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• 41. [Article] Supplemental comments to Oregon Task Force on Land Use Planning

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supplemental comments to Oregon Task Force on Land Use Planning Author: American Land Institute, Richmond, Henry R, Title: Supplemental comments to Oregon Task Force on Land Use Planning Author: American Land Institute, Richmond, Henry R, Close

• 42. [Article] Land use and land-use change in the Rocky Mountain west

  Private land-use decisions can have important effects on private and public welfare. Market-based policies to regulate land use have the potential to move the privately-optimal allocation of land closer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land use and land-use change in the Rocky Mountain west Author: Broniak, Christine T. Private land-use decisions can have important effects on private and public welfare. Market-based policies to regulate land use have the potential to move the privately-optimal allocation of land closer to what is socially optimal. To implement these policies in the Rocky Mountain states, it is necessary to understand the effects of private net returns on landowner choices. Two types of models are estimated to investigate these effects. The first is a conditional logit model. Here, parcel-level land-use choices are modeled in response to net returns, land quality, and other variables. The second is an area base model estimated using county aggregate land-use data. A generalized least squares model is estimated to adjust for heteroskedasticity that results from the specification. Land-use shares and transitions are dependent variables, while net returns, land quality, temperature, elevation, precipitation, and hospitality sector sales are the independent variables. For the aggregate land-use transition model, a specification that normalized net returns on range net returns returned all of the expected results. Results for both types of models suggest that it is necessary to control for land-use heterogeneity in this region by adding variables such as temperature, precipitation, and elevation. The Rocky Mountain region has more heterogeneous conditions than most other regions of the United States. With its vast areas of relatively low-value range land, this region offers promise for low-cost land conversion policies, but further research is necessary to understand the influence of a heterogeneous environment on land-use decisions. Title: Land use and land-use change in the Rocky Mountain west Author: Broniak, Christine T. Private land-use decisions can have important effects on private and public welfare. Market-based policies to regulate land use have the potential to move the privately-optimal allocation of land closer to what is socially optimal. To implement these policies in the Rocky Mountain states, it is necessary to understand the effects of private net returns on landowner choices. Two types of models are estimated to investigate these effects. The first is a conditional logit model. Here, parcel-level land-use choices are modeled in response to net returns, land quality, and other variables. The second is an area base model estimated using county aggregate land-use data. A generalized least squares model is estimated to adjust for heteroskedasticity that results from the specification. Land-use shares and transitions are dependent variables, while net returns, land quality, temperature, elevation, precipitation, and hospitality sector sales are the independent variables. For the aggregate land-use transition model, a specification that normalized net returns on range net returns returned all of the expected results. Results for both types of models suggest that it is necessary to control for land-use heterogeneity in this region by adding variables such as temperature, precipitation, and elevation. The Rocky Mountain region has more heterogeneous conditions than most other regions of the United States. With its vast areas of relatively low-value range land, this region offers promise for low-cost land conversion policies, but further research is necessary to understand the influence of a heterogeneous environment on land-use decisions. Close

• 43. [Article] Forests, farms & people: Land use change on non-federal land in Oregon 1974-2014

