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• 51. [Article] Capture-based aquaculture - sustainable value adding to capture fisheries?

  Capture-based aquaculture (CBA) is an industry that utilizes wild-captured specimens as stocking animals for ongrowing or storage. This yields an intriguing direct link between capture fisheries and aquaculture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capture-based aquaculture - sustainable value adding to capture fisheries? Author: Dreyer, Bent, Hermansen, Oystein Capture-based aquaculture (CBA) is an industry that utilizes wild-captured specimens as stocking animals for ongrowing or storage. This yields an intriguing direct link between capture fisheries and aquaculture of these resources. Examples of CBA are collection of early life stages of many crustaceans and adolescent tunas for grow-out in aquaculture systems. Cod CBA competes with capture fisheries and closed-cycle aquaculture. This paper discusses value adding properties of these in order to evaluate the relative costs and value positions according to the Hunt and Morgan (1995) competitiveness matrix. CBA on cod is found to be in a superior value position and at a cost disadvantage. Advantages primarily stem from a quantitatively high yield, ability to supply during the lean season and large fish for sale. Higher capture, farming and slaughter costs are negative factors. Capture of juveniles for CBA imposes an externality on the capture fishery. When evaluating potential or ongoing CBA operations, this has to be taken into account. For cod CBA, this is internalized as cod for stocking has to be caught within regular quotas. Attention from economics and resource management research is scarce, as we find only one study that calculates the economic benefits from alternative uses of juveniles. FAO have proposed strict criteria for CBA evaluation. Our findings indicate that CBA can be economically preferable, even if not satisfying these criteria. Title: Capture-based aquaculture - sustainable value adding to capture fisheries? Author: Dreyer, Bent, Hermansen, Oystein Capture-based aquaculture (CBA) is an industry that utilizes wild-captured specimens as stocking animals for ongrowing or storage. This yields an intriguing direct link between capture fisheries and aquaculture of these resources. Examples of CBA are collection of early life stages of many crustaceans and adolescent tunas for grow-out in aquaculture systems. Cod CBA competes with capture fisheries and closed-cycle aquaculture. This paper discusses value adding properties of these in order to evaluate the relative costs and value positions according to the Hunt and Morgan (1995) competitiveness matrix. CBA on cod is found to be in a superior value position and at a cost disadvantage. Advantages primarily stem from a quantitatively high yield, ability to supply during the lean season and large fish for sale. Higher capture, farming and slaughter costs are negative factors. Capture of juveniles for CBA imposes an externality on the capture fishery. When evaluating potential or ongoing CBA operations, this has to be taken into account. For cod CBA, this is internalized as cod for stocking has to be caught within regular quotas. Attention from economics and resource management research is scarce, as we find only one study that calculates the economic benefits from alternative uses of juveniles. FAO have proposed strict criteria for CBA evaluation. Our findings indicate that CBA can be economically preferable, even if not satisfying these criteria. Close

• 52. [Article] Feasibility study for a Tillamook County dairy waste treatment and methane generation facility

