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• 31. [Article] Proving up and pulling out : archaeology and history of early 20th century homesteading in southwestern Oregon

  The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proving up and pulling out : archaeology and history of early 20th century homesteading in southwestern Oregon Author: Lundgren, Stacy J. The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the review and documentation of purported forest homestead claims. One hundred years later, the forest-homestead examination files of the then-Crater National Forest (now the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest) in southwestern Oregon provide an historical record that exposes the motivations and actions of numerous individuals as they negotiated the steps entailed in the public-land-disposal process. Archival research and archaeological survey form the dual methodological approaches to determine answers to several questions, among them: who were the people who attempted forest homesteading in a rugged mountainous setting, and what were their primary motivations?; what sort of housing did they fashion for themselves in the higher slopes of the Cascade Range and Siskiyou Mountains; where upon the land did they choose to place their habitation areas?; what were the spatial arrangements of those habitation areas?; and, what today is the nature of the archaeological record of the forest homesteading phenomenon of the early 20th century? This research indicates that the high-volume timber lands of the southern Cascades and the rugged Siskiyou Mountains proved a singular enticement to the residents of Jackson County, Oregon. Vernacular housing was typically the standby structure of the American 'pioneer' ---the log cabin---often ineptly built, sparsely furnished, and infrequently occupied. The would-be homesteaders' actual use of the land was light, often less than one per cent of the total 160 acres they each claimed. The archaeology and history of southwestern Oregon in the early 20th century demonstrates that forest homesteading was less an agricultural endeavor than a speculative pursuit to gain free land. And everyone---men and women, farmers and teachers, doctors and lawyers---wanted free land. Title: Proving up and pulling out : archaeology and history of early 20th century homesteading in southwestern Oregon Author: Lundgren, Stacy J. The Forest Homestead Act of 1906 precipitated one of the final rushes for free land in American history. A nascent land management agency, the USDA Forest Service, created a systematized process for the review and documentation of purported forest homestead claims. One hundred years later, the forest-homestead examination files of the then-Crater National Forest (now the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest) in southwestern Oregon provide an historical record that exposes the motivations and actions of numerous individuals as they negotiated the steps entailed in the public-land-disposal process. Archival research and archaeological survey form the dual methodological approaches to determine answers to several questions, among them: who were the people who attempted forest homesteading in a rugged mountainous setting, and what were their primary motivations?; what sort of housing did they fashion for themselves in the higher slopes of the Cascade Range and Siskiyou Mountains; where upon the land did they choose to place their habitation areas?; what were the spatial arrangements of those habitation areas?; and, what today is the nature of the archaeological record of the forest homesteading phenomenon of the early 20th century? This research indicates that the high-volume timber lands of the southern Cascades and the rugged Siskiyou Mountains proved a singular enticement to the residents of Jackson County, Oregon. Vernacular housing was typically the standby structure of the American 'pioneer' ---the log cabin---often ineptly built, sparsely furnished, and infrequently occupied. The would-be homesteaders' actual use of the land was light, often less than one per cent of the total 160 acres they each claimed. The archaeology and history of southwestern Oregon in the early 20th century demonstrates that forest homesteading was less an agricultural endeavor than a speculative pursuit to gain free land. And everyone---men and women, farmers and teachers, doctors and lawyers---wanted free land. Close

• 32. [Article] Detecting changes in a wetland : using multi-spectral and temporal Landsat in the Upper Noun Valley Drainage Basin-Cameroon

