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• 201. [Article] Population Ecology of the Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands

  The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) (Aves: Apodidae) is endemic to the Mariana Islands, where it currently occurs on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam. An introduced population of Mariana Swiftlets is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population Ecology of the Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands Author: Johnson, Nathan Christopher The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) (Aves: Apodidae) is endemic to the Mariana Islands, where it currently occurs on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam. An introduced population of Mariana Swiftlets is also present on O'ahu in the Hawaiian Islands. Sparing interference with the endangered population in the Marianas, the introduced, surrogate population on O'ahu was studied in and around a human-made tunnel used for roosting and nesting from July to September 2005, and December 2005 to January 2011. In order to implement effective conservation efforts, it is critical to understand species life history activities throughout multiple phases of the annual cycle. Information on Mariana Swiftlet life history is scarce. Therefore, this study was initiated to obtain critical data to provide the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife, and Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources with the relevant information for addressing recovery criteria, as well as designing and implementing the proposed reintroductions of swiftlets from Saipan and southern Guam to their former ranges of Rota and northern Guam, respectively. Mariana Swiftlets are open-air foragers that may be susceptible to the impacts of wind turbines if wind energy facilities become widespread in the Mariana Islands. Implementing effective survey methods is critical to determine a reliable baseline of Mariana Swiftlet population size, particularly if wind turbines are situated or proposed to be placed in the feeding ranges of these insectivores. I summarized the current and historic distribution and abundance, as well as described the survey methods used to evaluate the status of the Mariana Swiftlet. Using existing literature, correspondence from relevant biologists, and population surveys on O'ahu, the present range-wide population of Mariana Swiftlets is estimated to be 6,532 individuals occurring in 17 caves on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam; and 142 individuals occupying one tunnel on O'ahu. Based on a literature review, I confirmed that swiftlets have been extirpated from Rota and Tinian, and have declined on Aguiguan supporting their listing as an endangered species. Swiftlets have remained relatively stable on Guam and Saipan in recent years. An assessment of survey methods used for Mariana Swiftlets suggests changes are needed to more accurately reflect their distribution and abundance. The behavioral ecology and reproductive biology of the Mariana Swiftlet on O'ahu were examined at multiple temporal scales over five annual cycles. Tunnel emergence and arrival surveys indicated that peak entering and exiting activity occurred during crepuscular hours. Overnight surveys documented entering and exiting swiftlets at all hours of the night, with the latest arrival at 0402 hours. Active nests were observed in every month of the year. Peak nesting activity occurred between about May and September, and decreased from October to April. A clutch of one white egg (n = 478) was laid in a nest that was secured to a ledge or tunnel wall with copious amounts of mucus-like salivary cement. Mean incubation and nestling periods were 23.91 ± 3.30 days (range = 18-30, n = 233) and 55.04 ± 6.61 days (range = 41-84, n = 228), respectively. Estimated nest success was 63%. Eggs found in the water or mud, or on the tunnel floor accounted for 52% of nest failures. Rat depredation was an important cause of nest failure and often resulted in simultaneous loss of most nests. Mariana Swiftlets completely recycled breeding activities following rat depredation events. The daily survival rate of nests was influenced by a quadratic effect of nest age and year. Having a surrogate population on O'ahu to learn more about natural history, test reintroduction techniques, and provide individuals for population enhancement in the Marianas is an important advantage for Mariana Swiftlet conservation efforts. Title: Population Ecology of the Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands Author: Johnson, Nathan Christopher The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) (Aves: Apodidae) is endemic to the Mariana Islands, where it currently occurs on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam. An introduced population of Mariana Swiftlets is also present on O'ahu in the Hawaiian Islands. Sparing interference with the endangered population in the Marianas, the introduced, surrogate population on O'ahu was studied in and around a human-made tunnel used for roosting and nesting from July to September 2005, and December 2005 to January 2011. In order to implement effective conservation efforts, it is critical to understand species life history activities throughout multiple phases of the annual cycle. Information on Mariana Swiftlet life history is scarce. Therefore, this study was initiated to obtain critical data to provide the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife, and Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources with the relevant information for addressing recovery criteria, as well as designing and implementing the proposed reintroductions of swiftlets from Saipan and southern Guam to their former ranges of Rota and northern Guam, respectively. Mariana Swiftlets are open-air foragers that may be susceptible to the impacts of wind turbines if wind energy facilities become widespread in the Mariana Islands. Implementing effective survey methods is critical to determine a reliable baseline of Mariana Swiftlet population size, particularly if wind turbines are situated or proposed to be placed in the feeding ranges of these insectivores. I summarized the current and historic distribution and abundance, as well as described the survey methods used to evaluate the status of the Mariana Swiftlet. Using existing literature, correspondence from relevant biologists, and population surveys on O'ahu, the present range-wide population of Mariana Swiftlets is estimated to be 6,532 individuals occurring in 17 caves on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam; and 142 individuals occupying one tunnel on O'ahu. Based on a literature review, I confirmed that swiftlets have been extirpated from Rota and Tinian, and have declined on Aguiguan supporting their listing as an endangered species. Swiftlets have remained relatively stable on Guam and Saipan in recent years. An assessment of survey methods used for Mariana Swiftlets suggests changes are needed to more accurately reflect their distribution and abundance. The behavioral ecology and reproductive biology of the Mariana Swiftlet on O'ahu were examined at multiple temporal scales over five annual cycles. Tunnel emergence and arrival surveys indicated that peak entering and exiting activity occurred during crepuscular hours. Overnight surveys documented entering and exiting swiftlets at all hours of the night, with the latest arrival at 0402 hours. Active nests were observed in every month of the year. Peak nesting activity occurred between about May and September, and decreased from October to April. A clutch of one white egg (n = 478) was laid in a nest that was secured to a ledge or tunnel wall with copious amounts of mucus-like salivary cement. Mean incubation and nestling periods were 23.91 ± 3.30 days (range = 18-30, n = 233) and 55.04 ± 6.61 days (range = 41-84, n = 228), respectively. Estimated nest success was 63%. Eggs found in the water or mud, or on the tunnel floor accounted for 52% of nest failures. Rat depredation was an important cause of nest failure and often resulted in simultaneous loss of most nests. Mariana Swiftlets completely recycled breeding activities following rat depredation events. The daily survival rate of nests was influenced by a quadratic effect of nest age and year. Having a surrogate population on O'ahu to learn more about natural history, test reintroduction techniques, and provide individuals for population enhancement in the Marianas is an important advantage for Mariana Swiftlet conservation efforts. Close

• 202. [Article] Occupancy rates and habitat relationships of northern goshawks in historic nesting areas in Oregon

  The ability of northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) to persist in intensively managed and selectively harvested forest habitats is largely unknown. To address the concern that populations of northern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Occupancy rates and habitat relationships of northern goshawks in historic nesting areas in Oregon Author: Desimone, Steven M. The ability of northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) to persist in intensively managed and selectively harvested forest habitats is largely unknown. To address the concern that populations of northern goshawks in eastern Oregon may be declining in response to habitat alteration, I studied occupancy rates and habitat relationships of nesting goshawks on the Fremont National Forest and adjacent private lands during 1992-1994. My objectives were to determine if historic territories (i.e., those occupied ≥ 1 season during 1973-1991) were still occupied, document current site conditions and quantify changes in forest cover on those territories between 1973-1994, and compare present conditions of forest vegetation between nest sites that were currently occupied and those where I did not detect the presence of territorial goshawks (no-response sites). In 1994, I surveyed a forest-wide random sample of 51 historic nest sites, stratified by forest cover type. Occupancy of historic sites by goshawks was 29% (15 of 51), compared to 79% (30 of 38) mean annual occupancy rate of current territories (found initially during 1992-1994). Across all strata, 86% of current nest sites (n=38) were in Mid-aged or Late structural stage forest (trees >23 cm DBH) with >50% canopy closure. Among the historic territories used for analysis (n=46), those found occupied (n=15) in 1994 had significantly more Mid-aged Closed forest (average stand DBH 23-53 cm, <15 trees per ha >53 cm DBH; >50% canopy closure) and Late Closed forest (15 trees per ha >53 cm DBH; >50% canopy closure) than no-response sites (n=31). This relationship was significant (P<0.05) for circular scales of 12, 24, 52, 120, and 170 ha surrounding goshawk territory centers. Within the 52 ha scale around historic nest sites surveyed in 1994, occupied sites had 49% (SE=6.6) total Late Closed and Mid-aged Closed forest, while sites with no response had 19% (SE=3.0) total Late and Mid-aged Closed forest. Historic sites had 51% (SE=3.8) total Late and Mid-aged Closed forest when last known occupied before 1992. Among historic territories, mean percent area of habitat in Late Closed forest at the 12 ha nest stand scale was 4 times greater in occupied (27%) than in no-response sites (6%) (P<0.05). A logistic regression model for occupied sites confirmed the importance of Late Closed and Mid-aged Closed forests as indicators of quality habitat within the 52 ha scale on historic sites where goshawks were still present in 1994. Goshawk pairs were more likely to persist in historic territories having a high percentage of mature and older forest (about 50%) in closed-canopied conditions within the 52 ha scale, suggesting that little or no habitat alteration within aggregate nest stands is important to ensure the persistence of nesting pairs. I recommend preserving multiple nest stands within the 52 ha scale and discourage further cutting of large, late and old structure trees (>53 cm DBH) within the PFA to preserve stand integrity, maintain closed canopies, maintain connectivity to alternate nest stands, and optimize conditions for breeding goshawk pairs to persist. Title: Occupancy rates and habitat relationships of northern goshawks in historic nesting areas in Oregon Author: Desimone, Steven M. The ability of northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) to persist in intensively managed and selectively harvested forest habitats is largely unknown. To address the concern that populations of northern goshawks in eastern Oregon may be declining in response to habitat alteration, I studied occupancy rates and habitat relationships of nesting goshawks on the Fremont National Forest and adjacent private lands during 1992-1994. My objectives were to determine if historic territories (i.e., those occupied ≥ 1 season during 1973-1991) were still occupied, document current site conditions and quantify changes in forest cover on those territories between 1973-1994, and compare present conditions of forest vegetation between nest sites that were currently occupied and those where I did not detect the presence of territorial goshawks (no-response sites). In 1994, I surveyed a forest-wide random sample of 51 historic nest sites, stratified by forest cover type. Occupancy of historic sites by goshawks was 29% (15 of 51), compared to 79% (30 of 38) mean annual occupancy rate of current territories (found initially during 1992-1994). Across all strata, 86% of current nest sites (n=38) were in Mid-aged or Late structural stage forest (trees >23 cm DBH) with >50% canopy closure. Among the historic territories used for analysis (n=46), those found occupied (n=15) in 1994 had significantly more Mid-aged Closed forest (average stand DBH 23-53 cm, <15 trees per ha >53 cm DBH; >50% canopy closure) and Late Closed forest (15 trees per ha >53 cm DBH; >50% canopy closure) than no-response sites (n=31). This relationship was significant (P<0.05) for circular scales of 12, 24, 52, 120, and 170 ha surrounding goshawk territory centers. Within the 52 ha scale around historic nest sites surveyed in 1994, occupied sites had 49% (SE=6.6) total Late Closed and Mid-aged Closed forest, while sites with no response had 19% (SE=3.0) total Late and Mid-aged Closed forest. Historic sites had 51% (SE=3.8) total Late and Mid-aged Closed forest when last known occupied before 1992. Among historic territories, mean percent area of habitat in Late Closed forest at the 12 ha nest stand scale was 4 times greater in occupied (27%) than in no-response sites (6%) (P<0.05). A logistic regression model for occupied sites confirmed the importance of Late Closed and Mid-aged Closed forests as indicators of quality habitat within the 52 ha scale on historic sites where goshawks were still present in 1994. Goshawk pairs were more likely to persist in historic territories having a high percentage of mature and older forest (about 50%) in closed-canopied conditions within the 52 ha scale, suggesting that little or no habitat alteration within aggregate nest stands is important to ensure the persistence of nesting pairs. I recommend preserving multiple nest stands within the 52 ha scale and discourage further cutting of large, late and old structure trees (>53 cm DBH) within the PFA to preserve stand integrity, maintain closed canopies, maintain connectivity to alternate nest stands, and optimize conditions for breeding goshawk pairs to persist. Close

• 203. [Article] Recovery of Wild Salmonids in Western Oregon Lowlands

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovery of Wild Salmonids in Western Oregon Lowlands Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds. Title: Recovery of Wild Salmonids in Western Oregon Lowlands Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds. Close

• 204. [Article] Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment

  This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Close

• 205. [Article] Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)

  Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, Richard F. Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, Richard F. Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 206. [Article] Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus

  Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus Author: Barnett, Darby E. Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to the site encompasses 6.33 hectares and includes the site and alluvial terraces on both sides of the Gialias River. Fourteen soil map units, largely developed on Holocene colluvium, were identified. Stratigraphic profiles of the excavation trenches indicate a buried A horizon overlying what is thought to be a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B cultural component. Construction of a checkdam stopped site erosion and promoted the burial and preservation of a stratified archaeological sequence. The site is located next to a contact between the Lefkara Formation (limestone) and the Upper Pillow Basalts where vitreous chert commonly occurs on the island. Using the geoarchaeological data collected from Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems data, a model was built the location of other further Neolithic Quarry sites on the island. The predictive model considers proximity to the contact, proximity to a 4th to 7th order stream, landscape position and relative level of ground disturbance. Over 38 areas were identified on 23 1:5,000 scale maps that could be explored by field survey and sub-surface testing. Title: Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus Author: Barnett, Darby E. Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to the site encompasses 6.33 hectares and includes the site and alluvial terraces on both sides of the Gialias River. Fourteen soil map units, largely developed on Holocene colluvium, were identified. Stratigraphic profiles of the excavation trenches indicate a buried A horizon overlying what is thought to be a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B cultural component. Construction of a checkdam stopped site erosion and promoted the burial and preservation of a stratified archaeological sequence. The site is located next to a contact between the Lefkara Formation (limestone) and the Upper Pillow Basalts where vitreous chert commonly occurs on the island. Using the geoarchaeological data collected from Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems data, a model was built the location of other further Neolithic Quarry sites on the island. The predictive model considers proximity to the contact, proximity to a 4th to 7th order stream, landscape position and relative level of ground disturbance. Over 38 areas were identified on 23 1:5,000 scale maps that could be explored by field survey and sub-surface testing. Close

• 207. [Article] An evaluation of the oxygen resources in the lower Willamette River during a critical low flow period

  The lower Willamette River, located between river mile 4.0 and 26.5, is the most seriously polluted section of the Willamette River Basin. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations of 2.0 to 3.0 mg/1 are observed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the oxygen resources in the lower Willamette River during a critical low flow period Author: Kari, Earl Nyhus The lower Willamette River, located between river mile 4.0 and 26.5, is the most seriously polluted section of the Willamette River Basin. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations of 2.0 to 3.0 mg/1 are observed annually in this section of the river due to the pollutional loads discharged into it. Waste discharges originate from upstream sources, from two large pulp and paper mills at river mile 26.5, treated domestic sewage from several small communities, from several sewer outfalls in the Portland Harbor, and from other miscellaneous sources. These total waste loads discharged, during the summer low flow period, are equal in pollutional capacity to the wastes from an equivalent population of 484,000. Of this total load, wastes from the two pulp and paper mills account for an equivalent population of 350,000. A better understanding of the dissolved oxygen resources of this section of the river is necessary for water quality management. Analyses of the dissolved oxygen resources in this section of the river indicate that sludge deposits may be located in the river between river miles 26.5 and 19.0. These deposits exert a large demand on the dissolved oxygen present. The magnitude of this dissolved oxygen demand is about 34,000 pounds per day. Results of this study indicate that the source of this pollutional loading originates between river miles 26.5 and 19.0. It is further indicated that a detailed on-site survey of this section of the stream and possible waste contributors should be undertaken to provide information necessary for restoration of water quality. Title: An evaluation of the oxygen resources in the lower Willamette River during a critical low flow period Author: Kari, Earl Nyhus The lower Willamette River, located between river mile 4.0 and 26.5, is the most seriously polluted section of the Willamette River Basin. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations of 2.0 to 3.0 mg/1 are observed annually in this section of the river due to the pollutional loads discharged into it. Waste discharges originate from upstream sources, from two large pulp and paper mills at river mile 26.5, treated domestic sewage from several small communities, from several sewer outfalls in the Portland Harbor, and from other miscellaneous sources. These total waste loads discharged, during the summer low flow period, are equal in pollutional capacity to the wastes from an equivalent population of 484,000. Of this total load, wastes from the two pulp and paper mills account for an equivalent population of 350,000. A better understanding of the dissolved oxygen resources of this section of the river is necessary for water quality management. Analyses of the dissolved oxygen resources in this section of the river indicate that sludge deposits may be located in the river between river miles 26.5 and 19.0. These deposits exert a large demand on the dissolved oxygen present. The magnitude of this dissolved oxygen demand is about 34,000 pounds per day. Results of this study indicate that the source of this pollutional loading originates between river miles 26.5 and 19.0. It is further indicated that a detailed on-site survey of this section of the stream and possible waste contributors should be undertaken to provide information necessary for restoration of water quality. Close

• 208. [Article] An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds

  The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds Author: Habron, Geoffrey Bryan The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes. The core theoretical concepts consist of adaptive management, adoption-diffusion, symbolic interactionism, community-based conservation, spatial analysis and watershed management. The CAWM framework is applied to the Calapooya Creek, Deer Creek and Myrtle Creek watersheds within the Umpqua River Basin in Southwestern Oregon. The goal of the research is to facilitate effective watershed restoration outcomes grounded in a solid understanding of social and ecological dynamics. Applying the CAWM framework provides the basis to determine the kinds of conservation practices to implement, the locations in which to implement them and the kinds of programs to stimulate their adoption. Therefore, the dissertation objectives are to: 1) identify agricultural landowner participation in watershed conservation projects; 2) assess the spatial distribution of watershed projects; 3) determine the characteristics of participating and non-participating landowners; and 4) determine the sociocultural, ecological and geographic constraints to adaptive watershed management. Data were collected during 1997-1998 using agricultural landowner interviews, a mail landowner survey and observations of the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council. Landowners' worldviews consist of independence, the importance of private property rights, aversion toward government interference and a belief in environmental resilience. Landowners implement upland conservation practices such as off-stream livestock water developments and rotational grazing more often than riparian fencing, riparian tree planting and installing fish screens on instream irrigation diversions. The key factors in adoption of conservation practices include the use of irrigation, shared management decisions with a spouse, a belief in scientific experimentation and discussion of conservation with others. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems indicate that a suite of conservation practices is needed to achieve a network of large, connected patches throughout the watersheds. Title: An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds Author: Habron, Geoffrey Bryan The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes. The core theoretical concepts consist of adaptive management, adoption-diffusion, symbolic interactionism, community-based conservation, spatial analysis and watershed management. The CAWM framework is applied to the Calapooya Creek, Deer Creek and Myrtle Creek watersheds within the Umpqua River Basin in Southwestern Oregon. The goal of the research is to facilitate effective watershed restoration outcomes grounded in a solid understanding of social and ecological dynamics. Applying the CAWM framework provides the basis to determine the kinds of conservation practices to implement, the locations in which to implement them and the kinds of programs to stimulate their adoption. Therefore, the dissertation objectives are to: 1) identify agricultural landowner participation in watershed conservation projects; 2) assess the spatial distribution of watershed projects; 3) determine the characteristics of participating and non-participating landowners; and 4) determine the sociocultural, ecological and geographic constraints to adaptive watershed management. Data were collected during 1997-1998 using agricultural landowner interviews, a mail landowner survey and observations of the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council. Landowners' worldviews consist of independence, the importance of private property rights, aversion toward government interference and a belief in environmental resilience. Landowners implement upland conservation practices such as off-stream livestock water developments and rotational grazing more often than riparian fencing, riparian tree planting and installing fish screens on instream irrigation diversions. The key factors in adoption of conservation practices include the use of irrigation, shared management decisions with a spouse, a belief in scientific experimentation and discussion of conservation with others. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems indicate that a suite of conservation practices is needed to achieve a network of large, connected patches throughout the watersheds. Close

