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• 41. [Article] Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India

  In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India Author: Osman, Mohammed, 1960- In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the production of crop and tree components with and without application of fertilizer to the crop. Sorghum (1991 & 1992) and cowpea (1993 & 1994) were grown as intercrops with Lezicaena trees on a shallow red soil (alfisol) under rain fed conditions at Hyderabad, India. Crops grown with pruned trees had higher leaf area index and dry matter than did those with unpruned trees. The grain yield of sorghum was 76% and 39% of the pure crop yield (1553 kg ha⁻¹) with pruned and unpruned trees with no root barriers. The corresponding values for cowpea were 49% and 26% of the pure crop yield (1075 kg ha⁻¹). Intercropped sorghum and cowpea responded to fertilizer application more strongly than their respective pure crops, suggesting a need for fertilizer application in an agrisilvi-system. impact of root bamers was not significant on either crop. The study suggested that competition for light was stronger than for soil water. Straw and grain yield of sorghum, and dry matter yield of cowpea were found to be roughly proportional to the amount of light intercepted by the crop at harvest. Pruning of trees twice during the cropping season reduced tree diameter growth and branch and foliage yield compared to no pruning. Unpruned trees yielded 5643 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of branches and foliage compared to 2028 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ by pruned trees. Pruning eliminated litter fall and nutrient input to the soil nutrient pool because pruned material was utilized as fodder. Unpruned trees contributed 103 kg of nitrogen and 6.4 kg of phosphorus per hectare annually to the soil nutrient pool through litter fall. During the cropping season, soil water content was higher near the surface in tree plots compared to pure crop plots. Tree transpiration declined only after more than half of the leaf area was removed. Pruning of roots to a depth of 60 cm caused no decline in transpiration suggesting trees can draw water equally well from deeper or shallow soil layers. The study highlighted the competitive interaction between trees and crops. The agrisilvi-system produced about 50% more biomass with unpruned trees than with pure crop or pure tree. Based on cash value (fodder yield equivalent) it would require 1.55 times as much land if trees and crops were grown separately compared to agrisilvi-system with unpruned trees. Soil nitrogen economy and stability of fodder and fuelwood production can be achieved with pollarded-unpruned leucaena trees in an agrisilvi-system but grain crop yields are severely depressed. Thus, there was little advantage of the agrisilvi-system over pure cropping for meeting the present and increasing demand of food production. For this agrisilvi-system to be adopted by subsistence farmers in India further refinements must be developed so that crop yields are maintained. Title: Performance of Leucaena, sorghum or cowpea and resource sharing in an agrisilviculture system in semi-arid India Author: Osman, Mohammed, 1960- In an agrisilviculture system, trees and crops compete for above and below ground resources. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of shoot pruning and root barriers around pollarded trees on the production of crop and tree components with and without application of fertilizer to the crop. Sorghum (1991 & 1992) and cowpea (1993 & 1994) were grown as intercrops with Lezicaena trees on a shallow red soil (alfisol) under rain fed conditions at Hyderabad, India. Crops grown with pruned trees had higher leaf area index and dry matter than did those with unpruned trees. The grain yield of sorghum was 76% and 39% of the pure crop yield (1553 kg ha⁻¹) with pruned and unpruned trees with no root barriers. The corresponding values for cowpea were 49% and 26% of the pure crop yield (1075 kg ha⁻¹). Intercropped sorghum and cowpea responded to fertilizer application more strongly than their respective pure crops, suggesting a need for fertilizer application in an agrisilvi-system. impact of root bamers was not significant on either crop. The study suggested that competition for light was stronger than for soil water. Straw and grain yield of sorghum, and dry matter yield of cowpea were found to be roughly proportional to the amount of light intercepted by the crop at harvest. Pruning of trees twice during the cropping season reduced tree diameter growth and branch and foliage yield compared to no pruning. Unpruned trees yielded 5643 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ of branches and foliage compared to 2028 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ by pruned trees. Pruning eliminated litter fall and nutrient input to the soil nutrient pool because pruned material was utilized as fodder. Unpruned trees contributed 103 kg of nitrogen and 6.4 kg of phosphorus per hectare annually to the soil nutrient pool through litter fall. During the cropping season, soil water content was higher near the surface in tree plots compared to pure crop plots. Tree transpiration declined only after more than half of the leaf area was removed. Pruning of roots to a depth of 60 cm caused no decline in transpiration suggesting trees can draw water equally well from deeper or shallow soil layers. The study highlighted the competitive interaction between trees and crops. The agrisilvi-system produced about 50% more biomass with unpruned trees than with pure crop or pure tree. Based on cash value (fodder yield equivalent) it would require 1.55 times as much land if trees and crops were grown separately compared to agrisilvi-system with unpruned trees. Soil nitrogen economy and stability of fodder and fuelwood production can be achieved with pollarded-unpruned leucaena trees in an agrisilvi-system but grain crop yields are severely depressed. Thus, there was little advantage of the agrisilvi-system over pure cropping for meeting the present and increasing demand of food production. For this agrisilvi-system to be adopted by subsistence farmers in India further refinements must be developed so that crop yields are maintained. Close

