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• 81. [Article] Major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations in the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon, 1996

  This report presents the concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water and bottom sediments collected in the four-tributaries during the low-flow condition of September 9-13, 1996. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations in the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon, 1996 Author: Rinella, Frank A., Douglas County (Or.), United States. Forest Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report presents the concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water and bottom sediments collected in the four-tributaries during the low-flow condition of September 9-13, 1996. Stream-water chemistry results are contrasted, and trace-element concentrations compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic aquatic life toxicity criteria. Bottom -sediment trace-element results also are constrasted and compared with concentrations considered to be enriched in streams of the nearby Willamette River Basin and to interim Canadian threshold effect level (TEL) concentrations established for the protection of aquatic life. Title: Major-ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations in the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon, 1996 Author: Rinella, Frank A., Douglas County (Or.), United States. Forest Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report presents the concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water and bottom sediments collected in the four-tributaries during the low-flow condition of September 9-13, 1996. Stream-water chemistry results are contrasted, and trace-element concentrations compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic aquatic life toxicity criteria. Bottom -sediment trace-element results also are constrasted and compared with concentrations considered to be enriched in streams of the nearby Willamette River Basin and to interim Canadian threshold effect level (TEL) concentrations established for the protection of aquatic life. Close

• 82. [Article] Continental-Scale Increase in Lake and Stream Phosphorus: Are Oligotrophic Systems Disappearing in the United States?

  This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continental-Scale Increase in Lake and Stream Phosphorus: Are Oligotrophic Systems Disappearing in the United States? Author: Mitchell, Richard, Paulsen, Steven, Herlihy, Alan T., Pollard, Amina I., Brahney, Janice, Van Sickle, John, Peck, David V., Stoddard, John L. This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Title: Continental-Scale Increase in Lake and Stream Phosphorus: Are Oligotrophic Systems Disappearing in the United States? Author: Mitchell, Richard, Paulsen, Steven, Herlihy, Alan T., Pollard, Amina I., Brahney, Janice, Van Sickle, John, Peck, David V., Stoddard, John L. This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes. Close

• 83. [Article] Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments

  The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments Author: DeHart, Douglas Alan The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon, were surveyed to evaluate the nature of thermal stress encountered in the small cold water stream environment. Resistance to constant temperature was determined experimentally by measuring time to death at fixed levels. R. osculus and C. perplexus were found to be more resistant to elevated temperatures than O. kisutch. For fish acclimated to 20° C the incipient lethal level was found to be 25° C for C. perplexus, and 29.5° C for R. osculus. An apparatus was constructed to simulate the diel temperature regime observed in the study streams. The resistance of the three species to dielly fluctuating temperature was explored. The portion of the time temperature curve above the incipient lethal level was determined to be the critical region in relation to thermal resistance. Evidence was found for accumulation of thermal effects over periods of several days. Median resistance of O. kisutch exposed to 6 hours over their incipient lethal temperature per diel cycle with a diel maximum of 27° C was 1.5 cycles. A method of predicting resistance to cyclic exposures to elevated temperature was developed. Implications of the nature of thermal resistance in the temperature regime in small streams are discussed. Title: Resistance of three freshwater fishes to fluctuating thermal environments Author: DeHart, Douglas Alan The resistance to elevated temperatures of three species of freshwater fishes, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus, and Cottus perplexus was studied. Rock Creek and Greasy Creek, Benton County, Oregon, were surveyed to evaluate the nature of thermal stress encountered in the small cold water stream environment. Resistance to constant temperature was determined experimentally by measuring time to death at fixed levels. R. osculus and C. perplexus were found to be more resistant to elevated temperatures than O. kisutch. For fish acclimated to 20° C the incipient lethal level was found to be 25° C for C. perplexus, and 29.5° C for R. osculus. An apparatus was constructed to simulate the diel temperature regime observed in the study streams. The resistance of the three species to dielly fluctuating temperature was explored. The portion of the time temperature curve above the incipient lethal level was determined to be the critical region in relation to thermal resistance. Evidence was found for accumulation of thermal effects over periods of several days. Median resistance of O. kisutch exposed to 6 hours over their incipient lethal temperature per diel cycle with a diel maximum of 27° C was 1.5 cycles. A method of predicting resistance to cyclic exposures to elevated temperature was developed. Implications of the nature of thermal resistance in the temperature regime in small streams are discussed. Close

• 84. [Article] Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_pub...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Title: Occurrence of preservative-treated wood in a wood recovery center in Western Oregon Author: Morrell, Jeffrey J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Forest Products Society and can be found at: http://www.forestprod.org/buy_publications/forest_products_journal.php. Close

