the Near East dating to the mid-4th millennium through 3rd millennium BC. Samples were selected from existing collections and submitted for INAA at the OSU Archaeometry Lab between 2010 and 2014. The sample included material from Southern Mesopotamia, The Susiana Plain, Tell Brak, Jebel Aruda, Tell Hadidi, Tell Humeida, Nineveh, Godin Tepe, Kunji Cave, Tal-e Geser, Mamasani, the Kur River Basin, Yanik Tepe, Tepe Hissar, Sang-e Chakmaq, Tal-I Iblis, Tepe Yahya, Shar-I Sokhta, Bampur, and Makran. Close

• 312. [Article] Poleward flow off central California during the spring and summer of 1981 and 1984

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Poleward flow off central California during the spring and summer of 1981 and 1984 Author: Chelton, Dudley B., Bernstein, Robert L., Bratkovich, Alan W., Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: Poleward flow off central California during the spring and summer of 1981 and 1984 Author: Chelton, Dudley B., Bernstein, Robert L., Bratkovich, Alan W., Kosro, P. Michael, 1951- Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 313. [Article] Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon

  Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon Author: Latta, Gregory S., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced growth. Over the same time period, harvest rates on private lands have varied, with no distinct trend to the variation. In the most recent survey (1999), industrial and NIPF inventories differed by less than 8% (1.786 billion ft³ versus 1.655 billion ft³), while the NIPF timberland base was only two-thirds of the industrial base (1.105 million ac versus 1.603 million ac). This study employs recent inventories and even-flow and market-based harvest simulators to develop projections of future harvest potentials. For industrial lands, even-flow and market-based projections of future harvest potential over the next 50 yr are approximately half of average harvests over the past 40 yr. For NIPF lands the even-flow projection is 20% higher than the historical harvest average, while the market-based projection indicates potential for a substantial but short-lived increase in near-term harvest. Inventories on industrial lands rise under both projections, while NIPF inventories remain fairly stable. Continued loss of land from NIPF ownerships to other owners and uses has limited influence on the market-based NIPF harvest projection until after 2050. A simulated policy of expanded riparian protection zones reduces harvest on both ownerships roughly in proportion to the area removed from the harvestable land base. A simulated requirement to retain 30% more residual volume in partially cut stands reduces harvest by 5% on combined private ownerships and increases total inventory by 13% after 50 yr. Title: Private timber harvest potential in Eastern Oregon Author: Latta, Gregory S., Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Adams, Darius Mainard, 1944- Growing stock inventory on industrial and nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in eastern Oregon has declined over the past 20 yr, as harvesting and mortality losses to insects and disease have outpaced growth. Over the same time period, harvest rates on private lands have varied, with no distinct trend to the variation. In the most recent survey (1999), industrial and NIPF inventories differed by less than 8% (1.786 billion ft³ versus 1.655 billion ft³), while the NIPF timberland base was only two-thirds of the industrial base (1.105 million ac versus 1.603 million ac). This study employs recent inventories and even-flow and market-based harvest simulators to develop projections of future harvest potentials. For industrial lands, even-flow and market-based projections of future harvest potential over the next 50 yr are approximately half of average harvests over the past 40 yr. For NIPF lands the even-flow projection is 20% higher than the historical harvest average, while the market-based projection indicates potential for a substantial but short-lived increase in near-term harvest. Inventories on industrial lands rise under both projections, while NIPF inventories remain fairly stable. Continued loss of land from NIPF ownerships to other owners and uses has limited influence on the market-based NIPF harvest projection until after 2050. A simulated policy of expanded riparian protection zones reduces harvest on both ownerships roughly in proportion to the area removed from the harvestable land base. A simulated requirement to retain 30% more residual volume in partially cut stands reduces harvest by 5% on combined private ownerships and increases total inventory by 13% after 50 yr. Close

• 314. [Article] Mapping semi-regular autonomous underwater vehicle glider observations onto a cross-shelf section

  Two Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Gliders have alternated continuous sampling of a 45-nautical mile transect line (the Newport Hydrographic Line) across the Oregon continental shelf since April, 2006. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping semi-regular autonomous underwater vehicle glider observations onto a cross-shelf section Author: Peery, Andrew Tristan Two Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Gliders have alternated continuous sampling of a 45-nautical mile transect line (the Newport Hydrographic Line) across the Oregon continental shelf since April, 2006. Strong currents (>25cm/s) push the gliders off their trajectories as they survey this transect line, preventing them from sampling the historically occupied stations exactly. Three methods were used to map the semi-regular glider data onto a cross-shelf line: (1) an algorithm that groups data by isobaths then block-averages the data, (2) an objective analysis that employs fixed along-isobath and cross-isobath correlation scales, and (3) a hybrid combination of the isobath-binning algorithm and objective analysis. To determine validity and accuracy, the mapping procedures are tested by comparison to moored observations at NH-10 on the Newport Line in 80m water depth while varying the spatial and temporal averaging scales. Isobath binning showed the best agreement with moored observations at the monthly timescale, while objective analysis showed the best agreement with moored observations at the weekly timescale. The hybrid method improved the agreement of the objective analysis at larger timescales. Title: Mapping semi-regular autonomous underwater vehicle glider observations onto a cross-shelf section Author: Peery, Andrew Tristan Two Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Gliders have alternated continuous sampling of a 45-nautical mile transect line (the Newport Hydrographic Line) across the Oregon continental shelf since April, 2006. Strong currents (>25cm/s) push the gliders off their trajectories as they survey this transect line, preventing them from sampling the historically occupied stations exactly. Three methods were used to map the semi-regular glider data onto a cross-shelf line: (1) an algorithm that groups data by isobaths then block-averages the data, (2) an objective analysis that employs fixed along-isobath and cross-isobath correlation scales, and (3) a hybrid combination of the isobath-binning algorithm and objective analysis. To determine validity and accuracy, the mapping procedures are tested by comparison to moored observations at NH-10 on the Newport Line in 80m water depth while varying the spatial and temporal averaging scales. Isobath binning showed the best agreement with moored observations at the monthly timescale, while objective analysis showed the best agreement with moored observations at the weekly timescale. The hybrid method improved the agreement of the objective analysis at larger timescales. Close

• 315. [Article] Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996–2012

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996–2012 Author: Baker, Edward T., Haxel, Joseph, Dziak, Robert P., Chadwick, William W., Jr., Embley, Robert W., et al., Greene, Ron, Merle, Susan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291525-2027/. Title: Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin: 1996–2012 Author: Baker, Edward T., Haxel, Joseph, Dziak, Robert P., Chadwick, William W., Jr., Embley, Robert W., et al., Greene, Ron, Merle, Susan G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Geophysical Union and can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291525-2027/. Close

• 316. [Article] Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates

  This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Close

• 317. [Article] Fold growth due to kink-band migration in repeated earthquakes, Sierra de Villicum, San Juan, Argentina

  Growth strata geometries and deformed geomorphic surfaces reflect the shorttimescale growth of Sierra de Villicum (San Juan Province, Argentina). Accumulated deformation in repeated earthquakes is recorded ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fold growth due to kink-band migration in repeated earthquakes, Sierra de Villicum, San Juan, Argentina Author: Krugh, William C. Growth strata geometries and deformed geomorphic surfaces reflect the shorttimescale growth of Sierra de Villicum (San Juan Province, Argentina). Accumulated deformation in repeated earthquakes is recorded by the structural geometry of deformed geomorphic surfaces. Through geologic mapping and topographic surveying, six strath terraces were identified on the eastern flank of Sierra de Villicum. A comparison between the modem channel and long terrace profiles indicates that recent deformation is restricted to the eastern half of the study area. In this region, the terrace surfaces are folded - 15° from their original orientation with the fold axes of younger terraces located progressively to the east. This folding has created stepped topography that is interpreted to reflect eastward migration of an active axial surface through repeated earthquakes. Ages for the terrace surfaces were obtained through physical correlation with similar surfaces to the south of the study area. These surfaces are dated at 18700, 6800, and 1500 yr BP using cosmogenic radionuclide exposure age dating (Siame et al., 2002) Deformation rates were calculated by measuring the displacement between the preserved growth axial surface and the active axial surface for each terrace level. On the basis of the inferred terrace ages, the measured axial surface positions yields average vertical displacement rates of 1.25±0.3 mm/yr and average horizontal displacement rates of 4.6±1.0 mm/yr. The close correlation between historically documented deformation and measured fold displacements suggests the discovery of new evidence for fold growth during a devastating Ms. 7.4 earthquake in 1944. Title: Fold growth due to kink-band migration in repeated earthquakes, Sierra de Villicum, San Juan, Argentina Author: Krugh, William C. Growth strata geometries and deformed geomorphic surfaces reflect the shorttimescale growth of Sierra de Villicum (San Juan Province, Argentina). Accumulated deformation in repeated earthquakes is recorded by the structural geometry of deformed geomorphic surfaces. Through geologic mapping and topographic surveying, six strath terraces were identified on the eastern flank of Sierra de Villicum. A comparison between the modem channel and long terrace profiles indicates that recent deformation is restricted to the eastern half of the study area. In this region, the terrace surfaces are folded - 15° from their original orientation with the fold axes of younger terraces located progressively to the east. This folding has created stepped topography that is interpreted to reflect eastward migration of an active axial surface through repeated earthquakes. Ages for the terrace surfaces were obtained through physical correlation with similar surfaces to the south of the study area. These surfaces are dated at 18700, 6800, and 1500 yr BP using cosmogenic radionuclide exposure age dating (Siame et al., 2002) Deformation rates were calculated by measuring the displacement between the preserved growth axial surface and the active axial surface for each terrace level. On the basis of the inferred terrace ages, the measured axial surface positions yields average vertical displacement rates of 1.25±0.3 mm/yr and average horizontal displacement rates of 4.6±1.0 mm/yr. The close correlation between historically documented deformation and measured fold displacements suggests the discovery of new evidence for fold growth during a devastating Ms. 7.4 earthquake in 1944. Close

• 318. [Article] Oregon's forest sector innovation system : an investigation towards advanced performance

  Innovation is a critical component for long term success of an organization. However, being innovative is rarely easy. Successful implementation of any innovation (product, process, or business system) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's forest sector innovation system : an investigation towards advanced performance Author: Orozco, Nadine C. Innovation is a critical component for long term success of an organization. However, being innovative is rarely easy. Successful implementation of any innovation (product, process, or business system) can heavily rely on the functionality of the current innovation system in a given industry. An innovation system is composed of policies, companies, individuals, and other major actors that may play a role in the development and diffusion of an innovation into the marketplace. Historically, the forest products industry has faced numerous challenges in remaining innovative: outside forces provide few incentives or favorable policies while poor communication among industry sectors impedes creative growth from within. An in-depth analysis of why the forest sector innovation system is not performing at a higher level is therefore essential. This thesis outlines results gathered from personal interviews with industry professionals and an industry survey on key policies, incentives, organizations, and the condition of Oregon's forest sector innovation system in general. Ultimately, the research provides recommendations for an improved forest sector innovation system that can, in turn, increase competitiveness and synergies among forest sector companies, higher education, and other businesses in Oregon. Title: Oregon's forest sector innovation system : an investigation towards advanced performance Author: Orozco, Nadine C. Innovation is a critical component for long term success of an organization. However, being innovative is rarely easy. Successful implementation of any innovation (product, process, or business system) can heavily rely on the functionality of the current innovation system in a given industry. An innovation system is composed of policies, companies, individuals, and other major actors that may play a role in the development and diffusion of an innovation into the marketplace. Historically, the forest products industry has faced numerous challenges in remaining innovative: outside forces provide few incentives or favorable policies while poor communication among industry sectors impedes creative growth from within. An in-depth analysis of why the forest sector innovation system is not performing at a higher level is therefore essential. This thesis outlines results gathered from personal interviews with industry professionals and an industry survey on key policies, incentives, organizations, and the condition of Oregon's forest sector innovation system in general. Ultimately, the research provides recommendations for an improved forest sector innovation system that can, in turn, increase competitiveness and synergies among forest sector companies, higher education, and other businesses in Oregon. Close

• 319. [Article] An evaluation of biological control of Linaria dalmatica with Mecinus janthinus in Oregon

  Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) has become a prolific invasive plant of rangelands in Oregon since its arrival in the early 20th century. In 2001, the Oregon Department of Agriculture initiated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of biological control of Linaria dalmatica with Mecinus janthinus in Oregon Author: Park, Alexander (Alexander Guy) Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) has become a prolific invasive plant of rangelands in Oregon since its arrival in the early 20th century. In 2001, the Oregon Department of Agriculture initiated a release program promoting the distribution of the stem-boring weevil, Mecinus janthinus as classical biological control agent to reduce densities of Dalmatian toadflax and improve ecological integrity. This retrospective study sought to answer [1] What impact has M. janthinus had on reducing densities of Dalmatian toadflax, [2] Is M. janthinus spreading naturally to new sites, [3] Should ODA still facilitate spread of the agent, [4] If the program is successful, what is the long-term benefit acquired from this biological control program? These questions were answered using historical biological release forms and monitoring data, and a 2013 state-wide survey of Dalmatian toadflax and M. janthinus. The results show that M. janthinus has reduced average Dalmatian toadflax densities from 9.45 ± 1.34/m² prior to release, to 5.5 ± 1.1/m² after release. It was also found that the weevil has naturally migrated beyond their original release sites, and that there was no correlation between distance from release site and abundance of the weevil. These results indicate that ODA and its partners no longer need to distribute M. janthinus. Predictive modeling indicates that the current infestation of Dalmatian toadflax has reached 1% of its mean biological potential, while further expansion will be limited by the presence of M. janthinus. Reduction of plant density through biocontrol is of particular benefit to cattle production in Oregon where conventional control strategies of Dalmatian toadflax could reduce the annual value per acre of grazed land could be reduced by 6.5%. Title: An evaluation of biological control of Linaria dalmatica with Mecinus janthinus in Oregon Author: Park, Alexander (Alexander Guy) Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) has become a prolific invasive plant of rangelands in Oregon since its arrival in the early 20th century. In 2001, the Oregon Department of Agriculture initiated a release program promoting the distribution of the stem-boring weevil, Mecinus janthinus as classical biological control agent to reduce densities of Dalmatian toadflax and improve ecological integrity. This retrospective study sought to answer [1] What impact has M. janthinus had on reducing densities of Dalmatian toadflax, [2] Is M. janthinus spreading naturally to new sites, [3] Should ODA still facilitate spread of the agent, [4] If the program is successful, what is the long-term benefit acquired from this biological control program? These questions were answered using historical biological release forms and monitoring data, and a 2013 state-wide survey of Dalmatian toadflax and M. janthinus. The results show that M. janthinus has reduced average Dalmatian toadflax densities from 9.45 ± 1.34/m² prior to release, to 5.5 ± 1.1/m² after release. It was also found that the weevil has naturally migrated beyond their original release sites, and that there was no correlation between distance from release site and abundance of the weevil. These results indicate that ODA and its partners no longer need to distribute M. janthinus. Predictive modeling indicates that the current infestation of Dalmatian toadflax has reached 1% of its mean biological potential, while further expansion will be limited by the presence of M. janthinus. Reduction of plant density through biocontrol is of particular benefit to cattle production in Oregon where conventional control strategies of Dalmatian toadflax could reduce the annual value per acre of grazed land could be reduced by 6.5%. Close

