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• 41. [Article] The impact of perceptions of work/family overlap and objective work/family characteristics on marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses

  Kanter (1977) conceptualized five dimensions of the interdependence between work and family: occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, rewards and resources, and the emotional climate of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impact of perceptions of work/family overlap and objective work/family characteristics on marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses Author: Bird, David Nelson Kanter (1977) conceptualized five dimensions of the interdependence between work and family: occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, rewards and resources, and the emotional climate of work. Each of these dimensions affects the functioning and satisfaction of families and marriages. This research examined how four of these dimensions (occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, and the emotional climate) influenced the marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses. It was hypothesized that physicians and their spouses' marital satisfaction would be affected by each of the four dimensions, as well as the following physicians' work-related activities: number of hours physicians work per week, physicians' working environment, the physician's medical specialty, and the period of time that physicians' medical practice is generally the most successful (age 35-45). Included in this study was the development of a scale to assess the dimensions of work/ family overlap. The results indicated that of the four work/family dimensions, work satisfaction was the only predictor of physicians' marital satisfaction. For physicians' spouses, physicians' work satisfaction and physicians' work involvement were predictors of spouses' marital satisfaction. Within the categories of work-related demographics, age was the only variable impacting the marital satisfaction of physicians and spouses. Physicians experienced the lowest marital satisfaction during ages 35-45. Spouses experienced the lowest level of marital satisfaction during years 35-65. A combined model of the work/family dimensions and work/family demographics indicated that physicians and spouses had different predictor variables of marital satisfaction, depending on work-related activities. Discussion focused on the differences between physicians and their spouses, the limitations of the study, suggestions for future research, and implications for intervention. Title: The impact of perceptions of work/family overlap and objective work/family characteristics on marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses Author: Bird, David Nelson Kanter (1977) conceptualized five dimensions of the interdependence between work and family: occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, rewards and resources, and the emotional climate of work. Each of these dimensions affects the functioning and satisfaction of families and marriages. This research examined how four of these dimensions (occupational subculture, job absorption, time and timing, and the emotional climate) influenced the marital satisfaction of physicians and their spouses. It was hypothesized that physicians and their spouses' marital satisfaction would be affected by each of the four dimensions, as well as the following physicians' work-related activities: number of hours physicians work per week, physicians' working environment, the physician's medical specialty, and the period of time that physicians' medical practice is generally the most successful (age 35-45). Included in this study was the development of a scale to assess the dimensions of work/ family overlap. The results indicated that of the four work/family dimensions, work satisfaction was the only predictor of physicians' marital satisfaction. For physicians' spouses, physicians' work satisfaction and physicians' work involvement were predictors of spouses' marital satisfaction. Within the categories of work-related demographics, age was the only variable impacting the marital satisfaction of physicians and spouses. Physicians experienced the lowest marital satisfaction during ages 35-45. Spouses experienced the lowest level of marital satisfaction during years 35-65. A combined model of the work/family dimensions and work/family demographics indicated that physicians and spouses had different predictor variables of marital satisfaction, depending on work-related activities. Discussion focused on the differences between physicians and their spouses, the limitations of the study, suggestions for future research, and implications for intervention. Close

• 42. [Article] Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships

  Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the potentially complex context of women's work and family experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships on women workers' perceptions of stress. The sample for this study included 379 women dental assistants and hygienists who responded to mailed questionnaires sent to the dental offices where they worked. The dependent variables used in this analysis were mental stress, physical stress, and four social stress items. Analysis of variance was performed for the family structure groups on physical, mental, and social stress items. Single parents and parents in general were especially stressed in terms of financial stress and marital stress. The second series of analyses included t-tests on stress by occupation. Dental assistants had more financial stress than hygienists. Hygienists had more mental stress than assistants. Workplace relationships were assessed in the full regression models. Frequency of talking with fellow workers was strongly and positively associated with financial problems. The full regression models supported the findings in earlier analyses that tensions from children and financial problems were associated with the presence of children in the home. The findings in this study suggest that for women workers, work and family do not occupy separate spheres. Women workers think about family matters at the workplace and discuss them with their other women workers. Further research needs to focus on women workers, especially those in traditionally female occupations, and the work and family connections for these workers. Title: Stress among working women : an examination of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships Author: Schmiege, Cynthia J. Since the industrial revolution, work and family have been viewed as separate spheres, with women relegated to the family sphere. With the advent of women into the paid labor force, few studies have considered the potentially complex context of women's work and family experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of family structure, occupational status, and workplace relationships on women workers' perceptions of stress. The sample for this study included 379 women dental assistants and hygienists who responded to mailed questionnaires sent to the dental offices where they worked. The dependent variables used in this analysis were mental stress, physical stress, and four social stress items. Analysis of variance was performed for the family structure groups on physical, mental, and social stress items. Single parents and parents in general were especially stressed in terms of financial stress and marital stress. The second series of analyses included t-tests on stress by occupation. Dental assistants had more financial stress than hygienists. Hygienists had more mental stress than assistants. Workplace relationships were assessed in the full regression models. Frequency of talking with fellow workers was strongly and positively associated with financial problems. The full regression models supported the findings in earlier analyses that tensions from children and financial problems were associated with the presence of children in the home. The findings in this study suggest that for women workers, work and family do not occupy separate spheres. Women workers think about family matters at the workplace and discuss them with their other women workers. Further research needs to focus on women workers, especially those in traditionally female occupations, and the work and family connections for these workers. Close