• 85. [Article] Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon

  This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Title: Stream channel stability and sensitivity to landscape history and land use changes in Kelley Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Murphy, Yarrow M. This study examines stream channel erosion processes in a small urbanizing watershed influenced by deposits of the Columbia Basin catastrophic floods: Kelley Creek, a 12-km² tributary of Johnson Creek, located just east of Portland, Oregon. Information on landscape history, stream channels, and sediment dynamics was compiled. The effects of future land use changes on stream channel response were projected. The likely effects of engineered solutions (stormwater management detention or infiltration facilities) are compared to land-use controls in mitigating the impact of future development on channel erosion. The geology of Kelley Creek is shaped by volcanic processes and Missoula floods, leading to fine-textured soils and streambeds that are susceptible to erosion. Headwaters are buttes of the Boring Lava formation overlain by Springwater Formation mudflow deposits. Alluvial silts deposited during late Pleistocene catastrophic floods mantle the low-relief valley floor. Land use in Kelley Creek transitioned from forestry to agriculture in the 20th century, and more recently to urban expansion, increasing concerns of watershed managers about effects of development on sediment dynamics. Since 1930, land use on the valley floor of Kelley Creek has been dominated by nursery and berry agricultural production. Forested headwaters have been impacted by roads, culverts, and timber harvest. Seven percent of watershed area is currently impervious, with housing and commercial uses projected to increase following the incorporation of Kelley Creek into Portland's metropolitan urban growth boundary. Field surveys and engineering calculations were used to estimate sediment transport under current and future conditions in the watershed. Cross sectional geometry, slope and sediment size distributions were obtained from 15 locations in first to second-order channels in the watershed, and data were analyzed with sediment transport equations to simulate annual sediment transport rates given current and post-development flow patterns. Results indicate that the stream channel is most sensitive to altered discharge patterns where gravel-sized (D₅₀ > 10 mm) sediments currently are mobilized during annual peak events. In locations where fine (D₅₀ < 5 mm) particles dominate the stream bed, particles mobilize throughout the year and changes in discharge patterns do not increase the duration of transport or overall bedload yields. Because most of the sensitive locations with gravel sediments are located within or near the forested headwaters, preserving these headwater forests will protect sensitive stream channels as effectively as engineered stormwater retention or infiltration approaches. Kelley Creek's stream channel is still adjusting to recent mudflows and catastrophic floods, which provided abundant supplies of fine, erodible materials. Allowing this adjustment to continue without accelerating erosion in the face of rapid urban development poses an unusual challenge for managing geomorphic processes. Close

• 86. [Article] A preliminary survey of the influences of controlled logging on a trout stream in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A preliminary survey of the influences of controlled logging on a trout stream in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Wustenberg, Donald William Title: A preliminary survey of the influences of controlled logging on a trout stream in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Author: Wustenberg, Donald William Close

• 87. [Article] Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore browsing

  The research on which this report is based was financed in part by the United States Department of the Interior as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-467).

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore browsing Author: Oregon State University. Dept. of Rangeland Resources, Buckhouse, John C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Geological Survey (U.S.) The research on which this report is based was financed in part by the United States Department of the Interior as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-467). Title: Riparian shrubby vegetation protection against herbivore browsing Author: Oregon State University. Dept. of Rangeland Resources, Buckhouse, John C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Geological Survey (U.S.) The research on which this report is based was financed in part by the United States Department of the Interior as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-467). Close

• 88. [Article] List of streams classified as impaired waters by the State of Oregon under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act

  This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: List of streams classified as impaired waters by the State of Oregon under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act Author: Deparment of Environmental Quality, State of Oregon, Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Title: List of streams classified as impaired waters by the State of Oregon under Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act Author: Deparment of Environmental Quality, State of Oregon, Thomas, Samuel, Oregon State University This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for, or be suitable for legal, engineering, or surveying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to verify the purpose and limitations. The data is provided as-is, without warranty. Close

• 89. [Article] The effect of the size and orientation of large wood on pool volume in two Oregon Coast Range streams

  This study was conducted to determine how the size and orientation of large wood placed in streams in combination with peak flows, substrate and channel gradient affect pool volume, surface area and maximum ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of the size and orientation of large wood on pool volume in two Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Lombard, Pamela This study was conducted to determine how the size and orientation of large wood placed in streams in combination with peak flows, substrate and channel gradient affect pool volume, surface area and maximum depth in two coastal Oregon streams. Eighteen Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) logs were placed in each of two streams, J-Line Creek and Preacher Creek, in the summer of 1989. Surveys were conducted annually from 1989-1996 at summer low flow using a total station electronic theodolite. The orientation of the introduced wood and the parameters of residual pools associated with the wood were determined from high resolution topographic maps made from the surveys. Residual pool volume associated with the introduced wood increased 2,500 percent over the seven years for J-Line Creek and 30 percent for Preacher Creek. Large spanners, logs placed perpendicular to the stream flow and flush with the stream bottom, had the greatest pool volume associated with them, however horizontal orientations shifted downstream over time. Large ramps, logs placed at a downstream orientation and angled up onto the bank, were the most stable treatment. Differences between the two watersheds and an interaction variable between the diameter of the introduced wood and the horizontal orientation of the introduced wood were the significant variables which entered the multiple linear regression model for residual pool volume. These variables, as well as the vertical orientation of the introduced wood, were significantly correlated to both residual pool surface area and maximum depth. The recurrence interval of the annual maximum instantaneous peak flow was not significantly associated with residual pool volume, surface area nor maximum depth. Multiple regression models explained, at most, twenty-eight percent of the variability in residual pool volume, maximum depth and surface area. Estimates of pool volume obtained with aquatic habitat inventories (Bisson et al., 1982) were compared with residual pool calculations determined from the topographic maps. Pool volume in a reach determined by aquatic habitat inventories explained 96 percent of the variability of residual pool volume in a reach, however estimates of individual pool volume explained only 40 percent of the variability in residual pool volume. Title: The effect of the size and orientation of large wood on pool volume in two Oregon Coast Range streams Author: Lombard, Pamela This study was conducted to determine how the size and orientation of large wood placed in streams in combination with peak flows, substrate and channel gradient affect pool volume, surface area and maximum depth in two coastal Oregon streams. Eighteen Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) logs were placed in each of two streams, J-Line Creek and Preacher Creek, in the summer of 1989. Surveys were conducted annually from 1989-1996 at summer low flow using a total station electronic theodolite. The orientation of the introduced wood and the parameters of residual pools associated with the wood were determined from high resolution topographic maps made from the surveys. Residual pool volume associated with the introduced wood increased 2,500 percent over the seven years for J-Line Creek and 30 percent for Preacher Creek. Large spanners, logs placed perpendicular to the stream flow and flush with the stream bottom, had the greatest pool volume associated with them, however horizontal orientations shifted downstream over time. Large ramps, logs placed at a downstream orientation and angled up onto the bank, were the most stable treatment. Differences between the two watersheds and an interaction variable between the diameter of the introduced wood and the horizontal orientation of the introduced wood were the significant variables which entered the multiple linear regression model for residual pool volume. These variables, as well as the vertical orientation of the introduced wood, were significantly correlated to both residual pool surface area and maximum depth. The recurrence interval of the annual maximum instantaneous peak flow was not significantly associated with residual pool volume, surface area nor maximum depth. Multiple regression models explained, at most, twenty-eight percent of the variability in residual pool volume, maximum depth and surface area. Estimates of pool volume obtained with aquatic habitat inventories (Bisson et al., 1982) were compared with residual pool calculations determined from the topographic maps. Pool volume in a reach determined by aquatic habitat inventories explained 96 percent of the variability of residual pool volume in a reach, however estimates of individual pool volume explained only 40 percent of the variability in residual pool volume. Close