• 209. [Article] Irrigation Development on Lagoon Fisheries and Fishing Communities: A case study of Malala Lagoon in Sri Lanka

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigation Development on Lagoon Fisheries and Fishing Communities: A case study of Malala Lagoon in Sri Lanka Author: Kularatne, Mohottala Gedara presentation Title: Irrigation Development on Lagoon Fisheries and Fishing Communities: A case study of Malala Lagoon in Sri Lanka Author: Kularatne, Mohottala Gedara presentation Close

• 210. [Article] A survey of the vertebrate animals of Mount Jefferson, Oregon

  The Mount Jefferson Primitive Area is one of three High Cascade wilderness areas in Oregon. It is second in size among these, covers approximately 136 square miles, and with the addition of a large roadless ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A survey of the vertebrate animals of Mount Jefferson, Oregon Author: Voth, Elver Howard The Mount Jefferson Primitive Area is one of three High Cascade wilderness areas in Oregon. It is second in size among these, covers approximately 136 square miles, and with the addition of a large roadless area in Warm Springs Indian Reservation represents the only one of these areas in Oregon extending for a considerable distance on both sides of the crest line. This study covers approximately 7 weeks of field research, spread over more than 2 years, into the occurrence, distribution, arid migration patterns of 35 species of Oregon Cascade mammals, 55 species of birds, and the occurrence and distribution of 11 species of amphibians and reptiles. Elevations of habitats examined ranged from 2500 to 9000 feet. The habitats included dense Douglas fir-western hemlock forest, burn, park, slope, terrace, meadow, bog, stream bed, ridge, timberline, alpine, talus, and lake communities. Geological, weather, and vegetational studies contributing to an understanding of local habitat features were reviewed. The migration routes followed by several species of large Cascade mammals have extended beyond the Primitive Area boundaries, and the wilderness is inadequate to provide sanctuary for these during the winter months. Medium-sized mammals not migrating for these distances appear to be diminishing in number. Although the original intention for the wilderness areas included the preservation of habitats for animal species, current recreational use and the increased timber cutting now reaching almost to the Primitive Area boundaries have caused diminution in numbers of all non-migrant mammals and some birds except those of the deepest snow zones. Only the small mammals have not been reduced extensively, and even these, in areas like Jefferson Park, are experiencing some loss of habitat through recreational use. Industrial involvement of this and adjacent areas, with compression of the actual wilderness, has since 1905 caused the extinction of at least 3 species of large mammals and the near extinction of 1 more locally. Title: A survey of the vertebrate animals of Mount Jefferson, Oregon Author: Voth, Elver Howard The Mount Jefferson Primitive Area is one of three High Cascade wilderness areas in Oregon. It is second in size among these, covers approximately 136 square miles, and with the addition of a large roadless area in Warm Springs Indian Reservation represents the only one of these areas in Oregon extending for a considerable distance on both sides of the crest line. This study covers approximately 7 weeks of field research, spread over more than 2 years, into the occurrence, distribution, arid migration patterns of 35 species of Oregon Cascade mammals, 55 species of birds, and the occurrence and distribution of 11 species of amphibians and reptiles. Elevations of habitats examined ranged from 2500 to 9000 feet. The habitats included dense Douglas fir-western hemlock forest, burn, park, slope, terrace, meadow, bog, stream bed, ridge, timberline, alpine, talus, and lake communities. Geological, weather, and vegetational studies contributing to an understanding of local habitat features were reviewed. The migration routes followed by several species of large Cascade mammals have extended beyond the Primitive Area boundaries, and the wilderness is inadequate to provide sanctuary for these during the winter months. Medium-sized mammals not migrating for these distances appear to be diminishing in number. Although the original intention for the wilderness areas included the preservation of habitats for animal species, current recreational use and the increased timber cutting now reaching almost to the Primitive Area boundaries have caused diminution in numbers of all non-migrant mammals and some birds except those of the deepest snow zones. Only the small mammals have not been reduced extensively, and even these, in areas like Jefferson Park, are experiencing some loss of habitat through recreational use. Industrial involvement of this and adjacent areas, with compression of the actual wilderness, has since 1905 caused the extinction of at least 3 species of large mammals and the near extinction of 1 more locally. Close

• 211. [Article] A resource survey of river energy and low-head hydroelectric power potential in Oregon

  The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy. Contract No. EG-77-S-07-1691 through the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A resource survey of river energy and low-head hydroelectric power potential in Oregon Author: Klingeman, Peter C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, State of Washington Water Research Center, Montana University Joint Water Resources Research Center The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy. Contract No. EG-77-S-07-1691 through the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. Title: A resource survey of river energy and low-head hydroelectric power potential in Oregon Author: Klingeman, Peter C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, State of Washington Water Research Center, Montana University Joint Water Resources Research Center The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy. Contract No. EG-77-S-07-1691 through the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. Close

• 212. [Article] Direct/Delayed Response Project: Definition of Soil Sampling Classes and Selection of Sampling Sites for the Northeast

  EPA/600/3-89/041

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Direct/Delayed Response Project: Definition of Soil Sampling Classes and Selection of Sampling Sites for the Northeast Author: Marmorek, David R., Thornton, Kent W., Lee, Jeffrey J., Stevens, Donald L., Lammers, Duane A. EPA/600/3-89/041 Title: Direct/Delayed Response Project: Definition of Soil Sampling Classes and Selection of Sampling Sites for the Northeast Author: Marmorek, David R., Thornton, Kent W., Lee, Jeffrey J., Stevens, Donald L., Lammers, Duane A. EPA/600/3-89/041 Close

• 213. [Article] A GIS approach to estimating continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent hydraulic conductivity

  Estimating the hydraulic conductivity of earth materials is important for many water resource modeling efforts, including predicting the transport of pollutants in ground water, computing surface runoff ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A GIS approach to estimating continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent hydraulic conductivity Author: Arras, Tracy Lynn Estimating the hydraulic conductivity of earth materials is important for many water resource modeling efforts, including predicting the transport of pollutants in ground water, computing surface runoff for flood control, and computing water budgets. This research implicitly used topography, soil, and climate data to estimate plausible continuous hydraulic conductivity values at a basin-wide scale. The study demonstrated that continuous estimates of aquifer hydraulic conductivity using a geographic information system (GIS) approach are plausible. Manuscript 1 investigated the effects of different GIS stream generation methods on continuous estimates of conductivity and independent sources were used to verify the plausibility of the results ranging from well pumping tests to Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO). Because of the disparity between the scales at which measurements are taken for traditional conductivity estimates and those required for hydraulic and hydrologic modeling, conductivity point data are typically upscaled to the meter-to-kilometer scale and then referred to as equivalent conductivities. Manuscript 2 developed and tested a new method for computing basin-scale equivalent hydraulic conductivities and explored the relationships of catchment and drainage paths equivalent conductivities to a watershed’s equivalent conductivity using GIS. Manuscript 3 investigated how the methodology of using GIS and landscape descriptors to estimate continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent conductivity are impacted by DEM resolution Title: A GIS approach to estimating continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent hydraulic conductivity Author: Arras, Tracy Lynn Estimating the hydraulic conductivity of earth materials is important for many water resource modeling efforts, including predicting the transport of pollutants in ground water, computing surface runoff for flood control, and computing water budgets. This research implicitly used topography, soil, and climate data to estimate plausible continuous hydraulic conductivity values at a basin-wide scale. The study demonstrated that continuous estimates of aquifer hydraulic conductivity using a geographic information system (GIS) approach are plausible. Manuscript 1 investigated the effects of different GIS stream generation methods on continuous estimates of conductivity and independent sources were used to verify the plausibility of the results ranging from well pumping tests to Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO). Because of the disparity between the scales at which measurements are taken for traditional conductivity estimates and those required for hydraulic and hydrologic modeling, conductivity point data are typically upscaled to the meter-to-kilometer scale and then referred to as equivalent conductivities. Manuscript 2 developed and tested a new method for computing basin-scale equivalent hydraulic conductivities and explored the relationships of catchment and drainage paths equivalent conductivities to a watershed’s equivalent conductivity using GIS. Manuscript 3 investigated how the methodology of using GIS and landscape descriptors to estimate continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent conductivity are impacted by DEM resolution Close

• 214. [Article] Geology, geomorphology, and dynamics of mass movement in parts of the Middle Santiam River drainage basin, western Cascades, Oregon

  Landforms sculpted by mass movements comprise much of the landscape in the Middle Santiam study area. Bedrock in the area is mostly basalt and andesite flows and varied volcaniclastic rocks of the Little ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology, geomorphology, and dynamics of mass movement in parts of the Middle Santiam River drainage basin, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Hicks, Bryan A. Landforms sculpted by mass movements comprise much of the landscape in the Middle Santiam study area. Bedrock in the area is mostly basalt and andesite flows and varied volcaniclastic rocks of the Little Butte Volcanic Series of Oligocene and early Miocene age, unconforniably overlain by andesite flows and tuffs of the Sardine Formation of middle and late Miocene age. Some mass movements in the study area may have originally occurred during glacial or interglacial periods of the late Pleistocene, although this is largely speculative. Active slump-earthflows, debris avalanches, and debris torrents impact streams, timber resources and man-made structures. Earthflows are associated with intercalated lava flows and volcaniclastics, especially stratified volcaniclastics which have low strength, high plasticity, and contain montmorillonite, an expandable clay mineral. Debris avalanches are associated with non-cohesive soils on steep slopes. Slump-earthflows show distinctive morphological and vegetative characteristics which reflect recency and rates of movement. Areas with different levels of activity can be mapped and the data used for certain land-planning applications. Surface movement rates can be measured on active earthflows by conventional surveying and the use of stake arrays. Results indicate that rapid surface movement exceeding 20 ft/yr is occurring on at least two earthflows, and that intraannual and annual periods of accelerated movement coincide with periods of greater water input from precipitation and snowmelt Movement of the Jude Creek earthflow also appears to be related to erosion of the toe by Jude Creek Movement on the Middle Santiam earthflow has greatly accelerated in the last three years (since 1978), compared with average rates for the previous 13 years Road construction in 1965 preceded the most recent pulse of movement at this site Inventory of debris avalanches in the study area indicate a link between road construction, storm history and debris avalanche occurrence Rates of soil transfer for road-related events is much greater than those for either forested or clearcut events. Title: Geology, geomorphology, and dynamics of mass movement in parts of the Middle Santiam River drainage basin, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Hicks, Bryan A. Landforms sculpted by mass movements comprise much of the landscape in the Middle Santiam study area. Bedrock in the area is mostly basalt and andesite flows and varied volcaniclastic rocks of the Little Butte Volcanic Series of Oligocene and early Miocene age, unconforniably overlain by andesite flows and tuffs of the Sardine Formation of middle and late Miocene age. Some mass movements in the study area may have originally occurred during glacial or interglacial periods of the late Pleistocene, although this is largely speculative. Active slump-earthflows, debris avalanches, and debris torrents impact streams, timber resources and man-made structures. Earthflows are associated with intercalated lava flows and volcaniclastics, especially stratified volcaniclastics which have low strength, high plasticity, and contain montmorillonite, an expandable clay mineral. Debris avalanches are associated with non-cohesive soils on steep slopes. Slump-earthflows show distinctive morphological and vegetative characteristics which reflect recency and rates of movement. Areas with different levels of activity can be mapped and the data used for certain land-planning applications. Surface movement rates can be measured on active earthflows by conventional surveying and the use of stake arrays. Results indicate that rapid surface movement exceeding 20 ft/yr is occurring on at least two earthflows, and that intraannual and annual periods of accelerated movement coincide with periods of greater water input from precipitation and snowmelt Movement of the Jude Creek earthflow also appears to be related to erosion of the toe by Jude Creek Movement on the Middle Santiam earthflow has greatly accelerated in the last three years (since 1978), compared with average rates for the previous 13 years Road construction in 1965 preceded the most recent pulse of movement at this site Inventory of debris avalanches in the study area indicate a link between road construction, storm history and debris avalanche occurrence Rates of soil transfer for road-related events is much greater than those for either forested or clearcut events. Close

• 215. [Article] Scale patterns indicate changes in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, from 1955 to 1984 in the Tenmile Lakes, Oregon

  This study was designed to provide information about the juvenile life history of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in the Tenmile Lakes in Oregon by 1) classifying scales of spawning fish and outgoing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scale patterns indicate changes in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, from 1955 to 1984 in the Tenmile Lakes, Oregon Author: Gunnarsdottir, Hugrun This study was designed to provide information about the juvenile life history of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in the Tenmile Lakes in Oregon by 1) classifying scales of spawning fish and outgoing smolts (1+), 2) assessing the contribution of juvenile life history types to the returns of adults (3₂) and jacks (2₂), and 3) comparing growth rates and survival of different types. Scales of outmigrating smolts from one brood year, jacks from two brood years, and scales of adults from four brood years were classified into juvenile life histories and examined for several scale characters. A linear discriminant function analysis was used to show the separation of the types and to determine the most distinguishing scale characters. Length of smolts at ocean entry back-calculated from scales of jacks and adults was compared with the length of the observed group of emigrating smolts. Based on variation in numbers and spacing of circuli and the size of the freshwater scale zone, believed to represent different residence time in the tributaries and the lakes, four types of juvenile life histories were defined. Fish classified as type 1, stream-reared, are believed to have reared in the tributaries until migrating as smolts in the following year. Type 2, stream-lake-reared, fish are thought to have reared in the tributaries for almost a year but then moved down to the lakes, where rearing continued until smolt migration in spring. Type 3, stream-lake- reared, are believed to have reared for a short time in the tributaries, then moved down to the lakes sometime in their first year of life. Rearing continued in the lakes until spring of the following year. Type 4, lake-reared, are thought to have moved down to the lakes shortly after emergence from the gravel, where they reared until migrating as smolts in the following spring. Scales of smolts, jacks, and adults were sorted into these four types. Presently, coho salmon fry and yearlings appear to be moving out of tributaries in late spring and from March to beginning of May, respectively. Migration of smolts out of the lake system to the ocean occurs mostly within the month of May. Recent habitat surveys show that dramatic seasonal changes occur in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon in the Tenmile Lakes tributaries from summer to winter. In winter juveniles appear to be using more low gradient, low velocity, off-channel areas than in summer. Fish of type 4 represented 90%, 43%, and 74% of the returns of adults in 1957- 58, 1963-64, and 1971-72, respectively, and 90% of the returns of jacks in 1962-63 and 1970-71. However, no type 4 fish was represented in the returns of adults in 1985-86, whereas type 1 fish represented 89% of the returns. Type 4 appeared to have grown better in fresh water, reached a larger size at outmigration, and have a greater relative survival than fish of type 2, when compared among the observed group of smolts, returning jacks, and adults. The large proportion of the escapement returning as jacks for some of the years may indicate good growing condition for juvenile coho salmon in fresh water. According to the classification of jack scales a large proportion of fish returning as jacks were lake-reared and were found to be larger at migration to ocean than fish returning as adults. This may suggest that fish that reared well in the lakes and reached a large size at outmigration had the tendency to mature early and return as jacks. Based on the analysis of scales, lake-reared juvenile coho salmon formerly contributed well to adult returns. The former high returns of jacks and adults reflect the importance of the lake habitat for the coho salmon populations of this system. In order to enhance this stock to a higher level, management strategies should be focused on making the lake habitat available to juvenile coho salmon for at least some part of their freshwater life. Title: Scale patterns indicate changes in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, from 1955 to 1984 in the Tenmile Lakes, Oregon Author: Gunnarsdottir, Hugrun This study was designed to provide information about the juvenile life history of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in the Tenmile Lakes in Oregon by 1) classifying scales of spawning fish and outgoing smolts (1+), 2) assessing the contribution of juvenile life history types to the returns of adults (3₂) and jacks (2₂), and 3) comparing growth rates and survival of different types. Scales of outmigrating smolts from one brood year, jacks from two brood years, and scales of adults from four brood years were classified into juvenile life histories and examined for several scale characters. A linear discriminant function analysis was used to show the separation of the types and to determine the most distinguishing scale characters. Length of smolts at ocean entry back-calculated from scales of jacks and adults was compared with the length of the observed group of emigrating smolts. Based on variation in numbers and spacing of circuli and the size of the freshwater scale zone, believed to represent different residence time in the tributaries and the lakes, four types of juvenile life histories were defined. Fish classified as type 1, stream-reared, are believed to have reared in the tributaries until migrating as smolts in the following year. Type 2, stream-lake-reared, fish are thought to have reared in the tributaries for almost a year but then moved down to the lakes, where rearing continued until smolt migration in spring. Type 3, stream-lake- reared, are believed to have reared for a short time in the tributaries, then moved down to the lakes sometime in their first year of life. Rearing continued in the lakes until spring of the following year. Type 4, lake-reared, are thought to have moved down to the lakes shortly after emergence from the gravel, where they reared until migrating as smolts in the following spring. Scales of smolts, jacks, and adults were sorted into these four types. Presently, coho salmon fry and yearlings appear to be moving out of tributaries in late spring and from March to beginning of May, respectively. Migration of smolts out of the lake system to the ocean occurs mostly within the month of May. Recent habitat surveys show that dramatic seasonal changes occur in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon in the Tenmile Lakes tributaries from summer to winter. In winter juveniles appear to be using more low gradient, low velocity, off-channel areas than in summer. Fish of type 4 represented 90%, 43%, and 74% of the returns of adults in 1957- 58, 1963-64, and 1971-72, respectively, and 90% of the returns of jacks in 1962-63 and 1970-71. However, no type 4 fish was represented in the returns of adults in 1985-86, whereas type 1 fish represented 89% of the returns. Type 4 appeared to have grown better in fresh water, reached a larger size at outmigration, and have a greater relative survival than fish of type 2, when compared among the observed group of smolts, returning jacks, and adults. The large proportion of the escapement returning as jacks for some of the years may indicate good growing condition for juvenile coho salmon in fresh water. According to the classification of jack scales a large proportion of fish returning as jacks were lake-reared and were found to be larger at migration to ocean than fish returning as adults. This may suggest that fish that reared well in the lakes and reached a large size at outmigration had the tendency to mature early and return as jacks. Based on the analysis of scales, lake-reared juvenile coho salmon formerly contributed well to adult returns. The former high returns of jacks and adults reflect the importance of the lake habitat for the coho salmon populations of this system. In order to enhance this stock to a higher level, management strategies should be focused on making the lake habitat available to juvenile coho salmon for at least some part of their freshwater life. Close

• 216. [Article] Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data Author: Swanson, Frederick, Pham, Tuan, Metoyer, Ronald, Pabst, Robert, Jones, Julia To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Title: Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data Author: Swanson, Frederick, Pham, Tuan, Metoyer, Ronald, Pabst, Robert, Jones, Julia To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Close

• 217. [Article] Debris flow characteristics associated with forest practices in the central Oregon Coast Range

  Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest play a major role in routing wood and sediment stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels to higher order channels and valley floors. Forest practices ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Debris flow characteristics associated with forest practices in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: May, Christine L. Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest play a major role in routing wood and sediment stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels to higher order channels and valley floors. Forest practices on steep, unstable slopes and removal of riparian trees along low-order streams can affect the frequency, magnitude, and composition of debris flows. The quantity and quality of debris flow deposits provides sediment and wood fundamental to the development of the receiving channel. Field surveys document characteristics of the initiation site, runout zone, and deposit of 53 debris flows in the Siuslaw Basin of the central Oregon Coast Range, during the winter of 1996. Landslides that initiated debris flows in clearcuts had a higher frequency, larger average volume, and runout zones that affected a greater length of stream channel than landslides from forested slopes. This difference resulted in an increase in the total volume of sediment mobilized by the debris flow, and a greater proportion of this sediment came from hillslope sources. Debris flows initiated at roads had an order of magnitude greater volume of sediment compared to non-road-related failures. Debris flows of equivalent size that traveled through a forested channel delivered only a slightly greater volume of large wood, than those through clearcuts. Size-class distributions of wood in the deposit and trees on the hillslope were not well correlated. The average diameter of wood in the deposit was greater than the diameter of trees currently present on the surrounding hillslopes. This difference reflects the legacy of large woody debris stored in low-order channels and valley floors. Large trees along the edge of the runout zone is also an important component in the recovery of these low-order channels, which were transformed into a bedrock state. Large trees along the edges of forested slopes are already supplying wood to these channels, and were the only mechanism observed for trapping large volumes of sediment. This mechanism for retaining sediment in high gradient, low-roughness channels is not available in clearcuts, which now contain the greatest proportion of bedrock channels. Forest practices, by altering the frequency, magnitude, and composition of the debris flow, may alter the long-term potential for developing complex channel morphology and high-quality aquatic habitat. Title: Debris flow characteristics associated with forest practices in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: May, Christine L. Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest play a major role in routing wood and sediment stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels to higher order channels and valley floors. Forest practices on steep, unstable slopes and removal of riparian trees along low-order streams can affect the frequency, magnitude, and composition of debris flows. The quantity and quality of debris flow deposits provides sediment and wood fundamental to the development of the receiving channel. Field surveys document characteristics of the initiation site, runout zone, and deposit of 53 debris flows in the Siuslaw Basin of the central Oregon Coast Range, during the winter of 1996. Landslides that initiated debris flows in clearcuts had a higher frequency, larger average volume, and runout zones that affected a greater length of stream channel than landslides from forested slopes. This difference resulted in an increase in the total volume of sediment mobilized by the debris flow, and a greater proportion of this sediment came from hillslope sources. Debris flows initiated at roads had an order of magnitude greater volume of sediment compared to non-road-related failures. Debris flows of equivalent size that traveled through a forested channel delivered only a slightly greater volume of large wood, than those through clearcuts. Size-class distributions of wood in the deposit and trees on the hillslope were not well correlated. The average diameter of wood in the deposit was greater than the diameter of trees currently present on the surrounding hillslopes. This difference reflects the legacy of large woody debris stored in low-order channels and valley floors. Large trees along the edge of the runout zone is also an important component in the recovery of these low-order channels, which were transformed into a bedrock state. Large trees along the edges of forested slopes are already supplying wood to these channels, and were the only mechanism observed for trapping large volumes of sediment. This mechanism for retaining sediment in high gradient, low-roughness channels is not available in clearcuts, which now contain the greatest proportion of bedrock channels. Forest practices, by altering the frequency, magnitude, and composition of the debris flow, may alter the long-term potential for developing complex channel morphology and high-quality aquatic habitat. Close

• 218. [Article] Sea Turtles of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Demand and Supply of an Endangered Species

  Sea turtles have historically been a primary resource for many of the coastal inhabitants of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Despite their endangered status and the implementation in 1990 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sea Turtles of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Demand and Supply of an Endangered Species Author: Garcia-Martinez, S., Nichols, W.J. Year: 2001 Sea turtles have historically been a primary resource for many of the coastal inhabitants of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Despite their endangered status and the implementation in 1990 of Mexican laws prohibiting the harvest of sea turtles, the demand for and the supply of these animals has persisted to some degree. To determine the current demand for sea turtles 122 surveys and 56 interviews were conducted (June 12th-30th, 1999) throughout the Bahia Magdalena region. Through a generalized least squares (GLS) analysis it was estimated that 35.7% of the variation in demand was explained by six independent variables. The GLS model shows that the family size, special occasions of consumption such as birthdays, and the decline in sea turtle populations positively affect the demand function. The person's occupation, monthly income, and the 1990 ban on sea turtle harvest negatively affect this demand. Ninety-four surveys and seventy interviews conducted in the region (July 24th-August 1st, 1999) were used to describe a supply function. The GLS estimation indicates that 27.8% of the variation in the supply of sea turtles in the bay is influenced by nine variables. Age, level of education, fishing practices, number of dependents, availability of sea turtles, and culture significantly affect the supply of sea turtles in the Bahia Magdalena region. Title: Sea Turtles of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Demand and Supply of an Endangered Species Author: Garcia-Martinez, S., Nichols, W.J. Year: 2001 Sea turtles have historically been a primary resource for many of the coastal inhabitants of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Despite their endangered status and the implementation in 1990 of Mexican laws prohibiting the harvest of sea turtles, the demand for and the supply of these animals has persisted to some degree. To determine the current demand for sea turtles 122 surveys and 56 interviews were conducted (June 12th-30th, 1999) throughout the Bahia Magdalena region. Through a generalized least squares (GLS) analysis it was estimated that 35.7% of the variation in demand was explained by six independent variables. The GLS model shows that the family size, special occasions of consumption such as birthdays, and the decline in sea turtle populations positively affect the demand function. The person's occupation, monthly income, and the 1990 ban on sea turtle harvest negatively affect this demand. Ninety-four surveys and seventy interviews conducted in the region (July 24th-August 1st, 1999) were used to describe a supply function. The GLS estimation indicates that 27.8% of the variation in the supply of sea turtles in the bay is influenced by nine variables. Age, level of education, fishing practices, number of dependents, availability of sea turtles, and culture significantly affect the supply of sea turtles in the Bahia Magdalena region. Close

• 219. [Article] Sixty years of change in avian communities of the Pacific Northwest

  Supplemental information available online at: https://peerj.com/articles/1152/#supplemental-information

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sixty years of change in avian communities of the Pacific Northwest Author: Curtis, Jenna R., Robinson, W. Douglas Supplemental information available online at: https://peerj.com/articles/1152/#supplemental-information Title: Sixty years of change in avian communities of the Pacific Northwest Author: Curtis, Jenna R., Robinson, W. Douglas Supplemental information available online at: https://peerj.com/articles/1152/#supplemental-information Close

• 220. [Article] Factors in the selection of home birth : a comparative study of birthing alternatives in western Oregon

  Increasing demand for home birth has created an upheaval in the American medical profession and, is a controversial political and legal issue as well. This research, utilizing ethnographic, historical, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors in the selection of home birth : a comparative study of birthing alternatives in western Oregon Author: Fuhr-Dunn, Susan D. Increasing demand for home birth has created an upheaval in the American medical profession and, is a controversial political and legal issue as well. This research, utilizing ethnographic, historical, and survey data analyzes contemporary home birth. A review of the so called "medicalization" of childbirth is presented noting that the majority of medical developments which made childbirth safer did not necessitate hospitalization. In Oregon, the whole spectrum of birthing alternatives are legally available although midwifery statutes have not yet evolved to a stable point. In order to distinguish the characteristics of those who choose home birth, a survey questionnaire was designed to ascertain important factors influencing the woman's decision about what type of delivery to have. The survey was completed by 83 women who had recently given birth in a tri-county area of western Oregon where the home birth rate averaged five percent. The results revealed several factors on which women who chose home birth differed markedly from those who chose hospital delivery. Home birth women did not accept society's definition that childbirth is a medical event at its onset. Rather, they made a distinction between a normal and a complicated delivery that the larger culture did not. In addition, the majority of the women, regardless of the place of delivery, exhibited a high degree of consumerism, were educated about childbirth, and expressed concern over obstetrical intervention. Thus, it is suggested that elected home birth is part of the current pressure to deinstitutionalize the American health care system. Title: Factors in the selection of home birth : a comparative study of birthing alternatives in western Oregon Author: Fuhr-Dunn, Susan D. Increasing demand for home birth has created an upheaval in the American medical profession and, is a controversial political and legal issue as well. This research, utilizing ethnographic, historical, and survey data analyzes contemporary home birth. A review of the so called "medicalization" of childbirth is presented noting that the majority of medical developments which made childbirth safer did not necessitate hospitalization. In Oregon, the whole spectrum of birthing alternatives are legally available although midwifery statutes have not yet evolved to a stable point. In order to distinguish the characteristics of those who choose home birth, a survey questionnaire was designed to ascertain important factors influencing the woman's decision about what type of delivery to have. The survey was completed by 83 women who had recently given birth in a tri-county area of western Oregon where the home birth rate averaged five percent. The results revealed several factors on which women who chose home birth differed markedly from those who chose hospital delivery. Home birth women did not accept society's definition that childbirth is a medical event at its onset. Rather, they made a distinction between a normal and a complicated delivery that the larger culture did not. In addition, the majority of the women, regardless of the place of delivery, exhibited a high degree of consumerism, were educated about childbirth, and expressed concern over obstetrical intervention. Thus, it is suggested that elected home birth is part of the current pressure to deinstitutionalize the American health care system. Close

• 221. [Article] The Economic Impacts of Emerging Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture: Insights from a Multi-Year, Global Survey of the Industry

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economic Impacts of Emerging Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture: Insights from a Multi-Year, Global Survey of the Industry Author: Jory, Darryl, Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), Corvallis, 2017. Title: The Economic Impacts of Emerging Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture: Insights from a Multi-Year, Global Survey of the Industry Author: Jory, Darryl, Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), Corvallis, 2017. Close

• 222. [Article] A study of factors affecting child-centered teaching in elementary grades

  Some elementary teachers want to be more child-centered in their teaching. They are trying to consider the needs of the students before the coverage of curriculum. Much of the inspiration for this educational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of factors affecting child-centered teaching in elementary grades Author: Hatch, Lynda Sylvia Some elementary teachers want to be more child-centered in their teaching. They are trying to consider the needs of the students before the coverage of curriculum. Much of the inspiration for this educational approach has come from the British primary schools. The purpose of this study was to see if there were common factors that were helpful and/or detrimental to teaching in a child-centered approach in the elementary grades. A literature survey provided historical information as well as descriptions and evaluations of child-centered programs in the United States and in England. One hundred elementary teachers from 69 schools and 26 school districts in Oregon and California completed a survey describing their teaching beliefs and practices. Fifty of the one hundred were interviewed for further information. The data from the surveys and interviews were categorized according to these fifteen factors: initial teacher training/ graduate programs/workshops/conferences, colleagues, administration, personal experience/knowledge/skills/attitudes, community/ parental attitudes, materials, student attitudes, building/district/ state/federal requirements, physical aspects of the classroom/ building, daily schedule, reporting/conferences/grading systems, testing, time issues, class size, and other issues. The data indicated that there were common factors affecting child-centered teaching. The top five helping factors were: teacher training, colleagues, administration, personal experience/ knowledge/skills/attitudes, and community/parental attitudes. The top five detrimental factors were: requirements, daily schedule, time issues, colleagues, and administration. Title: A study of factors affecting child-centered teaching in elementary grades Author: Hatch, Lynda Sylvia Some elementary teachers want to be more child-centered in their teaching. They are trying to consider the needs of the students before the coverage of curriculum. Much of the inspiration for this educational approach has come from the British primary schools. The purpose of this study was to see if there were common factors that were helpful and/or detrimental to teaching in a child-centered approach in the elementary grades. A literature survey provided historical information as well as descriptions and evaluations of child-centered programs in the United States and in England. One hundred elementary teachers from 69 schools and 26 school districts in Oregon and California completed a survey describing their teaching beliefs and practices. Fifty of the one hundred were interviewed for further information. The data from the surveys and interviews were categorized according to these fifteen factors: initial teacher training/ graduate programs/workshops/conferences, colleagues, administration, personal experience/knowledge/skills/attitudes, community/ parental attitudes, materials, student attitudes, building/district/ state/federal requirements, physical aspects of the classroom/ building, daily schedule, reporting/conferences/grading systems, testing, time issues, class size, and other issues. The data indicated that there were common factors affecting child-centered teaching. The top five helping factors were: teacher training, colleagues, administration, personal experience/ knowledge/skills/attitudes, and community/parental attitudes. The top five detrimental factors were: requirements, daily schedule, time issues, colleagues, and administration. Close

• 223. [Article] The response of soils, streambanks and instream coliform bacteria levels to grazing management in a riparian area

  This thesis describes a case study of the effects of five systems of grazing on watershed values in a deteriorated riparian area. Soil infiltration, bulk density and penetrability, streambank edge movement and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The response of soils, streambanks and instream coliform bacteria levels to grazing management in a riparian area Author: Bohn, Carolyn C. This thesis describes a case study of the effects of five systems of grazing on watershed values in a deteriorated riparian area. Soil infiltration, bulk density and penetrability, streambank edge movement and coliform bacteria were monitored for seven years along a stream in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. For five consecutive years, no grazing, four pasture rest rotation, deferred rotation, season-long and late season systems of grazing were applied to small streamside pastures stocked with yearling heifers from June-October at the moderate rate of 3.2 ha/AUM. Infiltration and sediment production were monitored with Rocky Mountain and ring infiltrometers. Measurements with a proving ring penetrometer and bulk density cores indexed compaction. Soil and hydrologic data from ungrazed areas suggested that a process of recovery from the historical heavy use period was occurring. Although season-long grazing for five years did not promote the recovery of soil infiltration, sediment production and soil density and penetrability, the soil response to rest rotation and season-long grazing for one or two years (with four or three years of prior rest) usually corresponded to the ungrazed areas. Generally, soil properties appeared to fluctuate seasonally, showing greater soil infiltration and penetrability and lower bulk density when measured at the end of winter and the opposite conditions after the grazing season. Ungrazed areas fluctuated less than did grazed areas. Streambank movement was monitored by change in distance from the bank edges to permanent reference stakes. Bank movement tended to increase with amount of use---use in terms of number of animals and number of years. No grazing and occasional season-long use appeared to be associated with the least bank loss, while season-long grazing for four or five years and deferred rotation grazing were associated with the most bank loss. Rest rotation results were intermediate and variable, but generally low. Late season grazing treatments did not differ between September and October grazing and were not compared to the other systems due to differences in grazing pressure. Although winter processes and livestock grazing exerted a similar amount of pressure per week on streambanks, livestock were present for a relatively short period. Consequently, there was greater total bank loss in the winter on four of the sixteen treatments. These four treatments were season-long grazing for three, four or five years with big game access. The other twelve treatments did not demonstrate significant seasonal differences. Escherichia colt were monitored by the membrane filter technique to indicate the level of fecal contamination in the stream. Although large numerical differences were sometimes seen, coliform concentrations seldom changed significantly across the 400 meter long pastures. Large numerical reductions in coliform counts were also seen in the first year after livestock removal, but the changes were not statistically significant at the .05 level, either. The bacteria concentrations typically responded to changes in stream discharge due to storms by peaking with the hydrograph and again on the recession limb. Title: The response of soils, streambanks and instream coliform bacteria levels to grazing management in a riparian area Author: Bohn, Carolyn C. This thesis describes a case study of the effects of five systems of grazing on watershed values in a deteriorated riparian area. Soil infiltration, bulk density and penetrability, streambank edge movement and coliform bacteria were monitored for seven years along a stream in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. For five consecutive years, no grazing, four pasture rest rotation, deferred rotation, season-long and late season systems of grazing were applied to small streamside pastures stocked with yearling heifers from June-October at the moderate rate of 3.2 ha/AUM. Infiltration and sediment production were monitored with Rocky Mountain and ring infiltrometers. Measurements with a proving ring penetrometer and bulk density cores indexed compaction. Soil and hydrologic data from ungrazed areas suggested that a process of recovery from the historical heavy use period was occurring. Although season-long grazing for five years did not promote the recovery of soil infiltration, sediment production and soil density and penetrability, the soil response to rest rotation and season-long grazing for one or two years (with four or three years of prior rest) usually corresponded to the ungrazed areas. Generally, soil properties appeared to fluctuate seasonally, showing greater soil infiltration and penetrability and lower bulk density when measured at the end of winter and the opposite conditions after the grazing season. Ungrazed areas fluctuated less than did grazed areas. Streambank movement was monitored by change in distance from the bank edges to permanent reference stakes. Bank movement tended to increase with amount of use---use in terms of number of animals and number of years. No grazing and occasional season-long use appeared to be associated with the least bank loss, while season-long grazing for four or five years and deferred rotation grazing were associated with the most bank loss. Rest rotation results were intermediate and variable, but generally low. Late season grazing treatments did not differ between September and October grazing and were not compared to the other systems due to differences in grazing pressure. Although winter processes and livestock grazing exerted a similar amount of pressure per week on streambanks, livestock were present for a relatively short period. Consequently, there was greater total bank loss in the winter on four of the sixteen treatments. These four treatments were season-long grazing for three, four or five years with big game access. The other twelve treatments did not demonstrate significant seasonal differences. Escherichia colt were monitored by the membrane filter technique to indicate the level of fecal contamination in the stream. Although large numerical differences were sometimes seen, coliform concentrations seldom changed significantly across the 400 meter long pastures. Large numerical reductions in coliform counts were also seen in the first year after livestock removal, but the changes were not statistically significant at the .05 level, either. The bacteria concentrations typically responded to changes in stream discharge due to storms by peaking with the hydrograph and again on the recession limb. Close

• 224. [Article] Studies on some digenetic trematodes from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon

  Seven species of fresh water fishes belonging to three different families and two species of snails from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon were surveyed for adult and larval trematodes. A total of seven ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies on some digenetic trematodes from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon Author: Law, Daniel Tin-Hung Seven species of fresh water fishes belonging to three different families and two species of snails from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon were surveyed for adult and larval trematodes. A total of seven species of trematodes representing four families was recovered from the intestine of the fishes. Of these, at least two were under scribed new species. The trematodes were described and their taxonomy discussed. The stream snails, Oxytrema silicula and Flumenicola virens, were found to harbor at least 17 apparent species of larval trematodes. Five of these were described from the snails for the first time. A check-list of cercariae known to infect O. silicula and F. virens in the Pacific Northwest was presented. Life histories of five of the trematodes .encountered during the surveys were studied. The experimental life cycle of Apophallus donicus Skrjabin and Lindtrop, 1919 was completed. The cercaria, of the pleurolophocercous group, was found in F. virens, while the metacercaria encysted in a number of fresh water fishes. The life cycle of Plagioporus siliculus Sinitsin, 1931 was demonstrated for the first time. The cotylomicrocercous cercaria developed in sporocyst in O. silicula and penetrated crayfish, Pacifastacus lenuisculus to encyst in the abdominal muscles. The experimental definitive host used was the rainbow trout. A single adult Echinochasmus milvi Yamaguti, 1939 was recovered from a duck fed echinostome cysts found naturally in the gills of blackside dace, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus and redside shiner, Richardsoni balteatus hydrophlox. This constituted the third record of the trematode in the Pacific Northwest. The cercaria of E. milvi was believed to be Cercaria gorgonocephala Ward, 1916, which Martin (1968) redescribed from O. silicula. Two other macrocercous cercariae--one aggregating but albino while the other nonaggregating-- were also found in O. silicula, The body of these cercariae was identical to that of C. gorgonocephala. The taxonomic relation of the three cercariae was discussed. The partial life cycle of a new monorchiid trematode from the torrent sculpin, Cottus rhotheus, was presented. The natural secondary intermediate host was found to be lampreys, both brook (Lampetra richardsoni) and Pacific (L. tridentata). The first intermediate host is still unknown. The partial life cycle of another new trematode, an Echinochasmus sp., was also reported. The adult was obtained from a duck experimentally fed small cysts in the gills of blackside dace. The first intermediate host is unknown. Title: Studies on some digenetic trematodes from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon Author: Law, Daniel Tin-Hung Seven species of fresh water fishes belonging to three different families and two species of snails from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon were surveyed for adult and larval trematodes. A total of seven species of trematodes representing four families was recovered from the intestine of the fishes. Of these, at least two were under scribed new species. The trematodes were described and their taxonomy discussed. The stream snails, Oxytrema silicula and Flumenicola virens, were found to harbor at least 17 apparent species of larval trematodes. Five of these were described from the snails for the first time. A check-list of cercariae known to infect O. silicula and F. virens in the Pacific Northwest was presented. Life histories of five of the trematodes .encountered during the surveys were studied. The experimental life cycle of Apophallus donicus Skrjabin and Lindtrop, 1919 was completed. The cercaria, of the pleurolophocercous group, was found in F. virens, while the metacercaria encysted in a number of fresh water fishes. The life cycle of Plagioporus siliculus Sinitsin, 1931 was demonstrated for the first time. The cotylomicrocercous cercaria developed in sporocyst in O. silicula and penetrated crayfish, Pacifastacus lenuisculus to encyst in the abdominal muscles. The experimental definitive host used was the rainbow trout. A single adult Echinochasmus milvi Yamaguti, 1939 was recovered from a duck fed echinostome cysts found naturally in the gills of blackside dace, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus and redside shiner, Richardsoni balteatus hydrophlox. This constituted the third record of the trematode in the Pacific Northwest. The cercaria of E. milvi was believed to be Cercaria gorgonocephala Ward, 1916, which Martin (1968) redescribed from O. silicula. Two other macrocercous cercariae--one aggregating but albino while the other nonaggregating-- were also found in O. silicula, The body of these cercariae was identical to that of C. gorgonocephala. The taxonomic relation of the three cercariae was discussed. The partial life cycle of a new monorchiid trematode from the torrent sculpin, Cottus rhotheus, was presented. The natural secondary intermediate host was found to be lampreys, both brook (Lampetra richardsoni) and Pacific (L. tridentata). The first intermediate host is still unknown. The partial life cycle of another new trematode, an Echinochasmus sp., was also reported. The adult was obtained from a duck experimentally fed small cysts in the gills of blackside dace. The first intermediate host is unknown. Close

