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• 41. [Article] Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon

  A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon Author: Dustrude, Ann Marie A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project listing of Indian households in the six-county area. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained by interview method from 504 individuals, representing 226 Indian households; a food frequency questionnaire served as a cross-check. Ages of the participants ranged from 1 to 81 years. The dietary intakes, excluding supplements, of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid were computer analyzed for 13 age-sex groupings. Mean and median nutrient intakes were compared to the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and discussed as meeting 33.3 percent or less of the RDA, meeting 33.4 to 66.6 percent of the RDA, meeting 66.7 to 99.9 percent of the RDA, or meeting the RDA fully. Iron was the nutrient found to be low most often, with children ages 1 to 3 years and females 11 to 50 years having mean intakes from 61 to 87 percent of the 1980 RDA. Calcium intakes were low for all female groups age 11 years and beyond; females 51 years and over had the lowest intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Mean and median dietary intakes of protein, riboflavin, and niacin were close to or in excess of the appropriate RDA for all age-sex groups. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A were consumed in adequate mean amounts, but there were large numbers of low intakes in some age-sex groups. Data concerning shopping habits, sources of food, food aid, tribal affiliation(s), cooking and refrigeration adequacy, consumption of "traditional" Indian foods, and income were obtained by means of a household questionnaire. A comparison was made between selected demographic factors and Household Diet Scores, which were based on individual nutrient intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Households which obtained food from a home garden and households which canned or froze food for later use had significantly higher (p [less than or equal to] .05) mean Household Diet Scores than did households which did not have these characteristics. Income levels and the practice of obtaining meat from hunting or from fishing lacked a significant relationship to Household Diet Scores at p [less than or equal to] 0.05. The percentage contributions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to caloric intakes were: 45 percent from carbohydrate, 39 percent from fat, and 16 percent from protein. In general, the diets of the Southwest Oregon Native American population were found to approximate the diets of the general United States population as reported in the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey in relation to nutrient intakes and caloric sources. Title: Nutrient intake of selected non-reservation native Americans residing in southwest Oregon Author: Dustrude, Ann Marie A study of nutrient intakes was conducted on the Southwest Oregon non-reservation Indian population during June and July of 1980. Participating households were selected by random methods from a Southwest Oregon Indian Health Project listing of Indian households in the six-county area. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained by interview method from 504 individuals, representing 226 Indian households; a food frequency questionnaire served as a cross-check. Ages of the participants ranged from 1 to 81 years. The dietary intakes, excluding supplements, of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid were computer analyzed for 13 age-sex groupings. Mean and median nutrient intakes were compared to the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and discussed as meeting 33.3 percent or less of the RDA, meeting 33.4 to 66.6 percent of the RDA, meeting 66.7 to 99.9 percent of the RDA, or meeting the RDA fully. Iron was the nutrient found to be low most often, with children ages 1 to 3 years and females 11 to 50 years having mean intakes from 61 to 87 percent of the 1980 RDA. Calcium intakes were low for all female groups age 11 years and beyond; females 51 years and over had the lowest intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Mean and median dietary intakes of protein, riboflavin, and niacin were close to or in excess of the appropriate RDA for all age-sex groups. Ascorbic acid and vitamin A were consumed in adequate mean amounts, but there were large numbers of low intakes in some age-sex groups. Data concerning shopping habits, sources of food, food aid, tribal affiliation(s), cooking and refrigeration adequacy, consumption of "traditional" Indian foods, and income were obtained by means of a household questionnaire. A comparison was made between selected demographic factors and Household Diet Scores, which were based on individual nutrient intakes compared to the 1980 RDA. Households which obtained food from a home garden and households which canned or froze food for later use had significantly higher (p [less than or equal to] .05) mean Household Diet Scores than did households which did not have these characteristics. Income levels and the practice of obtaining meat from hunting or from fishing lacked a significant relationship to Household Diet Scores at p [less than or equal to] 0.05. The percentage contributions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to caloric intakes were: 45 percent from carbohydrate, 39 percent from fat, and 16 percent from protein. In general, the diets of the Southwest Oregon Native American population were found to approximate the diets of the general United States population as reported in the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey in relation to nutrient intakes and caloric sources. Close

• 42. [Article] Does Market Liberalization Lead to Lower Household Electricity Rates? An Empirical Analysis of the European Union Member-States.