• 90. [Article] Estimating Habitat-Specific Abundances of PIT-Tagged Juvenile Salmonids Using Mobile Antennas: A Comparison with Standard Electrofishing Techniques in a Small Stream

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted the American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimating Habitat-Specific Abundances of PIT-Tagged Juvenile Salmonids Using Mobile Antennas: A Comparison with Standard Electrofishing Techniques in a Small Stream Author: Sloat, Matthew R., Baker, Peter F., Ligon, Franklin K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted the American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current. Title: Estimating Habitat-Specific Abundances of PIT-Tagged Juvenile Salmonids Using Mobile Antennas: A Comparison with Standard Electrofishing Techniques in a Small Stream Author: Sloat, Matthew R., Baker, Peter F., Ligon, Franklin K. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted the American Fisheries Society and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujfm20/current. Close

• 91. [Article] Persistence of spatial distribution patterns of coastal cutthroat trout in a Cascade mountain stream

  Previous research in South Fork Hinkle Creek suggested that coastal cutthroat trout exhibit an aggregated spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales. To evaluate the persistence of the observed abundance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Persistence of spatial distribution patterns of coastal cutthroat trout in a Cascade mountain stream Author: Novick, Marc S. Previous research in South Fork Hinkle Creek suggested that coastal cutthroat trout exhibit an aggregated spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales. To evaluate the persistence of the observed abundance patterns and identify factors that affect those patterns, half-duplex passive integrated transponders (PIT-tags) were implanted in 320 coastal cutthroat trout (> 100 mm, about age 1-plus fish) within our study sections, and in an additional 370 fish throughout the watershed. Nineteen habitat patches of high, or low relative fish abundance were delineated and monitored over a 13-month period. Seasonal habitat surveys quantified channel characteristics in each patch. Immigration and emigration were monitored using stationary and portable PIT-tag antennas along 2 km of stream, including mainstem and tributary habitats. In general, habitat patches that supported a high abundance of coastal cutthroat trout experienced less immigration and more consistent fish abundance. Mainstem study sections maintained the initial relative abundance patterns, but abundances in the tributary sections shifted during the study period. Abundances of PIT-tagged coastal cutthroat trout were consistent over time in mainstem habitats, even though some originally marked fish moved away. In tributary sections relative abundances were much more variable and few originally marked fish remained. The number of instream boulders was positively correlated with fish abundance, pool habitats, and section fidelity of individual fish in mainstem study sections. A majority (70%) of fish detected moving traveled 25 m or less during any season. The greatest number of fish moved during the spring, and the fewest during the winter. Timing of fish movements were not specifically related to high stream discharge or storm events, and fish appeared to move in proportion to the available seasonal discharge. Title: Persistence of spatial distribution patterns of coastal cutthroat trout in a Cascade mountain stream Author: Novick, Marc S. Previous research in South Fork Hinkle Creek suggested that coastal cutthroat trout exhibit an aggregated spatial pattern across multiple spatial scales. To evaluate the persistence of the observed abundance patterns and identify factors that affect those patterns, half-duplex passive integrated transponders (PIT-tags) were implanted in 320 coastal cutthroat trout (> 100 mm, about age 1-plus fish) within our study sections, and in an additional 370 fish throughout the watershed. Nineteen habitat patches of high, or low relative fish abundance were delineated and monitored over a 13-month period. Seasonal habitat surveys quantified channel characteristics in each patch. Immigration and emigration were monitored using stationary and portable PIT-tag antennas along 2 km of stream, including mainstem and tributary habitats. In general, habitat patches that supported a high abundance of coastal cutthroat trout experienced less immigration and more consistent fish abundance. Mainstem study sections maintained the initial relative abundance patterns, but abundances in the tributary sections shifted during the study period. Abundances of PIT-tagged coastal cutthroat trout were consistent over time in mainstem habitats, even though some originally marked fish moved away. In tributary sections relative abundances were much more variable and few originally marked fish remained. The number of instream boulders was positively correlated with fish abundance, pool habitats, and section fidelity of individual fish in mainstem study sections. A majority (70%) of fish detected moving traveled 25 m or less during any season. The greatest number of fish moved during the spring, and the fewest during the winter. Timing of fish movements were not specifically related to high stream discharge or storm events, and fish appeared to move in proportion to the available seasonal discharge. Close

• 92. [Article] Specific indicator organisms can define the magnitude and origins of non-point pollution in rural environments