• 320. [Article] The Promises and Perils of Building a Co-Management Regime: An Assessment of New Zealand's Efforts between 1999 and 2005

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Promises and Perils of Building a Co-Management Regime: An Assessment of New Zealand's Efforts between 1999 and 2005 Author: Yandle, Tracy Research Paper Title: The Promises and Perils of Building a Co-Management Regime: An Assessment of New Zealand's Efforts between 1999 and 2005 Author: Yandle, Tracy Research Paper Close

• 321. [Article] Oregon commercial dungeness crab fishery : a review of the fishery, fishing fleet profile and pot limitation approaches : to supplement a discussion on development of a pot limitation system for Oregon : draft report

  "September, 2001, Updated October, 2002" - note from cover. "This report reviews the Oregon's ocean commercial Dungeness crab fishery. It provides both a present and historical evaluation of the fishery, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon commercial dungeness crab fishery : a review of the fishery, fishing fleet profile and pot limitation approaches : to supplement a discussion on development of a pot limitation system for Oregon : draft report Author: Schaefer, John, Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Marine Resources Program, Kaiser, Rod, McLean-Cooper, Nancy "September, 2001, Updated October, 2002" - note from cover. "This report reviews the Oregon's ocean commercial Dungeness crab fishery. It provides both a present and historical evaluation of the fishery, its vessel effort, and gear use, but emphasizes more recent analysis and information relevant to a discussion of pot limits. It describes a "fleet profile" for Oregon's active crab fleet, its production, gear (pot) distribution by vessel size categories, and how fleet composition and seasonal landing patterns have changed in recent years. It evaluates several possible approaches for consideration of pot limits and shows examples of those approaches in the form of a possible option with estimated gear impacts (increase or decrease in gear) of each option should it be implemented. And finally, it includes a final report on the Winter 2001 ODFW mail-out survey on pot limits that sought opinion and comment from all Oregon crab limited entry permit holders on the issue of pot limits." (from the Preface) Title: Oregon commercial dungeness crab fishery : a review of the fishery, fishing fleet profile and pot limitation approaches : to supplement a discussion on development of a pot limitation system for Oregon : draft report Author: Schaefer, John, Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Marine Resources Program, Kaiser, Rod, McLean-Cooper, Nancy "September, 2001, Updated October, 2002" - note from cover. "This report reviews the Oregon's ocean commercial Dungeness crab fishery. It provides both a present and historical evaluation of the fishery, its vessel effort, and gear use, but emphasizes more recent analysis and information relevant to a discussion of pot limits. It describes a "fleet profile" for Oregon's active crab fleet, its production, gear (pot) distribution by vessel size categories, and how fleet composition and seasonal landing patterns have changed in recent years. It evaluates several possible approaches for consideration of pot limits and shows examples of those approaches in the form of a possible option with estimated gear impacts (increase or decrease in gear) of each option should it be implemented. And finally, it includes a final report on the Winter 2001 ODFW mail-out survey on pot limits that sought opinion and comment from all Oregon crab limited entry permit holders on the issue of pot limits." (from the Preface) Close

• 322. [Article] The seafood ecolabeling experience in France: a new a new market for lemons?

  As compared to other countries, France has been involved very lately in the discussion about fisheries ecolabelling. Reluctant to adopt the existing ecolabels, the professional organisations, the Ministry ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The seafood ecolabeling experience in France: a new a new market for lemons? Author: Perraudeau, Yves, Guillotreau, Patrice, Salladarré, Frédéric, Monfort, Marie-Christine As compared to other countries, France has been involved very lately in the discussion about fisheries ecolabelling. Reluctant to adopt the existing ecolabels, the professional organisations, the Ministry of food, agriculture and fisheries and the European Commission itself tend to create their own label guidelines to take into consideration other criteria than the mere ecological sustainability. In the meantime, some influential processors and retailing chains are involved in various initiatives covering a wide range of more or less credible emerging ecolabels. The ongoing process is therefore uncertain about the conventional standard(s) that may come out of the asymmetrical situation between the poorly informed consumers on the one hand and the current investment of the whole value chain for more or less consistent fisheries ecolabels on the other.First, a brief historical look at the various events surrounding the European and French dissemination of ecolabels is proposed in the present research, revealing the confusing emergence of a standard that could be socially accepted by the stake-holders. Secondly, from an overall survey dealing with the public image of the fishing industry in Europe (5000 interviews throughout Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Denmark), a probit model applied to the willingness of developing an ecolabel for seafood products is estimated, showing the existing gap between the social awareness of responsible fisheries requirements and the actual criteria governing the consumer behaviour when purchasing fish. Some implications for the development of ecolabeling in Europe are discussed. Title: The seafood ecolabeling experience in France: a new a new market for lemons? Author: Perraudeau, Yves, Guillotreau, Patrice, Salladarré, Frédéric, Monfort, Marie-Christine As compared to other countries, France has been involved very lately in the discussion about fisheries ecolabelling. Reluctant to adopt the existing ecolabels, the professional organisations, the Ministry of food, agriculture and fisheries and the European Commission itself tend to create their own label guidelines to take into consideration other criteria than the mere ecological sustainability. In the meantime, some influential processors and retailing chains are involved in various initiatives covering a wide range of more or less credible emerging ecolabels. The ongoing process is therefore uncertain about the conventional standard(s) that may come out of the asymmetrical situation between the poorly informed consumers on the one hand and the current investment of the whole value chain for more or less consistent fisheries ecolabels on the other.First, a brief historical look at the various events surrounding the European and French dissemination of ecolabels is proposed in the present research, revealing the confusing emergence of a standard that could be socially accepted by the stake-holders. Secondly, from an overall survey dealing with the public image of the fishing industry in Europe (5000 interviews throughout Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Denmark), a probit model applied to the willingness of developing an ecolabel for seafood products is estimated, showing the existing gap between the social awareness of responsible fisheries requirements and the actual criteria governing the consumer behaviour when purchasing fish. Some implications for the development of ecolabeling in Europe are discussed. Close

• 323. [Article] Vegetation Change from the Euro-American Settlement Era to the Present in Relation to Environment and Disturbance in Southwest Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Northwest Scientific Association and can be found at: http://www.northwestscience.org/Default.aspx?pageId=937324. To the best ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation Change from the Euro-American Settlement Era to the Present in Relation to Environment and Disturbance in Southwest Oregon Author: Hosten, Paul E., Duren, Olivia C., Muir, Patricia S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Northwest Scientific Association and can be found at: http://www.northwestscience.org/Default.aspx?pageId=937324. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Vegetation Change from the Euro-American Settlement Era to the Present in Relation to Environment and Disturbance in Southwest Oregon Author: Hosten, Paul E., Duren, Olivia C., Muir, Patricia S. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Northwest Scientific Association and can be found at: http://www.northwestscience.org/Default.aspx?pageId=937324. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 324. [Article] A Bio-Economic Simulation Model for the Italian Fisheries

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Bio-Economic Simulation Model for the Italian Fisheries Author: Spagnolo, Massimo, Accadia, Paolo Research Paper Title: A Bio-Economic Simulation Model for the Italian Fisheries Author: Spagnolo, Massimo, Accadia, Paolo Research Paper Close

• 325. [Article] Fishery Responses to Changes in Oceanic Climates: The Case of the Oregon Ocean Shrimp Fishery

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishery Responses to Changes in Oceanic Climates: The Case of the Oregon Ocean Shrimp Fishery Author: Hannah, Robert W., Sylvia, Gil, Gallagher, Charmaine Marie Research Paper Title: Fishery Responses to Changes in Oceanic Climates: The Case of the Oregon Ocean Shrimp Fishery Author: Hannah, Robert W., Sylvia, Gil, Gallagher, Charmaine Marie Research Paper Close

• 326. [Article] A history of the department of defense dependents schools, Okinawa, Japan, 1946-1978

  The focus of this study was to identify persistent problems in the developmental history of the American Department of Defense dependents schools in Okinawa, Japan. The period of time covered was from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A history of the department of defense dependents schools, Okinawa, Japan, 1946-1978 Author: Brown, Harold Clifford The focus of this study was to identify persistent problems in the developmental history of the American Department of Defense dependents schools in Okinawa, Japan. The period of time covered was from 1946 through 1978. The study includes historical descriptions of curriculum development, obtaining and maintaining school facilities, and the changing ethnic composition of the student body. A review of major public laws, directives, and Congressional actions which influenced the dependents schools in Okinawa is also included. Several conclusions of the thesis are as follows: 1) Congressional site visits and surveys were a direct stimulus to improved educational programs for the overseas dependents schools; 2) staffing, facilities, increased enrollments and curriculum development problems in the dependents schools in Okinawa corresponded closely with those of the public schools located in the United States; 3) the unique features of the American dependents schools in Okinawa are the ethnic and cultural mix of the students, and the location in an Asian culture; and 4) an inordinate amount of time was spent by school officials in obtaining school facilities and logistical support. The study recommends that the Director of Dependents Schools should: 1) obtain authorization to restrict the movement of children overseas until adequate school facilities are provided; 2) systematically develop an educational program for American bilingual students in Okinawa; 3) direct school principals to include the study of Okinawan culture and language in the curriculum, and administratively support more involvement of American students in Okinawan activities; 4) continue the Five-Year Curriculum Development Plan with more parent and teacher participation; and 5) establish requirements to make annual reports direct to Congressional committees on the quality of education in overseas dependents schools. The study concludes that Congressional action withdrawing the management of dependents schools overseas from military control was justified. The American armed services placed a much higher priority on their military mission than school support for dependent children of officers, enlisted men, and civilians located overseas. Title: A history of the department of defense dependents schools, Okinawa, Japan, 1946-1978 Author: Brown, Harold Clifford The focus of this study was to identify persistent problems in the developmental history of the American Department of Defense dependents schools in Okinawa, Japan. The period of time covered was from 1946 through 1978. The study includes historical descriptions of curriculum development, obtaining and maintaining school facilities, and the changing ethnic composition of the student body. A review of major public laws, directives, and Congressional actions which influenced the dependents schools in Okinawa is also included. Several conclusions of the thesis are as follows: 1) Congressional site visits and surveys were a direct stimulus to improved educational programs for the overseas dependents schools; 2) staffing, facilities, increased enrollments and curriculum development problems in the dependents schools in Okinawa corresponded closely with those of the public schools located in the United States; 3) the unique features of the American dependents schools in Okinawa are the ethnic and cultural mix of the students, and the location in an Asian culture; and 4) an inordinate amount of time was spent by school officials in obtaining school facilities and logistical support. The study recommends that the Director of Dependents Schools should: 1) obtain authorization to restrict the movement of children overseas until adequate school facilities are provided; 2) systematically develop an educational program for American bilingual students in Okinawa; 3) direct school principals to include the study of Okinawan culture and language in the curriculum, and administratively support more involvement of American students in Okinawan activities; 4) continue the Five-Year Curriculum Development Plan with more parent and teacher participation; and 5) establish requirements to make annual reports direct to Congressional committees on the quality of education in overseas dependents schools. The study concludes that Congressional action withdrawing the management of dependents schools overseas from military control was justified. The American armed services placed a much higher priority on their military mission than school support for dependent children of officers, enlisted men, and civilians located overseas. Close

• 327. [Article] Gender and housework : postretirement change

  Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Title: Gender and housework : postretirement change Author: Richards, Catherine M. Retirement is a later life transition that may affect a variety of areas in a person's life. One area is the division of household labor. Historically, women have been responsible for and performed the majority of household labor. Women's responsibility for household labor follows the traditional dual sphere ideology, which is that women are responsible for the home and family and men are responsible for providing income. The transition to retirement may change the division of household labor and the relationship between gender attitudes and how much men and women invest in household labor. This issue was addressed using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households. The sample consisted of 172 married men and women who were not working full time and who self-identified as retired. Structural Equation Modeling was used to assess the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks before and after the retirement transition. For this sample, gender attitude and investment in routine tasks were stable over time. Results show that the relationship between gender attitude and investment in routine tasks was not significant for men but marginally significant for women. Women who had an egalitarian attitude before retirement increased their investment in routine tasks after retirement, which was opposite of the expected relationship. Housework may be used as a source of power for these women who may increase their investment to keep a power balance in their marriage. The results suggest that the retirement transition does not greatly influence the relationship between gender attitude and household labor. Further study should assess the influence of situational factors on this relationship. Situational pressures, such as external group norms or health complications, may affect the influence of gender attitudes on housework investment. Additionally, structural differences, such as remarriage or gay and lesbian relationships, may be important contexts in which to examine this relationship. Examining situational influences and researching different contexts are important future directions in the study of the division of household labor. Close

• 328. [Article] Sustainability, awareness, and commitment : examining Natural Resource Extension programs in the United States

  Today's landowners, citizens, and natural resource professionals are increasingly concerned about issues surrounding resource sustainability. Charged with addressing societal concerns through education, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainability, awareness, and commitment : examining Natural Resource Extension programs in the United States Author: Broussard, Shorna Renell Today's landowners, citizens, and natural resource professionals are increasingly concerned about issues surrounding resource sustainability. Charged with addressing societal concerns through education, Cooperative Extension is uniquely capable of meeting educational needs related to natural resource sustainability. In this research, we examined the program inputs, activities, and participation in Natural Resource Extension Education programs to examine awareness and commitment to sustainability. The data come from multiple sources and collection methods and include document analysis, interviews with key federal Extension administrators, a national survey of state Natural Resource Extension Administrators, detailed comparative case studies of Natural Resource Extension programs in Alabama and Oregon, and a budget and planning document analysis. While we found unified philosophical support for natural resources sustainability education at the county, state, and national levels, this support was not reflected in the actual commitment as measured by funding, staffing, programming, and program participation. The philosophical commitment to sustainability is but one of a constellation of factors that work together to influence the actual commitment to sustainability in Extension. Without the accompanying financial commitment and leadership, philosophical commitment in terms of attitudes will do little to help achieve sustainability in Natural Resource Extension. Major challenges to addressing sustainability through education were identified as 1) the historical orientation of Extension toward agriculture, 2) the lack of staffing, and 3) the lack of funding. The analysis presented here can aid other educators as they explore sustainability through educational programming. Title: Sustainability, awareness, and commitment : examining Natural Resource Extension programs in the United States Author: Broussard, Shorna Renell Today's landowners, citizens, and natural resource professionals are increasingly concerned about issues surrounding resource sustainability. Charged with addressing societal concerns through education, Cooperative Extension is uniquely capable of meeting educational needs related to natural resource sustainability. In this research, we examined the program inputs, activities, and participation in Natural Resource Extension Education programs to examine awareness and commitment to sustainability. The data come from multiple sources and collection methods and include document analysis, interviews with key federal Extension administrators, a national survey of state Natural Resource Extension Administrators, detailed comparative case studies of Natural Resource Extension programs in Alabama and Oregon, and a budget and planning document analysis. While we found unified philosophical support for natural resources sustainability education at the county, state, and national levels, this support was not reflected in the actual commitment as measured by funding, staffing, programming, and program participation. The philosophical commitment to sustainability is but one of a constellation of factors that work together to influence the actual commitment to sustainability in Extension. Without the accompanying financial commitment and leadership, philosophical commitment in terms of attitudes will do little to help achieve sustainability in Natural Resource Extension. Major challenges to addressing sustainability through education were identified as 1) the historical orientation of Extension toward agriculture, 2) the lack of staffing, and 3) the lack of funding. The analysis presented here can aid other educators as they explore sustainability through educational programming. Close

