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• 481. [Article] Restoration of native upland prairies: Habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi)

  Our project goal is to promote the abundance of the endangered Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) by recreating upland prairie habitat in former agricultural land at Finley National ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration of native upland prairies: Habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Our project goal is to promote the abundance of the endangered Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) by recreating upland prairie habitat in former agricultural land at Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Corvallis, Oregon. To achieve this goal we initiated the following three studies. Study One: Experimental Investigation on the Effectiveness of Restoration Treatments Our approach was to set up experimental field plots in a former agricultural field into which we sowed seeds of native grasses and dicots in the fall for two years, 2003 and 2004. Objective one: Investigate the effect of carbon banding on abundance of sowed native species and non-native species. Carbon banding is a treatment used by Willamette Valley grass seed farmers to promote seedling establishment of agricultural grasses and inhibit seedling establishment of weeds. Objective two: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of native dicot and grass species on the abundance and species richness of the sowed species. Our experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. Objective three: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of the native dicot and grass species on the abundance of non-native species. Study Two: Monoculture Sowing of Native Species Compare the cover of non-native species and the cover of native species one and two years after sowing native species in monocultures. Study Three: Buffer Sowing of Native Grasses Monitor the abundance of the native grasses sowed in the buffer areas outside the experimental plots. Carbon banding had no significant effect on cover of non-native species or on cover and species richness of sowed native dicots or grasses after both the first and second growing seasons. However, carbon banding tended to reduce the cover of the annual Clarkia rhomboidea after the first growing season. Our results supported the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. The sowing sequences tested did not affect cover and species richness of grasses but did affect cover and species richness of dicot species. Both dicot cover and dicot species richness were greater when sowed a year ahead of the grasses. Eriophyllum lanatum had significantly greater cover when sowed a year before the grasses. Average cover of sowed dicots was significantly greater when dicots were sowed with grasses compared to when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. In particular, Madia gracilis and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata had less cover when sowed into the existing stand of grass. Species richness of all native species (grasses + dicots) was significantly less when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. However, total cover and species richness of sowed native species (grasses + dicots) were not significantly different whether dicots were sowed a year ahead of the grasses or whether dicots and grasses were sowed together. Average cover of sowed native dicots after two years was always greater than the cover of sowed native grasses except when dicots were sowed a year after the grasses. After two growing seasons, non-native cover did not significantly vary among the three sowing sequences of sowing grasses and dicots at the same time, sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation, and sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation. The first year after sowing the monocultures (Study two), Collinsia grandiflora had the highest cover, greatly surpassing the next top performers, Sanguisorba occidentalis and Madia gracilis, all of which are annual species. In general, the cover of individual species sowed in monocultures decreased the second year after sowing. Only seven species, all of which were perennials, out of the 26 sowed species increased in cover. Two of these species Eriophyllum lanatum and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata were the top performers for 2005, but their cover did not reach the levels of the top performers in 2004. Title: Restoration of native upland prairies: Habitat for Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) Author: Wilson, Mark V., Clark, Deborah Louise, 1950- Our project goal is to promote the abundance of the endangered Fender’s blue butterfly (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) by recreating upland prairie habitat in former agricultural land at Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Corvallis, Oregon. To achieve this goal we initiated the following three studies. Study One: Experimental Investigation on the Effectiveness of Restoration Treatments Our approach was to set up experimental field plots in a former agricultural field into which we sowed seeds of native grasses and dicots in the fall for two years, 2003 and 2004. Objective one: Investigate the effect of carbon banding on abundance of sowed native species and non-native species. Carbon banding is a treatment used by Willamette Valley grass seed farmers to promote seedling establishment of agricultural grasses and inhibit seedling establishment of weeds. Objective two: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of native dicot and grass species on the abundance and species richness of the sowed species. Our experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. Objective three: Investigate the effect of the sowing sequence of the native dicot and grass species on the abundance of non-native species. Study Two: Monoculture Sowing of Native Species Compare the cover of non-native species and the cover of native species one and two years after sowing native species in monocultures. Study Three: Buffer Sowing of Native Grasses Monitor the abundance of the native grasses sowed in the buffer areas outside the experimental plots. Carbon banding had no significant effect on cover of non-native species or on cover and species richness of sowed native dicots or grasses after both the first and second growing seasons. However, carbon banding tended to reduce the cover of the annual Clarkia rhomboidea after the first growing season. Our results supported the hypothesis that our native grasses are more aggressive than the target native dicots in the initial stages of restoration. The sowing sequences tested did not affect cover and species richness of grasses but did affect cover and species richness of dicot species. Both dicot cover and dicot species richness were greater when sowed a year ahead of the grasses. Eriophyllum lanatum had significantly greater cover when sowed a year before the grasses. Average cover of sowed dicots was significantly greater when dicots were sowed with grasses compared to when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. In particular, Madia gracilis and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata had less cover when sowed into the existing stand of grass. Species richness of all native species (grasses + dicots) was significantly less when dicots were sowed into a year-old stand of grasses. However, total cover and species richness of sowed native species (grasses + dicots) were not significantly different whether dicots were sowed a year ahead of the grasses or whether dicots and grasses were sowed together. Average cover of sowed native dicots after two years was always greater than the cover of sowed native grasses except when dicots were sowed a year after the grasses. After two growing seasons, non-native cover did not significantly vary among the three sowing sequences of sowing grasses and dicots at the same time, sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation, and sowing grasses into existing dicot vegetation. The first year after sowing the monocultures (Study two), Collinsia grandiflora had the highest cover, greatly surpassing the next top performers, Sanguisorba occidentalis and Madia gracilis, all of which are annual species. In general, the cover of individual species sowed in monocultures decreased the second year after sowing. Only seven species, all of which were perennials, out of the 26 sowed species increased in cover. Two of these species Eriophyllum lanatum and Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata were the top performers for 2005, but their cover did not reach the levels of the top performers in 2004. Close