  A comprehensive study was made on the impact to surface and ground water pollution by a recently populated rural neighborhood located in the foothills of western Oregon. A stream originating in a limited ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Specific indicator organisms can define the magnitude and origins of non-point pollution in rural environments Author: Lamka, Karla Gail A comprehensive study was made on the impact to surface and ground water pollution by a recently populated rural neighborhood located in the foothills of western Oregon. A stream originating in a limited access forest and flowing through a modern zoned housing development was routinely monitored. Sampling was performed during steady state low flow and high flow conditions, and during the rising and falling hydrograph of storm events. Bacterial levels were found to be one to two log units higher in the unprotected regions of the stream compared to levels in the protected forest. To determine the source of fecal pollution in the stream, fecal streptococci were randomly picked and biotyped. It was demonstrated that sources of fecal contamination in the stream included human feces, as evidenced by the presence of S. mitis and S. salivarius during stormwater runoff. This was attributed to use of septic drain-fields in soils unsuitable for such use. Other contributors were domestic livestock and wildlife, as manifested by the isolation of S. bovis and S. equinus. To determine the effects of seasonal variation and modern zoning criteria on drinking water supplies, six surveys over a fifteen month period were conducted. More than one third of the water supplies were unsatisfactory on at least one occasion in terms of standard plate counts over 10³ /ml, the presence of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and/or Staphylococcus aureus. Coliform contamination was found to be higher following periods of rainfall, while high standard plate counts were more prevalent during warmer weather. Consumer education and a twice yearly monitoring of private water supplies appear necessary to reduce the incidence of water-borne disease organisms in private water supplies. Title: Specific indicator organisms can define the magnitude and origins of non-point pollution in rural environments Author: Lamka, Karla Gail A comprehensive study was made on the impact to surface and ground water pollution by a recently populated rural neighborhood located in the foothills of western Oregon. A stream originating in a limited access forest and flowing through a modern zoned housing development was routinely monitored. Sampling was performed during steady state low flow and high flow conditions, and during the rising and falling hydrograph of storm events. Bacterial levels were found to be one to two log units higher in the unprotected regions of the stream compared to levels in the protected forest. To determine the source of fecal pollution in the stream, fecal streptococci were randomly picked and biotyped. It was demonstrated that sources of fecal contamination in the stream included human feces, as evidenced by the presence of S. mitis and S. salivarius during stormwater runoff. This was attributed to use of septic drain-fields in soils unsuitable for such use. Other contributors were domestic livestock and wildlife, as manifested by the isolation of S. bovis and S. equinus. To determine the effects of seasonal variation and modern zoning criteria on drinking water supplies, six surveys over a fifteen month period were conducted. More than one third of the water supplies were unsatisfactory on at least one occasion in terms of standard plate counts over 10³ /ml, the presence of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and/or Staphylococcus aureus. Coliform contamination was found to be higher following periods of rainfall, while high standard plate counts were more prevalent during warmer weather. Consumer education and a twice yearly monitoring of private water supplies appear necessary to reduce the incidence of water-borne disease organisms in private water supplies. Close

• 93. [Article] Oxygen absorption in water using a multiple stage crosscurrent packed tower with and without recycle

  The performance of a multiple stage crosscurrent tower packed with Pall rings was characterized with and without a recycle loop on the gas stream. The column used 12 baffles. The absorption system studied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oxygen absorption in water using a multiple stage crosscurrent packed tower with and without recycle Author: Towle, Betsy The performance of a multiple stage crosscurrent tower packed with Pall rings was characterized with and without a recycle loop on the gas stream. The column used 12 baffles. The absorption system studied was the transfer of oxygen from an oxygen-enriched air stream into a water stream which is a relatively insoluble combination. A literature survey summarized the work done to date with crosscurrent columns. The column and associated equipment were described as well as the experimental procedure. The mass transfer data were summarized and sample calculations given. The non-recycle experiments were performed for liquid to gas flowrate ratios ranging from 15 to 25 at varying liquid flowrates. An efficiency term which compared oxygen concentration change in the liquid phase with the concentration driving force was used to evaluate the data. In terms of efficiency, two operating ranges existed in the column which agreed with earlier studies. Efficiencies were highest when the column was operated in the crosscurrent region and efficiencies increased with decreasing liquid to gas flowrate ratios. A correlation was developed between the liquid to gas flowrate ratio and the transition flowrate. The recycle experiments were performed for the recycle ratios of 0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 with varying oxygen flowrates. A term which determined the relative percentage change in the oxygen concentration of the liquid was used to evaluate the data. It was determined that using a recycle loop with the gas stream increased the performance of the column and decreased the usage of oxygen. Title: Oxygen absorption in water using a multiple stage crosscurrent packed tower with and without recycle Author: Towle, Betsy The performance of a multiple stage crosscurrent tower packed with Pall rings was characterized with and without a recycle loop on the gas stream. The column used 12 baffles. The absorption system studied was the transfer of oxygen from an oxygen-enriched air stream into a water stream which is a relatively insoluble combination. A literature survey summarized the work done to date with crosscurrent columns. The column and associated equipment were described as well as the experimental procedure. The mass transfer data were summarized and sample calculations given. The non-recycle experiments were performed for liquid to gas flowrate ratios ranging from 15 to 25 at varying liquid flowrates. An efficiency term which compared oxygen concentration change in the liquid phase with the concentration driving force was used to evaluate the data. In terms of efficiency, two operating ranges existed in the column which agreed with earlier studies. Efficiencies were highest when the column was operated in the crosscurrent region and efficiencies increased with decreasing liquid to gas flowrate ratios. A correlation was developed between the liquid to gas flowrate ratio and the transition flowrate. The recycle experiments were performed for the recycle ratios of 0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 with varying oxygen flowrates. A term which determined the relative percentage change in the oxygen concentration of the liquid was used to evaluate the data. It was determined that using a recycle loop with the gas stream increased the performance of the column and decreased the usage of oxygen. Close