• 329. [Article] Proving up and pulling out : archaeology and history of early 20th century homesteading in southwestern Oregon

  The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proving up and pulling out : archaeology and history of early 20th century homesteading in southwestern Oregon Author: Lundgren, Stacy J. The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the review and documentation of purported forest homestead claims. One hundred years later, the forest-homestead examination files of the then-Crater National Forest (now the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest) in southwestern Oregon provide an historical record that exposes the motivations and actions of numerous individuals as they negotiated the steps entailed in the public-land-disposal process. Archival research and archaeological survey form the dual methodological approaches to determine answers to several questions, among them: who were the people who attempted forest homesteading in a rugged mountainous setting, and what were their primary motivations?; what sort of housing did they fashion for themselves in the higher slopes of the Cascade Range and Siskiyou Mountains; where upon the land did they choose to place their habitation areas?; what were the spatial arrangements of those habitation areas?; and, what today is the nature of the archaeological record of the forest homesteading phenomenon of the early 20th century? This research indicates that the high-volume timber lands of the southern Cascades and the rugged Siskiyou Mountains proved a singular enticement to the residents of Jackson County, Oregon. Vernacular housing was typically the standby structure of the American 'pioneer' ---the log cabin---often ineptly built, sparsely furnished, and infrequently occupied. The would-be homesteaders' actual use of the land was light, often less than one per cent of the total 160 acres they each claimed. The archaeology and history of southwestern Oregon in the early 20th century demonstrates that forest homesteading was less an agricultural endeavor than a speculative pursuit to gain free land. And everyone---men and women, farmers and teachers, doctors and lawyers---wanted free land. Title: Proving up and pulling out : archaeology and history of early 20th century homesteading in southwestern Oregon Author: Lundgren, Stacy J. The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the review and documentation of purported forest homestead claims. One hundred years later, the forest-homestead examination files of the then-Crater National Forest (now the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest) in southwestern Oregon provide an historical record that exposes the motivations and actions of numerous individuals as they negotiated the steps entailed in the public-land-disposal process. Archival research and archaeological survey form the dual methodological approaches to determine answers to several questions, among them: who were the people who attempted forest homesteading in a rugged mountainous setting, and what were their primary motivations?; what sort of housing did they fashion for themselves in the higher slopes of the Cascade Range and Siskiyou Mountains; where upon the land did they choose to place their habitation areas?; what were the spatial arrangements of those habitation areas?; and, what today is the nature of the archaeological record of the forest homesteading phenomenon of the early 20th century? This research indicates that the high-volume timber lands of the southern Cascades and the rugged Siskiyou Mountains proved a singular enticement to the residents of Jackson County, Oregon. Vernacular housing was typically the standby structure of the American 'pioneer' ---the log cabin---often ineptly built, sparsely furnished, and infrequently occupied. The would-be homesteaders' actual use of the land was light, often less than one per cent of the total 160 acres they each claimed. The archaeology and history of southwestern Oregon in the early 20th century demonstrates that forest homesteading was less an agricultural endeavor than a speculative pursuit to gain free land. And everyone---men and women, farmers and teachers, doctors and lawyers---wanted free land. Close

• 330. [Article] Disciplining the reception of Darwin : the botanical and sociological work of Lester Frank Ward

  The publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, truly a synthesized work of natural history, coincided with the emergence of specialized disciplines in the 19th century. This thesis aims ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disciplining the reception of Darwin : the botanical and sociological work of Lester Frank Ward Author: Zimmerman, Katharine The publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, truly a synthesized work of natural history, coincided with the emergence of specialized disciplines in the 19th century. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between the specialization of knowledge, in the form of disciplinization, and the reception of new theories in emerging disciplines. To investigate how the development of new disciplines can affect theory reception I will focus on the work of Lester Frank Ward, a prominent paleobotanist who worked jointly for the U.S. National Museum and the U.S Geologic Survey in Washington, DC. Ward was not only central to Gilded Age paleobotany, but he was also devoted to establishing an American sociological tradition, for which he is better remembered. By analyzing the ways in which Ward interpreted and integrated Darwinian evolution into his dual-discipline career, the social and intellectual relationship between the processes of disciplinization and theory reception can be better understood. Comparing and contrasting Ward’s approach towards Darwin in his botanical and sociological work allows for an evaluation of how two very singular and distinct disciplines, each with specialized disciplinary topographies, affected one scientist’s interpretation and application of a new theory. Using evidence found in the Lester Frank Ward Papers at the Smithsonian Institution Archives and at Brown University, the collections of the Library of Congress, and the National Museum of Natural History, I will demonstrate how disciplinization as a process in both the historical and social sciences affected the interpretation and application of Darwin’s theory of evolution not only in Ward’s work, but more broadly as well. As a central figure in both disciplines, Ward’s dual-career can provide much insight for accomplishing such a general task. This thesis aims to fill a gap in the current scholarship of Darwin studies and to contribute to work done by historians on the issue of disciplinarity. Title: Disciplining the reception of Darwin : the botanical and sociological work of Lester Frank Ward Author: Zimmerman, Katharine The publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, truly a synthesized work of natural history, coincided with the emergence of specialized disciplines in the 19th century. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between the specialization of knowledge, in the form of disciplinization, and the reception of new theories in emerging disciplines. To investigate how the development of new disciplines can affect theory reception I will focus on the work of Lester Frank Ward, a prominent paleobotanist who worked jointly for the U.S. National Museum and the U.S Geologic Survey in Washington, DC. Ward was not only central to Gilded Age paleobotany, but he was also devoted to establishing an American sociological tradition, for which he is better remembered. By analyzing the ways in which Ward interpreted and integrated Darwinian evolution into his dual-discipline career, the social and intellectual relationship between the processes of disciplinization and theory reception can be better understood. Comparing and contrasting Ward’s approach towards Darwin in his botanical and sociological work allows for an evaluation of how two very singular and distinct disciplines, each with specialized disciplinary topographies, affected one scientist’s interpretation and application of a new theory. Using evidence found in the Lester Frank Ward Papers at the Smithsonian Institution Archives and at Brown University, the collections of the Library of Congress, and the National Museum of Natural History, I will demonstrate how disciplinization as a process in both the historical and social sciences affected the interpretation and application of Darwin’s theory of evolution not only in Ward’s work, but more broadly as well. As a central figure in both disciplines, Ward’s dual-career can provide much insight for accomplishing such a general task. This thesis aims to fill a gap in the current scholarship of Darwin studies and to contribute to work done by historians on the issue of disciplinarity. Close

• 331. [Article] A survey and evaluation of land resource classification systems in the United States

  The purpose of this thesis is to examine the methods and criteria developed for rating actual and potential agricultural land in the United States. It is motivated by the apparent increasing competition for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A survey and evaluation of land resource classification systems in the United States Author: Aldrich, Frank T. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the methods and criteria developed for rating actual and potential agricultural land in the United States. It is motivated by the apparent increasing competition for quality space created by the expanding population, and by the belief that land rating and classification are basic to an ordering of the occupance of the nation. The thesis is a literature review and begins by examining the historical trends of land classification work in the United States. The several time periods when many land resource classifications were formulated are discussed. To provide the background necessary to regroup the land resource classification themes according to criteria, it was necessary to determine to what extent regroupings and analysis of land classification schemes had been done. Two informative reviews were located, one published in 1941, and the other in 1948. In 1941 the National Resources Planning Board identified five land classification types; two of these rate the agricultural productivity of an area. The 1948 study, a Ph. D. Thesis by W. H. Pine, identified two types. The author reviewed many land resource classification systems for the United States and determined that they could be grouped into six categories according to the criteria used in classification. These are systems with a soil, climatic, biotic, physiographic, genetic, and cultural emphasis. The significance of each criteria as a basis for use in classifying the site potential for agriculture is investigated This establishes the importance of the criteria. The grouping places a series of representative schemes into one or more categories according to their criteria emphasis. From this analysis two conclusions were reached. First, there is a disproportionate emphasis on soil and genetic criteria. Second, land resource classification systems tend to be subjective rather than quantitative. The systems in use now are old and based on criteria that are not measured on comparable scales. Therefore, the relative agricultural productivity potential of widely separated areas of the United States cannot be accurately determined. Future systems should be objective and include new knowledge of environmental relationships and measures. Problems created by rapid population growth and finite spatial limitations of this nation make it imperative to evaluate correctly all land on a local, state, and national level. Title: A survey and evaluation of land resource classification systems in the United States Author: Aldrich, Frank T. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the methods and criteria developed for rating actual and potential agricultural land in the United States. It is motivated by the apparent increasing competition for quality space created by the expanding population, and by the belief that land rating and classification are basic to an ordering of the occupance of the nation. The thesis is a literature review and begins by examining the historical trends of land classification work in the United States. The several time periods when many land resource classifications were formulated are discussed. To provide the background necessary to regroup the land resource classification themes according to criteria, it was necessary to determine to what extent regroupings and analysis of land classification schemes had been done. Two informative reviews were located, one published in 1941, and the other in 1948. In 1941 the National Resources Planning Board identified five land classification types; two of these rate the agricultural productivity of an area. The 1948 study, a Ph. D. Thesis by W. H. Pine, identified two types. The author reviewed many land resource classification systems for the United States and determined that they could be grouped into six categories according to the criteria used in classification. These are systems with a soil, climatic, biotic, physiographic, genetic, and cultural emphasis. The significance of each criteria as a basis for use in classifying the site potential for agriculture is investigated This establishes the importance of the criteria. The grouping places a series of representative schemes into one or more categories according to their criteria emphasis. From this analysis two conclusions were reached. First, there is a disproportionate emphasis on soil and genetic criteria. Second, land resource classification systems tend to be subjective rather than quantitative. The systems in use now are old and based on criteria that are not measured on comparable scales. Therefore, the relative agricultural productivity potential of widely separated areas of the United States cannot be accurately determined. Future systems should be objective and include new knowledge of environmental relationships and measures. Problems created by rapid population growth and finite spatial limitations of this nation make it imperative to evaluate correctly all land on a local, state, and national level. Close

• 332. [Article] Geology of the Antone district of Wheeler County, Oregon

  The area studied in detail, known as the Antone District, is located in the southeast corner of Wheeler County, Oregon, , between longitude 119 37. and 119°54 east, and latitude 44°23 and 44°3O' north. Surface ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology of the Antone district of Wheeler County, Oregon Author: Dobell, Joseph Porter The area studied in detail, known as the Antone District, is located in the southeast corner of Wheeler County, Oregon, , between longitude 119 37. and 119°54 east, and latitude 44°23 and 44°3O' north. Surface elevations range from 3050 feet above sea level in the northeast corner of the district, to 6M5 feet on Spanish Peak. The Miocene Columbia Biver lavas outcrop over 48 of the 68 square miles in the district. Older rocks exposed include Pre- Cretaoeous mota-sedimente and metamorphosed intrusives, Cretaceous conglomerates and sandstones, a granite porphyry pluton, and the brilliantly colored rooks of the upper 011goe.ne and lower Miocene John Day. The early Tertiary formation known as the Clarno does not outcrop in this district. Younger formations include the gravels and tuffs of the upper Miocene Mascall formation, extensive outcrops of the Pliocone Rattlesnake, and limited accumulations of undifferentiated Quaternary alluvium. A horublende andesite extrusive, which is probably of Pleistocene age, occurs in the western part of the district. Eaoh of the above stratigraphic units is discussed under the following headings: Distribution and Topographic Expression; Lithology; Thickness; Age and Stratigraphic Relations. A section of the Dayville Quadrangls, issued by the U. S. aeologioal Survey, was used as a base for a detailed map showing the distribution of the various formations. Special attention was devoted to the study of the Pre-Cretaceous rooks. Approximately 8000 feet of ohloritic schist, argillite, caleareous sohist, phyllie, marble, and quartzite are included in this older series. Basic Intrusives, largely altered to serpentine, cut the meta-sediments. The structure of the Antone District is discussed under the following subheadings: John Day Valley Syncline; Ochoco Escarpment and Highland; Pre-Cretaceous Folding and Faulting; Cretaceous Monocline; and, Fracturing and Slumping of the Rattlesnake Formation. Special sections have been devoted to historical and economic geology. The report is adequately illustrated with photomicrographs of representative rooks and with numerous pertinent detail photographs. Also included is a plate showing the structural details of a north-south section through the middle of the Antone District. Title: Geology of the Antone district of Wheeler County, Oregon Author: Dobell, Joseph Porter The area studied in detail, known as the Antone District, is located in the southeast corner of Wheeler County, Oregon, , between longitude 119 37. and 119°54 east, and latitude 44°23 and 44°3O' north. Surface elevations range from 3050 feet above sea level in the northeast corner of the district, to 6M5 feet on Spanish Peak. The Miocene Columbia Biver lavas outcrop over 48 of the 68 square miles in the district. Older rocks exposed include Pre- Cretaoeous mota-sedimente and metamorphosed intrusives, Cretaceous conglomerates and sandstones, a granite porphyry pluton, and the brilliantly colored rooks of the upper 011goe.ne and lower Miocene John Day. The early Tertiary formation known as the Clarno does not outcrop in this district. Younger formations include the gravels and tuffs of the upper Miocene Mascall formation, extensive outcrops of the Pliocone Rattlesnake, and limited accumulations of undifferentiated Quaternary alluvium. A horublende andesite extrusive, which is probably of Pleistocene age, occurs in the western part of the district. Eaoh of the above stratigraphic units is discussed under the following headings: Distribution and Topographic Expression; Lithology; Thickness; Age and Stratigraphic Relations. A section of the Dayville Quadrangls, issued by the U. S. aeologioal Survey, was used as a base for a detailed map showing the distribution of the various formations. Special attention was devoted to the study of the Pre-Cretaceous rooks. Approximately 8000 feet of ohloritic schist, argillite, caleareous sohist, phyllie, marble, and quartzite are included in this older series. Basic Intrusives, largely altered to serpentine, cut the meta-sediments. The structure of the Antone District is discussed under the following subheadings: John Day Valley Syncline; Ochoco Escarpment and Highland; Pre-Cretaceous Folding and Faulting; Cretaceous Monocline; and, Fracturing and Slumping of the Rattlesnake Formation. Special sections have been devoted to historical and economic geology. The report is adequately illustrated with photomicrographs of representative rooks and with numerous pertinent detail photographs. Also included is a plate showing the structural details of a north-south section through the middle of the Antone District. Close

• 333. [Article] Oregon farm wives' off-farm employment and satisfaction with farming as a way of life