• 43. [Article] Requisite family living competencies for high school graduates of Oregon, as perceived by participants of public health prenatal classes

  The main objective of this study was to identify family life competencies needed by high school graduates, as perceived by a majority of respondents. In addition, the null hypothesis tested was: that age, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Requisite family living competencies for high school graduates of Oregon, as perceived by participants of public health prenatal classes Author: Taylor, Carolyn Diane The main objective of this study was to identify family life competencies needed by high school graduates, as perceived by a majority of respondents. In addition, the null hypothesis tested was: that age, sex, and educational level are each independent of response on each individual competency statement. Testing was done at the 5% level of significance. The questionnaire was developed through a synthesis of goals stated in twelve family life curriculum guides published since 1965. A working draft of the questionnaire was developmentally tested with three high school seniors and three mothers of teenagers. The survey instrument included provisions for indicating personal data, and offered four categories of "Essential", "Necessary", "Permissible", and "Unimportant", for participants to respond to nine family life topics and seventy competency statements. The population included those couples and individuals voluntarily attending county public health prenatal classes in western Oregon. Data were collected from all five counties with an on-going program. One hundred forty-seven usable questionnaires were obtained. Four instruments were disregarded because of incomplete personal data. Participants in the study ranged from 16 to 45 years of age with a mean age of 25, and with 46.94 percent of the people in the 25 to 29 age group. Males numbered 56 (38. 10 percent) in the participating group, with 91 (61.90 percent) females. Grouped educational levels revealed 27. 21 percent having more than 16 years of education and the groups with 12 years and with 13-15 years of education each being 26. 53 percent of the total sample. Frequency counts and percentages of the total sample indicating favorable responses, were computed and presented for each of the 9 family life topics and 70 competency statements. All 9 family life topics and 64 of the 70 competency statements received a majority (over 50 percent) of favorable responses. Chi-square tests were computed on each item of the questionnaire to test the null hypothesis that age, sex, and educational level are each independent of response. The null hypothesis was rejected for age, in seven instances. Most cases showed younger people responding favorably more often than expected and older people responding less favorably more often than expected. The null hypothesis was rejected for sex in four instances, with males responding less favorably more often and females more favorably more often than expected. The null hypothesis for educational level was rejected in nine instances. More educated people tended to respond less favorably more often and less educated people tended to respond more favorably more often than expected. Implications of the study for the family living curriculum in Oregon secondary schools, as indicated in the opinions of the respondents, are as follows: 1. Family life topics of communicating, understanding yourself, relating to others, understanding sex, being a family member, parenthood, selecting a mate, marriage, and the family relating to the community would be valuable in the family life curriculum. 2. It seems necessary that family life education topics stress making decisions, solving problems, resolving conflicts, and coping with situations. 3. It seems reasonable that sixty-four of the family life competencies identified in this study be incorporated in programs designed to prepare students for their life role as a family member. The sample of expectant parents was a biased group. On speculation it seems that the sample could be quite concerned about the topic and competencies of parenthood. In view of this, the following recommendations for future studies are made: 1. High school students, young married couples not expecting children, and middle aged couples need to be surveyed to identify family life competencies. 