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• 41. [Article] Perceptions of the influence of school-based activities on voter behavior

  The purpose of this case study was to explore the perceptions of school district administrators and members of the community about the influence of school-based activities had on voter behavior. The case ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Perceptions of the influence of school-based activities on voter behavior Author: Borella, AnnLouise The purpose of this case study was to explore the perceptions of school district administrators and members of the community about the influence of school-based activities had on voter behavior. The case study focused on a school district in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Interviews were held with the school district administrators and taxpayers in the community. The surveyed taxpayers were prominent, influential and well informed about the school district and the community. Three questions were addressed to both the school administrators and taxpayers. (1.) What are the perceptions of the interviewee on the influence of school site activities on voter behavior? (2.) What activities would the interviewee perceive to be most effective in gaining/keeping community support? (3.) Does the interviewee perceive anything unusual about the community in its participation in school site activities and/or non-school activities? It was found that attracting the people to the school site can be a positive influence, provided that the schoolsite is in good order. The activities most effective in gaining/keeping community support were those activities that pulled the widest range of community members to the school site. The administrators perceived the large attendance at school activities as support for the school system rather than the family members supporting the children. Administrators were also aware of a large segment of the community without school-age children, yet no active budgeted plans to reach them had been made. Furthermore, community members felt that the district should live within their budget even though there was large community support for school based activities. The change in demographic characteristics, increased enrollment, and increased property evaluations have caused the community's perception of the school district to become more fiscally conservative. Due to the lack of trust by the taxpayers, the school district needs to be sensitive to the community by furnishing timely information about the how and why public monies are being spent. Title: Perceptions of the influence of school-based activities on voter behavior Author: Borella, AnnLouise The purpose of this case study was to explore the perceptions of school district administrators and members of the community about the influence of school-based activities had on voter behavior. The case study focused on a school district in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Interviews were held with the school district administrators and taxpayers in the community. The surveyed taxpayers were prominent, influential and well informed about the school district and the community. Three questions were addressed to both the school administrators and taxpayers. (1.) What are the perceptions of the interviewee on the influence of school site activities on voter behavior? (2.) What activities would the interviewee perceive to be most effective in gaining/keeping community support? (3.) Does the interviewee perceive anything unusual about the community in its participation in school site activities and/or non-school activities? It was found that attracting the people to the school site can be a positive influence, provided that the schoolsite is in good order. The activities most effective in gaining/keeping community support were those activities that pulled the widest range of community members to the school site. The administrators perceived the large attendance at school activities as support for the school system rather than the family members supporting the children. Administrators were also aware of a large segment of the community without school-age children, yet no active budgeted plans to reach them had been made. Furthermore, community members felt that the district should live within their budget even though there was large community support for school based activities. The change in demographic characteristics, increased enrollment, and increased property evaluations have caused the community's perception of the school district to become more fiscally conservative. Due to the lack of trust by the taxpayers, the school district needs to be sensitive to the community by furnishing timely information about the how and why public monies are being spent. Close

• 42. [Article] Indicators of Social Vulnerability in Fishing Communities along the West Coast Region of the U.S.