• 94. [Article] Antagonistic properties of aquatic myxobacteria and pseudomonads

  Certain species of the orders Myxobacterales and Pseudo-monadales are well-known antagonists. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida have been reported to produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Antagonistic properties of aquatic myxobacteria and pseudomonads Author: Burnison, Bryan Kent Certain species of the orders Myxobacterales and Pseudo-monadales are well-known antagonists. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida have been reported to produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal substances. Among the myxobacteria there are various species which are known for their ability to produce lytic enzymes and antibiotics. Organisms from both of these groups of bacteria are known to occur in the aquatic habitat. During studies on the microbial flora of experimental streams, it was found, at times, that myxobacteria represented a significant proportion of the bacterial population. This suggested that either the environmental conditions favored the growth of these organisms specifically or that inhibiting substances were being produced by these bacteria which prevented the growth of other bacterial species. A number of non-fruiting,fresh-water myxobacterial isolates were found to produce antibiotic substances. This finding was of interest since the production of these substances by non-fruiting myxobacteria has not been previously reported. The antibiotic material had a fairly broad spectrum since it was capable of inhibiting the growth of a variety of different bacterial species. The inhibitory substance produced by one of the isolates was partially purified by ethanol precipitation. This antibiotic was found to be water soluble and heat stable. An association between P. fluorescens and certain aquatic myxobacterial isolates also was suggested from the bacteriological surveys of the experimental streams. One stream had a predominance of pseudomonads and very scant myxobacterial growth in comparison with the other five streams studied. It was therefore of interest to study the interrelationship between these two groups of bacteria. Mixed culture studies showed that myxobacterial growth was markedly inhibited by the presence of certain pseudo-monads. A crude toxic preparation was obtained from one of the pseudomonad isolates. This material was found to exert a bacteriostatic effect on certain myxobacteria. The substance was also inhibitory for Sarcina lutea and Bacillus cereus. The crude toxin was found to be heat stable, water soluble and dialysable. Title: Antagonistic properties of aquatic myxobacteria and pseudomonads Author: Burnison, Bryan Kent Certain species of the orders Myxobacterales and Pseudo-monadales are well-known antagonists. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida have been reported to produce bacteriostatic and bactericidal substances. Among the myxobacteria there are various species which are known for their ability to produce lytic enzymes and antibiotics. Organisms from both of these groups of bacteria are known to occur in the aquatic habitat. During studies on the microbial flora of experimental streams, it was found, at times, that myxobacteria represented a significant proportion of the bacterial population. This suggested that either the environmental conditions favored the growth of these organisms specifically or that inhibiting substances were being produced by these bacteria which prevented the growth of other bacterial species. A number of non-fruiting,fresh-water myxobacterial isolates were found to produce antibiotic substances. This finding was of interest since the production of these substances by non-fruiting myxobacteria has not been previously reported. The antibiotic material had a fairly broad spectrum since it was capable of inhibiting the growth of a variety of different bacterial species. The inhibitory substance produced by one of the isolates was partially purified by ethanol precipitation. This antibiotic was found to be water soluble and heat stable. An association between P. fluorescens and certain aquatic myxobacterial isolates also was suggested from the bacteriological surveys of the experimental streams. One stream had a predominance of pseudomonads and very scant myxobacterial growth in comparison with the other five streams studied. It was therefore of interest to study the interrelationship between these two groups of bacteria. Mixed culture studies showed that myxobacterial growth was markedly inhibited by the presence of certain pseudo-monads. A crude toxic preparation was obtained from one of the pseudomonad isolates. This material was found to exert a bacteriostatic effect on certain myxobacteria. The substance was also inhibitory for Sarcina lutea and Bacillus cereus. The crude toxin was found to be heat stable, water soluble and dialysable. Close

• 95. [Article] Evaluating the restoration potential of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from multiple scales of observation, Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon, USA

  As a key factor contributing to slope stability, in-stream habitat for aquatic species (e.g., salmonids), nutrient cycling, and corridors for upland species, riparian vegetation and its maintenance is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating the restoration potential of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from multiple scales of observation, Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Hines, Cynthia A. As a key factor contributing to slope stability, in-stream habitat for aquatic species (e.g., salmonids), nutrient cycling, and corridors for upland species, riparian vegetation and its maintenance is of critical conservation importance. Subsequently, the chronic degradation of aquatic and riparian ecosystems in the semi-arid and arid landscapes of the western U.S. is the focus of many recent research efforts. A study was undertaken to investigate historic and current black cottonwood populations in the Grande Ronde River Basin, northeastern Oregon, U.S.A., and evaluate restoration potential given present-day fluvial-geomorphic conditions and reproductive strategies. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), a dominant tree species in these semi-arid systems, has been severely impacted by intensive grazing, irrigation, and land conversion activities over the past one and a half centuries. With the explicit incorporation of space and time, a simple conceptual framework was developed to examine the ecological restoration potential of black cottonwood from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Restoration potential is defined in this study in terms of availability of suitable habitat and source (i.e., seedpool) for future generations. Digital analyses of aerial photographs reveal changes in the extent, numbers, and total area of cottonwood communities and habitat since 1937. Restoration potential is evaluated using historic stream flow records, stream cross-section analysis to predict current stream discharge, and DNA RAPD procedures to assess the effects of changing stream geomorphology and disturbance regimes on cottonwood reproductive strategies. Optimal spatial and temporal conditions for potential restoration locations of black cottonwood have been identified relative to channel morphology and flood events (e.g., frequency and magnitude). This multiple scale mechnistic approach is used to evaluate the feasibility of restoration efforts toward the re-establishment of viable black cottonwood riparian plant communities in two sites in the upper Grande Ronde River Basin. Title: Evaluating the restoration potential of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) from multiple scales of observation, Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon, USA Author: Hines, Cynthia A. As a key factor contributing to slope stability, in-stream habitat for aquatic species (e.g., salmonids), nutrient cycling, and corridors for upland species, riparian vegetation and its maintenance is of critical conservation importance. Subsequently, the chronic degradation of aquatic and riparian ecosystems in the semi-arid and arid landscapes of the western U.S. is the focus of many recent research efforts. A study was undertaken to investigate historic and current black cottonwood populations in the Grande Ronde River Basin, northeastern Oregon, U.S.A., and evaluate restoration potential given present-day fluvial-geomorphic conditions and reproductive strategies. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), a dominant tree species in these semi-arid systems, has been severely impacted by intensive grazing, irrigation, and land conversion activities over the past one and a half centuries. With the explicit incorporation of space and time, a simple conceptual framework was developed to examine the ecological restoration potential of black cottonwood from ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Restoration potential is defined in this study in terms of availability of suitable habitat and source (i.e., seedpool) for future generations. Digital analyses of aerial photographs reveal changes in the extent, numbers, and total area of cottonwood communities and habitat since 1937. Restoration potential is evaluated using historic stream flow records, stream cross-section analysis to predict current stream discharge, and DNA RAPD procedures to assess the effects of changing stream geomorphology and disturbance regimes on cottonwood reproductive strategies. Optimal spatial and temporal conditions for potential restoration locations of black cottonwood have been identified relative to channel morphology and flood events (e.g., frequency and magnitude). This multiple scale mechnistic approach is used to evaluate the feasibility of restoration efforts toward the re-establishment of viable black cottonwood riparian plant communities in two sites in the upper Grande Ronde River Basin. Close