  Since the early 1980s, satellite imagery has been commonly used to detect change in wetlands. The overall objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Detecting changes in a wetland : using multi-spectral and temporal Landsat in the Upper Noun Valley Drainage Basin-Cameroon Author: Ndzeidze, Stephen Koghan Since the early 1980s, satellite imagery has been commonly used to detect change in wetlands. The overall objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to determine the extent of change of the wetland area and of other land use and land cover classes in the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1973 to 2007. Specific objectives were 1) to map land cover and related land use practices within the wetland and surrounding areas of the drainage basin using the supervised maximum likelihood algorithm classification method; 2) to map land use and land cover classes by seasons in order to determine human-induced pressure on the wetland area and the drainage basin using available Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ imagery; 3) to utilize GIS in confirming and finalizing the land use and land cover classes and delimitation of the Upper Noun drainage basin by incorporating auxiliary data such as settlements and hydrology. The Upper Noun drainage basin is an important wetland that lies within the western high plateau of Cameroon where it supports a wide range of wildlife. The study defines twelve different land cover and land use classes that are grouped into four major categories. The first category is the humid floodplain class that makes up the wetland area, including the floodplain lake (1973), the reservoir, the permanent and seasonally flooded prairies, and irrigated farmlands. The second category consists of the agropastoral classes which are made of upland grazing areas and mixed farming areas. The third category is the montane and semi montane forest zone at elevations above 1,500 - 3,000 m. The fourth category is comprised of major settlements, and settlements with enclosures and openfields. This study is an example of an application of spatio-temporal data in assessing the close relationship existing between humans and their environment. This is a Sub Saharan African community that has a long history of direct dependence on the available resources for its daily livelihood. A detailed physical and historical background is presented to provide a context for spatio-temporal variation discovered through change detection using Landsat imagery without ground truth data. The data analysis reveals considerable change within the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1978 to 2002. Within the wetland area in the floodplain, the reservoir shows evidence of large fluctuations in area since the construction of the Bamendjin dam in 1975. Within the reservoir area, an acute siltation has been observed since 1988 and is increasing in area. A significant drop in area of permanent and seasonally flooded prairies was observed. Irrigated farmland areas also show downward trends from 1988 to 2002. Concerning the agropastoral landscape, the upland grazing areas showed a general drop in area, while the mixed farming area increased from 1978 to 2002. The montane forest also decreased in area; however, it appeared to have recovered slightly in 2002 following the successful implementation of the Kilum/Ijim community forest management project. Settlement also showed some expansion in area as a result of growth of most enclosures and openfields to larger villages and major settlements. This study thus provides base data for monitoring human impacts on the Upper Noun drainage basin and its natural habitats, especially within and around the wetland. Title: Detecting changes in a wetland : using multi-spectral and temporal Landsat in the Upper Noun Valley Drainage Basin-Cameroon Author: Ndzeidze, Stephen Koghan Since the early 1980s, satellite imagery has been commonly used to detect change in wetlands. The overall objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to determine the extent of change of the wetland area and of other land use and land cover classes in the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1973 to 2007. Specific objectives were 1) to map land cover and related land use practices within the wetland and surrounding areas of the drainage basin using the supervised maximum likelihood algorithm classification method; 2) to map land use and land cover classes by seasons in order to determine human-induced pressure on the wetland area and the drainage basin using available Landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ imagery; 3) to utilize GIS in confirming and finalizing the land use and land cover classes and delimitation of the Upper Noun drainage basin by incorporating auxiliary data such as settlements and hydrology. The Upper Noun drainage basin is an important wetland that lies within the western high plateau of Cameroon where it supports a wide range of wildlife. The study defines twelve different land cover and land use classes that are grouped into four major categories. The first category is the humid floodplain class that makes up the wetland area, including the floodplain lake (1973), the reservoir, the permanent and seasonally flooded prairies, and irrigated farmlands. The second category consists of the agropastoral classes which are made of upland grazing areas and mixed farming areas. The third category is the montane and semi montane forest zone at elevations above 1,500 - 3,000 m. The fourth category is comprised of major settlements, and settlements with enclosures and openfields. This study is an example of an application of spatio-temporal data in assessing the close relationship existing between humans and their environment. This is a Sub Saharan African community that has a long history of direct dependence on the available resources for its daily livelihood. A detailed physical and historical background is presented to provide a context for spatio-temporal variation discovered through change detection using Landsat imagery without ground truth data. The data analysis reveals considerable change within the Upper Noun drainage basin from 1978 to 2002. Within the wetland area in the floodplain, the reservoir shows evidence of large fluctuations in area since the construction of the Bamendjin dam in 1975. Within the reservoir area, an acute siltation has been observed since 1988 and is increasing in area. A significant drop in area of permanent and seasonally flooded prairies was observed. Irrigated farmland areas also show downward trends from 1988 to 2002. Concerning the agropastoral landscape, the upland grazing areas showed a general drop in area, while the mixed farming area increased from 1978 to 2002. The montane forest also decreased in area; however, it appeared to have recovered slightly in 2002 following the successful implementation of the Kilum/Ijim community forest management project. Settlement also showed some expansion in area as a result of growth of most enclosures and openfields to larger villages and major settlements. This study thus provides base data for monitoring human impacts on the Upper Noun drainage basin and its natural habitats, especially within and around the wetland. Close

