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• 41. [Article] Investigating Demographic and Evolutionary Factors Important for Fish Reintroduction

  Reintroduction programs are used to re-establish species back into their historical habitat. Most reintroduction programs have failed and few papers have evaluated factors that may be important to Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating Demographic and Evolutionary Factors Important for Fish Reintroduction Author: Sard, Nicholas M. Reintroduction programs are used to re-establish species back into their historical habitat. Most reintroduction programs have failed and few papers have evaluated factors that may be important to Pacific salmon. The 158 meter tall Cougar Dam has blocked Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from accessing 40 kilometers of historical spawning and rearing habitat for over 50 years. Here, I evaluated a Chinook salmon trap and transport reintroduction program above Cougar Dam on the South Fork McKenzie River, Oregon from 2007 to 2015. First, I evaluated if release location and date correlated with two measures of fitness based on adult assignments to age-0 juveniles collected above the dam and adult offspring returning to the South Fork McKenzie River, respectively. I found that release location and date had little to no effect on either measure of fitness. I also evaluated if there were fitness differences between hatchery and natural origin (HOR and NOR, respectively) adults. I found consistent fitness differences between males (RRS=0.48, p<0.001), but not females (RRS=0.72, p=0.81). In addition, I found that origin (p=0.352) no longer explained variation in fitness after accounting for variation in fork-length, which suggests that HOR fish may be less fit, in part, because they are 2-4 cm (95% CI) smaller, or perhaps younger. I also evaluated a measure of population productivity known as cohort replacement rate (CRR) - defined as the number of future spawners produced by a spawner. Based on genetic parentage assignments to NOR adults returning to the trap and transport facility, hereafter Cougar Trap, I found that adults reintroduced in 2007 and 2008 did not meet demographic replacement (CRR: 0.40 and 0.31, respectively). I also found a seasonal decline in the proportion of NOR adults produced above the dam that returned to the Cougar Trap. I also developed grandparentage assignment methods to determine how many precocial males and adfluvial Chinook salmon, two non-anadromous life history tactics, contributed to population productivity. I found 31 unsampled precocial males, as well as 48 age-4 and -5 probable adfluvial male and female adults contributed to the reintroduced population. My discovery of adfluvial Chinook salmon contributing to population productivity is significant because little is known about this life history tactic, and they provide resiliency to a reintroduced population. I show that adfluvial adults can be produced by anadromous mate pairs. Adfluvial adults increased CRR estimates; however, neither the 2007 or 2008 cohorts met replacement after incorporating this non-anadromous life history tactic (CRR: 0.46 and 0.35, respectively). Finally, I assessed if genetic variation in founding cohorts was maintained in their returning adult offspring returning to the South Fork McKenzie River, hereafter F₁ offspring. On average, 6 alleles were lost per locus between founding cohorts and their F₁ offspring. N[subscript e] estimates were high using either demographic or genetic methods (range: 344 to 893). My dissertation research provides valuable information on factors that may be important to population productivity, as well as the maintenance of genetic variation in nascent populations established through reintroduction. Title: Investigating Demographic and Evolutionary Factors Important for Fish Reintroduction Author: Sard, Nicholas M. Reintroduction programs are used to re-establish species back into their historical habitat. Most reintroduction programs have failed and few papers have evaluated factors that may be important to Pacific salmon. The 158 meter tall Cougar Dam has blocked Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from accessing 40 kilometers of historical spawning and rearing habitat for over 50 years. Here, I evaluated a Chinook salmon trap and transport reintroduction program above Cougar Dam on the South Fork McKenzie River, Oregon from 2007 to 2015. First, I evaluated if release location and date correlated with two measures of fitness based on adult assignments to age-0 juveniles collected above the dam and adult offspring returning to the South Fork McKenzie River, respectively. I found that release location and date had little to no effect on either measure of fitness. I also evaluated if there were fitness differences between hatchery and natural origin (HOR and NOR, respectively) adults. I found consistent fitness differences between males (RRS=0.48, p<0.001), but not females (RRS=0.72, p=0.81). In addition, I found that origin (p=0.352) no longer explained variation in fitness after accounting for variation in fork-length, which suggests that HOR fish may be less fit, in part, because they are 2-4 cm (95% CI) smaller, or perhaps younger. I also evaluated a measure of population productivity known as cohort replacement rate (CRR) - defined as the number of future spawners produced by a spawner. Based on genetic parentage assignments to NOR adults returning to the trap and transport facility, hereafter Cougar Trap, I found that adults reintroduced in 2007 and 2008 did not meet demographic replacement (CRR: 0.40 and 0.31, respectively). I also found a seasonal decline in the proportion of NOR adults produced above the dam that returned to the Cougar Trap. I also developed grandparentage assignment methods to determine how many precocial males and adfluvial Chinook salmon, two non-anadromous life history tactics, contributed to population productivity. I found 31 unsampled precocial males, as well as 48 age-4 and -5 probable adfluvial male and female adults contributed to the reintroduced population. My discovery of adfluvial Chinook salmon contributing to population productivity is significant because little is known about this life history tactic, and they provide resiliency to a reintroduced population. I show that adfluvial adults can be produced by anadromous mate pairs. Adfluvial adults increased CRR estimates; however, neither the 2007 or 2008 cohorts met replacement after incorporating this non-anadromous life history tactic (CRR: 0.46 and 0.35, respectively). Finally, I assessed if genetic variation in founding cohorts was maintained in their returning adult offspring returning to the South Fork McKenzie River, hereafter F₁ offspring. On average, 6 alleles were lost per locus between founding cohorts and their F₁ offspring. N[subscript e] estimates were high using either demographic or genetic methods (range: 344 to 893). My dissertation research provides valuable information on factors that may be important to population productivity, as well as the maintenance of genetic variation in nascent populations established through reintroduction. Close