  Social vulnerability is often thought of as a culmination of social factors influencing the susceptibility of various groups to harm and govern their ability to respond. In an effort to identify communities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Indicators of Social Vulnerability in Fishing Communities along the West Coast Region of the U.S. Author: Miller, Stacey D. Social vulnerability is often thought of as a culmination of social factors influencing the susceptibility of various groups to harm and govern their ability to respond. In an effort to identify communities that may be susceptible to social impacts from changes to fishery policies or fishing conditions, NOAA Fisheries is developing social vulnerability indicators for fishing-dependent communities in five regions within the U.S including the northeast, southeast, west coast, Alaska, and Hawaii. Place-based data from the U.S. decennial census, American Community Survey, NOAA Fisheries, state fish and wildlife agencies, and a myriad of additional sources are included in a factor analysis to identify communities engaged in and reliant on commercial fishing, and to derive indicators of social vulnerability. Using these indicators, 18 communities along the west coast were identified as having high levels of both commercial fishing dependence and social vulnerability, although the drivers varied among communities. This research complements the development of a national vulnerability assessment by using the vulnerability resilience linear conceptual model to evaluate exposure and sensitivity of communities along the west coast to potential policy or environmental changes that affect commercial fishing activity. Title: Indicators of Social Vulnerability in Fishing Communities along the West Coast Region of the U.S. Author: Miller, Stacey D. Social vulnerability is often thought of as a culmination of social factors influencing the susceptibility of various groups to harm and govern their ability to respond. In an effort to identify communities that may be susceptible to social impacts from changes to fishery policies or fishing conditions, NOAA Fisheries is developing social vulnerability indicators for fishing-dependent communities in five regions within the U.S including the northeast, southeast, west coast, Alaska, and Hawaii. Place-based data from the U.S. decennial census, American Community Survey, NOAA Fisheries, state fish and wildlife agencies, and a myriad of additional sources are included in a factor analysis to identify communities engaged in and reliant on commercial fishing, and to derive indicators of social vulnerability. Using these indicators, 18 communities along the west coast were identified as having high levels of both commercial fishing dependence and social vulnerability, although the drivers varied among communities. This research complements the development of a national vulnerability assessment by using the vulnerability resilience linear conceptual model to evaluate exposure and sensitivity of communities along the west coast to potential policy or environmental changes that affect commercial fishing activity. Close

• 43. [Article] Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities?

  Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities? Author: Wall, Conor Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, natural amenities, distance to urban areas, and community size, in determining net migration rates for small Oregon communities for the 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 time periods. Estimates of age-specific migration rates for Oregon incorporated places show markedly different patterns for small communities, with such places experiencing severe outmigration among 20-to-24 year-olds, but adding population in older age groups. Regression analysis of net migration in Oregon communities with 1289 people or fewer shows that natural amenities, particularly low rainfall and proximity to open water, are primary drivers of community-specific migration rates. The effects of labor markets and distance to urban centers are found to wane, particularly for working-age migrants, in the 2000-2010 period, with the size of a community becoming a more important determinant of its net migration rate. Access to services, such as grocery stores, however, is found to significantly boost net migration rates and to mitigate the tendency for very small places to suffer net outmigration. Title: Jobs, Natural Amenities, Distance, Population, or Services: What Drives Age- Specific Migration for Small Oregon Communities? Author: Wall, Conor Declining population is a major concern for rural communities. In many places, out-migration has led to a loss of key services. This essay investigates the role of services, as well as labor markets, natural amenities, distance to urban areas, and community size, in determining net migration rates for small Oregon communities for the 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 time periods. Estimates of age-specific migration rates for Oregon incorporated places show markedly different patterns for small communities, with such places experiencing severe outmigration among 20-to-24 year-olds, but adding population in older age groups. Regression analysis of net migration in Oregon communities with 1289 people or fewer shows that natural amenities, particularly low rainfall and proximity to open water, are primary drivers of community-specific migration rates. The effects of labor markets and distance to urban centers are found to wane, particularly for working-age migrants, in the 2000-2010 period, with the size of a community becoming a more important determinant of its net migration rate. Access to services, such as grocery stores, however, is found to significantly boost net migration rates and to mitigate the tendency for very small places to suffer net outmigration. Close

• 44. [Article] Social challenges in managing natural resources in coastal fishing communities