  With the expansion of the Tillamook Creamery, in Tillamook Oregon, to double or more its cheese production, the demand for milk presents an economic opportunity for the member dairies of the Tillamook ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility study for a Tillamook County dairy waste treatment and methane generation facility Author: Edgar, Thom G. With the expansion of the Tillamook Creamery, in Tillamook Oregon, to double or more its cheese production, the demand for milk presents an economic opportunity for the member dairies of the Tillamook County Creamery Association. Before area dairies can expand their herd size to increase milk production for the creamery, the problem of manure waste management and pollution control must be solved. This study considers the technical and economic feasibility of developing a centralized waste treatment and methane generation facility to treat manure generated by Tillamook County dairies. A computer program modeling animal waste anaerobic digester design served as the basis for generating cost and production estimates for several hypothetical scenarios assuming input data specific to the Tillamook situation. A follow up study was also made to determine the variability of the potential ultimate methane yield of manures from Tillamook dairies. This study indicates that the proposed system is technically feasible. The study estimates that a comprehensive treatment system could cost dairymen from $70 to $100 per cow per year to start, but the economic feasibility improves as more manure is treated and more dairies participate. A full scale system has the potential to break even economically from the sale of electricity produced by a 5 megawatt methane powered generator. With the marketing of treated solids as a high grade fertilizer the system could gross a return of $1 to $75 per cow per year, depending on the scenario. Title: Feasibility study for a Tillamook County dairy waste treatment and methane generation facility Author: Edgar, Thom G. With the expansion of the Tillamook Creamery, in Tillamook Oregon, to double or more its cheese production, the demand for milk presents an economic opportunity for the member dairies of the Tillamook County Creamery Association. Before area dairies can expand their herd size to increase milk production for the creamery, the problem of manure waste management and pollution control must be solved. This study considers the technical and economic feasibility of developing a centralized waste treatment and methane generation facility to treat manure generated by Tillamook County dairies. A computer program modeling animal waste anaerobic digester design served as the basis for generating cost and production estimates for several hypothetical scenarios assuming input data specific to the Tillamook situation. A follow up study was also made to determine the variability of the potential ultimate methane yield of manures from Tillamook dairies. This study indicates that the proposed system is technically feasible. The study estimates that a comprehensive treatment system could cost dairymen from $70 to $100 per cow per year to start, but the economic feasibility improves as more manure is treated and more dairies participate. A full scale system has the potential to break even economically from the sale of electricity produced by a 5 megawatt methane powered generator. With the marketing of treated solids as a high grade fertilizer the system could gross a return of $1 to $75 per cow per year, depending on the scenario. Close

• 53. [Article] Prospects for Improving value Chain of aquaculture fish (Tilapia and African Catfish) in Central Uganda

  Abstract Only. This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prospects for Improving value Chain of aquaculture fish (Tilapia and African Catfish) in Central Uganda Author: Hyuha, Theodora, Atukunda, Gertrude Abstract Only. This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Title: Prospects for Improving value Chain of aquaculture fish (Tilapia and African Catfish) in Central Uganda Author: Hyuha, Theodora, Atukunda, Gertrude Abstract Only. This is part of the IIFET Special Session on Markets and Value Chains for Small Aquaculture & Fisheries Enterprises with a Focus on Gender that took place on 17 July 2012 in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania in conjunction with 16th IIFET Conference. The complete proceedings of this special session are available (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Documents/Uploads/FileManager/IIFET%202012%20CRSP%20Session%20Proceedings%20Final_small.pdf) through the Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative Research Support Program gender web site, (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/Gender/). Close

• 54. [Article] Innovativeness in clothing and textiles as related to adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, and selected demographic factors

