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• 41. [Article] Preplanning used in acquisition of children's clothing by women who patronize a free clothing distribution center

  The purpose of this study was to obtain information about clothing acquisition practices of low-income mothers. An interview questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the clothing sources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preplanning used in acquisition of children's clothing by women who patronize a free clothing distribution center Author: Klein, Carol Ann The purpose of this study was to obtain information about clothing acquisition practices of low-income mothers. An interview questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the clothing sources perceived as available to these women, the sources of clothing used, the sources of information used, the preplanning practices used, and demographic information including the respondent's age, educational level, place of residence (farm or nonfarm), household size, income level (above or below a predetermined poverty level), and county of residence. The interview was administered to 55 women at a free clothing distribution center in Corvallis, Oregon. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis. Chi-square was used in analyzing the preplanning practices used in relation to age, educational level, household size, and income level of the mother. Clothing sources perceived as available by over half of the respondents included: Department stores, Thrift shops, and a free clothing distribution center. Clothing sources used by over half of the respondents included: Handed-down,Thrift shops, Department stores, Gifts (new clothes), Discount stores, Secondhand stores, Homemade, Rummage sales, Garage sales, Organizations, and Exchange. Friends or Relatives and the Newspaper were information sources used most frequently and considered the most important. Women with incomes below a predetermined poverty threshold level were more often accompanied by friends or relatives when acquiring clothing. The women responded by answering Always, Sometimes, or Never to questions about 13 preplanning practices. Preplanning practices used Always or Sometimes by at least 90 percent of the respondents included: a) taking the children along when shopping, b) leaving the house knowing how they would pay for the clothes, c) repairing or remodeling clothes on hand, d) deciding before leaving the house whether fabric to make clothes or store-bought clothes would be acquired, e) considering obtaining clothing from sources other than a free clothing distribution center or buying new clothes, and f) looking for sales. Age was significantly related to four preplanning practices as determined by Chi-square. These practices included: 1) measuring the children in order to obtain clothes that fit, 2) saving money for the acquisition of clothing, 3) deciding before leaving the house if store-bought clothes or fabric to make clothes would be obtained, and 4) considering obtaining clothes from sources other than the free clothes distribution center or buying new clothes. Education was significantly related to two preplanning practices. They included: 1) leaving the house knowing exactly how to pay for the clothes obtained, and 2) leaving the house knowing at which store looking for clothes would take place. Household size was significantly related to these two preplanning practices: 1) leaving the house knowing exactly what kind of clothes will be obtained, and 2) measuring the children in order to obtain clothes that fit. Income level was significantly related to this preplanning practice: looking at two or more places before obtaining clothes. Title: Preplanning used in acquisition of children's clothing by women who patronize a free clothing distribution center Author: Klein, Carol Ann The purpose of this study was to obtain information about clothing acquisition practices of low-income mothers. An interview questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the clothing sources perceived as available to these women, the sources of clothing used, the sources of information used, the preplanning practices used, and demographic information including the respondent's age, educational level, place of residence (farm or nonfarm), household size, income level (above or below a predetermined poverty level), and county of residence. The interview was administered to 55 women at a free clothing distribution center in Corvallis, Oregon. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis. Chi-square was used in analyzing the preplanning practices used in relation to age, educational level, household size, and income level of the mother. Clothing sources perceived as available by over half of the respondents included: Department stores, Thrift shops, and a free clothing distribution center. Clothing sources used by over half of the respondents included: Handed-down,Thrift shops, Department stores, Gifts (new clothes), Discount stores, Secondhand stores, Homemade, Rummage sales, Garage sales, Organizations, and Exchange. Friends or Relatives and the Newspaper were information sources used most frequently and considered the most important. Women with incomes below a predetermined poverty threshold level were more often accompanied by friends or relatives when acquiring clothing. The women responded by answering Always, Sometimes, or Never to questions about 13 preplanning practices. Preplanning practices used Always or Sometimes by at least 90 percent of the respondents included: a) taking the children along when shopping, b) leaving the house knowing how they would pay for the clothes, c) repairing or remodeling clothes on hand, d) deciding before leaving the house whether fabric to make clothes or store-bought clothes would be acquired, e) considering obtaining clothing from sources other than a free clothing distribution center or buying new clothes, and f) looking for sales. Age was significantly related to four preplanning practices as determined by Chi-square. These practices included: 1) measuring the children in order to obtain clothes that fit, 2) saving money for the acquisition of clothing, 3) deciding before leaving the house if store-bought clothes or fabric to make clothes would be obtained, and 4) considering obtaining clothes from sources other than the free clothes distribution center or buying new clothes. Education was significantly related to two preplanning practices. They included: 1) leaving the house knowing exactly how to pay for the clothes obtained, and 2) leaving the house knowing at which store looking for clothes would take place. Household size was significantly related to these two preplanning practices: 1) leaving the house knowing exactly what kind of clothes will be obtained, and 2) measuring the children in order to obtain clothes that fit. Income level was significantly related to this preplanning practice: looking at two or more places before obtaining clothes. Close