2. Learning experiences need to be developed for family life competencies. Title: Requisite family living competencies for high school graduates of Oregon, as perceived by participants of public health prenatal classes Author: Taylor, Carolyn Diane The main objective of this study was to identify family life competencies needed by high school graduates, as perceived by a majority of respondents. In addition, the null hypothesis tested was: that age, sex, and educational level are each independent of response on each individual competency statement. Testing was done at the 5% level of significance. The questionnaire was developed through a synthesis of goals stated in twelve family life curriculum guides published since 1965. A working draft of the questionnaire was developmentally tested with three high school seniors and three mothers of teenagers. The survey instrument included provisions for indicating personal data, and offered four categories of "Essential", "Necessary", "Permissible", and "Unimportant", for participants to respond to nine family life topics and seventy competency statements. The population included those couples and individuals voluntarily attending county public health prenatal classes in western Oregon. Data were collected from all five counties with an on-going program. One hundred forty-seven usable questionnaires were obtained. Four instruments were disregarded because of incomplete personal data. Participants in the study ranged from 16 to 45 years of age with a mean age of 25, and with 46.94 percent of the people in the 25 to 29 age group. Males numbered 56 (38. 10 percent) in the participating group, with 91 (61.90 percent) females. Grouped educational levels revealed 27. 21 percent having more than 16 years of education and the groups with 12 years and with 13-15 years of education each being 26. 53 percent of the total sample. Frequency counts and percentages of the total sample indicating favorable responses, were computed and presented for each of the 9 family life topics and 70 competency statements. All 9 family life topics and 64 of the 70 competency statements received a majority (over 50 percent) of favorable responses. Chi-square tests were computed on each item of the questionnaire to test the null hypothesis that age, sex, and educational level are each independent of response. The null hypothesis was rejected for age, in seven instances. Most cases showed younger people responding favorably more often than expected and older people responding less favorably more often than expected. The null hypothesis was rejected for sex in four instances, with males responding less favorably more often and females more favorably more often than expected. The null hypothesis for educational level was rejected in nine instances. More educated people tended to respond less favorably more often and less educated people tended to respond more favorably more often than expected. Implications of the study for the family living curriculum in Oregon secondary schools, as indicated in the opinions of the respondents, are as follows: 1. Family life topics of communicating, understanding yourself, relating to others, understanding sex, being a family member, parenthood, selecting a mate, marriage, and the family relating to the community would be valuable in the family life curriculum. 2. It seems necessary that family life education topics stress making decisions, solving problems, resolving conflicts, and coping with situations. 3. It seems reasonable that sixty-four of the family life competencies identified in this study be incorporated in programs designed to prepare students for their life role as a family member. The sample of expectant parents was a biased group. On speculation it seems that the sample could be quite concerned about the topic and competencies of parenthood. In view of this, the following recommendations for future studies are made: 1. High school students, young married couples not expecting children, and middle aged couples need to be surveyed to identify family life competencies. 2. Learning experiences need to be developed for family life competencies. Close

