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• 31. [Article] Developing Smallholder Aquaculture in Kenya into Viable Enterprises: A case study of Nyaguta fish ponds in Kisii, Kenya

  Smallholder fish farming contribute to improved nutrition, incomes and livelihoods of rural communities. Despite the potential, aquaculture in most rural areas is based on extensive production systems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing Smallholder Aquaculture in Kenya into Viable Enterprises: A case study of Nyaguta fish ponds in Kisii, Kenya Author: Charo-Karisa, Harrison, Okechi, John, Mikolasek, Olivier Smallholder fish farming contribute to improved nutrition, incomes and livelihoods of rural communities. Despite the potential, aquaculture in most rural areas is based on extensive production systems characterized by low availability in inputs. In Nyaguta, farmers are involved in agricultural production activities, including fish farming. However, most farmers do not keep records of resources used in their ponds (inputs, and labour) and outputs. This makes it impossible to assess the profitability of the enterprises. A study was carried out with the objectives: To characterize the inputs used by the farmers and determine the rearing parameters, to describe the fish farmers' practices and assess the fish farming cycle and to determine profitability. Monosex tilapia was stocked in 300m2 ponds at 3 fish/m2 and fed on pellet feed at 5% body weight. Semi-quantitative and qualitative data was collected from nine ponds over the production cycle (February 2010 to June 2011). An enterprise budget was used to compare profitability. Sale of harvested fish, gave the revenue or total income (TI) from each pond. Variable costs (inputs, labour and other operational inputs) were calculated. Family labour costs, were calculated separately to differentiate from casual labour. Total income (TI) less total variable costs (TVC) gave net income (NI) for each pond. From such a snapshot analysis of costs and returns, farmers would tell if their ventures were profitable or not. It also offered them an opportunity to determine areas to cut down or upscale during the production cycle to maximize on profits. It is only after profit realization, that farmers can be motivated to continue investing in fish farming and related activities. Title: Developing Smallholder Aquaculture in Kenya into Viable Enterprises: A case study of Nyaguta fish ponds in Kisii, Kenya Author: Charo-Karisa, Harrison, Okechi, John, Mikolasek, Olivier Smallholder fish farming contribute to improved nutrition, incomes and livelihoods of rural communities. Despite the potential, aquaculture in most rural areas is based on extensive production systems characterized by low availability in inputs. In Nyaguta, farmers are involved in agricultural production activities, including fish farming. However, most farmers do not keep records of resources used in their ponds (inputs, and labour) and outputs. This makes it impossible to assess the profitability of the enterprises. A study was carried out with the objectives: To characterize the inputs used by the farmers and determine the rearing parameters, to describe the fish farmers' practices and assess the fish farming cycle and to determine profitability. Monosex tilapia was stocked in 300m2 ponds at 3 fish/m2 and fed on pellet feed at 5% body weight. Semi-quantitative and qualitative data was collected from nine ponds over the production cycle (February 2010 to June 2011). An enterprise budget was used to compare profitability. Sale of harvested fish, gave the revenue or total income (TI) from each pond. Variable costs (inputs, labour and other operational inputs) were calculated. Family labour costs, were calculated separately to differentiate from casual labour. Total income (TI) less total variable costs (TVC) gave net income (NI) for each pond. From such a snapshot analysis of costs and returns, farmers would tell if their ventures were profitable or not. It also offered them an opportunity to determine areas to cut down or upscale during the production cycle to maximize on profits. It is only after profit realization, that farmers can be motivated to continue investing in fish farming and related activities. Close

• 32. [Article] Development of an instrument assessing ATV use among Oregon's youth on ranches and farms