  2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does Market Liberalization Lead to Lower Household Electricity Rates? An Empirical Analysis of the European Union Member-States. Author: Vugniavyi, Iaroslav 2016 Title: Does Market Liberalization Lead to Lower Household Electricity Rates? An Empirical Analysis of the European Union Member-States. Author: Vugniavyi, Iaroslav 2016 Close

• 43. [Article] Giving credit where credit is due : the relationship between partner acknowledgement of the division of labor and couple intimacy

  Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), this study assessed the implications of the division of labor on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Giving credit where credit is due : the relationship between partner acknowledgement of the division of labor and couple intimacy Author: Ottusch, Timothy M. Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), this study assessed the implications of the division of labor on relationship intimacy for married and cohabitating dual-earner couples (N= 392 couples). The study focused on what mothers and fathers say they do in child care and household labor, what they are recognized for doing, and how these are associated with each partner's evaluation of relationship intimacy. It also examined how differences in the contributions of mothers and fathers in child care and household labor are associated with relationship intimacy. Structural equation models revealed that the recognition that mothers and fathers give each other for household labor offsets the negative effect of their household labor on relationship intimacy. For mothers, the recognition they receive from fathers for child care partially offsets the negative effects of child care on relationship intimacy. Fathers' evaluations of intimacy are highest when he contributes a certain amount of the child care, and his ratings of intimacy are lower when his child care load is anything more or less. Mothers' evaluations of intimacy lower as the discrepancy between what she says she does in reference to what the fathers' says he does in child care increases. These findings reveal it is important for partners to recognize the respective work they do in child care and household. For fathers particularly, it may be important for them to do a better job of being aware of what their partner is contributing to child care. Title: Giving credit where credit is due : the relationship between partner acknowledgement of the division of labor and couple intimacy Author: Ottusch, Timothy M. Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), this study assessed the implications of the division of labor on relationship intimacy for married and cohabitating dual-earner couples (N= 392 couples). The study focused on what mothers and fathers say they do in child care and household labor, what they are recognized for doing, and how these are associated with each partner's evaluation of relationship intimacy. It also examined how differences in the contributions of mothers and fathers in child care and household labor are associated with relationship intimacy. Structural equation models revealed that the recognition that mothers and fathers give each other for household labor offsets the negative effect of their household labor on relationship intimacy. For mothers, the recognition they receive from fathers for child care partially offsets the negative effects of child care on relationship intimacy. Fathers' evaluations of intimacy are highest when he contributes a certain amount of the child care, and his ratings of intimacy are lower when his child care load is anything more or less. Mothers' evaluations of intimacy lower as the discrepancy between what she says she does in reference to what the fathers' says he does in child care increases. These findings reveal it is important for partners to recognize the respective work they do in child care and household. For fathers particularly, it may be important for them to do a better job of being aware of what their partner is contributing to child care. Close

• 44. [Article] Determinants of off-farm labor supply among farm households in the north Willamette Valley