• 482. [Article] Survival, movements and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) on the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada

  I investigated survival, movements, home range sizes, and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada from June 2005 to June 2007. I trapped ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Survival, movements and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) on the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada Author: Crawford, Justin A. I investigated survival, movements, home range sizes, and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada from June 2005 to June 2007. I trapped 298 rabbits on four sites and fitted each with radio transmitters. More than 13,000 locations of telemetered rabbits were recorded. I used known fate models in program MARK to estimate survival of radio-marked pygmy rabbits from September 2005 – August 2006. The most appropriate model, based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), indicated survival rates varied among study sites, sexes, and with monthly interval in a parallel pattern [model S(area * sex + t)]. The estimated annual survival rate on the four study sites was notably low, varying from 0.003 (SE = 0.003) to 0.173 (SE = 0.066). Predation on collared rabbits was high for both adult (88.6%) and juvenile (89.4%) rabbits. When the cause of mortality could be determined, the most common predators of pygmy rabbits were coyotes (Canis latrans)–19.6%, avian predators–18.5%, and weasels (Mustela spp.)–9.8%. Spatial use by pygmy rabbits was strongly influenced by sex and season. Males used larger annual (mean = 1.70 ha ± 0.69 SE) and breeding (1.67 ± 0.27 ha) home ranges than females (Annual: 0.90 ± 0.26 ha; Breeding: 0.92 ± 0.16 ha), likely influenced by mate-searching behaviors exhibited by males. Both sexes utilized larger home ranges during the breeding season than during the nonbreeding season (Male: 0.63 ± 0.11 ha; Female: 0.50 ± 0.09 ha). Core area sizes of males (0.10 ± 0.04 ha) also were larger than females (0.07 ± 0.03 ha). Twenty-four radio-marked individuals dispersed greater than 0.5 km, with a maximal observed dispersal distance of 8.5 km. The majority (62.5%) of these long distance movements were by juvenile males, which likely represented dispersal from natal areas. Many of these individuals apparently crossed low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula) communities and relatively open areas. The ability of this species to cross unsuitable habitats, previously considered barriers to movement, may suggest that fragmented populations of pygmy rabbits may not be as isolated as once thought. To examine resource selection by pygmy rabbits, I sampled vegetative and soil characteristics at locations used by radio-marked rabbits (n = 178) and available (n = 100) sites and compared them using logistic regression. The top model, based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), indicated that the increased density and height of live shrubs, higher silt content of soil, and lower clay content of soil were the primary variables related to pygmy rabbit occupation relative to available habitat. Habitat-use patterns also varied among study sites as I did not find a consensus model that described habitat selection among pygmy rabbits for each study site. Further, my analysis demonstrated that soils at pygmy rabbit burrows were deeper, had greater subsurface strengths, lower strengths at the surface, and lower clay composition than was randomly available in the study area. The findings in this study provide needed information to management agencies making land-use decisions. Given the concern over the status of this species throughout its range, a more thorough understanding of survival rates, spatial use, dispersal capabilities, and habitat associations of this sagebrush obligate species is essential to