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• 31. [Article] Time use for household tasks performed by school-age children in two-parent, two-child Oregon families

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the household tasks that school-age children perform and the average amount of time spent performing those tasks. The sample included 219 children in 135 families taken ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Time use for household tasks performed by school-age children in two-parent, two-child Oregon families Author: Kennedy, Louise Claudia The purpose of this study was to investigate the household tasks that school-age children perform and the average amount of time spent performing those tasks. The sample included 219 children in 135 families taken from the Oregon sample of 210 families interviewed for the Northeast Regional Research Project 113: "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use." Families included in this study were limited to those composed of two parents and at least one school-age child, since time data were not gathered for children under six years of age. Eighty-four families had two school-age children and 51 families had one school-age child and one younger child under six years of age. There were 116 boys and 103 girls in the 66 rural and 69 urban families. A questionnaire had been used to collect information on demographic characteristics and household data. A time chart had been used to record the precategorized activities of the homemaker, spouse, and children over six years of age for two separate 24-hour periods. The demographic variables used in the data analysis included age-group of the child, sex of the child, age of the sibling, place of residence, whether the homemaker was gainfully employed or a fulltime homemaker, occupation of homemaker, occupation of spouse, educational level of homemaker, educational level of spouse, and family income level. The chi square test of independence was used to determine whether there were relationships between the tasks school-age children performed and the demographic variables. Children's contributions to household work were concentrated in food preparation, dishwashing, shopping, housecleaning, and maintenance of home, yard, car, and pets. Fewer than 28 percent of the children contributed to care and construction of clothing and household linens, physical and nonphysical care of family members, or management. Overall, the types of tasks children performed were dependent upon the age of the child and the age of his/her sibling. Children age twelve through seventeen and those with younger siblings over six were more likely to perform household tasks than other children. Of the 219 children included in the study, 206 children (94.1 percent) contributed to household work. The number of tasks performed by a child ranged from zero to seven for one day and from zero to ten for a two-day period. One-way analysis of variance was used to test for differences in the average amount of time spent on all tasks when respondents were grouped by selected independent variables. Two null hypotheses were rejected indicating that there was a significant difference in the average amount of time spent on household tasks by school-age children according to the age-group and the sex of the child. Children ages 15 through 17 spent significantly more time performing household tasks than children in other age groups, and girls spent significantly more time performing household tasks than boys. The amount of time children contributed to household work ranged from five minutes per day to over fourteen hours per day. The average time contributed to household tasks by children was slightly over 81 minutes per day. Title: Time use for household tasks performed by school-age children in two-parent, two-child Oregon families Author: Kennedy, Louise Claudia The purpose of this study was to investigate the household tasks that school-age children perform and the average amount of time spent performing those tasks. The sample included 219 children in 135 families taken from the Oregon sample of 210 families interviewed for the Northeast Regional Research Project 113: "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use." Families included in this study were limited to those composed of two parents and at least one school-age child, since time data were not gathered for children under six years of age. Eighty-four families had two school-age children and 51 families had one school-age child and one younger child under six years of age. There were 116 boys and 103 girls in the 66 rural and 69 urban families. A questionnaire had been used to collect information on demographic characteristics and household data. A time chart had been used to record the precategorized activities of the homemaker, spouse, and children over six years of age for two separate 24-hour periods. The demographic variables used in the data analysis included age-group of the child, sex of the child, age of the sibling, place of residence, whether the homemaker was gainfully employed or a fulltime homemaker, occupation of homemaker, occupation of spouse, educational level of homemaker, educational level of spouse, and family income level. The chi square test of independence was used to determine whether there were relationships between the tasks school-age children performed and the demographic variables. Children's contributions to household work were concentrated in food preparation, dishwashing, shopping, housecleaning, and maintenance of home, yard, car, and pets. Fewer than 28 percent of the children contributed to care and construction of clothing and household linens, physical and nonphysical care of family members, or management. Overall, the types of tasks children performed were dependent upon the age of the child and the age of his/her sibling. Children age twelve through seventeen and those with younger siblings over six were more likely to perform household tasks than other children. Of the 219 children included in the study, 206 children (94.1 percent) contributed to household work. The number of tasks performed by a child ranged from zero to seven for one day and from zero to ten for a two-day period. One-way analysis of variance was used to test for differences in the average amount of time spent on all tasks when respondents were grouped by selected independent variables. Two null hypotheses were rejected indicating that there was a significant difference in the average amount of time spent on household tasks by school-age children according to the age-group and the sex of the child. Children ages 15 through 17 spent significantly more time performing household tasks than children in other age groups, and girls spent significantly more time performing household tasks than boys. The amount of time children contributed to household work ranged from five minutes per day to over fourteen hours per day. The average time contributed to household tasks by children was slightly over 81 minutes per day. Close