• 33. [Article] Livelihoods and land use change in highland Ethiopia

  This dissertation investigates livelihood and land use change dynamics in a community at the farm-forest periphery in highland Ethiopia. I use interviews and livelihood assessment data to compare the strategies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Livelihoods and land use change in highland Ethiopia Author: Guillozet, Kathleen This dissertation investigates livelihood and land use change dynamics in a community at the farm-forest periphery in highland Ethiopia. I use interviews and livelihood assessment data to compare the strategies used by members of different wealth groups to negotiate and maintain access to forest resources, and integrate socioeconomic, bio-physical and spatially explicit data to examine changing land use and household vulnerability. This approach sheds new light on scalar aspects of poverty-environment relationships with implications for environmental justice and rural development policy. Chapter one provides an overview of the context and approach to this research. Chapter two illustrates the importance of scale in understanding household vulnerability. It uses diverse data to describe political, historic, biophysical and economic factors that shape vulnerability. Chapter three describes household livelihoods and increasing foreign investment pressure in Ethiopia's natural forests, with an emphasis on the history of forest management and access in the study site. It describes processes of forest boundary making and conflict in the study area. Chapter four outlines two scenarios to describe the amount of agricultural land required to replace forest incomes in the community under study. These scenarios, termed "fuelwood replacement" and "fuelwood replacement with agricultural intensification," use agricultural land as a proxy for fuelwood incomes, retaining the connection to physical space that is inherent to natural resources, rather than presenting abstracted monetary values that disassociate resources from power and access dynamics. Chapter five draws together unifying ideas, outlines policy recommendations and describes areas for future research. Title: Livelihoods and land use change in highland Ethiopia Author: Guillozet, Kathleen This dissertation investigates livelihood and land use change dynamics in a community at the farm-forest periphery in highland Ethiopia. I use interviews and livelihood assessment data to compare the strategies used by members of different wealth groups to negotiate and maintain access to forest resources, and integrate socioeconomic, bio-physical and spatially explicit data to examine changing land use and household vulnerability. This approach sheds new light on scalar aspects of poverty-environment relationships with implications for environmental justice and rural development policy. Chapter one provides an overview of the context and approach to this research. Chapter two illustrates the importance of scale in understanding household vulnerability. It uses diverse data to describe political, historic, biophysical and economic factors that shape vulnerability. Chapter three describes household livelihoods and increasing foreign investment pressure in Ethiopia's natural forests, with an emphasis on the history of forest management and access in the study site. It describes processes of forest boundary making and conflict in the study area. Chapter four outlines two scenarios to describe the amount of agricultural land required to replace forest incomes in the community under study. These scenarios, termed "fuelwood replacement" and "fuelwood replacement with agricultural intensification," use agricultural land as a proxy for fuelwood incomes, retaining the connection to physical space that is inherent to natural resources, rather than presenting abstracted monetary values that disassociate resources from power and access dynamics. Chapter five draws together unifying ideas, outlines policy recommendations and describes areas for future research. Close

• 34. [Article] The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area of Montana ; a study in land use