identify factors influencing their conservation. Title: Survival, movements and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) on the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada Author: Crawford, Justin A. I investigated survival, movements, home range sizes, and habitat selection of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in southeastern Oregon and northwestern Nevada from June 2005 to June 2007. I trapped 298 rabbits on four sites and fitted each with radio transmitters. More than 13,000 locations of telemetered rabbits were recorded. I used known fate models in program MARK to estimate survival of radio-marked pygmy rabbits from September 2005 – August 2006. The most appropriate model, based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), indicated survival rates varied among study sites, sexes, and with monthly interval in a parallel pattern [model S(area * sex + t)]. The estimated annual survival rate on the four study sites was notably low, varying from 0.003 (SE = 0.003) to 0.173 (SE = 0.066). Predation on collared rabbits was high for both adult (88.6%) and juvenile (89.4%) rabbits. When the cause of mortality could be determined, the most common predators of pygmy rabbits were coyotes (Canis latrans)–19.6%, avian predators–18.5%, and weasels (Mustela spp.)–9.8%. Spatial use by pygmy rabbits was strongly influenced by sex and season. Males used larger annual (mean = 1.70 ha ± 0.69 SE) and breeding (1.67 ± 0.27 ha) home ranges than females (Annual: 0.90 ± 0.26 ha; Breeding: 0.92 ± 0.16 ha), likely influenced by mate-searching behaviors exhibited by males. Both sexes utilized larger home ranges during the breeding season than during the nonbreeding season (Male: 0.63 ± 0.11 ha; Female: 0.50 ± 0.09 ha). Core area sizes of males (0.10 ± 0.04 ha) also were larger than females (0.07 ± 0.03 ha). Twenty-four radio-marked individuals dispersed greater than 0.5 km, with a maximal observed dispersal distance of 8.5 km. The majority (62.5%) of these long distance movements were by juvenile males, which likely represented dispersal from natal areas. Many of these individuals apparently crossed low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula) communities and relatively open areas. The ability of this species to cross unsuitable habitats, previously considered barriers to movement, may suggest that fragmented populations of pygmy rabbits may not be as isolated as once thought. To examine resource selection by pygmy rabbits, I sampled vegetative and soil characteristics at locations used by radio-marked rabbits (n = 178) and available (n = 100) sites and compared them using logistic regression. The top model, based on Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), indicated that the increased density and height of live shrubs, higher silt content of soil, and lower clay content of soil were the primary variables related to pygmy rabbit occupation relative to available habitat. Habitat-use patterns also varied among study sites as I did not find a consensus model that described habitat selection among pygmy rabbits for each study site. Further, my analysis demonstrated that soils at pygmy rabbit burrows were deeper, had greater subsurface strengths, lower strengths at the surface, and lower clay composition than was randomly available in the study area. The findings in this study provide needed information to management agencies making land-use decisions. Given the concern over the status of this species throughout its range, a more thorough understanding of survival rates, spatial use, dispersal capabilities, and habitat associations of this sagebrush obligate species is essential to identify factors influencing their conservation. Close

• 483. [Article] An investigation into modeling snow cover elements at Crater Lake National Park and surrounding environs as an improved "ground truth" method for satellite snow observations