• 42. [Article] Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases

  Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases Author: McIntyre, Ethel Mae Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely in their energy values; some-- like potatoes--are high in carbohydrates, others--like lettuce and cucumbers-- are low. Fresh or canned they are high in minerals and vitamins, low in protein and fat, and are valuable for bulk and palatability. When purchasing fresh produce it was necessary to know something of quality, appearance, and texture. Quality is made up of many characteristics-- some external, internal, chemical, and physical. Appearance is concerned with shape, color, freedom from blemishes and dirt. Texture contrasts hard or soft, smooth or granular, stringy and fibrous or free from fiber, crisp or flabby, wilted or tough. The flavor of vegetables is due to several constituents: sugar, organic acids, mineral salts, and aromatic compounds. A combination of these gives flavors that make vegetables palatable and attractive. The nutritive value of a given vegetable depends on the part of the plant to be used, as well, as the variety, climate, soil in which it is grown, conditions of storage, and preparation. The leaf, stem, flower, seed, and fruit are all edible parts. When purchasing vegetables for the Army it was well to know that the initial price was by no means the ultimate cost as there was a wide margin between the cost as purchased and edible-portion cost. Waste in preparation, storage, and losses in the cooking of highly perishable produce would cost six cents per pound as purchased and thirty cents per pound edible portion. The condition of the vegetables when delivered has a great influence on the probable yield. When purchasing canned vegetables, grades were used as purchasing guides. Samples of each grade of produce were requested for testing to find out if the product was satisfactory. The highest grade was not purchased for general use; Grade B or Standard was acceptable for the Army mess. Fresh and frozen vegetables were used largely in Army camps and fields in the United States. Canned and dehydrated products were to be used in combat areas overseas because they were easy to prepare, there was little or no waste, and the nutritive value was fairly well retained. The problem of storage was not difficult, and shipping space was saved when dehydrated food was shipped because of its lightness and lack of bulk. The Army food purchasing officer needed to be familiar with the local vegetable supply and market center facilities. A knowledge of standardizing, grading, packaging, sorting, and transporting produce was necessary in order to purchase food economically and intelligently. Because of uncertainty of crops due to curtailed planting and harvesting occasioned by labor shortages, it was difficult for producers and distributors to cooperate at all times. The Quartermaster's office arranged with local marketing centers for information on prices, substitutions, and quantities of local produce available, several days in advance, so that suitable substitutions could be made on menus if sufficient fresh vegetables were not obtainable. Inspection of all food on delivery was required, and if low grade or unsatisfactory produce was discovered it was returned to the dealers or an adjustment requested. This was done to determine whether or not supplies met the contract requirements for quality and conditions specified by the Army. Title: Observations on the purchase, inspection, and preparation of vegetables for group feeding at certain army air bases Author: McIntyre, Ethel Mae Since vegetables are of such importance in the nutrition of human beings, it is natural that they should play a large part in Army feeding. They are high in food value. The different kinds vary widely in their energy values; some-- like potatoes--are high in carbohydrates, others--like lettuce and cucumbers-- are low. Fresh or canned they are high in minerals and vitamins, low in protein and fat, and are valuable for bulk and palatability. When purchasing fresh produce it was necessary to know something of quality, appearance, and texture. Quality is made up of many characteristics-- some external, internal, chemical, and physical. Appearance is concerned with shape, color, freedom from blemishes and dirt. Texture contrasts hard or soft, smooth or granular, stringy and fibrous or free from fiber, crisp or flabby, wilted or tough. The flavor of vegetables is due to several constituents: sugar, organic acids, mineral salts, and aromatic compounds. A combination of these gives flavors that make vegetables palatable and attractive. The nutritive value of a given vegetable depends on the part of the plant to be used, as well, as the variety, climate, soil in which it is grown, conditions of storage, and preparation. The leaf, stem, flower, seed, and fruit are all edible parts. When purchasing vegetables for the Army it was well to know that the initial price was by no means the ultimate cost as there was a wide margin between the cost as purchased and edible-portion cost. Waste in preparation, storage, and losses in the cooking of highly perishable produce would cost six cents per pound as purchased and thirty cents per pound edible portion. The condition of the vegetables when delivered has a great influence on the probable yield. When purchasing canned vegetables, grades were used as purchasing guides. Samples of each grade of produce were requested for testing to find out if the product was satisfactory. The highest grade was not purchased for general use; Grade B or Standard was acceptable for the Army mess. Fresh and frozen vegetables were used largely in Army camps and fields in the United States. Canned and dehydrated products were to be used in combat areas overseas because they were easy to prepare, there was little or no waste, and the nutritive value was fairly well retained. The problem of storage was not difficult, and shipping space was saved when dehydrated food was shipped because of its lightness and lack of bulk. The Army food purchasing officer needed to be familiar with the local vegetable supply and market center facilities. A knowledge of standardizing, grading, packaging, sorting, and transporting produce was necessary in order to purchase food economically and intelligently. Because of uncertainty of crops due to curtailed planting and harvesting occasioned by labor shortages, it was difficult for producers and distributors to cooperate at all times. The Quartermaster's office arranged with local marketing centers for information on prices, substitutions, and quantities of local produce available, several days in advance, so that suitable substitutions could be made on menus if sufficient fresh vegetables were not obtainable. Inspection of all food on delivery was required, and if low grade or unsatisfactory produce was discovered it was returned to the dealers or an adjustment requested. This was done to determine whether or not supplies met the contract requirements for quality and conditions specified by the Army. Close