• 32. [Article] Household accounts

  Published April 1917. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Household accounts Author: Oregon Agricultural College. Extension Service, Lemon, E. B. (Erwin Bertran), 1889-1979, Bexell, J. A. (John Andrew), 1867-1938 Published April 1917. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Household accounts Author: Oregon Agricultural College. Extension Service, Lemon, E. B. (Erwin Bertran), 1889-1979, Bexell, J. A. (John Andrew), 1867-1938 Published April 1917. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 33. [Article] Low-income weatherization: practical and policy limitations to increasing services in rural Oregon

  This essay examines the low-income weatherization program in rural Oregon, shedding light on difficulties in increasing weatherization services to low-income rural households. This essay also identifies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low-income weatherization: practical and policy limitations to increasing services in rural Oregon Author: Hammond, D'Anne This essay examines the low-income weatherization program in rural Oregon, shedding light on difficulties in increasing weatherization services to low-income rural households. This essay also identifies policy limitations. There are strict rules in place for utilizing Department of Energy weatherization funding and some of these rules are likely to make it difficult for agencies serving rural areas to accommodate a larger portion of low-income households. These rules, coupled with the spatial distribution and economic circumstances of rural populations, compound both the need for and difficulties in delivery of weatherization services for low-income households in rural areas. This essay addresses these questions: Are rural regions under-served by the program? What are the difficulties in reaching and delivering services to more rural households? Is it the case that policy mandates make it more difficult to increase service delivery in rural areas? What role does the spatial distribution of the population and rural economy play in delivering services to households in rural areas? Title: Low-income weatherization: practical and policy limitations to increasing services in rural Oregon Author: Hammond, D'Anne This essay examines the low-income weatherization program in rural Oregon, shedding light on difficulties in increasing weatherization services to low-income rural households. This essay also identifies policy limitations. There are strict rules in place for utilizing Department of Energy weatherization funding and some of these rules are likely to make it difficult for agencies serving rural areas to accommodate a larger portion of low-income households. These rules, coupled with the spatial distribution and economic circumstances of rural populations, compound both the need for and difficulties in delivery of weatherization services for low-income households in rural areas. This essay addresses these questions: Are rural regions under-served by the program? What are the difficulties in reaching and delivering services to more rural households? Is it the case that policy mandates make it more difficult to increase service delivery in rural areas? What role does the spatial distribution of the population and rural economy play in delivering services to households in rural areas? Close

• 34. [Article] Assessing the Economic Impacts of Food Assistance Policy Using a Computable General Equilibrium Approach

  Over the past several years, increases in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have coincided with the 2007-2008 recession and the higher rates of unemployment in the U.S. With SNAP being ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing the Economic Impacts of Food Assistance Policy Using a Computable General Equilibrium Approach Author: West, Tyler T. Over the past several years, increases in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have coincided with the 2007-2008 recession and the higher rates of unemployment in the U.S. With SNAP being the largest program, in terms of spending embedded in the farm bill, it is likely to see some spending cuts. The question that this study poses is “What kind of economic impacts could SNAP spending cuts have on household welfare, the agricultural and food industries, and factor markets?” To assess these economic impacts a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model using 2010 national level data is employed. A policy experiment is run where the SNAP program is eliminated creating a revenue neutral transfer of income from SNAP eligible households to ineligible households. The model finds changes in income and commodity output of the food and agriculture sectors and other sectors of the economy. There are almost no changes in primary factor markets and commodity prices. The experiment causes consumption patterns to change across household groups and creates a significant change in household welfare. The experiment shows that SNAP spending is miniscule in the United States’ $15 trillion economy. Title: Assessing the Economic Impacts of Food Assistance Policy Using a Computable General Equilibrium Approach Author: West, Tyler T. Over the past several years, increases in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have coincided with the 2007-2008 recession and the higher rates of unemployment in the U.S. With SNAP being the largest program, in terms of spending embedded in the farm bill, it is likely to see some spending cuts. The question that this study poses is “What kind of economic impacts could SNAP spending cuts have on household welfare, the agricultural and food industries, and factor markets?” To assess these economic impacts a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model using 2010 national level data is employed. A policy experiment is run where the SNAP program is eliminated creating a revenue neutral transfer of income from SNAP eligible households to ineligible households. The model finds changes in income and commodity output of the food and agriculture sectors and other sectors of the economy. There are almost no changes in primary factor markets and commodity prices. The experiment causes consumption patterns to change across household groups and creates a significant change in household welfare. The experiment shows that SNAP spending is miniscule in the United States’ $15 trillion economy. Close