  Among the changes farm families have faced during the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in off-farm employment. Historically, women's involvement has been essential to the functioning of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon farm wives' off-farm employment and satisfaction with farming as a way of life Author: Hatch, Carol S. Among the changes farm families have faced during the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in off-farm employment. Historically, women's involvement has been essential to the functioning of the family farm, and as off-farm income has increased in importance, increasing numbers of farm women have joined the ranks of those employed in off farm jobs. Using phone survey data collected during the 1988-89 year, the objectives of this study were (1) to identify the variables which may predict farm wives' off-farm employment status, and the resulting direct and indirect effects of their employment status on their satisfaction with farming as a way of life, and (2) to assess the direction and strength of the relationships. Guided by the Deacon and Firebaugh (1988) family systems framework, path analysis was used to estimate the relationships among the variables. The path model was estimated and examined using LISREL 8 on the covariance matrix. A low chi-square and high goodness-of-fit index suggested that no significant difference existed between the observed covariance matrix and the model-implied matrix; however, many of the parameters in the model had low values. Because the model did not explain the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life, well, several explanations were explored. None of the model modifications estimated provided a better fit to the data, nor did they result in better path coefficients. However, splitting the sample into large and small farm subsamples answered some important questions. When small (net farm income of $10,000 or less) and large farm samples were examined, results revealed significant differences on a number of variables and correlations. An analysis of the path model for small farms produced poor R² values, but the R² for wife's off-farm employment level was slightly improved over the initial model with the full sample. The analysis of large farms indicated that the model provided better explanatory power with large farms than with either the small farm or full sample when focusing on the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life. Title: Oregon farm wives' off-farm employment and satisfaction with farming as a way of life Author: Hatch, Carol S. Among the changes farm families have faced during the past two decades has been the dramatic increase in off-farm employment. Historically, women's involvement has been essential to the functioning of the family farm, and as off-farm income has increased in importance, increasing numbers of farm women have joined the ranks of those employed in off farm jobs. Using phone survey data collected during the 1988-89 year, the objectives of this study were (1) to identify the variables which may predict farm wives' off-farm employment status, and the resulting direct and indirect effects of their employment status on their satisfaction with farming as a way of life, and (2) to assess the direction and strength of the relationships. Guided by the Deacon and Firebaugh (1988) family systems framework, path analysis was used to estimate the relationships among the variables. The path model was estimated and examined using LISREL 8 on the covariance matrix. A low chi-square and high goodness-of-fit index suggested that no significant difference existed between the observed covariance matrix and the model-implied matrix; however, many of the parameters in the model had low values. Because the model did not explain the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life, well, several explanations were explored. None of the model modifications estimated provided a better fit to the data, nor did they result in better path coefficients. However, splitting the sample into large and small farm subsamples answered some important questions. When small (net farm income of $10,000 or less) and large farm samples were examined, results revealed significant differences on a number of variables and correlations. An analysis of the path model for small farms produced poor R² values, but the R² for wife's off-farm employment level was slightly improved over the initial model with the full sample. The analysis of large farms indicated that the model provided better explanatory power with large farms than with either the small farm or full sample when focusing on the ultimate variable, satisfaction with farming as a way of life. Close

• 334. [Article] The wolves of Yellowstone

  Historical records and intensive field surveys 1975-77 provided information on the population history, ecology, and current status of wolves (Canis lupus) in Yellowstone National Park and vicinity. Wolves ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The wolves of Yellowstone Author: United States. National Park Service, Weaver, John Historical records and intensive field surveys 1975-77 provided information on the population history, ecology, and current status of wolves (Canis lupus) in Yellowstone National Park and vicinity. Wolves occurred in unknown but seemingly low densities during the latter 1800s in several areas of Yellowstone where they were controlled periodically until 1926. Populations apparently began increasing about 1912, primarily in the northeast, and may have reached nonequilibrium levels of 30-40 animals (postwhelping). Intensive control 1914-26 removed at least 136 wolves, including about 80 pups. During this period Yellowstone wolves characteristically lived in packs of 3-16 members, some of which followed the ungulates in their seasonal migrations. Litters averaging 7.8 were born in late March and April, primarily in the north central sector of the park. Limited evidence suggests that elk (Cervus elaphus) were important food for wolves during all seasons. Wolves either survived the control era or moved in shortly thereafter for singles, pairs, and a pack of four were reported the following decade. Resident wolf packs, however, were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park by the l940s. Large canids have been sighted intermittently to the present, but their identity has not been established. Singles and pairs comprised 89% of 116 "probable" reports over the past 50 years. Speculation about factors limiting the Yellowstone wolf population considers its relative geographic isolation from viable wolf populations and possible genetic problems (including wolf-coyote hybridization) associated with prolonged minimal population status. A transplant of wolves from British Columbia or Alberta, or perhaps Minnesota, is recommended to restore a viable population of this native predator to Yellowstone National Park. Title: The wolves of Yellowstone Author: United States. National Park Service, Weaver, John Historical records and intensive field surveys 1975-77 provided information on the population history, ecology, and current status of wolves (Canis lupus) in Yellowstone National Park and vicinity. Wolves occurred in unknown but seemingly low densities during the latter 1800s in several areas of Yellowstone where they were controlled periodically until 1926. Populations apparently began increasing about 1912, primarily in the northeast, and may have reached nonequilibrium levels of 30-40 animals (postwhelping). Intensive control 1914-26 removed at least 136 wolves, including about 80 pups. During this period Yellowstone wolves characteristically lived in packs of 3-16 members, some of which followed the ungulates in their seasonal migrations. Litters averaging 7.8 were born in late March and April, primarily in the north central sector of the park. Limited evidence suggests that elk (Cervus elaphus) were important food for wolves during all seasons. Wolves either survived the control era or moved in shortly thereafter for singles, pairs, and a pack of four were reported the following decade. Resident wolf packs, however, were eliminated from Yellowstone National Park by the l940s. Large canids have been sighted intermittently to the present, but their identity has not been established. Singles and pairs comprised 89% of 116 "probable" reports over the past 50 years. Speculation about factors limiting the Yellowstone wolf population considers its relative geographic isolation from viable wolf populations and possible genetic problems (including wolf-coyote hybridization) associated with prolonged minimal population status. A transplant of wolves from British Columbia or Alberta, or perhaps Minnesota, is recommended to restore a viable population of this native predator to Yellowstone National Park. Close

• 335. [Article] Improving Projections of Tidal Marsh Persistence under Climate Change with Remote Sensing and Site-Specific Data

  Tidal marshes are dynamic ecosystems that are threatened by climate change and sea-level rise. To characterize baseline condition and historic climate sensitivities, and improve projections into the future, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving Projections of Tidal Marsh Persistence under Climate Change with Remote Sensing and Site-Specific Data Author: Buffington, Kevin John Tidal marshes are dynamic ecosystems that are threatened by climate change and sea-level rise. To characterize baseline condition and historic climate sensitivities, and improve projections into the future, new methods are required that integrate data from the field and remote sensing platforms. Marsh elevation response models can be calibrated with site-specific data to determine the vulnerability of a marsh to sea-level rise and help guide management decisions. Elevation models are sensitive to initial elevation, the rate of accretion, and aboveground biomass. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to develop techniques to improve these important model inputs and evaluate the range of spatial and temporal variation. Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an invaluable tool for collecting elevation data, however dense vegetation prevents the accurate measurement of the tidal marsh surface. In Chapter 2, I describe the development of a technique to calibrate lidar digital elevation models with survey elevation data using readily available multispectral aerial imagery from the National Agricultural Inventory Program (NAIP). Using survey elevation data across 17 Pacific Coast tidal marshes, I demonstrated the utility of the Lidar Elevation Adjustment with NDVI (LEAN) technique to account for the positive bias in lidar due to vegetation. LEAN reduced error from an average of 23.1 cm to 7.2 cm root mean squared error and removed the positive bias caused by vegetation. This increase in accuracy will facilitate more accurate assessments of current and future vulnerability to sea-level rise. The phenology of aboveground biomass in tidal marsh plants in relation to climate variation has not been explored in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). In Chapter 3 I explain how I leveraged the Landsat archive and cloud computing capabilities to assess how Tasseled Cap Greenness (TCG, a proxy for aboveground biomass) in three PNW tidal marshes has responded to recent variation in climate to characterize sensitivity to climate change. Through analysis of over 3700 Landsat images obtained from 1984-2015, I found increased annual precipitation resulted in a higher peak TCG, while warmer May temperatures resulted in an earlier day of peak TCG. These results also demonstrate how time-series analysis of remote sensing data can be used to examine the sensitivity of tidal marsh plants to climate variability and directional change. The range of variation in tidal marsh accretion rates has not been characterized across the PNW. For Chapter 4, I collected and analyzed twenty-two soil cores from eight estuaries to estimate historic accretion rates with radioisotope dating techniques and evaluated the amount and source of variation across estuaries. I found that tidal marshes across the PNW had accretion rates greater than the current rate of sea-level rise, ranging from 2.3 – 7.3 mm yr⁻¹. Using a watershed-scale analysis, I found that long-term average annual fluvial discharge was the top predictor of tidal marsh accretion rates. Additionally, I found that calibrating the Wetland Accretion Rate Model for Ecosystem Resilience (WARMER) with accretion rate data from nearby estuaries can result in uncertainties of up to 41% (50 cm) after 100 years. Finally, in Chapter 5, I demonstrate that a range of 62 cm of error is possible in WARMER models after a 100 year simulation when both uncorrected lidar and non-local accretion rates are used, fundamentally changing the interpretation of the results. Altogether, this dissertation illustrates the importance of collecting site-specific wetland vegetation and elevation data and demonstrates how lidar and multispectral remote sensing data can be leveraged to improve our understanding of how climate variability and change impacts coastal ecosystems. Title: Improving Projections of Tidal Marsh Persistence under Climate Change with Remote Sensing and Site-Specific Data Author: Buffington, Kevin John Tidal marshes are dynamic ecosystems that are threatened by climate change and sea-level rise. To characterize baseline condition and historic climate sensitivities, and improve projections into the future, new methods are required that integrate data from the field and remote sensing platforms. Marsh elevation response models can be calibrated with site-specific data to determine the vulnerability of a marsh to sea-level rise and help guide management decisions. Elevation models are sensitive to initial elevation, the rate of accretion, and aboveground biomass. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to develop techniques to improve these important model inputs and evaluate the range of spatial and temporal variation. Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an invaluable tool for collecting elevation data, however dense vegetation prevents the accurate measurement of the tidal marsh surface. In Chapter 2, I describe the development of a technique to calibrate lidar digital elevation models with survey elevation data using readily available multispectral aerial imagery from the National Agricultural Inventory Program (NAIP). Using survey elevation data across 17 Pacific Coast tidal marshes, I demonstrated the utility of the Lidar Elevation Adjustment with NDVI (LEAN) technique to account for the positive bias in lidar due to vegetation. LEAN reduced error from an average of 23.1 cm to 7.2 cm root mean squared error and removed the positive bias caused by vegetation. This increase in accuracy will facilitate more accurate assessments of current and future vulnerability to sea-level rise. The phenology of aboveground biomass in tidal marsh plants in relation to climate variation has not been explored in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). In Chapter 3 I explain how I leveraged the Landsat archive and cloud computing capabilities to assess how Tasseled Cap Greenness (TCG, a proxy for aboveground biomass) in three PNW tidal marshes has responded to recent variation in climate to characterize sensitivity to climate change. Through analysis of over 3700 Landsat images obtained from 1984-2015, I found increased annual precipitation resulted in a higher peak TCG, while warmer May temperatures resulted in an earlier day of peak TCG. These results also demonstrate how time-series analysis of remote sensing data can be used to examine the sensitivity of tidal marsh plants to climate variability and directional change. The range of variation in tidal marsh accretion rates has not been characterized across the PNW. For Chapter 4, I collected and analyzed twenty-two soil cores from eight estuaries to estimate historic accretion rates with radioisotope dating techniques and evaluated the amount and source of variation across estuaries. I found that tidal marshes across the PNW had accretion rates greater than the current rate of sea-level rise, ranging from 2.3 – 7.3 mm yr⁻¹. Using a watershed-scale analysis, I found that long-term average annual fluvial discharge was the top predictor of tidal marsh accretion rates. Additionally, I found that calibrating the Wetland Accretion Rate Model for Ecosystem Resilience (WARMER) with accretion rate data from nearby estuaries can result in uncertainties of up to 41% (50 cm) after 100 years. Finally, in Chapter 5, I demonstrate that a range of 62 cm of error is possible in WARMER models after a 100 year simulation when both uncorrected lidar and non-local accretion rates are used, fundamentally changing the interpretation of the results. Altogether, this dissertation illustrates the importance of collecting site-specific wetland vegetation and elevation data and demonstrates how lidar and multispectral remote sensing data can be leveraged to improve our understanding of how climate variability and change impacts coastal ecosystems. Close

• 336. [Article] Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon

  Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon Author: Agapito, Melinda T. Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response to the need for a comprehensive lithologic map that will be used in the identification, evaluation and design of marine reserves in Oregon. While future multibeam mapping of the Oregon Territorial Sea will likely replace this product in the next few years, the ground truth data from which the map is constructed will continue in use in future efforts. This mapping project utilized a classical geologic approach aided by GIS technology in which all relevant thematic geologic layers were applied to interpret patterns of seafloor lithology. The discovery of approximately 9,600 NOS bottom samples from the National Ocean Service (NOS) historic hydrographic smooth sheet archives has tremendously improved upon the original sample dataset (305 bottom samples) used in previous characterization of Oregon's territorial seabed. Supplementing the NOS bottom samples, other existing datasets including historic kelp distribution (used as proxy for rock), a triangulated irregular network (TIN) surface model derived from bathymetric soundings, rock outcrops digitized from 0.5 meter aerial photos, subsurface structure, and the adjacent onshore Oregon digital geologic map were used. While the collection of smooth sheet data from historic surveys utilized leadline sampling techniques and traditional navigation methods such as three-point sextant positioning, it was observed that the typical positional error averaged ~28 meters relative to contemporary aerial photography where comparison was possible. GIS software was used for simultaneous display of varied thematic layers, qualitative interpretation, quantitative accuracy assessment, and density mapping processes in this project. This current mapping effort showed that the NOS "smooth sheet" data collected from 1858 to 1958 compares well with modern data and that the NOS datasets and methods are able to capture the general outlines of rocky outcrops particularly in shallow areas. The territorial lithologic map shows a reasonable overall accuracy of 64 % relative to existing habitat interpretation of rocky reefs based on high-resolution multibeam data. Furthermore, the NOS bottom samples provide an opportunity to map additional sediment types that are not represented in the existing Surficial Geologic Habitat (SGH) map of the territorial sea. Finally, a companion product to the maps, a composite density map was created from the underlying datasets (kelp, bathymetry and bottom samples) to represent the spatial variation in data quality and quantity used in the interpretation of seafloor lithology. It is anticipated that the data obtained from this study will serve as a useful tool for scientific investigation and management efforts such as the ocean zoning in the nearshore region of the Oregon coast, which includes the upcoming designation and evaluation of marine reserves. Title: Mapping and lithologic interpretation of the Territorial Sea, Oregon Author: Agapito, Melinda T. Seafloor lithologic maps have been widely used to identify conservation sites. In this study, a lithologic interpretation of Oregon's territorial seafloor was created as an interim product in response to the need for a comprehensive lithologic map that will be used in the identification, evaluation and design of marine reserves in Oregon. While future multibeam mapping of the Oregon Territorial Sea will likely replace this product in the next few years, the ground truth data from which the map is constructed will continue in use in future efforts. This mapping project utilized a classical geologic approach aided by GIS technology in which all relevant thematic geologic layers were applied to interpret patterns of seafloor lithology. The discovery of approximately 9,600 NOS bottom samples from the National Ocean Service (NOS) historic hydrographic smooth sheet archives has tremendously improved upon the original sample dataset (305 bottom samples) used in previous characterization of Oregon's territorial seabed. Supplementing the NOS bottom samples, other existing datasets including historic kelp distribution (used as proxy for rock), a triangulated irregular network (TIN) surface model derived from bathymetric soundings, rock outcrops digitized from 0.5 meter aerial photos, subsurface structure, and the adjacent onshore Oregon digital geologic map were used. While the collection of smooth sheet data from historic surveys utilized leadline sampling techniques and traditional navigation methods such as three-point sextant positioning, it was observed that the typical positional error averaged ~28 meters relative to contemporary aerial photography where comparison was possible. GIS software was used for simultaneous display of varied thematic layers, qualitative interpretation, quantitative accuracy assessment, and density mapping processes in this project. This current mapping effort showed that the NOS "smooth sheet" data collected from 1858 to 1958 compares well with modern data and that the NOS datasets and methods are able to capture the general outlines of rocky outcrops particularly in shallow areas. The territorial lithologic map shows a reasonable overall accuracy of 64 % relative to existing habitat interpretation of rocky reefs based on high-resolution multibeam data. Furthermore, the NOS bottom samples provide an opportunity to map additional sediment types that are not represented in the existing Surficial Geologic Habitat (SGH) map of the territorial sea. Finally, a companion product to the maps, a composite density map was created from the underlying datasets (kelp, bathymetry and bottom samples) to represent the spatial variation in data quality and quantity used in the interpretation of seafloor lithology. It is anticipated that the data obtained from this study will serve as a useful tool for scientific investigation and management efforts such as the ocean zoning in the nearshore region of the Oregon coast, which includes the upcoming designation and evaluation of marine reserves. Close