• 44. [Article] Effects of seed characters and competitive environment on two-year performance of open-pollinated Douglas-fir families

  Ungerminated seed and recent germinants from 39 open-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) families were planted in each of three competitive environments in order ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of seed characters and competitive environment on two-year performance of open-pollinated Douglas-fir families Author: St. Clair, John Bradley Ungerminated seed and recent germinants from 39 open-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) families were planted in each of three competitive environments in order to determine the degree to which growth differences among families are influenced by competitive environment, seed weight, and date of emergence. The three competitive environments were a mixture of individuals from all families planted at a narrow spacing (4x4 cms), single (pure) family blocks planted at a narrow spacing (4xL cms), and individuals from all families planted at a wide, non-competitive spacing (16xl6 cms). Despite some large changes in the relative ranking of families between competitive environments for total dry weight, the family x competitive environment interaction was non-significant (p<O.O5). Furthermore, families did not differ significantly in competitive ability or density tolerance. Competitive environment, however, had a large effect on estimates of variance components, heritability, and genetic gain. Analysis of correlated response to selection indicated that testing and selection in mixture would result in the largest estimated gains in seedling dry weight, irrespective of the competitive environment anticipated for outplanting. Families differed significantly in seed weight, total percent emergence, and rate of emergence. Nevertheless, correlations between seed weight and rate of emergence, seed weight and seedling size, and rate of emergence and seedling size were not strong. The magnitude of the correlation between seed weight and seedling size of families was no less when germinants were used than when ungerminated seed was used. Thus, using germinants did not appear to be useful for controlling seed weight effects in this study. In addition the magnitude of the correlation between seed weight and seedling size was not influenced by interfamily competition. Genetic variation in seedling architecture (the form and structure of a seedling's crown, stem, and root system, as well as the proportion of total biomass partitioned to each) was assessed in order to explore the potential for realizing gains from ideotype breeding. Families differed significantly for all traits and estimates of heritability were mostly moderate (ranging from h2=O.07 to 0.49). Relative family performance for traits of seedling architecture was dependent upon the density at which families were grown for all traits except crown width relative to height, but intergenotypic competition did not affect relative family performance. Phenotypic relationships among traits of seedling architecture and seedling size were generally consistent across competitive environments, but genetic relationships did depend to some extent on competitive environment. These results using seedlings indicate that the potential exists to realize gains from ideotype breeding. However, relative family performance for seedling architecture traits may depend upon the density at which families are grown. Correlated responses to selection as determined by genetic correlations between traits may also depend upon competitive environment. Title: Effects of seed characters and competitive environment on two-year performance of open-pollinated Douglas-fir families Author: St. Clair, John Bradley Ungerminated seed and recent germinants from 39 open-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) families were planted in each of three competitive environments in order to determine the degree to which growth differences among families are influenced by competitive environment, seed weight, and date of emergence. The three competitive environments were a mixture of individuals from all families planted at a narrow spacing (4x4 cms), single (pure) family blocks planted at a narrow spacing (4xL cms), and individuals from all families planted at a wide, non-competitive spacing (16xl6 cms). Despite some large changes in the relative ranking of families between competitive environments for total dry weight, the family x competitive environment interaction was non-significant (p<O.O5). Furthermore, families did not differ significantly in competitive ability or density tolerance. Competitive environment, however, had a large effect on estimates of variance components, heritability, and genetic gain. Analysis of correlated response to selection indicated that testing and selection in mixture would result in the largest estimated gains in seedling dry weight, irrespective of the competitive environment anticipated for outplanting. Families differed significantly in seed weight, total percent emergence, and rate of emergence. Nevertheless, correlations between seed weight and rate of emergence, seed weight and seedling size, and rate of emergence and seedling size were not strong. The magnitude of the correlation between seed weight and seedling size of families was no less when germinants were used than when ungerminated seed was used. Thus, using germinants did not appear to be useful for controlling seed weight effects in this study. In addition the magnitude of the correlation between seed weight and seedling size was not influenced by interfamily competition. Genetic variation in seedling architecture (the form and structure of a seedling's crown, stem, and root system, as well as the proportion of total biomass partitioned to each) was assessed in order to explore the potential for realizing gains from ideotype breeding. Families differed significantly for all traits and estimates of heritability were mostly moderate (ranging from h2=O.07 to 0.49). Relative family performance for traits of seedling architecture was dependent upon the density at which families were grown for all traits except crown width relative to height, but intergenotypic competition did not affect relative family performance. Phenotypic relationships among traits of seedling architecture and seedling size were generally consistent across competitive environments, but genetic relationships did depend to some extent on competitive environment. These results using seedlings indicate that the potential exists to realize gains from ideotype breeding. However, relative family performance for seedling architecture traits may depend upon the density at which families are grown. Correlated responses to selection as determined by genetic correlations between traits may also depend upon competitive environment. Close

• 45. [Article] A qualitative analysis of clinical records from a trauma response program for families exposed to violence