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between innovativeness in clothing and textiles and; self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Innovativeness in clothing and textiles as related to adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, and selected demographic factors Author: Lauritsen, Chrisanne Clark The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between innovativeness in clothing and textiles and; self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, age, education, social status characteristics, social participation, sources of information, and continuation of learning. The sample consisted of 67 women who sew who are listed in the telephone directory of a university town in Western Oregon. The women were randomly selected and contacted by phone. Women who did not sew were excluded from the study. Questionnaires were mailed to 77 subjects and were collected one week later in person by the investigator. A 100 percent return of questionnaires was achieved; 67 were complete and were analyzed. Scales were developed, adopted, or adapted to measure each of the variables, which were then related to innovativeness by the correlation coefficient or analysis of variance. Correlation coefficients significant at the . 05 level were found between innovativeness and: self rating of innovativeness +. 3694, adoption leadership +.2623, venturesomeness +. 3431, perceived sewing competence +. 4856, social status characteristics -.2448 (a lower score indicates higher social status), and sources of information +.5852 ( |r| = .2360, p . 05). The relationship between innovativeness and social participation was not significant at the . 05 level ( r = +. 0761). Innovativeness was not significantly related to age (F = +.9236, |F| = 2.76), nor to continuation of learning ( F = +. 9855, Id = 4. 00), nor directionally related to education (F = +3. 3016, |F| = 3. 15) as determined by analysis of variance. Innovativeness is a characteristic relevant to the area of clothing and textiles. Hypotheses and measures from many different fields were found to apply. The variables of self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, social status characteristics, and sources of information, reported to be related to innovativeness in the adoption of farm practices, consumer products, and research in many other fields, were also found to be related to innovativeness in clothing and textiles in this study. Perceived sewing competence was a new dimension also related to innovativeness. When women felt confident about their sewing ability, they were free to explore new products and practices.Innovativeness in clothing and textiles offers a fruitful area for further research. Studies might be made with different populations to extend the knowledge and understanding of innovativeness. Scales of innovativeness might be improved and revised to include dates of adoption for more reliable and valid measures of innovativeness. Title: Innovativeness in clothing and textiles as related to adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, and selected demographic factors Author: Lauritsen, Chrisanne Clark The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between innovativeness in clothing and textiles and; self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, perceived sewing competence, age, education, social status characteristics, social participation, sources of information, and continuation of learning. The sample consisted of 67 women who sew who are listed in the telephone directory of a university town in Western Oregon. The women were randomly selected and contacted by phone. Women who did not sew were excluded from the study. Questionnaires were mailed to 77 subjects and were collected one week later in person by the investigator. A 100 percent return of questionnaires was achieved; 67 were complete and were analyzed. Scales were developed, adopted, or adapted to measure each of the variables, which were then related to innovativeness by the correlation coefficient or analysis of variance. Correlation coefficients significant at the . 05 level were found between innovativeness and: self rating of innovativeness +. 3694, adoption leadership +.2623, venturesomeness +. 3431, perceived sewing competence +. 4856, social status characteristics -.2448 (a lower score indicates higher social status), and sources of information +.5852 ( |r| = .2360, p . 05). The relationship between innovativeness and social participation was not significant at the . 05 level ( r = +. 0761). Innovativeness was not significantly related to age (F = +.9236, |F| = 2.76), nor to continuation of learning ( F = +. 9855, Id = 4. 00), nor directionally related to education (F = +3. 3016, |F| = 3. 15) as determined by analysis of variance. Innovativeness is a characteristic relevant to the area of clothing and textiles. Hypotheses and measures from many different fields were found to apply. The variables of self rating of innovativeness, adoption leadership, venturesomeness, social status characteristics, and sources of information, reported to be related to innovativeness in the adoption of farm practices, consumer products, and research in many other fields, were also found to be related to innovativeness in clothing and textiles in this study. Perceived sewing competence was a new dimension also related to innovativeness. When women felt confident about their sewing ability, they were free to explore new products and practices.Innovativeness in clothing and textiles offers a fruitful area for further research. Studies might be made with different populations to extend the knowledge and understanding of innovativeness. Scales of innovativeness might be improved and revised to include dates of adoption for more reliable and valid measures of innovativeness. Close

• 55. [Article] Feedlot manure processing and disposal -- an economic analysis of a Los Angeles County, California operation