• 42. [Article] A bioeconomic analysis of altering instream flows anadromous fish production and competing demands for water in the John Day River basin, Oregon

  The growing demand for water in the arid regions of the West increases the need for optimal allocation of water among competing uses. An efficient allocation of water between instream and out-of-stream uses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A bioeconomic analysis of altering instream flows anadromous fish production and competing demands for water in the John Day River basin, Oregon Author: Johnson, Neal S. The growing demand for water in the arid regions of the West increases the need for optimal allocation of water among competing uses. An efficient allocation of water between instream and out-of-stream uses has been impeded by institutional constraints and the scarcity of information regarding instream flow benefits. The objectives of this thesis were to provide preliminary economic data on the value of instream water in "producing" recreational fishing and to examine the effect of forestry, agriculture, and livestock practices on temporal streamflow patterns and anadromous fish production. The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) sport fishery within the John Day River basin in north-central Oregon provided the setting for this research. The interdisciplinary methodology employed in estimating the marginal value of water with respect to steelhead production consisted of two tasks. The first task involved valuing a marginal change in the quality of the steelhead recreational fishery. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was selected for this purpose. Both open- and closed-ended willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions were included in a questionnaire administered to John Day River steelhead anglers during the 1986/87 steelhead fishing season. Survey data were analyzed to arrive at individual and aggregate bid functions relating WTP to expected angling success rates. Results indicate that, under current conditions, the average angler is willing to pay approximately $7.20 to catch an additional steelhead. The second task of the instream water valuation methodology was directed at deriving a streamflow/steelhead production relationship. By including variables influencing steelhead production in a Ricker stock-recruitment model, it was possible to develop a model which could be estimated using linear regression techniques. Some difficulty arose, however, with interpretation of the model due to the unavailability of cohort escapement data and the subsequent use of standing crop data. While possibly masking the true magnitude of streamflow's effect on fish production, this drawback was not deemed limiting within the general context of the interdisciplinary methodology. Results of the biological model conformed to a priori expectations. Increases in summer and winter streamflows led to increased steelhead survival, whereas higher spring flows increased mortality levels. Other results indicate that the John Day Dam was responsible for a 31.5 percent decline in the population index for the 1969-1983 period. Combining the economic and biological results into one equation yielded an estimate of the marginal value of summer instream water in "producing" recreational steelhead angling. Similar equations were developed for winter and spring flows. The marginal value of water in producing recreational steelhead fishing within the John Day basin was estimated at $0.56 per acre-foot for summer flows, $0.046 for winter flows, and -$0.075 for spring flows. By including out-of-basin benefits, these values increased to $2.26, $0.19, and -$0.30, respectively. In comparison, water's value in irrigation within the John Day basin has been estimated at between $10 to $24 per acre-foot. However, nonuse values of steelhead, as well as the increased production of other fish species (such as spring chinook salmon) were not included in the instream water values. In addition, no attempt was made at valuing instream water's contribution to boating, camping, or other benefit-producing activities. A secondary objective of this thesis was to briefly examine the possible benefits accruing to other instream and out-of-stream users due to an alteration in streamflow patterns. In addition, the impact of activities by other resource users -- namely forestry, agriculture, and livestock production --on anadromous fish production was reviewed. Improper management practices by these activities can negatively impact the aquatic and riparian ecosystems. While no firm conclusions were drawn, it appears the quality of these ecosystems, as opposed to the amount of streamflow, has the largest marginal impact on anadromous fish populations. Title: A bioeconomic analysis of altering instream flows anadromous fish production and competing demands for water in the John Day River basin, Oregon Author: Johnson, Neal S. The growing demand for water in the arid regions of the West increases the need for optimal allocation of water among competing uses. An efficient allocation of water between instream and out-of-stream uses has been impeded by institutional constraints and the scarcity of information regarding instream flow benefits. The objectives of this thesis were to provide preliminary economic data on the value of instream water in "producing" recreational fishing and to examine the effect of forestry, agriculture, and livestock practices on temporal streamflow patterns and anadromous fish production. The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) sport fishery within the John Day River basin in north-central Oregon provided the setting for this research. The interdisciplinary methodology employed in estimating the marginal value of water with respect to steelhead production consisted of two tasks. The first task involved valuing a marginal change in the quality of the steelhead recreational fishery. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was selected for this purpose. Both open- and closed-ended willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions were included in a questionnaire administered to John Day River steelhead anglers during the 1986/87 steelhead fishing season. Survey data were analyzed to arrive at individual and aggregate bid functions relating WTP to expected angling success rates. Results indicate that, under current conditions, the average angler is willing to pay approximately $7.20 to catch an additional steelhead. The second task of the instream water valuation methodology was directed at deriving a streamflow/steelhead production relationship. By including variables influencing steelhead production in a Ricker stock-recruitment model, it was possible to develop a model which could be estimated using linear regression techniques. Some difficulty arose, however, with interpretation of the model due to the unavailability of cohort escapement data and the subsequent use of standing crop data. While possibly masking the true magnitude of streamflow's effect on fish production, this drawback was not deemed limiting within the general context of the interdisciplinary methodology. Results of the biological model conformed to a priori expectations. Increases in summer and winter streamflows led to increased steelhead survival, whereas higher spring flows increased mortality levels. Other results indicate that the John Day Dam was responsible for a 31.5 percent decline in the population index for the 1969-1983 period. Combining the economic and biological results into one equation yielded an estimate of the marginal value of summer instream water in "producing" recreational steelhead angling. Similar equations were developed for winter and spring flows. The marginal value of water in producing recreational steelhead fishing within the John Day basin was estimated at $0.56 per acre-foot for summer flows, $0.046 for winter flows, and -$0.075 for spring flows. By including out-of-basin benefits, these values increased to $2.26, $0.19, and -$0.30, respectively. In comparison, water's value in irrigation within the John Day basin has been estimated at between $10 to $24 per acre-foot. However, nonuse values of steelhead, as well as the increased production of other fish species (such as spring chinook salmon) were not included in the instream water values. In addition, no attempt was made at valuing instream water's contribution to boating, camping, or other benefit-producing activities. A secondary objective of this thesis was to briefly examine the possible benefits accruing to other instream and out-of-stream users due to an alteration in streamflow patterns. In addition, the impact of activities by other resource users -- namely forestry, agriculture, and livestock production --on anadromous fish production was reviewed. Improper management practices by these activities can negatively impact the aquatic and riparian ecosystems. While no firm conclusions were drawn, it appears the quality of these ecosystems, as opposed to the amount of streamflow, has the largest marginal impact on anadromous fish populations. Close