  A wilderness area, as administered by the U. S. Forest Service, is a tract of undeveloped land over 100,000 acres in size with no roads or provision for motorized transportation. Commercial timber cutting, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area of Montana ; a study in land use Author: Merriam, Lawrence C. A wilderness area, as administered by the U. S. Forest Service, is a tract of undeveloped land over 100,000 acres in size with no roads or provision for motorized transportation. Commercial timber cutting, hotels, stores, and similar developments are prohibited. While there are some exceptions for private holdings and administrative uses, management policy is directed toward the maintenance of primeval conditions. When wilderness reservations were first made (as primitive areas) in the late 1920's and 1930's, resource use demands were limited and these areas were mostly inaccessible backcountry by-passed in the development of the United States. Since World War 11 pressure for expanded development and use of national forest lands for both commercial and preservation management has increased. Interest in national forest land use problems has become nationwide in scope. The Forest Service, while rapidly expanding forest development for utilitarian purposed under its multiple use policy, and serving both local and national interests, has faced increasingly complicated situations in the administrative reservation of wilderness lands from which utilitarian uses are excluded. This situation has been further complicated by the differences of management approaches and personnel training needed in the stewardship of regular national forest and wilderness lands. The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area, 950,000 publicly owned, wilderness classified acres situated in the Flathead and Lewis and Clark National Forests of Montana, is the subject of this land use study to determine its best socio-economic use in the year 1960. Continued public ownership of the land and the perpetuation of wilderness reservation is assumed. The area, its history and evolution, is described. The role of other public agencies, commercial guides, and land use problems are presented. Literature pertinent to wilderness philosophy, management, and recreation valuation is reviewed. Field studies covered several years, including the 1960 nation-wide study for the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission on wilderness and its users. Users were found to be primarily horse travelers, generally in the upper socio-economic classes of society. They were opposed to utilitarian uses and development of the Area and generally favored agency regulation of wilderness. Their primary motivations for visiting the Wilderness were to escape from the pressure of modern civilization and to enjoy the beauties of nature. They were amenable to the charging of yearly fees for wilderness preservation. Summer users were divided into three main groups by origin and activities. Two of these were from Montana and the third from out of state. For this 1960 economic analysis of resource uses, isolation recreation under wilderness reservation was compared with developed recreation and hypothetical timber production under full-development multiple use. Other national forest uses including water, wildlife, and forage, were assumed to be neutral. Two conjectural timber sales, evolved by using Forest Service appraisal methods, proved uneconomic. Assuming road development by federal appropriation, public costs and returns were compared with developed resource uses. In terms of least public cost it was shown that the public interest was best served in 1960 by reserving the Bob Marshall Area as wilderness. Under wilderness reservation, it was found that user benefits would equal 1960 public costs with a reasonable per day user charge. Recreation was valued indirectly. Aesthetic and vicarious aspects were not analyzed. Over time demand will grow for commercial resources in the Wilderness, as will recreation use of the Area. Conflicts will increase and intensify. The Area will become unique as surrounding backcountry is developed. Wilderness as a resource serves a recreational user clientele in addition to regular forest resource users. Forest Service, personnel training related to wilderness concepts and informational-interpretive approaches to the public are important in obtaining nationwide public support for wilderness reservation. Title: The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area of Montana ; a study in land use Author: Merriam, Lawrence C. A wilderness area, as administered by the U. S. Forest Service, is a tract of undeveloped land over 100,000 acres in size with no roads or provision for motorized transportation. Commercial timber cutting, hotels, stores, and similar developments are prohibited. While there are some exceptions for private holdings and administrative uses, management policy is directed toward the maintenance of primeval conditions. When wilderness reservations were first made (as primitive areas) in the late 1920's and 1930's, resource use demands were limited and these areas were mostly inaccessible backcountry by-passed in the development of the United States. Since World War 11 pressure for expanded development and use of national forest lands for both commercial and preservation management has increased. Interest in national forest land use problems has become nationwide in scope. The Forest Service, while rapidly expanding forest development for utilitarian purposed under its multiple use policy, and serving both local and national interests, has faced increasingly complicated situations in the administrative reservation of wilderness lands from which utilitarian uses are excluded. This situation has been further complicated by the differences of management approaches and personnel training needed in the stewardship of regular national forest and wilderness lands. The Bob Marshall Wilderness Area, 950,000 publicly owned, wilderness classified acres situated in the Flathead and Lewis and Clark National Forests of Montana, is the subject of this land use study to determine its best socio-economic use in the year 1960. Continued public ownership of the land and the perpetuation of wilderness reservation is assumed. The area, its history and evolution, is described. The role of other public agencies, commercial guides, and land use problems are presented. Literature pertinent to wilderness philosophy, management, and recreation valuation is reviewed. Field studies covered several years, including the 1960 nation-wide study for the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission on wilderness and its users. Users were found to be primarily horse travelers, generally in the upper socio-economic classes of society. They were opposed to utilitarian uses and development of the Area and generally favored agency regulation of wilderness. Their primary motivations for visiting the Wilderness were to escape from the pressure of modern civilization and to enjoy the beauties of nature. They were amenable to the charging of yearly fees for wilderness preservation. Summer users were divided into three main groups by origin and activities. Two of these were from Montana and the third from out of state. For this 1960 economic analysis of resource uses, isolation recreation under wilderness reservation was compared with developed recreation and hypothetical timber production under full-development multiple use. Other national forest uses including water, wildlife, and forage, were assumed to be neutral. Two conjectural timber sales, evolved by using Forest Service appraisal methods, proved uneconomic. Assuming road development by federal appropriation, public costs and returns were compared with developed resource uses. In terms of least public cost it was shown that the public interest was best served in 1960 by reserving the Bob Marshall Area as wilderness. Under wilderness reservation, it was found that user benefits would equal 1960 public costs with a reasonable per day user charge. Recreation was valued indirectly. Aesthetic and vicarious aspects were not analyzed. Over time demand will grow for commercial resources in the Wilderness, as will recreation use of the Area. Conflicts will increase and intensify. The Area will become unique as surrounding backcountry is developed. Wilderness as a resource serves a recreational user clientele in addition to regular forest resource users. Forest Service, personnel training related to wilderness concepts and informational-interpretive approaches to the public are important in obtaining nationwide public support for wilderness reservation. Close