• 96. [Article] Baseline stream chemistry and soil resources for the Hinkle Creek Research and Demonstration Area Project

  This research addressed the opportunity to obtain baseline data for both stream chemistry and soil resources for an intensively managed forest watershed, encompassed by the North and South Forks of Hinkle ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Baseline stream chemistry and soil resources for the Hinkle Creek Research and Demonstration Area Project Author: George, Robert Lance This research addressed the opportunity to obtain baseline data for both stream chemistry and soil resources for an intensively managed forest watershed, encompassed by the North and South Forks of Hinkle Creek Watershed Research and Demonstration Area Project near Sutherlin, Oregon. A solid representative database for both stream and soil nutrients in these forest watersheds will provide a model upon which to help gauge the effects of current and expected intensive forest management practices on industrial forest land. Eight original sampling points were described for water chemistry. In addition, samples were collected from three other locations directly below two clearcuts completed in 2001 that had subsequent intensive vegetation control measures in place. The total nutrient output in kg month [superscript -1] and kg ha [superscript -1] month [superscript -1] among the Hinkle Creek streams differed greatly due to discharge and watershed area, but their nutrient concentrations, with few exceptions, were closely related. All stream water N concentrations were low, except for some higher NO3-N concentrations for two partially treated watersheds, Clay and Beeby Creeks. DeMearsman Creek, a control, had an NO3-N + NO2-N concentration of 0.01mg L [superscript -1] in December, 2003. In contrast, a Beeby Creek tributary below a clearcut had a 1.75 mg L [superscript -1] concentration. The NO3-N concentrations increased substantially after urea fertilization of most of the Hinkle Creek basin in late October, 2004. Samples in January, 2005 showed a reversal of NO3-N + NO2-N concentrations between treatment vs. control watersheds (P < 0.02, T = 4.24). Partial clearcuts or completely forested basins both had similar nutrient concentration data, with the exception of N, especially NO3-N + NO2-N. Beeby Creek was significantly higher in NO3-N + NO2-N, with a two-sided inference (P < 0.0001, T = 6.2-6.5), than all of the other headwater streams. Clay Creek sampled above and below a clearcut showed no significant change (P = 0.272, T = 1.15). Hinkle Creek South Fork showed that the downstream effects of clearcutting, especially NO3-N + NO2-N output from smaller upstream tributaries, may transmit their effects to larger confluences downstream (P = 0.0001, T = 4.47). Newly published soil surveys from the National Resource Conservation Service and Douglas County SCS were used to set up a methodology for sampling the representative Hinkle Creek soil resources. Eight main soil types were mapped, 27 representative soil pits were dug in accordance with the location of the mapped soils, and standard soil survey descriptions were created. Soil cores were taken from different depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm). These data were used to estimate total soil C, N, P, and S resources, soil cation exchange capacity, and available base cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na). Soil N was low, with the most prevalent soil series, (Orford Gravelly Loam) having 1010 kg ha [superscript -1] (S.E. 143) in the top 15 cm. Low stream N concentration may be correlated with the low soil N content, which may limit Hinkle Creek tree production. Title: Baseline stream chemistry and soil resources for the Hinkle Creek Research and Demonstration Area Project Author: George, Robert Lance This research addressed the opportunity to obtain baseline data for both stream chemistry and soil resources for an intensively managed forest watershed, encompassed by the North and South Forks of Hinkle Creek Watershed Research and Demonstration Area Project near Sutherlin, Oregon. A solid representative database for both stream and soil nutrients in these forest watersheds will provide a model upon which to help gauge the effects of current and expected intensive forest management practices on industrial forest land. Eight original sampling points were described for water chemistry. In addition, samples were collected from three other locations directly below two clearcuts completed in 2001 that had subsequent intensive vegetation control measures in place. The total nutrient output in kg month [superscript -1] and kg ha [superscript -1] month [superscript -1] among the Hinkle Creek streams differed greatly due to discharge and watershed area, but their nutrient concentrations, with few exceptions, were closely related. All stream water N concentrations were low, except for some higher NO3-N concentrations for two partially treated watersheds, Clay and Beeby Creeks. DeMearsman Creek, a control, had an NO3-N + NO2-N concentration of 0.01mg L [superscript -1] in December, 2003. In contrast, a Beeby Creek tributary below a clearcut had a 1.75 mg L [superscript -1] concentration. The NO3-N concentrations increased substantially after urea fertilization of most of the Hinkle Creek basin in late October, 2004. Samples in January, 2005 showed a reversal of NO3-N + NO2-N concentrations between treatment vs. control watersheds (P < 0.02, T = 4.24). Partial clearcuts or completely forested basins both had similar nutrient concentration data, with the exception of N, especially NO3-N + NO2-N. Beeby Creek was significantly higher in NO3-N + NO2-N, with a two-sided inference (P < 0.0001, T = 6.2-6.5), than all of the other headwater streams. Clay Creek sampled above and below a clearcut showed no significant change (P = 0.272, T = 1.15). Hinkle Creek South Fork showed that the downstream effects of clearcutting, especially NO3-N + NO2-N output from smaller upstream tributaries, may transmit their effects to larger confluences downstream (P = 0.0001, T = 4.47). Newly published soil surveys from the National Resource Conservation Service and Douglas County SCS were used to set up a methodology for sampling the representative Hinkle Creek soil resources. Eight main soil types were mapped, 27 representative soil pits were dug in accordance with the location of the mapped soils, and standard soil survey descriptions were created. Soil cores were taken from different depths (0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm). These data were used to estimate total soil C, N, P, and S resources, soil cation exchange capacity, and available base cations (Ca, Mg, K, and Na). Soil N was low, with the most prevalent soil series, (Orford Gravelly Loam) having 1010 kg ha [superscript -1] (S.E. 143) in the top 15 cm. Low stream N concentration may be correlated with the low soil N content, which may limit Hinkle Creek tree production. Close