  Financial stress in agriculture has been a concern over the past century. Agrarian values and "love of the land" seem to yield public conclusions for the support of the industry. Much of this support is in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of off-farm labor supply among farm households in the north Willamette Valley Author: Doyle, Douglas J., 1963- Financial stress in agriculture has been a concern over the past century. Agrarian values and "love of the land" seem to yield public conclusions for the support of the industry. Much of this support is in the interest of preserving a viable food producing sector in an volatile world climate. High interest rates, declining land values and highly competitive export markets have spurred renewed concern for farm survival in the past ten years. One alternative to traditional price supports and tariffs for farm household support is off-farm income. This may take many forms including off-farm wages and salaries, rental income, interest and dividend income and, retirement or pension funds. Central to the analysis of nonfarm income generation is the allocation of time by farm households. For farmers who place a high value on the farm lifestyle, occupational choice is embedded in the time decision to such an extent that the resource allocations based on economic efficiency criteria may be altered. Tobit techniques offer a new approach to the analysis of farm household decisions on time allocation. The procedure allows the investigator to estimate and evaluate parameters that may affect the amount of off-farm work by farm household members. The Tobit analysis is designed for censored data sets. The data in this study were censored because there were missing observations on the quantity of off-farm work for those individuals who did not work off-farm in 1986. Results of Tobit analyses of off-farm work by farm operators and spouses in three Oregon counties indicated that high levels of gross farm income reduce the likelihood and extent of off-farm work. Middle-aged operators worked off-farm more while the presence of small children and elderly dependents in the farm household inhibited off-farm work. The allocation decisions of the spouse and the operator appeared to be independent; this supports a nonsimultaneous Tobit specification like the one used in this research. Title: Determinants of off-farm labor supply among farm households in the north Willamette Valley Author: Doyle, Douglas J., 1963- Financial stress in agriculture has been a concern over the past century. Agrarian values and "love of the land" seem to yield public conclusions for the support of the industry. Much of this support is in the interest of preserving a viable food producing sector in an volatile world climate. High interest rates, declining land values and highly competitive export markets have spurred renewed concern for farm survival in the past ten years. One alternative to traditional price supports and tariffs for farm household support is off-farm income. This may take many forms including off-farm wages and salaries, rental income, interest and dividend income and, retirement or pension funds. Central to the analysis of nonfarm income generation is the allocation of time by farm households. For farmers who place a high value on the farm lifestyle, occupational choice is embedded in the time decision to such an extent that the resource allocations based on economic efficiency criteria may be altered. Tobit techniques offer a new approach to the analysis of farm household decisions on time allocation. The procedure allows the investigator to estimate and evaluate parameters that may affect the amount of off-farm work by farm household members. The Tobit analysis is designed for censored data sets. The data in this study were censored because there were missing observations on the quantity of off-farm work for those individuals who did not work off-farm in 1986. Results of Tobit analyses of off-farm work by farm operators and spouses in three Oregon counties indicated that high levels of gross farm income reduce the likelihood and extent of off-farm work. Middle-aged operators worked off-farm more while the presence of small children and elderly dependents in the farm household inhibited off-farm work. The allocation decisions of the spouse and the operator appeared to be independent; this supports a nonsimultaneous Tobit specification like the one used in this research. Close

• 45. [Article] Assessing Micronutrient Deficiency As Part of Meeting Millennium Development Goals for Fish Growing Households in Vietnam and the Papua New Guinea

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Micronutrient Deficiency As Part of Meeting Millennium Development Goals for Fish Growing Households in Vietnam and the Papua New Guinea Author: Ngwenya, Elkana No poster available. Title: Assessing Micronutrient Deficiency As Part of Meeting Millennium Development Goals for Fish Growing Households in Vietnam and the Papua New Guinea Author: Ngwenya, Elkana No poster available. Close

• 46. [Article] Aquatic Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia: An Economic Valuation

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquatic Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia: An Economic Valuation Author: Ahmed, Mahfuzuddin, Yeo, Bee Hong, Petersen, Elizabeth, Israel, Danilo, Hong, Meen Chee Research Paper Title: Aquatic Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia: An Economic Valuation Author: Ahmed, Mahfuzuddin, Yeo, Bee Hong, Petersen, Elizabeth, Israel, Danilo, Hong, Meen Chee Research Paper Close