• 42. [Article] Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands : agricultural uses, alternative uses, problems and trends

  The wetlands are distinguished from other lands of the Mid-Willamette Valley by excessive soil moisture. The wetlands, as defined for this study, consist of 20 soil series (in 22 soil mapping units) which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands : agricultural uses, alternative uses, problems and trends Author: Tsutsui, Setsuo Harry The wetlands are distinguished from other lands of the Mid-Willamette Valley by excessive soil moisture. The wetlands, as defined for this study, consist of 20 soil series (in 22 soil mapping units) which are classified by the Soil Conservation Service as having excessive wetness as the major factor limiting their uses. The five counties considered in this study, Benton, Linn, Marion, Polk, and Yamhill, have been and continue to be important to the agricultural production of Oregon. In 1977, this region produced 28.4% of the state's value of sales from agricultural Products. In the same year, this five-county area also produced 100% of the nation's ryegrass, crimson clover, and red fescue seeds, and large quantities of other important seeds. Personal interviews were conducted with 141 wetland farmers during the period January through March, 1979. The land farmed by the interviewed farmers amounted to 63,748 acres, which represented 9.8% of the 652,000 acres of wetlands in the Mid-Willamette Valley. Farmer responses obtained from the interviews provided the data base for much of this study. Information Pertaining to farm types and crops were cross tabulated with other variables using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences at Oregon State University. The resulting statistics were evaluated for patterns of distributions and emerging trends in agricultural land uses. Of the surveyed farmers, 73% were full-time operators; the remainder were part-time, semi-retired, or hobby farmers. There were wide variability in farm sizes, 15 to 5,400 acres for full-time farmers, and 5 to 424 acres for part-time farmers. Farms producing grass seeds, row crops, and grain were generally large in size, while farms producing tree fruits, nuts, berries, nursery products, and other specialty crops were generally small. Although the Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands form a valuable part of Oregon's agricultural land base, the production capacity of much of the wetlands can be further upgraded by installation of drainage and irrigation systems. However, the current high costs for these resource converting systems, and the elimination of Federal cost-sharing for farm drainage projects, may make installation of these systems economically infeasible for many farmers. In early 1979, costs for installation of new drainage systems were $300 to $400 per acre. Irrigation systems cost $225 to $450 per acre, with the actual cost depending on the type of irrigation system selected. Farmers' perceptions of factors considered to have adverse effects on their farming operations were examined for two periods: the past five years, 1974 through 1978, and the current agricultural year, 1979. For the five-year period, 64% of the farmers stated that they had experienced what they considered to be serious problems. The two primary groups of problems were those related to reduction of the farmers' net income and farm production. The third group of problems pertained to policy limitations, particularly the acreage limitations to open field burning, and government regulations, restrictions, and interference. During the period 1977 to 1978, 10.6% of the interviewed farmers had made land use changes. The 15 farmers made 19 changes involving 773 acres. There were large net gains in acreage for legumes, and smaller net gains for row crops, peppermint, and strawberries. The largest net acreage loss was for grain. Smaller net losses occurred for grass seed and silage. Farmers who had made land use changes rated 12 of the 19 changes as satisfactory, 3 as unsatisfactory, and 4 as not possible to evaluate until crop is harvested. Most of the wetlands are currently limited to the production of grass seed due to the severe physical limitations. Therefore, open field burning will