  Streamflow forecasts are essential to the optimal operation of hydroelectric and irrigation reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Satellite snow cover observations would aid in these streamflow forecasts by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into modeling snow cover elements at Crater Lake National Park and surrounding environs as an improved "ground truth" method for satellite snow observations Author: Hamilton, William L. Streamflow forecasts are essential to the optimal operation of hydroelectric and irrigation reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Satellite snow cover observations would aid in these streamflow forecasts by providing snow cover data at regular time intervals. Unfortunately, satellite capability to remotely sense mountain snow cover conditions is indeterminate due to lack of "ground truth." This study focuses on the development of a mountain snow cover model capable of generating snow cover data at a scale useful as "ground truth" for operational satellite snow cover observations. The study area used to develop the snow cover model was Crater Lake National Park and its surrounding environs. Both the physiography (topography and vegetation) and snow climate of the study area were analyzed and found to be quite dynamic. In order to take into account the affects of the dynamic snow climate and physiography upon snow cover conditions, multiple regression analysis was used to create the Crater Lake Snow Model. Forty-five snow core sites were located within the study area. Snow depth and snow water equivalent values were recorded at each site. Eighteen sites located within Crater Lake National Park were sampled on a weekly basis for the 1977-1978 snow year. An additional 16 sites were sampled at high elevations in the Park on a weekly basis from April through June, 1978. The remaining 11 sites comprised the historical snow core data set collected by Soil Conservation Service (S.C.S.) on a monthly basis, January through June, 1948 through 1978. These data sets were statistically reduced using the quasi-constant ratio theory to synthesize values for missing data to temporally unify the data sets. Also the physiographic elements of slope, aspect, elevation, percentage of forest canopy cover, and regional aspect were recorded for each snow core site. The physiographic elements (independent variables) were regressed against the snow core data (dependent variables) to produce snow model equations. Three different Temporal-Spatial Situations (T.S.S. 1, 2, 3) of data were entered into regression analysis. T.S.S. 1 and 2 models were generated from the 11 S.C.S. snow core sites, T.S.S. 1 from 1978 data and T.S.S. 2 for 1948 -1978 data. The T.S.S. 3 model was generated from the 45 snow core site data for 1978. Using the theory of the quasiconstant ratio it was possible to combine the T.S.S. 1, 2, and 3 sets of regression equations to produce a T.S.S. 4 snow model ( a model based upon the 45 sites for the 1948-1978 snow seasons). Subsequently the T.S.S. 1 and 2 snow models were utilized with this derived T.S.S. 4 snow model to produce T.S.S. 3 snow cover models for any month of any year for the 1948 through 1978 period. Validity testing of the model indicates that it has an average error of ± 15.7" for modeled snow depth values and ± 8.2" for modeled snow water equivalent values. The Crater Lake Snow Model has a combined spatial, annual, and long term resolution unequaled in previous snow cover models. The Model's combined high resolving properties give it capabilities of generating mountain snow cover "ground truth." Current studies are being conducted to couple dynamic snow meteorology and LANDSAT digital data to the Model to increase its accuracy and reduce its dependency on snow core data. Also, output of the Model can be used for studies on snow