• 47. [Article] Effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios

  The effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios over a three-year time period were investigated. Specifically, this study attempted to conceptually ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios Author: Xiao, Jing-jian The effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios over a three-year time period were investigated. Specifically, this study attempted to conceptually define mental accounts, to identify own-adjustment and cross-adjustment characteristics of these mental accounts, to explore influences of selected family characteristics on these mental accounts, and to examine substantial effects of income on family portfolio behavior. Based on the behavioral life-cycle hypothesis, consumer demand theory, household production theory, and the stock adjustment hypothesis, a family portfolio behavior model was formulated for studying family saving behavior as reflected in household asset portfolios. A tobit model was utilized to estimate own- and cross-adjustment coefficients of the portfolio components, and short-term and equilibrium effects of family characteristics. The data were from the Survey of Consumer Finances conducted in 1983 and 1986. Findings strongly support the mental account hierarchy hypothesis which was reflected in the own- and cross-adjustment coefficients estimated. In addition, family income and education of the household head showed positive influences on various mental accounts. Age of the household head, employment status, family life cycle stage, house mortgage, home value, other assets, and other debts showed effects on some mental accounts. Income had a substantial influence on family portfolio behavior. The behavior of middle-income families was more consistent with the hypothesis of a mental account hierarchy than the other income groups, which implies diverse preferences for asset characteristics and varying financial needs of families at different income levels. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge of family saving behavior and increased the understanding of adaptivity and dynamics of family saving behavior. The research findings could be utilized by family finance educators and consultants, financial service marketers, and public policy makers in working successfully with different family types, marketing various financial instruments, and designing effective savings policies. In addition, this study has provided empirical evidence to assess existing theoretical models and to inspire the building of new theories. Title: Effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios Author: Xiao, Jing-jian The effects of selected family characteristics on interrelated components of household asset portfolios over a three-year time period were investigated. Specifically, this study attempted to conceptually define mental accounts, to identify own-adjustment and cross-adjustment characteristics of these mental accounts, to explore influences of selected family characteristics on these mental accounts, and to examine substantial effects of income on family portfolio behavior. Based on the behavioral life-cycle hypothesis, consumer demand theory, household production theory, and the stock adjustment hypothesis, a family portfolio behavior model was formulated for studying family saving behavior as reflected in household asset portfolios. A tobit model was utilized to estimate own- and cross-adjustment coefficients of the portfolio components, and short-term and equilibrium effects of family characteristics. The data were from the Survey of Consumer Finances conducted in 1983 and 1986. Findings strongly support the mental account hierarchy hypothesis which was reflected in the own- and cross-adjustment coefficients estimated. In addition, family income and education of the household head showed positive influences on various mental accounts. Age of the household head, employment status, family life cycle stage, house mortgage, home value, other assets, and other debts showed effects on some mental accounts. Income had a substantial influence on family portfolio behavior. The behavior of middle-income families was more consistent with the hypothesis of a mental account hierarchy than the other income groups, which implies diverse preferences for asset characteristics and varying financial needs of families at different income levels. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge of family saving behavior and increased the understanding of adaptivity and dynamics of family saving behavior. The research findings could be utilized by family finance educators and consultants, financial service marketers, and public policy makers in working successfully with different family types, marketing various financial instruments, and designing effective savings policies. In addition, this study has provided empirical evidence to assess existing theoretical models and to inspire the building of new theories. Close