continue to be an important issue on Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands. Title: Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands : agricultural uses, alternative uses, problems and trends Author: Tsutsui, Setsuo Harry The wetlands are distinguished from other lands of the Mid-Willamette Valley by excessive soil moisture. The wetlands, as defined for this study, consist of 20 soil series (in 22 soil mapping units) which are classified by the Soil Conservation Service as having excessive wetness as the major factor limiting their uses. The five counties considered in this study, Benton, Linn, Marion, Polk, and Yamhill, have been and continue to be important to the agricultural production of Oregon. In 1977, this region produced 28.4% of the state's value of sales from agricultural Products. In the same year, this five-county area also produced 100% of the nation's ryegrass, crimson clover, and red fescue seeds, and large quantities of other important seeds. Personal interviews were conducted with 141 wetland farmers during the period January through March, 1979. The land farmed by the interviewed farmers amounted to 63,748 acres, which represented 9.8% of the 652,000 acres of wetlands in the Mid-Willamette Valley. Farmer responses obtained from the interviews provided the data base for much of this study. Information Pertaining to farm types and crops were cross tabulated with other variables using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences at Oregon State University. The resulting statistics were evaluated for patterns of distributions and emerging trends in agricultural land uses. Of the surveyed farmers, 73% were full-time operators; the remainder were part-time, semi-retired, or hobby farmers. There were wide variability in farm sizes, 15 to 5,400 acres for full-time farmers, and 5 to 424 acres for part-time farmers. Farms producing grass seeds, row crops, and grain were generally large in size, while farms producing tree fruits, nuts, berries, nursery products, and other specialty crops were generally small. Although the Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands form a valuable part of Oregon's agricultural land base, the production capacity of much of the wetlands can be further upgraded by installation of drainage and irrigation systems. However, the current high costs for these resource converting systems, and the elimination of Federal cost-sharing for farm drainage projects, may make installation of these systems economically infeasible for many farmers. In early 1979, costs for installation of new drainage systems were $300 to $400 per acre. Irrigation systems cost $225 to $450 per acre, with the actual cost depending on the type of irrigation system selected. Farmers' perceptions of factors considered to have adverse effects on their farming operations were examined for two periods: the past five years, 1974 through 1978, and the current agricultural year, 1979. For the five-year period, 64% of the farmers stated that they had experienced what they considered to be serious problems. The two primary groups of problems were those related to reduction of the farmers' net income and farm production. The third group of problems pertained to policy limitations, particularly the acreage limitations to open field burning, and government regulations, restrictions, and interference. During the period 1977 to 1978, 10.6% of the interviewed farmers had made land use changes. The 15 farmers made 19 changes involving 773 acres. There were large net gains in acreage for legumes, and smaller net gains for row crops, peppermint, and strawberries. The largest net acreage loss was for grain. Smaller net losses occurred for grass seed and silage. Farmers who had made land use changes rated 12 of the 19 changes as satisfactory, 3 as unsatisfactory, and 4 as not possible to evaluate until crop is harvested. Most of the wetlands are currently limited to the production of grass seed due to the severe physical limitations. Therefore, open field burning will continue to be an important issue on Oregon's Mid-Willamette Valley wetlands. Close

• 43. [Article] Sustainability and Socio-Economic Analysis of Long Line Mussel- Farming in the Gulf of Trieste. Tools for Development of Production Sector