  A feedlot cannot retain its manure byproduct indefinitely. Eventually some method of disposal must be used. A case study approach to this problem confronting a cattle feeding operation representative of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feedlot manure processing and disposal -- an economic analysis of a Los Angeles County, California operation Author: Van Dam, John Anthony A feedlot cannot retain its manure byproduct indefinitely. Eventually some method of disposal must be used. A case study approach to this problem confronting a cattle feeding operation representative of those in the area was used to determine volume relationship among different product forms in order to maximize net revenue or minimize costs. The study feedlot of 14,000 capacity, occupied 40 acres of which 3.5 acres were used for manure storage and processing. Geographically it was in the western half of the high desert region of Antelope Valley, Los Angeles County, California. The area had an abundance of sunshine, generally dry weather conditions; warm in summer and moderate in winter. The processing plant personnel handled 32,782 cubic yards of the stockpiled manure. Of this amount 46 percent was sold in the unprocessed product form, 35 percent sold in the processed bulk form and 19 percent as the processed package form. Some of the original 60,000 cubic yards stockpiled were removed by out-of-area buyers using their own equipment and doing their own processing. Allocating costs by product form and volume revealed that the per cubic yard costs were 11 cents for the unprocessed product, 65 cents for the processed bulk form and $1.89 for the processed packaged form, Additional costs were incurred when loading and delivery were made. Net revenue per cubic yard, based on an average weighted price for each product form, averaged $1.29 for the unprocessed product, $1.75 for the processed bulk, and $1.91 for the processed packaged form. The total net revenue by volume was greatest for the processed bulk product. Through increased efficiencies the volume processed could be increased and the per cubic yard costs reduced. Application of plant operational harmony could increase plant capacity from 14 to 21 cubic yards per hour. This would eliminate 416 hours of operation and reduce processing costs by seven cents per cubic yard. While no firm expressions were ascertained as to the future demand potential of the manure product a general agreement prevailed that the addition of adequate storage facilities, an inventory and better loading facilities should be considered by the management to increase sales of the processed products. Additional observations will be required to validate generalization as to scale of operations. However, those made during the course of this study would suffice for any generalization as to operational costs for a manure handling enterprise equivalent to that in the study. Title: Feedlot manure processing and disposal -- an economic analysis of a Los Angeles County, California operation Author: Van Dam, John Anthony A feedlot cannot retain its manure byproduct indefinitely. Eventually some method of disposal must be used. A case study approach to this problem confronting a cattle feeding operation representative of those in the area was used to determine volume relationship among different product forms in order to maximize net revenue or minimize costs. The study feedlot of 14,000 capacity, occupied 40 acres of which 3.5 acres were used for manure storage and processing. Geographically it was in the western half of the high desert region of Antelope Valley, Los Angeles County, California. The area had an abundance of sunshine, generally dry weather conditions; warm in summer and moderate in winter. The processing plant personnel handled 32,782 cubic yards of the stockpiled manure. Of this amount 46 percent was sold in the unprocessed product form, 35 percent sold in the processed bulk form and 19 percent as the processed package form. Some of the original 60,000 cubic yards stockpiled were removed by out-of-area buyers using their own equipment and doing their own processing. Allocating costs by product form and volume revealed that the per cubic yard costs were 11 cents for the unprocessed product, 65 cents for the processed bulk form and $1.89 for the processed packaged form, Additional costs were incurred when loading and delivery were made. Net revenue per cubic yard, based on an average weighted price for each product form, averaged $1.29 for the unprocessed product, $1.75 for the processed bulk, and $1.91 for the processed packaged form. The total net revenue by volume was greatest for the processed bulk product. Through increased efficiencies the volume processed could be increased and the per cubic yard costs reduced. Application of plant operational harmony could increase plant capacity from 14 to 21 cubic yards per hour. This would eliminate 416 hours of operation and reduce processing costs by seven cents per cubic yard. While no firm expressions were ascertained as to the future demand potential of the manure product a general agreement prevailed that the addition of adequate storage facilities, an inventory and better loading facilities should be considered by the management to increase sales of the processed products. Additional observations will be required to validate generalization as to scale of operations. However, those made during the course of this study would suffice for any generalization as to operational costs for a manure handling enterprise equivalent to that in the study. Close

• 56. [Article] Market water transfers as a water quality policy : a case study of the Malheur River Basin, Oregon