• 225. [Article] Harvesting hunger : measuring food insecurity and hope in Oregon's Mexican agriculture and seafood workers

  Food Insecurity exists whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain (LSRO, 1990). Factors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Harvesting hunger : measuring food insecurity and hope in Oregon's Mexican agriculture and seafood workers Author: Reeder, Julie A. Food Insecurity exists whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain (LSRO, 1990). Factors that increase a household's risk for food insecurity include being low income and not being able to access formal and informal supplemental food sources. Migrant agricultural workers, defined by the U.S. Department of Labor as persons who travel greater than 75 miles in search of agricultural work, have household incomes less than $10,000 and due to clandestine immigration status or constant relocations may have less access to food assistance programs. Therefore, it is likely that this group is at increased risk for food insecurity. The purpose of this study was to 1) gather demographic information, 2) determine sources of social and emotional support and quantify the amount hope for the future expressed by individuals, and 3) determine what percentage of Oregon's Mexican agricultural workers were food insecure. Subjects (n=45) were recruited from 3 places of employment representing the seafood processing (3), tree planting (12), and fruit packing industries (30). Some were migrant and seasonal while others had recently settled out of the migrant stream. Participants were either given or read a nine-page Spanish language survey. Thirty-two women and 13 men completed the surveys. The average respondent was 30 years old, married (45%) or single (36%) and had a household income of less than $15,000 with an average household size of 4.4 persons. Ninety-one percent of participants were born in Mexico. Frequently cited sources of internal support included God (75%), family (70%), myself (45%) and the Church (43%). Sixty-five percent reported having family living close by. Less than one quarter reported finding support in the community. Individual scores on the State Hope scale found that most respondents had a fairly hopeful outlook towards their ability to achieve change. As for food security status, 72.7% were classified as food insecure based on USDA food security module scoring standards. Hope Scale scores were not significantly correlated with food security levels. A lower household income, a larger household size, and fewer years of school were significantly associated with being food insecure. Although a small sample size and departures from traditional methodology make these findings applicable only to the sample populations, it may indicate that food insecurity is a major nutritional risk factor for Mexican agricultural and seafood workers. Validation of the Food Security Module in Spanish is necessary to better determine the prevalence of food insecurity in this population. Title: Harvesting hunger : measuring food insecurity and hope in Oregon's Mexican agriculture and seafood workers Author: Reeder, Julie A. Food Insecurity exists whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain (LSRO, 1990). Factors that increase a household's risk for food insecurity include being low income and not being able to access formal and informal supplemental food sources. Migrant agricultural workers, defined by the U.S. Department of Labor as persons who travel greater than 75 miles in search of agricultural work, have household incomes less than $10,000 and due to clandestine immigration status or constant relocations may have less access to food assistance programs. Therefore, it is likely that this group is at increased risk for food insecurity. The purpose of this study was to 1) gather demographic information, 2) determine sources of social and emotional support and quantify the amount hope for the future expressed by individuals, and 3) determine what percentage of Oregon's Mexican agricultural workers were food insecure. Subjects (n=45) were recruited from 3 places of employment representing the seafood processing (3), tree planting (12), and fruit packing industries (30). Some were migrant and seasonal while others had recently settled out of the migrant stream. Participants were either given or read a nine-page Spanish language survey. Thirty-two women and 13 men completed the surveys. The average respondent was 30 years old, married (45%) or single (36%) and had a household income of less than $15,000 with an average household size of 4.4 persons. Ninety-one percent of participants were born in Mexico. Frequently cited sources of internal support included God (75%), family (70%), myself (45%) and the Church (43%). Sixty-five percent reported having family living close by. Less than one quarter reported finding support in the community. Individual scores on the State Hope scale found that most respondents had a fairly hopeful outlook towards their ability to achieve change. As for food security status, 72.7% were classified as food insecure based on USDA food security module scoring standards. Hope Scale scores were not significantly correlated with food security levels. A lower household income, a larger household size, and fewer years of school were significantly associated with being food insecure. Although a small sample size and departures from traditional methodology make these findings applicable only to the sample populations, it may indicate that food insecurity is a major nutritional risk factor for Mexican agricultural and seafood workers. Validation of the Food Security Module in Spanish is necessary to better determine the prevalence of food insecurity in this population. Close

• 226. [Article] A UK perspective on marine renewable energy environmental research: Keeping up with a ‘Deploy & Monitor’ philosophy

  There are many drivers for the pursuit of renewable energy extraction from coastal seas. In the United Kingdom these include moving away from fossil fuels to mitigate the impacts of climate change, improving ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A UK perspective on marine renewable energy environmental research: Keeping up with a ‘Deploy & Monitor’ philosophy Author: Wilson, Ben There are many drivers for the pursuit of renewable energy extraction from coastal seas. In the United Kingdom these include moving away from fossil fuels to mitigate the impacts of climate change, improving energy security by diversifying supply options, increasing wealth generation in outlying coastal communities, and seeking alternative sources of power as existing infrastructure (power stations) near the end of their useful lives. In Scotland these drivers are particularly strong because of the additional factors of decline of North Sea oil reserves; the political pressure not to re-develop nuclear power plants; and the abundant offshore wind, wave and tidal-stream resources. While these drivers are strong, and backed up by ambitious political targets, a variety of constraints currently limit development of a vibrant marine renewables sector in UK coastal waters. In addition to financial, technological and logistical issues, a diversity of environmental restrictions limitprogress of the renewables sector. Many of these environmental issues actually stem from a lack of basic knowledge of how marine renewable energy devices are likely to interact with the receiving environment and vulnerable species (particularly those protected by European legislation such as the Habitats and Species as well as the Birds Directives). Furthermore where negative interactions are known, there may be limited knowledge about, or options for, mitigating these impacts. Strictly applying precautionary principals to these new and diverse technologies with respect to their potential local negative environmental impacts threatens to halt development of these technologies despite their potential benefits for global climate and other environmental issues. This problem applies particularly to wave and tidal-stream technologies which are diverse, new, and without track-record. To overcome this issue, the Scottish government is implementing a staged introduction of these technologies under what has been termed a “Survey-Deploy-&-Monitor” policy. That is, commercial scale devices are being placed singly or in small arrays (< 10 MW) into areas of pre-determined and acceptable environmental sensitivity and then impacts are being quantified through a monitoring program. In parallel to this approach, The Crown Estate (the seabed owner) has performed a series of licensing rounds to lease preferred sites to specific wind, wave and tidal-stream developers. If consented, these sites will represent commercial-scale developments of all three technologies in Scottish and wider UK waters. Part of that consenting progress requires that developers provide evidence (through Environmental Impact Studies and the production of Environmental Statements) that their developments will not harm the surrounding environment. It is these consenting exercises and related fundamental questions about impacts that are currently driving most of the environmental research related to offshore wind and marine renewable technologies in the UK. Research tends to fall into three divisions based on the source of funding and the geographic scope of the issues. At the smallest scale are studies of individual sites of interest to individual developers seeking consents for a specific technology. More generic studies funded by government or industry consortia may be performed to understand environmental issues surrounding a particular group of technologies, installation methods, or operational parameters. In this case, the actual site may be less important. Finally, fundamental research (funded by Research Councils) may be carried out to understand how and why animals use renewable energy relevant sites. Because there are a large number of research studies currently underway at a wide range of scales, sites, and taxa in Scotland and the wider UK, it is not possible to summarize them all in this short talk. Instead, I will outline examples of the three broad areas of environmental research (site/device specific, technology generic and more basic ecology). These examples have also been chosen because they represent an ongoing project, a recently established group of research studies, and a potential new research program. Some of the perhaps less intuitive lessons that have arisen from some of such projects include : 1. The responses of organisms may not be tied to particular brands of device or energy extraction, whether wind, wave, tidal-stream or even oil platform. For fouling organisms the particulars of the substrate might be the important factor rather than the device’s method of energy extraction. Likewise for fish it may be the device complexity and position in the water column that is key to their interactions. 2. Conversely, particular, seemingly unimportant features of devices may have relevance to marine organisms. For example, the color of a turbine may be extremely important for animals maneuvering around the rotors, a duct or the pile. 3. Test centers used to assess full-scale devices may seem like excellent places to also perform environmental research; however care must be taken as the devices in test centers are typically early generation prototypes and may be swapped out frequently. Furthermore activities by other companies at neighboring berths may invalidate site or device specific experiments. 4. Inter-annual variability does not suit the current pace of marine renewables development and careful consideration of the use of control sites and BACI designs should be made. 5. Cumulative impacts of multiple renewable and other developments offer a massive challenge to determining environmental impact. This difficulty represents a significant area of uncertainty for developers seeking consent and may encourage a development race with companies not wanting to have to consider their development relative to all of the others that preceded them. 6. Finally, while much effort is currently being devoted to gathering sufficient data to permit consent and early stage deployments, the significant investments only come when developers set up arrays capable of producing commercially relevant power. At this point there may be a step change in the degree of monitoring required of any potential environmental interactions. Should intolerable impacts be found, then mitigation will be urgently required or an exit strategy implemented. Title: A UK perspective on marine renewable energy environmental research: Keeping up with a ‘Deploy & Monitor’ philosophy Author: Wilson, Ben There are many drivers for the pursuit of renewable energy extraction from coastal seas. In the United Kingdom these include moving away from fossil fuels to mitigate the impacts of climate change, improving energy security by diversifying supply options, increasing wealth generation in outlying coastal communities, and seeking alternative sources of power as existing infrastructure (power stations) near the end of their useful lives. In Scotland these drivers are particularly strong because of the additional factors of decline of North Sea oil reserves; the political pressure not to re-develop nuclear power plants; and the abundant offshore wind, wave and tidal-stream resources. While these drivers are strong, and backed up by ambitious political targets, a variety of constraints currently limit development of a vibrant marine renewables sector in UK coastal waters. In addition to financial, technological and logistical issues, a diversity of environmental restrictions limitprogress of the renewables sector. Many of these environmental issues actually stem from a lack of basic knowledge of how marine renewable energy devices are likely to interact with the receiving environment and vulnerable species (particularly those protected by European legislation such as the Habitats and Species as well as the Birds Directives). Furthermore where negative interactions are known, there may be limited knowledge about, or options for, mitigating these impacts. Strictly applying precautionary principals to these new and diverse technologies with respect to their potential local negative environmental impacts threatens to halt development of these technologies despite their potential benefits for global climate and other environmental issues. This problem applies particularly to wave and tidal-stream technologies which are diverse, new, and without track-record. To overcome this issue, the Scottish government is implementing a staged introduction of these technologies under what has been termed a “Survey-Deploy-&-Monitor” policy. That is, commercial scale devices are being placed singly or in small arrays (< 10 MW) into areas of pre-determined and acceptable environmental sensitivity and then impacts are being quantified through a monitoring program. In parallel to this approach, The Crown Estate (the seabed owner) has performed a series of licensing rounds to lease preferred sites to specific wind, wave and tidal-stream developers. If consented, these sites will represent commercial-scale developments of all three technologies in Scottish and wider UK waters. Part of that consenting progress requires that developers provide evidence (through Environmental Impact Studies and the production of Environmental Statements) that their developments will not harm the surrounding environment. It is these consenting exercises and related fundamental questions about impacts that are currently driving most of the environmental research related to offshore wind and marine renewable technologies in the UK. Research tends to fall into three divisions based on the source of funding and the geographic scope of the issues. At the smallest scale are studies of individual sites of interest to individual developers seeking consents for a specific technology. More generic studies funded by government or industry consortia may be performed to understand environmental issues surrounding a particular group of technologies, installation methods, or operational parameters. In this case, the actual site may be less important. Finally, fundamental research (funded by Research Councils) may be carried out to understand how and why animals use renewable energy relevant sites. Because there are a large number of research studies currently underway at a wide range of scales, sites, and taxa in Scotland and the wider UK, it is not possible to summarize them all in this short talk. Instead, I will outline examples of the three broad areas of environmental research (site/device specific, technology generic and more basic ecology). These examples have also been chosen because they represent an ongoing project, a recently established group of research studies, and a potential new research program. Some of the perhaps less intuitive lessons that have arisen from some of such projects include : 1. The responses of organisms may not be tied to particular brands of device or energy extraction, whether wind, wave, tidal-stream or even oil platform. For fouling organisms the particulars of the substrate might be the important factor rather than the device’s method of energy extraction. Likewise for fish it may be the device complexity and position in the water column that is key to their interactions. 2. Conversely, particular, seemingly unimportant features of devices may have relevance to marine organisms. For example, the color of a turbine may be extremely important for animals maneuvering around the rotors, a duct or the pile. 3. Test centers used to assess full-scale devices may seem like excellent places to also perform environmental research; however care must be taken as the devices in test centers are typically early generation prototypes and may be swapped out frequently. Furthermore activities by other companies at neighboring berths may invalidate site or device specific experiments. 4. Inter-annual variability does not suit the current pace of marine renewables development and careful consideration of the use of control sites and BACI designs should be made. 5. Cumulative impacts of multiple renewable and other developments offer a massive challenge to determining environmental impact. This difficulty represents a significant area of uncertainty for developers seeking consent and may encourage a development race with companies not wanting to have to consider their development relative to all of the others that preceded them. 6. Finally, while much effort is currently being devoted to gathering sufficient data to permit consent and early stage deployments, the significant investments only come when developers set up arrays capable of producing commercially relevant power. At this point there may be a step change in the degree of monitoring required of any potential environmental interactions. Should intolerable impacts be found, then mitigation will be urgently required or an exit strategy implemented. Close

• 227. [Article] An analysis of consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products

  Historically, researchers have used surveys, focus groups, and anecdotal evidence to evaluate consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. These methods generally measure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products Author: Anderson, Roy Carl Historically, researchers have used surveys, focus groups, and anecdotal evidence to evaluate consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. These methods generally measure consumer attitudes toward certified forest products. Since the strength of the correlation between attitudes and behavior has long been questioned, consumer response to certified forest products is not fully understood. Therefore, a major goal of this research was to better understand consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products by directly observing purchase behavior. This was accomplished by designing an experiment in which consumers were presented with a choice between virtually identical forest products, the only differences being the presence/absence of an environmental certification ecolabel, and in some cases, a price premium on the ecolabeled product. During this experiment, the presence of the ecolabel was associated with increased sales, so long as there was no price premium on the ecolabeled product. The strength of this association was weakened when the ecolabeled product cost 2 percent more than the non-ecolabeled product. In other words, these results suggest that price is a more compelling product attribute than the ecolabel. This experiment was the first to empirically demonstrate that forest certification ecolabels do have an effect on consumer behavior. In addition to the experiment, two surveys were conducted to better understand how consumers form their preferences for forest products, and to determine which values, attitudes, and beliefs are held by those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products. The surveys revealed that respondents who: were younger, willing to pay extra for ecolabeled forest products, exhibited past environmentally friendly purchase behavior, believe environmental claims on product packaging, and were more politically liberal were most likely to buy ecolabeled forest products. It is important to note that no associations were found between any of the measured values and those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products. This finding suggests that in order to for ecolabels to be successful in the long term, marketing efforts are needed, which explicitly link the ecolabel symbol to values. Such a linkage will allow consumers to express their values through the purchase of ecolabeled products. This practice of linking values to a product is widely believed to be a powerful influence on consumer behavior. The surveys also revealed that ecolabeled forest products are preferred to non-ecolabeled forest products for most consumers. However, the strength of this preference pattern varies significantly among consumers. This finding suggests that a market segmentation strategy is required to effectively market environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. Therefore, the associations between attitudes, values, and beliefs with those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products is practically significant for forest certification agencies and environmentally certified forest landowners and manufacturers because it can be used for market segmentation, and to begin building brand recognition, awareness, and identity for forest certification ecolabels. Finally, the research questions posed in the experiment and survey were carefully designed to be nearly identical. This "duality' allowed a comparison of the results obtained by each method. Such a comparison revealed, as has long been suspected, that the results differed by method. This finding has important implications for further research on this topic. Title: An analysis of consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products Author: Anderson, Roy Carl Historically, researchers have used surveys, focus groups, and anecdotal evidence to evaluate consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. These methods generally measure consumer attitudes toward certified forest products. Since the strength of the correlation between attitudes and behavior has long been questioned, consumer response to certified forest products is not fully understood. Therefore, a major goal of this research was to better understand consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products by directly observing purchase behavior. This was accomplished by designing an experiment in which consumers were presented with a choice between virtually identical forest products, the only differences being the presence/absence of an environmental certification ecolabel, and in some cases, a price premium on the ecolabeled product. During this experiment, the presence of the ecolabel was associated with increased sales, so long as there was no price premium on the ecolabeled product. The strength of this association was weakened when the ecolabeled product cost 2 percent more than the non-ecolabeled product. In other words, these results suggest that price is a more compelling product attribute than the ecolabel. This experiment was the first to empirically demonstrate that forest certification ecolabels do have an effect on consumer behavior. In addition to the experiment, two surveys were conducted to better understand how consumers form their preferences for forest products, and to determine which values, attitudes, and beliefs are held by those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products. The surveys revealed that respondents who: were younger, willing to pay extra for ecolabeled forest products, exhibited past environmentally friendly purchase behavior, believe environmental claims on product packaging, and were more politically liberal were most likely to buy ecolabeled forest products. It is important to note that no associations were found between any of the measured values and those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products. This finding suggests that in order to for ecolabels to be successful in the long term, marketing efforts are needed, which explicitly link the ecolabel symbol to values. Such a linkage will allow consumers to express their values through the purchase of ecolabeled products. This practice of linking values to a product is widely believed to be a powerful influence on consumer behavior. The surveys also revealed that ecolabeled forest products are preferred to non-ecolabeled forest products for most consumers. However, the strength of this preference pattern varies significantly among consumers. This finding suggests that a market segmentation strategy is required to effectively market environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. Therefore, the associations between attitudes, values, and beliefs with those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products is practically significant for forest certification agencies and environmentally certified forest landowners and manufacturers because it can be used for market segmentation, and to begin building brand recognition, awareness, and identity for forest certification ecolabels. Finally, the research questions posed in the experiment and survey were carefully designed to be nearly identical. This "duality' allowed a comparison of the results obtained by each method. Such a comparison revealed, as has long been suspected, that the results differed by method. This finding has important implications for further research on this topic. Close

• 228. [Article] Seasonal life history of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the South Fork John Day River Basin, Oregon