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainability and Socio-Economic Analysis of Long Line Mussel- Farming in the Gulf of Trieste. Tools for Development of Production Sector Author: Bastianoni, Simone, Melaku Canu, Donata, Solidoro, Cosimo, Sustersic, Anna Abstract only. Title: Sustainability and Socio-Economic Analysis of Long Line Mussel- Farming in the Gulf of Trieste. Tools for Development of Production Sector Author: Bastianoni, Simone, Melaku Canu, Donata, Solidoro, Cosimo, Sustersic, Anna Abstract only. Close

• 44. [Article] Bluefin Tuna Full Life Cycle: Review and Prospects over the Next Thirty Years

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bluefin Tuna Full Life Cycle: Review and Prospects over the Next Thirty Years Author: McElroy, Seamus Abstract Only Title: Bluefin Tuna Full Life Cycle: Review and Prospects over the Next Thirty Years Author: McElroy, Seamus Abstract Only Close

• 45. [Article] Profitability Analysis of Public-Private Partnerships in Village-based Sea Cucumber Aquaculture

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Profitability Analysis of Public-Private Partnerships in Village-based Sea Cucumber Aquaculture Author: Oleson, Kirsten, Andriamahefazafy, Mialy, Rougier, Antoine, Harris, Alasdair Abstract Only Title: Profitability Analysis of Public-Private Partnerships in Village-based Sea Cucumber Aquaculture Author: Oleson, Kirsten, Andriamahefazafy, Mialy, Rougier, Antoine, Harris, Alasdair Abstract Only Close

• 46. [Article] Case studies of the resource base of low-income rural families in Oregon

  This study investigated the level of available resources, the use of available resources, and the degree of planning and personal perception of the situation of four female heads of households under 60 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Case studies of the resource base of low-income rural families in Oregon Author: Tam, Marilyn Hay-lit This study investigated the level of available resources, the use of available resources, and the degree of planning and personal perception of the situation of four female heads of households under 60 years old and four households with male heads over 65 years old. The study was conducted in the Badger Mountain census division of Lane County, Oregon. The case study method was used in this study. An average of seven and one-half hours were spent with each household with an average of three hours per visit. All households contacted cooperated and followed through with the study. The female heads had a mean age of 40.0 years, with a mean of 2.25 children. They had a mean of 9.25 years of schooling and two had some vocational training. Only one had a part-time job; the other three were primarily dependent on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) grants for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Social Security, veterans benefits, food stamps, and child support payments. Total yearly monetary income ranged from $3,074 to $3,981. The major asset for two households was equity in their home. For the other two, home furnishings was the major asset. No insurance or savings were held by any household with a female head. Non-money income ranged from $300 to $3,235 per year. Community resources were used to varying degrees by all. However, planning and budgeting was practiced by only two of the households. There was an indication of hope and effort to become more self sufficient in all four cases. The male heads of households had a mean age of 79.0 years; their spouses' was 71.25 years. Mean grade in school completed was 7.2 years for the male heads and 8.2 for their spouses. All the male heads had vocational training, two of their spouses also had some. The households consisted of only husband and wife in all four cases. One household was still engaged in income producing work; all four households depended mainly on Social Security payments for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Veteran's benefits, sale of farm and garden produce, sale of handicrafts, food stamps, and "water witching." Total monetary resources ranged from $2,296 to $4,136. Major assets for the four households were equity in their home, automobile, and savings. Non-money income ranged from $1,931 to $3,930 per year. All four households had a garden to supplement food bought from the stores. The level of use of community resources was related to the level of involvement with the home /farm. Planning and budgeting was practiced to some degree by all four households. An air of optimism prevailed, but apprehension about future health problems was also present. Title: Case studies of the resource base of low-income rural families in Oregon Author: Tam, Marilyn Hay-lit This study investigated the level of available resources, the use of available resources, and the degree of planning and personal perception of the situation of four female heads of households under 60 years old and four households with male heads over 65 years old. The study was conducted in the Badger Mountain census division of Lane County, Oregon. The case study method was used in this study. An average of seven and one-half hours were spent with each household with an average of three hours per visit. All households contacted cooperated and followed through with the study. The female heads had a mean age of 40.0 years, with a mean of 2.25 children. They had a mean of 9.25 years of schooling and two had some vocational training. Only one had a part-time job; the other three were primarily dependent on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) grants for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Social Security, veterans benefits, food stamps, and child support payments. Total yearly monetary income ranged from $3,074 to $3,981. The major asset for two households was equity in their home. For the other two, home furnishings was the major asset. No insurance or savings were held by any household with a female head. Non-money income ranged from $300 to $3,235 per year. Community resources were used to varying degrees by all. However, planning and budgeting was practiced by only two of the households. There was an indication of hope and effort to become more self sufficient in all four cases. The male heads of households had a mean age of 79.0 years; their spouses' was 71.25 years. Mean grade in school completed was 7.2 years for the male heads and 8.2 for their spouses. All the male heads had vocational training, two of their spouses also had some. The households consisted of only husband and wife in all four cases. One household was still engaged in income producing work; all four households depended mainly on Social Security payments for financial support. Other sources of monetary resources were Veteran's benefits, sale of farm and garden produce, sale of handicrafts, food stamps, and "water witching." Total monetary resources ranged from $2,296 to $4,136. Major assets for the four households were equity in their home, automobile, and savings. Non-money income ranged from $1,931 to $3,930 per year. All four households had a garden to supplement food bought from the stores. The level of use of community resources was related to the level of involvement with the home /farm. Planning and budgeting was practiced to some degree by all four households. An air of optimism prevailed, but apprehension about future health problems was also present. Close