• 337. [Article] "Her Hypnotic Eyes" : Reading the Optical in Aaron Douglas’s Aspects of Negro Life and Nella Larsen's Passing

  This thesis examines two cultural productions of the Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas's mural series, Aspects of Negro Life, and Nella Larsen's novel Passing. I read these works together because, more ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Her Hypnotic Eyes" : Reading the Optical in Aaron Douglas’s Aspects of Negro Life and Nella Larsen's Passing Author: Barkley, Charles K. This thesis examines two cultural productions of the Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas's mural series, Aspects of Negro Life, and Nella Larsen's novel Passing. I read these works together because, more than their shared time period, they showcase an attention to the visual. Both Larsen and Douglas's works are concerned with the power of the look, and, in turn, question who gets to look and how that look shapes new modes of thought for the viewer or reader. Chapter one examines Douglas's mural series, linking his artistic style to Orphism, an optics-centered art form popularized in Europe in the 1910s. I argue that Douglas's adaptation of this art form allows him to articulate a combined focus on the optical and historical together. This combination works to unsettle essentialist ideas about race and to question a predominant strain of optimistic thinking about the role of historical narratives for African American racial advancement, exemplified by the work of Arthur Schomburg. The chapter briefly surveys Orphism and optical theory of the 1910s as a separate phenomenon from Douglas's 1930s project. With this historical context in place, I read each of the four murals in the series to highlight the ways in which the viewer's eye is called to look across the canvas. By ruminating on the gaze as Douglas invites us to, the chapter shows that sight is always interwoven with history. Chapter two examines Nella Larsen's Passing, exploring the ways that sight can but does not always grant agency to the one who looks. I argue that Passing's obsession with sight functions as a key part of the novel's larger question about the relationship between agency and control. By presenting disparate narratives about the power of vision, the novel undercuts a singular understanding of agency. In making this argument, the chapter draws heavily from Frantz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks and bell hooks' Black Looks. These two theorists chart a link between sight, agency, and control through a theory of the gaze. Engaging their ideas, the chapter examines the complicated iterations of the gaze throughout the text, with a primary focus on the looking relationship between the novel's protagonist, Irene Redfield, and her childhood friend, Clare Kendry. Read together, the chapters highlight the varying conceptions of the gaze during the Harlem Renaissance. Title: "Her Hypnotic Eyes" : Reading the Optical in Aaron Douglas’s Aspects of Negro Life and Nella Larsen's Passing Author: Barkley, Charles K. This thesis examines two cultural productions of the Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas's mural series, Aspects of Negro Life, and Nella Larsen's novel Passing. I read these works together because, more than their shared time period, they showcase an attention to the visual. Both Larsen and Douglas's works are concerned with the power of the look, and, in turn, question who gets to look and how that look shapes new modes of thought for the viewer or reader. Chapter one examines Douglas's mural series, linking his artistic style to Orphism, an optics-centered art form popularized in Europe in the 1910s. I argue that Douglas's adaptation of this art form allows him to articulate a combined focus on the optical and historical together. This combination works to unsettle essentialist ideas about race and to question a predominant strain of optimistic thinking about the role of historical narratives for African American racial advancement, exemplified by the work of Arthur Schomburg. The chapter briefly surveys Orphism and optical theory of the 1910s as a separate phenomenon from Douglas's 1930s project. With this historical context in place, I read each of the four murals in the series to highlight the ways in which the viewer's eye is called to look across the canvas. By ruminating on the gaze as Douglas invites us to, the chapter shows that sight is always interwoven with history. Chapter two examines Nella Larsen's Passing, exploring the ways that sight can but does not always grant agency to the one who looks. I argue that Passing's obsession with sight functions as a key part of the novel's larger question about the relationship between agency and control. By presenting disparate narratives about the power of vision, the novel undercuts a singular understanding of agency. In making this argument, the chapter draws heavily from Frantz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks and bell hooks' Black Looks. These two theorists chart a link between sight, agency, and control through a theory of the gaze. Engaging their ideas, the chapter examines the complicated iterations of the gaze throughout the text, with a primary focus on the looking relationship between the novel's protagonist, Irene Redfield, and her childhood friend, Clare Kendry. Read together, the chapters highlight the varying conceptions of the gaze during the Harlem Renaissance. Close

• 338. [Article] Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species

  Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Title: Landscape features affecting genetic diversity and structure in East African ungulate species Author: Crowhurst, Rachel Selena Habitat loss and fragmentation is a crisis affecting wildlife worldwide. In Tanzania, East Africa, a dramatic and recent (<80 years) expansion in human settlement and agriculture threatens to reduce gene flow among protected areas for many species of large mammals. Wildlife linkages can mitigate population isolation, but linkage designs lacking empirical justification may be controversial and ineffective. Connectivity conservation requires an understanding of how biogeographic factors shaped gene flow prior to habitat loss or fragmentation, however the history of interaction among populations is rarely known. The goal of my study was to provide context for connectivity conservation in central and southern Tanzania by identifying landscape features that have shaped gene flow for three ungulate species with different dispersal capabilities. I investigated historical patterns of connectivity for Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), impala (Aepyceros melampus), and eland (Tragelaphus oryx) by estimating genetic structure among four to eight protected areas per species. Genetic structure changes very slowly among large populations and thus is likely to reflect historical processes instead of recent anthropogenic influences. I collected noninvasive DNA samples and generated microsatellite genotypes at 8 to 15 loci per species, then estimated genetic diversity metrics (allelic richness, AR, and expected heterozygosity, H[subscript E]) for each population (defined by reserve). I also calculated genetic distance (F[subscript ST] and Nei's unbiased genetic distance, D[subscript hat]) and an estimate of gene flow (Nm) between all population pairs for each species. To elucidate the possible causes of genetic structure between these populations, I tested for isolation by distance and isolation by resistance based on a suite of biogeographic factors hypothesized to affect gene flow. To do this, I created GIS-based resistance surfaces that assigned different costs of movement to landscape features. I created one or more resistance surfaces for each hypothesis of landscape effect. I used circuit theory to estimate the cumulative resistance between each pair of reserves for each weighting scheme, and then performed Mantel tests to calculate the correlation between these resistances and the observed population pairwise genetic distances (D[subscript hat]). I chose the optimal resistance model for each species as the model that was most highly correlated with observed genetic patterns. To verify that the correlation of resistance models with genetic distance was not an artefact of geographic distance, I performed partial Mantel tests to calculate correlation while controlling for the effect of geographic distance. Finally, I compared historical gene flow patterns to the distribution of contemporary human activity to predict areas that are at risk of a loss of connectivity. Indices of genetic diversity were moderate for all three species and comparable to previously reported values for other savannah ungulates. Diversity (both H[subscript E] and A[subscript R]) was highest in eland and lowest in giraffe for these populations, and was not consistently correlated with reserve size as has been reported for other species in East Africa. Although patterns in genetic distance were broadly similar across all three species there were also striking differences in connectivity, highlighting the importance of cross-species comparisons in connectivity conservation. At this scale, resistance models based on slope strongly predicted population structure for all three species; distance to water was also highly correlated with genetic distance in eland. For all three species, the greatest genetic distances occurred between populations separated by the Eastern Arc Mountains, suggesting that the topography of this area has long acted as a barrier to gene flow, but this effect is present in varying degrees for each species. I observed high levels of historical gene flow between centrally located populations (Ruaha National Park and Rungwa Game Reserve) and those in the southwest (Katavi National Park and Rukwa Game Reserve). Although human settlement in this area has been low relative to other areas, the connection between the Katavi/Rukwa and Ruaha ecosystems may be threatened by increased human activity and warrants conservation. High levels of historical gene flow were also seen between reserves in the northeast (Tarangire National Park, Swagaswaga Game Reserve) and the central and southwest populations. These connections appear highly threatened due to current land use practices, and may have already suffered a loss of gene flow. Field surveys in the lands surrounding the northeastern reserves are needed to quantify current levels of connectivity and determine whether corridors could be established to maintain or restore gene flow with other reserves. Close

• 339. [Article] Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed

  Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed Author: Schilling, Jason W. Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in complex. The potential for high-severity wildfire remains high throughout this region, so remaining spotted owl habitat is at risk. An adaptive management approach to fire management and owl recovery in these forests is being advocated under the Final Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl. However, it is currently unclear what short- or long-term effects these fuels reduction treatments will have on spotted owl populations. Proposed forest thinning treatments planned for the Ashland Watershed in southwestern Oregon provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of thinning on spotted owl ecology. My objectives were to determine 1) monthly survival rates and 2) home range size of spotted owls in relation to habitat characteristics, and 3) owl habitat selection. Data were collected prior to forest manipulations and will serve as a baseline for comparison with post-thinning data. Survival, home range size and habitat selection for 15 Northern spotted owls were monitored using radio telemetry in the Ashland Watershed and surrounding area from September 2006 to October 2008. A remote-sensed vegetation map of the study area was used to characterize habitat classes and configuration. Estimates of monthly survival were generated in relation to habitat characteristics using program MARK. Monthly survival was positively correlated with the number of late forest patches within the individual home range and negatively correlated with the mean nearest neighbor of late forest patches. Annual home range size varied from 189 to 894 ha. Annual home range size increased with increased amounts of edge and decreased with increased amounts of intermediate aged-forest. The mean breeding season home range size was 491 ha and was larger than mean non-breeding season home ranges. Home range size increased with the addition of hard edge, and amount of old and mature forest combined. The mean size for annual core areas was 77 ha. The best predictor of both non-breeding home range size and core area size was hard edge. While home range size was positively related to the amount of hard edge within non-breeding home range in a linear fashion, core area size increased with increasing amounts of hard edge, but only up to a threshold point, where further increases in edge did not increase core area size. Logistic regression was used to model habitat selection of owls in relation to forest characteristics. Individual owls exhibited different preferences in selecting habitat for foraging and roosting. Overall, owls selected for habitat that was closer to streams and further away from edge. Old forest did not significantly influence selection, but mature forest was positively associated with annual and winter habitat selection for several individual owls. Intermediate forests and non-habitat were only weakly associated with spotted owl habitat selection. Title: Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed Author: Schilling, Jason W. Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in complex. The potential for high-severity wildfire remains high throughout this region, so remaining spotted owl habitat is at risk. An adaptive management approach to fire management and owl recovery in these forests is being advocated under the Final Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl. However, it is currently unclear what short- or long-term effects these fuels reduction treatments will have on spotted owl populations. Proposed forest thinning treatments planned for the Ashland Watershed in southwestern Oregon provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of thinning on spotted owl ecology. My objectives were to determine 1) monthly survival rates and 2) home range size of spotted owls in relation to habitat characteristics, and 3) owl habitat selection. Data were collected prior to forest manipulations and will serve as a baseline for comparison with post-thinning data. Survival, home range size and habitat selection for 15 Northern spotted owls were monitored using radio telemetry in the Ashland Watershed and surrounding area from September 2006 to October 2008. A remote-sensed vegetation map of the study area was used to characterize habitat classes and configuration. Estimates of monthly survival were generated in relation to habitat characteristics using program MARK. Monthly survival was positively correlated with the number of late forest patches within the individual home range and negatively correlated with the mean nearest neighbor of late forest patches. Annual home range size varied from 189 to 894 ha. Annual home range size increased with increased amounts of edge and decreased with increased amounts of intermediate aged-forest. The mean breeding season home range size was 491 ha and was larger than mean non-breeding season home ranges. Home range size increased with the addition of hard edge, and amount of old and mature forest combined. The mean size for annual core areas was 77 ha. The best predictor of both non-breeding home range size and core area size was hard edge. While home range size was positively related to the amount of hard edge within non-breeding home range in a linear fashion, core area size increased with increasing amounts of hard edge, but only up to a threshold point, where further increases in edge did not increase core area size. Logistic regression was used to model habitat selection of owls in relation to forest characteristics. Individual owls exhibited different preferences in selecting habitat for foraging and roosting. Overall, owls selected for habitat that was closer to streams and further away from edge. Old forest did not significantly influence selection, but mature forest was positively associated with annual and winter habitat selection for several individual owls. Intermediate forests and non-habitat were only weakly associated with spotted owl habitat selection. Close

• 340. [Article] Predicting landscape sensitivity to present and future floods in the Pacific Northwest, USA

  Supporting information is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10553/suppinfo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting landscape sensitivity to present and future floods in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Staab, Brian, Grant, Gordon E. Supporting information is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10553/suppinfo Title: Predicting landscape sensitivity to present and future floods in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Lewis, Sarah L., Safeeq, Mohammad, Staab, Brian, Grant, Gordon E. Supporting information is available online at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.10553/suppinfo Close

• 341. [Article] A supply chain model for optimizing fixed and mobile bio-oil refineries on a regional scale