  Understanding seasonal changes in growth, survival, and movement rates is crucial to salmonid management. These life history characteristics provide a context for evaluation of management actions. We evaluated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal life history of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the South Fork John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Tattam, Ian A. Understanding seasonal changes in growth, survival, and movement rates is crucial to salmonid management. These life history characteristics provide a context for evaluation of management actions. We evaluated the life history of individually marked Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri in the South Fork John Day River basin in Northeastern Oregon. This thesis focuses on Murderers and Black Canyon creeks, two tributaries to the South Fork John Day. These are semi-arid, mid elevation basins with naturally reproducing populations of summer steelhead and redband trout (both O. mykiss). Summer steelhead populations in this basin have declined from historic abundances, and are protected under the Endangered Species Act. In Chapter 2, we evaluate life history variation in Murderers Creek during four consecutive seasons. Growth rate varied significantly with season (F[subscript 3,88] = 62.56, P < 0.0001), with most growth occurring during spring. Location and season interacted F[subscript 6,88] = 4.45, P < 0.001) to influence individual growth rates. As a result, regions of high growth potential shifted up and down-stream seasonally. However, we found low rates of O. mykiss movement (<3%) in Murderers Creek during summer, suggesting that individuals did not track resource availability at a large scale. Apparent survival rate varied among reaches, but was consistently higher in the upstream most reach compared to the two lowermost reaches. Survival rates were similar between summer and fall, indicating that declining fall temperatures did not increase mortality. A shift in population distribution occured during fall (September through December), as some O. mykiss emigrated from tributaries into the mainstem South Fork John Day River. In Chapter 3, we investigate differences in fall life history between and within tributaries. A significantly greater proportion of O. mykiss emigrated from Murderers Creek compared to Black Canyon Creek during two consecutive years (P < 0.001 for both years). There were no significant differences in proportion of emigrants between years within either stream (P > 0.10 for both streams). In Murderers Creek, odds of emigration were related to stream reach of summer residence. Odds of fall emigration were also significantly and positively related to body length in fall and growth rate during summer. This suggests that competitive dominants volitionally emigrated from Murderers Creek during fall. After emigration, O. mykiss dispersed primarily further downstream into the Mainstem John Day River. Radio-telemetry indicated that the majority of fall emigrants occupied a < 6 km section of the Mainstem John Day River. Fall emigrants had growth rates during their winter niche shift that were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of individuals remaining in tributaries. This study underscores the need to monitor during all seasons to accurately characterize habitat quality. Life history patterns are an important population response to environmental change. This thesis provides an ecological context for monitoring recovery of O. mykiss populations in the South Fork John Day River basin. Title: Seasonal life history of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the South Fork John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Tattam, Ian A. Understanding seasonal changes in growth, survival, and movement rates is crucial to salmonid management. These life history characteristics provide a context for evaluation of management actions. We evaluated the life history of individually marked Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri in the South Fork John Day River basin in Northeastern Oregon. This thesis focuses on Murderers and Black Canyon creeks, two tributaries to the South Fork John Day. These are semi-arid, mid elevation basins with naturally reproducing populations of summer steelhead and redband trout (both O. mykiss). Summer steelhead populations in this basin have declined from historic abundances, and are protected under the Endangered Species Act. In Chapter 2, we evaluate life history variation in Murderers Creek during four consecutive seasons. Growth rate varied significantly with season (F[subscript 3,88] = 62.56, P < 0.0001), with most growth occurring during spring. Location and season interacted F[subscript 6,88] = 4.45, P < 0.001) to influence individual growth rates. As a result, regions of high growth potential shifted up and down-stream seasonally. However, we found low rates of O. mykiss movement (<3%) in Murderers Creek during summer, suggesting that individuals did not track resource availability at a large scale. Apparent survival rate varied among reaches, but was consistently higher in the upstream most reach compared to the two lowermost reaches. Survival rates were similar between summer and fall, indicating that declining fall temperatures did not increase mortality. A shift in population distribution occured during fall (September through December), as some O. mykiss emigrated from tributaries into the mainstem South Fork John Day River. In Chapter 3, we investigate differences in fall life history between and within tributaries. A significantly greater proportion of O. mykiss emigrated from Murderers Creek compared to Black Canyon Creek during two consecutive years (P < 0.001 for both years). There were no significant differences in proportion of emigrants between years within either stream (P > 0.10 for both streams). In Murderers Creek, odds of emigration were related to stream reach of summer residence. Odds of fall emigration were also significantly and positively related to body length in fall and growth rate during summer. This suggests that competitive dominants volitionally emigrated from Murderers Creek during fall. After emigration, O. mykiss dispersed primarily further downstream into the Mainstem John Day River. Radio-telemetry indicated that the majority of fall emigrants occupied a < 6 km section of the Mainstem John Day River. Fall emigrants had growth rates during their winter niche shift that were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of individuals remaining in tributaries. This study underscores the need to monitor during all seasons to accurately characterize habitat quality. Life history patterns are an important population response to environmental change. This thesis provides an ecological context for monitoring recovery of O. mykiss populations in the South Fork John Day River basin. Close

• 229. [Article] Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon

  Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Darren A. Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). I used radio-telemetry and demographic surveys to describe demographic performance and habitat selection of spotted owls in the areas burned by the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Demographic surveys were conducted from 2003 – 2006 at the 3 fires. From September, 2004 – August, 2006, 26 spotted owls were monitored with radio-telemetry at the Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and their surrounding areas. I investigated differences in occupancy rates between the South Cascades Demography Area and the Timbered Rock Study Area from 1992 – 2006 using occupancy models in program MARK. Occupancy was similar at the Timbered Rock and South Cascades from 1992 – 2002 but occupancy declined rapidly following the Timbered Rock Fire when compared to unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. I also investigated the impacts of fire severity and habitat on occupancy at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Occupancy at all 3 fires declined from 2003 – 2006. Initial occupancy was positively influenced by the amount of roosting and foraging habitat with low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = -0.02 – 0.17) and negatively influenced by the amount of hard edge within the core (β = -0.33, 95% C.I. = -0.77 – 0.10). Extinction rates increased in a curvilinear manner as the amount of unsuitable habitat within the core increased (β = 2.15, 95% C.I. = 0.25 – 4.05) and as the amount of edge increased (β = 0.20, 95% C.I. = -0.01 – 0.41). Colonization rates were positively influenced by the amount of nesting, roosting and foraging habitat that received a low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = 0.02 – 0.15). Demographic surveys were used to determine the number of young fledged per pair of spotted owls. I found no significant differences in productivity of spotted owl pairs in burned landscapes at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. Survival was estimated in program MARK using known fates modeling of radio-telemetry data. Annual survival rates of spotted owls that resided within the fire or had recently emigrated out of the fire were lower (0.64, 95% C.I. = 0.37 – 0.84) than owls that resided outside the fire (1.00, 95% C.I. = 1.00 – 1.00). Annual home ranges of spotted owls in this study were on average 248.46 ha larger than home ranges observed in the same area prior to wildfire (t = -2.85, df = 32, p = 0.01). However, home ranges of spotted owls that resided inside the fire were not significantly different than owls that resided outside the fire (t = 0.72, df = 18, p = 0.48). Differences in home ranges of individual owls were best explained by the amount of hard edge within the 95% fixed kernel home range. Annual home ranges increased as the amount of hard edge within the home range increased (β = 30.71, SE = 2.65, p < 0.01). Logistic regression was used to assess selection of habitats in relation to early seral forests. Nesting, roosting and foraging habitat with low, moderate or high severity burn was selected by spotted owls in post-fire landscapes. Furthermore, roosting and foraging habitat with a moderate severity burn was also selected. Three habitats were used in a similar manner to early seral forests including; roosting and foraging habitat with low or high severity burn and salvage logged areas. Non-habitat was the only habitat that was commonly avoided. Several abiotic factors were important in determining post-fire habitat selection. Owls selected areas closer to hard edges, perennial streams and lower in elevation than random locations. Title: Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Darren A. Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). I used radio-telemetry and demographic surveys to describe demographic performance and habitat selection of spotted owls in the areas burned by the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Demographic surveys were conducted from 2003 – 2006 at the 3 fires. From September, 2004 – August, 2006, 26 spotted owls were monitored with radio-telemetry at the Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and their surrounding areas. I investigated differences in occupancy rates between the South Cascades Demography Area and the Timbered Rock Study Area from 1992 – 2006 using occupancy models in program MARK. Occupancy was similar at the Timbered Rock and South Cascades from 1992 – 2002 but occupancy declined rapidly following the Timbered Rock Fire when compared to unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. I also investigated the impacts of fire severity and habitat on occupancy at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Occupancy at all 3 fires declined from 2003 – 2006. Initial occupancy was positively influenced by the amount of roosting and foraging habitat with low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = -0.02 – 0.17) and negatively influenced by the amount of hard edge within the core (β = -0.33, 95% C.I. = -0.77 – 0.10). Extinction rates increased in a curvilinear manner as the amount of unsuitable habitat within the core increased (β = 2.15, 95% C.I. = 0.25 – 4.05) and as the amount of edge increased (β = 0.20, 95% C.I. = -0.01 – 0.41). Colonization rates were positively influenced by the amount of nesting, roosting and foraging habitat that received a low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = 0.02 – 0.15). Demographic surveys were used to determine the number of young fledged per pair of spotted owls. I found no significant differences in productivity of spotted owl pairs in burned landscapes at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. Survival was estimated in program MARK using known fates modeling of radio-telemetry data. Annual survival rates of spotted owls that resided within the fire or had recently emigrated out of the fire were lower (0.64, 95% C.I. = 0.37 – 0.84) than owls that resided outside the fire (1.00, 95% C.I. = 1.00 – 1.00). Annual home ranges of spotted owls in this study were on average 248.46 ha larger than home ranges observed in the same area prior to wildfire (t = -2.85, df = 32, p = 0.01). However, home ranges of spotted owls that resided inside the fire were not significantly different than owls that resided outside the fire (t = 0.72, df = 18, p = 0.48). Differences in home ranges of individual owls were best explained by the amount of hard edge within the 95% fixed kernel home range. Annual home ranges increased as the amount of hard edge within the home range increased (β = 30.71, SE = 2.65, p < 0.01). Logistic regression was used to assess selection of habitats in relation to early seral forests. Nesting, roosting and foraging habitat with low, moderate or high severity burn was selected by spotted owls in post-fire landscapes. Furthermore, roosting and foraging habitat with a moderate severity burn was also selected. Three habitats were used in a similar manner to early seral forests including; roosting and foraging habitat with low or high severity burn and salvage logged areas. Non-habitat was the only habitat that was commonly avoided. Several abiotic factors were important in determining post-fire habitat selection. Owls selected areas closer to hard edges, perennial streams and lower in elevation than random locations. Close

• 230. [Article] Distribution of bats in Southeast Alaska and selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska

  We conducted capture and acoustic surveys for bats in six areas along a latitudinal gradient in Southeast Alaska from mid-May to September in 2005 and we continued surveys on Prince of Wales Island from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of bats in Southeast Alaska and selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska Author: Boland, Julia L. We conducted capture and acoustic surveys for bats in six areas along a latitudinal gradient in Southeast Alaska from mid-May to September in 2005 and we continued surveys on Prince of Wales Island from mid-May to September in 2006. We determined the level of effort required to catch each species and documented ranges in morphology and periods of reproduction. We captured little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus; California myotis, M. californicus; long-legged myotis, M. volans; and Keen’s myotis, M. keenii, and we acoustically detected and sighted the silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans. Capture success varied by species, year, and type of capture site. Our surveys support prior research suggesting that the little brown myotis is the most abundant species in the region, although densities appear to be low relative to other parts of its range. California myotis and Keen’s myotis were captured as far north as Juneau. The long-legged myotis was captured on Wrangell and Prince of Wales Islands and the silver-haired bat was detected on Prince of Wales Island. Prince of Wales Island is the southernmost area we sampled and was the only area where all species were detected. Given low rates of detection, all species appear to occur in low densities in Southeast Alaska. Better understanding of population status and trends and examination of habitat ecology and response to forest management in the region is needed to prioritize conservation strategies. The Keen’s myotis is rare and has one of the most limited distributions of any bat species in North America. Understanding gender-specific roosting ecologies of bats at relevant spatial scales is necessary to effectively evaluate the impact of habitat alteration and prioritize conservation efforts for bats in temperate forests. We examined selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis from mid-May to September, 2006 on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. Our objectives were to 1) examine relationships between and determine relative importance of habitat characteristics on selection of day-roosts at three spatial scales and 2) determine if habitat associations for males and females differed at each scale. We tracked 13 females to 62 roosts in trees and 6 males to 24 roosts in trees. Features at each spatial scale appeared to influence selection of day-roosts by female Keen’s myotis, but associations were strongest at the tree scale and trees used as roosts were primarily large in diameter with structural defects and located in old-growth forests. Trees in plots around roosts of females had large mean diameters and these plots had a high abundance of roost-like trees. Roosts were generally located near to roads and streams and surrounded by landscapes with a high abundance of old-growth and riparian habitat. Associations were evident for male Keen’s myotis at each spatial scale, but associations at the landscape scale were strongest. Male Keen’s myotis exhibited flexibility with the types of roosts they chose, but tree roosts were primarily snags in early to intermediate decay surrounded by a high relative abundance of roost-like trees that were closer to roads and further from riparian habitat. Habitat associations differed between males and females at each spatial scale and differences are likely a reflection of higher energetic constraints associated with reproduction for females. Energetic benefits gained from optimal roosting habitat may be critical for successful reproduction by females. Females primarily roosted in old-growth habitat and we suggest that maintaining structural components characteristic of old growth will promote conservation of Keen’s myotis in Southeast Alaska. Title: Distribution of bats in Southeast Alaska and selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska Author: Boland, Julia L. We conducted capture and acoustic surveys for bats in six areas along a latitudinal gradient in Southeast Alaska from mid-May to September in 2005 and we continued surveys on Prince of Wales Island from mid-May to September in 2006. We determined the level of effort required to catch each species and documented ranges in morphology and periods of reproduction. We captured little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus; California myotis, M. californicus; long-legged myotis, M. volans; and Keen’s myotis, M. keenii, and we acoustically detected and sighted the silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans. Capture success varied by species, year, and type of capture site. Our surveys support prior research suggesting that the little brown myotis is the most abundant species in the region, although densities appear to be low relative to other parts of its range. California myotis and Keen’s myotis were captured as far north as Juneau. The long-legged myotis was captured on Wrangell and Prince of Wales Islands and the silver-haired bat was detected on Prince of Wales Island. Prince of Wales Island is the southernmost area we sampled and was the only area where all species were detected. Given low rates of detection, all species appear to occur in low densities in Southeast Alaska. Better understanding of population status and trends and examination of habitat ecology and response to forest management in the region is needed to prioritize conservation strategies. The Keen’s myotis is rare and has one of the most limited distributions of any bat species in North America. Understanding gender-specific roosting ecologies of bats at relevant spatial scales is necessary to effectively evaluate the impact of habitat alteration and prioritize conservation efforts for bats in temperate forests. We examined selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis from mid-May to September, 2006 on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. Our objectives were to 1) examine relationships between and determine relative importance of habitat characteristics on selection of day-roosts at three spatial scales and 2) determine if habitat associations for males and females differed at each scale. We tracked 13 females to 62 roosts in trees and 6 males to 24 roosts in trees. Features at each spatial scale appeared to influence selection of day-roosts by female Keen’s myotis, but associations were strongest at the tree scale and trees used as roosts were primarily large in diameter with structural defects and located in old-growth forests. Trees in plots around roosts of females had large mean diameters and these plots had a high abundance of roost-like trees. Roosts were generally located near to roads and streams and surrounded by landscapes with a high abundance of old-growth and riparian habitat. Associations were evident for male Keen’s myotis at each spatial scale, but associations at the landscape scale were strongest. Male Keen’s myotis exhibited flexibility with the types of roosts they chose, but tree roosts were primarily snags in early to intermediate decay surrounded by a high relative abundance of roost-like trees that were closer to roads and further from riparian habitat. Habitat associations differed between males and females at each spatial scale and differences are likely a reflection of higher energetic constraints associated with reproduction for females. Energetic benefits gained from optimal roosting habitat may be critical for successful reproduction by females. Females primarily roosted in old-growth habitat and we suggest that maintaining structural components characteristic of old growth will promote conservation of Keen’s myotis in Southeast Alaska. Close

• 231. [Article] A Hybrid-Dynamic Transition Phase for High Mix Low Volume Small-and-Medium Manufacturers

  SMEs with high-mix and low-volume (HMLV) operations face special challenges when implementing lean manufacturing practices due to scarcity of resources and ever changing market conditions. This is especially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Hybrid-Dynamic Transition Phase for High Mix Low Volume Small-and-Medium Manufacturers Author: Girod, Olivia J. SMEs with high-mix and low-volume (HMLV) operations face special challenges when implementing lean manufacturing practices due to scarcity of resources and ever changing market conditions. This is especially critical for manufacturers that need to deliver orders to a high variety of customers with varying time response requirements. The objective of this study is to present a holistic approach to design hybrid-dynamic manufacturing systems (HDMS) for HMLV SMEs. The HDMS is introduced as a case-study, for an Oregon-based laboratory equipment HMLV manufacturer. The HDMS was utilized to incorporate hybrid lead times using an express line for high production volume products that would run in parallel with the regular production stream. The performance of the designed express line is modeled and validated with historical system performance. The simulation results indicate that the lead time of identified product models can be reduced without affecting the rest of the production flow. The case study shows that for HMLV SME manufacturers, a HDMS can provide a solution to implement hybrid lead times into their production lines. Title: A Hybrid-Dynamic Transition Phase for High Mix Low Volume Small-and-Medium Manufacturers Author: Girod, Olivia J. SMEs with high-mix and low-volume (HMLV) operations face special challenges when implementing lean manufacturing practices due to scarcity of resources and ever changing market conditions. This is especially critical for manufacturers that need to deliver orders to a high variety of customers with varying time response requirements. The objective of this study is to present a holistic approach to design hybrid-dynamic manufacturing systems (HDMS) for HMLV SMEs. The HDMS is introduced as a case-study, for an Oregon-based laboratory equipment HMLV manufacturer. The HDMS was utilized to incorporate hybrid lead times using an express line for high production volume products that would run in parallel with the regular production stream. The performance of the designed express line is modeled and validated with historical system performance. The simulation results indicate that the lead time of identified product models can be reduced without affecting the rest of the production flow. The case study shows that for HMLV SME manufacturers, a HDMS can provide a solution to implement hybrid lead times into their production lines. Close

• 232. [Article] Messenger ; Vol. 30 No. 2 (Winter/Spring 2016)

  19 pages.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Messenger ; Vol. 30 No. 2 (Winter/Spring 2016) Author: Rempel, Hannah, Robertshaw, Brooke, Boock, Michael, Moret, Daniel, Bahdee, Anne, McElroy, Kelly, Gilmont, Susan, Bridges, Laurie, Chadwell, Faye A. 19 pages. Title: Messenger ; Vol. 30 No. 2 (Winter/Spring 2016) Author: Rempel, Hannah, Robertshaw, Brooke, Boock, Michael, Moret, Daniel, Bahdee, Anne, McElroy, Kelly, Gilmont, Susan, Bridges, Laurie, Chadwell, Faye A. 19 pages. Close

• 233. [Article] Baseline macroinvertebrate bioassessment of Whychus Creek

  Poster from 2006 Cascades student poster session.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Baseline macroinvertebrate bioassessment of Whychus Creek Author: Parla, Anthony, Zurflu, Erin Poster from 2006 Cascades student poster session. Title: Baseline macroinvertebrate bioassessment of Whychus Creek Author: Parla, Anthony, Zurflu, Erin Poster from 2006 Cascades student poster session. Close

• 234. [Article] The Effect of Proximity to Energy Development on Public Attitudes: Fracking in the U.S.