• 43. [Article] Over 50 Years of Government Fisheries Service—Then and Now

  As background, at the national level, for many years the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries concentrated on exploratory fishing, gear development, food science, catch statistics, scientific research, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Over 50 Years of Government Fisheries Service—Then and Now Author: Schoning, Robert W. Year: 2001 As background, at the national level, for many years the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries concentrated on exploratory fishing, gear development, food science, catch statistics, scientific research, and marketing, and serviced the commercial industry in a variety of ways. In the early 1970's the name was changed to National Marine Fisheries Service and with the 200 mile law in 1976, its role changed very significantly to include major responsibilities in management and enforcement. It issues more than 400 rules a year. In 1978 its annual budget was about $150 million. In 2000 it is $383 million and the president has requested $657 million for 2001. I will discuss five examples of marine or anadromous fish life, the role government has played, the results to date, and some views about the future. The examples are Columbia River salmon, Pacific halibut, marine mammals, endangered species, and marine fish. Title: Over 50 Years of Government Fisheries Service—Then and Now Author: Schoning, Robert W. Year: 2001 As background, at the national level, for many years the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries concentrated on exploratory fishing, gear development, food science, catch statistics, scientific research, and marketing, and serviced the commercial industry in a variety of ways. In the early 1970's the name was changed to National Marine Fisheries Service and with the 200 mile law in 1976, its role changed very significantly to include major responsibilities in management and enforcement. It issues more than 400 rules a year. In 1978 its annual budget was about $150 million. In 2000 it is $383 million and the president has requested $657 million for 2001. I will discuss five examples of marine or anadromous fish life, the role government has played, the results to date, and some views about the future. The examples are Columbia River salmon, Pacific halibut, marine mammals, endangered species, and marine fish. Close

• 44. [Article] Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County Author: U.S. Federal Highway Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region Title: Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County Author: U.S. Federal Highway Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region Close

• 45. [Article] Estuary management in the Pacific Northwest

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estuary management in the Pacific Northwest Title: Estuary management in the Pacific Northwest Close

• 46. [Article] River-dependent bird species as potential indicators of ecosystem response to removal of dams on the Elwha River, Washington