• 35. [Article] Welfare Effects of Fisheries Boom in Lake Victoria

  In this paper we try to assess the welfare implications of the Tanzanian fisheries boom following from the increase in quantities and prices of the Lake Victoria Nile perch export primarily to Europe over ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Welfare Effects of Fisheries Boom in Lake Victoria Author: Kidane, Asmerom, Greaker, Mads, Eggert, Håkan In this paper we try to assess the welfare implications of the Tanzanian fisheries boom following from the increase in quantities and prices of the Lake Victoria Nile perch export primarily to Europe over the last twenty years. We have a micro level perspective using data from a 1993 World Bank household survey and our own study from 2008, both containing data from about 520 households in the two regions Mwanza and Mara by the lake. Our results indicate that average income has increased in both rural and urban areas. For the poorest part of the population, rural areas experienced only modestly and non-significantly reductions in the fraction below basic needs, while urban areas had a substantial reduction. Concerning human capital measured as education for the household head we found substantial improvements in educational level and a simple regression model confirmed the significant impact of education on household income. We also found that households on average are better off when situated close to the lake. Title: Welfare Effects of Fisheries Boom in Lake Victoria Author: Kidane, Asmerom, Greaker, Mads, Eggert, Håkan In this paper we try to assess the welfare implications of the Tanzanian fisheries boom following from the increase in quantities and prices of the Lake Victoria Nile perch export primarily to Europe over the last twenty years. We have a micro level perspective using data from a 1993 World Bank household survey and our own study from 2008, both containing data from about 520 households in the two regions Mwanza and Mara by the lake. Our results indicate that average income has increased in both rural and urban areas. For the poorest part of the population, rural areas experienced only modestly and non-significantly reductions in the fraction below basic needs, while urban areas had a substantial reduction. Concerning human capital measured as education for the household head we found substantial improvements in educational level and a simple regression model confirmed the significant impact of education on household income. We also found that households on average are better off when situated close to the lake. Close

• 36. [Article] Restricted opportunities, unfortunate personal choices, ineffective policies? What explains food insecurity in Oregon

  As the extent of household food insecurity in the US has become better understood, policymakers at the federal and state levels have sought to learn more about the multiple causes of food insecurity. Some ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restricted opportunities, unfortunate personal choices, ineffective policies? What explains food insecurity in Oregon Author: Edwards, Mark, Weber, Bruce, Bernell, Stephanie As the extent of household food insecurity in the US has become better understood, policymakers at the federal and state levels have sought to learn more about the multiple causes of food insecurity. Some have sought the explanation in the personal choices about marriage, child bearing, education and other life choices that people make that increase the vulnerability of a household. Other look to the economic and social context in which individuals and households make their choices: the availability of jobs, local wage levels, costs of living and availability of social supports. Still others seek the causes in governmental and nongovernmental institutional responses to economic distress. This study attempts to untangle the multiple sources of food insecurity by examining the roles of household demographics, local economic and social conditions and federal food security programs in explaining the likelihood of household food insecurity in Oregon, the state with the highest hunger rate in the nation in four of the last five assessments. We believe this is the first study that has examined the role of local (county-level) contextual factors in explaining food insecurity. Title: Restricted opportunities, unfortunate personal choices, ineffective policies? What explains food insecurity in Oregon Author: Edwards, Mark, Weber, Bruce, Bernell, Stephanie As the extent of household food insecurity in the US has become better understood, policymakers at the federal and state levels have sought to learn more about the multiple causes of food insecurity. Some have sought the explanation in the personal choices about marriage, child bearing, education and other life choices that people make that increase the vulnerability of a household. Other look to the economic and social context in which individuals and households make their choices: the availability of jobs, local wage levels, costs of living and availability of social supports. Still others seek the causes in governmental and nongovernmental institutional responses to economic distress. This study attempts to untangle the multiple sources of food insecurity by examining the roles of household demographics, local economic and social conditions and federal food security programs in explaining the likelihood of household food insecurity in Oregon, the state with the highest hunger rate in the nation in four of the last five assessments. We believe this is the first study that has examined the role of local (county-level) contextual factors in explaining food insecurity. Close

• 37. [Article] Community Water Improvement, Household Water Insecurity, and Women's Psychological Distress: An Intervention and Control Study in Ethiopia

  Data Availability Statement: Data are available from Dryad (doi:10.5061/dryad.9824c).