  An oil and gas extraction technique commonly referred to as “fracking”, “hydraulic fracturing”, “hydrofracking” or “unconventional shale development” has recently emerged as a major national and international ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Proximity to Energy Development on Public Attitudes: Fracking in the U.S. Author: Bugden, Dylan E. An oil and gas extraction technique commonly referred to as “fracking”, “hydraulic fracturing”, “hydrofracking” or “unconventional shale development” has recently emerged as a major national and international policy issue. This combination of new and preexisting technologies has quickly spread around the world, allowing for the development of large, previously unviable oil and gas reserves. A large body of literature on “NIMBY” and “LULU” phenomena suggest that proximity to similar types of energy development can shape public attitudes toward new energy facilities and development. However, previous research has failed to account for how previous industry activity interacts with current industry efforts in shaping attitudes. By combining geospatial data on historical oil and gas industry activity and current shale development with a nationally representative survey of U.S. residents (N=1,061), we examine how proximity to previous and current oil and gas development independently influence attitudes toward fracking. While we find limited evidence for the impact of historical oil and gas development on current attitudes toward fracking, survey respondents within a current shale play were more likely to support fracking. Based on these findings, we discuss recommendations for future research and energy policy. Title: The Effect of Proximity to Energy Development on Public Attitudes: Fracking in the U.S. Author: Bugden, Dylan E. An oil and gas extraction technique commonly referred to as “fracking”, “hydraulic fracturing”, “hydrofracking” or “unconventional shale development” has recently emerged as a major national and international policy issue. This combination of new and preexisting technologies has quickly spread around the world, allowing for the development of large, previously unviable oil and gas reserves. A large body of literature on “NIMBY” and “LULU” phenomena suggest that proximity to similar types of energy development can shape public attitudes toward new energy facilities and development. However, previous research has failed to account for how previous industry activity interacts with current industry efforts in shaping attitudes. By combining geospatial data on historical oil and gas industry activity and current shale development with a nationally representative survey of U.S. residents (N=1,061), we examine how proximity to previous and current oil and gas development independently influence attitudes toward fracking. While we find limited evidence for the impact of historical oil and gas development on current attitudes toward fracking, survey respondents within a current shale play were more likely to support fracking. Based on these findings, we discuss recommendations for future research and energy policy. Close

• 235. [Article] Peavy Arboretum : an archaeological and historical investigation of a Willamette Valley landscape

  This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Peavy Arboretum : an archaeological and historical investigation of a Willamette Valley landscape Author: Hylton, Lindon B. This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied the transformation of the landscape from an oak savannah in the mid-nineteenth century to a dense Douglas-fir forest in the early twentieth century. Culturally, the inhabitants of this period included late-prehistoric native people, Euro-American based fur industry personnel, and Euro-American settlers. As a student of history and archaeology, I have used a combination of methods and sources for this study including surface surveys for cultural materials and features, archaeological excavations and analysis, and documented materials. Knowledge gained as a result of surveys and excavations are studied within the context of other Willamette Valley archaeology, and likewise, documented materials concerning this landscape and its historic features and people are compared against larger patterns in the history of the American West. Geographically, the study area was in a fortunate position to witness cultural events. Located along the edge of the foothills of the Willamette Valley, its many desirable features attracted both native people and the first white settlers. The study area was also located along a main route of travel that was used by natives, fur company personnel, travelers, and Euro-American settlers. The section of trail has been a part of regional travel routes known at different times as the Hudson's Bay Company Trail, the California Trail, the Southern Route (Scott-Applegate Trail), and the Territorial Road. The objective of this thesis was to see what kind of information could be retrieved for a given landscape using a variety of methods practiced in history and archaeology. I believe such a multi-disciplinary approach allowed me to be more flexible and open to all pertinent sources of information. This type of investigation also provided an example of the type of work that could be done professionally when determining the cultural significance of a property. My fascination with the study of landscapes and their cultural features was also influential in my selection of a thesis topic. Title: Peavy Arboretum : an archaeological and historical investigation of a Willamette Valley landscape Author: Hylton, Lindon B. This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied the transformation of the landscape from an oak savannah in the mid-nineteenth century to a dense Douglas-fir forest in the early twentieth century. Culturally, the inhabitants of this period included late-prehistoric native people, Euro-American based fur industry personnel, and Euro-American settlers. As a student of history and archaeology, I have used a combination of methods and sources for this study including surface surveys for cultural materials and features, archaeological excavations and analysis, and documented materials. Knowledge gained as a result of surveys and excavations are studied within the context of other Willamette Valley archaeology, and likewise, documented materials concerning this landscape and its historic features and people are compared against larger patterns in the history of the American West. Geographically, the study area was in a fortunate position to witness cultural events. Located along the edge of the foothills of the Willamette Valley, its many desirable features attracted both native people and the first white settlers. The study area was also located along a main route of travel that was used by natives, fur company personnel, travelers, and Euro-American settlers. The section of trail has been a part of regional travel routes known at different times as the Hudson's Bay Company Trail, the California Trail, the Southern Route (Scott-Applegate Trail), and the Territorial Road. The objective of this thesis was to see what kind of information could be retrieved for a given landscape using a variety of methods practiced in history and archaeology. I believe such a multi-disciplinary approach allowed me to be more flexible and open to all pertinent sources of information. This type of investigation also provided an example of the type of work that could be done professionally when determining the cultural significance of a property. My fascination with the study of landscapes and their cultural features was also influential in my selection of a thesis topic. Close

• 236. [Article] Clam resources in a proposed Charleston boat basis expansion site

  In 1977, the Port of Coos Bay wanted to expand its marina facilities at Charleston. One of the sites considered was an historically important clam bed. "Because of the importance of this tideflat to recreational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clam resources in a proposed Charleston boat basis expansion site Author: Gaumer, Thomas F., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife In 1977, the Port of Coos Bay wanted to expand its marina facilities at Charleston. One of the sites considered was an historically important clam bed. "Because of the importance of this tideflat to recreational clam diggers, we conducted a biological inventory of the clam flat during July 1977. Results of this survey are presented in this report." (from the Introduction) Note: although the title page carries the designation, "Information report 78-1," this title is not part of the "Information report series. Fisheries." Title: Clam resources in a proposed Charleston boat basis expansion site Author: Gaumer, Thomas F., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife In 1977, the Port of Coos Bay wanted to expand its marina facilities at Charleston. One of the sites considered was an historically important clam bed. "Because of the importance of this tideflat to recreational clam diggers, we conducted a biological inventory of the clam flat during July 1977. Results of this survey are presented in this report." (from the Introduction) Note: although the title page carries the designation, "Information report 78-1," this title is not part of the "Information report series. Fisheries." Close

• 237. [Article] Taxonomic Clarification of Lupinus oreganus and Lupinus biddlei in the Pacific Northwest, USA

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Western North American Naturalist Publications and can be found at: https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/wnan/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Taxonomic Clarification of Lupinus oreganus and Lupinus biddlei in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Tran, Tri, Meyers, Stephen C., Severns, Paul M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Western North American Naturalist Publications and can be found at: https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/wnan/. Title: Taxonomic Clarification of Lupinus oreganus and Lupinus biddlei in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Tran, Tri, Meyers, Stephen C., Severns, Paul M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Western North American Naturalist Publications and can be found at: https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/wnan/. Close

• 238. [Article] Confirmation of right whales near a historic whaling ground east of southern Greenland

  This is the author's final peer-reviewed manuscript as accepted by the publisher, Royal Society. The publisher's pdf can be found at Biology Letters: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Confirmation of right whales near a historic whaling ground east of southern Greenland Author: Dziak, Robert P., Nieukirk, Sharon, Brandsdóttir, Bryndis, Klinck, Karolin, Clapham, Phillip J., Mellinger, David K., Klinck, Holger This is the author's final peer-reviewed manuscript as accepted by the publisher, Royal Society. The publisher's pdf can be found at Biology Letters: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ Title: Confirmation of right whales near a historic whaling ground east of southern Greenland Author: Dziak, Robert P., Nieukirk, Sharon, Brandsdóttir, Bryndis, Klinck, Karolin, Clapham, Phillip J., Mellinger, David K., Klinck, Holger This is the author's final peer-reviewed manuscript as accepted by the publisher, Royal Society. The publisher's pdf can be found at Biology Letters: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ Close

• 239. [Article] Disturbance and landscape history as a reference for evaluating forest management effects at a regional scale : examples from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA

  History is an invaluable source of information to understand and evaluate management influences on contemporary ecosystems and landscapes. The first two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) explored the concept ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disturbance and landscape history as a reference for evaluating forest management effects at a regional scale : examples from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA Author: Nonaka, Etsuko History is an invaluable source of information to understand and evaluate management influences on contemporary ecosystems and landscapes. The first two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) explored the concept of historical range of variability (HRV) in landscape structure and stand structure using a stochastic fire simulation model to simulate presettlement (before 1850) landscapes of the Oregon Coast Range. HRV has been defined as the bounded variability of a system within constraints imposed by larger-scale phenomena (e.g. climate, topography) and without significant modern human influence. HRV of landscapes has been proposed as a guide for biodiversity conservation in the past decade. In Chapter 2, I estimated HRV of a regional landscape and evaluated the similarity of current and alternative future landscapes under two land management scenarios to the conditions within the HRV. The simulation results indicated that historical landscapes of the region were dynamic, composed of patches of various sizes and age classes ranging from 0 to> 800 years as well as numerous small unburned island patches. The current landscape was outside the HRV. The landscape did not return to the HRV in 100 years under either scenario largely because of lack of old-growth forests and overabundance of young forests. This study showed that the HRV can provide a reference condition for concrete, quantitative evaluations of landscape conditions and alternative management scenarios if sufficient data exist for estimating HRV. Departure from HRV can serve as an indicator of landscape conditions, but results depend on scale and quantification of landscape heterogeneity. In Chapter 3, I investigated the HRV in live and dead biomass and examined variability in disturbance history and forest stand development. I calculated biomass as a function of disturbance history. The HRV of live and dead wood biomass distributions revealed that the majority of the landscape historically contained > 500 Mg/ha of live wood and 50-200 Mg/ha of dead wood. The current dead wood condition is outside HRV. There was a wide variation in dead wood biomass because of variations in disturbance history. This study suggests that natural disturbance regimes and stand development are characterized by much larger variation than is typically portrayed or appreciated. The HRV approaches to evaluating landscape conditions need to include both landscape and stand characteristics to better represent ecological differences between managed and unmanaged landscapes. In Chapter 4, I used remotely sensed data and historical vegetation data in a GIS to examine changes occurred in vegetation cover since settlement in two major valleys, the Coquille and Tillamook, in the region. I used existing historical vegetation maps of the two valleys and collected historical vegetation data from the General Land Office (GLO) survey records. I characterized current vegetation conditions using an unsupervised classification of satellite images. Historically, the Coquille Valley was dominated by hardwood trees and the Tillamook was by conifers. Valley bottoms in both areas differed in vegetation from nearby uplands. Tree-covered areas have declined substantially in both valleys as a result of agriculture and development. The historical data offered reference conditions for assessment of changes in biodiversity that have occurred in these unique habitats. This thesis illustrates the benefit of using historical landscape information for better understanding of human influence on the landscape. Historical data often have many assumptions and limitations, but ecological impacts of landscape changes on native biota can be better understood by comparisons with historical conditions. Title: Disturbance and landscape history as a reference for evaluating forest management effects at a regional scale : examples from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA Author: Nonaka, Etsuko History is an invaluable source of information to understand and evaluate management influences on contemporary ecosystems and landscapes. The first two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) explored the concept of historical range of variability (HRV) in landscape structure and stand structure using a stochastic fire simulation model to simulate presettlement (before 1850) landscapes of the Oregon Coast Range. HRV has been defined as the bounded variability of a system within constraints imposed by larger-scale phenomena (e.g. climate, topography) and without significant modern human influence. HRV of landscapes has been proposed as a guide for biodiversity conservation in the past decade. In Chapter 2, I estimated HRV of a regional landscape and evaluated the similarity of current and alternative future landscapes under two land management scenarios to the conditions within the HRV. The simulation results indicated that historical landscapes of the region were dynamic, composed of patches of various sizes and age classes ranging from 0 to> 800 years as well as numerous small unburned island patches. The current landscape was outside the HRV. The landscape did not return to the HRV in 100 years under either scenario largely because of lack of old-growth forests and overabundance of young forests. This study showed that the HRV can provide a reference condition for concrete, quantitative evaluations of landscape conditions and alternative management scenarios if sufficient data exist for estimating HRV. Departure from HRV can serve as an indicator of landscape conditions, but results depend on scale and quantification of landscape heterogeneity. In Chapter 3, I investigated the HRV in live and dead biomass and examined variability in disturbance history and forest stand development. I calculated biomass as a function of disturbance history. The HRV of live and dead wood biomass distributions revealed that the majority of the landscape historically contained > 500 Mg/ha of live wood and 50-200 Mg/ha of dead wood. The current dead wood condition is outside HRV. There was a wide variation in dead wood biomass because of variations in disturbance history. This study suggests that natural disturbance regimes and stand development are characterized by much larger variation than is typically portrayed or appreciated. The HRV approaches to evaluating landscape conditions need to include both landscape and stand characteristics to better represent ecological differences between managed and unmanaged landscapes. In Chapter 4, I used remotely sensed data and historical vegetation data in a GIS to examine changes occurred in vegetation cover since settlement in two major valleys, the Coquille and Tillamook, in the region. I used existing historical vegetation maps of the two valleys and collected historical vegetation data from the General Land Office (GLO) survey records. I characterized current vegetation conditions using an unsupervised classification of satellite images. Historically, the Coquille Valley was dominated by hardwood trees and the Tillamook was by conifers. Valley bottoms in both areas differed in vegetation from nearby uplands. Tree-covered areas have declined substantially in both valleys as a result of agriculture and development. The historical data offered reference conditions for assessment of changes in biodiversity that have occurred in these unique habitats. This thesis illustrates the benefit of using historical landscape information for better understanding of human influence on the landscape. Historical data often have many assumptions and limitations, but ecological impacts of landscape changes on native biota can be better understood by comparisons with historical conditions. Close

• 240. [Article] Citizen Science Research : A Focus on Historical Whaling Data and a Current Marine Mammal Citizen Science Project, Whale mAPP

  Citizen science work has built the foundation of much of our knowledge on regional-scale large cetacean spatial patterns through historical whaling data. Historical whaling data on sperm whales was used ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Citizen Science Research : A Focus on Historical Whaling Data and a Current Marine Mammal Citizen Science Project, Whale mAPP Author: Hann, Courtney Citizen science work has built the foundation of much of our knowledge on regional-scale large cetacean spatial patterns through historical whaling data. Historical whaling data on sperm whales was used as an example to show the type of ecological questions large-scale, long-term citizen science datasets can address. Results from the study revealed a seasonally driven association of sperm whales with shallow, presumably biologically productive, seamounts off northeastern New Zealand. Similar modeling work could be presumably accomplished with current marine mammal citizen science efforts, such as the mobile application Whale mAPP. Yet, the success of Whale mAPP is dependent on if the citizen science project is effective at recruiting volunteers, maintaining volunteers, providing an educational environment, interpreting biases apparent in the dataset, and producing data that can be used for research. Thereby, the spatial, species, and user biases associated with collected Whale mAPP data were evaluated by using home range estimates for expert and novice data, and comparing the results to previous marine mammal studies. Results suggest that both expert and novice users’ had greater survey effort near towns, the recruitment center, and common travel routes. Species bias was found to be different between marine mammal ecological distribution groups, requiring varying sample sizes to accurately predict their home ranges. Furthermore, two surveys were used to evaluate if the educational components added to Whale mAPP achieved various informal education goals. Surveys were also used to interpret user perception and motivation for participating, and suggested revisions for the citizen science project. Overall, volunteers were motivated to participate based on pre-existing interests in marine mammals and the ocean, and enjoyed the added educational components. Yet, these added components were not enough to change users' marine mammal conservation knowledge, only to improve novice users' identification skills. The top revisions, adding detailed behavioral descriptions and allowing users to revise past sightings, are now being implemented and integrated into the new version of Whale mAPP, which will be released in January 2016. Overall, results from these studies will provide insight to future Whale mAPP development, data analyses, and can be applied broadly to other citizen science and marine mammal studies as well. Title: Citizen Science Research : A Focus on Historical Whaling Data and a Current Marine Mammal Citizen Science Project, Whale mAPP Author: Hann, Courtney Citizen science work has built the foundation of much of our knowledge on regional-scale large cetacean spatial patterns through historical whaling data. Historical whaling data on sperm whales was used as an example to show the type of ecological questions large-scale, long-term citizen science datasets can address. Results from the study revealed a seasonally driven association of sperm whales with shallow, presumably biologically productive, seamounts off northeastern New Zealand. Similar modeling work could be presumably accomplished with current marine mammal citizen science efforts, such as the mobile application Whale mAPP. Yet, the success of Whale mAPP is dependent on if the citizen science project is effective at recruiting volunteers, maintaining volunteers, providing an educational environment, interpreting biases apparent in the dataset, and producing data that can be used for research. Thereby, the spatial, species, and user biases associated with collected Whale mAPP data were evaluated by using home range estimates for expert and novice data, and comparing the results to previous marine mammal studies. Results suggest that both expert and novice users’ had greater survey effort near towns, the recruitment center, and common travel routes. Species bias was found to be different between marine mammal ecological distribution groups, requiring varying sample sizes to accurately predict their home ranges. Furthermore, two surveys were used to evaluate if the educational components added to Whale mAPP achieved various informal education goals. Surveys were also used to interpret user perception and motivation for participating, and suggested revisions for the citizen science project. Overall, volunteers were motivated to participate based on pre-existing interests in marine mammals and the ocean, and enjoyed the added educational components. Yet, these added components were not enough to change users' marine mammal conservation knowledge, only to improve novice users' identification skills. The top revisions, adding detailed behavioral descriptions and allowing users to revise past sightings, are now being implemented and integrated into the new version of Whale mAPP, which will be released in January 2016. Overall, results from these studies will provide insight to future Whale mAPP development, data analyses, and can be applied broadly to other citizen science and marine mammal studies as well. Close

• 241. [Article] A bioeconomic analysis of altering instream flows anadromous fish production and competing demands for water in the John Day River basin, Oregon

