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• 31. [Article] Presentation.pptx

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Presentation.pptx Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Title: Presentation.pptx Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Close

• 32. [Article] Presentation.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Presentation.pdf Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Title: Presentation.pdf Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Close

• 33. [Article] Women's feelings about the work-family interface of long-haul truck drivers : six days on the road and he's gonna be home tonight

  Long-haul truck drivers are absent from their families for prolonged periods of time. This paper examines the methods trucking families use to remain connected given such absences. Interviews with ten ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women's feelings about the work-family interface of long-haul truck drivers : six days on the road and he's gonna be home tonight Author: Moon, Susan F. Long-haul truck drivers are absent from their families for prolonged periods of time. This paper examines the methods trucking families use to remain connected given such absences. Interviews with ten women married to long-haul truck drivers underwent qualitative analysis. Initially, personal profiles were developed to illustrate life experiences of the women. While the trucking industry set the context, the families decided how to cope with the lifestyle. Patterns of coping strategies developed by the families were described by the women. Coping strategies did not result from the efforts of one individual. All family members contributed to it in a dynamic process. One instrumental source of support was the driver's trucking company. Support systems instrumental in helping families utilize coping mechanisms were identified. Women used ambivalent thought to resolve negative emotions. In addition, an environmental analysis that compared the homes of the women and the homes of non-truckers was conducted to determine whether trucking women's homes reflected their lifestyle and attitudes toward their husband's absence. The trucking family engages in an atypical lifestyle, yet their issues are similar to those experienced by families whose husbands and fathers are home every night. Trucking families continually seek to find methods that allow them to think of themselves as normative. Title: Women's feelings about the work-family interface of long-haul truck drivers : six days on the road and he's gonna be home tonight Author: Moon, Susan F. Long-haul truck drivers are absent from their families for prolonged periods of time. This paper examines the methods trucking families use to remain connected given such absences. Interviews with ten women married to long-haul truck drivers underwent qualitative analysis. Initially, personal profiles were developed to illustrate life experiences of the women. While the trucking industry set the context, the families decided how to cope with the lifestyle. Patterns of coping strategies developed by the families were described by the women. Coping strategies did not result from the efforts of one individual. All family members contributed to it in a dynamic process. One instrumental source of support was the driver's trucking company. Support systems instrumental in helping families utilize coping mechanisms were identified. Women used ambivalent thought to resolve negative emotions. In addition, an environmental analysis that compared the homes of the women and the homes of non-truckers was conducted to determine whether trucking women's homes reflected their lifestyle and attitudes toward their husband's absence. The trucking family engages in an atypical lifestyle, yet their issues are similar to those experienced by families whose husbands and fathers are home every night. Trucking families continually seek to find methods that allow them to think of themselves as normative. Close

• 34. [Article] Generating rural options for Weight: Healthy Kids and Communities: examining the rural family home nutrition and physical activity environment

  Childhood health is a strong determinant of adult health, including overweight and obesity. Rural children and adults experience a greater obesity prevalence compared to children and adults living in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Generating rural options for Weight: Healthy Kids and Communities: examining the rural family home nutrition and physical activity environment Author: Booth, Carolyn, Gunter, Kathy Childhood health is a strong determinant of adult health, including overweight and obesity. Rural children and adults experience a greater obesity prevalence compared to children and adults living in more urban places. The goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight-Healthy Kids & Communities (GROW HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity and promote healthy weight among children and families living in rural places. GROW HKC focuses efforts in rural communities, schools, and families. The data presented here focus on the rural family home environment. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the family home food and physical activity environment among rural families. Title: Generating rural options for Weight: Healthy Kids and Communities: examining the rural family home nutrition and physical activity environment Author: Booth, Carolyn, Gunter, Kathy Childhood health is a strong determinant of adult health, including overweight and obesity. Rural children and adults experience a greater obesity prevalence compared to children and adults living in more urban places. The goal of Generating Rural Options for Weight-Healthy Kids & Communities (GROW HKC) is to prevent childhood obesity and promote healthy weight among children and families living in rural places. GROW HKC focuses efforts in rural communities, schools, and families. The data presented here focus on the rural family home environment. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the family home food and physical activity environment among rural families. Close

• 35. [Article] Examining relationships between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and non-Hispanic families

  Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining relationships between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and non-Hispanic families Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change those behaviors, particularly for populations at high risk for obesity such as Hispanics. This study summarizes the relationships of similar items between a newly created family obesity-preventing behavior screening tool (Family Stage of Change [FSOC] Survey), and a validated screening tool that measures both family and child-level behaviors shown to predict child obesity (Family Nutrition and Physical Activity [FNPA] screening tool). Of particular interest for this study was whether responses on these surveys differed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families to determine potential validity of the FSOC instrument for use with Hispanic families. Study participants included parents and caregivers (N=66) of children ages 2-14 years recruited through preschool, elementary, and middle school listservs and through word of mouth. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the demographic data, and correlations were run to examine associations between FSOC and FNPA items. Mean Domain, and Total scores were analyzed for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic responders. After stratifying respondents by education level, a second set of correlations was conducted to better understand the role of education on participant responses. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the individual items (0.33 to 0.97, p<0.05). When correlations were examined by education level, the strength of several correlations decreased substantially with the lowest correlations observed among those with the lowest education level. Significant differences were also examined between FNPA and FSOC domain scores. On the FNPA Hispanics had lower FNPA mean summary score relative to Eating Behaviors (EB; 19 + 3.3 vs. 20.6 + 1.8, p=0.02)) and Screen Time Behaviors (ST; 6.1 + 1.7 vs. 6.9 + 1.5, p=0.04). On the FSOC Hispanics had lower mean individual and mean summary scores in the PA and Sleep Behavior domains (p<0.05). In conclusion, additional research is needed to determine if the FSOC is a valid and reliable instrument and has the potential to meet an identified need related to family-directed, obesity prevention efforts for Hispanic families, or any families when the caregiver has low education. Title: Examining relationships between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and non-Hispanic families Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Jr Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change those behaviors, particularly for populations at high risk for obesity such as Hispanics. This study summarizes the relationships of similar items between a newly created family obesity-preventing behavior screening tool (Family Stage of Change [FSOC] Survey), and a validated screening tool that measures both family and child-level behaviors shown to predict child obesity (Family Nutrition and Physical Activity [FNPA] screening tool). Of particular interest for this study was whether responses on these surveys differed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families to determine potential validity of the FSOC instrument for use with Hispanic families. Study participants included parents and caregivers (N=66) of children ages 2-14 years recruited through preschool, elementary, and middle school listservs and through word of mouth. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the demographic data, and correlations were run to examine associations between FSOC and FNPA items. Mean Domain, and Total scores were analyzed for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic responders. After stratifying respondents by education level, a second set of correlations was conducted to better understand the role of education on participant responses. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the individual items (0.33 to 0.97, p<0.05). When correlations were examined by education level, the strength of several correlations decreased substantially with the lowest correlations observed among those with the lowest education level. Significant differences were also examined between FNPA and FSOC domain scores. On the FNPA Hispanics had lower FNPA mean summary score relative to Eating Behaviors (EB; 19 + 3.3 vs. 20.6 + 1.8, p=0.02)) and Screen Time Behaviors (ST; 6.1 + 1.7 vs. 6.9 + 1.5, p=0.04). On the FSOC Hispanics had lower mean individual and mean summary scores in the PA and Sleep Behavior domains (p<0.05). In conclusion, additional research is needed to determine if the FSOC is a valid and reliable instrument and has the potential to meet an identified need related to family-directed, obesity prevention efforts for Hispanic families, or any families when the caregiver has low education. Close

• 36. [Article] A market oriented approach to energy conservation identifying disadvantaged families as target groups for energy assistance programs