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community Water Improvement, Household Water Insecurity, and Women's Psychological Distress: An Intervention and Control Study in Ethiopia Author: Ambelu, A., Tesfaye, Y., Caruso, B. A., Stevenson, E. G. J., Freeman, M. C. Data Availability Statement: Data are available from Dryad (doi:10.5061/dryad.9824c). Title: Community Water Improvement, Household Water Insecurity, and Women's Psychological Distress: An Intervention and Control Study in Ethiopia Author: Ambelu, A., Tesfaye, Y., Caruso, B. A., Stevenson, E. G. J., Freeman, M. C. Data Availability Statement: Data are available from Dryad (doi:10.5061/dryad.9824c). Close

• 38. [Article] Sex role patterns of school age children in time used for household work : an analysis of single parent/two-child and two-parent/two-child California households

  Systems theory and role theory were used in this study to develop a management model, integrating the managerial and psycho-social subsystems of the family system. The integrated theory and model were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sex role patterns of school age children in time used for household work : an analysis of single parent/two-child and two-parent/two-child California households Author: Peters, Jeanne M. Systems theory and role theory were used in this study to develop a management model, integrating the managerial and psycho-social subsystems of the family system. The integrated theory and model were used to derive hypotheses concerning whether or not type of task and actual/relative amount of time spent on household tasks performed by school age children varied according to the sex of the child, attitude toward feminism of the homemaker, number of parents, and employment status of the homemaker. Whether parents were more sex-segregated than school age children in the performance of household tasks was also assessed. The sample used in this study included 325 school age children from 79 single parent families and 208 two parent families interviewed for the Northeastern Regional Research Project, 113: "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families Time Use." Families included in this study were limited to those with at least one school age child, since time data were not collected for children Less than six years of age. Data were collected using two face-to-face interviews, and three instruments: a survey questionnaire, a time-use chart, and a 20-item attitude toward feminism scale. The data were evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions reached on the basis of the data analyses were: (1) increased demands in the households of employed women and single parent homemakers were associated with more relative time spent on household tasks by their children, (2) boys in single parent families were more traditional in sex role behavior in the performance of household work than boys in two parent families, (3) girls in single parent families were undifferentiated in sex role behavior in the performance of household work, (4) children in both single parent and two parent families were less sex-segregated than parents in the performance of household work, and (5) the homemaker's attitude toward feminism was not directly related to children's time use in the performance of household work. The results of this study have provided baseline data for examining changing sex roles and time use for household work in the next generation of adults. Title: Sex role patterns of school age children in time used for household work : an analysis of single parent/two-child and two-parent/two-child California households Author: Peters, Jeanne M. Systems theory and role theory were used in this study to develop a management model, integrating the managerial and psycho-social subsystems of the family system. The integrated theory and model were used to derive hypotheses concerning whether or not type of task and actual/relative amount of time spent on household tasks performed by school age children varied according to the sex of the child, attitude toward feminism of the homemaker, number of parents, and employment status of the homemaker. Whether parents were more sex-segregated than school age children in the performance of household tasks was also assessed. The sample used in this study included 325 school age children from 79 single parent families and 208 two parent families interviewed for the Northeastern Regional Research Project, 113: "An Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families Time Use." Families included in this study were limited to those with at least one school age child, since time data were not collected for children Less than six years of age. Data were collected using two face-to-face interviews, and three instruments: a survey questionnaire, a time-use chart, and a 20-item attitude toward feminism scale. The data were evaluated using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions reached on the basis of the data analyses were: (1) increased demands in the households of employed women and single parent homemakers were associated with more relative time spent on household tasks by their children, (2) boys in single parent families were more traditional in sex role behavior in the performance of household work than boys in two parent families, (3) girls in single parent families were undifferentiated in sex role behavior in the performance of household work, (4) children in both single parent and two parent families were less sex-segregated than parents in the performance of household work, and (5) the homemaker's attitude toward feminism was not directly related to children's time use in the performance of household work. The results of this study have provided baseline data for examining changing sex roles and time use for household work in the next generation of adults. Close