  If two dams on the Elwha River are removed, the ecosystem will be open to the downstream flow of sediments and the upstream flow of marine nutrients in the form of anadromous fish. Nutrient enrichment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: River-dependent bird species as potential indicators of ecosystem response to removal of dams on the Elwha River, Washington Author: Blackie, Barbara If two dams on the Elwha River are removed, the ecosystem will be open to the downstream flow of sediments and the upstream flow of marine nutrients in the form of anadromous fish. Nutrient enrichment may influence trophic dynamics of the entire ecosystem, extending beyond the aquatic boundary. I assessed the current relative densities of five river dependent bird species on the Elwha and three other rivers in Olympic National Park in Washington State to describe pretreatment reference conditions as a basis for assessment of post-treatment ecosystem responses. I also compared the amount of time that non-breeding and failed-breeding (NBIFB) female Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) spent foraging on different rivers and on adjacent coastal habitat to determine whether time spent foraging could be used as an indicator of habitat preference. Surveys of key river-dependent bird species were conducted on two rivers in 1996 and on four rivers in 1997. The benthivorous foraging guild was represented by the American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), Harlequin Duck and Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia). Harlequin Ducks had higher relative densities on the Elwha than the Hoh and Soleduck Rivers, but densities were similar to those found on the Duckabush River. There were greater numbers of Harlequin Ducks per linear kilometer above the two dams than between or below them. Relative densities of American Dippers on the Elwha were lower than on the Duckabush but not statistically different from those on the Hoh and Soleduck Rivers. Spotted Sandpipers had similar densities on all rivers except the Soleduck River where their numbers were lower. The piscivorous foraging guild was represented by the Common Merganser (Mergus merganser) and Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). Common Mergansers were relatively more abundant on the Elwha River than on the other rivers due to their high numbers below the lowest dam where wild and hatchery anadromous fish are present. Belted Kingfisher relative densities showed no significant differences between rivers as they were found in low numbers on all rivers. Using relative abundances of some river dependent bird species as indicators of ecosystem recovery after dam removal may be useful tool surveys are continued throughout the process. In spite of lack of anadromy, the Elwha River ecosystem supports a significant population of Harlequin Ducks when compared to other Olympic rivers. American Dippers are also well represented on the Elwha River, specifically above the dams. Because of their relative abundance, these benthivore populations may have a measurable, upriver response to any nutrient enrichment as a result of dam removal and both species should be monitored. The Duckabush River, with a similar Harlequin Duck relative abundance in the lower reaches, should be monitored concurrently to account for region-wide population shifts of that species over time. The Common Merganser may be the best indicator of below dam effects on the Elwha River and numbers could be compared with the lower Soleduck River, however alternative survey methods, specifically drift boat surveys, should be considered to improve count accuracy. During June and July of 1997, time-activity budget data were gathered on NB/FB Harlequin Ducks on the Elwha, Duckabush and Dosewallips Rivers and at their mouths and at the mouth of Salt Creek. Time spent foraging by NBIFB Harlequin Ducks was similar among the three rivers examined. NB/FB Harlequin Ducks on the spent 33.1%, 33.2%, 36.4% of their time feeding, on the Elwha, Duckabush Dosewallips Rivers respectively. The Elwha River system was the only system where time activity budgets could be compared between river and adjacent coastal habitats. Time spent foraging at the mouth of the Elwha was significantly higher (52.5%) than on the Elwha River proper. Food availability on river habitat may be a factor in NB/FB females' decision to remain on river habitat during the breeding season or migrate to the ocean. Time-activity budgets provide information on Harlequin Duck life history but a better understanding of their foraging behavior and the role of food availability in habitat selection is needed before time-activity budgets alone can be used as a tool for assessing ecosystem response to dam removal. Time-activity budget data collected concurrently with food availability data from field studies, along with energetics and food preference data from