cover affect upon wildlife movement and survival and the determination of source regions of relative runoff from snow melt. Title: An investigation into modeling snow cover elements at Crater Lake National Park and surrounding environs as an improved "ground truth" method for satellite snow observations Author: Hamilton, William L. Streamflow forecasts are essential to the optimal operation of hydroelectric and irrigation reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Satellite snow cover observations would aid in these streamflow forecasts by providing snow cover data at regular time intervals. Unfortunately, satellite capability to remotely sense mountain snow cover conditions is indeterminate due to lack of "ground truth." This study focuses on the development of a mountain snow cover model capable of generating snow cover data at a scale useful as "ground truth" for operational satellite snow cover observations. The study area used to develop the snow cover model was Crater Lake National Park and its surrounding environs. Both the physiography (topography and vegetation) and snow climate of the study area were analyzed and found to be quite dynamic. In order to take into account the affects of the dynamic snow climate and physiography upon snow cover conditions, multiple regression analysis was used to create the Crater Lake Snow Model. Forty-five snow core sites were located within the study area. Snow depth and snow water equivalent values were recorded at each site. Eighteen sites located within Crater Lake National Park were sampled on a weekly basis for the 1977-1978 snow year. An additional 16 sites were sampled at high elevations in the Park on a weekly basis from April through June, 1978. The remaining 11 sites comprised the historical snow core data set collected by Soil Conservation Service (S.C.S.) on a monthly basis, January through June, 1948 through 1978. These data sets were statistically reduced using the quasi-constant ratio theory to synthesize values for missing data to temporally unify the data sets. Also the physiographic elements of slope, aspect, elevation, percentage of forest canopy cover, and regional aspect were recorded for each snow core site. The physiographic elements (independent variables) were regressed against the snow core data (dependent variables) to produce snow model equations. Three different Temporal-Spatial Situations (T.S.S. 1, 2, 3) of data were entered into regression analysis. T.S.S. 1 and 2 models were generated from the 11 S.C.S. snow core sites, T.S.S. 1 from 1978 data and T.S.S. 2 for 1948 -1978 data. The T.S.S. 3 model was generated from the 45 snow core site data for 1978. Using the theory of the quasiconstant ratio it was possible to combine the T.S.S. 1, 2, and 3 sets of regression equations to produce a T.S.S. 4 snow model ( a model based upon the 45 sites for the 1948-1978 snow seasons). Subsequently the T.S.S. 1 and 2 snow models were utilized with this derived T.S.S. 4 snow model to produce T.S.S. 3 snow cover models for any month of any year for the 1948 through 1978 period. Validity testing of the model indicates that it has an average error of ± 15.7" for modeled snow depth values and ± 8.2" for modeled snow water equivalent values. The Crater Lake Snow Model has a combined spatial, annual, and long term resolution unequaled in previous snow cover models. The Model's combined high resolving properties give it capabilities of generating mountain snow cover "ground truth." Current studies are being conducted to couple dynamic snow meteorology and LANDSAT digital data to the Model to increase its accuracy and reduce its dependency on snow core data. Also, output of the Model can be used for studies on snow cover affect upon wildlife movement and survival and the determination of source regions of relative runoff from snow melt. Close