  The use of fossil fuels and their related impact on the environment and global warming have encouraged societies to pursue more sustainable and renewable alternatives, e.g., forest-based bio-oil. Thus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A supply chain model for optimizing fixed and mobile bio-oil refineries on a regional scale Author: Mirzaie, Pantea The use of fossil fuels and their related impact on the environment and global warming have encouraged societies to pursue more sustainable and renewable alternatives, e.g., forest-based bio-oil. Thus, a vital need to decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions and the tendency of nations to reduce their dependency on imported oil have created a new mission for society: To increase the robustness of the environmental and economic aspects of woody biomass to bio-oil supply chains. Prior studies have focused on developing novel methods and approaches for improving single stages of biomass supply chains. Others have focused on ameliorating biomass supply chain performance from a systems perspective for a host of different biomass types, e.g., agricultural residues and forest residues, and logistics issues, e.g., transportation distance and storage. Bio-oil can be produced from woody biomass through the fast pyrolysis process, among different methods. Mobile processing has been developed in recent years to facilitate bio-oil production from woody waste and to reduce overall bio-oil supply chain cost, however, questions surrounding the environmental and economic benefits of using mobile processing plants in combination with large-scale non-mobile (fixed) processing plants remain unanswered. The research presented develops a mathematical model capable of assisting decision makers in determining the optimal combination and location of fixed and mobile bio-refinery plants for a known woody waste supply stream and set of harvesting areas. The major cost elements in the optimization model are transportation costs and capital costs. The model is applied to hypothetical case for northwest Oregon by using historical harvesting data for state-owned and private forests in the region. Distances between locations are obtained by using a geographical information system to elucidate roadway effects. The model is optimized for cost by using an integer linear programming solver. Supply chain environmental impacts are then assessed by considering the carbon footprint (CO₂ equivalent mass) of transportation activities and the bio-refinery infrastructure. Sensitivity analysis is conducted for six major factors within the mathematical model to assess their effects on the estimated supply chain cost and carbon footprint, as well as on the number and location of the mobile and fixed bio-refineries. The application of the model indicates that the utility of a mobile processing plant aligned with a fixed processing plant is more obvious when transportation cost and distance increase. In addition, this study seems to confirm the premise that transferring bio-oil to a processing facility is often more preferable than transporting woody biomass. However, results indicate that the capital intensity (cost and environmental impact) of mobile processing plants can greatly degrade their relative utility within a mixed mode supply chain. Title: A supply chain model for optimizing fixed and mobile bio-oil refineries on a regional scale Author: Mirzaie, Pantea The use of fossil fuels and their related impact on the environment and global warming have encouraged societies to pursue more sustainable and renewable alternatives, e.g., forest-based bio-oil. Thus, a vital need to decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions and the tendency of nations to reduce their dependency on imported oil have created a new mission for society: To increase the robustness of the environmental and economic aspects of woody biomass to bio-oil supply chains. Prior studies have focused on developing novel methods and approaches for improving single stages of biomass supply chains. Others have focused on ameliorating biomass supply chain performance from a systems perspective for a host of different biomass types, e.g., agricultural residues and forest residues, and logistics issues, e.g., transportation distance and storage. Bio-oil can be produced from woody biomass through the fast pyrolysis process, among different methods. Mobile processing has been developed in recent years to facilitate bio-oil production from woody waste and to reduce overall bio-oil supply chain cost, however, questions surrounding the environmental and economic benefits of using mobile processing plants in combination with large-scale non-mobile (fixed) processing plants remain unanswered. The research presented develops a mathematical model capable of assisting decision makers in determining the optimal combination and location of fixed and mobile bio-refinery plants for a known woody waste supply stream and set of harvesting areas. The major cost elements in the optimization model are transportation costs and capital costs. The model is applied to hypothetical case for northwest Oregon by using historical harvesting data for state-owned and private forests in the region. Distances between locations are obtained by using a geographical information system to elucidate roadway effects. The model is optimized for cost by using an integer linear programming solver. Supply chain environmental impacts are then assessed by considering the carbon footprint (CO₂ equivalent mass) of transportation activities and the bio-refinery infrastructure. Sensitivity analysis is conducted for six major factors within the mathematical model to assess their effects on the estimated supply chain cost and carbon footprint, as well as on the number and location of the mobile and fixed bio-refineries. The application of the model indicates that the utility of a mobile processing plant aligned with a fixed processing plant is more obvious when transportation cost and distance increase. In addition, this study seems to confirm the premise that transferring bio-oil to a processing facility is often more preferable than transporting woody biomass. However, results indicate that the capital intensity (cost and environmental impact) of mobile processing plants can greatly degrade their relative utility within a mixed mode supply chain. Close

• 342. [Article] Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

  The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Smith, Jonathan W. The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer site provide a spatiallydense 30-year dataset. Thermal regimes at the H. J. Andrews are generally known but the effects of its complex topography and canopy cover on temperatures have been poorly understood. In this study, 1971-2000 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature maps of the H. J. Andrews were created over a 50- meter grid, accounting for several environmental factors affecting microclimates in forested, mountainous terrain. The effects of elevation, forest canopy, cloudiness, and topographic shading on radiation regimes were assumed to be the primary factors and the datasets were adjusted to account for them. Specifically, it was assumed that maximum temperatures were affected by shortwave daytime radiation regimes, and minimum temperatures were affected by surface longwave radiation emission at night. The Image-Processing Workbench (IPW) was used to estimate incoming shortwave solar radiation at all climate station sites, taking into account elevation, cloudiness and topographic shading. Using IPW, fisheye photographs, and the HemiView program, proportions of solar radiation and sky view factors blocked by the tree canopy were calculated at each site, and accounted for when calculating daily shortwave radiation values for each month. Sky view factors were calculated at each site accounting for canopy and surrounding topography. Specific site pairs were then analyzed by plotting observed monthly temperature differences against simulated radiation and sky view factors and computing monthly regression functions. Monthly maximum temperature/shortwave radiation regression functions were used to adjust maximum temperatures onto 'open, flat' terrain, (leaving only elevation effects on temperatures), and monthly minimum temperature/sky view factor regression functions were used to adjust minimum temperatures. Temperatures were spatially interpolated over the H. J. Andrews using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) program, which calculates spatially-varying temperature/elevation gradients. Topographic effects of shortwave radiation and sky view factors were reintroduced to the PRISM temperature grids using the appropriate regression functions. To make the resulting maps as useful and applicable as possible for future research, temperatures were modeled to simulate open siting conditions common in NWS station networks. Overall, temperatures were most sensitive to elevation and topographic position. Maximum temperature was sensitive to variations in shortwave radiation, especially in winter when solar radiation loads were small. Minimum temperature was sensitive to variations in sky view factors, particularly during clear summer months. Factors not accounted for in the project include small-scale effects of cold-air drainage, forest edge effects, topographic scale effects, and stream effects. These and other issues are summarized in a set of recommendations for future climate mapping research in the H. J. Andrews. Title: Mapping the thermal climate of the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Smith, Jonathan W. The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Cascades of central Oregon provides a unique opportunity to study spatial climate patterns on a relatively small scale. Historical records at the 64 square-kilometer site provide a spatiallydense 30-year dataset. Thermal regimes at the H. J. Andrews are generally known but the effects of its complex topography and canopy cover on temperatures have been poorly understood. In this study, 1971-2000 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature maps of the H. J. Andrews were created over a 50- meter grid, accounting for several environmental factors affecting microclimates in forested, mountainous terrain. The effects of elevation, forest canopy, cloudiness, and topographic shading on radiation regimes were assumed to be the primary factors and the datasets were adjusted to account for them. Specifically, it was assumed that maximum temperatures were affected by shortwave daytime radiation regimes, and minimum temperatures were affected by surface longwave radiation emission at night. The Image-Processing Workbench (IPW) was used to estimate incoming shortwave solar radiation at all climate station sites, taking into account elevation, cloudiness and topographic shading. Using IPW, fisheye photographs, and the HemiView program, proportions of solar radiation and sky view factors blocked by the tree canopy were calculated at each site, and accounted for when calculating daily shortwave radiation values for each month. Sky view factors were calculated at each site accounting for canopy and surrounding topography. Specific site pairs were then analyzed by plotting observed monthly temperature differences against simulated radiation and sky view factors and computing monthly regression functions. Monthly maximum temperature/shortwave radiation regression functions were used to adjust maximum temperatures onto 'open, flat' terrain, (leaving only elevation effects on temperatures), and monthly minimum temperature/sky view factor regression functions were used to adjust minimum temperatures. Temperatures were spatially interpolated over the H. J. Andrews using the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) program, which calculates spatially-varying temperature/elevation gradients. Topographic effects of shortwave radiation and sky view factors were reintroduced to the PRISM temperature grids using the appropriate regression functions. To make the resulting maps as useful and applicable as possible for future research, temperatures were modeled to simulate open siting conditions common in NWS station networks. Overall, temperatures were most sensitive to elevation and topographic position. Maximum temperature was sensitive to variations in shortwave radiation, especially in winter when solar radiation loads were small. Minimum temperature was sensitive to variations in sky view factors, particularly during clear summer months. Factors not accounted for in the project include small-scale effects of cold-air drainage, forest edge effects, topographic scale effects, and stream effects. These and other issues are summarized in a set of recommendations for future climate mapping research in the H. J. Andrews. Close

• 343. [Article] Hydrology and geomorphic evolution of basaltic landscapes, High Cascades, Oregon

  The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrology and geomorphic evolution of basaltic landscapes, High Cascades, Oregon Author: Jefferson, Anne (Anne Jarvis) The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape evolution. In the High Cascades, highly permeable young basaltic lavas form extensive aquifers. These aquifers are the dominant sources of summer streamflow for the Willamette River and its tributary, the McKenzie River, whose watershed forms the study area. Groundwater is discharged at large volume, cold springs, and discharge, temperature, and isotopic measurements at seven springs were used to constrain groundwater patterns. Lava flow geometries have a significant influence on groundwater recharge areas and flowpaths, sometimes superseding topographic controls. Transit times to springs are ~3-14 years, and flowpaths are generally shallow and have limited contact with deeper geothermal systems, except at fault zones. Time-series analyses of historical discharge, precipitation, snow, and temperature records reveal that the distribution of permeable rocks and resultant groundwater systems strongly influence streamflow response to climatic forcing. The annual hydrograph is shaped by groundwater storage and release, but inter-annual streamflow variability is largely the result of climatic forcing. Over the past 60 years, warmer winters and earlier snowmelt have lengthened the summer recession period and decreased autumn minimum discharges in a groundwater-dominated watershed. A chronosequence of dated rock units, combined with field observations and measurements of slopes, contributing areas, and drainage densities, shows that the geologic history of a watershed controls the stage of drainage development. Groundwater flowpaths remain the dominant drainage mechanism for up to one million years, but as chemical weathering, glaciation, and other processes reduce the land surface permeability, channel networks grow up-slope of the springs. Within three million years, water is carried via a fully developed runoff-dominated stream network, groundwater discharge is insubstantial, and the landscape is shaped by fluvial and mass-wasting processes. The geology of a landscape is important for understanding hydrological processes at time scales ranging from a single season to several million years. Title: Hydrology and geomorphic evolution of basaltic landscapes, High Cascades, Oregon Author: Jefferson, Anne (Anne Jarvis) The basaltic landscapes of the Oregon High Cascades form a natural laboratory for examining how geologic setting and history influence groundwater flowpaths, streamflow sensitivity to climate, and landscape evolution. In the High Cascades, highly permeable young basaltic lavas form extensive aquifers. These aquifers are the dominant sources of summer streamflow for the Willamette River and its tributary, the McKenzie River, whose watershed forms the study area. Groundwater is discharged at large volume, cold springs, and discharge, temperature, and isotopic measurements at seven springs were used to constrain groundwater patterns. Lava flow geometries have a significant influence on groundwater recharge areas and flowpaths, sometimes superseding topographic controls. Transit times to springs are ~3-14 years, and flowpaths are generally shallow and have limited contact with deeper geothermal systems, except at fault zones. Time-series analyses of historical discharge, precipitation, snow, and temperature records reveal that the distribution of permeable rocks and resultant groundwater systems strongly influence streamflow response to climatic forcing. The annual hydrograph is shaped by groundwater storage and release, but inter-annual streamflow variability is largely the result of climatic forcing. Over the past 60 years, warmer winters and earlier snowmelt have lengthened the summer recession period and decreased autumn minimum discharges in a groundwater-dominated watershed. A chronosequence of dated rock units, combined with field observations and measurements of slopes, contributing areas, and drainage densities, shows that the geologic history of a watershed controls the stage of drainage development. Groundwater flowpaths remain the dominant drainage mechanism for up to one million years, but as chemical weathering, glaciation, and other processes reduce the land surface permeability, channel networks grow up-slope of the springs. Within three million years, water is carried via a fully developed runoff-dominated stream network, groundwater discharge is insubstantial, and the landscape is shaped by fluvial and mass-wasting processes. The geology of a landscape is important for understanding hydrological processes at time scales ranging from a single season to several million years. Close

• 344. [Article] Spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon, 1939-1993

  Analysis of the long-term spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon provides numerous ecological insights. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances have contributed to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon, 1939-1993 Author: Hess, Rebecca Susan Analysis of the long-term spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon provides numerous ecological insights. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances have contributed to the development of a patchy mosaic of vegetation types in the area. Some hardwood patches in the Coast Range may be the precursors to stable vegetation states. The five objectives for the study were to: 1) develop the methodology for studying patch dynamics at landscape scales; 2) describe changes in the areal extent and occurrence of hardwood patches; 3) characterize the sizes and shapes, and size and shape changes of hardwood patches in the west-central Coast Range of Oregon; 4) describe the shift in within-patch heterogeneity and within-patch vegetation composition features of hardwood patches; and 5) characterize patches occurring in riparian areas. A viable methodology was developed for the detailed study of the change in vegetation patches across landscapes using scanned, georeferenced aerial photos, aerial photo interpretation of hardwood patches, and GIS techniques. Patch locations and characteristics were compared to a suite of environmental and other variables. The hardwood patch mosaic was not a stable landscape feature. The total area covered by hardwood patches, the weighted mean size of hardwood patches, and the number of patches sampled declined from 1939 to 1993. Forest Service lands showed the most dramatic drop in hardwood area, while private non-industrial lands showed the most dramatic increase in hardwood area. Most patches present in 1939 either disappeared or decreased in size. In 1993, hardwood patches were found closer to streams and on lower slope positions than in 1939. This may be associated with historic disturbance patterns of fire, logging, and grazing that occurred on the upper slopes, allowing for alder establishment on these sites. Hardwood patch shapes became more complex over time, especially in riparian areas. Core area:edge area ratios increased. Hardwood patches were less heterogeneous in within-patch composition than expected, with large conifers the main non-hardwood cover type within patches; within-patch heterogeneity declined during the study period. Recent management practices are likely increasing hardwood fragmentation and shape complexity, and restricting the landscape distribution of hardwood patches. Title: Spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon, 1939-1993 Author: Hess, Rebecca Susan Analysis of the long-term spatial pattern and dynamics of hardwood patches in the Coast Range of Oregon provides numerous ecological insights. Natural and anthropogenic disturbances have contributed to the development of a patchy mosaic of vegetation types in the area. Some hardwood patches in the Coast Range may be the precursors to stable vegetation states. The five objectives for the study were to: 1) develop the methodology for studying patch dynamics at landscape scales; 2) describe changes in the areal extent and occurrence of hardwood patches; 3) characterize the sizes and shapes, and size and shape changes of hardwood patches in the west-central Coast Range of Oregon; 4) describe the shift in within-patch heterogeneity and within-patch vegetation composition features of hardwood patches; and 5) characterize patches occurring in riparian areas. A viable methodology was developed for the detailed study of the change in vegetation patches across landscapes using scanned, georeferenced aerial photos, aerial photo interpretation of hardwood patches, and GIS techniques. Patch locations and characteristics were compared to a suite of environmental and other variables. The hardwood patch mosaic was not a stable landscape feature. The total area covered by hardwood patches, the weighted mean size of hardwood patches, and the number of patches sampled declined from 1939 to 1993. Forest Service lands showed the most dramatic drop in hardwood area, while private non-industrial lands showed the most dramatic increase in hardwood area. Most patches present in 1939 either disappeared or decreased in size. In 1993, hardwood patches were found closer to streams and on lower slope positions than in 1939. This may be associated with historic disturbance patterns of fire, logging, and grazing that occurred on the upper slopes, allowing for alder establishment on these sites. Hardwood patch shapes became more complex over time, especially in riparian areas. Core area:edge area ratios increased. Hardwood patches were less heterogeneous in within-patch composition than expected, with large conifers the main non-hardwood cover type within patches; within-patch heterogeneity declined during the study period. Recent management practices are likely increasing hardwood fragmentation and shape complexity, and restricting the landscape distribution of hardwood patches. Close