• 97. [Article] Drivers of variability in transpiration and implications for stream flow in forests of western Oregon

  I compared transpiration among different types of forest stands in the western Cascades of Oregon. The three major questions were: 1) How does transpiration compare between a young and old stand and why? ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drivers of variability in transpiration and implications for stream flow in forests of western Oregon Author: Moore, Georgianne W. I compared transpiration among different types of forest stands in the western Cascades of Oregon. The three major questions were: 1) How does transpiration compare between a young and old stand and why? 2) Does diversity of overstory trees affect transpiration? and 3) How is transpiration related to stream flow? Transpiration was quantified using thermal dissipation sap flow measurements scaled to a ground-area basis using sapwood surveys for periods during the summer months of 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in a subset of plots, for a full year. I found that a young, rapidly growing stand ([approximately] 40 years since disturbance) used 3.3 times more water during the growing season than an old-growth stand ([approximately] 450 years since disturbance) because the young stand had 2.3 times higher sap flow rates per unit sapwood in Douglas-fir, had a 21% greater total sapwood basal area, and had a larger component of hardwoods that use 1.41 times more water than conifers per unit sapwood. In two-species mixtures of Douglas-fir and red alder, I found evidence that mixtures are less productive and have lower annual transpiration than monocultures of these two species. The observed differences were probably due to altered biomass rather than diversity itself, but diversity likely played a role in altering biomass. Such stand age- and diversity-related differences in transpiration potentially impact stream flow. In a small watershed with a 450-yr-old forest, I examined the role of vegetation in stream flow patterns at hourly, daily, and storm scales. Transpiration apparently controlled stream flow during the summer at hourly scales with lags of at least five hours. In contrast, at daily and storm scales, soil water apparently controlled both stream flow and transpiration during the dry season, but there was no relationship during the wet season. These results indicate that forest management practices that reduce stand age and decrease diversity may lead to increased transpiration and consequently may reduce summer stream flow. Title: Drivers of variability in transpiration and implications for stream flow in forests of western Oregon Author: Moore, Georgianne W. I compared transpiration among different types of forest stands in the western Cascades of Oregon. The three major questions were: 1) How does transpiration compare between a young and old stand and why? 2) Does diversity of overstory trees affect transpiration? and 3) How is transpiration related to stream flow? Transpiration was quantified using thermal dissipation sap flow measurements scaled to a ground-area basis using sapwood surveys for periods during the summer months of 2000, 2001, and 2002, and in a subset of plots, for a full year. I found that a young, rapidly growing stand ([approximately] 40 years since disturbance) used 3.3 times more water during the growing season than an old-growth stand ([approximately] 450 years since disturbance) because the young stand had 2.3 times higher sap flow rates per unit sapwood in Douglas-fir, had a 21% greater total sapwood basal area, and had a larger component of hardwoods that use 1.41 times more water than conifers per unit sapwood. In two-species mixtures of Douglas-fir and red alder, I found evidence that mixtures are less productive and have lower annual transpiration than monocultures of these two species. The observed differences were probably due to altered biomass rather than diversity itself, but diversity likely played a role in altering biomass. Such stand age- and diversity-related differences in transpiration potentially impact stream flow. In a small watershed with a 450-yr-old forest, I examined the role of vegetation in stream flow patterns at hourly, daily, and storm scales. Transpiration apparently controlled stream flow during the summer at hourly scales with lags of at least five hours. In contrast, at daily and storm scales, soil water apparently controlled both stream flow and transpiration during the dry season, but there was no relationship during the wet season. These results indicate that forest management practices that reduce stand age and decrease diversity may lead to increased transpiration and consequently may reduce summer stream flow. Close

• 98. [Article] A cost effectiveness analysis of actions to reduce stream temperature : a case study of the Mohawk watershed