• 47. [Article] Irrigated agriculture, energy, and endangered species in the Upper Klamath Basin : evaluating trade-offs and interconnections

  In 2001, an extreme drought tightened water supply in the Upper Klamath Basin (basin) while earlier increases in Endangered Species Act (ESA) water requirements for basin fish species that same year elevated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigated agriculture, energy, and endangered species in the Upper Klamath Basin : evaluating trade-offs and interconnections Author: Boehlert, Brent B. In 2001, an extreme drought tightened water supply in the Upper Klamath Basin (basin) while earlier increases in Endangered Species Act (ESA) water requirements for basin fish species that same year elevated demands. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), which manages irrigation water in parts of the basin located near the Oregon-California border, responded to ESA Section 7 obligations by severely curtailing water allocations to Reclamation Project irrigators for the 2001 growing season, costing irrigators an estimated $35 million in farm income. This event has directed attention to several important factors that may further undermine effective water management in the basin. These include higher ESA flow requirements due to a recent Ninth Circuit Court ruling and a ten-fold energy rate increase to irrigators resulting from a mid-2006 contract expiration with the regional energy provider. The overall objective of this research is to assess the impact of changes in ESA flow requirements and energy prices on the Upper Klamath Basin farm economy given variable levels of water trading flexibility and groundwater availability. A mathematical programming and Geographic Information System (GIS) framework is used in which farm decisions are assumed to maximize net revenue subject to hydrological, institutional, economic, and agronomic constraints. The results suggest that greater development of basin groundwater resources and the institution of a flexible water bank may be sufficient to mitigate the majority of costs related to increased ESA flow requirements in future years. Title: Irrigated agriculture, energy, and endangered species in the Upper Klamath Basin : evaluating trade-offs and interconnections Author: Boehlert, Brent B. In 2001, an extreme drought tightened water supply in the Upper Klamath Basin (basin) while earlier increases in Endangered Species Act (ESA) water requirements for basin fish species that same year elevated demands. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), which manages irrigation water in parts of the basin located near the Oregon-California border, responded to ESA Section 7 obligations by severely curtailing water allocations to Reclamation Project irrigators for the 2001 growing season, costing irrigators an estimated $35 million in farm income. This event has directed attention to several important factors that may further undermine effective water management in the basin. These include higher ESA flow requirements due to a recent Ninth Circuit Court ruling and a ten-fold energy rate increase to irrigators resulting from a mid-2006 contract expiration with the regional energy provider. The overall objective of this research is to assess the impact of changes in ESA flow requirements and energy prices on the Upper Klamath Basin farm economy given variable levels of water trading flexibility and groundwater availability. A mathematical programming and Geographic Information System (GIS) framework is used in which farm decisions are assumed to maximize net revenue subject to hydrological, institutional, economic, and agronomic constraints. The results suggest that greater development of basin groundwater resources and the institution of a flexible water bank may be sufficient to mitigate the majority of costs related to increased ESA flow requirements in future years. Close