  Agronomic research documents a strong correlation between the level of irrigation water applied and the level of farm chemicals leached into water bodies. Consequently, policies that cause farmers to alter ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Market water transfers as a water quality policy : a case study of the Malheur River Basin, Oregon Author: Connor, Jeffery D Agronomic research documents a strong correlation between the level of irrigation water applied and the level of farm chemicals leached into water bodies. Consequently, policies that cause farmers to alter irrigation water management practices are likely to influence water quality. Water markets are a potentially attractive method of addressing agriculturally induced water quality concerns because they provide an economic incentive to reduce agricultural effluent which is less costly to farmers and society than command and control or tax policies. This research focuses on quantifying key economic and environmental implications of changes in institutional rules defining terms of water trade. At the heart of this dissertation is an empirical hydrologic-economic simulation model of the Treasure Valley area of eastern Oregon. The economic component of the model consists of 8 subregional mathematical programming models. The models vary across subregions with differences in soil productivity, production technology and irrigation cost specification. The hydrologic component of the model consist of two parts. A nitrate leaching model describes how changes in crop choice, irrigation and nitrogen input influence the level of nitrate leaving the root zone. A finite difference model describes the process of nitrate dilution in the aquifer. Five impacts of water trade are predicted: 1) water supplied to water markets, 2) profits from water market participation, 3) local groundwater quality effects, 4) local economic effects of water markets, and 5) effects of water markets on third party water rights holders. Significant conclusions drawn from the study include: 1) in large portions of the study area, the annual returns to selling water rights exceeds returns to continued irrigated crop production, even at very moderate water prices ($20 an acre foot); 2) at current water prices, the parts of the study area most likely to supply water to markets are areas used for extensive cultivation of hay, pasture and grain which contribute little to the loading of the underlying aquifer with nitrates; 3) a well developed water market in the area would not likely lead to full compliance with EPA groundwater quality standards; 4) the Oregon Statute allowing sale of conserved water is unlikely to induce much trade in conserved water in the Treasure Valley. Title: Market water transfers as a water quality policy : a case study of the Malheur River Basin, Oregon Author: Connor, Jeffery D Agronomic research documents a strong correlation between the level of irrigation water applied and the level of farm chemicals leached into water bodies. Consequently, policies that cause farmers to alter irrigation water management practices are likely to influence water quality. Water markets are a potentially attractive method of addressing agriculturally induced water quality concerns because they provide an economic incentive to reduce agricultural effluent which is less costly to farmers and society than command and control or tax policies. This research focuses on quantifying key economic and environmental implications of changes in institutional rules defining terms of water trade. At the heart of this dissertation is an empirical hydrologic-economic simulation model of the Treasure Valley area of eastern Oregon. The economic component of the model consists of 8 subregional mathematical programming models. The models vary across subregions with differences in soil productivity, production technology and irrigation cost specification. The hydrologic component of the model consist of two parts. A nitrate leaching model describes how changes in crop choice, irrigation and nitrogen input influence the level of nitrate leaving the root zone. A finite difference model describes the process of nitrate dilution in the aquifer. Five impacts of water trade are predicted: 1) water supplied to water markets, 2) profits from water market participation, 3) local groundwater quality effects, 4) local economic effects of water markets, and 5) effects of water markets on third party water rights holders. Significant conclusions drawn from the study include: 1) in large portions of the study area, the annual returns to selling water rights exceeds returns to continued irrigated crop production, even at very moderate water prices ($20 an acre foot); 2) at current water prices, the parts of the study area most likely to supply water to markets are areas used for extensive cultivation of hay, pasture and grain which contribute little to the loading of the underlying aquifer with nitrates; 3) a well developed water market in the area would not likely lead to full compliance with EPA groundwater quality standards; 4) the Oregon Statute allowing sale of conserved water is unlikely to induce much trade in conserved water in the Treasure Valley. Close