  Energy expenditures, perceived family well being, and energy conservation actions were analyzed by family composition and level of income. Data were from a three state subsample (Arizona, Colorado, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A market oriented approach to energy conservation identifying disadvantaged families as target groups for energy assistance programs Author: Marganus, Martin Energy expenditures, perceived family well being, and energy conservation actions were analyzed by family composition and level of income. Data were from a three state subsample (Arizona, Colorado, and Oregon; N = 2,633) of a larger stratified random sample of households in the Western United States. Data were collected in the spring of 1981 by mail survey. Self-reported total annual energy expenditures were correlated with scores on an Index of Well Being, a measure of the perceived level of cut-backs in areas of consumption other than energy, due to rising fuel prices. No significant (p ≤ .05) correlation was found between energy expenditures and scores on the Index of Well Being. The proportion of income spent on residential energy (energy budget share), however, was significantly (p = .001) correlated with the Index of Well Being (r = <.247). Families were classified according to the age and marital status of the head of household, and the number of dependents in the family. One-way analysis of variance was used to test differences in energy expenditures, the energy budget share, and scores on the Index of Well Being between family types and families at different income levels. All variables differed significantly (p ≤ .001) between groups. Families past retirement age had an average energy budget share of almost twice the amount of other families. The form of relationship was tested by fitting linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts to the group means. Energy expenditures varied across stages in the family-life-cycle in the form of an inverted U. Interactions between the two grouping factors, family composition and income, were tested in a two-way analysis of variance. Only in the case of the energy budget share a significant (p ≤ .05) interaction was found. There was no significant effect of climate on energy expenditures. Log-linear analysis was used to find differences in the probability with which families at different stages in the family-life-cycle and at different income levels had taken various energy conservation actions. Models were fitted to five-way frequency tables of energy conservation actions by age and marital status of the head of household, family size, and income. Conservation actions were classified as energy efficiency improvements or curtailments. The probability of efficiency improvements generally increased with age and income, while no clear trend existed for curtailments. A stepwise logistic regression procedure was employed to find socioeconomic and housing factors associated with the differences in conservation actions between family types and income groups. Interfamily differences in energy conservation actions were largely determined by differences in the built environment. The probability for having taken conservation actions was lowest in rented multi-family dwellings, built before 1975. Weatherization programs should, therefore, be targeted to these dwellings. Since loans were equally used by all income groups, but tax credits more often by high income families, a loan program would be a more equitable way to encourage energy conservation than tax credits. Title: A market oriented approach to energy conservation identifying disadvantaged families as target groups for energy assistance programs Author: Marganus, Martin Energy expenditures, perceived family well being, and energy conservation actions were analyzed by family composition and level of income. Data were from a three state subsample (Arizona, Colorado, and Oregon; N = 2,633) of a larger stratified random sample of households in the Western United States. Data were collected in the spring of 1981 by mail survey. Self-reported total annual energy expenditures were correlated with scores on an Index of Well Being, a measure of the perceived level of cut-backs in areas of consumption other than energy, due to rising fuel prices. No significant (p ≤ .05) correlation was found between energy expenditures and scores on the Index of Well Being. The proportion of income spent on residential energy (energy budget share), however, was significantly (p = .001) correlated with the Index of Well Being (r = <.247). Families were classified according to the age and marital status of the head of household, and the number of dependents in the family. One-way analysis of variance was used to test differences in energy expenditures, the energy budget share, and scores on the Index of Well Being between family types and families at different income levels. All variables differed significantly (p ≤ .001) between groups. Families past retirement age had an average energy budget share of almost twice the amount of other families. The form of relationship was tested by fitting linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts to the group means. Energy expenditures varied across stages in the family-life-cycle in the form of an inverted U. Interactions between the two grouping factors, family composition and income, were tested in a two-way analysis of variance. Only in the case of the energy budget share a significant (p ≤ .05) interaction was found. There was no significant effect of climate on energy expenditures. Log-linear analysis was used to find differences in the probability with which families at different stages in the family-life-cycle and at different income levels had taken various energy conservation actions. Models were fitted to five-way frequency tables of energy conservation actions by age and marital status of the head of household, family size, and income. Conservation actions were classified as energy efficiency improvements or curtailments. The probability of efficiency improvements generally increased with age and income, while no clear trend existed for curtailments. A stepwise logistic regression procedure was employed to find socioeconomic and housing factors associated with the differences in conservation actions between family types and income groups. Interfamily differences in energy conservation actions were largely determined by differences in the built environment. The probability for having taken conservation actions was lowest in rented multi-family dwellings, built before 1975. Weatherization programs should, therefore, be targeted to these dwellings. Since loans were equally used by all income groups, but tax credits more often by high income families, a loan program would be a more equitable way to encourage energy conservation than tax credits. Close

• 37. [Article] Examining Relationships Between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Families

  Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining Relationships Between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Families Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change those behaviors, particularly for populations at high risk for obesity such as Hispanics. This study summarizes the relationships of similar items between a newly created family obesity-preventing behavior screening tool (Family Stage of Change [FSOC] Survey), and a validated screening tool that measures both family and child-level behaviors shown to predict child obesity (Family Nutrition and Physical Activity [FNPA] screening tool). Of particular interest for this study was whether responses on these surveys differed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families to determine potential validity of the FSOC instrument for use with Hispanic families. Study participants included parents and caregivers (N=66) of children ages 2-14 years recruited through preschool, elementary, and middle school listservs and through word of mouth. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the demographic data, and correlations were run to examine associations between FSOC and FNPA items. Mean Domain, and Total scores were analyzed for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic responders. After stratifying respondents by education level, a second set of correlations was conducted to better understand the role of education on participant responses. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the individual items (0.33 to 0.97, p<0.05). When correlations were examined by education level, the strength of several correlations decreased substantially with the lowest correlations observed among those with the lowest education level. Significant differences were also examined between FNPA and FSOC domain scores. On the FNPA Hispanics had lower FNPA mean summary score relative to Eating Behaviors (EB; 19 ± 3.3 vs. 20.6 ± 1.8, p=0.02)) and Screen Time Behaviors (ST; 6.1 ± 1.7 vs. 6.9 ± 1.5, p=0.04). On the FSOC Hispanics had lower mean individual and mean summary scores in the PA and Sleep Behavior domains (p<0.05). In conclusion, additional research is needed to determine if the FSOC is a valid and reliable instrument and has the potential to meet an identified need related to family-directed, obesity prevention efforts for Hispanic families, or any families when the caregiver has low education. Title: Examining Relationships Between the Family Stage of Change Survey and the Family Nutrition Physical Activity Survey among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Families Author: Navarrete, Ricardo Family influence in the home environment has been linked to children’s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. However few tools exist to identify family level behaviors and families’ readiness to change those behaviors, particularly for populations at high risk for obesity such as Hispanics. This study summarizes the relationships of similar items between a newly created family obesity-preventing behavior screening tool (Family Stage of Change [FSOC] Survey), and a validated screening tool that measures both family and child-level behaviors shown to predict child obesity (Family Nutrition and Physical Activity [FNPA] screening tool). Of particular interest for this study was whether responses on these surveys differed between Hispanic and non-Hispanic families to determine potential validity of the FSOC instrument for use with Hispanic families. Study participants included parents and caregivers (N=66) of children ages 2-14 years recruited through preschool, elementary, and middle school listservs and through word of mouth. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the demographic data, and correlations were run to examine associations between FSOC and FNPA items. Mean Domain, and Total scores were analyzed for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic responders. After stratifying respondents by education level, a second set of correlations was conducted to better understand the role of education on participant responses. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the individual items (0.33 to 0.97, p<0.05). When correlations were examined by education level, the strength of several correlations decreased substantially with the lowest correlations observed among those with the lowest education level. Significant differences were also examined between FNPA and FSOC domain scores. On the FNPA Hispanics had lower FNPA mean summary score relative to Eating Behaviors (EB; 19 ± 3.3 vs. 20.6 ± 1.8, p=0.02)) and Screen Time Behaviors (ST; 6.1 ± 1.7 vs. 6.9 ± 1.5, p=0.04). On the FSOC Hispanics had lower mean individual and mean summary scores in the PA and Sleep Behavior domains (p<0.05). In conclusion, additional research is needed to determine if the FSOC is a valid and reliable instrument and has the potential to meet an identified need related to family-directed, obesity prevention efforts for Hispanic families, or any families when the caregiver has low education. Close

• 38. [Article] Agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, work-family conflict, and turnover intentions : a national study