  Two topics concerning fisheries management are considered in this thesis. The first concerns the social values that commercial fishing communities associate with commercial fishing. A survey of residents ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Social challenges in managing natural resources in coastal fishing communities Author: Sharp, Shayla B. Two topics concerning fisheries management are considered in this thesis. The first concerns the social values that commercial fishing communities associate with commercial fishing. A survey of residents from eleven Oregon Coastal fishing communities was conducted to examine the social values associated with the commercial fishing occupation and fishing heritage. Community and social values as they are conceptualized in this study, refer to the attitudes, opinions, and beliefs held by fishers and non-fishers in commercial fishing communities. These values include sentiments about preserving existing ways of life, improving community services, attachment to place, maintaining the natural resource history of the area, and increasing economic opportunities. The second topic examines the extent to which social and community values held by fishing communities are identified and integrated into fishery management decisions. There is little knowledge about the process by which this information is obtained or identified, or whether or not that information is useful - information that could increase the ability of decision-makers, policy makers and managers to comply with the spirit of the amended Magnuson-Stevens Act. The ability in which fisheries managers and decision-makers incorporate, integrate and learn about social values associated with commercial fishing may depend greatly on their understanding of how these values are embedded within communities. Title: Social challenges in managing natural resources in coastal fishing communities Author: Sharp, Shayla B. Two topics concerning fisheries management are considered in this thesis. The first concerns the social values that commercial fishing communities associate with commercial fishing. A survey of residents from eleven Oregon Coastal fishing communities was conducted to examine the social values associated with the commercial fishing occupation and fishing heritage. Community and social values as they are conceptualized in this study, refer to the attitudes, opinions, and beliefs held by fishers and non-fishers in commercial fishing communities. These values include sentiments about preserving existing ways of life, improving community services, attachment to place, maintaining the natural resource history of the area, and increasing economic opportunities. The second topic examines the extent to which social and community values held by fishing communities are identified and integrated into fishery management decisions. There is little knowledge about the process by which this information is obtained or identified, or whether or not that information is useful - information that could increase the ability of decision-makers, policy makers and managers to comply with the spirit of the amended Magnuson-Stevens Act. The ability in which fisheries managers and decision-makers incorporate, integrate and learn about social values associated with commercial fishing may depend greatly on their understanding of how these values are embedded within communities. Close

• 45. [Article] Barriers that influence the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges

  There is a shortage of qualified community college technical instructors in new and emerging technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers that may affect the decision of semiconductor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Barriers that influence the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges Author: Smith, David E., 1943- There is a shortage of qualified community college technical instructors in new and emerging technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers that may affect the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges. The desired outcome is to enable community colleges to increase the pool of part-time faculty from the semiconductor industry. This study identified four primary barriers that could affect an individual's decision to teach: (a) interest in teaching, (b) self-efficacy, (c) awareness of teaching opportunities, and (d) faculty development. As community colleges seek to fill the increasing demand for part-time technical instructors, industry seeks to increase its ranks of technical employees. A survey of technical specialists from the semiconductor industry showed high levels of professional experience, interest in teaching, and various experiences in teaching. An important finding of this study, however, was the overwhelming lack of awareness (83%, n=76) of teaching opportunities at community colleges. If community colleges are to increase their pool of part-time technical faculty, it is necessary for technical specialists to be aware that part-time teaching positions are available. If industry is to fill its growing need for qualified technical specialists, it should be willing to share some of the talent of its best employees with the community. Title: Barriers that influence the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges Author: Smith, David E., 1943- There is a shortage of qualified community college technical instructors in new and emerging technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers that may affect the decision of semiconductor specialists to teach part-time at community colleges. The desired outcome is to enable community colleges to increase the pool of part-time faculty from the semiconductor industry. This study identified four primary barriers that could affect an individual's decision to teach: (a) interest in teaching, (b) self-efficacy, (c) awareness of teaching opportunities, and (d) faculty development. As community colleges seek to fill the increasing demand for part-time technical instructors, industry seeks to increase its ranks of technical employees. A survey of technical specialists from the semiconductor industry showed high levels of professional experience, interest in teaching, and various experiences in teaching. An important finding of this study, however, was the overwhelming lack of awareness (83%, n=76) of teaching opportunities at community colleges. If community colleges are to increase their pool of part-time technical faculty, it is necessary for technical specialists to be aware that part-time teaching positions are available. If industry is to fill its growing need for qualified technical specialists, it should be willing to share some of the talent of its best employees with the community. Close

• 46. [Article] Identification and development of procedures and criteria for self-analysis by community colleges