  The concept of ecosystem management requires that management prescriptions account for economic and environmental goals that are measured in non-commensurate units. This study examines the economic and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A cost effectiveness analysis of actions to reduce stream temperature : a case study of the Mohawk watershed Author: Mooney, Sian, 1965- The concept of ecosystem management requires that management prescriptions account for economic and environmental goals that are measured in non-commensurate units. This study examines the economic and environmental trade-offs associated with planting a riparian buffer in trees to reduce stream temperatures in the Mohawk watershed, Oregon. The detrimental effects of high stream temperatures on fish production and survival have received increasing attention from State and Federal agencies. The cost and effectiveness of five riparian buffer scenarios and three tax policies are identified and used to construct a cost-effectiveness frontier. Specifically the study: (i) empirically estimates total welfare changes and their distribution among Mohawk residents; (ii) identifies the effectiveness of alternative buffer prescriptions and (iii) identifies cost-effective policy scenarios. The study adopts a welfare theory framework to examine welfare changes among producers and residential property owners. A mathematical programming model is used to generate empirical estimates of welfare change. The model has two interesting features, (i) a hedonic pricing analysis is used to generate coefficients which determine how residential property prices change in response to riparian plantings and (ii) buffer prescriptions are linked to a stream temperature estimator, Heat Source, to estimate changes in stream temperature. Data for the model are collected using a Geographical Information System, personal interview survey, aerial photograph interpretation, enterprise budgets and other sources. Results indicate that riparian buffers are effective in achieving some reductions in stream temperature. The total cost and distribution of welfare changes across sectors differs between scenarios. Under the efficient scenarios welfare increases in the agricultural sector, decreases in the forestry sector and residential welfare both increases and decreases depending on the scenario. In general, the least efficient agricultural producers will receive the greatest benefits from the proposed scenarios. A progressively wider riparian buffer results in residential property owners bearing a greater percentage of welfare loss. From a policy perspective the efficient scenarios reduce stream temperatures at the expense of collected tax revenues which may affect individuals outside the study area. The choice of which policy to choose from the frontier may differ depending on whether riparian plantings are voluntary or mandatory. Title: A cost effectiveness analysis of actions to reduce stream temperature : a case study of the Mohawk watershed Author: Mooney, Sian, 1965- The concept of ecosystem management requires that management prescriptions account for economic and environmental goals that are measured in non-commensurate units. This study examines the economic and environmental trade-offs associated with planting a riparian buffer in trees to reduce stream temperatures in the Mohawk watershed, Oregon. The detrimental effects of high stream temperatures on fish production and survival have received increasing attention from State and Federal agencies. The cost and effectiveness of five riparian buffer scenarios and three tax policies are identified and used to construct a cost-effectiveness frontier. Specifically the study: (i) empirically estimates total welfare changes and their distribution among Mohawk residents; (ii) identifies the effectiveness of alternative buffer prescriptions and (iii) identifies cost-effective policy scenarios. The study adopts a welfare theory framework to examine welfare changes among producers and residential property owners. A mathematical programming model is used to generate empirical estimates of welfare change. The model has two interesting features, (i) a hedonic pricing analysis is used to generate coefficients which determine how residential property prices change in response to riparian plantings and (ii) buffer prescriptions are linked to a stream temperature estimator, Heat Source, to estimate changes in stream temperature. Data for the model are collected using a Geographical Information System, personal interview survey, aerial photograph interpretation, enterprise budgets and other sources. Results indicate that riparian buffers are effective in achieving some reductions in stream temperature. The total cost and distribution of welfare changes across sectors differs between scenarios. Under the efficient scenarios welfare increases in the agricultural sector, decreases in the forestry sector and residential welfare both increases and decreases depending on the scenario. In general, the least efficient agricultural producers will receive the greatest benefits from the proposed scenarios. A progressively wider riparian buffer results in residential property owners bearing a greater percentage of welfare loss. From a policy perspective the efficient scenarios reduce stream temperatures at the expense of collected tax revenues which may affect individuals outside the study area. The choice of which policy to choose from the frontier may differ depending on whether riparian plantings are voluntary or mandatory. Close

• 99. [Article] Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1975

  Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Less area was surveyed in 1975, and methods of data analysis were re-evaluated.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1975 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Management Section, Cummings, Ed Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Less area was surveyed in 1975, and methods of data analysis were re-evaluated. Title: Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1975 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Management Section, Cummings, Ed Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Less area was surveyed in 1975, and methods of data analysis were re-evaluated. Close

• 100. [Article] Application of stream classification and historical land uses for managed riparian systems of Eastern Oregon

  Twelve stream segments in the Silvies River drainage system were classified in the fall of 1993 and again in 1994, using a morphological classification of natural rivers (Rosgen 1994). Bankfull flow of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Application of stream classification and historical land uses for managed riparian systems of Eastern Oregon Author: Zweygardt, Louanne R. Twelve stream segments in the Silvies River drainage system were classified in the fall of 1993 and again in 1994, using a morphological classification of natural rivers (Rosgen 1994). Bankfull flow of stream channels is the key feature of this system. Measurement of bankfull is used in the calculation of entrenchment ratio and width/depth ratio. Analysis of the differences of the averages between years in bankfull measurements showed that despite being consistently repeated at the same locations along the channel, the measurements were found to be different (p=0.000163 for entrenchment ratios and p = 0.0208 for width/depth ratios). Bankfull was found to be a non-repeatable field measure, therefore, a poor benchmark for a classification scheme. Historical information collected for the study area indicated a history of domestic livestock use that dates back as far as the mid-nineteenth century. Although grazed by livestock for several years, settlement of the Bear and Silvies Valleys occurred mostly around the turn of the twentieth century after the stockgrower's homestead acts were passed. Ownership today is dominated by large (relative to the homestead days) ranches. Title: Application of stream classification and historical land uses for managed riparian systems of Eastern Oregon Author: Zweygardt, Louanne R. Twelve stream segments in the Silvies River drainage system were classified in the fall of 1993 and again in 1994, using a morphological classification of natural rivers (Rosgen 1994). Bankfull flow of stream channels is the key feature of this system. Measurement of bankfull is used in the calculation of entrenchment ratio and width/depth ratio. Analysis of the differences of the averages between years in bankfull measurements showed that despite being consistently repeated at the same locations along the channel, the measurements were found to be different (p=0.000163 for entrenchment ratios and p = 0.0208 for width/depth ratios). Bankfull was found to be a non-repeatable field measure, therefore, a poor benchmark for a classification scheme. Historical information collected for the study area indicated a history of domestic livestock use that dates back as far as the mid-nineteenth century. Although grazed by livestock for several years, settlement of the Bear and Silvies Valleys occurred mostly around the turn of the twentieth century after the stockgrower's homestead acts were passed. Ownership today is dominated by large (relative to the homestead days) ranches. Close