• 48. [Article] The role of borrowed funds in Oregon cooperatives

  In Oregon agricultural cooperatives perform an important part of the marketing of agricultural products and the distributing of farm supplies. The performance of these associations directly affects the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of borrowed funds in Oregon cooperatives Author: Wissman, Roger A. In Oregon agricultural cooperatives perform an important part of the marketing of agricultural products and the distributing of farm supplies. The performance of these associations directly affects the financial returns of the many farmers who belong to these cooperatives. The purpose of this study is to examine capital structures of cooperatives with particular reference to the current role of borrowed funds and their importance in future growth. A personal interview was held with the manager or chief financial officer of 66 local cooperatives and information for the year 1963 was obtained. The cooperatives included in this survey represented over 90 percent of the total volume of Oregon local cooperatives. Four regional cooperatives were also included in the study. The marketing of farm products represented over three-fourths of the total volume of $181,727,644 of the local cooperatives. The sale of farm supplies accounted for the remainder. The local cooperatives had $101,539,370 of assets. The regionals cooperatives had a volume of $94,112,365 and assets of $30,362,163. The proportion of equity capital varied among the different groups of cooperatives. But when the amount of certificates of indebtedness and marketing pool accounts due to the members were included with member equity, all commodity groups of local cooperatives had about comparable financial support from their members. Local cooperatives relied heavily on retained earnings and marketing retains for equity capital. Only five percent of members' equity was obtained from cash investment. The local cooperatives paid dividends on less than one-fifth of their equity capital. Associations are gradually dropping the practice of paying dividends on their revolving funds. Short-term borrowed funds were important to Oregon cooperatives. Large seasonal marketing inventories were the principal use of short-term credit. The Bank for Cooperatives supplied over 90 percent of these short-term loans. The average interest rate of the Bank for Cooperatives was 4.78 plus a required stock purchase. The average interest rate on commercial bank short-term loans to local cooperatives was 5.60. The total long-term loans of the local cooperatives was 11.9 percent of total equities and liabilities. When an allowance was made for the required stock purchase of the Bank for Cooperatives and the current rate of currently issued certificates of indebtedness was considered, there appeared to be no important differences between the interest rates of the various sources of long-term credit. The farm supply cooperatives' principal source of short and long-term credit was their suppliers. The Bank for Cooperatives supplied most of long and short-term loans of the grain and seed marketing firms and of the fruit, vegetable, and nut marketing firms. The dairy cooperatives and the regional cooperatives used both the Bank for Cooperatives and commercial banks for the majority of their loans. Current federal regulations which require 20 percent of current earnings to be returned to the patrons and the highly competitive situation facing many associations may limit the amount of internally generated funds in Oregon In the future. It is estimated that short-term borrowing may increase due mainly to the increased marketing of the fruit, vegetable, and nut marketing cooperatives. The need for long-term borrowed funds will depend to some extent on the amount of adjustment Oregon cooperatives make in the products and services offered their members. Rapid adjustment will require additional long-term borrowed funds. Some cooperatives have made liberal use of borrowed funds in the past; others have resisted using any long-term loans in their capital structure. Increased use of borrowed capital may better enable Oregon cooperatives to meet the challenges and opportunities of the future. Title: The role of borrowed funds in Oregon cooperatives Author: Wissman, Roger A. In Oregon agricultural cooperatives perform an important part of the marketing of agricultural products and the distributing of farm supplies. The performance of these associations directly affects the financial returns of the many farmers who belong to these cooperatives. The purpose of