  The primary objective of this study was to develop a prototype instrument of procedures and criteria to be used by community college s for self-analysis and evaluation purposes. The study grew out of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identification and development of procedures and criteria for self-analysis by community colleges Author: Morris, William Robert The primary objective of this study was to develop a prototype instrument of procedures and criteria to be used by community college s for self-analysis and evaluation purposes. The study grew out of the recognized need to assess and improve the effectiveness and pertinence of community college philosophies, roles and responsibilities, organization, administration and programs. The importance of the study is amplified by the unprecedented growth and development of community colleges throughout the nation. An instrument was developed with assistance from a national advisory committee, a planning committee of Oregon and Washington community college leaders, a research team from the Oregon State System of Higher Education and numerous individuals concerned with community colleges. The instrument was partially field tested in a community college setting. It appears that the instrument can accomplish the analysis purpose for which it was designed. The instrument also appears to have the potential of improving education in community colleges. Additional field testing of the instrument is recommended. Title: Identification and development of procedures and criteria for self-analysis by community colleges Author: Morris, William Robert The primary objective of this study was to develop a prototype instrument of procedures and criteria to be used by community college s for self-analysis and evaluation purposes. The study grew out of the recognized need to assess and improve the effectiveness and pertinence of community college philosophies, roles and responsibilities, organization, administration and programs. The importance of the study is amplified by the unprecedented growth and development of community colleges throughout the nation. An instrument was developed with assistance from a national advisory committee, a planning committee of Oregon and Washington community college leaders, a research team from the Oregon State System of Higher Education and numerous individuals concerned with community colleges. The instrument was partially field tested in a community college setting. It appears that the instrument can accomplish the analysis purpose for which it was designed. The instrument also appears to have the potential of improving education in community colleges. Additional field testing of the instrument is recommended. Close

• 47. [Article] Invisible Possibilities: Poverty Alleviation in Small-scale Fisher Communities

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Invisible Possibilities: Poverty Alleviation in Small-scale Fisher Communities Author: Onyango, Paul Abstract Only Title: Invisible Possibilities: Poverty Alleviation in Small-scale Fisher Communities Author: Onyango, Paul Abstract Only Close

• 48. [Article] The development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization

  The goal of this study was to better understand stream communities through a perspective that might make their structure, organization, and development more understandable. This goal was approached through ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization Author: Wevers, Mary Jo The goal of this study was to better understand stream communities through a perspective that might make their structure, organization, and development more understandable. This goal was approached through the following objectives: 1. To determine the assemblages of stream organisms and define subsystems within a stream community. 2. To explain the structure and organization of the subsystems by means of habitat, life history, trophic, and environmental relationships. 3. To explain how the community as a whole and the subsystems develop and persist through immigration, colonization, and subsystem interactions. An organismic perspective of stream communities is utilized in addressing the development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization. The conceptual framework of Warren et al. (1979) provides a perspective which emphasizes the importance of species interrelationships and interdspendencies within a community. This perspective is organismic in that it takes the view that communities exhibit organismic properties. It is hot organismic in the Clementsian sense that communities are metaphorical organisms. A hierarchical scheme of stream community subsystems is presented. Habitat organization is used to define 2° and 3° subsystems. Trophic organization defines 4° subsystems, and other aspects of life history organization define 5° subsystems. Two model streams were employed in this study of stream community structure and organization. The 