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• 31. [Article] Stability under the federal sustained yield unit system : assessing the achievement of community stability in the Lakeview Unit

  A descriptive model of community stability is developed which can be used to gauge the achievement of community stability in federal sustained yield units. Community stability is defined which provides ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stability under the federal sustained yield unit system : assessing the achievement of community stability in the Lakeview Unit Author: Olson, Douglas Charles A descriptive model of community stability is developed which can be used to gauge the achievement of community stability in federal sustained yield units. Community stability is defined which provides the framework on which the model was created. The achievement of the four goals of the 1944 Sustained Yield Act is tested using indicators. The four goals are the achievement of stability in the forest industries, in employment, in taxable forest wealth and in the community. Indicators used are: forest industries - production, efficiency and investment; employment - employment trend, unemployment and regional share (shift-share analysis); taxable forest wealth - real property; community - birth rate, age class distribution, median family income, number below poverty level, number of food stamp recipients, divorce rate, suicide rate and crime rates. The model is described and tested using the Lakeview Federal Sustained Yield Unit as an example. Lake County figures are used to represent the communities in the Federal Sustained Yield Unit. In most cases these figures are compared to Klamath and Harney counties' figures. Community stability in the Lakeview Federal Sustained Yield Unit was found to have been achieved. Title: Stability under the federal sustained yield unit system : assessing the achievement of community stability in the Lakeview Unit Author: Olson, Douglas Charles A descriptive model of community stability is developed which can be used to gauge the achievement of community stability in federal sustained yield units. Community stability is defined which provides the framework on which the model was created. The achievement of the four goals of the 1944 Sustained Yield Act is tested using indicators. The four goals are the achievement of stability in the forest industries, in employment, in taxable forest wealth and in the community. Indicators used are: forest industries - production, efficiency and investment; employment - employment trend, unemployment and regional share (shift-share analysis); taxable forest wealth - real property; community - birth rate, age class distribution, median family income, number below poverty level, number of food stamp recipients, divorce rate, suicide rate and crime rates. The model is described and tested using the Lakeview Federal Sustained Yield Unit as an example. Lake County figures are used to represent the communities in the Federal Sustained Yield Unit. In most cases these figures are compared to Klamath and Harney counties' figures. Community stability in the Lakeview Federal Sustained Yield Unit was found to have been achieved. Close

• 32. [Article] The behavioral effectiveness of consumer credit counseling service on past clients in Linn-Benton County, Oregon