  This dissertation is a qualitative secondary content analysis of clinical records collected for the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A qualitative analysis of clinical records from a trauma response program for families exposed to violence Author: Behan, Kathleen G This dissertation is a qualitative secondary content analysis of clinical records collected for the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to domestic and intimate partner violence (IPV). The Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization have identified intimate partner violence (IPV) as a health policy issue. Most studies of intimate partner violence and children exposed to violence have used samples from domestic violence shelters, large phone-based community surveys, or convenience samples such as college students. Currently, studies of families that have experienced intimate partner violence and received services in their homes do not exist. As such, the process and effects of intimate violence in families residing in their homes have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to identify the structural issues, factors affecting service engagement, family characteristics, and factors promoting resiliency in families that experienced intimate partner violence and were served by the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to caregiver intimate partner violence. To this end, the four research questions were: 1) What are the underlying structural problems that affected these families? 2) Is family functioning at intake associated with the length of time with the program? 3) Of the families that engaged with Safe Start for at least five face-to-face contacts, what are the caregiver and/or family characteristics that seem to indicate the presence or absence of resilience in the caregivers? This study involved the analysis of the clinical case records of 30 families that received Spokane Safe Services. The primary source of data for this study came from the narrative portions of the electronic ACCESS and written client clinical records. The Spokane Safe Start clinical narratives served as a record of clinician observations, interactions, and service delivery to families greatly affected by intimate partner violence. Using the bio-ecological perspective and family systems theory as the theoretical frameworks to understand intimate partner violence and its effects on children, data analysis and synthesis, I used qualitative content analysis thematic analysis, and data matrices. In essence, this is a multiple case study producing "context-dependent knowledge" that is vital to develop ecologically sound interventions to address intimate partner violence and its effects on families (Flyvbjerg, 2006, p. 221). This study revealed three main findings. Families encountered roadblocks in the form of environmental and individual obstacles. These obstacles included family-of-origin dynamics, severe financial problems, and individual issues such as relationship ambivalence and substance abuse that posed serious limitations to developing resilience. Parent-child interactions were strained and difficult in most families. The majority of children experienced chronic IPV and many had a history of maltreatment as well. Although many parents were concerned about the future wellbeing of their children, they also had difficulty reflecting on their children’s emotional needs and experiences. Evidence of resilience in the case narratives was quite limited. There was evidence, one particular clinician's model of service provision was more successful at engendering resilience than that of the other clinicians. Results were triangulated with the extant literature and previous quantitative studies conducted by Washington State University on the Spokane Safe Start data indicating the results of this study are trustworthy and credible. This study makes an important contribution to the family violence literature and may serve as a resource for policy and program development.   Title: A qualitative analysis of clinical records from a trauma response program for families exposed to violence Author: Behan, Kathleen G This dissertation is a qualitative secondary content analysis of clinical records collected for the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to domestic and intimate partner violence (IPV). The Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization have identified intimate partner violence (IPV) as a health policy issue. Most studies of intimate partner violence and children exposed to violence have used samples from domestic violence shelters, large phone-based community surveys, or convenience samples such as college students. Currently, studies of families that have experienced intimate partner violence and received services in their homes do not exist. As such, the process and effects of intimate violence in families residing in their homes have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to identify the structural issues, factors affecting service engagement, family characteristics, and factors promoting resiliency in families that experienced intimate partner violence and were served by the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to caregiver intimate partner violence. To this end, the four research questions were: 1) What are the underlying structural problems that affected these families? 2) Is family functioning at intake associated with the length of time with the program? 3) Of the families that engaged with Safe Start for at least five face-to-face contacts, what are the caregiver and/or family characteristics that seem to indicate the presence or absence of resilience in the caregivers? This study involved the analysis of the clinical case records of 30 families that received Spokane Safe Services. The primary source of data for this study came from the narrative portions of the electronic ACCESS and written client clinical records. The Spokane Safe Start clinical narratives served as a record of clinician observations, interactions, and service delivery to families greatly affected by intimate partner violence. Using the bio-ecological perspective and family systems theory as the theoretical frameworks to understand intimate partner violence and its effects on children, data analysis and synthesis, I used qualitative content analysis thematic analysis, and data matrices. In essence, this is a multiple case study producing "context-dependent knowledge" that is vital to develop ecologically sound interventions to address intimate partner violence and its effects on families (Flyvbjerg, 2006, p. 221). This study revealed three main findings. Families encountered roadblocks in the form of environmental and individual obstacles. These obstacles included family-of-origin dynamics, severe financial problems, and individual issues such as relationship ambivalence and substance abuse that posed serious limitations to developing resilience. Parent-child interactions were strained and difficult in most families. The majority of children experienced chronic IPV and many had a history of maltreatment as well. Although many parents were concerned about the future wellbeing of their children, they also had difficulty reflecting on their children’s emotional needs and experiences. Evidence of resilience in the case narratives was quite limited. There was evidence, one particular clinician's model of service provision was more successful at engendering resilience than that of the other clinicians. Results were triangulated with the extant literature and previous quantitative studies conducted by Washington State University on the Spokane Safe Start data indicating the results of this study are trustworthy and credible. This study makes an important contribution to the family violence literature and may serve as a resource for policy and program development.   Close

• 46. [Article] Connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships : a feminist analysis