field or laboratory studies may establish a clearer link between time spent feeding and habitat quality and preferences. Title: River-dependent bird species as potential indicators of ecosystem response to removal of dams on the Elwha River, Washington Author: Blackie, Barbara If two dams on the Elwha River are removed, the ecosystem will be open to the downstream flow of sediments and the upstream flow of marine nutrients in the form of anadromous fish. Nutrient enrichment may influence trophic dynamics of the entire ecosystem, extending beyond the aquatic boundary. I assessed the current relative densities of five river dependent bird species on the Elwha and three other rivers in Olympic National Park in Washington State to describe pretreatment reference conditions as a basis for assessment of post-treatment ecosystem responses. I also compared the amount of time that non-breeding and failed-breeding (NBIFB) female Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) spent foraging on different rivers and on adjacent coastal habitat to determine whether time spent foraging could be used as an indicator of habitat preference. Surveys of key river-dependent bird species were conducted on two rivers in 1996 and on four rivers in 1997. The benthivorous foraging guild was represented by the American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), Harlequin Duck and Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia). Harlequin Ducks had higher relative densities on the Elwha than the Hoh and Soleduck Rivers, but densities were similar to those found on the Duckabush River. There were greater numbers of Harlequin Ducks per linear kilometer above the two dams than between or below them. Relative densities of American Dippers on the Elwha were lower than on the Duckabush but not statistically different from those on the Hoh and Soleduck Rivers. Spotted Sandpipers had similar densities on all rivers except the Soleduck River where their numbers were lower. The piscivorous foraging guild was represented by the Common Merganser (Mergus merganser) and Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). Common Mergansers were relatively more abundant on the Elwha River than on the other rivers due to their high numbers below the lowest dam where wild and hatchery anadromous fish are present. Belted Kingfisher relative densities showed no significant differences between rivers as they were found in low numbers on all rivers. Using relative abundances of some river dependent bird species as indicators of ecosystem recovery after dam removal may be useful tool surveys are continued throughout the process. In spite of lack of anadromy, the Elwha River ecosystem supports a significant population of Harlequin Ducks when compared to other Olympic rivers. American Dippers are also well represented on the Elwha River, specifically above the dams. Because of their relative abundance, these benthivore populations may have a measurable, upriver response to any nutrient enrichment as a result of dam removal and both species should be monitored. The Duckabush River, with a similar Harlequin Duck relative abundance in the lower reaches, should be monitored concurrently to account for region-wide population shifts of that species over time. The Common Merganser may be the best indicator of below dam effects on the Elwha River and numbers could be compared with the lower Soleduck River, however alternative survey methods, specifically drift boat surveys, should be considered to improve count accuracy. During June and July of 1997, time-activity budget data were gathered on NB/FB Harlequin Ducks on the Elwha, Duckabush and Dosewallips Rivers and at their mouths and at the mouth of Salt Creek. Time spent foraging by NBIFB Harlequin Ducks was similar among the three rivers examined. NB/FB Harlequin Ducks on the spent 33.1%, 33.2%, 36.4% of their time feeding, on the Elwha, Duckabush Dosewallips Rivers respectively. The Elwha River system was the only system where time activity budgets could be compared between river and adjacent coastal habitats. Time spent foraging at the mouth of the Elwha was significantly higher (52.5%) than on the Elwha River proper. Food availability on river habitat may be a factor in NB/FB females' decision to remain on river habitat during the breeding season or migrate to the ocean. Time-activity budgets provide information on Harlequin Duck life history but a better understanding of their foraging behavior and the role of food availability in habitat selection is needed before time-activity budgets alone can be used as a tool for assessing ecosystem response to dam removal. Time-activity budget data collected concurrently with food availability data from field studies, along with energetics and food preference data from field or laboratory studies may establish a clearer link between time spent feeding and habitat quality and preferences. Close