2° subsystems, shallow riffles, deep riffles, and pools, were sampled for one year following initiation of the experiment. Community organization and development are described in terms of biomass and taxa numbers. Macroinvertebrate biomass and taxa number tended to be greater in riffle habitats than in pool habitats. Biomass in 2° and 3° subsystems generally in creased with time. Taxa number increased until early winter when it declined slightly. Changes in biomass and taxa number in 4° trophic subsystems and 5° species population subsystems are also discussed. Species pool, life history, and colonization determination of stream community structure and organization are addressed. The potential capacity of the stream community resides in the species pool. The pattern of kinds and abundances of species in space and time is partially determined by the life history patterns of the species. Colonizing ability of species populations affects the development and organization of stream communities. Downstream drift and aerial sources of colonists contributed to the colonization of the experimental streams in this study, although the relative importance of the two sources changed through time. Stream habitat and environment play important roles in stream community development and organization by providing shelter or cover and supplying needed resources. As the environment provided by a stream system impinges upon the stream community, there must be concordance between the community and its environment. The climatic parameters light and temperature and autochthonous and allochthonous inputs such as litter fall are discussed as environmental parameters that impinge on the model stream communities. Title: The development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization Author: Wevers, Mary Jo The goal of this study was to better understand stream communities through a perspective that might make their structure, organization, and development more understandable. This goal was approached through the following objectives: 1. To determine the assemblages of stream organisms and define subsystems within a stream community. 2. To explain the structure and organization of the subsystems by means of habitat, life history, trophic, and environmental relationships. 3. To explain how the community as a whole and the subsystems develop and persist through immigration, colonization, and subsystem interactions. An organismic perspective of stream communities is utilized in addressing the development and maintenance of stream community structure and organization. The conceptual framework of Warren et al. (1979) provides a perspective which emphasizes the importance of species interrelationships and interdspendencies within a community. This perspective is organismic in that it takes the view that communities exhibit organismic properties. It is hot organismic in the Clementsian sense that communities are metaphorical organisms. A hierarchical scheme of stream community subsystems is presented. Habitat organization is used to define 2° and 3° subsystems. Trophic organization defines 4° subsystems, and other aspects of life history organization define 5° subsystems. Two model streams were employed in this study of stream community structure and organization. The 2° subsystems, shallow riffles, deep riffles, and pools, were sampled for one year following initiation of the experiment. Community organization and development are described in terms of biomass and taxa numbers. Macroinvertebrate biomass and taxa number tended to be greater in riffle habitats than in pool habitats. Biomass in 2° and 3° subsystems generally in creased with time. Taxa number increased until early winter when it declined slightly. Changes in biomass and taxa number in 4° trophic subsystems and 5° species population subsystems are also discussed. Species pool, life history, and colonization determination of stream community structure and organization are addressed. The potential capacity of the stream community resides in the species pool. The pattern of kinds and abundances of species in space and time is partially determined by the life history patterns of the species. Colonizing ability of species populations affects the development and organization of stream communities. Downstream drift and aerial sources of colonists contributed to the colonization of the experimental streams in this study, although the relative importance of the two sources changed through time. Stream habitat and environment play important roles in stream community development and organization by providing shelter or cover and supplying needed resources. As the environment provided by a stream system impinges upon the stream community, there must be concordance between the community and its environment. The climatic parameters light and temperature and autochthonous and allochthonous inputs such as litter fall are discussed as environmental parameters that impinge on the model stream communities. Close