• 35. [Article] The great fires : Indian burning and catastrophic forest fire patterns of the Oregon Coast Range, 1491-1951

  The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The great fires : Indian burning and catastrophic forest fire patterns of the Oregon Coast Range, 1491-1951 Author: Zybach, Bob The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the Oregon Coast Range. The research focus is spatial and temporal patterns of Indian burning across the landscape from 1491 until 1848, and corresponding patterns of catastrophic fire events from 1849 until 1951. Archival and anthropological research methods were used to obtain early surveys, maps, drawings, photographs, interviews, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) inventories, eyewitness accounts and other sources of evidence that document fire history. Data were tabulated, mapped, and digitized as new GIS layers for purposes of comparative analysis. An abundance of historical evidence was found to exist that is useful for reconstructing precontact vegetation patterns and human burning practices in western Oregon. The data also proved useful for documenting local and regional forest fire histories. Precontact Indians used fire to produce landscape patterns of trails, patches, fields, woodlands, forests and grasslands that varied from time to time and place to place, partly due to demographic, cultural, topographic, and climatic differences that existed throughout the Coast Range. Native plants were systematically managed by local Indian families in even-aged stands, usually dominated by a single species, throughout all river basins of the study area. Oak, filberts, camas, wapato, tarweed, yampah, strawberries, huckleberries, brackenfern, nettles, and other plants were raised in select areas by all known tribes, over long periods of time. However, current scientific and policy assumptions regarding the abundance and extent of precontact western Oregon old-growth forests may be in error. This study demonstrates a high rate of coincidence between the land management practices of precontact Indian communities, and the causes, timing, boundaries, severity, and extent of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the same areas. Information provided by this study should be of value to researchers, wildlife managers, forest landowners, and others with an interest in the history and resources of the Oregon Coast Range. Title: The great fires : Indian burning and catastrophic forest fire patterns of the Oregon Coast Range, 1491-1951 Author: Zybach, Bob The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the Oregon Coast Range. The research focus is spatial and temporal patterns of Indian burning across the landscape from 1491 until 1848, and corresponding patterns of catastrophic fire events from 1849 until 1951. Archival and anthropological research methods were used to obtain early surveys, maps, drawings, photographs, interviews, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) inventories, eyewitness accounts and other sources of evidence that document fire history. Data were tabulated, mapped, and digitized as new GIS layers for purposes of comparative analysis. An abundance of historical evidence was found to exist that is useful for reconstructing precontact vegetation patterns and human burning practices in western Oregon. The data also proved useful for documenting local and regional forest fire histories. Precontact Indians used fire to produce landscape patterns of trails, patches, fields, woodlands, forests and grasslands that varied from time to time and place to place, partly due to demographic, cultural, topographic, and climatic differences that existed throughout the Coast Range. Native plants were systematically managed by local Indian families in even-aged stands, usually dominated by a single species, throughout all river basins of the study area. Oak, filberts, camas, wapato, tarweed, yampah, strawberries, huckleberries, brackenfern, nettles, and other plants were raised in select areas by all known tribes, over long periods of time. However, current scientific and policy assumptions regarding the abundance and extent of precontact western Oregon old-growth forests may be in error. This study demonstrates a high rate of coincidence between the land management practices of precontact Indian communities, and the causes, timing, boundaries, severity, and extent of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the same areas. Information provided by this study should be of value to researchers, wildlife managers, forest landowners, and others with an interest in the history and resources of the Oregon Coast Range. Close