  During the 1980s the sales and use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) was on the rise. Many people used them for recreation, while others started using them on their ranch or farm for work-related purposes. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of an instrument assessing ATV use among Oregon's youth on ranches and farms Author: Iggulden, Kathryn G., White, David During the 1980s the sales and use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) was on the rise. Many people used them for recreation, while others started using them on their ranch or farm for work-related purposes. As a result, morbidity and mortality rates also began to climb. It became apparent that the various tasks which ATVs are used for on ranches or farms created room for concern, and the need for education in making sure that those who are operating them are doing do as safely as possible. Therefore the purpose of this research project was to develop a data collection instrument that would be sent out to ranchers and farmers to determine how ATVs are being used by employee’s ages 14-17 years old on their ranches or farms. The first step to developing the instrument was to find information that would be pertinent to its structure. After some time and thought, my mentors and I decided that the instrument would entail questions pertaining to demographics, the operation on the ranch or farm itself, along with questions about ATV use on the ranch or farm. From there we agreed that we would want to be able to determine from the instrument what age groups are operating ATVs, what size of ATV they are operating, how many hours a day they are operating the ATV, along with whether employees are required to wear personal protective equipment, and if they are using accessories and or attachments with the ATV. Currently the hard copy of the instrument is nearly finished and I have begun the process of implementing some parts of the instrument into a survey program called Qualtrics. One of my mentors, Dr. David White has also sent the instrument to OSU Extension Faculty in Agriculture and Forestry for additional feedback. Once all feedback has been received, the instrument will be revised until it is ready to be fully incorporated into Qualtrics where it will be sent out to ranchers and farmers to complete. Ultimately the data collected from this instrument will be used for youth ages 14-17 who are employed in Oregon’s agricultural industry. Youth are required to complete education, training, and acquire certification so that they can operate tractors and machinery in a safe and responsible manner. In addition to this, the data collected from the instrument will also be used to develop a companion curriculum that will aid in education, training, and certification for youth so that they are equipped to safely and responsibly operate all-terrain vehicles along with other machinery in the agricultural industry as well. Both curriculums developed as a result from the data collected from the instrument will then be used for not only education, but training and certification for youth in a program known as the Oregon Safe Tractor, ATV and Machinery Operation Program. Title: Development of an instrument assessing ATV use among Oregon's youth on ranches and farms Author: Iggulden, Kathryn G., White, David During the 1980s the sales and use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) was on the rise. Many people used them for recreation, while others started using them on their ranch or farm for work-related purposes. As a result, morbidity and mortality rates also began to climb. It became apparent that the various tasks which ATVs are used for on ranches or farms created room for concern, and the need for education in making sure that those who are operating them are doing do as safely as possible. Therefore the purpose of this research project was to develop a data collection instrument that would be sent out to ranchers and farmers to determine how ATVs are being used by employee’s ages 14-17 years old on their ranches or farms. The first step to developing the instrument was to find information that would be pertinent to its structure. After some time and thought, my mentors and I decided that the instrument would entail questions pertaining to demographics, the operation on the ranch or farm itself, along with questions about ATV use on the ranch or farm. From there we agreed that we would want to be able to determine from the instrument what age groups are operating ATVs, what size of ATV they are operating, how many hours a day they are operating the ATV, along with whether employees are required to wear personal protective equipment, and if they are using accessories and or attachments with the ATV. Currently the hard copy of the instrument is nearly finished and I have begun the process of implementing some parts of the instrument into a survey program called Qualtrics. One of my mentors, Dr. David White has also sent the instrument to OSU Extension Faculty in Agriculture and Forestry for additional feedback. Once all feedback has been received, the instrument will be revised until it is ready to be fully incorporated into Qualtrics where it will be sent out to ranchers and farmers to complete. Ultimately the data collected from this instrument will be used for youth ages 14-17 who are employed in Oregon’s agricultural industry. Youth are required to complete education, training, and acquire certification so that they can operate tractors and machinery in a safe and responsible manner. In addition to this, the data collected from the instrument will also be used to develop a companion curriculum that will aid in education, training, and certification for youth so that they are equipped to safely and responsibly operate all-terrain vehicles along with other machinery in the agricultural industry as well. Both curriculums developed as a result from the data collected from the instrument will then be used for not only education, but training and certification for youth in a program known as the Oregon Safe Tractor, ATV and Machinery Operation Program. Close

• 33. [Article] Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in the Context of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management: Assessing Tradeoffs between Wind Farms and Marine Fisheries in New England

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in the Context of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management: Assessing Tradeoffs between Wind Farms and Marine Fisheries in New England Author: Jin, Di, Hoagland, Porter, Dalton, Tracey, Dwyer, Joseph presentation Title: Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in the Context of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management: Assessing Tradeoffs between Wind Farms and Marine Fisheries in New England Author: Jin, Di, Hoagland, Porter, Dalton, Tracey, Dwyer, Joseph presentation Close

• 34. [Article] An economic analysis of changes in exclusive farm use regulations for homesteads in Oregon : a case study in Yamhill County