  Women have long been responsible for the unpaid and under-recognized work of maintaining homes and family relationships (Walker, 1999). In this dissertation, I use feminist theories to address the connections ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships : a feminist analysis Author: McGraw, Lori A. Women have long been responsible for the unpaid and under-recognized work of maintaining homes and family relationships (Walker, 1999). In this dissertation, I use feminist theories to address the connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships. I explore family ties between (a) aging mothers and their care giving daughters, (b) fishing wives and their husbands and children, and (c) able-bodied sisters and their siblings with disabilities. I also expand the notion of family work to include participating in a research project on behalf of one's family and community. Feminists critique women's unpaid family work as oppressive (Thorne, 1992) whereas other researchers argue that women have power within families (Kranichfeld, 1988). I focus on the tensions between the constraints women experience living in a patriarchal society and the ways they pursue purposeful and fulfilling lives. In other words, women are both oppressed and powerful. I pursue these and other issues surrounding women's lives through three separate studies. In my first study, I used a multimethod approach to show that aging mothers and their care giving daughters were purposeful in attending to one another’s lives, preserving mother's autonomy, and managing tension. Variability across pairs provided evidence for three styles of relationships: (a) intimate, (b) connected, and (c) constrained. In the second study, I addressed the ethics of doing research with women who volunteer to participate in research on behalf of their families. Using qualitative telephone interview methods, I demonstrate that fishing wives made sense of their participation in the research project by emphasizing: (a) them selves as active shapers of family life, (b) their solidarity with the fishing community, and (c) the legitimacy of science to help fishing families. In the final study, I conducted in-depth interviews with able-bodied sisters of siblings with disabilities, discovering that they describe themselves as good sisters by normalizing their sibling's disability, minimizing personal sacrifices, accepting the gendered nature of family care, and emphasizing opportunities for moral enhancement. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that women actively shape their lives and relationships within the confines of a patriarchal system. From these findings, suggestions are made for improving women's lives. Title: Connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships : a feminist analysis Author: McGraw, Lori A. Women have long been responsible for the unpaid and under-recognized work of maintaining homes and family relationships (Walker, 1999). In this dissertation, I use feminist theories to address the connections between women's unpaid family work and their family relationships. I explore family ties between (a) aging mothers and their care giving daughters, (b) fishing wives and their husbands and children, and (c) able-bodied sisters and their siblings with disabilities. I also expand the notion of family work to include participating in a research project on behalf of one's family and community. Feminists critique women's unpaid family work as oppressive (Thorne, 1992) whereas other researchers argue that women have power within families (Kranichfeld, 1988). I focus on the tensions between the constraints women experience living in a patriarchal society and the ways they pursue purposeful and fulfilling lives. In other words, women are both oppressed and powerful. I pursue these and other issues surrounding women's lives through three separate studies. In my first study, I used a multimethod approach to show that aging mothers and their care giving daughters were purposeful in attending to one another’s lives, preserving mother's autonomy, and managing tension. Variability across pairs provided evidence for three styles of relationships: (a) intimate, (b) connected, and (c) constrained. In the second study, I addressed the ethics of doing research with women who volunteer to participate in research on behalf of their families. Using qualitative telephone interview methods, I demonstrate that fishing wives made sense of their participation in the research project by emphasizing: (a) them selves as active shapers of family life, (b) their solidarity with the fishing community, and (c) the legitimacy of science to help fishing families. In the final study, I conducted in-depth interviews with able-bodied sisters of siblings with disabilities, discovering that they describe themselves as good sisters by normalizing their sibling's disability, minimizing personal sacrifices, accepting the gendered nature of family care, and emphasizing opportunities for moral enhancement. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that women actively shape their lives and relationships within the confines of a patriarchal system. From these findings, suggestions are made for improving women's lives. Close

• 47. [Article] Problems of families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child