• 48. [Article] Essays on determinants of human capital accumulation

  This dissertation is composed of two self-contained essays, which examine two different factors that could affect human capital accumulation in a developing country. Both essays utilize cross-sectional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Essays on determinants of human capital accumulation Author: Sherpa, Maya This dissertation is composed of two self-contained essays, which examine two different factors that could affect human capital accumulation in a developing country. Both essays utilize cross-sectional data from the second round (2003/04) of national level household survey from Nepal. In the first essay, I estimate the impact of remittances on school attendance of children in Nepal. Over the last decade Nepal has experienced an increase in both domestic and international migration and consequently, Nepal has also seen a large surge in remittances from expatriates, growing from less than 3 percent of the GDP in 1995 to about 17 percent in 2004, to 22 percent in 2008, becoming one of the top ten recipients in terms of the share of remittance to GDP. In developing countries, investment in human capital is often viewed as significantly constrained by household resources. The premise of this essay is that remittances, by relaxing household resource constraints, can promote investment in education of the children living in remittance-receiving household. I use the proportion of households receiving remittances and the migrant’s age as instrumental variables to identify remittance-receiving households and level of remittance flow. I find that remittances increase the probability of school attendance for young girls (ages 6-10) and for older boys (ages 11-18). But the positive effect does not extend to younger boys (ages 6-10) and older girls (ages 11-18). In the second essay, I estimate the causal effect of child's number hours worked on school attendance and school attainment. Here, number of hours worked is defined broadly to include hours worked in market and non-market activities within and outside the household as well as hours worked on domestic chores within the household. The central identification problem in estimating the causal effect of child labor on schooling is that these two decisions are simultaneously driven by different confounding factors such as household income, family preferences, child characteristics, availability and quality of school, etc. All of these are likely to induce a negative (or a positive) relationship between schooling and child labor. To abstract from these confounding factors, I use community level average daily agricultural wage for children and the distance to water source to provide variation in the demand for child labor. The results show that the effect of hours worked on schooling outcomes differ by demographic subgroups. For girls, the number of hours worked adversely affects both school attendance and grade attainment. For boys, the results are significantly different. The results of this study suggest that working up to 12.7 and 14.5 hours per week have no adverse effect on school attendance of boys of ages 5-9 and ages 10-16, respectively. Whereas, working less than 15 hours a week has no detrimental effect on grade attainment of older boys. I find no effect of the number of hours worked on grade attainment of younger boys aged 5-9. Title: Essays on determinants of human capital accumulation Author: Sherpa, Maya This dissertation is composed of two self-contained essays, which examine two different factors that could affect human capital accumulation in a developing country. Both essays utilize cross-sectional data from the second round (2003/04) of national level household survey from Nepal. In the first essay, I estimate the impact of remittances on school attendance of children in Nepal. Over the last decade Nepal has experienced an increase in both domestic and international migration and consequently, Nepal has also seen a large surge in remittances from expatriates, growing from less than 3 percent of the GDP in 1995 to about 17 percent in 2004, to 22 percent in 2008, becoming one of the top ten recipients in terms of the share of remittance to GDP. In developing countries, investment in human capital is often viewed as significantly constrained by household resources. The premise of this essay is that remittances, by relaxing household resource constraints, can promote investment in education of the children living in remittance-receiving household. I use the proportion of households receiving remittances and the migrant’s age as instrumental variables to identify remittance-receiving households and level of remittance flow. I find that remittances increase the probability of school attendance for young girls (ages 6-10) and for older boys (ages 11-18). But the positive effect does not extend to younger boys (ages 6-10) and older girls (ages 11-18). In the second essay, I estimate the causal effect of child's number hours worked on school attendance and school attainment. Here, number of hours worked is defined broadly to include hours worked in market and non-market activities within and outside the household as well as hours worked on domestic chores within the household. The central identification problem in estimating the causal effect of child labor on schooling is that these two decisions are simultaneously driven by different confounding factors such as household income, family preferences, child characteristics, availability and quality of school, etc. All of these are likely to induce a negative (or a positive) relationship between schooling and child labor. To abstract from these confounding factors, I use community level average daily agricultural wage for children and the distance to water source to provide variation in the demand for child labor. The results show that the effect of hours worked on schooling outcomes differ by demographic subgroups. For girls, the number of hours worked adversely affects both school attendance and grade attainment. For boys, the results are significantly different. The results of this study suggest that working up to 12.7 and 14.5 hours per week have no adverse effect on school attendance of boys of ages 5-9 and ages 10-16, respectively. Whereas, working less than 15 hours a week has no detrimental effect on grade attainment of older boys. I find no effect of the number of hours worked on grade attainment of younger boys aged 5-9. Close

• 49. [Article] Economic Analysis of A Road Usage Charge

  This study evaluates the distributional impacts of an alternative public roads finance method, a road usage charge (RUC) fee, on lower income households and rural households in Oregon. While previous research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Analysis of A Road Usage Charge Author: Ke, Yue This study evaluates the distributional impacts of an alternative public roads finance method, a road usage charge (RUC) fee, on lower income households and rural households in Oregon. While previous research has relied on the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), this research will uses the 2011-2013 Oregon Household Activity Survey (OHAS) data. The OHAS dataset is used to assess the impact of changing from a 30 cents per gallon fuel tax to the 1.5 cents per mile RUC as proposed in SB 801, and to examine regional differences in driving behaviors that may be relevant in further assessing the impacts of a change in policy. Results show that overall the RUC will be slightly more regressive than the fuel tax, but that impacts may vary due to regional differences in the determinants of vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Title: Economic Analysis of A Road Usage Charge Author: Ke, Yue This study evaluates the distributional impacts of an alternative public roads finance method, a road usage charge (RUC) fee, on lower income households and rural households in Oregon. While previous research has relied on the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), this research will uses the 2011-2013 Oregon Household Activity Survey (OHAS) data. The OHAS dataset is used to assess the impact of changing from a 30 cents per gallon fuel tax to the 1.5 cents per mile RUC as proposed in SB 801, and to examine regional differences in driving behaviors that may be relevant in further assessing the impacts of a change in policy. Results show that overall the RUC will be slightly more regressive than the fuel tax, but that impacts may vary due to regional differences in the determinants of vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Close