• 57. [Article] Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls

  The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls Author: Cook, Nancy Louise The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby Union High School senior girls to discover information about their families, to find what they believed was important to learn in their instruction in a unit on family clothing, and to find how they would like to be taught family clothing. Sixty-three out of 82, or 77 percent, of the Canby Union High School senior girls answered the interview-questionnaire. From the results of the family clothing interview, a composite of a Canby Union High School senior girl was formulated. Her father's occupation was that of an operative and kindred worker. Her mother was a full-time homemaker. No one but the immediate family lived in her home. Two children lived at home. The family lived on a farm. The senior high school girl did no work other than her school or home responsibilities. She made five garments a year. The father was more likely to purchase all of his clothing than any other member of the family. At least 50 percent of the respondents said it was most important to them to know about the following areas of family clothing: types of stores and their services, sales, attitudes about family clothing, the clothing needs of the individual; the effects of income of the family on clothing, climate, costs, and fashion trends; and suitable or adequate clothing for infants, children, teen-agers, young women, young men, expectant mothers, and people in middle adulthood. Teen-agers, young women, and young men were the age levels of family members chosen most frequently in which the respondents believed topics of family clothing should be studied. The composite girl regarded the following teaching methods very valuable when she was learning about family clothing: 1. The students and the teacher should plan cooperatively what they need to learn. 2. The class should interview clothing authorities. 3. The class should make observations of clothing for different ages. 4. The students should plan and carry out a family clothing project, such as comparing homemade children's clothing, comparing men's shirts of different qualities, or planning a wardrobe for a boy. 5. The class should examine articles of clothing. 6. The class needs to take field trips to clothing stores. The concepts developed in the family clothing resource unit were concerned with: 1. The influences which the history of clothing, the clothing industry, and the legislation related to clothing have on the clothing available to the family today. 2. The characteristics of families, family activities, and family locations which influence clothing decisions. 3. The factors which affect clothing selection. 4. The factors which affect the clothing needs of individual family members. A variety of learning experiences and references were provided to help the high school seniors understand the needs and problems of clothing the family today. Twenty-one high school and university home economics teachers and home economics education graduate students criticized the behavioral goals, behavioral objectives, concepts, generalizations, and learning experiences in order to perfect the family clothing resource unit. Title: Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls Author: Cook, Nancy Louise The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby Union High School senior girls to discover information about their families, to find what they believed was important to learn in their instruction in a unit on family clothing, and to find how they would like to be taught family clothing. Sixty-three out of 82, or 77 percent, of the Canby Union High School senior girls answered the interview-questionnaire. From the results of the family clothing interview, a composite of a Canby Union High School senior girl was formulated. Her father's occupation was that of an operative and kindred worker. Her mother was a full-time homemaker. No one but the immediate family lived in her home. Two children lived at home. The family lived on a farm. The senior high school girl did no work other than her school or home responsibilities. She made five garments a year. The father was more likely to purchase all of his clothing than any other member of the family. At least 50 percent of the respondents said it was most important to them to know about the following areas of family clothing: types of stores and their services, sales, attitudes about family clothing, the clothing needs of the individual; the effects of income of the family on clothing, climate, costs, and fashion trends; and suitable or adequate clothing for infants, children, teen-agers, young women, young men, expectant mothers, and people in middle adulthood. Teen-agers, young women, and young men were the age levels of family members chosen most frequently in which the respondents believed topics of family clothing should be studied. The composite girl regarded the following teaching methods very valuable when she was learning about family clothing: 1. The students and the teacher should plan cooperatively what they need to learn. 2. The class should interview clothing authorities. 3. The class should make observations of clothing for different ages. 4. The students should plan and carry out a family clothing project, such as comparing homemade children's clothing, comparing men's shirts of different qualities, or planning a wardrobe for a boy. 5. The class should examine articles of clothing. 6. The class needs to take field trips to clothing stores. The concepts developed in the family clothing resource unit were concerned with: 1. The influences which the history of clothing, the clothing industry, and the legislation related to clothing have on the clothing available to the family today. 2. The characteristics of families, family activities, and family locations which influence clothing decisions. 3. The factors which affect clothing selection. 4. The factors which affect the clothing needs of individual family members. A variety of learning experiences and references were provided to help the high school seniors understand the needs and problems of clothing the family today. Twenty-one high school and university home economics teachers and home economics education graduate students criticized the behavioral goals, behavioral objectives, concepts, generalizations, and learning experiences in order to perfect the family clothing resource unit. Close

• 58. [Article] Breeding an open pollinated broccoli for organic production systems using participatory methods