  The growing demand for water in the arid regions of the West increases the need for optimal allocation of water among competing uses. An efficient allocation of water between instream and out-of-stream uses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A bioeconomic analysis of altering instream flows anadromous fish production and competing demands for water in the John Day River basin, Oregon Author: Johnson, Neal S. The growing demand for water in the arid regions of the West increases the need for optimal allocation of water among competing uses. An efficient allocation of water between instream and out-of-stream uses has been impeded by institutional constraints and the scarcity of information regarding instream flow benefits. The objectives of this thesis were to provide preliminary economic data on the value of instream water in "producing" recreational fishing and to examine the effect of forestry, agriculture, and livestock practices on temporal streamflow patterns and anadromous fish production. The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) sport fishery within the John Day River basin in north-central Oregon provided the setting for this research. The interdisciplinary methodology employed in estimating the marginal value of water with respect to steelhead production consisted of two tasks. The first task involved valuing a marginal change in the quality of the steelhead recreational fishery. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was selected for this purpose. Both open- and closed-ended willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions were included in a questionnaire administered to John Day River steelhead anglers during the 1986/87 steelhead fishing season. Survey data were analyzed to arrive at individual and aggregate bid functions relating WTP to expected angling success rates. Results indicate that, under current conditions, the average angler is willing to pay approximately $7.20 to catch an additional steelhead. The second task of the instream water valuation methodology was directed at deriving a streamflow/steelhead production relationship. By including variables influencing steelhead production in a Ricker stock-recruitment model, it was possible to develop a model which could be estimated using linear regression techniques. Some difficulty arose, however, with interpretation of the model due to the unavailability of cohort escapement data and the subsequent use of standing crop data. While possibly masking the true magnitude of streamflow's effect on fish production, this drawback was not deemed limiting within the general context of the interdisciplinary methodology. Results of the biological model conformed to a priori expectations. Increases in summer and winter streamflows led to increased steelhead survival, whereas higher spring flows increased mortality levels. Other results indicate that the John Day Dam was responsible for a 31.5 percent decline in the population index for the 1969-1983 period. Combining the economic and biological results into one equation yielded an estimate of the marginal value of summer instream water in "producing" recreational steelhead angling. Similar equations were developed for winter and spring flows. The marginal value of water in producing recreational steelhead fishing within the John Day basin was estimated at $0.56 per acre-foot for summer flows, $0.046 for winter flows, and -$0.075 for spring flows. By including out-of-basin benefits, these values increased to $2.26, $0.19, and -$0.30, respectively. In comparison, water's value in irrigation within the John Day basin has been estimated at between $10 to $24 per acre-foot. However, nonuse values of steelhead, as well as the increased production of other fish species (such as spring chinook salmon) were not included in the instream water values. In addition, no attempt was made at valuing instream water's contribution to boating, camping, or other benefit-producing activities. A secondary objective of this thesis was to briefly examine the possible benefits accruing to other instream and out-of-stream users due to an alteration in streamflow patterns. In addition, the impact of activities by other resource users -- namely forestry, agriculture, and livestock production --on anadromous fish production was reviewed. Improper management practices by these activities can negatively impact the aquatic and riparian ecosystems. While no firm conclusions were drawn, it appears the quality of these ecosystems, as opposed to the amount of streamflow, has the largest marginal impact on anadromous fish populations. Title: A bioeconomic analysis of altering instream flows anadromous fish production and competing demands for water in the John Day River basin, Oregon Author: Johnson, Neal S. The growing demand for water in the arid regions of the West increases the need for optimal allocation of water among competing uses. An efficient allocation of water between instream and out-of-stream uses has been impeded by institutional constraints and the scarcity of information regarding instream flow benefits. The objectives of this thesis were to provide preliminary economic data on the value of instream water in "producing" recreational fishing and to examine the effect of forestry, agriculture, and livestock practices on temporal streamflow patterns and anadromous fish production. The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) sport fishery within the John Day River basin in north-central Oregon provided the setting for this research. The interdisciplinary methodology employed in estimating the marginal value of water with respect to steelhead production consisted of two tasks. The first task involved valuing a marginal change in the quality of the steelhead recreational fishery. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was selected for this purpose. Both open- and closed-ended willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions were included in a questionnaire administered to John Day River steelhead anglers during the 1986/87 steelhead fishing season. Survey data were analyzed to arrive at individual and aggregate bid functions relating WTP to expected angling success rates. Results indicate that, under current conditions, the average angler is willing to pay approximately $7.20 to catch an additional steelhead. The second task of the instream water valuation methodology was directed at deriving a streamflow/steelhead production relationship. By including variables influencing steelhead production in a Ricker stock-recruitment model, it was possible to develop a model which could be estimated using linear regression techniques. Some difficulty arose, however, with interpretation of the model due to the unavailability of cohort escapement data and the subsequent use of standing crop data. While possibly masking the true magnitude of streamflow's effect on fish production, this drawback was not deemed limiting within the general context of the interdisciplinary methodology. Results of the biological model conformed to a priori expectations. Increases in summer and winter streamflows led to increased steelhead survival, whereas higher spring flows increased mortality levels. Other results indicate that the John Day Dam was responsible for a 31.5 percent decline in the population index for the 1969-1983 period. Combining the economic and biological results into one equation yielded an estimate of the marginal value of summer instream water in "producing" recreational steelhead angling. Similar equations were developed for winter and spring flows. The marginal value of water in producing recreational steelhead fishing within the John Day basin was estimated at $0.56 per acre-foot for summer flows, $0.046 for winter flows, and -$0.075 for spring flows. By including out-of-basin benefits, these values increased to $2.26, $0.19, and -$0.30, respectively. In comparison, water's value in irrigation within the John Day basin has been estimated at between $10 to $24 per acre-foot. However, nonuse values of steelhead, as well as the increased production of other fish species (such as spring chinook salmon) were not included in the instream water values. In addition, no attempt was made at valuing instream water's contribution to boating, camping, or other benefit-producing activities. A secondary objective of this thesis was to briefly examine the possible benefits accruing to other instream and out-of-stream users due to an alteration in streamflow patterns. In addition, the impact of activities by other resource users -- namely forestry, agriculture, and livestock production --on anadromous fish production was reviewed. Improper management practices by these activities can negatively impact the aquatic and riparian ecosystems. While no firm conclusions were drawn, it appears the quality of these ecosystems, as opposed to the amount of streamflow, has the largest marginal impact on anadromous fish populations. Close

• 242. [Article] "Style upon style": The Handmaid's Tale as a palimpsest of genres

  This thesis undertakes an examination of Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, as a layering of genres. A futuristic dystopia that imagines late twentieth-century America as having fallen ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Style upon style": The Handmaid's Tale as a palimpsest of genres Author: Boulware, Taylor J. This thesis undertakes an examination of Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, as a layering of genres. A futuristic dystopia that imagines late twentieth-century America as having fallen into neo-Puritanism and totalitarianism following widespread infertility and violence, The Handmaid’s Tale invites contemplation of various forms of fundamentalism, radicalism, and sexual politics. Atwood’s use of palimpsestic imagery to convey a layered experience of time extends to the generic complexity of The Handmaid’s Tale. Using the image of the palimpsest as the controlling metaphor, I survey the ways in which the novel can be read as an historical novel, satire, and postmodern text, exploring the ways in which the novel embodies and extends the defining characteristics of each genre. These genres share the common trait of functioning as social commentary. Thus, an examination of the novel’s layering of genres works to provide greater insights into the ways in which Atwood is interrogating the mid-1980s cultural milieu to which she was responding and from which she was writing. Title: "Style upon style": The Handmaid's Tale as a palimpsest of genres Author: Boulware, Taylor J. This thesis undertakes an examination of Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, as a layering of genres. A futuristic dystopia that imagines late twentieth-century America as having fallen into neo-Puritanism and totalitarianism following widespread infertility and violence, The Handmaid’s Tale invites contemplation of various forms of fundamentalism, radicalism, and sexual politics. Atwood’s use of palimpsestic imagery to convey a layered experience of time extends to the generic complexity of The Handmaid’s Tale. Using the image of the palimpsest as the controlling metaphor, I survey the ways in which the novel can be read as an historical novel, satire, and postmodern text, exploring the ways in which the novel embodies and extends the defining characteristics of each genre. These genres share the common trait of functioning as social commentary. Thus, an examination of the novel’s layering of genres works to provide greater insights into the ways in which Atwood is interrogating the mid-1980s cultural milieu to which she was responding and from which she was writing. Close

• 243. [Article] Economic interrelationships in a small farming area: towards an estimate of the threshold of agricultural production for sustainable farming

  This report is intended to increase the understanding of interrelationships in a small farming community. It consists of three main sections. First, it begins with an historical review of agriculture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic interrelationships in a small farming area: towards an estimate of the threshold of agricultural production for sustainable farming Author: Weber, Bruce, Rashford, Benjamin, Evonuk, Rose, Lewis, David This report is intended to increase the understanding of interrelationships in a small farming community. It consists of three main sections. First, it begins with an historical review of agriculture in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Since every agricultural region has unique components it is important to begin any modeling process with an understanding of the subject at hand. The historical review provides readers and modelers with a general understanding of the unique components of the agricultural infrastructure in the region. Section two of the report uses a survey of agricultural producers in Polk County, Oregon in order to elucidate the degree of dependence between neighboring farms. Lastly, section three contains a dynamic simulation model of agricultural land conversion in Polk County, Oregon. Title: Economic interrelationships in a small farming area: towards an estimate of the threshold of agricultural production for sustainable farming Author: Weber, Bruce, Rashford, Benjamin, Evonuk, Rose, Lewis, David This report is intended to increase the understanding of interrelationships in a small farming community. It consists of three main sections. First, it begins with an historical review of agriculture in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Since every agricultural region has unique components it is important to begin any modeling process with an understanding of the subject at hand. The historical review provides readers and modelers with a general understanding of the unique components of the agricultural infrastructure in the region. Section two of the report uses a survey of agricultural producers in Polk County, Oregon in order to elucidate the degree of dependence between neighboring farms. Lastly, section three contains a dynamic simulation model of agricultural land conversion in Polk County, Oregon. Close

• 244. [Article] Evaluation of estuarine channel conditions in Coos Bay, Oregon using side-scan sonar

  Side-scan sonar records in Oregon's Coos Bay estuary navigation channels were obtained at intervals of two to three months during the November 1974 - October 1975 time period from Coos Bay Channel Mile 11+50 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of estuarine channel conditions in Coos Bay, Oregon using side-scan sonar Author: Hartman, Gregory L. Side-scan sonar records in Oregon's Coos Bay estuary navigation channels were obtained at intervals of two to three months during the November 1974 - October 1975 time period from Coos Bay Channel Mile 11+50 to 15+20, and from a reach in the Marshfield Channel. A limited side-scan survey effort was also accomplished in the South Slough from Channel Mile 1+00 to 2+30 and in the Coos Bay main channel, from Channel Mile 2+40 to 11+50. The latter surveys were considered secondary to the prime research effort, but did provide imagery results of significance which are included in this report. A primary study task was to attempt identification of sediment types on the Coos Bay Estuary bed by side-scan survey. It was determined that objects with a diameter size of 10 centimeters or larger could be directly identifiable from side-scan imagery results. Lesser sized materials, such as sands and small shells were not directly seen on the sonographs but accurate inference through interpretation of tonal response and sonograph imagery patterns was proven to be possible. Another task was to discern deep draft vessel impacts on the estuary bed in the Coos Bay Navigation Channel from Channel Mile 12+00 to 15+20. The annual sediment turnover value attributed to vessels plying the navigation channel as interpreted by side-scan survey has been calculated to be approximately 350,000 cubic yards versus a historical annual removal of 390,000 cubic yards per year by dredging activities. A method using the side-scan equipment to establish bedload transport processes and transport values in marine waters was suggested during the study period. The method has been expanded to include calculation of a rate of sediment turnover resulting from movement of the bedload. Side-scan records were obtained immediately following pipeline maintenance dredging of the navigation channel above Channel Mile 12+00. The dredging signature left along the navigation channel and the relative rate of return of topographic bed conditions to a predredge status has been presented. Little major change in the bed sediments or topography occurred during the course of this study and has been confirmed by side-scan records. Hopper dredge activities in the upper bay were also recorded by side-scan imagery. Suggested future applications of side-scan equipment are also discussed. including the potential for an improved method of classifying estuaries. The basis for classification utilizes side-scan sonar to identify estuarine bed sediment types and the recovery rate of the bed from natural or man-made disturbances. Title: Evaluation of estuarine channel conditions in Coos Bay, Oregon using side-scan sonar Author: Hartman, Gregory L. Side-scan sonar records in Oregon's Coos Bay estuary navigation channels were obtained at intervals of two to three months during the November 1974 - October 1975 time period from Coos Bay Channel Mile 11+50 to 15+20, and from a reach in the Marshfield Channel. A limited side-scan survey effort was also accomplished in the South Slough from Channel Mile 1+00 to 2+30 and in the Coos Bay main channel, from Channel Mile 2+40 to 11+50. The latter surveys were considered secondary to the prime research effort, but did provide imagery results of significance which are included in this report. A primary study task was to attempt identification of sediment types on the Coos Bay Estuary bed by side-scan survey. It was determined that objects with a diameter size of 10 centimeters or larger could be directly identifiable from side-scan imagery results. Lesser sized materials, such as sands and small shells were not directly seen on the sonographs but accurate inference through interpretation of tonal response and sonograph imagery patterns was proven to be possible. Another task was to discern deep draft vessel impacts on the estuary bed in the Coos Bay Navigation Channel from Channel Mile 12+00 to 15+20. The annual sediment turnover value attributed to vessels plying the navigation channel as interpreted by side-scan survey has been calculated to be approximately 350,000 cubic yards versus a historical annual removal of 390,000 cubic yards per year by dredging activities. A method using the side-scan equipment to establish bedload transport processes and transport values in marine waters was suggested during the study period. The method has been expanded to include calculation of a rate of sediment turnover resulting from movement of the bedload. Side-scan records were obtained immediately following pipeline maintenance dredging of the navigation channel above Channel Mile 12+00. The dredging signature left along the navigation channel and the relative rate of return of topographic bed conditions to a predredge status has been presented. Little major change in the bed sediments or topography occurred during the course of this study and has been confirmed by side-scan records. Hopper dredge activities in the upper bay were also recorded by side-scan imagery. Suggested future applications of side-scan equipment are also discussed. including the potential for an improved method of classifying estuaries. The basis for classification utilizes side-scan sonar to identify estuarine bed sediment types and the recovery rate of the bed from natural or man-made disturbances. Close

• 245. [Article] A household hazardous waste survey of Benton County, OR

  Every year, the United States produces at least 236 million metric tons of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is defined as solid waste that can pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A household hazardous waste survey of Benton County, OR Author: McEvoy, John Every year, the United States produces at least 236 million metric tons of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is defined as solid waste that can pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment when disposed of incorrectly. Some commonly used household products, when disposed of, become hazardous waste; historically, much of this household hazardous waste (HHW) has been disposed of into systems not designed to safely handle hazardous waste. One solution to this disposal problem is providing safe disposal systems for household hazardous waste in the community. The purpose of this study was to survey the population of Benton County, OR to assess the residents' HHW disposal practices, attitudes and beliefs about HHW as an environmental health risk, and preferences for a safe disposal system. Benton County residents' awareness of the current community program for recycling used household items was also investigated. This study indicated that incorrect disposal methods were used by the majority of subjects for almost all HHW surveyed, and that for nonautomotive HHW, landfilling was the most common means of disposal. The majority of subjects in this study disposed of used motor oil and lead-acid batteries by recycling these HHW. A permanent collection site for HHW disposal was the preferred disposal option for 62% of subjects, and 100% of those subjects choosing this option said they would drive up to 5 miles to use this facility. This study indicates that the largest number of subjects preferred the option of paying a user fee for HHW disposal as a means of funding a HHW disposal system. Three-fourths of the subjects reported a high or moderate amount of concern about the contribution of HHW to pollution of surface and groundwater, and 68% of the subjects stated that they lacked confidence in the landfill to safely contain chemical wastes. Approximately one-half of the subjects recalled reading or hearing about HHW disposal in the past year, and 62% of the subjects stated that they would call their garbage disposal company for HHW disposal information. The results of this study indicate that 90% of the Benton County residents surveyed were aware of their curbside recycling program. This study suggests that Benton County residents are concerned about the possible adverse environmental health effects of incorrect HHW disposal, and supports a permanent collection site for the safe disposal of HHW, as well as increased public education, as means of reducing the risks to human health and the environment caused by incorrect HHW disposal. Title: A household hazardous waste survey of Benton County, OR Author: McEvoy, John Every year, the United States produces at least 236 million metric tons of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is defined as solid waste that can pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment when disposed of incorrectly. Some commonly used household products, when disposed of, become hazardous waste; historically, much of this household hazardous waste (HHW) has been disposed of into systems not designed to safely handle hazardous waste. One solution to this disposal problem is providing safe disposal systems for household hazardous waste in the community. The purpose of this study was to survey the population of Benton County, OR to assess the residents' HHW disposal practices, attitudes and beliefs about HHW as an environmental health risk, and preferences for a safe disposal system. Benton County residents' awareness of the current community program for recycling used household items was also investigated. This study indicated that incorrect disposal methods were used by the majority of subjects for almost all HHW surveyed, and that for nonautomotive HHW, landfilling was the most common means of disposal. The majority of subjects in this study disposed of used motor oil and lead-acid batteries by recycling these HHW. A permanent collection site for HHW disposal was the preferred disposal option for 62% of subjects, and 100% of those subjects choosing this option said they would drive up to 5 miles to use this facility. This study indicates that the largest number of subjects preferred the option of paying a user fee for HHW disposal as a means of funding a HHW disposal system. Three-fourths of the subjects reported a high or moderate amount of concern about the contribution of HHW to pollution of surface and groundwater, and 68% of the subjects stated that they lacked confidence in the landfill to safely contain chemical wastes. Approximately one-half of the subjects recalled reading or hearing about HHW disposal in the past year, and 62% of the subjects stated that they would call their garbage disposal company for HHW disposal information. The results of this study indicate that 90% of the Benton County residents surveyed were aware of their curbside recycling program. This study suggests that Benton County residents are concerned about the possible adverse environmental health effects of incorrect HHW disposal, and supports a permanent collection site for the safe disposal of HHW, as well as increased public education, as means of reducing the risks to human health and the environment caused by incorrect HHW disposal. Close

• 246. [Article] The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s

  Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Close

• 247. [Article] Real time quality control for hydrometeorological data

  This thesis investigates the feasibility of implementing a real time quality control program into a data stream of hydrometeorlogical data. The vast array of data used in the forecasting of river levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Real time quality control for hydrometeorological data Author: Kotwica, Kyle This thesis investigates the feasibility of implementing a real time quality control program into a data stream of hydrometeorlogical data. The vast array of data used in the forecasting of river levels and avalanches calls for a point of entry quality control method that is both efficient from a communications standpoint and practical given the computer resources available. The first step in this process is to find a normalization scheme to enable the direct comparison of precipitation events between different stations. The normalization scheme derived uses the climatic database of historical records. The largest set of historical records available is in the daily time frame. However, the quick response needed in this type of forecasting calls for the testing of data in a hourly format. This calls for the need to develop some sort of transformation between events of differing time scales. Once the normalization scheme is in place four tests are used to analyze the data. These tests compare the incoming data to what is expected given the climate, forecasted value, previous weather, and what is occurring at neighboring stations. The results from these four tests are composited to make a final opinion of the validity of the incoming data. The data are then assigned two descriptive parameters. These parameters quantify the sophistication of the tests performed on the data, and the believed accuracy of the data. The two scores are then taken into account to give a final broad description of the program's "opinion" as to whether the data should be rejected, questioned, screened, or verified. Generally the program performs very well. The accuracy and precision of the tests are left somewhat vague at this point. The stress in the development of this test was in the modularity and portability of the program; the testing scheme is not meant to be limited to the purpose of flood forecasting or even precipitation data. The threshold parameters, therefore, need to be set by the end user. These thresholds will be defined by the type of data as well as the purpose and accuracy of the data checking needed. Title: Real time quality control for hydrometeorological data Author: Kotwica, Kyle This thesis investigates the feasibility of implementing a real time quality control program into a data stream of hydrometeorlogical data. The vast array of data used in the forecasting of river levels and avalanches calls for a point of entry quality control method that is both efficient from a communications standpoint and practical given the computer resources available. The first step in this process is to find a normalization scheme to enable the direct comparison of precipitation events between different stations. The normalization scheme derived uses the climatic database of historical records. The largest set of historical records available is in the daily time frame. However, the quick response needed in this type of forecasting calls for the testing of data in a hourly format. This calls for the need to develop some sort of transformation between events of differing time scales. Once the normalization scheme is in place four tests are used to analyze the data. These tests compare the incoming data to what is expected given the climate, forecasted value, previous weather, and what is occurring at neighboring stations. The results from these four tests are composited to make a final opinion of the validity of the incoming data. The data are then assigned two descriptive parameters. These parameters quantify the sophistication of the tests performed on the data, and the believed accuracy of the data. The two scores are then taken into account to give a final broad description of the program's "opinion" as to whether the data should be rejected, questioned, screened, or verified. Generally the program performs very well. The accuracy and precision of the tests are left somewhat vague at this point. The stress in the development of this test was in the modularity and portability of the program; the testing scheme is not meant to be limited to the purpose of flood forecasting or even precipitation data. The threshold parameters, therefore, need to be set by the end user. These thresholds will be defined by the type of data as well as the purpose and accuracy of the data checking needed. Close

• 248. [Article] Sediment Transport Modeling and Implications for Benthic Primary Producers in Oak Creek, OR