  The purpose of this study was to determine the possible problem areas in families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child. Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism, which in the past caused mental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Problems of families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child Author: Mack, Marilyn Winnifred The purpose of this study was to determine the possible problem areas in families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child. Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism, which in the past caused mental retardation as well as behavioral disturbances. Initially the discovery of diet therapy eliminated the behavioral disturbances, but not the mental retardation in phenylketonurics, primarily because of the timing of the diagnosis. In recent years, however, a test has been developed which identifies the disease in early infancy, and with early use of the diet therapy, both the mental retardation and the behavioral symptoms have been eliminated. However, because of the strictness of the diet, and as a result of studies which indicate that the diet-treated phenylketonuric child may be slower in growth and lower in I. Q. than children who do not have phenylketonuria, there exists the possibility that there may be problems within the family related to the presence of the phenylketonuric child. In the review of the literature, areas of "normal" childhood, which could be problem areas, were discussed, such as: learning, parent-child interactions, dependency and overprotection, language development, peer relationships, family relationships, and family developmental tasks. These areas were then discussed in terms of the phenylketonuric child and his family. It would be reasonable to assume that the presence of the phenylketonuric child in the family would create a discrepancy with regard to the concept of the child formed by the parents before the birth of the child; create parental anxiety because of the nature of the illness, and affect family food patterns because of the strictness of the diet. It would be reasonable to assume that since children with a chronic illness are often dependent, and their parents often show signs of overprotection, that this would be true in the case of the phenylketonuric child, also. Because of the possibility of reduced contact with peers, and the possible lower I. Q. of the phenylketonuric child, it would be reasonable to assume that this child might be slower in language development. Because of the strictness of the diet, and the reported slower growth of the phenylketonuric child, the child might he smaller than his "normal" age-mates, show signs of fatigue more quickly and therefore, be adversely affected in his social development. Because of the possible presence of fear-producing stimuli in the child's environment, such as the fear and anxiety of the parents, the child might show signs of fear and anxiety. Children with chronic illness generally show signs of emotional instability, and the phenylketonuric child could be expected to follow this pattern. Any of these complications could affect the child's self-concept and self-acceptance adversely, and could also be expected to affect his peer relationships adversely. The phenylketonuric child could be expected to affect family relationships in that parental concern could be directed toward this child with less attention given to other children in the family. Also, social relationships outside the family could be affected. The phenylketonuric child could be expected to affect the family developmental tasks in that the added task of adjusting to the child and his problems could take priority over other tasks that the family would be expected to complete. For the purpose of exploring these considerations to determine whether problems in these areas do exist, an interview schedule was formulated for use in interviewing families with a phenylketonuric child five years of age or younger. Some of the questions for the interview schedule were taken from the literature dealing directly with the known problems of the phenylketonuric child. Others were taken from the normative-descriptive literature involving problem areas in "normal" childhood, as discussed above, and others were questions which were inferred from the literature concerning the family. On the assumption that the expected problems would exist, a discussion of possible solutions to the problems was given. Title: Problems of families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child Author: Mack, Marilyn Winnifred The purpose of this study was to determine the possible problem areas in families with a diet-treated phenylketonuric child. Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism, which in the past caused mental retardation as well as behavioral disturbances. Initially the discovery of diet therapy eliminated the behavioral disturbances, but not the mental retardation in phenylketonurics, primarily because of the timing of the diagnosis. In recent years, however, a test has been developed which identifies the disease in early infancy, and with early use of the diet therapy, both the mental retardation and the behavioral symptoms have been eliminated. However, because of the strictness of the diet, and as a result of studies which indicate that the diet-treated phenylketonuric child may be slower in growth and lower in I. Q. than children who do not have phenylketonuria, there exists the possibility that there may be problems within the family related to the presence of the phenylketonuric child. In the review of the literature, areas of "normal" childhood, which could be problem areas, were discussed, such as: learning, parent-child interactions, dependency and overprotection, language development, peer relationships, family relationships, and family developmental tasks. These areas were then discussed in terms of the phenylketonuric child and his family. It would be reasonable to assume that the presence of the phenylketonuric child in the family would create a discrepancy with regard to the concept of the child formed by the parents before the birth of the child; create parental anxiety because of the nature of the illness, and affect family food patterns because of the strictness of the diet. It would be reasonable to assume that since children with a chronic illness are often dependent, and their parents often show signs of overprotection, that this would be true in the case of the phenylketonuric child, also. Because of the possibility of reduced contact with peers, and the possible lower I. Q. of the phenylketonuric child, it would be reasonable to assume that this child might be slower in language development. Because of the strictness of the diet, and the reported slower growth of the phenylketonuric child, the child might he smaller than his "normal" age-mates, show signs of fatigue more quickly and therefore, be adversely affected in his social development. Because of the possible presence of fear-producing stimuli in the child's environment, such as the fear and anxiety of the parents, the child might show signs of fear and anxiety. Children with chronic illness generally show signs of emotional instability, and the phenylketonuric child could be expected to follow this pattern. Any of these complications could affect the child's self-concept and self-acceptance adversely, and could also be expected to affect his peer relationships adversely. The phenylketonuric child could be expected to affect family relationships in that parental concern could be directed toward this child with less attention given to other children in the family. Also, social relationships outside the family could be affected. The phenylketonuric child could be expected to affect the family developmental tasks in that the added task of adjusting to the child and his problems could take priority over other tasks that the family would be expected to complete. For the purpose of exploring these considerations to determine whether problems in these areas do exist, an interview schedule was formulated for use in interviewing families with a phenylketonuric child five years of age or younger. Some of the questions for the interview schedule were taken from the literature dealing directly with the known problems of the phenylketonuric child. Others were taken from the normative-descriptive literature involving problem areas in "normal" childhood, as discussed above, and others were questions which were inferred from the literature concerning the family. On the assumption that the expected problems would exist, a discussion of possible solutions to the problems was given. Close