  Oregon has done remarkably well in preserving forests, farms, and rangeland from development. Ninety-seven percent of all non-Federal land in Oregon that was in resource land uses in 1974 remained in those ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forests, farms & people: Land use change on non-federal land in Oregon 1974-2014 Author: Hubner, Dan, McKay, Neil, Gray, Andrew N., Lettman, Gary J., Thompson, Joel L. Oregon has done remarkably well in preserving forests, farms, and rangeland from development. Ninety-seven percent of all non-Federal land in Oregon that was in resource land uses in 1974 remained in those uses in 2014. Ninety-nine percent of all non-Federal land in Oregon that was in resource land uses in 1984, after comprehensive land use plans were implemented, remained in these uses in 2014. With the housing industry still reeling from the 2007 financial crisis and subsequent Great Recession, development of resource lands in Oregon hit a record low between 2009 and 2014. Development of resource land to low-density residential or urban uses is consistent with land use goals, plans, and zoning. Most development of resource lands occurs adjacent or close to existing developed areas, thereby minimizing development scattered though Oregon’s forests and farm lands. Structures continue to be built on lands remaining in forest, agricultural, and range uses at high rates, even after the implementation of county comprehensive land use plans. However, the impact of these additional structures on management of Oregon’s resource lands is lessened because most of the structures built are relatively close to land in low-density residential or urban uses. It is notable that for land in wildland forest use owned by forest industry and non-Federal public owners, both the rate of development of wildland forest to low-density residential and urban uses and the number of structures built on land remaining in wildland forest use remained low over the study period. Most development of land in wildland forest use occurred on other private (non-industrial) ownerships. Title: Forests, farms & people: Land use change on non-federal land in Oregon 1974-2014 Author: Hubner, Dan, McKay, Neil, Gray, Andrew N., Lettman, Gary J., Thompson, Joel L. Oregon has done remarkably well in preserving forests, farms, and rangeland from development. Ninety-seven percent of all non-Federal land in Oregon that was in resource land uses in 1974 remained in those uses in 2014. Ninety-nine percent of all non-Federal land in Oregon that was in resource land uses in 1984, after comprehensive land use plans were implemented, remained in these uses in 2014. With the housing industry still reeling from the 2007 financial crisis and subsequent Great Recession, development of resource lands in Oregon hit a record low between 2009 and 2014. Development of resource land to low-density residential or urban uses is consistent with land use goals, plans, and zoning. Most development of resource lands occurs adjacent or close to existing developed areas, thereby minimizing development scattered though Oregon’s forests and farm lands. Structures continue to be built on lands remaining in forest, agricultural, and range uses at high rates, even after the implementation of county comprehensive land use plans. However, the impact of these additional structures on management of Oregon’s resource lands is lessened because most of the structures built are relatively close to land in low-density residential or urban uses. It is notable that for land in wildland forest use owned by forest industry and non-Federal public owners, both the rate of development of wildland forest to low-density residential and urban uses and the number of structures built on land remaining in wildland forest use remained low over the study period. Most development of land in wildland forest use occurred on other private (non-industrial) ownerships. Close

• 44. [Article] Disturbance and landscape history as a reference for evaluating forest management effects at a regional scale : examples from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA

  History is an invaluable source of information to understand and evaluate management influences on contemporary ecosystems and landscapes. The first two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) explored the concept ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disturbance and landscape history as a reference for evaluating forest management effects at a regional scale : examples from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA Author: Nonaka, Etsuko History is an invaluable source of information to understand and evaluate management influences on contemporary ecosystems and landscapes. The first two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) explored the concept of historical range of variability (HRV) in landscape structure and stand structure using a stochastic fire simulation model to simulate presettlement (before 1850) landscapes of the Oregon Coast Range. HRV has been defined as the bounded variability of a system within constraints imposed by larger-scale phenomena (e.g. climate, topography) and without significant modern human influence. HRV of landscapes has been proposed as a guide for biodiversity conservation in the past decade. In Chapter 2, I estimated HRV of a regional landscape and evaluated the similarity of current and alternative future landscapes under two land management scenarios to the conditions within the HRV. The simulation results indicated that historical landscapes of the region were dynamic, composed of patches of various sizes and age classes ranging from 0 to> 800 years as well as numerous small unburned island patches. The current landscape was outside the HRV. The landscape did not return to the HRV in 100 years under either scenario largely because of lack of old-growth forests and overabundance of young forests. This study showed that the HRV can provide a reference condition for concrete, quantitative evaluations of landscape conditions and alternative management scenarios if sufficient data exist for estimating HRV. Departure from HRV can serve as an indicator of landscape conditions, but results depend on scale and quantification of landscape heterogeneity. In Chapter 3, I investigated the HRV in live and dead biomass and examined variability in disturbance history and forest stand development. I calculated biomass as a function of disturbance history. The HRV of live and dead wood biomass distributions revealed that the majority of the landscape historically contained > 500 Mg/ha of live wood and 50-200 Mg/ha of dead wood. The current dead wood condition is outside HRV. There was a wide variation in dead wood biomass because of variations in disturbance history. This study suggests that natural disturbance regimes and stand development are characterized by much larger variation than is typically portrayed or appreciated. The HRV approaches to evaluating landscape conditions need to include both landscape and stand characteristics to better represent ecological differences between managed and unmanaged landscapes. In Chapter 4, I used remotely sensed data and historical vegetation data in a GIS to examine changes occurred in vegetation cover since settlement in two major valleys, the Coquille and Tillamook, in the region. I used existing historical vegetation maps of the two valleys and collected historical vegetation data from the General Land Office (GLO) survey records. I characterized current vegetation conditions using an unsupervised classification of satellite images. Historically, the Coquille Valley was dominated by hardwood trees and the Tillamook was by conifers. Valley bottoms in both areas differed in vegetation from nearby uplands. Tree-covered areas have declined substantially in both valleys as a result of agriculture and development. The historical data offered reference conditions for assessment of changes in biodiversity that have occurred in these unique habitats. This thesis illustrates the benefit of using historical landscape information for better understanding of human influence on the landscape. Historical data often have many assumptions and limitations, but ecological impacts of landscape changes on native biota can be better understood by comparisons with historical conditions. Title: Disturbance and landscape history as a reference for evaluating forest management effects at a regional scale : examples from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA Author: Nonaka, Etsuko History is an invaluable source of information to understand and evaluate management influences on contemporary ecosystems and landscapes. The first two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) explored the concept of historical range of variability (HRV) in landscape structure and stand structure using a stochastic fire simulation model to simulate presettlement (before 1850) landscapes of the Oregon Coast Range. HRV has been defined as the bounded variability of a system within constraints imposed by larger-scale phenomena (e.g. climate, topography) and without significant modern human influence. HRV of landscapes has been proposed as a guide for biodiversity conservation in the past decade. In Chapter 2, I estimated HRV of a regional landscape and evaluated the similarity of current and alternative future landscapes under two land management scenarios to the conditions within the HRV. The simulation results indicated that historical landscapes of the region were dynamic, composed of patches of various sizes and age classes ranging from 0 to> 800 years as well as numerous small unburned island patches. The current landscape was outside the HRV. The landscape did not return to the HRV in 100 years under either scenario largely because of lack of old-growth forests and overabundance of young forests. This study showed that the HRV can provide a reference condition for concrete, quantitative evaluations of landscape conditions and alternative management scenarios if sufficient data exist for estimating HRV. Departure from HRV can serve as an indicator of landscape conditions, but results depend on scale and quantification of landscape heterogeneity. In Chapter 3, I investigated the HRV in live and dead biomass and examined variability in disturbance history and forest stand development. I calculated biomass as a function of disturbance history. The HRV of live and dead wood biomass distributions revealed that the majority of the landscape historically contained > 500 Mg/ha of live wood and 50-200 Mg/ha of dead wood. The current dead wood condition is outside HRV. There was a wide variation in dead wood biomass because of variations in disturbance history. This study suggests that natural disturbance regimes and stand development are characterized by much larger variation than is typically portrayed or appreciated. The HRV approaches to evaluating landscape conditions need to include both landscape and stand characteristics to better represent ecological differences between managed and unmanaged landscapes. In Chapter 4, I used remotely sensed data and historical vegetation data in a GIS to examine changes occurred in vegetation cover since settlement in two major valleys, the Coquille and Tillamook, in the region. I used existing historical vegetation maps of the two valleys and collected historical vegetation data from the General Land Office (GLO) survey records. I characterized current vegetation conditions using an unsupervised classification of satellite images. Historically, the Coquille Valley was dominated by hardwood trees and the Tillamook was by conifers. Valley bottoms in both areas differed in vegetation from nearby uplands. Tree-covered areas have declined substantially in both valleys as a result of agriculture and development. The historical data offered reference conditions for assessment of changes in biodiversity that have occurred in these unique habitats. This thesis illustrates the benefit of using historical landscape information for better understanding of human influence on the landscape. Historical data often have many assumptions and limitations, but ecological impacts of landscape changes on native biota can be better understood by comparisons with historical conditions. Close

• 45. [Article] State Ownership, Yaquina Bay - Port of Newport North Shore moorage basin and waterfront of Newport (Submerged and Submersible Lands)

  Memorandum from the Division of State Lands giving the history of physical changes in Yaquina Bay relating to state ownership of tidal lands. "The following information on tideland sales, dredging filling, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: State Ownership, Yaquina Bay - Port of Newport North Shore moorage basin and waterfront of Newport (Submerged and Submersible Lands) Author: Oregon. Division of State Lands, Lumley, Perry E. Memorandum from the Division of State Lands giving the history of physical changes in Yaquina Bay relating to state ownership of tidal lands. "The following information on tideland sales, dredging filling, etc., is a comprehensive picture of these changes from 1895 to the present in order to determine the state ownership of these lands." (p.1) Referenced overlay material, maps and photographs are not included. Title: State Ownership, Yaquina Bay - Port of Newport North Shore moorage basin and waterfront of Newport (Submerged and Submersible Lands) Author: Oregon. Division of State Lands, Lumley, Perry E. Memorandum from the Division of State Lands giving the history of physical changes in Yaquina Bay relating to state ownership of tidal lands. "The following information on tideland sales, dredging filling, etc., is a comprehensive picture of these changes from 1895 to the present in order to determine the state ownership of these lands." (p.1) Referenced overlay material, maps and photographs are not included. Close