• 484. [Article] Food, energy, and nutrient content of food pyramid choice menus, as offered to and as eaten by third graders

  This was an observational study of the food and nutrient contribution of lunches in the Food Pyramid Choices Menu system as offered to and eaten by 93 third graders participating from two schools in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food, energy, and nutrient content of food pyramid choice menus, as offered to and as eaten by third graders Author: Long, Russell, 1972- This was an observational study of the food and nutrient contribution of lunches in the Food Pyramid Choices Menu system as offered to and eaten by 93 third graders participating from two schools in the Reynolds school district in Oregon. In response to current public health concerns in the U.S. and the emphasis on diets of moderation rather than simply nutritional adequacy, this study focused on the total and saturated fat content of the lunches offered to and eaten by third graders. In the Food Pyramid Choices Menu system, children are allowed to select their own lunches from a variety of entrees, milk, fruits, vegetables, and grain products. The meals as offered to the children were calculated as the mean amount of each food offered to each student in the school. Nutrient analysis for the average lunches as offered was done with Nutrikids (Lunchbyte Systems, Inc.) nutrient analysis software. One week of lunches were analyzed and averaged over the week. The meals as eaten were determined for each child by measuring the foods selected by each child, and subtracting the amount that was leftover by that child. The nutrient analysis for each child's lunches, as eaten, was averaged over the number of days that each child ate lunches while participating in the study. The nutrient content of lunches was analyzed using ESHA's Food Processor. Each student's data for each day was averaged over the week and then with data from all the students participating to arrive at the mean daily food and nutrient intakes. The lunches as offered and as eaten had total fat contents of 33% and 35% of total energy, respectively. The lunches as offered and as eaten both had saturated fat contents of 13% of total energy. It was evident that the third graders ate lunches that, on average, contained a higher proportion of energy from total fat than did the lunches as offered. The lunches as offered contained on average 40.5 mg of vitamin C and 434 RE of vitamin A. The lunches as eaten contained on average 22 mg of vitamin C and 288RE of vitamin A. Though the lunches as eaten were lower in these vitamins than the lunches as offered, the amounts of vitamin C and A eaten were still significantly greater than the National School Lunch Program standards for vitamins C and A in school lunches of 15mg and 224RE, respectively. The mean nutrients analyzed in the lunches as eaten were significantly less than the mean nutrients that were analyzed in the lunches as selected, including: energy, carbohydrates, protein, total fat, saturated fat, protein, total and saturated fat as a percentage of total energy, cholesterol, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, fiber, calcium, iron, sodium. Title: Food, energy, and nutrient content of food pyramid choice menus, as offered to and as eaten by third graders Author: Long, Russell, 1972- This was an observational study of the food and nutrient contribution of lunches in the Food Pyramid Choices Menu system as offered to and eaten by 93 third graders participating from two schools in the Reynolds school district in Oregon. In response to current public health concerns in the U.S. and the emphasis on diets of moderation rather than simply nutritional adequacy, this study focused on the total and saturated fat content of the lunches offered to and eaten by third graders. In the Food Pyramid Choices Menu system, children are allowed to select their own lunches from a variety of entrees, milk, fruits, vegetables, and grain products. The meals as offered to the children were calculated as the mean amount of each food offered to each student in the school. Nutrient analysis for the average lunches as offered was done with Nutrikids (Lunchbyte Systems, Inc.) nutrient analysis software. One week of lunches were analyzed and averaged over the week. The meals as eaten were determined for each child by measuring the foods selected by each child, and subtracting the amount that was leftover by that child. The nutrient analysis for each child's lunches, as eaten, was averaged over the number of days that each child ate lunches while participating in the study. The nutrient content of lunches was analyzed using ESHA's Food Processor. Each student's data for each day was averaged over the week and then with data from all the students participating to arrive at the mean daily food and nutrient intakes. The lunches as offered and as eaten had total fat contents of 33% and 35% of total energy, respectively. The lunches as offered and as eaten both had saturated fat contents of 13% of total energy. It was evident that the third graders ate lunches that, on average, contained a higher proportion of energy from total fat than did the lunches as offered. The lunches as offered contained on average 40.5 mg of vitamin C and 434 RE of vitamin A. The lunches as eaten contained on average 22 mg of vitamin C and 288RE of vitamin A. Though the lunches as eaten were lower in these vitamins than the lunches as offered, the amounts of vitamin C and A eaten were still significantly greater than the National School Lunch Program standards for vitamins C and A in school lunches of 15mg and 224RE, respectively. The mean nutrients analyzed in the lunches as eaten were significantly less than the mean nutrients that were analyzed in the lunches as selected, including: energy, carbohydrates, protein, total fat, saturated fat, protein, total and saturated fat as a percentage of total energy, cholesterol, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, fiber, calcium, iron, sodium. Close

• 485. [Article] The plant phenology monitoring design for The National Ecological Observatory Network

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The plant phenology monitoring design for The National Ecological Observatory Network Author: Enquist, Carolyn A. F., Miller-Rushing, Abraham J., Weltzin, Jake F., Mazer, Susan J., Diez, Jeffrey M., Jones, Matthew O., Schwartz, Mark D., Hufft, Rebecca A., Jones, Katherine D., Moore, David J. P., Cook, Benjamin I., Elmendorf, Sarah C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Title: The plant phenology monitoring design for The National Ecological Observatory Network Author: Enquist, Carolyn A. F., Miller-Rushing, Abraham J., Weltzin, Jake F., Mazer, Susan J., Diez, Jeffrey M., Jones, Matthew O., Schwartz, Mark D., Hufft, Rebecca A., Jones, Katherine D., Moore, David J. P., Cook, Benjamin I., Elmendorf, Sarah C. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292150-8925/ Close

• 486. [Article] Food selection, home range, and movements of coyotes on and off a sanctuary in Klamath Basin