• 345. [Article] Summary report to assist development of ecosystem flow recommendations for the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Oregon

  Prepared for Sustainable Rivers Project of The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary report to assist development of ecosystem flow recommendations for the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Ashkenas, Linda, Nygaard, Chris, Gregory, Stanley V. Prepared for Sustainable Rivers Project of The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Title: Summary report to assist development of ecosystem flow recommendations for the Coast Fork and Middle Fork of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Ashkenas, Linda, Nygaard, Chris, Gregory, Stanley V. Prepared for Sustainable Rivers Project of The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Close

• 346. [Article] Simulating past, present, and future changes in ENSO : a model evaluation and data-model comparison

  This thesis presents the results of a formal evaluation of a new AOGCM, GENMOM, demonstrating its ability to simulate present-day climate and ENSO dynamics. The model is applied to simulate climate for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulating past, present, and future changes in ENSO : a model evaluation and data-model comparison Author: Alder, Jay R. This thesis presents the results of a formal evaluation of a new AOGCM, GENMOM, demonstrating its ability to simulate present-day climate and ENSO dynamics. The model is applied to simulate climate for the Last Glacial Maximum, deglacial, and Holocene time periods. The model output is evaluated against the best available proxy reconstructions in a detailed data-model comparison. ENSO strength is analyzed in seven paleo simulations and compared to coral and laminated lake sediment proxy records to provide an understanding of how ENSO related mechanisms varied in the past and how they vary under increased atmospheric CO₂ forced global warming. The GENMOM simulated present-day is found to be on par with three models used in the IPCC AR4 assessment and is comparable with reanalysis products (e.g, NCEP2). Atmospheric features such as the jet stream structure and major semipermanent sea level pressure centers are well simulated as is the mean planetary-scale wind structure that is needed to produce the correct position of stormtracks. Most ocean surface currents are reproduced except where they are not resolvable at T31 resolution. Overall, GENMOM captures the observed gradients and spatial distributions of annual surface temperature and precipitation and the simulations are on par with other AOGCMs. Deficiencies in the GENMOM present-day simulation include a warm bias in the surface temperature over the southern oceans, a split in the ITCZ and weaker-thanobserved overturning circulation. GENMOM produces a global temperature bias of 0.6 °C. GENMOM is demonstrated to capture ENSO dynamics similar to eight AOGCMs that were evaluated in the IPCC AR4. The Niño 3 - 4 indices have a standard deviation within 0.3 °C of the observations, indicating GENMOM is producing variability in the tropical Pacifc that is comparable to observations. GENMOM produces present-day ENSO events with an average period of 5.6 years, which is within the 2 – 7 range exhibited in the observed historical record. The mid-Holocene (6ka) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21ka) simulations are compared to the best available proxy reconstructions for sea surface temperature, precipitation and net moisture to ensure the simulations are plausible. This thesis finds that the model is in good agreement over broad spatial scales, with regional discrepancies between the model and proxy data. Coral and laminated lake sediment proxy records indicate mid-Holocene ENSO strength was reduced by 15 - 60%, offering a scenario in which ENSO-related components can be tested in climates different than present-day, thereby providing context for future changes in ENSO. The mid-Holocene simulations exhibit a 20% reduction of ENSO strength, caused by a precession forced enhancement of the Indian summer monsoon, which strengthened ENSO-related Bjerknes feedbacks. ENSO strength in the LGM is weakened by ~25%, which is not found to be caused by changes in equatorial Pacific dynamics but rather mean state cooling that weakens the tropical thermocline. The 2x and 4x simulations have strongly enhanced and more frequent ENSO events caused by disproportionate warming of the eastern Pacific relative to the western Pacific, which weakens the east-west Pacific surface temperature gradient, allowing larger anomalies, and hence ENSO events, to develop. Title: Simulating past, present, and future changes in ENSO : a model evaluation and data-model comparison Author: Alder, Jay R. This thesis presents the results of a formal evaluation of a new AOGCM, GENMOM, demonstrating its ability to simulate present-day climate and ENSO dynamics. The model is applied to simulate climate for the Last Glacial Maximum, deglacial, and Holocene time periods. The model output is evaluated against the best available proxy reconstructions in a detailed data-model comparison. ENSO strength is analyzed in seven paleo simulations and compared to coral and laminated lake sediment proxy records to provide an understanding of how ENSO related mechanisms varied in the past and how they vary under increased atmospheric CO₂ forced global warming. The GENMOM simulated present-day is found to be on par with three models used in the IPCC AR4 assessment and is comparable with reanalysis products (e.g, NCEP2). Atmospheric features such as the jet stream structure and major semipermanent sea level pressure centers are well simulated as is the mean planetary-scale wind structure that is needed to produce the correct position of stormtracks. Most ocean surface currents are reproduced except where they are not resolvable at T31 resolution. Overall, GENMOM captures the observed gradients and spatial distributions of annual surface temperature and precipitation and the simulations are on par with other AOGCMs. Deficiencies in the GENMOM present-day simulation include a warm bias in the surface temperature over the southern oceans, a split in the ITCZ and weaker-thanobserved overturning circulation. GENMOM produces a global temperature bias of 0.6 °C. GENMOM is demonstrated to capture ENSO dynamics similar to eight AOGCMs that were evaluated in the IPCC AR4. The Niño 3 - 4 indices have a standard deviation within 0.3 °C of the observations, indicating GENMOM is producing variability in the tropical Pacifc that is comparable to observations. GENMOM produces present-day ENSO events with an average period of 5.6 years, which is within the 2 – 7 range exhibited in the observed historical record. The mid-Holocene (6ka) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21ka) simulations are compared to the best available proxy reconstructions for sea surface temperature, precipitation and net moisture to ensure the simulations are plausible. This thesis finds that the model is in good agreement over broad spatial scales, with regional discrepancies between the model and proxy data. Coral and laminated lake sediment proxy records indicate mid-Holocene ENSO strength was reduced by 15 - 60%, offering a scenario in which ENSO-related components can be tested in climates different than present-day, thereby providing context for future changes in ENSO. The mid-Holocene simulations exhibit a 20% reduction of ENSO strength, caused by a precession forced enhancement of the Indian summer monsoon, which strengthened ENSO-related Bjerknes feedbacks. ENSO strength in the LGM is weakened by ~25%, which is not found to be caused by changes in equatorial Pacific dynamics but rather mean state cooling that weakens the tropical thermocline. The 2x and 4x simulations have strongly enhanced and more frequent ENSO events caused by disproportionate warming of the eastern Pacific relative to the western Pacific, which weakens the east-west Pacific surface temperature gradient, allowing larger anomalies, and hence ENSO events, to develop. Close

• 347. [Article] Regional Scale Modeling of Climate, Cryosphere, and Freshwater Discharge in Changing Coastal Mountain Environments

  The glaciated coastal mountain watersheds that drain into the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) provide a model laboratory to explore the challenges of hydrological modeling and study the impact of climate and glacier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regional Scale Modeling of Climate, Cryosphere, and Freshwater Discharge in Changing Coastal Mountain Environments Author: Beamer, Jordan P. The glaciated coastal mountain watersheds that drain into the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) provide a model laboratory to explore the challenges of hydrological modeling and study the impact of climate and glacier cover change on regional hydrology. The region is data-sparse and contains a complex assemblage of topography and land cover, including a system of mountain glaciers that are retreating at some of the highest rates on Earth. The high rates of runoff from precipitation and glacial melt delivered by coastal rivers influence ocean circulation patterns, rates of global sea level rise, and provide spawning habitat for the large salmon populations. Physically-based hydrological modeling of the major water budget components of the GOA, driven using historical reanalysis weather data and land cover, reveals that the modeled water budget components, particularly precipitation input, vary widely between commonly-used weather products. The majority of the large freshwater flux into the GOA is derived from distributed coastal streams rather than the large inland rivers. The modeled seasonal aggregated GOA hydrograph is dominated by the spring and early summer snowmelt, and supplemented by late summer glacial ice melt. Model results demonstrate good agreement with NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data in terms of annual amplitudes and long term losses (ice loss), and suggest that existing GRACE solutions, previously reported to represent glacier mass balance alone, are actually measuring the full water budget of land and ice surfaces. An ensemble of climate models and future emissions scenarios were paired with systematically altered land cover to test the sensitivity of the hydrologic system to changes in regional climate patterns and glacier coverage representative of late twenty first century conditions. Compared with the hindcast simulations, the model results forced with increased regional air temperatures and precipitation inputs and reduced glacier cover produce an increase in the annual GOA freshwater discharge volume. The seasonal GOA hydrograph is flattened due to increased winter runoff from more winter rainfall and less snow accumulation, and lower levels of snowmelt and glacier ice contribution. Large uncertainties exist in the direction of change in the glacier runoff component, primarily due to uncertainties that exist in predicting glacier response to climate change. Hydrological modeling with high resolution and inclusion of relevant physical processes can produce significantly improved products that are of high value to and in demand by numerous other scientific communities. However, the value and accuracy of the output from the hydrologic model is highly dependent on the weather forcing quality. Given the considerable importance of quality weather forcing for hydrologic modeling, it is imperative to assess the suitability of multiple products by evaluating local and regional performance and accounting for uncertainty. Additional efforts should be made to improve the spatial resolution of the reanalysis through downscaling and to strategically increase the number of weather stations at high elevations and incorporate that data into weather forcing datasets. Title: Regional Scale Modeling of Climate, Cryosphere, and Freshwater Discharge in Changing Coastal Mountain Environments Author: Beamer, Jordan P. The glaciated coastal mountain watersheds that drain into the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) provide a model laboratory to explore the challenges of hydrological modeling and study the impact of climate and glacier cover change on regional hydrology. The region is data-sparse and contains a complex assemblage of topography and land cover, including a system of mountain glaciers that are retreating at some of the highest rates on Earth. The high rates of runoff from precipitation and glacial melt delivered by coastal rivers influence ocean circulation patterns, rates of global sea level rise, and provide spawning habitat for the large salmon populations. Physically-based hydrological modeling of the major water budget components of the GOA, driven using historical reanalysis weather data and land cover, reveals that the modeled water budget components, particularly precipitation input, vary widely between commonly-used weather products. The majority of the large freshwater flux into the GOA is derived from distributed coastal streams rather than the large inland rivers. The modeled seasonal aggregated GOA hydrograph is dominated by the spring and early summer snowmelt, and supplemented by late summer glacial ice melt. Model results demonstrate good agreement with NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data in terms of annual amplitudes and long term losses (ice loss), and suggest that existing GRACE solutions, previously reported to represent glacier mass balance alone, are actually measuring the full water budget of land and ice surfaces. An ensemble of climate models and future emissions scenarios were paired with systematically altered land cover to test the sensitivity of the hydrologic system to changes in regional climate patterns and glacier coverage representative of late twenty first century conditions. Compared with the hindcast simulations, the model results forced with increased regional air temperatures and precipitation inputs and reduced glacier cover produce an increase in the annual GOA freshwater discharge volume. The seasonal GOA hydrograph is flattened due to increased winter runoff from more winter rainfall and less snow accumulation, and lower levels of snowmelt and glacier ice contribution. Large uncertainties exist in the direction of change in the glacier runoff component, primarily due to uncertainties that exist in predicting glacier response to climate change. Hydrological modeling with high resolution and inclusion of relevant physical processes can produce significantly improved products that are of high value to and in demand by numerous other scientific communities. However, the value and accuracy of the output from the hydrologic model is highly dependent on the weather forcing quality. Given the considerable importance of quality weather forcing for hydrologic modeling, it is imperative to assess the suitability of multiple products by evaluating local and regional performance and accounting for uncertainty. Additional efforts should be made to improve the spatial resolution of the reanalysis through downscaling and to strategically increase the number of weather stations at high elevations and incorporate that data into weather forcing datasets. Close

• 348. [Article] Competitive Interactions and Resource Partitioning Between Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls in Western Oregon

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Competitive Interactions and Resource Partitioning Between Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls in Western Oregon Author: Forsman, Eric D., Anthony, Robert G., Wiens, J. David To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291938-5455. Title: Competitive Interactions and Resource Partitioning Between Northern Spotted Owls and Barred Owls in Western Oregon Author: Forsman, Eric D., Anthony, Robert G., Wiens, J. David To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291938-5455. Close