• 47. [Article] Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management

  An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management Author: Wevers, Mary Jo An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries. Title: Life history and evolutionary adaptation of Pacific salmon and its application in management Author: Wevers, Mary Jo An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries. Close

• 48. [Article] Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon

  Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon Author: Burnett, Kelly M. Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population persistence is likely to derive from longer-term, multi-scale studies. Relationships were examined among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics throughout the Elk River, Oregon over 7 years at multiple spatial scales. Ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), coastal cutthroat trout (0. clarki) and winter-run steelhead (0. mykiss) comprised the salmonid assemblage. Habitat selection was quantified at stream system, valley segment, and channel unit scales by selection ratios estimated with bootstrapping methods. Unconstrained valleys in tributaries and pools in the mainstem were typically selected by each species except steelhead, which often avoided these. Valley segment types generally did not differ for characteristics routinely assessed in stream surveys. Thus, fish probably perceived other biotic or abiotic differences among valley segment types. Evidence suggested competition may have influenced selection by coho and chinook salmon. Discriminant analysis indicated that level of use by juvenile chinook salmon appeared related to valley segment type and spatial position. Unconstrained valleys, nearby valley segments, and valley segments with larger, deeper pools, containing more wood were most highly used by chinook salmon. Mean volume and maximum depth of pools were each directly related to catchment area, which explained more variation than landscape characteristics summarized at any of five spatial scales. At each scale except the most spatially extensive, wood density in valley segments was negatively related to the percent area in resistant rock types and positively related to the percent area in mature to old forests. The most variation was explained with these landscape variables summarized at an intermediate spatial scale (i.e., sub-catchment). Although spatial scales appeared similar in processes affecting wood density, finer scales omitted key source areas for wood delivery, and coarser scales included source areas less tightly coupled to wood dynamics in surveyed channels. If only 1 or 2 years of data or one spatial scale had been examined, as commonly occurs, conclusions may have differed substantially from those in this study. Title: Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon Author: Burnett, Kelly M. Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population persistence is likely to derive from longer-term, multi-scale studies. Relationships were examined among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics throughout the Elk River, Oregon over 7 years at multiple spatial scales. Ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), coastal cutthroat trout (0. clarki) and winter-run steelhead (0. mykiss) comprised the salmonid assemblage. Habitat selection was quantified at stream system, valley segment, and channel unit scales by selection ratios estimated with bootstrapping methods. Unconstrained valleys in tributaries and pools in the mainstem were typically selected by each species except steelhead, which often avoided these. Valley segment types generally did not differ for characteristics routinely assessed in stream surveys. Thus, fish probably perceived other biotic or abiotic differences among valley segment types. Evidence suggested competition may have influenced selection by coho and chinook salmon. Discriminant analysis indicated that level of use by juvenile chinook salmon appeared related to valley segment type and spatial position. Unconstrained valleys, nearby valley segments, and valley segments with larger, deeper pools, containing more wood were most highly used by chinook salmon. Mean volume and maximum depth of pools were each directly related to catchment area, which explained more variation than landscape characteristics summarized at any of five spatial scales. At each scale except the most spatially extensive, wood density in valley segments was negatively related to the percent area in resistant rock types and positively related to the percent area in mature to old forests. The most variation was explained with these landscape variables summarized at an intermediate spatial scale (i.e., sub-catchment). Although spatial scales appeared similar in processes affecting wood density, finer scales omitted key source areas for wood delivery, and coarser scales included source areas less tightly coupled to wood dynamics in surveyed channels. If only 1 or 2 years of data or one spatial scale had been examined, as commonly occurs, conclusions may have differed substantially from those in this study. Close