• 36. [Article] The history of the Oregon and California railroad land grant

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The history of the Oregon and California railroad land grant Author: Ottoman, Robert L. Title: The history of the Oregon and California railroad land grant Author: Ottoman, Robert L. Close

• 37. [Article] Make it Rain : A Lagrangian Approach to Investigate Land Surface Controls on Moisture Recycling in the Columbia River Basin

  Linkages between land use and its influence on the atmosphere have been a long-standing research area. For example, what is the impact of irrigated agriculture on downwind rainfall? Global-scale models ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Make it Rain : A Lagrangian Approach to Investigate Land Surface Controls on Moisture Recycling in the Columbia River Basin Author: Tai, Leah Chung-Mei Linkages between land use and its influence on the atmosphere have been a long-standing research area. For example, what is the impact of irrigated agriculture on downwind rainfall? Global-scale models show that moisture recycling is an important source of water for inland regions around the world, but they do not resolve land surface characteristics that may affect recycling ratios. Observational studies at the local scale report both increased and decreased rainfall likelihood as a result of deforestation. I present a Lagrangian framework based on biophysical land - atmosphere interactions to estimate the influence of land cover on the spatial and temporal scale of rainfall recycling. My results demonstrate that convective rainfall conditions occur more frequently over coniferous forests and irrigated crops relative to bare soils and mixed-use land cover. The increased likelihood of rainfall over vegetated surfaces is caused by the response of the atmospheric boundary layer to high water vapor fluxes from evapotranspiration and the partitioning of available energy at the ground surface. The presence of vegetation causes large variability in rainfall likelihood, but free atmosphere conditions are found to be the primary controls on rainfall initiation. Multi-day model simulations suggest that an initially dry atmosphere will experience rainfall recycling along a Lagrangian trajectory every 2 to 3 days over a completely vegetated surface and every 12 days over bare soils. Application of my model focused on the lower Columbia Basin because it is a major source region of continental evaporation and has a history of dramatic change in land use. The increased rainfall trends observed over the 20th century in the lower Columbia Basin cannot be significantly associated with land use changes, but modeled estimates suggest an increase in rainfall likelihood of less than 9% from the change in land cover this region has experienced. The results of this simple physically-based model can be used to quantify the effects of land cover on moisture recycling to better understand processes influencing rainfall patterns at regional scales. Title: Make it Rain : A Lagrangian Approach to Investigate Land Surface Controls on Moisture Recycling in the Columbia River Basin Author: Tai, Leah Chung-Mei Linkages between land use and its influence on the atmosphere have been a long-standing research area. For example, what is the impact of irrigated agriculture on downwind rainfall? Global-scale models show that moisture recycling is an important source of water for inland regions around the world, but they do not resolve land surface characteristics that may affect recycling ratios. Observational studies at the local scale report both increased and decreased rainfall likelihood as a result of deforestation. I present a Lagrangian framework based on biophysical land - atmosphere interactions to estimate the influence of land cover on the spatial and temporal scale of rainfall recycling. My results demonstrate that convective rainfall conditions occur more frequently over coniferous forests and irrigated crops relative to bare soils and mixed-use land cover. The increased likelihood of rainfall over vegetated surfaces is caused by the response of the atmospheric boundary layer to high water vapor fluxes from evapotranspiration and the partitioning of available energy at the ground surface. The presence of vegetation causes large variability in rainfall likelihood, but free atmosphere conditions are found to be the primary controls on rainfall initiation. Multi-day model simulations suggest that an initially dry atmosphere will experience rainfall recycling along a Lagrangian trajectory every 2 to 3 days over a completely vegetated surface and every 12 days over bare soils. Application of my model focused on the lower Columbia Basin because it is a major source region of continental evaporation and has a history of dramatic change in land use. The increased rainfall trends observed over the 20th century in the lower Columbia Basin cannot be significantly associated with land use changes, but modeled estimates suggest an increase in rainfall likelihood of less than 9% from the change in land cover this region has experienced. The results of this simple physically-based model can be used to quantify the effects of land cover on moisture recycling to better understand processes influencing rainfall patterns at regional scales. Close