  The purpose of this study was to describe and explore the relationships between work and family domain characteristics, time-based work-family conflict (WFC), and turnover intention of agriculture teachers. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, work-family conflict, and turnover intentions : a national study Author: Sorensen, Tyson J. (Tyson Joel) The purpose of this study was to describe and explore the relationships between work and family domain characteristics, time-based work-family conflict (WFC), and turnover intention of agriculture teachers. This study sought to identify factors influencing agriculture teachers' turnover intentions. An additional focus of this study was to explore differences between male and female agriculture teachers regarding the variables of interest. Data were collected from a simple random sample of secondary agriculture teachers across the U.S. who self-identified as being active participants in a family role during the 2014-2015 academic year. The survey instrument consisted of demographic questions and existing validated constructs and measures. Information about agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, WFC, turnover intentions, and reasons for the likelihood of leaving teaching was gathered. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational statistics. The majority of respondents reported being married and having children. Regarding work domain characteristics, respondents reported investing an average of 55 hours per regular work week (Monday through Friday) and 18 weekend hours per month in their agriculture teaching jobs. They also indicated a lack of congruence in work hours, as they preferred to work less hours than they currently were investing in their jobs. Agriculture teachers indicated high levels of family salience and moderate levels of work salience. Respondents also reported moderate levels of work interference with family (WIF), moderately low levels of family interference with work (FIW), and moderately low levels of turnover intentions. No differences in salience, conflict, or turnover intentions by sex were found. Agriculture teachers reported the highest likelihood of leaving their teaching position; 1) for a more desirable job opportunity, 2) for an opportunity to move up in their career, 3) because of family reasons, 4) due to a lack of compensation for the amount of work done, and 5) because of excessive workload. Females were more likely than males to leave teaching for "parenthood responsibilities/rearing children" and "because it is incompatible with raising a family." Perceived family-supportive work culture, number of agriculture teachers per school, work salience, and actual work hours per work week were significant factors in predicting WIF among agriculture teachers. Family salience was the only significant factor in predicting FIW among agriculture teachers. Additionally, age of child, work hours per work week, perceived family-supportive work culture, and WIF were significant predictors of turnover intentions of agriculture teachers. It was concluded that the conflict from trying to balance work and family role responsibilities does influence agriculture teachers' turnover intentions, and this conflict originates primarily in the work domain, not the family domain. Implications and recommendations for the agricultural education profession and for research are discussed. Title: Agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, work-family conflict, and turnover intentions : a national study Author: Sorensen, Tyson J. (Tyson Joel) The purpose of this study was to describe and explore the relationships between work and family domain characteristics, time-based work-family conflict (WFC), and turnover intention of agriculture teachers. This study sought to identify factors influencing agriculture teachers' turnover intentions. An additional focus of this study was to explore differences between male and female agriculture teachers regarding the variables of interest. Data were collected from a simple random sample of secondary agriculture teachers across the U.S. who self-identified as being active participants in a family role during the 2014-2015 academic year. The survey instrument consisted of demographic questions and existing validated constructs and measures. Information about agriculture teachers' work and family domain characteristics, WFC, turnover intentions, and reasons for the likelihood of leaving teaching was gathered. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational statistics. The majority of respondents reported being married and having children. Regarding work domain characteristics, respondents reported investing an average of 55 hours per regular work week (Monday through Friday) and 18 weekend hours per month in their agriculture teaching jobs. They also indicated a lack of congruence in work hours, as they preferred to work less hours than they currently were investing in their jobs. Agriculture teachers indicated high levels of family salience and moderate levels of work salience. Respondents also reported moderate levels of work interference with family (WIF), moderately low levels of family interference with work (FIW), and moderately low levels of turnover intentions. No differences in salience, conflict, or turnover intentions by sex were found. Agriculture teachers reported the highest likelihood of leaving their teaching position; 1) for a more desirable job opportunity, 2) for an opportunity to move up in their career, 3) because of family reasons, 4) due to a lack of compensation for the amount of work done, and 5) because of excessive workload. Females were more likely than males to leave teaching for "parenthood responsibilities/rearing children" and "because it is incompatible with raising a family." Perceived family-supportive work culture, number of agriculture teachers per school, work salience, and actual work hours per work week were significant factors in predicting WIF among agriculture teachers. Family salience was the only significant factor in predicting FIW among agriculture teachers. Additionally, age of child, work hours per work week, perceived family-supportive work culture, and WIF were significant predictors of turnover intentions of agriculture teachers. It was concluded that the conflict from trying to balance work and family role responsibilities does influence agriculture teachers' turnover intentions, and this conflict originates primarily in the work domain, not the family domain. Implications and recommendations for the agricultural education profession and for research are discussed. Close