• 43. [Article] Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas

  The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas Author: Lorenzo, Ariel The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing areas. Spring wheat germplasm employed included high protein hexaploid derivatives from Triticum dicoccoides, and selections from Argentina with good bread milling and baking properties. Winter wheat materials were from the Oregon State University International Winter x Spring Wheat Improvement Program. Elevated protein content was found not to be a prerequisite in obtaining high loaf volumes. Electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test proved to be reliable indicators of protein quality. High molecular weight glutenin banding patterns were independent of environmental factors. Bands 5-10 contributed by the D genome, with either bands 1 or 2* from the A genome and bands 7-8 or 17-18 coded by the B genome, appeared to be the most critical in influencing high loaf volume. For the experimental material used, SDSS values were found to be dependent upon variations in protein content. Five grams wholemeal flour samples with 2% SDS, 10 ml/I of 9.6% lactate solution and a reading time of 30 minutes provided the best combination to discriminate between lines with high or low loaf volume. Grain yield was found to be negatively associated with grain protein content in the spring wheat material. In crosses with Argentine lines, high protein "dicoccoides" derivatives, did not contribute major genes for protein content. Grain hardness was found to be a qualitatively inherited trait, and not associated with grain protein content or loaf volume. No single criterion proved of value in improving protein content and grain yield simultaneously, other than delaying selection until later generations. Strong negative associations between harvest index and grain protein content were observed for the winter wheat germplasm. Biological yield and kernel weight were the best selection criteria to improve grain protein without sacrificing grain yield. Early season applications of nitrate nitrogen resulted in a simultaneous increase in protein content and grain yield. Title: Feasibility of developing bread wheat cultivars with acceptable protein content for non-traditional areas Author: Lorenzo, Ariel The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of developing high yielding wheat cultivars whose flour would result in acceptable loaf volumes for non-traditional bread wheat growing areas. Spring wheat germplasm employed included high protein hexaploid derivatives from Triticum dicoccoides, and selections from Argentina with good bread milling and baking properties. Winter wheat materials were from the Oregon State University International Winter x Spring Wheat Improvement Program. Elevated protein content was found not to be a prerequisite in obtaining high loaf volumes. Electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test proved to be reliable indicators of protein quality. High molecular weight glutenin banding patterns were independent of environmental factors. Bands 5-10 contributed by the D genome, with either bands 1 or 2* from the A genome and bands 7-8 or 17-18 coded by the B genome, appeared to be the most critical in influencing high loaf volume. For the experimental material used, SDSS values were found to be dependent upon variations in protein content. Five grams wholemeal flour samples with 2% SDS, 10 ml/I of 9.6% lactate solution and a reading time of 30 minutes provided the best combination to discriminate between lines with high or low loaf volume. Grain yield was found to be negatively associated with grain protein content in the spring wheat material. In crosses with Argentine lines, high protein "dicoccoides" derivatives, did not contribute major genes for protein content. Grain hardness was found to be a qualitatively inherited trait, and not associated with grain protein content or loaf volume. No single criterion proved of value in improving protein content and grain yield simultaneously, other than delaying selection until later generations. Strong negative associations between harvest index and grain protein content were observed for the winter wheat germplasm. Biological yield and kernel weight were the best selection criteria to improve grain protein without sacrificing grain yield. Early season applications of nitrate nitrogen resulted in a simultaneous increase in protein content and grain yield. Close

• 44. [Article] Apoplastic distribution of atrazine and glyphosate in intact sunflower leaves