• 46. [Article] Essays on land use regulation

  This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and regulation. The first paper focuses on the environmental impacts of land use and their implications for the design on water quality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Essays on land use regulation Author: Hascic, Ivan This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and regulation. The first paper focuses on the environmental impacts of land use and their implications for the design on water quality trading policies. The second and third papers address local land use regulations and their impact on land values and land use patterns. The first paper provides a national-scale, watershed-level assessment of land use impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems in the United States. The results suggest that the level of conventional water pollution in a watershed is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to intensive agriculture and urban development, while the level of toxic water pollution is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to transportation and mining. Implications of the results for the design and implementation of water quality trading policies are discussed. The second paper develops an empirical framework to conduct an exploratory analysis of effects of land use regulations on land values and land use patterns in a GIS-based landscape near Eugene, Oregon. All the land use regulations considered in this study, including exclusive farm use zoning, forest zoning, urban growth boundary designation, residential density zoning, commercial zoning, and industrial zoning, are found to affect land value and use both inside and outside of the designated zones. While there are many issues this framework does not address, preliminary results indicate that regulations (except commercial zoning) tend to increase the value of land outside the designated zones, but reduce the value of land inside the designated zones. The framework is applied to measure the reduction in value due to regulations vs. the value of individual exemptions at the parcel level to illuminate the controversy surrounding Oregon's Measure 37. The reductions in value due to regulations are found to be considerably smaller than the values of individual exemptions for almost all regulations contested in the Measure 37 claims. The third paper evaluates the efficiency of the current system of land use regulation, analyzes the possible changes to the regulatory structure, and studies the role of spatial and temporal interaction among neighboring land uses. Title: Essays on land use regulation Author: Hascic, Ivan This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and regulation. The first paper focuses on the environmental impacts of land use and their implications for the design on water quality trading policies. The second and third papers address local land use regulations and their impact on land values and land use patterns. The first paper provides a national-scale, watershed-level assessment of land use impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems in the United States. The results suggest that the level of conventional water pollution in a watershed is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to intensive agriculture and urban development, while the level of toxic water pollution is significantly affected by the amount of land allocated to transportation and mining. Implications of the results for the design and implementation of water quality trading policies are discussed. The second paper develops an empirical framework to conduct an exploratory analysis of effects of land use regulations on land values and land use patterns in a GIS-based landscape near Eugene, Oregon. All the land use regulations considered in this study, including exclusive farm use zoning, forest zoning, urban growth boundary designation, residential density zoning, commercial zoning, and industrial zoning, are found to affect land value and use both inside and outside of the designated zones. While there are many issues this framework does not address, preliminary results indicate that regulations (except commercial zoning) tend to increase the value of land outside the designated zones, but reduce the value of land inside the designated zones. The framework is applied to measure the reduction in value due to regulations vs. the value of individual exemptions at the parcel level to illuminate the controversy surrounding Oregon's Measure 37. The reductions in value due to regulations are found to be considerably smaller than the values of individual exemptions for almost all regulations contested in the Measure 37 claims. The third paper evaluates the efficiency of the current system of land use regulation, analyzes the possible changes to the regulatory structure, and studies the role of spatial and temporal interaction among neighboring land uses. Close

• 47. [Article] Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon

  This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Close

• 48. [Article] How have land-use regulations affected property values in Oregon?

  Published June 2007. Reviewed January 2015. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.o...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How have land-use regulations affected property values in Oregon? Author: Plantinga, Andrew J., Jaeger, William K. (William Kenneth), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 2007. Reviewed January 2015. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: How have land-use regulations affected property values in Oregon? Author: Plantinga, Andrew J., Jaeger, William K. (William Kenneth), Oregon State University. Extension Service Published June 2007. Reviewed January 2015. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 49. [Article] Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Title: Documentation of land use plan conformance and NEPA adequacy (DNA) Author: Klamath Falls Resource Area, United States. Bureau of Land Management Close

• 50. [Article] Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management

  An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management Author: Wevers, Mary Jo An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries. Title: Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management Author: Wevers, Mary Jo An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries. Close