this study is to examine capital structures of cooperatives with particular reference to the current role of borrowed funds and their importance in future growth. A personal interview was held with the manager or chief financial officer of 66 local cooperatives and information for the year 1963 was obtained. The cooperatives included in this survey represented over 90 percent of the total volume of Oregon local cooperatives. Four regional cooperatives were also included in the study. The marketing of farm products represented over three-fourths of the total volume of $181,727,644 of the local cooperatives. The sale of farm supplies accounted for the remainder. The local cooperatives had $101,539,370 of assets. The regionals cooperatives had a volume of $94,112,365 and assets of $30,362,163. The proportion of equity capital varied among the different groups of cooperatives. But when the amount of certificates of indebtedness and marketing pool accounts due to the members were included with member equity, all commodity groups of local cooperatives had about comparable financial support from their members. Local cooperatives relied heavily on retained earnings and marketing retains for equity capital. Only five percent of members' equity was obtained from cash investment. The local cooperatives paid dividends on less than one-fifth of their equity capital. Associations are gradually dropping the practice of paying dividends on their revolving funds. Short-term borrowed funds were important to Oregon cooperatives. Large seasonal marketing inventories were the principal use of short-term credit. The Bank for Cooperatives supplied over 90 percent of these short-term loans. The average interest rate of the Bank for Cooperatives was 4.78 plus a required stock purchase. The average interest rate on commercial bank short-term loans to local cooperatives was 5.60. The total long-term loans of the local cooperatives was 11.9 percent of total equities and liabilities. When an allowance was made for the required stock purchase of the Bank for Cooperatives and the current rate of currently issued certificates of indebtedness was considered, there appeared to be no important differences between the interest rates of the various sources of long-term credit. The farm supply cooperatives' principal source of short and long-term credit was their suppliers. The Bank for Cooperatives supplied most of long and short-term loans of the grain and seed marketing firms and of the fruit, vegetable, and nut marketing firms. The dairy cooperatives and the regional cooperatives used both the Bank for Cooperatives and commercial banks for the majority of their loans. Current federal regulations which require 20 percent of current earnings to be returned to the patrons and the highly competitive situation facing many associations may limit the amount of internally generated funds in Oregon In the future. It is estimated that short-term borrowing may increase due mainly to the increased marketing of the fruit, vegetable, and nut marketing cooperatives. The need for long-term borrowed funds will depend to some extent on the amount of adjustment Oregon cooperatives make in the products and services offered their members. Rapid adjustment will require additional long-term borrowed funds. Some cooperatives have made liberal use of borrowed funds in the past; others have resisted using any long-term loans in their capital structure. Increased use of borrowed capital may better enable Oregon cooperatives to meet the challenges and opportunities of the future. Close

• 49. [Article] Gender Participation in Aquaculture Value Chain in Delta State, Nigeria

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gender Participation in Aquaculture Value Chain in Delta State, Nigeria Author: Okoh, Peace, Fregene, Bernadette Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Gender Participation in Aquaculture Value Chain in Delta State, Nigeria Author: Okoh, Peace, Fregene, Bernadette Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 50. [Article] Trout, Seabass and Seabream Value Chains. An Overview of South Europe

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trout, Seabass and Seabream Value Chains. An Overview of South Europe Author: Valle, Paul S., Mora, Cristina, Santiago, José L., Sogari, Giovanni, Taskov, Dimitar Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Trout, Seabass and Seabream Value Chains. An Overview of South Europe Author: Valle, Paul S., Mora, Cristina, Santiago, José L., Sogari, Giovanni, Taskov, Dimitar Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close