  Organic agriculture is an important and growing sector of U.S. and world food production. Consumers are increasingly aware of and interested in the production practices and impacts associated with agriculture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding an open pollinated broccoli for organic production systems using participatory methods Author: McKenzie, Laurie R. Organic agriculture is an important and growing sector of U.S. and world food production. Consumers are increasingly aware of and interested in the production practices and impacts associated with agriculture and as such, are showing a preference for sustainably produced, raised, and harvested foods. In order to continue to meet the growing demand for organic produce, organic growers need cultivars that are optimally adapted to organic and low input conditions. Quality seed is the foundation of any functional and stable farming system. Unfortunately the lack of organically bred and produced seed is hindering the continued growth and success of organic farming. Meeting the needs of the organic sector has been a challenge for the seed industry; it is an industry that often doesn't understand the specific and unique requirements associated with the diversity of environmental and market demands of organic systems. However, organic farmers and the organic food systems they supply, require a robust organic seed system that is appropriately adapted to regional agronomic challenges and market needs, meets standards and regulations, and encompasses the social and ecological values of organic agriculture. One plausible approach to meeting the cultivar and seed needs of organic and low input production systems is through the use of participatory plant breeding (PPB). PPB is a collaborative approach for identifying and developing genetically diverse plant material and varieties involving partnerships among formal sector breeders and researchers, farmers, extension agents, educators, and end users. Participatory plant breeding fundamentally changes the way that formal breeding programs and farmers manage germplasm and plant genetic resources. Typically, formal breeding programs restrict access to germplasm and breeding materials and only supply farmers with finished varieties. In PPB, farmers are involved in the early stages of creation and evaluation of germplasm and breeding material, and stay engaged with the breeding process until new varieties are created. PPB is an excellent model for breeding specifically for organic systems because organic systems in developed countries have many similarities to low-input agricultural systems in the developing world. Some of these parallels include heterogeneous growing environments, a wide range of end uses and marketing strategies, lack of suitably adapted and/or derived varieties, lack of attention from the formal seed sector, and a reduced reliance on synthetic inputs (compared to conventional systems). Breeding for organic systems is a relatively young field and breeders in the formal sector do not have a good handle on what traits are important for robust production under organic conditions. Thus the opportunity to meld farmers' experience and knowledge with breeders' expertise is an effective way to breed for organic production systems. The purpose of this project was to investigate and explore the opportunities and challenges of organic plant breeding using participatory research methods. This research had three goals: 1) to develop an open pollinated broccoli with contemporary quality traits for organic production systems using participatory strategies; 2) to compare broccoli selections made by formally trained plant breeders and farmer breeders; and 3) to capture the stories and experiences of the formal breeders and farmer breeders involved with this broccoli material in order to contribute to the growing wealth of knowledge on collaborative and organic breeding work. The Oregon State University Vegetable Breeding Program made significant progress towards decreasing the variability of the broccoli project material through three successive years of modified half-sibling selections. Evaluations and selections were based more strongly on quality traits rather than soley on production traits such as yield. Although progress was incremental and statistically verified in only three out of the fifteen quality traits, we observed trends in the data indicating progress towards an increasingly uniform, stable, and reliable open pollinated broccoli with specific adaptation for organic production systems. There were very few differences between broccoli materials developed by formally trained plant breeders and farmer breeders. This was especially true for the three cultivars developed in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) (one in Washington and two in Oregon). The 'East Coast' population, which had been collaboratively selected by formal and farmer breeders in New York, expressed significantly distinct differences from the PNW materials. When the farmer breeder and formal breeder materials were pooled together and compared to pooled check cultivars they expressed significant differences for nearly all traits across all years. This demonstrated that all of the collaboratively developed open pollinated materials are distinctly different from the F1 hybrids currently available. Our work has demonstrated a few of the myriad of positive outcomes achievable with the use of participatory plant breeding for organic production systems. The participatory nature of this project resulted in increased confidence and feelings of empowerment for all involved. Both farmers and breeders felt their involvement was socially beneficial and widened their networking and seed community circles. The farmer-bred cultivar 'Solstice' is now available as a result of Jonathan Spero's work, and a cultivar tentatively named 'Benton' is about to be released for sale through Oregon State University. Our results agree with previous study findings that formal and farmer breeder selections are often not distinctly different; thus providing evidence for continuing to support the involvement and education of farmers in plant breeding, especially in reference to organic production systems. This study demonstrates the potential of collaboratively developed and farmer-bred cultivars