  The spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport processes in Oak Creek, OR was investigated and used to explore two study questions: 1) How do sediment transport processes influence benthic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment Transport Modeling and Implications for Benthic Primary Producers in Oak Creek, OR Author: Katz, Scott B. The spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport processes in Oak Creek, OR was investigated and used to explore two study questions: 1) How do sediment transport processes influence benthic algal communities?, and 2) Can fluvial-hydraulic models make accurate predictions of bed load transport rates? Our study was conducted in a 96 m reach of Oak Creek, OR – a small gravel bed stream in the Oregon Coast range. The study site is located in the same reach that was used to collect the historic Oak Creek bed load dataset of Milhous [1973]. To answer study question 1 we characterized the variability in sediment transport for a series of eight high flow events ranging from 0.64-3.4 m³/s using modeled shear stress (τ) from a field calibrated, high resolution (<0.1 m²) 2- dimensional hydrodynamic model (FaSTMECH) coupled with detailed measurements of the channel substrate. The stream bed was then categorized into regions of high and low disturbance based on potential mobility of the median grain size using a Shield’s stress approach. High resolution (<0.25m²), in-situ measurements benthic Chlorophyll-a (used as a metric of benthic algal production) were taken before and after high flow events in regions of contrasting disturbance to understand how benthic algal communities respond to sediment transport disturbance through both space and time. Growth factors including temperature, light, and nutrients were also measured. There was high spatial and temporal variability in both sediment transport and benthic Chl-a throughout the study period. We found significant differences (p<0.05) in benthic Chl-a concentrations between regions of high and low disturbance in half of the sampling events. The influence of sediment transport on benthic Chl-a was dependent on both the bed mobility and pre-disturbance Chl-a concentrations. There were also differences in benthic algal recovery rates in regions of contrasting disturbance following high flow events. The relationship between τ and Chl-a was highly variable, however the 95th percentile quantile regression of Chl-a was consistent with the bell-curve shape of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis for 10/18 sampling events. This study shows that sediment transport processes do influence benthic algal growth dynamics however the magnitude of that influence is also dependent on pre-disturbance productivity. To answer study question 2 we made contemporary bed load measurements during 5 flow events ranging from 0.24 bankfull (Q[subscript bf]) to 0.52 Q[subscript bf] using a Helly-Smith bed load sampler in order to confirm the stability of sediment transport dynamics in Oak Creek. The contemporary measurements were consistent with the historical dataset for total load however, they had a finer grain size distribution (GSD). A 2- dimensional (2-D) hydrodynamic model (FaSTMECH) was used to calculate spatial distributions of τ for 5 flow levels ranging from 0.2 Qbf to Qbf (0.64-3.4 m³/s). Results indicate that τ is highly variable within the study reach and that mean normalized τ distributions are remarkably similar between flow levels. The τ distributions were then discretized and used to calculate bed load using surface and subsurface transport equations, and compared against the historical dataset for accuracy. Modeled bed load was consistently larger and coarser than the historical samples. Areas of τ greater than 2 times the mean comprised <2.5% of the bed and were responsible for transporting >32% of the bed load. We hypothesize that the inconsistency in our estimates may be due to combining 2-D τ with a reach averaged reference shields stress (τr*) value which may have caused such high transport rates from a small portion of the bed. Scaling τr* with τ throughout a reach may provide the basis for future work to incorporate spatially variable τ into commonly used bed load transport functions. Title: Sediment Transport Modeling and Implications for Benthic Primary Producers in Oak Creek, OR Author: Katz, Scott B. The spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport processes in Oak Creek, OR was investigated and used to explore two study questions: 1) How do sediment transport processes influence benthic algal communities?, and 2) Can fluvial-hydraulic models make accurate predictions of bed load transport rates? Our study was conducted in a 96 m reach of Oak Creek, OR – a small gravel bed stream in the Oregon Coast range. The study site is located in the same reach that was used to collect the historic Oak Creek bed load dataset of Milhous [1973]. To answer study question 1 we characterized the variability in sediment transport for a series of eight high flow events ranging from 0.64-3.4 m³/s using modeled shear stress (τ) from a field calibrated, high resolution (<0.1 m²) 2- dimensional hydrodynamic model (FaSTMECH) coupled with detailed measurements of the channel substrate. The stream bed was then categorized into regions of high and low disturbance based on potential mobility of the median grain size using a Shield’s stress approach. High resolution (<0.25m²), in-situ measurements benthic Chlorophyll-a (used as a metric of benthic algal production) were taken before and after high flow events in regions of contrasting disturbance to understand how benthic algal communities respond to sediment transport disturbance through both space and time. Growth factors including temperature, light, and nutrients were also measured. There was high spatial and temporal variability in both sediment transport and benthic Chl-a throughout the study period. We found significant differences (p<0.05) in benthic Chl-a concentrations between regions of high and low disturbance in half of the sampling events. The influence of sediment transport on benthic Chl-a was dependent on both the bed mobility and pre-disturbance Chl-a concentrations. There were also differences in benthic algal recovery rates in regions of contrasting disturbance following high flow events. The relationship between τ and Chl-a was highly variable, however the 95th percentile quantile regression of Chl-a was consistent with the bell-curve shape of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis for 10/18 sampling events. This study shows that sediment transport processes do influence benthic algal growth dynamics however the magnitude of that influence is also dependent on pre-disturbance productivity. To answer study question 2 we made contemporary bed load measurements during 5 flow events ranging from 0.24 bankfull (Q[subscript bf]) to 0.52 Q[subscript bf] using a Helly-Smith bed load sampler in order to confirm the stability of sediment transport dynamics in Oak Creek. The contemporary measurements were consistent with the historical dataset for total load however, they had a finer grain size distribution (GSD). A 2- dimensional (2-D) hydrodynamic model (FaSTMECH) was used to calculate spatial distributions of τ for 5 flow levels ranging from 0.2 Qbf to Qbf (0.64-3.4 m³/s). Results indicate that τ is highly variable within the study reach and that mean normalized τ distributions are remarkably similar between flow levels. The τ distributions were then discretized and used to calculate bed load using surface and subsurface transport equations, and compared against the historical dataset for accuracy. Modeled bed load was consistently larger and coarser than the historical samples. Areas of τ greater than 2 times the mean comprised <2.5% of the bed and were responsible for transporting >32% of the bed load. We hypothesize that the inconsistency in our estimates may be due to combining 2-D τ with a reach averaged reference shields stress (τr*) value which may have caused such high transport rates from a small portion of the bed. Scaling τr* with τ throughout a reach may provide the basis for future work to incorporate spatially variable τ into commonly used bed load transport functions. Close

• 249. [Article] Spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival of Pacific lampreys in the South Fork Coquille River, Oregon

  Recently, there has been concern over the decline of the Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, in the northwestern United States. However, effective management has been impeded by data gaps in basic biology, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival of Pacific lampreys in the South Fork Coquille River, Oregon Author: Brumo, Abel F. Recently, there has been concern over the decline of the Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, in the northwestern United States. However, effective management has been impeded by data gaps in basic biology, especially in the early life stages. Consequently, in 2004 and 2005 I examined reproductive ecology, larval recruitment, and lamprey monitoring methods in the South Fork Coquille River, a coastal Oregon stream. In Chapter 2 I monitored spawning populations at large (9.2 km) and small (focal area) scales. Relationships between adult counts at the two spatial scales and adult and redd counts at the large scale were analyzed. Weekly adult, redd, and carcass counts and tagging were also used to describe spawning and residence times, movement, size, and sex of mature adults. Large-scale adult and redd counts were highly correlated (2004, r2 = 0.867; P = 0.0069; 2005, r2 = 0.877; P = 0.0002); as were large-scale and focal area adult counts over both years combined (r2 = 0.690, P = 0.0001) and in 2004 (r2 = 0.753, P = 0.0250), but not in 2005 when densities were much lower (r2 = 0.065, P = 0.5069). Average residence time in spawning areas was less than a week for males and shorter for females, since >90% of recaptured fish were male. Two-thirds of dead fish (2:1) were male, versus only one-half of live fish (1:1), indicating additional sex-specific differences in postspawning behavior. No seasonal or spatial patterns in sex ratio or adult length were detected. Both adult and redd counts have inherent errors related to observer variability, movement during surveys, night spawning, and variable visibility due to weather and flow. To make adult and redd counts more useful for population monitoring their errors need to be better quantified and their relevance to life-cycle dynamics better understood. In Chapter 3 I monitored intra-annual cohorts of spawning adults and emergent larvae at a single spawning area to examine annual and seasonal patterns of spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival. In 2004 spawning occurred from April 6–June 3 (59 d) and larval emergence occurred from May 6–June 28 (54 d). In 2005 both spawning and emergence were later and more protracted, from April 25–July 3 (70 d) and May 15–July 25 (71 d), respectively. Over both years, larval recruitment was highly variable and only marginally correlated with spawning stock (r2 = 0.149, P = 0.0512). Survival until larval emergence was significantly related to spawning stock size, discharge during spawning, and their interaction. Survival generally declined with increasing spawning stock and decreasing discharge, both apparently related to negative density-dependent effects, which resulted in highly variable early life survival. For example, in April 2004, 65% of larvae were produced by 28% of spawners, while in May, 35% of larvae were produced by 70% of spawners. Egg predation by speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus, increased with temperature, but contrary to expectations, had no detectable effect on survival until emergence. This study provided justification for a multi-life stage approach to monitoring Pacific lamprey populations and understanding their dynamics. Application of this approach can provide insight into density-dependent survival and the roles of biotic and abiotic factors in larval production. Applied to the South Fork Coquille, Pacific lamprey larval production appeared to have an upper limit related, in part, to spawner density. Title: Spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival of Pacific lampreys in the South Fork Coquille River, Oregon Author: Brumo, Abel F. Recently, there has been concern over the decline of the Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, in the northwestern United States. However, effective management has been impeded by data gaps in basic biology, especially in the early life stages. Consequently, in 2004 and 2005 I examined reproductive ecology, larval recruitment, and lamprey monitoring methods in the South Fork Coquille River, a coastal Oregon stream. In Chapter 2 I monitored spawning populations at large (9.2 km) and small (focal area) scales. Relationships between adult counts at the two spatial scales and adult and redd counts at the large scale were analyzed. Weekly adult, redd, and carcass counts and tagging were also used to describe spawning and residence times, movement, size, and sex of mature adults. Large-scale adult and redd counts were highly correlated (2004, r2 = 0.867; P = 0.0069; 2005, r2 = 0.877; P = 0.0002); as were large-scale and focal area adult counts over both years combined (r2 = 0.690, P = 0.0001) and in 2004 (r2 = 0.753, P = 0.0250), but not in 2005 when densities were much lower (r2 = 0.065, P = 0.5069). Average residence time in spawning areas was less than a week for males and shorter for females, since >90% of recaptured fish were male. Two-thirds of dead fish (2:1) were male, versus only one-half of live fish (1:1), indicating additional sex-specific differences in postspawning behavior. No seasonal or spatial patterns in sex ratio or adult length were detected. Both adult and redd counts have inherent errors related to observer variability, movement during surveys, night spawning, and variable visibility due to weather and flow. To make adult and redd counts more useful for population monitoring their errors need to be better quantified and their relevance to life-cycle dynamics better understood. In Chapter 3 I monitored intra-annual cohorts of spawning adults and emergent larvae at a single spawning area to examine annual and seasonal patterns of spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival. In 2004 spawning occurred from April 6–June 3 (59 d) and larval emergence occurred from May 6–June 28 (54 d). In 2005 both spawning and emergence were later and more protracted, from April 25–July 3 (70 d) and May 15–July 25 (71 d), respectively. Over both years, larval recruitment was highly variable and only marginally correlated with spawning stock (r2 = 0.149, P = 0.0512). Survival until larval emergence was significantly related to spawning stock size, discharge during spawning, and their interaction. Survival generally declined with increasing spawning stock and decreasing discharge, both apparently related to negative density-dependent effects, which resulted in highly variable early life survival. For example, in April 2004, 65% of larvae were produced by 28% of spawners, while in May, 35% of larvae were produced by 70% of spawners. Egg predation by speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus, increased with temperature, but contrary to expectations, had no detectable effect on survival until emergence. This study provided justification for a multi-life stage approach to monitoring Pacific lamprey populations and understanding their dynamics. Application of this approach can provide insight into density-dependent survival and the roles of biotic and abiotic factors in larval production. Applied to the South Fork Coquille, Pacific lamprey larval production appeared to have an upper limit related, in part, to spawner density. Close

• 250. [Article] Development of a land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) model for forestry in Lane County, Oregon

  A Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) Model was developed for the forested soils of Lane County, in western Oregon, based on soil potential ratings and indexes of parcel size and adjacent and surrounding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) model for forestry in Lane County, Oregon Author: Pepi, Joseph A. A Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) Model was developed for the forested soils of Lane County, in western Oregon, based on soil potential ratings and indexes of parcel size and adjacent and surrounding land use conflict. Lane County's economy is heavily dependent on resource production uses of land for forestry. At the same time, population growth around metropolitan areas creates pressure to convert rural land from large resource use parcels to smaller rural residential parcels. Planning for future allocation of land among competing uses promoted the county to develop an objective method for determining the relative quality of any parcel of land for forestry. Parcels of lower quality could then be considered for conversion to rural residential uses. LESA was developed by the SCS for use by state and local governments as an objective method of evaluating the resource production quality of land for planning purposes. Land evaluation (LE) measures the relative suitability of the soils of a given parcel for forestry. Site Assessment (SA) measures the relative suitability of the setting in which the parcel occurs. The soil potential ratings (SPR's) were developed from soil map unit characteristics defined in the Soil Survey of the Lane County Area. SPR's are indexes of the net return to soil management for forestry. Each soil is assigned an expected output, or yield, to soil management for forestry using a computer model called DFSIM. Management practices required to achieve that yield also are specified. Monetary values are determined for both yields and management practices, and the difference between price received and total costs is a measure of soil potential. The soil having the highest net return to soil management is assigned an arbitrary value of 100 points. All other soils are rated by expressing their net return as a percent of the maximum. Management practices in each of four categories - site preparation and stand establishment, thinning, harvest, and road construction and maintenance - were prescribed, and their costs determined, based on their interactions with soil slope, erodibility, depth, bedrock hardness, and coarse fragment content. Land evaluation was completed by overlaying a soil map of the land parcel of interest, determining the fractional amount of each soil present, and multiplying that amount by the corresponding soil potential rating. The sum of all the products is a weighted average soil potential rating for a parcel. Development of the Site Assessment (SA) portion of the model was guided by a technical committee of forest management professionals and land use specialists. The committee chose the factors that were considered important in site assessment and how much weight to give to each factor. For this LESA model, two factors were identified: compatibility with other land uses, and parcel size. The concept of compatibility implies that large scale forestry uses are compatible with each other but are not compatible with small scale residential uses. Generally, the more non-resource related dwellings in forestry areas, the greater the potential conflict due to noise, chemical spraying, dust, smoke, and vandalism. Two empirical formulas were developed to measure compatibility effects. One accounts for the number and density of non-compatible parcels adjacent to the parcel of interest. The other measures the density of non-compatible parcels within a specified distance of the target parcel, which was 1/2 mile. Parcel size implies that large parcels are more suitable for resource uses than small ones, and that parcels surrounded by a few large parcels are more favorable than parcels surrounded by many small parcels. An empirical formula was derived to measure these effects. Optimum parcel sizes depended on slope, parcel shape, and the number of streams running through the parcel. The final step in the LESA model development was to specify a total point value, and to decide on the proportion of that total that would go to each of the factors, soils, compatibility, and parcel size. In previous LESA models the point total has been 300. This total was allocated to each of the factors as follows: soils 105, adjacent use 75, surrounding use 45, and parcel size 75. Validation is a critical part of the development of a LESA model, and it is done by applying the LESA criteria to several parcels that represent a range of soil resource quality, sizes, and land use settings. Each parcel must then be examined in the field by the LESA development committee. Field examination is essential in order to make needed adjustments in empirical formulas. Through the repeating of this validation process, the model is fine tuned and its accuracy for planning purposes is validated. LESA scores can be used to distinguish between primary and secondary land resources. Primary resource lands are sufficiently valuable for forest uses that land use controls are justified to prevent the introduction of non-resource development. Secondary resource land is of lesser quality and is a more appropriate site for smaller scale resource uses and certain non-resource uses. Information from the test parcels was used to set primary/secondary thresholds for each factor and to develop empirical criteria for classifying each parcel. Title: Development of a land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) model for forestry in Lane County, Oregon Author: Pepi, Joseph A. A Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) Model was developed for the forested soils of Lane County, in western Oregon, based on soil potential ratings and indexes of parcel size and adjacent and surrounding land use conflict. Lane County's economy is heavily dependent on resource production uses of land for forestry. At the same time, population growth around metropolitan areas creates pressure to convert rural land from large resource use parcels to smaller rural residential parcels. Planning for future allocation of land among competing uses promoted the county to develop an objective method for determining the relative quality of any parcel of land for forestry. Parcels of lower quality could then be considered for conversion to rural residential uses. LESA was developed by the SCS for use by state and local governments as an objective method of evaluating the resource production quality of land for planning purposes. Land evaluation (LE) measures the relative suitability of the soils of a given parcel for forestry. Site Assessment (SA) measures the relative suitability of the setting in which the parcel occurs. The soil potential ratings (SPR's) were developed from soil map unit characteristics defined in the Soil Survey of the Lane County Area. SPR's are indexes of the net return to soil management for forestry. Each soil is assigned an expected output, or yield, to soil management for forestry using a computer model called DFSIM. Management practices required to achieve that yield also are specified. Monetary values are determined for both yields and management practices, and the difference between price received and total costs is a measure of soil potential. The soil having the highest net return to soil management is assigned an arbitrary value of 100 points. All other soils are rated by expressing their net return as a percent of the maximum. Management practices in each of four categories - site preparation and stand establishment, thinning, harvest, and road construction and maintenance - were prescribed, and their costs determined, based on their interactions with soil slope, erodibility, depth, bedrock hardness, and coarse fragment content. Land evaluation was completed by overlaying a soil map of the land parcel of interest, determining the fractional amount of each soil present, and multiplying that amount by the corresponding soil potential rating. The sum of all the products is a weighted average soil potential rating for a parcel. Development of the Site Assessment (SA) portion of the model was guided by a technical committee of forest management professionals and land use specialists. The committee chose the factors that were considered important in site assessment and how much weight to give to each factor. For this LESA model, two factors were identified: compatibility with other land uses, and parcel size. The concept of compatibility implies that large scale forestry uses are compatible with each other but are not compatible with small scale residential uses. Generally, the more non-resource related dwellings in forestry areas, the greater the potential conflict due to noise, chemical spraying, dust, smoke, and vandalism. Two empirical formulas were developed to measure compatibility effects. One accounts for the number and density of non-compatible parcels adjacent to the parcel of interest. The other measures the density of non-compatible parcels within a specified distance of the target parcel, which was 1/2 mile. Parcel size implies that large parcels are more suitable for resource uses than small ones, and that parcels surrounded by a few large parcels are more favorable than parcels surrounded by many small parcels. An empirical formula was derived to measure these effects. Optimum parcel sizes depended on slope, parcel shape, and the number of streams running through the parcel. The final step in the LESA model development was to specify a total point value, and to decide on the proportion of that total that would go to each of the factors, soils, compatibility, and parcel size. In previous LESA models the point total has been 300. This total was allocated to each of the factors as follows: soils 105, adjacent use 75, surrounding use 45, and parcel size 75. Validation is a critical part of the development of a LESA model, and it is done by applying the LESA criteria to several parcels that represent a range of soil resource quality, sizes, and land use settings. Each parcel must then be examined in the field by the LESA development committee. Field examination is essential in order to make needed adjustments in empirical formulas. Through the repeating of this validation process, the model is fine tuned and its accuracy for planning purposes is validated. LESA scores can be used to distinguish between primary and secondary land resources. Primary resource lands are sufficiently valuable for forest uses that land use controls are justified to prevent the introduction of non-resource development. Secondary resource land is of lesser quality and is a more appropriate site for smaller scale resource uses and certain non-resource uses. Information from the test parcels was used to set primary/secondary thresholds for each factor and to develop empirical criteria for classifying each parcel. Close