  Radio-telemetry and scat analysis were used to investigate daily and seasonal movement patterns and food selection of a protected coyote population on Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR) and adjacent Lava ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food selection, home range, and movements of coyotes on and off a sanctuary in Klamath Basin Author: Shoemaker, Suzanne Radio-telemetry and scat analysis were used to investigate daily and seasonal movement patterns and food selection of a protected coyote population on Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR) and adjacent Lava Beds National Monument (LABE) in northeastern California. Study emphasis was on evaluation of movements on and off the sanctuary, and movements and food selection relative to manipulated and undisturbed sites. Nineteen coyotes were trapped and fitted with either radio-telemetry (12) or color-coded (7) collars between 1 November 1982 and 5 May 1983. Home ranges were estimated for eight sanctuary coyotes (two composites) by two methods: (1) 95% minimum convex polygon (MCP) and (2) 90% contour of the utilization distribution. Home ranges were small (95% MCP's : 0.5 - 6.2 km2) and elongate, including portions of both irrigated cropland (TLNWR SW Sump) and undisturbed rangeland (LABE) habitats. Coyotes used cropland habitat primarily for foraging purposes, and rangeland for resting and denning. Elongate shape reflected movements back and forth between habitats. Territoriality was demonstrated. Intensive monitoring of four coyotes from May through September 1983 indicated coyotes used larger areas at night (1700 to 0900) than in daytime (0900 to 1700) during pup-rearing (23 May to 8 August) and dispersal (15 August to 20 November) seasons. Home ranges and core areas were larger for both diel periods in dispersal season than in pup-rearing season. Variable patterns of coyote use of irrigated cropland habitat were attributed to individual energy demands, human activity, and vegetative cover. Only one individual (adult male) was known to make daily excursions off the protected area. Some seasonal migration off the sanctuary took place in late fall, winter, and early spring. Spring migrations may relate to human disturbance on agricultural lands. Food habits analysis showed coyote diet was more diverse in all seasons on the undisturbed rangeland (LABE) than on the irrigated cropland (SW Sump). Montane voles, Nuttall's cottontails, and mule deer were winter staples on LABE. Many other foods (sciurid and heterormyid rodents, insects, berries, birds) entered LABE coyote diet in late spring and summer. Montane voles were the dominant coyote food year round on SW Sump. Birds entered SW Sump coyote diet in substantial quantities only during pheasant and waterfowl hunting seasons in late fall and winter. A model for optimal use of a patchy habitat and its application to coyote foraging strategy and use of manipulated (simple, homogeneous) versus undisturbed (complex, heterogeneous) environments is discussed, as are some management implications. Title: Food selection, home range, and movements of coyotes on and off a sanctuary in Klamath Basin Author: Shoemaker, Suzanne Radio-telemetry and scat analysis were used to investigate daily and seasonal movement patterns and food selection of a protected coyote population on Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR) and adjacent Lava Beds National Monument (LABE) in northeastern California. Study emphasis was on evaluation of movements on and off the sanctuary, and movements and food selection relative to manipulated and undisturbed sites. Nineteen coyotes were trapped and fitted with either radio-telemetry (12) or color-coded (7) collars between 1 November 1982 and 5 May 1983. Home ranges were estimated for eight sanctuary coyotes (two composites) by two methods: (1) 95% minimum convex polygon (MCP) and (2) 90% contour of the utilization distribution. Home ranges were small (95% MCP's : 0.5 - 6.2 km2) and elongate, including portions of both irrigated cropland (TLNWR SW Sump) and undisturbed rangeland (LABE) habitats. Coyotes used cropland habitat primarily for foraging purposes, and rangeland for resting and denning. Elongate shape reflected movements back and forth between habitats. Territoriality was demonstrated. Intensive monitoring of four coyotes from May through September 1983 indicated coyotes used larger areas at night (1700 to 0900) than in daytime (0900 to 1700) during pup-rearing (23 May to 8 August) and dispersal (15 August to 20 November) seasons. Home ranges and core areas were larger for both diel periods in dispersal season than in pup-rearing season. Variable patterns of coyote use of irrigated cropland habitat were attributed to individual energy demands, human activity, and vegetative cover. Only one individual (adult male) was known to make daily excursions off the protected area. Some seasonal migration off the sanctuary took place in late fall, winter, and early spring. Spring migrations may relate to human disturbance on agricultural lands. Food habits analysis showed coyote diet was more diverse in all seasons on the undisturbed rangeland (LABE) than on the irrigated cropland (SW Sump). Montane voles, Nuttall's cottontails, and mule deer were winter staples on LABE. Many other foods (sciurid and heterormyid rodents, insects, berries, birds) entered LABE coyote diet in late spring and summer. Montane voles were the dominant coyote food year round on SW Sump. Birds entered SW Sump coyote diet in substantial quantities only during pheasant and waterfowl hunting seasons in late fall and winter. A model for optimal use of a patchy habitat and its application to coyote foraging strategy and use of manipulated (simple, homogeneous) versus undisturbed (complex, heterogeneous) environments is discussed, as are some management implications. Close