  Apoplastic distribution patterns of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)- 6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)- glycine], the naturally occurring apoplastic leaf solutes, and the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Apoplastic distribution of atrazine and glyphosate in intact sunflower leaves Author: Jachetta, John Joseph Apoplastic distribution patterns of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)- 6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)- glycine], the naturally occurring apoplastic leaf solutes, and the apoplastic dye PTS (trisodium 3-hydroxy-5,8,10-pyrenetrisulfonate) were compared. Aliquots of sap were expressed from intact sunflower leaves in a pressure chamber over intervals of 0.2 to 0.4 bars. Three distinct fractions were detected in the expressed sap volume; these were tentatively identified as a petiole-midrib fraction, a minor vein-cell wall fraction, and a third fraction comprised of a decreasing minor vein-cell wall fraction and an increasing fraction of membrane-filtered cell sap. Atrazine and the naturally occurring apoplastic solutes were in a slightly higher concentration in the petiole-midrib fraction than in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. The concentration of apoplastic solutes in the third fraction was decreased with each increment of pressure to a value close to deionized water. The concentration of atrazine in the third fraction was the same as the second fraction, indicating that the plasmalemma was not a significant barrier to atrazine movement. The apoplastic distribution of PTS and glyphosate were very similar to each other, showing a marked accumulation in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. Both compounds were diluted with each successive pressure increment to a low value in the third fraction, indicating a resistance to movement into or out of the symplast. The total concentration of atrazine in the apoplast was much lower than glyphosate. Both compounds were in similar concentrations in the symplast. The apparent octanol:water partitioning coefficient for atrazine and glyphosate was determined. These values were comparable to the quotients of the symplastic and apoplastic concentrations for both atrazine and glyphosate. It was suggested that the polar nature and high water solubility of glyphosate were responsible for its slower rate of penetration into the symplast and resulting accumulation in the apoplast. These results support the intermediate permeability hypothesis; that compounds which display the apoplastic transport pattern are freely mobile between the apoplast and symplast. Compounds which are not weak acids and exhibit the symplastic transport pattern penetrate the. symplast slowly, but once absorbed, are retained for long-distance transport. Title: Apoplastic distribution of atrazine and glyphosate in intact sunflower leaves Author: Jachetta, John Joseph Apoplastic distribution patterns of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)- 6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)- glycine], the naturally occurring apoplastic leaf solutes, and the apoplastic dye PTS (trisodium 3-hydroxy-5,8,10-pyrenetrisulfonate) were compared. Aliquots of sap were expressed from intact sunflower leaves in a pressure chamber over intervals of 0.2 to 0.4 bars. Three distinct fractions were detected in the expressed sap volume; these were tentatively identified as a petiole-midrib fraction, a minor vein-cell wall fraction, and a third fraction comprised of a decreasing minor vein-cell wall fraction and an increasing fraction of membrane-filtered cell sap. Atrazine and the naturally occurring apoplastic solutes were in a slightly higher concentration in the petiole-midrib fraction than in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. The concentration of apoplastic solutes in the third fraction was decreased with each increment of pressure to a value close to deionized water. The concentration of atrazine in the third fraction was the same as the second fraction, indicating that the plasmalemma was not a significant barrier to atrazine movement. The apoplastic distribution of PTS and glyphosate were very similar to each other, showing a marked accumulation in the minor vein-cell wall fraction. Both compounds were diluted with each successive pressure increment to a low value in the third fraction, indicating a resistance to movement into or out of the symplast. The total concentration of atrazine in the apoplast was much lower than glyphosate. Both compounds were in similar concentrations in the symplast. The apparent octanol:water partitioning coefficient for atrazine and glyphosate was determined. These values were comparable to the quotients of the symplastic and apoplastic concentrations for both atrazine and glyphosate. It was suggested that the polar nature and high water solubility of glyphosate were responsible for its slower rate of penetration into the symplast and resulting accumulation in the apoplast. These results support the intermediate permeability hypothesis; that compounds which display the apoplastic transport pattern are freely mobile between the apoplast and symplast. Compounds which are not weak acids and exhibit the symplastic transport pattern penetrate the. symplast slowly, but once absorbed, are retained for long-distance transport. Close

• 45. [Article] Reservoir Water Re-allocation and Community Welfare

  Financial support from the QUT Business School and the FRDC (Project 2008 ⁄ 306) is gratefully acknowledged.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reservoir Water Re-allocation and Community Welfare Author: Wilson, Clevo, Kularatne, Mohottala G, Robinson, Tom, Pascoe, Sean Financial support from the QUT Business School and the FRDC (Project 2008 ⁄ 306) is gratefully acknowledged. Title: Reservoir Water Re-allocation and Community Welfare Author: Wilson, Clevo, Kularatne, Mohottala G, Robinson, Tom, Pascoe, Sean Financial support from the QUT Business School and the FRDC (Project 2008 ⁄ 306) is gratefully acknowledged. Close

• 46. [Article] Performance of cultivars, hybrids and composites of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) grown at three locations

  The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of cultivars, hybrids and composites of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) grown at three locations Author: Verges, Ruben P. The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 mixtures of the parental combinations. Three sites were employed to evaluate possible interactions between the different groups across locations. Phenotypic correlations among selected agronomic traits and grain yield within each group along with the expression of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the hybrids were studied. Results of this investigation support the general conclusion reached by other investigators that hybrids and composites are not consistently superior to the best conventional cultivars of wheat for grain yield. However, at the Moro site, with the greater environmental stresses, some hybrids and composites appeared to yield more than the parental lines grown in pure stands. At Pendleton, the best environment for yield expression, the hybrids and conventional cultivars did not differ for grain yield. At this location, the best hybrids and one composite did significantly outyield the commercial cultivars Stephens, Malcolm and Hill, but not four advanced parental selections when grown in pure stands. Low to moderate values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield were found. The degree of expression being affected by the specific growing site. Plant height and the number of kernels per spike showed relatively higher values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis over locations when compared to the other traits. Phenotypic correlations suggested that a breeding program to develop hybrid wheat should combine high number of kernels per spike with high kernel weight. The positive correlation between grain yield and plant height indicated that increases in grain yield could be obtained by increasing plant height if lodging did not present a problem. Title: Performance of cultivars, hybrids and composites of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) grown at three locations Author: Verges, Ruben P. The objective of this study was to compare three genetically different groups of winter wheat for their grain yield. Experimental material consisted of parental lines grown in pure stands, hybrids, and 1:1 mixtures of the parental combinations. Three sites were employed to evaluate possible interactions between the different groups across locations. Phenotypic correlations among selected agronomic traits and grain yield within each group along with the expression of heterosis and heterobeltiosis in the hybrids were studied. Results of this investigation support the general conclusion reached by other investigators that hybrids and composites are not consistently superior to the best conventional cultivars of wheat for grain yield. However, at the Moro site, with the greater environmental stresses, some hybrids and composites appeared to yield more than the parental lines grown in pure stands. At Pendleton, the best environment for yield expression, the hybrids and conventional cultivars did not differ for grain yield. At this location, the best hybrids and one composite did significantly outyield the commercial cultivars Stephens, Malcolm and Hill, but not four advanced parental selections when grown in pure stands. Low to moderate values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for grain yield were found. The degree of expression being affected by the specific growing site. Plant height and the number of kernels per spike showed relatively higher values for heterosis and heterobeltiosis over locations when compared to the other traits. Phenotypic correlations suggested that a breeding program to develop hybrid wheat should combine high number of kernels per spike with high kernel weight. The positive correlation between grain yield and plant height indicated that increases in grain yield could be obtained by increasing plant height if lodging did not present a problem. Close