• 48. [Article] Nontraditional families : a guide for parents

  Published October 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nontraditional families : a guide for parents Author: Gray, Lizbeth A., Hare, Jan, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published October 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Nontraditional families : a guide for parents Author: Gray, Lizbeth A., Hare, Jan, Oregon State University. Extension Service Published October 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 49. [Article] Enriching foster family relationships through problem solving : guidelines for foster parents

  Published January 2001. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catal...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enriching foster family relationships through problem solving : guidelines for foster parents Author: Bowman, Sally R., 1949-, Pratt, C., Ozretich, Rachel A., Vuchinich, S., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 2001. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Enriching foster family relationships through problem solving : guidelines for foster parents Author: Bowman, Sally R., 1949-, Pratt, C., Ozretich, Rachel A., Vuchinich, S., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published January 2001. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 50. [Article] A Rationale for Improving Childhood Nutrition: A Program to Enhance the Health of Families Experiencing Food Insecurity in Benton County

  Food insecurity is a growing public health concern in Oregon. Those that are food insecure often develop strategies, such as reducing the size of meals, cutting out fruits, vegetables and meats or skipping ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Rationale for Improving Childhood Nutrition: A Program to Enhance the Health of Families Experiencing Food Insecurity in Benton County Author: Wilsey, Anna M. Food insecurity is a growing public health concern in Oregon. Those that are food insecure often develop strategies, such as reducing the size of meals, cutting out fruits, vegetables and meats or skipping meals entirely, to make food last. One group that is disproportionately affected by food insecurity is families. Full Tummies, Full lives (FTFL) was designed to improve nutrition among children in families in Benton County, Oregon experiencing food insecurity by providing education, skill building and community support. To evaluate FTFL, seven one-on-one interviews were conducted with professionals working in the areas of food security and/or nutrition education. The goal of these interviews was to gain their opinions on the feasibility of nutrition education and cooking skills programs, learn more about the needs of low-income and food insecure families and the barriers these families experience to participating in health promotion programs. The information gathered from these interviews was then used to evaluate FTFL to determine if FTFL is relevant for food insecure families, addresses areas that other available programs do not; focuses on the correct needs of this population; and if the components of FTFL are feasible. Proposed changes to the program, as well as directions for future research are also discussed. Title: A Rationale for Improving Childhood Nutrition: A Program to Enhance the Health of Families Experiencing Food Insecurity in Benton County Author: Wilsey, Anna M. Food insecurity is a growing public health concern in Oregon. Those that are food insecure often develop strategies, such as reducing the size of meals, cutting out fruits, vegetables and meats or skipping meals entirely, to make food last. One group that is disproportionately affected by food insecurity is families. Full Tummies, Full lives (FTFL) was designed to improve nutrition among children in families in Benton County, Oregon experiencing food insecurity by providing education, skill building and community support. To evaluate FTFL, seven one-on-one interviews were conducted with professionals working in the areas of food security and/or nutrition education. The goal of these interviews was to gain their opinions on the feasibility of nutrition education and cooking skills programs, learn more about the needs of low-income and food insecure families and the barriers these families experience to participating in health promotion programs. The information gathered from these interviews was then used to evaluate FTFL to determine if FTFL is relevant for food insecure families, addresses areas that other available programs do not; focuses on the correct needs of this population; and if the components of FTFL are feasible. Proposed changes to the program, as well as directions for future research are also discussed. Close