• 349. [Article] Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon

  First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Arsan, E. Leyla First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain west. Recent development of risk assessment models used to assess the likelihood and consequences of exotic parasite introduction, have strengthened the process of science-based decision-making in aquatic animal health. In the case of M. cerebralis, it is necessary to use a risk assessment model with two unique segments that clearly address the distinct life stages and respective hosts of the parasite separately. The studies described examine the probability of M. cerebralis introduction and establishment for two regions: the state of Alaska, and the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The Alaska risk assessment was based on the assumption that the parasite did not already occur in the state. However, in the process of validating this assumption, we documented the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the parasite in the state. The pathogen was identified in hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Anchorage area. Although this is the first detection of the parasite in Alaska, clinical whirling disease has never been documented in the state. To qualitatively assess the risk of further spread of M. cerebralis in Alaska, four potential routes of dissemination were examined: movement of fish by humans, natural dispersal (via migratory birds and stray anadromous salmon), recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. This research indicates the most likely pathway for M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish. In the Willamette River basin, Oregon, introduction of M. cerebralis has already occurred, though establishment appears limited to a single private hatchery. Introduction in this region was considered the most likely to occur as a result of human movements of fish. Straying anadromous salmonids were also assessed and were present in higher numbers than predicted. However, they were not infected with the parasite, and thus the probability for introduction by this route is low. The probability of introduction of the parasite varies throughout the Willamette River basin. Areas with the highest probability for M. cerebralis introduction were identified as the Clackamas and Santiam River subbasins. The Clackamas River has already experienced an introduction of the parasite, has the largest concentration of hatcheries (state, federal, and private), has a popular sport fishery, and is the closest major tributary to the enormous piscivorous bird-populations in the Columbia River estuary. The Santiam subbasin has a popular sport fishery, received the highest number of stray fish in the Willamette River basin, and has the second largest concentration of hatcheries in the Willamette River basin. Unique from introduction, establishment of the parasite is dependent upon several environmental and biological factors including: water temperatures, spatial/temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the parasite’s invertebrate host, Tubifex tubifex. The distribution, genetic composition and susceptibility of T. tubifex, were considered the most important factor in the ability of M. cerebralis to establish in both systems. Surveys of oligochaete populations were conducted in both study regions. In Alaska, T. tubifex was not detected from the southeast region and the apparent lack of appropriate tubificid hosts may prevent establishment in that part of the state. However, 4 lineages (I, III, IV, and VI) of the species were identified from southcentral Alaska. Lineage IV has not been previously been described in North America and its susceptibility to M. cerebralis was unknown. When lineage IV T. tubifex and 3 mixed-lineage (I, III, IV and VI) groups were exposed to M. cerebralis, only lineage III became infected under our experimental conditions. Thus, if the parasite were dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in southcentral Alaska, although detrimental effects on fish populations may be reduced as a result of the presence of non-susceptible lineages of T. tubifex. The probability of further establishment in this area is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the proximity to the known area of infection make conditions particularly appropriate. Similar to findings in Alaska, the Willamette River basin, Oregon also supports populations of susceptible T. tubifex. If the pathogen were introduced, probability of establishment is high in certain areas of the basin as all conditions are appropriate for propagation of the parasite life cycle. Tributaries to the mainstem Willamette River have the highest probability of establishment as these areas have the greatest numbers of susceptible T. tubifex. However, the abundance of resistant strains of T. tubifex could mitigate the effects of M. cerebralis if introduced. Management recommendations to reduce the likelihood of parasite dissemination are similar for Oregon and Alaska since human movement of fish and angler activities were considered the most likely routes of introduction for both regions. Based on this research, steps should also be taken to limit human movement of fish, whether by restricting carcass planting for stream enrichment in Oregon, or by prohibiting use of fish heads as bait in southcentral Alaska. The states should also allot resources to angler education and awareness of the effects of angler activity and recreation on dispersal of M. cerebralis. This could be done using a combination of brochures and signage at boat ramps describing how to prevent spread of aquatic nuisance species. Title: Potential for dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis : qualitative risk assessments for the state of Alaska and the Willamette River Basin, Oregon Author: Arsan, E. Leyla First introduced to the USA in 1958, Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease in salmonids, has since spread across the country causing severe declines in wild trout populations in the intermountain west. Recent development of risk assessment models used to assess the likelihood and consequences of exotic parasite introduction, have strengthened the process of science-based decision-making in aquatic animal health. In the case of M. cerebralis, it is necessary to use a risk assessment model with two unique segments that clearly address the distinct life stages and respective hosts of the parasite separately. The studies described examine the probability of M. cerebralis introduction and establishment for two regions: the state of Alaska, and the Willamette River basin, Oregon. The Alaska risk assessment was based on the assumption that the parasite did not already occur in the state. However, in the process of validating this assumption, we documented the first polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the parasite in the state. The pathogen was identified in hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Anchorage area. Although this is the first detection of the parasite in Alaska, clinical whirling disease has never been documented in the state. To qualitatively assess the risk of further spread of M. cerebralis in Alaska, four potential routes of dissemination were examined: movement of fish by humans, natural dispersal (via migratory birds and stray anadromous salmon), recreational activities, and commercial seafood processing. This research indicates the most likely pathway for M. cerebralis transport in Alaska is human movement of fish. In the Willamette River basin, Oregon, introduction of M. cerebralis has already occurred, though establishment appears limited to a single private hatchery. Introduction in this region was considered the most likely to occur as a result of human movements of fish. Straying anadromous salmonids were also assessed and were present in higher numbers than predicted. However, they were not infected with the parasite, and thus the probability for introduction by this route is low. The probability of introduction of the parasite varies throughout the Willamette River basin. Areas with the highest probability for M. cerebralis introduction were identified as the Clackamas and Santiam River subbasins. The Clackamas River has already experienced an introduction of the parasite, has the largest concentration of hatcheries (state, federal, and private), has a popular sport fishery, and is the closest major tributary to the enormous piscivorous bird-populations in the Columbia River estuary. The Santiam subbasin has a popular sport fishery, received the highest number of stray fish in the Willamette River basin, and has the second largest concentration of hatcheries in the Willamette River basin. Unique from introduction, establishment of the parasite is dependent upon several environmental and biological factors including: water temperatures, spatial/temporal overlap of hosts, and the distribution and genetic composition of the parasite’s invertebrate host, Tubifex tubifex. The distribution, genetic composition and susceptibility of T. tubifex, were considered the most important factor in the ability of M. cerebralis to establish in both systems. Surveys of oligochaete populations were conducted in both study regions. In Alaska, T. tubifex was not detected from the southeast region and the apparent lack of appropriate tubificid hosts may prevent establishment in that part of the state. However, 4 lineages (I, III, IV, and VI) of the species were identified from southcentral Alaska. Lineage IV has not been previously been described in North America and its susceptibility to M. cerebralis was unknown. When lineage IV T. tubifex and 3 mixed-lineage (I, III, IV and VI) groups were exposed to M. cerebralis, only lineage III became infected under our experimental conditions. Thus, if the parasite were dispersed, conditions are appropriate for establishment and propagation of the parasite life cycle in southcentral Alaska, although detrimental effects on fish populations may be reduced as a result of the presence of non-susceptible lineages of T. tubifex. The probability of further establishment in this area is greatest in Ship Creek, where the abundance of susceptible T. tubifex, the presence of susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the proximity to the known area of infection make conditions particularly appropriate. Similar to findings in Alaska, the Willamette River basin, Oregon also supports populations of susceptible T. tubifex. If the pathogen were introduced, probability of establishment is high in certain areas of the basin as all conditions are appropriate for propagation of the parasite life cycle. Tributaries to the mainstem Willamette River have the highest probability of establishment as these areas have the greatest numbers of susceptible T. tubifex. However, the abundance of resistant strains of T. tubifex could mitigate the effects of M. cerebralis if introduced. Management recommendations to reduce the likelihood of parasite dissemination are similar for Oregon and Alaska since human movement of fish and angler activities were considered the most likely routes of introduction for both regions. Based on this research, steps should also be taken to limit human movement of fish, whether by restricting carcass planting for stream enrichment in Oregon, or by prohibiting use of fish heads as bait in southcentral Alaska. The states should also allot resources to angler education and awareness of the effects of angler activity and recreation on dispersal of M. cerebralis. This could be done using a combination of brochures and signage at boat ramps describing how to prevent spread of aquatic nuisance species. Close

• 350. [Article] Land use distributions and changes in the Willamette Valley in relation to soil characteristics

  A study was undertaken in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to document 1971 land use patterns as well as land use change in a smaller study area in the 16 years prior, and to relate these to soil characteristics. Quantification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land use distributions and changes in the Willamette Valley in relation to soil characteristics Author: Wiens, John Herbert A study was undertaken in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to document 1971 land use patterns as well as land use change in a smaller study area in the 16 years prior, and to relate these to soil characteristics. Quantification of these inter-relationships was aided by use of computer tabulation and graphic methods. Use of the data base generated and methods developed was expanded somewhat and applied to calculation and mapping of composite indices of suitabilities and limitations of soils for selected uses. Mapping of land use for 1971 and 1955 was done on color and black and white photos respectively, having a scale of about 1:62,500. To avoid creating artificial, apparent land use changes by differences in delineation and classification, mapping was done first on the higher quality 1971 color photos and then by comparison on 1955 black and white photos. Importance of various photo-interpretive factors to legend development and consistent delineation and classification became apparent and was documented. The legend utilized was, with some modification, the 1972 U.S.G.S. proposed national system for use with remote sensor data. To facilitate comparison of land use and land use change with soil survey map information, photo mapped land use information and available soil association map information was transferred to transparent mylar film over planimetric U.S.G.S. 15' topographic quadrangle sheets. This also allowed use of the square, 1000 meter Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid as reference for point sampling and geo-referenced coding of land use and soil information for computer storage. Tabulation of land use classes for the entire study area for 1971 showed the largest proportion of land to be in agricultural (53.5 percent) and forest land (38 percent) use. A further 6.5 percent was in urban use. Within the selected townships of the land use change study area the proportions were different; 65.7 percent, 14.3 percent and 17.2 percent for agricultural, forest, and urban uses respectively. Analysis of changes in land use between 1955 and 1971 in the land use change study area was done by means of transition matrices; diagonal elements represent areas of land not subject to change; off diagonal elements represent components of change. In total, between 55.9 and 72.4 percent of the land in the area studied experienced no use change, the range being due to uncertainty of classification of some land on the 1955 black and white photos. Urbanization was shown to have occurred largely at the expense of agricultural land and particularly non-irrigated cropland, pasture and orchard land uses. Some conversion of forest to urban land use (0.9 percent of the area) was documented, however. The most significant agricultural use change was a net increase in irrigated land of between 5 and 8.4 percent. A net decrease in orchard land was also recorded. Land use for 1971, not unexpectedly, showed significant concentration in certain physiographic areas and in areas with particular soil characteristics. Thus for example, urban uses were found more frequently than expected on valley-floor and stream-cut terraces, and forest land uses more frequently on foothills and mountainous uplands. Irrigated cropland was somewhat concentrated on soils in sandy, coarse loamy, coarse silty and fine silty particle size classes. Urban and cropland agriculture use classes have obviously avoided steeply sloping areas. Irrigated cropland and orchard land uses have avoided soil areas with high shrink-swell potential whereas grass seed producing croplands have not. Numerous other examples could be given. In summary, Chi-square analysis on the contigency tables of land use class and physical land characteristic classes gave highly significant values (eg. for 1971 land use/physiographic areas x ² calc = 9108.25 and x ² tab = 137.68), and thus the null hypotheses of no association between land use classification and these physical land characteristics were rejected. Three-way tabulation of soil characteristics and physiographic area classification against 1971 and 1955 land use classification allowed analysis of land use change in relation to these physical properties. The idea of composite model soils was used to provide a framework for summary of the kinds of soils subject to smallest and largest changes in particular kinds of urban, agricultural, and forest land uses. As examples, it appeared that greatest relative increases of residential and industrial uses occurred on poorly drained, fine textured, slowly permeable soils; greatest relative losses of agricultural land occurred on soils having the highest capability for agriculture, and; greatest relative increases in irrigation cropland uses occurred on soils rated good to excellent for irrigation. Other examples and trends were observed. A method for computer calculation of composite soil suitability or limitation indices for various uses was developed. Ranked indices were compared to interpretive groupings by best subjective judgement. Class frequency correlations were found to be generally good. Indices were further mapped using a computer graphics system, GRIDS. The index calculation method interfaced with a mapping capability was shown to have potential for rapid, flexible display of various soil, land use, as well as soil and land use patterns for land use planning purposes. Title: Land use distributions and changes in the Willamette Valley in relation to soil characteristics Author: Wiens, John Herbert A study was undertaken in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, to document 1971 land use patterns as well as land use change in a smaller study area in the 16 years prior, and to relate these to soil characteristics. Quantification of these inter-relationships was aided by use of computer tabulation and graphic methods. Use of the data base generated and methods developed was expanded somewhat and applied to calculation and mapping of composite indices of suitabilities and limitations of soils for selected uses. Mapping of land use for 1971 and 1955 was done on color and black and white photos respectively, having a scale of about 1:62,500. To avoid creating artificial, apparent land use changes by differences in delineation and classification, mapping was done first on the higher quality 1971 color photos and then by comparison on 1955 black and white photos. Importance of various photo-interpretive factors to legend development and consistent delineation and classification became apparent and was documented. The legend utilized was, with some modification, the 1972 U.S.G.S. proposed national system for use with remote sensor data. To facilitate comparison of land use and land use change with soil survey map information, photo mapped land use information and available soil association map information was transferred to transparent mylar film over planimetric U.S.G.S. 15' topographic quadrangle sheets. This also allowed use of the square, 1000 meter Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid as reference for point sampling and geo-referenced coding of land use and soil information for computer storage. Tabulation of land use classes for the entire study area for 1971 showed the largest proportion of land to be in agricultural (53.5 percent) and forest land (38 percent) use. A further 6.5 percent was in urban use. Within the selected townships of the land use change study area the proportions were different; 65.7 percent, 14.3 percent and 17.2 percent for agricultural, forest, and urban uses respectively. Analysis of changes in land use between 1955 and 1971 in the land use change study area was done by means of transition matrices; diagonal elements represent areas of land not subject to change; off diagonal elements represent components of change. In total, between 55.9 and 72.4 percent of the land in the area studied experienced no use change, the range being due to uncertainty of classification of some land on the 1955 black and white photos. Urbanization was shown to have occurred largely at the expense of agricultural land and particularly non-irrigated cropland, pasture and orchard land uses. Some conversion of forest to urban land use (0.9 percent of the area) was documented, however. The most significant agricultural use change was a net increase in irrigated land of between 5 and 8.4 percent. A net decrease in orchard land was also recorded. Land use for 1971, not unexpectedly, showed significant concentration in certain physiographic areas and in areas with particular soil characteristics. Thus for example, urban uses were found more frequently than expected on valley-floor and stream-cut terraces, and forest land uses more frequently on foothills and mountainous uplands. Irrigated cropland was somewhat concentrated on soils in sandy, coarse loamy, coarse silty and fine silty particle size classes. Urban and cropland agriculture use classes have obviously avoided steeply sloping areas. Irrigated cropland and orchard land uses have avoided soil areas with high shrink-swell potential whereas grass seed producing croplands have not. Numerous other examples could be given. In summary, Chi-square analysis on the contigency tables of land use class and physical land characteristic classes gave highly significant values (eg. for 1971 land use/physiographic areas x ² calc = 9108.25 and x ² tab = 137.68), and thus the null hypotheses of no association between land use classification and these physical land characteristics were rejected. Three-way tabulation of soil characteristics and physiographic area classification against 1971 and 1955 land use classification allowed analysis of land use change in relation to these physical properties. The idea of composite model soils was used to provide a framework for summary of the kinds of soils subject to smallest and largest changes in particular kinds of urban, agricultural, and forest land uses. As examples, it appeared that greatest relative increases of residential and industrial uses occurred on poorly drained, fine textured, slowly permeable soils; greatest relative losses of agricultural land occurred on soils having the highest capability for agriculture, and; greatest relative increases in irrigation cropland uses occurred on soils rated good to excellent for irrigation. Other examples and trends were observed. A method for computer calculation of composite soil suitability or limitation indices for various uses was developed. Ranked indices were compared to interpretive groupings by best subjective judgement. Class frequency correlations were found to be generally good. Indices were further mapped using a computer graphics system, GRIDS. The index calculation method interfaced with a mapping capability was shown to have potential for rapid, flexible display of various soil, land use, as well as soil and land use patterns for land use planning purposes. Close