• 50. [Article] Time used for household work : comparisons for farm, rural nonfarm, and urban women

  This study examined time spent in various activities by farm women. Emphasis was placed on household work time and how time is apportioned among various household work activities. Time use of farm women ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Time used for household work : comparisons for farm, rural nonfarm, and urban women Author: Meiners, Jane Ella This study examined time spent in various activities by farm women. Emphasis was placed on household work time and how time is apportioned among various household work activities. Time use of farm women was compared to rural nonfarm women and urban women. Data were from An Interstate Comparison of Urban/Rural Families' Time Use (NE113). The sample consisted of a stratified random sample of 2100 two-parent, two-child families within the rural and urban areas of eleven states. Families were selected to equally represent 5 strata based on age of the youngest child. Time diary records were kept for each member of the family (over the age of six) for a recall day and a record day. Farm women spent about 49 hours a week in household work; rural nonfarm and urban women spent about 46 hours per week. Food preparation and dishwashing took the greatest portion of household work time; about 15 hours per week. Farm, rural nonfarm, and urban women did not spend significantly different amounts of time in total household work, nor in the subcategories of household work (food preparation/ dishwashing, housecleaning/maintenance of home, yard, car, or pet; care/construction of clothing; physical/nonphysical care of family members; shopping and management). Farm women spent significantly more time in unpaid labor on the family farm or business than did rural nonfarm or urban women. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified hours in paid employment as the factor which contributed most to a decrease in farm, rural nonfarm, and urban women's time in household work. Hours in unpaid work and the age of the youngest child also contributed to explained variance of household work time for all three groups, although the Beta value for unpaid work of farm women was not significant. A combination of food preservation and equipment ownership variables explained little of the variance in time spent in food preparation by farm, rural nonfarm, and urban women. Consideration was given to the implications for family decision making, public policy, and further research. Title: Time used for household work : comparisons for farm, rural nonfarm, and urban women Author: Meiners, Jane Ella This study examined time spent in various activities by farm women. Emphasis was placed on household work time and how time is apportioned among various household work activities. Time use of farm women was compared to rural nonfarm women and urban women. Data were from An Interstate Comparison of Urban/Rural Families' Time Use (NE113). The sample consisted of a stratified random sample of 2100 two-parent, two-child families within the rural and urban areas of eleven states. Families were selected to equally represent 5 strata based on age of the youngest child. Time diary records were kept for each member of the family (over the age of six) for a recall day and a record day. Farm women spent about 49 hours a week in household work; rural nonfarm and urban women spent about 46 hours per week. Food preparation and dishwashing took the greatest portion of household work time; about 15 hours per week. Farm, rural nonfarm, and urban women did not spend significantly different amounts of time in total household work, nor in the subcategories of household work (food preparation/ dishwashing, housecleaning/maintenance of home, yard, car, or pet; care/construction of clothing; physical/nonphysical care of family members; shopping and management). Farm women spent significantly more time in unpaid labor on the family farm or business than did rural nonfarm or urban women. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified hours in paid employment as the factor which contributed most to a decrease in farm, rural nonfarm, and urban women's time in household work. Hours in unpaid work and the age of the youngest child also contributed to explained variance of household work time for all three groups, although the Beta value for unpaid work of farm women was not significant. A combination of food preservation and equipment ownership variables explained little of the variance in time spent in food preparation by farm, rural nonfarm, and urban women. Consideration was given to the implications for family decision making, public policy, and further research. Close