• 49. [Article] Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch)

  Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch) Author: Marr, John C., Oregon. Fish Commission Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred eighteen chum scales were examined. All fish had gone to sea early in their first year; and 70.5 percent had returned in their third year, 28.7 percent in their fourth, and 0.8 percent in their fifth. Growth curves, based on scale and fish measurements, are given for all sex-age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0001378 x Length [superscript 2.6004]. Tendencies were noted, during the course of the run, for older fish and for males to be relatively more abundant in the earlier portions of the run. In comparisons with data from other localities, it was demonstrated that, from south to north: (1) there is a decrease in mean length at the same age; (2) older fish are progressively more abundant; and (3) the runs are progressively earlier. Pink salmon are uncommon in the Columbia River, and only six were examined. All had gone to sea early in their first year, and all had returned in their second year. Eight hundred eighty-five silver salmon scales were examined. Of the total, 6.1 percent had gone to sea early in their second year, and returned late in their second year (2 [subscript 2]); 0.3 percent had gone to sea early in their third, and returned late in their third (3 [subscript 3]); 83.9 percent had gone to sea in their second, and returned in their third (3 [subscript 2]); and 9.7 percent had gone to sea in their third year, and returned during their fourth year (4 [subscript 3]). Growth curves are given for all, age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0000373 x Length [superscript 2.8945]. As in the case of the chums, changes were noted during the run in the sex ratio and the percentage of age classes. Comparison with data from other localities revealed south-to-north changes in size and in abundance of different age groups, similar to those demonstrated for the chums. It is felt that the differences between races of a single river system will prove to be of the same nature as those here demonstrated between populations of different river systems. Knowledge of the differences between the races of salmons entering the Columbia River may be of extreme importance in the management of the fisheries. Title: Age, length and weight studies of three species of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus keta, O. gorbuscha and O. kisutch) Author: Marr, John C., Oregon. Fish Commission Samples, consisting of scales, length and weight measurements, and sex determinations of chum, pink, and silver salmons, were taken from the commercial catch in the Columbia River in 1914. Five hundred eighteen chum scales were examined. All fish had gone to sea early in their first year; and 70.5 percent had returned in their third year, 28.7 percent in their fourth, and 0.8 percent in their fifth. Growth curves, based on scale and fish measurements, are given for all sex-age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0001378 x Length [superscript 2.6004]. Tendencies were noted, during the course of the run, for older fish and for males to be relatively more abundant in the earlier portions of the run. In comparisons with data from other localities, it was demonstrated that, from south to north: (1) there is a decrease in mean length at the same age; (2) older fish are progressively more abundant; and (3) the runs are progressively earlier. Pink salmon are uncommon in the Columbia River, and only six were examined. All had gone to sea early in their first year, and all had returned in their second year. Eight hundred eighty-five silver salmon scales were examined. Of the total, 6.1 percent had gone to sea early in their second year, and returned late in their second year (2 [subscript 2]); 0.3 percent had gone to sea early in their third, and returned late in their third (3 [subscript 3]); 83.9 percent had gone to sea in their second, and returned in their third (3 [subscript 2]); and 9.7 percent had gone to sea in their third year, and returned during their fourth year (4 [subscript 3]). Growth curves are given for all, age groups. The length-weight relationship may be expressed by the equation Weight = 0.0000373 x Length [superscript 2.8945]. As in the case of the chums, changes were noted during the run in the sex ratio and the percentage of age classes. Comparison with data from other localities revealed south-to-north changes in size and in abundance of different age groups, similar to those demonstrated for the chums. It is felt that the differences between races of a single river system will prove to be of the same nature as those here demonstrated between populations of different river systems. Knowledge of the differences between the races of salmons entering the Columbia River may be of extreme importance in the management of the fisheries. Close

• 50. [Article] Joint Production of Hydropower and Salmon - Optimal Bioeconomic Measure Combination in a Finnish Case River

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Joint Production of Hydropower and Salmon - Optimal Bioeconomic Measure Combination in a Finnish Case River Author: Nieminen, Emmi Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Joint Production of Hydropower and Salmon - Optimal Bioeconomic Measure Combination in a Finnish Case River Author: Nieminen, Emmi Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close