to become viable and vibrant open pollinated alternatives to the current open pollinated cultivars on the market today. Title: Breeding an open pollinated broccoli for organic production systems using participatory methods Author: McKenzie, Laurie R. Organic agriculture is an important and growing sector of U.S. and world food production. Consumers are increasingly aware of and interested in the production practices and impacts associated with agriculture and as such, are showing a preference for sustainably produced, raised, and harvested foods. In order to continue to meet the growing demand for organic produce, organic growers need cultivars that are optimally adapted to organic and low input conditions. Quality seed is the foundation of any functional and stable farming system. Unfortunately the lack of organically bred and produced seed is hindering the continued growth and success of organic farming. Meeting the needs of the organic sector has been a challenge for the seed industry; it is an industry that often doesn't understand the specific and unique requirements associated with the diversity of environmental and market demands of organic systems. However, organic farmers and the organic food systems they supply, require a robust organic seed system that is appropriately adapted to regional agronomic challenges and market needs, meets standards and regulations, and encompasses the social and ecological values of organic agriculture. One plausible approach to meeting the cultivar and seed needs of organic and low input production systems is through the use of participatory plant breeding (PPB). PPB is a collaborative approach for identifying and developing genetically diverse plant material and varieties involving partnerships among formal sector breeders and researchers, farmers, extension agents, educators, and end users. Participatory plant breeding fundamentally changes the way that formal breeding programs and farmers manage germplasm and plant genetic resources. Typically, formal breeding programs restrict access to germplasm and breeding materials and only supply farmers with finished varieties. In PPB, farmers are involved in the early stages of creation and evaluation of germplasm and breeding material, and stay engaged with the breeding process until new varieties are created. PPB is an excellent model for breeding specifically for organic systems because organic systems in developed countries have many similarities to low-input agricultural systems in the developing world. Some of these parallels include heterogeneous growing environments, a wide range of end uses and marketing strategies, lack of suitably adapted and/or derived varieties, lack of attention from the formal seed sector, and a reduced reliance on synthetic inputs (compared to conventional systems). Breeding for organic systems is a relatively young field and breeders in the formal sector do not have a good handle on what traits are important for robust production under organic conditions. Thus the opportunity to meld farmers' experience and knowledge with breeders' expertise is an effective way to breed for organic production systems. The purpose of this project was to investigate and explore the opportunities and challenges of organic plant breeding using participatory research methods. This research had three goals: 1) to develop an open pollinated broccoli with contemporary quality traits for organic production systems using participatory strategies; 2) to compare broccoli selections made by formally trained plant breeders and farmer breeders; and 3) to capture the stories and experiences of the formal breeders and farmer breeders involved with this broccoli material in order to contribute to the growing wealth of knowledge on collaborative and organic breeding work. The Oregon State University Vegetable Breeding Program made significant progress towards decreasing the variability of the broccoli project material through three successive years of modified half-sibling selections. Evaluations and selections were based more strongly on quality traits rather than soley on production traits such as yield. Although progress was incremental and statistically verified in only three out of the fifteen quality traits, we observed trends in the data indicating progress towards an increasingly uniform, stable, and reliable open pollinated broccoli with specific adaptation for organic production systems. There were very few differences between broccoli materials developed by formally trained plant breeders and farmer breeders. This was especially true for the three cultivars developed in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) (one in Washington and two in Oregon). The 'East Coast' population, which had been collaboratively selected by formal and farmer breeders in New York, expressed significantly distinct differences from the PNW materials. When the farmer breeder and formal breeder materials were pooled together and compared to pooled check cultivars they expressed significant differences for nearly all traits across all years. This demonstrated that all of the collaboratively developed open pollinated materials are distinctly different from the F1 hybrids currently available. Our work has demonstrated a few of the myriad of positive outcomes achievable with the use of participatory plant breeding for organic production systems. The participatory nature of this project resulted in increased confidence and feelings of empowerment for all involved. Both farmers and breeders felt their involvement was socially beneficial and widened their networking and seed community circles. The farmer-bred cultivar 'Solstice' is now available as a result of Jonathan Spero's work, and a cultivar tentatively named 'Benton' is about to be released for sale through Oregon State University. Our results agree with previous study findings that formal and farmer breeder selections are often not distinctly different; thus providing evidence for continuing to support the involvement and education of farmers in plant breeding, especially in reference to organic production systems. This study demonstrates the potential of collaboratively developed and farmer-bred cultivars to become viable and vibrant open pollinated alternatives to the current open pollinated cultivars on the market today. Close