• 38. [Article] Collaborative Conservation Strategies: Legislative Case Studies from Across the West

  Executive Summary: As the 2005-06 Chair of the Western Governors' Association, Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano placed special emphasis on issues surrounding sustainable development. As part of that initiative, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collaborative Conservation Strategies: Legislative Case Studies from Across the West Author: Western Governors' Association Executive Summary: As the 2005-06 Chair of the Western Governors' Association, Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano placed special emphasis on issues surrounding sustainable development. As part of that initiative, she directed WGA staff to develop a white paper on the use of negotiated compromise federal legislation as a tool both to protect unique and sensitive lands in the West and to address growth and economic development issues faced by local communities. Western states contain the vast majority of publicly owned lands. Management of these lands impact the social and economic fabric of adjacent rural Western communities. As much of the West continues experiencing unprecedented population growth, the traditional tension between growth and preservation has escalated for these lands and the communities. This white paper traces the history of land conservation in the West and the seeds of collaborative approaches reaching back to federal statutes enacted in the 1960s. The case studies show how traditional adversaries in three Western communities were able to avoid impasse and come together to hammer out difficult compromises to accommodate most interests. Success has not been fully realized in all cases, but the difficult work continues. There are those on both sides who believe compromising with “the enemy” on conservation and development is tantamount to surrender. However, as the West keeps growing, the pressure will mount to negotiate solutions on the conservation and development of land and water supplies for traditional and new uses. Negotiated, omnibus legislation for public lands is one of the new tools that can help. This approach requires undaunted leadership, (a strong motivating factor to get parties to the table), a level playing field during the collaborative process, and an outcome that has enough support to weather the federal legislative process. Western Governors are uniquely poised to identify opportunities in their respective states, help initiate a truly collaborative process, and stand with their Congressional counterparts if a bill moves through Congress. It is a leadership role that they have played in other arenas and would likely be welcomed by communities and advocates alike. Title: Collaborative Conservation Strategies: Legislative Case Studies from Across the West Author: Western Governors' Association Executive Summary: As the 2005-06 Chair of the Western Governors' Association, Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano placed special emphasis on issues surrounding sustainable development. As part of that initiative, she directed WGA staff to develop a white paper on the use of negotiated compromise federal legislation as a tool both to protect unique and sensitive lands in the West and to address growth and economic development issues faced by local communities. Western states contain the vast majority of publicly owned lands. Management of these lands impact the social and economic fabric of adjacent rural Western communities. As much of the West continues experiencing unprecedented population growth, the traditional tension between growth and preservation has escalated for these lands and the communities. This white paper traces the history of land conservation in the West and the seeds of collaborative approaches reaching back to federal statutes enacted in the 1960s. The case studies show how traditional adversaries in three Western communities were able to avoid impasse and come together to hammer out difficult compromises to accommodate most interests. Success has not been fully realized in all cases, but the difficult work continues. There are those on both sides who believe compromising with “the enemy” on conservation and development is tantamount to surrender. However, as the West keeps growing, the pressure will mount to negotiate solutions on the conservation and development of land and water supplies for traditional and new uses. Negotiated, omnibus legislation for public lands is one of the new tools that can help. This approach requires undaunted leadership, (a strong motivating factor to get parties to the table), a level playing field during the collaborative process, and an outcome that has enough support to weather the federal legislative process. Western Governors are uniquely poised to identify opportunities in their respective states, help initiate a truly collaborative process, and stand with their Congressional counterparts if a bill moves through Congress. It is a leadership role that they have played in other arenas and would likely be welcomed by communities and advocates alike. Close

• 39. [Article] The Great Hall: A Story of Promise, Lost Opportunity, and the Value of the Liberal Arts