• 487. [Article] Ecological effects of alternative fuel-reduction treatments: highlights of the National Fire and Fire Surrogate study (FFS)

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by CSIRO Publishing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological effects of alternative fuel-reduction treatments: highlights of the National Fire and Fire Surrogate study (FFS) Author: Zack, Steve, Agee, James K., Otrosina, William, Skinner, Carl N., Hart, Stephen C., Lehmkuhl, John F., Barbour, Jamie, Youngblood, Andrew, Haase, Sally, Fiedler, Carl E., Edminster, Carl B., Knapp, Eric E., Stephens, Scott L., Keeley, Jon E., Erickson, Karen L., Waldrop, Thomas A., Farris, Kerry L., Moghaddas, Jason J., Schwilk, Dylan W., Fettig, Christopher J., Outcalt, Kenneth W., Boerner, Ralph E. J., Yaussy, Daniel A., McIver, James D., Weatherspoon, C. Phillip To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by CSIRO Publishing and can be found at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/. Title: Ecological effects of alternative fuel-reduction treatments: highlights of the National Fire and Fire Surrogate study (FFS) Author: Zack, Steve, Agee, James K., Otrosina, William, Skinner, Carl N., Hart, Stephen C., Lehmkuhl, John F., Barbour, Jamie, Youngblood, Andrew, Haase, Sally, Fiedler, Carl E., Edminster, Carl B., Knapp, Eric E., Stephens, Scott L., Keeley, Jon E., Erickson, Karen L., Waldrop, Thomas A., Farris, Kerry L., Moghaddas, Jason J., Schwilk, Dylan W., Fettig, Christopher J., Outcalt, Kenneth W., Boerner, Ralph E. J., Yaussy, Daniel A., McIver, James D., Weatherspoon, C. Phillip To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by CSIRO Publishing and can be found at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/. Close

• 488. [Article] United States Forest Disturbance Trends Observed Using Landsat Time Series

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: United States Forest Disturbance Trends Observed Using Landsat Time Series Author: Goward, Samuel N., Cohen, Warren B., Moisen, Gretchen G., Kennedy, Robert E., Schleeweis, Karen, Huang, Chengquan, Masek, Jeffrey G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Title: United States Forest Disturbance Trends Observed Using Landsat Time Series Author: Goward, Samuel N., Cohen, Warren B., Moisen, Gretchen G., Kennedy, Robert E., Schleeweis, Karen, Huang, Chengquan, Masek, Jeffrey G. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://www.springer.com/?SGWID=0-102-0-0-0. Close

• 489. [Article] Carbon stocks and changes on Pacific Northwest national forests and the role of disturbance, management, and growth

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Carbon stocks and changes on Pacific Northwest national forests and the role of disturbance, management, and growth Author: Gray, Andrew N., Whittier, Thomas R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management. Title: Carbon stocks and changes on Pacific Northwest national forests and the role of disturbance, management, and growth Author: Gray, Andrew N., Whittier, Thomas R. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forest-ecology-and-management. Close

• 490. [Article] Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction

  Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Close