• 39. [Article] Non-metropolitan hunger and food insecurity in the Northwest

  Using the Current Population Survey and its Food Security Supplement for 2002-2004, this analysis examines food insecurity and hunger in the Northwest. First comparing to earlier analyses, we document ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-metropolitan hunger and food insecurity in the Northwest Author: Edwards, Mark, Grussing, Jay D. Using the Current Population Survey and its Food Security Supplement for 2002-2004, this analysis examines food insecurity and hunger in the Northwest. First comparing to earlier analyses, we document decreasing food insecurity and hunger for Oregon and Washington as a whole. Consolidating those two states and Idaho to describe the Northwest region, non-metro disadvantages for specific socioeconomic characteristics become apparent. Compared to metro locations, non-metro food insecurity is higher among unemployed households as well as among households without an unemployed adult. Moreover, non-metro food insecurity is higher than the metro rate among households with a full-year full-time worker, households with women working in administrative support/ sales occupations, and 2-adult households with children. We hypothesize that in non-metro areas many of the employed women whose families are food insecure are part of 2-adult households with children, and that they, or their partner/spouse, are often full-year full-time employed. Hispanic food insecurity rates are dramatically higher than rates for non-Hispanics, regardless of location. Further exploration of specific occupations indicates that workers in both metro and non-metro food insecure households are concentrated, ironically, in food-preparing and food-serving occupations. Title: Non-metropolitan hunger and food insecurity in the Northwest Author: Edwards, Mark, Grussing, Jay D. Using the Current Population Survey and its Food Security Supplement for 2002-2004, this analysis examines food insecurity and hunger in the Northwest. First comparing to earlier analyses, we document decreasing food insecurity and hunger for Oregon and Washington as a whole. Consolidating those two states and Idaho to describe the Northwest region, non-metro disadvantages for specific socioeconomic characteristics become apparent. Compared to metro locations, non-metro food insecurity is higher among unemployed households as well as among households without an unemployed adult. Moreover, non-metro food insecurity is higher than the metro rate among households with a full-year full-time worker, households with women working in administrative support/ sales occupations, and 2-adult households with children. We hypothesize that in non-metro areas many of the employed women whose families are food insecure are part of 2-adult households with children, and that they, or their partner/spouse, are often full-year full-time employed. Hispanic food insecurity rates are dramatically higher than rates for non-Hispanics, regardless of location. Further exploration of specific occupations indicates that workers in both metro and non-metro food insecure households are concentrated, ironically, in food-preparing and food-serving occupations. Close

• 40. [Article] Intra-household gender analysis of work roles and distribution of resources : a pilot study in a Nepalese village

  Thirty households were randomly selected to examine intra-household gender differentials in work roles and distribution of resources, between adult men and women, and boys and girls. Work related activities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intra-household gender analysis of work roles and distribution of resources : a pilot study in a Nepalese village Author: Bhadra, Chandra Kala Thirty households were randomly selected to examine intra-household gender differentials in work roles and distribution of resources, between adult men and women, and boys and girls. Work related activities were assessed by time used in agricultural work, household work, and income generating work. Distribution of resources was assessed by expenses on clothing, education, and medical care. A significant difference was found in the amount of time spent in agricultural work by men and women, with women contributing more. Women were also found to contribute significantly more time in household work. In income generating activities, men were found to spend significantly more time than women. However, in the total time spent in work related activities, women spent significantly more time than men. The difference in the amount of money spent on clothing for men and women was found to be significant, with men receiving the larger share. The difference in medical care expenses between men and women was not significant. However, directional difference showed that women received less. Although, no meaningful analyses of children could be performed because of sample restrictions, the regression results showed women contributed significantly more than men, and girls contributed significantly more than boys in agricultural work. Similarly, women and girls contributed significantly more time than men and boys in the household work. The regression results also showed that men and boys received significantly more money for clothing than women and girls, and boys received significantly more money for education than girls. Similarly, men and boys received significantly more money for medical care than women and girls. Title: Intra-household gender analysis of work roles and distribution of resources : a pilot study in a Nepalese village Author: Bhadra, Chandra Kala Thirty households were randomly selected to examine intra-household gender differentials in work roles and distribution of resources, between adult men and women, and boys and girls. Work related activities were assessed by time used in agricultural work, household work, and income generating work. Distribution of resources was assessed by expenses on clothing, education, and medical care. A significant difference was found in the amount of time spent in agricultural work by men and women, with women contributing more. Women were also found to contribute significantly more time in household work. In income generating activities, men were found to spend significantly more time than women. However, in the total time spent in work related activities, women spent significantly more time than men. The difference in the amount of money spent on clothing for men and women was found to be significant, with men receiving the larger share. The difference in medical care expenses between men and women was not significant. However, directional difference showed that women received less. Although, no meaningful analyses of children could be performed because of sample restrictions, the regression results showed women contributed significantly more than men, and girls contributed significantly more than boys in agricultural work. Similarly, women and girls contributed significantly more time than men and boys in the household work. The regression results also showed that men and boys received significantly more money for clothing than women and girls, and boys received significantly more money for education than girls. Similarly, men and boys received significantly more money for medical care than women and girls. Close