  The liberal arts have always struggled to find their place in the technically oriented land-grant university. Land-grant universities were tasked by the 1862 Morrill Act with providing both a practical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Great Hall: A Story of Promise, Lost Opportunity, and the Value of the Liberal Arts Author: Proctor, Jenna Marie The liberal arts have always struggled to find their place in the technically oriented land-grant university. Land-grant universities were tasked by the 1862 Morrill Act with providing both a practical and liberal education for all students. The liberal arts, however, were quickly sidelined from this dual purpose with the increasing emphasis placed on the practical arts during the two world wars. This thesis narrates the struggle of the liberal arts at Oregon State University to achieve equality with the practical arts on the basis of their intrinsic benefits to society instead of merely as a utilitarian servant to fields yielding tangible developments. As a case study, this thesis uses the story of the Great Hall: a large performing arts center that was slated to be built on the OSU campus during the late 1970’s using donations raised by the OSU Foundation. Although the Great Hall was ultimately too grand and expensive for its time, the great promise and potential of the building serves as a window into how the liberal arts have been and continue to be perceived and prioritized in land-grant universities, as well as how society values the arts and culture in relation to practical development. Title: The Great Hall: A Story of Promise, Lost Opportunity, and the Value of the Liberal Arts Author: Proctor, Jenna Marie The liberal arts have always struggled to find their place in the technically oriented land-grant university. Land-grant universities were tasked by the 1862 Morrill Act with providing both a practical and liberal education for all students. The liberal arts, however, were quickly sidelined from this dual purpose with the increasing emphasis placed on the practical arts during the two world wars. This thesis narrates the struggle of the liberal arts at Oregon State University to achieve equality with the practical arts on the basis of their intrinsic benefits to society instead of merely as a utilitarian servant to fields yielding tangible developments. As a case study, this thesis uses the story of the Great Hall: a large performing arts center that was slated to be built on the OSU campus during the late 1970’s using donations raised by the OSU Foundation. Although the Great Hall was ultimately too grand and expensive for its time, the great promise and potential of the building serves as a window into how the liberal arts have been and continue to be perceived and prioritized in land-grant universities, as well as how society values the arts and culture in relation to practical development. Close

• 40. [Article] An evaluation of the resources of the Mosquitia Region of Honduras by means of Remote Sensing and GIS

  The Mosquitia Region of Honduras is part of the largest wilderness area in Central America. In terms of biodiversity the area is rich in ecosystems including pine savannas, tropical rain forests, and wetlands. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the resources of the Mosquitia Region of Honduras by means of Remote Sensing and GIS Author: Torres, Juan Carlos The Mosquitia Region of Honduras is part of the largest wilderness area in Central America. In terms of biodiversity the area is rich in ecosystems including pine savannas, tropical rain forests, and wetlands. These ecosystems are rich in millions of species including rare and endangered. Honduras faces an economic, social, and political crisis without precedent in its history. A lot of the crisis has to do with resource allocation and land tenure. Most of the land well suited for agriculture is concentrated in a few hands. The Mosquitia Region is seen as the last frontier by thousands of landless farmers coming from the poor and eroded lands of southern Honduras. This study evaluates the impact of deforestation due to subsistence and extensive agriculture in the areas around and inside the Mosquitia Region by means of remote sensing and GIS. A change detection analysis is carried out for the years of 1965, 1986-89, and 1995 using land use maps, topographic maps, and LANDSAT TM data. In addition the study examines the relationship between proximity to rivers and deforestation. The study concludes that significant and accelerated change is taking place in the study region, and that there is a linear relationship between proximity to rivers and deforestation. Title: An evaluation of the resources of the Mosquitia Region of Honduras by means of Remote Sensing and GIS Author: Torres, Juan Carlos The Mosquitia Region of Honduras is part of the largest wilderness area in Central America. In terms of biodiversity the area is rich in ecosystems including pine savannas, tropical rain forests, and wetlands. These ecosystems are rich in millions of species including rare and endangered. Honduras faces an economic, social, and political crisis without precedent in its history. A lot of the crisis has to do with resource allocation and land tenure. Most of the land well suited for agriculture is concentrated in a few hands. The Mosquitia Region is seen as the last frontier by thousands of landless farmers coming from the poor and eroded lands of southern Honduras. This study evaluates the impact of deforestation due to subsistence and extensive agriculture in the areas around and inside the Mosquitia Region by means of remote sensing and GIS. A change detection analysis is carried out for the years of 1965, 1986-89, and 1995 using land use maps, topographic maps, and LANDSAT TM data. In addition the study examines the relationship between proximity to rivers and deforestation. The study concludes that significant and accelerated change is taking place in the study region, and that there is a linear relationship between proximity to rivers and deforestation. Close