  Criticisms to the new regulations created in 1994 governing dwellings in Exclusive Farmland Use zones (zones where agricultural activities are allowed outright) have triggered an overall scrutiny directed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An economic analysis of changes in exclusive farm use regulations for homesteads in Oregon : a case study in Yamhill County Author: Chen, Li, 1976- Criticisms to the new regulations created in 1994 governing dwellings in Exclusive Farmland Use zones (zones where agricultural activities are allowed outright) have triggered an overall scrutiny directed by the 70th Oregon Legislative Assembly. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of the new regulations on the value of farmland in the Willamette Valley with existing homesteads. A hedonic price analysis of farmland sales in Yamhill County, which is located in the western portion of the Willamette Valley, was performed to reveal the influence of the new regulations. Estimation includes a test of functional form, examination of multicollinearity problem, a test of heteroscedasticity, and a test for the significance of structural difference between farmland markets with and without existing homesteads. Value of Yamhill County farmland with existing homesteads was shown to have been influenced by the new regulations. Specifically, during the transition years (1994-1997) when people didn't feel much pressure from the control over new dwelling construction, significant value increase due to the new regulations was not displayed. However, in 1998 when the implementation of the new regulations became less ambiguous, higher demand for farmland with existing homesteads has resulted in significant increase of the market price. The price increase dropped in 1999, though, probably because of the tighter control over replacement dwellings in Exclusive Farm Use zones. Title: An economic analysis of changes in exclusive farm use regulations for homesteads in Oregon : a case study in Yamhill County Author: Chen, Li, 1976- Criticisms to the new regulations created in 1994 governing dwellings in Exclusive Farmland Use zones (zones where agricultural activities are allowed outright) have triggered an overall scrutiny directed by the 70th Oregon Legislative Assembly. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of the new regulations on the value of farmland in the Willamette Valley with existing homesteads. A hedonic price analysis of farmland sales in Yamhill County, which is located in the western portion of the Willamette Valley, was performed to reveal the influence of the new regulations. Estimation includes a test of functional form, examination of multicollinearity problem, a test of heteroscedasticity, and a test for the significance of structural difference between farmland markets with and without existing homesteads. Value of Yamhill County farmland with existing homesteads was shown to have been influenced by the new regulations. Specifically, during the transition years (1994-1997) when people didn't feel much pressure from the control over new dwelling construction, significant value increase due to the new regulations was not displayed. However, in 1998 when the implementation of the new regulations became less ambiguous, higher demand for farmland with existing homesteads has resulted in significant increase of the market price. The price increase dropped in 1999, though, probably because of the tighter control over replacement dwellings in Exclusive Farm Use zones. Close

• 35. [Article] A comparison of box-cox and additive exponential models to estimate the depreciation of farm machinery

  Farm machinery continues to increase in its importance to the agricultural sector. Depreciation, the decline in value of a durable asset over time, represents one of the largest costs of agricultural production. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparison of box-cox and additive exponential models to estimate the depreciation of farm machinery Author: Wu, Jing Farm machinery continues to increase in its importance to the agricultural sector. Depreciation, the decline in value of a durable asset over time, represents one of the largest costs of agricultural production. The general objectives of this study were to update and expand the number of Remaining Value (RV) functions for farm machinery; estimate and compare the depreciation patterns for Box-Cox (B-C) and Additive- Exponential (A-E) functional forms; and compare the predictive abilities of the two models. Data used in estimation were obtained from 15 years of machinery auction sales. Based on the hedonic approach, the Box-Cox and Additive-Exponential models were formulated to include variables for age, usage per year, condition, manufacturer, auction type and macroeconomic variables. Models were tested for potential correlation and heteroscedasticity problems. A Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) method was used to compare the predictive abilities. Depreciation functions were estimated for 17 types of machinery in four major categories: tractors, harvesting equipments, planting and tillage equipment and other equipment. A series of comparisons were conducted to examine the difference in depreciation patterns within and between major categories. B-C and A-E functions were estimated and compared for each data set. The comparison results showed that B-C always generated higher Log-likelihood values, but was relatively weak in predictive ability. The predictive ability of the Exponential model was also examined and the MAPE results showed that the Exponential model generally exhibited an overall best predictive ability. Title: A comparison of box-cox and additive exponential models to estimate the depreciation of farm machinery Author: Wu, Jing Farm machinery continues to increase in its importance to the agricultural sector. Depreciation, the decline in value of a durable asset over time, represents one of the largest costs of agricultural production. The general objectives of this study were to update and expand the number of Remaining Value (RV) functions for farm machinery; estimate and compare the depreciation patterns for Box-Cox (B-C) and Additive- Exponential (A-E) functional forms; and compare the predictive abilities of the two models. Data used in estimation were obtained from 15 years of machinery auction sales. Based on the hedonic approach, the Box-Cox and Additive-Exponential models were formulated to include variables for age, usage per year, condition, manufacturer, auction type and macroeconomic variables. Models were tested for potential correlation and heteroscedasticity problems. A Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) method was used to compare the predictive abilities. Depreciation functions were estimated for 17 types of machinery in four major categories: tractors, harvesting equipments, planting and tillage equipment and other equipment. A series of comparisons were conducted to examine the difference in depreciation patterns within and between major categories. B-C and A-E functions were estimated and compared for each data set. The comparison results showed that B-C always generated higher Log-likelihood values, but was relatively weak in predictive ability. The predictive ability of the Exponential model was also examined and the MAPE results showed that the Exponential model generally exhibited an overall best predictive ability. Close