• 47. [Article] Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates

  This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Title: Effects of value self-confrontation on values and academic performance of undergraduates Author: Seyfarth, Leonard H. This study investigated the following question: If one wants to be a good student and then compares his/her own values with those of good students, will he/she shift values immediately to resemble those of good students, and later improve academic performance? The investigator drew a sample of 237 volunteers of both sexes from a large general psychology class in a land grant university to provide data. A modified two-group pretest-posttest control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) was utilized. Early in the term, groups of students were administered a three-part questionnaire. Part One, the values pretest, consisted of Rokeach's Value Survey, form E (1976, 1973). Part Two was the high or low level of value self-confrontation treatment. High treatment students (a) saw themselves as good students, and (b) compared their own values with those of previously measured good students in the course. Low treatment students (a) saw themselves as unlike high school students, and (b) compared their own values with good-student values misleadingly labelled as those of high school students. Hence, the two treatments differed only in the mind-set of the students toward the source of the comparison values. Part Three consisted of the immediate values posttest and demographic questions. The academic performance measures were the most recent GPA, and regular midterm and final examinations. The analysis was based on two values which historically had best discriminated between good and mediocre students, being self-controlled (important for good students), and pleasure (less important for good students). Analysis consisted of (a) median test using chi square on the posttest value rankings, and (b) one-way analyses of variance on midterm and final examination scores. For high treatment students, the predicted increase in the importance of being self-controlled occurred, but the predicted decline in the importance of pleasure did not. The predicted improvement in academic performance occurred on the final examination, but not on the midterm. Findings tended to support Rokeach's (1973) concentric, cognitive consistency theory of value and behavior change, and have implications for a more firmly grounded model of values education. Close

• 48. [Article] Two Studies Addressing Practical Needs of Wheat Farmers, Processors, and Breeders : Changes in Falling Number and Alpha-amylase During Grain Storage, and Improved Predictions of Wheat-flour Dough Properties

  Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally traded staple food crop. The diverse and pleasing nature of wheat-derived products is a result of the complex interactions of the polymeric components from the wheat ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Two Studies Addressing Practical Needs of Wheat Farmers, Processors, and Breeders : Changes in Falling Number and Alpha-amylase During Grain Storage, and Improved Predictions of Wheat-flour Dough Properties Author: Adams, Mike R. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally traded staple food crop. The diverse and pleasing nature of wheat-derived products is a result of the complex interactions of the polymeric components from the wheat endosperm. Changes in the functionality of these polymeric components, as a result of changes in growing conditions or different genetics, impacts market price and end-product quality and directly affects farmers and processors. Wheat is of particular economic importance to the U.S. Pacific Northwest and, specifically, to the state of Oregon. Providing quality wheat for export is paramount to the survival of the Oregon wheat industry. This dissertation focuses on wheat quality from the perspective of serving the practical needs of farmers, processors, and wheat breeders. The first study, split into two portions, concerns pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and grain storage. PHS increases alpha amylase (αA) activity in wheat, which, in excess, reduces wheat end-product quality. Falling Number (FN) is the primary test used by industry to gauge PHS damage in wheats. Direct measurement of αA activity is the fundamental frame of reference. The objective of these studies was to determine if FN and αA activity of wheat samples changed during storage and if changes were a function of storage time, storage temperature, and degree of PHS damage. Samples from three Idaho locations were used. These captured a wide range of PHS degree, and therefore, wide ranges of FN values and αA activities. Samples were subdivided and stored at -20°C, +20°C, and +40°C. Low FN values and high αA activities were observed in soft wheats from locations that had rain events prior to harvest. Overall, FN and αA activity had the curvilinear relationship expected from the literature, indicating the validity of the sample set with regard to the FN/αA relationship. Changes in FN and αA activity were observed over a 90 day period of grain storage. FN differed between growing environments, wheat varieties, and storage temperatures. αA activity also differed between growing environments and wheat varieties, but not between storage temperatures. Highest rates of increase in FN were observed in hard wheats with high initial (day 0) FN values. Lowest rates of increase in FN were observed in soft wheats with low day 0 FN values. This contrasted with the changes that occurred in αA activity. Decreases in αA activity over storage time were most prevalent in soft wheats, particularly sprouted soft wheats (i.e. those with day 0 αA activities > 0.1 Ceralpha Units: CU). There were small decreases in αA activity in hard wheats but the distinction between high and low αA activity samples was not as evident as in the soft wheats because the vast majority of hard wheat samples tested had αA activities < 0.1 CU. Decreases in αA activity were in general not associated with corresponding increases in FN values over grain storage time. Increases in FN values occurred at a higher rates as storage temperature increased, particularly in hard wheats with high day 0 FN. Grain storage was successful as a way to raise FN values to > 300 s in very few cases. Storage was not effective in decreasing αA activity from > 0.1 CU to < 0.1 CU. Increases in FN over storage time for the hard wheats significantly differed between locations. However, decreases in αA activities over storage time for the hard wheats were not significantly different between locations. This again highlights a lack of correspondence between increased FN and decreased αA activity, suggesting that these two factors are somewhat decoupled when looking at changes in stored grain. Temperature-induced gluten crosslinking was explored as possible explanation for drastic increases in unsprouted hard wheat FN observed in samples from one location. Total polymeric protein (TPP) content was assessed at the end of the study for unsprouted hard wheats stored at +40°C and -20°C as well as sprouted hard wheats from stored at -20°C. TPP content was assessed as % large unextractable polymeric proteins (%LUPP) and % total unextractable polymeric proteins (%TUPP) using size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPSEC). TPP content was not significantly different between storage temperatures for wheat varieties from the same location. %TUPP, but not % LUPP, was significantly lower in wheat varieties affected by PHS. Changes in FN at high storage temperature were not likely due to increased protein crosslinking. The second study aimed to validate the use of a rapid method for predicting dough strength at early generations in hard wheat breeding programs. Early generation quality screening improves breeding program efficiency. Hard wheats are used to make leavened bread products. The gluten proteins, particularly high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), form large, ramifying networks called the glutenin macropolymer (GMP). High GMP content is associated with increased dough strength and bread quality. Genetic differences in HMW-GS, and by inference, GMP, are responsible for differing dough properties between varieties. The Mixograph is used to measure dough mixing properties and predict end-product quality in breeding programs. GMP can also be measured as total polymeric protein (TPP) via HPSEC. The Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) test has been proposed to predict hard wheat quality, specifically lactic acid SRC (LASRC). The objectives of this research were to provide preliminary information on the usefulness of using LASRC, on its own, to predict dough mixing properties, specifically as applied to early generation screening in a wheat breeding program, and to assess the relationship between LASRC and TPP. Wheat samples were categorized by flour protein concentration (FPC). Mixograph analysis was used as the baseline for dough properties and was analyzed both by eye and by the proprietary Mixsmart software. TPP content was assessed as %LUPP and %%TUPP. As a result of redundancy between the two TPP measures, only %LUPP was used for statistical analysis. Dough mixing parameters were slightly better correlated with LASRC than %LUPP. Correlations between LASRC, %LUPP, and dough mixing parameters were different between FPC categories, particularly in low FPC samples. A strict cutoff of 115% LASRC effectively screened out the bottom 10% of low quality hard wheats but retained a nearly equal amount of low quality hard wheats that would have been screened out by mixograph analysis. LASRC and %LUPP are not likely to be effective predictors of dough properties, but may have some value to screen for hard wheat quality in the early generations of a wheat breeding cycle. Title: Two Studies Addressing Practical Needs of Wheat Farmers, Processors, and Breeders : Changes in Falling Number and Alpha-amylase During Grain Storage, and Improved Predictions of Wheat-flour Dough Properties Author: Adams, Mike R. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally traded staple food crop. The diverse and pleasing nature of wheat-derived products is a result of the complex interactions of the polymeric components from the wheat endosperm. Changes in the functionality of these polymeric components, as a result of changes in growing conditions or different genetics, impacts market price and end-product quality and directly affects farmers and processors. Wheat is of particular economic importance to the U.S. Pacific Northwest and, specifically, to the state of Oregon. Providing quality wheat for export is paramount to the survival of the Oregon wheat industry. This dissertation focuses on wheat quality from the perspective of serving the practical needs of farmers, processors, and wheat breeders. The first study, split into two portions, concerns pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) and grain storage. PHS increases alpha amylase (αA) activity in wheat, which, in excess, reduces wheat end-product quality. Falling Number (FN) is the primary test used by industry to gauge PHS damage in wheats. Direct measurement of αA activity is the fundamental frame of reference. The objective of these studies was to determine if FN and αA activity of wheat samples changed during storage and if changes were a function of storage time, storage temperature, and degree of PHS damage. Samples from three Idaho locations were used. These captured a wide range of PHS degree, and therefore, wide ranges of FN values and αA activities. Samples were subdivided and stored at -20°C, +20°C, and +40°C. Low FN values and high αA activities were observed in soft wheats from locations that had rain events prior to harvest. Overall, FN and αA activity had the curvilinear relationship expected from the literature, indicating the validity of the sample set with regard to the FN/αA relationship. Changes in FN and αA activity were observed over a 90 day period of grain storage. FN differed between growing environments, wheat varieties, and storage temperatures. αA activity also differed between growing environments and wheat varieties, but not between storage temperatures. Highest rates of increase in FN were observed in hard wheats with high initial (day 0) FN values. Lowest rates of increase in FN were observed in soft wheats with low day 0 FN values. This contrasted with the changes that occurred in αA activity. Decreases in αA activity over storage time were most prevalent in soft wheats, particularly sprouted soft wheats (i.e. those with day 0 αA activities > 0.1 Ceralpha Units: CU). There were small decreases in αA activity in hard wheats but the distinction between high and low αA activity samples was not as evident as in the soft wheats because the vast majority of hard wheat samples tested had αA activities < 0.1 CU. Decreases in αA activity were in general not associated with corresponding increases in FN values over grain storage time. Increases in FN values occurred at a higher rates as storage temperature increased, particularly in hard wheats with high day 0 FN. Grain storage was successful as a way to raise FN values to > 300 s in very few cases. Storage was not effective in decreasing αA activity from > 0.1 CU to < 0.1 CU. Increases in FN over storage time for the hard wheats significantly differed between locations. However, decreases in αA activities over storage time for the hard wheats were not significantly different between locations. This again highlights a lack of correspondence between increased FN and decreased αA activity, suggesting that these two factors are somewhat decoupled when looking at changes in stored grain. Temperature-induced gluten crosslinking was explored as possible explanation for drastic increases in unsprouted hard wheat FN observed in samples from one location. Total polymeric protein (TPP) content was assessed at the end of the study for unsprouted hard wheats stored at +40°C and -20°C as well as sprouted hard wheats from stored at -20°C. TPP content was assessed as % large unextractable polymeric proteins (%LUPP) and % total unextractable polymeric proteins (%TUPP) using size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPSEC). TPP content was not significantly different between storage temperatures for wheat varieties from the same location. %TUPP, but not % LUPP, was significantly lower in wheat varieties affected by PHS. Changes in FN at high storage temperature were not likely due to increased protein crosslinking. The second study aimed to validate the use of a rapid method for predicting dough strength at early generations in hard wheat breeding programs. Early generation quality screening improves breeding program efficiency. Hard wheats are used to make leavened bread products. The gluten proteins, particularly high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), form large, ramifying networks called the glutenin macropolymer (GMP). High GMP content is associated with increased dough strength and bread quality. Genetic differences in HMW-GS, and by inference, GMP, are responsible for differing dough properties between varieties. The Mixograph is used to measure dough mixing properties and predict end-product quality in breeding programs. GMP can also be measured as total polymeric protein (TPP) via HPSEC. The Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) test has been proposed to predict hard wheat quality, specifically lactic acid SRC (LASRC). The objectives of this research were to provide preliminary information on the usefulness of using LASRC, on its own, to predict dough mixing properties, specifically as applied to early generation screening in a wheat breeding program, and to assess the relationship between LASRC and TPP. Wheat samples were categorized by flour protein concentration (FPC). Mixograph analysis was used as the baseline for dough properties and was analyzed both by eye and by the proprietary Mixsmart software. TPP content was assessed as %LUPP and %%TUPP. As a result of redundancy between the two TPP measures, only %LUPP was used for statistical analysis. Dough mixing parameters were slightly better correlated with LASRC than %LUPP. Correlations between LASRC, %LUPP, and dough mixing parameters were different between FPC categories, particularly in low FPC samples. A strict cutoff of 115% LASRC effectively screened out the bottom 10% of low quality hard wheats but retained a nearly equal amount of low quality hard wheats that would have been screened out by mixograph analysis. LASRC and %LUPP are not likely to be effective predictors of dough properties, but may have some value to screen for hard wheat quality in the early generations of a wheat breeding cycle. Close