• 39. [Article] Ecology of adult day care for family caregivers

  The purpose of the study was to learn more about the ways in which caregivers perceive the effects of adult day services. The goal was to help inform adult day providers about services family caregivers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecology of adult day care for family caregivers Author: Patterson, Susan L. The purpose of the study was to learn more about the ways in which caregivers perceive the effects of adult day services. The goal was to help inform adult day providers about services family caregivers find useful. An ecological model was used as a framework. Data were collected from focus groups consisting of spouse and nonspouse family caregivers of past and current participants in two different program models of adult day services: adult day care and adult day health services. There were few differences in the way caregivers of past and current participants perceived adult day services. One major difference was that some caregivers of past participants perceived that the programs had failed to provide support to them after their family member passed away. Although spouse and nonspouse caregivers used adult day services for different reasons, the main reason reported by both was to keep their family member active. The perceptions of caregivers using the adult day care model differed little from those of caregivers who used adult day health services. One difference was that some caregivers saw the staff at the adult day care center as role models who taught them how to care for and accept dependent family members. Talking to family caregivers about their experiences with adult day services can provide practitioners with valuable insights about the services and activities that family caregivers find useful and those they may need to assist them in their efforts to care for impaired family members. Adult day providers need to understand what effect services and activities have on caregivers and family members to enable them to create programs that benefit both. Title: Ecology of adult day care for family caregivers Author: Patterson, Susan L. The purpose of the study was to learn more about the ways in which caregivers perceive the effects of adult day services. The goal was to help inform adult day providers about services family caregivers find useful. An ecological model was used as a framework. Data were collected from focus groups consisting of spouse and nonspouse family caregivers of past and current participants in two different program models of adult day services: adult day care and adult day health services. There were few differences in the way caregivers of past and current participants perceived adult day services. One major difference was that some caregivers of past participants perceived that the programs had failed to provide support to them after their family member passed away. Although spouse and nonspouse caregivers used adult day services for different reasons, the main reason reported by both was to keep their family member active. The perceptions of caregivers using the adult day care model differed little from those of caregivers who used adult day health services. One difference was that some caregivers saw the staff at the adult day care center as role models who taught them how to care for and accept dependent family members. Talking to family caregivers about their experiences with adult day services can provide practitioners with valuable insights about the services and activities that family caregivers find useful and those they may need to assist them in their efforts to care for impaired family members. Adult day providers need to understand what effect services and activities have on caregivers and family members to enable them to create programs that benefit both. Close

• 40. [Article] Contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development. Seventy-four ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development Author: Liang, Shu The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development. Seventy-four children, 39 boys and 35 girls, with a mean age of 4 years-8 months, and their parents (mothers and fathers), selected from 9 preschool programs and daycare centers in Corvallis, Oregon, acted as subjects for this study. Ninety-five percent of the families came from upper or upper-middle socioeconomic classes. All the families were intact, consisting of children and their biological parents, representing one-, two, and three-child families. The children in this study were either first-, second- or third-born children. Family socioeconomic status was determined via Hollingshead's Four Factor Index of Social Status. Information on family size and birth order was obtained through a Demographic Questionnaire. Parent-child relationship was assessed via the Parent Attitude Research Instrument-Short Form. Children's intellectual level was measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Zajonc and Markus' Confluence Theory, Page and Grandon's Admixture Theory, and Falbo and Polies Parent-Child Relationships Theory were utilized as the basis for investigating the relative contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, mother-child relationship, and father-child relationship to children's intellectual development. The regression procedure was used in data analyses. The .05 probability level was used as the criterion for statistical significance. Findings revealed that the variables of socioeconomic status and quality of father-child relationships contributed significantly to children's intellectual development. The higher the socioeconomic status of the family, and the more supportive the father-child relationships, the higher the children's intellectual development scores. Birth order and family size made no contributions to children's intellectual development. These findings, therefore, provided support for Page and Grandon's Admixture Theory and Falbo and Polies Parent-Child Relationships Theory, but not for Zajonc and Markus' Confluence Theory. Title: Contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development Author: Liang, Shu The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, and parent-child relationships to young children's intellectual development. Seventy-four children, 39 boys and 35 girls, with a mean age of 4 years-8 months, and their parents (mothers and fathers), selected from 9 preschool programs and daycare centers in Corvallis, Oregon, acted as subjects for this study. Ninety-five percent of the families came from upper or upper-middle socioeconomic classes. All the families were intact, consisting of children and their biological parents, representing one-, two, and three-child families. The children in this study were either first-, second- or third-born children. Family socioeconomic status was determined via Hollingshead's Four Factor Index of Social Status. Information on family size and birth order was obtained through a Demographic Questionnaire. Parent-child relationship was assessed via the Parent Attitude Research Instrument-Short Form. Children's intellectual level was measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Zajonc and Markus' Confluence Theory, Page and Grandon's Admixture Theory, and Falbo and Polies Parent-Child Relationships Theory were utilized as the basis for investigating the relative contributions of family size, birth order, socioeconomic status, mother-child relationship, and father-child relationship to children's intellectual development. The regression procedure was used in data analyses. The .05 probability level was used as the criterion for statistical significance. Findings revealed that the variables of socioeconomic status and quality of father-child relationships contributed significantly to children's intellectual development. The higher the socioeconomic status of the family, and the more supportive the father-child relationships, the higher the children's intellectual development scores. Birth order and family size made no contributions to children's intellectual development. These findings, therefore, provided support for Page and Grandon's Admixture Theory and Falbo and Polies Parent-Child Relationships Theory, but not for Zajonc and Markus' Confluence Theory. Close