• 36. [Article] Evaluating village-based tree nurseries in Senegal a comparative study of four projects

  Reforestation projects in Senegal are often the vehicles which administer and implement social forestry activities. Their objectives are to help people solve their wood supply problems, enhance the environment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating village-based tree nurseries in Senegal a comparative study of four projects Author: Glowacki, Therese L. Reforestation projects in Senegal are often the vehicles which administer and implement social forestry activities. Their objectives are to help people solve their wood supply problems, enhance the environment by planting trees on farms and in villages, and introduce reforestation as a self-sustaining practice in village culture. Many projects establish village-based tree nurseries where community members grow seedlings to supplement or replace those supplied by government-owned regional nurseries. Village-based nurseries are promoted by the Division for Conservation of Soil and Reforestation and other Senegalese government agencies. This study, based on a survey of 32 villages, contained within four different projects: 1) investigates village-based tree nurseries in the Peanut Basin of Senegal by evaluating performance in terms of seedling survival and village nursery manager's intention-to-continue, 2) compares the structure of four reforestation projects descriptively and quantitatively. Finally, it presents recommendations for future implementation of nursery projects. Results indicate that village participation is a significant predictor for survival success. Three factors were significant predictors of intention-to-continue: previous nursery experience, water availability in the village, and the commercial sale of seedlings by nursery managers. Analysis of these success factors provides insight into project organization. Project extension strategies range from very structured methods to informal approaches. Awareness campaigns, field trips, and group training were variations found among projects in various mixes. Projects were similar in organizational structure, financial incentives, and encouragement of self-sustaining activities. Project design should include: 1) village participation from goal setting through evaluating results, 2) economic incentives that are based on encouraging the sale of seedlings, and 3) financing to improve water sources. Projects could also benefit from well-planned awareness campaigns, practical group training, and the application of more structured extension methods. Future studies are needed on villagers' behavior towards practice, adoption, and continuance. Title: Evaluating village-based tree nurseries in Senegal a comparative study of four projects Author: Glowacki, Therese L. Reforestation projects in Senegal are often the vehicles which administer and implement social forestry activities. Their objectives are to help people solve their wood supply problems, enhance the environment by planting trees on farms and in villages, and introduce reforestation as a self-sustaining practice in village culture. Many projects establish village-based tree nurseries where community members grow seedlings to supplement or replace those supplied by government-owned regional nurseries. Village-based nurseries are promoted by the Division for Conservation of Soil and Reforestation and other Senegalese government agencies. This study, based on a survey of 32 villages, contained within four different projects: 1) investigates village-based tree nurseries in the Peanut Basin of Senegal by evaluating performance in terms of seedling survival and village nursery manager's intention-to-continue, 2) compares the structure of four reforestation projects descriptively and quantitatively. Finally, it presents recommendations for future implementation of nursery projects. Results indicate that village participation is a significant predictor for survival success. Three factors were significant predictors of intention-to-continue: previous nursery experience, water availability in the village, and the commercial sale of seedlings by nursery managers. Analysis of these success factors provides insight into project organization. Project extension strategies range from very structured methods to informal approaches. Awareness campaigns, field trips, and group training were variations found among projects in various mixes. Projects were similar in organizational structure, financial incentives, and encouragement of self-sustaining activities. Project design should include: 1) village participation from goal setting through evaluating results, 2) economic incentives that are based on encouraging the sale of seedlings, and 3) financing to improve water sources. Projects could also benefit from well-planned awareness campaigns, practical group training, and the application of more structured extension methods. Future studies are needed on villagers' behavior towards practice, adoption, and continuance. Close