• 49. [Article] Natural outcrossing in spaced planted F₂ populations and solid seeded advanced generations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)

  This study was conducted to investigate the possible contamination of foreign pollen at different stages of a wheat breeding program. These included spaced planted F₂ segregating populations, replicated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural outcrossing in spaced planted F₂ populations and solid seeded advanced generations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Boinnet, Jerry K. K. This study was conducted to investigate the possible contamination of foreign pollen at different stages of a wheat breeding program. These included spaced planted F₂ segregating populations, replicated yield trials and seed multiplication. The experimental wheat materials consisted of four different F₂ populations, four cultivars and two experimental lines. Two genetic marker lines, Blue Hyslop and Blue Norco were used to determine the amount of possible outcrossing. The pollen of these marker lines carry genetic factors for blue aleurone color, thus the extent of outcrossing (wherever outcrossing had occurred in the experimental populations) could be immediately observed and determined during the same crop season. The mean percent outcrossing recorded was less than 1% in spaced planted F₂ populations, different replicated yield trials and seed multiplication conditions. The highest percentage of outcrossing of 5.6% was observed for a single plant in a spaced planted F₂ population. Under yield trial conditions, the highest percentage of outcrossing of 0.6% was recorded for the cultivar Hill 81 whereas the lowest value of 0.1% was recorded for experimental line SPN/AU/YMH. Under seed multiplication conditions, a sample taken at 0.5 m away from blue aleurone pollen source in low density planting had a mean outcrossing value of 0.5% for the cultivar Jackmar. Pollen load of marker lines relative to that of all entries in low seeding rate was high, consequently, the low seeding rate had higher levels of outcrossing than the high seeding rate. No significant effect on outcrossing was observed for Seeding rate x Entry interaction. However, effects of entry and sampling distance on outcrossing were significant. As sampling distance increased from the blue aleurone pollen source, the level of outcrossing decreased. Low positive correlation of 0.12 and 0.14 existed between outcrossing and plant height and tillers per linear meter respectively. Correlation of 0.70 was found between natural outcrossing and wind velocity. Results of this study suggest that outcrossing can occur in all stages of a breeding program. The results also indicate that an isolation distance of 2 m established for multiplication of registered and certified seed in the certification program of Oregon State University might not be adequate especially for such cuitivars as Jackmar and Hill 81. Furthermore, the level of outcrossing detected was high enough to distort and perhaps alter the genetic identity and integrity of the breeding material. A similar problem will exist if care is not exercised when growing valuable wheat germplasm in various collection centers. Title: Natural outcrossing in spaced planted F₂ populations and solid seeded advanced generations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) Author: Boinnet, Jerry K. K. This study was conducted to investigate the possible contamination of foreign pollen at different stages of a wheat breeding program. These included spaced planted F₂ segregating populations, replicated yield trials and seed multiplication. The experimental wheat materials consisted of four different F₂ populations, four cultivars and two experimental lines. Two genetic marker lines, Blue Hyslop and Blue Norco were used to determine the amount of possible outcrossing. The pollen of these marker lines carry genetic factors for blue aleurone color, thus the extent of outcrossing (wherever outcrossing had occurred in the experimental populations) could be immediately observed and determined during the same crop season. The mean percent outcrossing recorded was less than 1% in spaced planted F₂ populations, different replicated yield trials and seed multiplication conditions. The highest percentage of outcrossing of 5.6% was observed for a single plant in a spaced planted F₂ population. Under yield trial conditions, the highest percentage of outcrossing of 0.6% was recorded for the cultivar Hill 81 whereas the lowest value of 0.1% was recorded for experimental line SPN/AU/YMH. Under seed multiplication conditions, a sample taken at 0.5 m away from blue aleurone pollen source in low density planting had a mean outcrossing value of 0.5% for the cultivar Jackmar. Pollen load of marker lines relative to that of all entries in low seeding rate was high, consequently, the low seeding rate had higher levels of outcrossing than the high seeding rate. No significant effect on outcrossing was observed for Seeding rate x Entry interaction. However, effects of entry and sampling distance on outcrossing were significant. As sampling distance increased from the blue aleurone pollen source, the level of outcrossing decreased. Low positive correlation of 0.12 and 0.14 existed between outcrossing and plant height and tillers per linear meter respectively. Correlation of 0.70 was found between natural outcrossing and wind velocity. Results of this study suggest that outcrossing can occur in all stages of a breeding program. The results also indicate that an isolation distance of 2 m established for multiplication of registered and certified seed in the certification program of Oregon State University might not be adequate especially for such cuitivars as Jackmar and Hill 81. Furthermore, the level of outcrossing detected was high enough to distort and perhaps alter the genetic identity and integrity of the breeding material. A similar problem will exist if care is not exercised when growing valuable wheat germplasm in various collection centers. Close

• 50. [Article] Effect of lot size on lot uniformity in Lolium spp. seed

  Studies were conducted to determine the uniformity of three commercial seed lots of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and the effects of lot size on lot uniformity. Individual bag-samples were taken from each seed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of lot size on lot uniformity in Lolium spp. seed Author: Cook, Ronald Lawrence Studies were conducted to determine the uniformity of three commercial seed lots of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and the effects of lot size on lot uniformity. Individual bag-samples were taken from each seed lot. Factors considered were percentage purity, annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, weed, other crop, inert matter, and germination. Number of rattail fescue (Festuca myuros) seeds and number of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) seeds in a purity sample were counted, and number of noxious weed seeds were also totaled. Uniformity in 30,000 kilogram lots was measured by an H-test, heterogeneity value, state seed law labeling tolerance tables, and by a Chi-square test for homogeneity of a binomial distribution on each sub-lot. Subdivisionsof each seed lot were examined for uniformity by use of an analysis of variance test. The analysis used within sublot variance of lot size approximately 1,500 kilograms as an acceptable level of variation and used an analysis of variance test to examine variance among sub-lots of approximate size 1,500, 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 kilograms. The greatest potential for violation in labeling and nonuniformity in ryegrass seed lots was found in percentage perennial ryegrass and annual ryegrass factors calculated by formula from fluorescence. Changing seed lot size had no effect on lot uniformity. Reducing the lot size below the current 24,947 kilogram limit did not significantly reduce the number of violations in labeling. Fewer violations were found in high purity seed lots than in low purity seed lots. Title: Effect of lot size on lot uniformity in Lolium spp. seed Author: Cook, Ronald Lawrence Studies were conducted to determine the uniformity of three commercial seed lots of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) and the effects of lot size on lot uniformity. Individual bag-samples were taken from each seed lot. Factors considered were percentage purity, annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, weed, other crop, inert matter, and germination. Number of rattail fescue (Festuca myuros) seeds and number of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) seeds in a purity sample were counted, and number of noxious weed seeds were also totaled. Uniformity in 30,000 kilogram lots was measured by an H-test, heterogeneity value, state seed law labeling tolerance tables, and by a Chi-square test for homogeneity of a binomial distribution on each sub-lot. Subdivisionsof each seed lot were examined for uniformity by use of an analysis of variance test. The analysis used within sublot variance of lot size approximately 1,500 kilograms as an acceptable level of variation and used an analysis of variance test to examine variance among sub-lots of approximate size 1,500, 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 kilograms. The greatest potential for violation in labeling and nonuniformity in ryegrass seed lots was found in percentage perennial ryegrass and annual ryegrass factors calculated by formula from fluorescence. Changing seed lot size had no effect on lot uniformity. Reducing the lot size below the current 24,947 kilogram limit did not significantly reduce the number of violations in labeling. Fewer violations were found in high purity seed lots than in low purity seed lots. Close