• 49. [Article] A comparative study of temperate Chamaecyparis forests

  The objectives of this study include: (1) analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. taiwanensis, and C. formosensis forests including the structure, composition, and dynamics of plant communities and their ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative study of temperate Chamaecyparis forests Author: Hawk, Glenn M. The objectives of this study include: (1) analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. taiwanensis, and C. formosensis forests including the structure, composition, and dynamics of plant communities and their environmental relationships; and (2) comparison of the temperate Chamaecyparis forests of Taiwan and the Pacific Northwest with emphasis on structural and successional characteristics. One vegetation zone with four communities in Taiwan and three zones with eight communities in the Pacific Northwest are described. All communities are defined on the basis of their vegetative differences which arise primarily in response to changes in climate and/or soils. The Chamaecyparis communities show varying degrees of site specificity. The two Taiwan species are sympatric over most of their ranges. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis occurs on high elevation, well drained landforms and on many aspects. The soils are typically podzolized or undifferentiated. Most vigorous forests tend to be in northwestern portions of the generic range. Chamaecyparis formosensis is found at lower elevations, on less well drained and more commonly podzolized soils, and is more restricted to north and northwestern aspects. The most vigorous stands are in the southeastern portion of Its range. Climatic variation is more pronounced in the Pacific Northwest, and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana communities reflect this. In the north, middle and low elevations are occupied by the Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Polystichum munitum-Oxalis oregana community on more mesic areas and by the Tsuga heterophyIh-Chamaecyparls lawsoniana/Rhododendron macrophyllum-Gaultheria shallon community on better drained sites. Both communities occur on sedimentary parent materials within the Tsuga heterophylla Zone. On ultramafic parent material in this zone the Chamaecyparis lawsoniana-Tsuga heterophylla/Xerophyllum tenax community occurs. South and east of the range of Tsuga heterophylla, mixed soils support the Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Lithocarpus densiflora community as a closed forest, while pure ultramafic substrates are occupied by the open Pinus-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Quercus vaccinifolia/Xerophyllum tenax community (both in the Mixed EvergreenZone). At the transition of the Tsuga heterophylla and Abies concolor Zones is the Abies concolor- Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana community, the lower member of the Abies concolor Zone. South and inland from this transition area and at higher elevations, are the other Abies concolor Zone communities, Abies concolor-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/herb and mixed Abies-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/herb. The first of these occurs on mixed soils which include some ultramafics, while the second is primarily on granitic parent materials. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis reproduces well in mature forests, although with much less success in the bamboo community than in the shrub community. Chamaecyparis formosensis reproduces poorly in all mature forests. Hardwoods and bamboo are strong competitors with Chamaecyparis formosensis, which is also less shade tolerant than Chamaecyparis taiwanensis. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana reproduces better than either Taiwan species, in all zones, and in all communities studied. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana density in most size classes is significantly different among communities. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana appears to be relatively better adapted to sub-mesic sites on mixed ultramafic soils than to more mesic sites on other substrates. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis and C. formosensis are interpreted as being quasi-climax species which persist because of their longevity and ability to colonize disturbed areas. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana is interpreted as being a climax species in mesic communities on sedimentary and granitic substrates along with Tsuga heterophylla or Abies concolor, and as a climax dominant on ultramafic substrates where other tree species are relatively more inhibited than Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Title: A comparative study of temperate Chamaecyparis forests Author: Hawk, Glenn M. The objectives of this study include: (1) analysis of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. taiwanensis, and C. formosensis forests including the structure, composition, and dynamics of plant communities and their environmental relationships; and (2) comparison of the temperate Chamaecyparis forests of Taiwan and the Pacific Northwest with emphasis on structural and successional characteristics. One vegetation zone with four communities in Taiwan and three zones with eight communities in the Pacific Northwest are described. All communities are defined on the basis of their vegetative differences which arise primarily in response to changes in climate and/or soils. The Chamaecyparis communities show varying degrees of site specificity. The two Taiwan species are sympatric over most of their ranges. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis occurs on high elevation, well drained landforms and on many aspects. The soils are typically podzolized or undifferentiated. Most vigorous forests tend to be in northwestern portions of the generic range. Chamaecyparis formosensis is found at lower elevations, on less well drained and more commonly podzolized soils, and is more restricted to north and northwestern aspects. The most vigorous stands are in the southeastern portion of Its range. Climatic variation is more pronounced in the Pacific Northwest, and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana communities reflect this. In the north, middle and low elevations are occupied by the Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Polystichum munitum-Oxalis oregana community on more mesic areas and by the Tsuga heterophyIh-Chamaecyparls lawsoniana/Rhododendron macrophyllum-Gaultheria shallon community on better drained sites. Both communities occur on sedimentary parent materials within the Tsuga heterophylla Zone. On ultramafic parent material in this zone the Chamaecyparis lawsoniana-Tsuga heterophylla/Xerophyllum tenax community occurs. South and east of the range of Tsuga heterophylla, mixed soils support the Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Lithocarpus densiflora community as a closed forest, while pure ultramafic substrates are occupied by the open Pinus-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/Quercus vaccinifolia/Xerophyllum tenax community (both in the Mixed EvergreenZone). At the transition of the Tsuga heterophylla and Abies concolor Zones is the Abies concolor- Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana community, the lower member of the Abies concolor Zone. South and inland from this transition area and at higher elevations, are the other Abies concolor Zone communities, Abies concolor-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/herb and mixed Abies-Chamaecyparis lawsoniana/herb. The first of these occurs on mixed soils which include some ultramafics, while the second is primarily on granitic parent materials. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis reproduces well in mature forests, although with much less success in the bamboo community than in the shrub community. Chamaecyparis formosensis reproduces poorly in all mature forests. Hardwoods and bamboo are strong competitors with Chamaecyparis formosensis, which is also less shade tolerant than Chamaecyparis taiwanensis. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana reproduces better than either Taiwan species, in all zones, and in all communities studied. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana density in most size classes is significantly different among communities. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana appears to be relatively better adapted to sub-mesic sites on mixed ultramafic soils than to more mesic sites on other substrates. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis and C. formosensis are interpreted as being quasi-climax species which persist because of their longevity and ability to colonize disturbed areas. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana is interpreted as being a climax species in mesic communities on sedimentary and granitic substrates along with Tsuga heterophylla or Abies concolor, and as a climax dominant on ultramafic substrates where other tree species are relatively more inhibited than Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. Close