• 37. [Article] Production and invasion of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon

  Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production and invasion of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon Author: Ream, Julie Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. The Oregon nursery industry has the highest farm-gate value of all agricultural commodities and butterfly bush is a significant plant to them. However, the nursery industry does not appear to be a major source of invasion because of their pruning production practices. Butterfly bush is a unique plant because it does not release its seed until mid to late winter. The dispersal mechanisms of butterfly bush are not well documented, but wind is one possibility. Formulations of glyphosate effectively control butterfly bushes up to two years old. Both spraying a dilute herbicide on the entire plant and painting herbicide concentrate on recently cut stumps are effective in controlling butterfly bush, but stump painting may be the preferred option in natural areas that butterfly bush invades. Title: Production and invasion of butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii) in Oregon Author: Ream, Julie Butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. The Oregon nursery industry has the highest farm-gate value of all agricultural commodities and butterfly bush is a significant plant to them. However, the nursery industry does not appear to be a major source of invasion because of their pruning production practices. Butterfly bush is a unique plant because it does not release its seed until mid to late winter. The dispersal mechanisms of butterfly bush are not well documented, but wind is one possibility. Formulations of glyphosate effectively control butterfly bushes up to two years old. Both spraying a dilute herbicide on the entire plant and painting herbicide concentrate on recently cut stumps are effective in controlling butterfly bush, but stump painting may be the preferred option in natural areas that butterfly bush invades. Close

• 38. [Article] Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 5 : personnel management

  Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 5 : personnel management Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, United States. Dept. of Agriculture, University of Idaho. Extension, Wolfley, Blair F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Farmer-to-consumer marketing, 5 : personnel management Author: Washington State University. Extension, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, United States. Dept. of Agriculture, University of Idaho. Extension, Wolfley, Blair F., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Burt, Lawrence A. Revised June 2009. A more recent revision exists. Please check for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 39. [Article] Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon

  Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Title: Hedonic price analysis to reveal value of water in irrigation : an application to northern Malheur County, Oregon Author: Faux, John Increasing water demand for growing municipalities, for water-based recreation and for fishery and wildlife habitat has intensified pressure on the existing resource. Reallocation of water from existing uses to other, higher-valued uses is receiving greater attention due to constraints on development of new water supplies. A key to reallocation is identification of the economic value associated with existing and alternative water uses. A hedonic price analysis of farm sales in eastern Oregon is performed to reveal the value of water used in irrigation. Estimation includes a joint test of heteroskedasticity and functional form. The value of water is shown to be strongly influenced by the crop-growing-capability of the soil on which it is applied. The value of an irrigated acre is not significantly influenced by the source of irrigation supply. The implicit market price of irrigation water in this area ranges from $44 per acre-foot (one-time delivery) on the best soils to $9 per acre-foot on the poorest soils irrigated. Close

• 40. [Article] Determining member contributions to marketing cooperative returns when raw products are commingled before sale

  Marketing cooperatives that operate on a pool basis allocate net returns on the basis of the "economic value" of the raw products each member has delivered. Economic values ideally reflect the raw products' ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determining member contributions to marketing cooperative returns when raw products are commingled before sale Author: Stokstad, Grete Synnove Marketing cooperatives that operate on a pool basis allocate net returns on the basis of the "economic value" of the raw products each member has delivered. Economic values ideally reflect the raw products' expected contributions to pool net return. In a competitive market, raw product prices would reflect these expected returns quite well. In the absence of such a competitive market, one must formulate expectations models of returns to each product, which requires identifying the separate returns. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and employ a method of distinguishing expected return to each raw product when raw products are commingled on the assembly line. The approach taken is to conduct a hedonic analysis of processed product net returns as a function of raw product ingredients. Title: Determining member contributions to marketing cooperative returns when raw products are commingled before sale Author: Stokstad, Grete Synnove Marketing cooperatives that operate on a pool basis allocate net returns on the basis of the "economic value" of the raw products each member has delivered. Economic values ideally reflect the raw products' expected contributions to pool net return. In a competitive market, raw product prices would reflect these expected returns quite well. In the absence of such a competitive market, one must formulate expectations models of returns to each product, which requires identifying the separate returns. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and employ a method of distinguishing expected return to each raw product when raw products are commingled on the assembly line. The approach taken is to conduct a hedonic analysis of processed product net returns as a function of raw product ingredients. Close