• 50. [Article] Evaluating the Reach, Effectiveness, and Adoption of an Extension Family & Community Health Program Implemented to Change the Rural Context for Weight Health

  Rural communities face many factors that may contribute to an obesogenic environment which include poorer food options (highly processed, low cost, and energy ­dense), reduced physical activity opportunities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the Reach, Effectiveness, and Adoption of an Extension Family & Community Health Program Implemented to Change the Rural Context for Weight Health Author: Mischkot, Brooke, John, Deborah Rural communities face many factors that may contribute to an obesogenic environment which include poorer food options (highly processed, low cost, and energy ­dense), reduced physical activity opportunities and resources, increased reliance on automobiles, and social aspects such isolation and neighborhood safety. Sub-optimal school contexts hinder students' healthy eating and physical activity before, during and after school. Active school transit is difficult for children in rural communities because of spatial distance to students' homes. Rural communities often have insufficient outdoor and indoor spaces for active recreation. Access, availability and affordability of nutrient ­dense foods such as fruits and vegetables are limited in rural environments. The overarching goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight Healthy Kids and Communities (GROW­ HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity. The 5-year study included selected rural communities within Oregon and five participating Western states (AZ, CO, NM, NV, and WA). One specific aim of the project was to plan, implement and evaluate a multi-level intervention targeting rural home, school, and community contexts to improve eating habits, increase physical activity and improve BMI trends in elementary school-age children. To do so, Extension personnel were trained to support weight healthy community development, participatory action research tools were created and used to assess community resources and readiness, and guide community-driven, environmentally ­based obesity prevention strategies. A process evaluation was implemented to better understand the relationship between Extension intervention efforts and changes to the obesogenic environment. Qualitative data sources, including personnel daily effort and activity logs, and documentation of changes in school and community resources were imported, coded, and analyzed using QSR NVivo 10 to describe community capacity building strategies and activities the GROW staff implemented in the Clackamas County intervention. Domains of capacity buildings that emerged included participation, leadership, problem assessment, and role of the outside agent. Title: Evaluating the Reach, Effectiveness, and Adoption of an Extension Family & Community Health Program Implemented to Change the Rural Context for Weight Health Author: Mischkot, Brooke, John, Deborah Rural communities face many factors that may contribute to an obesogenic environment which include poorer food options (highly processed, low cost, and energy ­dense), reduced physical activity opportunities and resources, increased reliance on automobiles, and social aspects such isolation and neighborhood safety. Sub-optimal school contexts hinder students' healthy eating and physical activity before, during and after school. Active school transit is difficult for children in rural communities because of spatial distance to students' homes. Rural communities often have insufficient outdoor and indoor spaces for active recreation. Access, availability and affordability of nutrient ­dense foods such as fruits and vegetables are limited in rural environments. The overarching goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight Healthy Kids and Communities (GROW­ HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity. The 5-year study included selected rural communities within Oregon and five participating Western states (AZ, CO, NM, NV, and WA). One specific aim of the project was to plan, implement and evaluate a multi-level intervention targeting rural home, school, and community contexts to improve eating habits, increase physical activity and improve BMI trends in elementary school-age children. To do so, Extension personnel were trained to support weight healthy community development, participatory action research tools were created and used to assess community resources and readiness, and guide community-driven, environmentally ­based obesity prevention strategies. A process evaluation was implemented to better understand the relationship between Extension intervention efforts and changes to the obesogenic environment. Qualitative data sources, including personnel daily effort and activity logs, and documentation of changes in school and community resources were imported, coded, and analyzed using QSR NVivo 10 to describe community capacity building strategies and activities the GROW staff implemented in the Clackamas County intervention. Domains of capacity buildings that emerged included participation, leadership, problem assessment, and role of the outside agent. Close