  The effectiveness of the Consumer Credit Counseling Service (CCCS) program on past clients' current money and credit management was researched in this study. The researcher investigated whether the experience ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The behavioral effectiveness of consumer credit counseling service on past clients in Linn-Benton County, Oregon Author: Vallade, Linda Michelle The effectiveness of the Consumer Credit Counseling Service (CCCS) program on past clients' current money and credit management was researched in this study. The researcher investigated whether the experience of consumer credit counseling had any behavorial impact on past clients' current credit practices. A sample of 104 clients who lived in toll-free Linn-Benton County was selected from the closed CCCS files. These clients were individuals and families who had sought and obtained counseling and terminated the counseling program between 1974 and 1979. A letter was sent to the 104 clients explaining the study and indicating that the researcher would contact them by phone to administer the questionnaire. Fifty clients participated in the study. Of the remaining 54 clients, 49 could not be contacted or had moved from the Linn-Benton County area, and five declined for personal reasons. The completion rate of persons able to be contacted was 90 percent. Background information on the 50 clients was obtained from the CCCS application files. Before participation in the CCCS program, the 50 clients had a mean age of 31 years; the mean number of dependent children was 1.7; 29 clients were married, five were separated, 14 were divorced, and two were single; 28 percent of the clients were employed in white collar occupations and 72 percent were employed in blue collar occupations; the mean income was $7,336; the mean amount of savings was $2.20; the mean amount of debt was $4,290.98; the mean income to debt ratio was 3.15; the mean number of creditors was 11.36; and the mean number of credit cards used was 2.38. The mean time span since the clients left the CCCS program was three years. Of the 50 clients in the study, 29 terminated the program by self-administration, 20 clients were drop outs, and one client declared bankruptcy. At the time of the interview, February 1980, the clients had a mean age of 34 years; mean number of dependent children was 1. 8; 31 clients were married, one was separated, 15 were divorced, and three were single; 32 percent of the clients were employed in white collar occupations and 68 percent were employed in blue collar occupations; the mean income was $15,290; the mean amount of savings was $412.98; the mean amount of debt was $2,633.80; the mean income to debt ratio was 21.83; the mean number of creditors was 2.58; and the mean number of credit cards used was 1.02. There was a significant change in the number of credit cards used, number of creditors owed, the amount of debt owed, and the amount of savings acquired when a t-test was applied at the .05 significance level. There was no association between change in number of credit cards used, change in creditors owed, change in amount of savings, change in amount of debt, and type of termination (drop outs or self-administered) and length of time since termination when a t-test or analysis of variance (F-test) was applied at the .05 significance level. The clients in the study did tend to change their credit and financial practices after participation in the CCCS program. The 50 clients ( 100 percent) reported the CCCS program as very helpful in assisting them with financial difficulties. This researcher concluded that the CCCS program did have an behavorial impact on clients' current credit and financial practices. Title: The behavioral effectiveness of consumer credit counseling service on past clients in Linn-Benton County, Oregon Author: Vallade, Linda Michelle The effectiveness of the Consumer Credit Counseling Service (CCCS) program on past clients' current money and credit management was researched in this study. The researcher investigated whether the experience of consumer credit counseling had any behavorial impact on past clients' current credit practices. A sample of 104 clients who lived in toll-free Linn-Benton County was selected from the closed CCCS files. These clients were individuals and families who had sought and obtained counseling and terminated the counseling program between 1974 and 1979. A letter was sent to the 104 clients explaining the study and indicating that the researcher would contact them by phone to administer the questionnaire. Fifty clients participated in the study. Of the remaining 54 clients, 49 could not be contacted or had moved from the Linn-Benton County area, and five declined for personal reasons. The completion rate of persons able to be contacted was 90 percent. Background information on the 50 clients was obtained from the CCCS application files. Before participation in the CCCS program, the 50 clients had a mean age of 31 years; the mean number of dependent children was 1.7; 29 clients were married, five were separated, 14 were divorced, and two were single; 28 percent of the clients were employed in white collar occupations and 72 percent were employed in blue collar occupations; the mean income was $7,336; the mean amount of savings was $2.20; the mean amount of debt was $4,290.98; the mean income to debt ratio was 3.15; the mean number of creditors was 11.36; and the mean number of credit cards used was 2.38. The mean time span since the clients left the CCCS program was three years. Of the 50 clients in the study, 29 terminated the program by self-administration, 20 clients were drop outs, and one client declared bankruptcy. At the time of the interview, February 1980, the clients had a mean age of 34 years; mean number of dependent children was 1. 8; 31 clients were married, one was separated, 15 were divorced, and three were single; 32 percent of the clients were employed in white collar occupations and 68 percent were employed in blue collar occupations; the mean income was $15,290; the mean amount of savings was $412.98; the mean amount of debt was $2,633.80; the mean income to debt ratio was 21.83; the mean number of creditors was 2.58; and the mean number of credit cards used was 1.02. There was a significant change in the number of credit cards used, number of creditors owed, the amount of debt owed, and the amount of savings acquired when a t-test was applied at the .05 significance level. There was no association between change in number of credit cards used, change in creditors owed, change in amount of savings, change in amount of debt, and type of termination (drop outs or self-administered) and length of time since termination when a t-test or analysis of variance (F-test) was applied at the .05 significance level. The clients in the study did tend to change their credit and financial practices after participation in the CCCS program. The 50 clients ( 100 percent) reported the CCCS program as very helpful in assisting them with financial difficulties. This researcher concluded that the CCCS program did have an behavorial impact on clients' current credit and financial practices. Close

• 33. [Article] Theory and application in a post-GISystems world

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tgis20/cu...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Theory and application in a post-GISystems world Author: Wright, Dawn J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tgis20/current. Title: Theory and application in a post-GISystems world Author: Wright, Dawn J. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tgis20/current. Close

• 34. [Article] Family food patterns and dietary change in an intervention study : the Family Heart Study

  Division of labor in household food preparation tasks is of interest in dietary intervention projects. Randomly selected families were recruited to participate in a 5-year family-based study. A small group ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family food patterns and dietary change in an intervention study : the Family Heart Study Author: Becker, Nancy J. Division of labor in household food preparation tasks is of interest in dietary intervention projects. Randomly selected families were recruited to participate in a 5-year family-based study. A small group format that emphasized family involvement was used to promote change from the American diet (40% fat, 500 mg cholesterol P/S = .05) to the Alternative diet (20% fat, 100 mg cholesterol, P/S = 1.0). The change of division of labor in the households was evaluated from baseline to 60 months. A subsample of 109 male-female couples who were not divorced, pregnant or ill, responded to a questionnaire regarding who does the cooking, shopping and deciding what the family will eat. Plasma lipids and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and at 60 months. At baseline, the majority of men and women indicated that the wives did most of the cooking, deciding and shopping, although both women and men indicated that they did more of the task than their spouse said they did. The overall distribution of labor in cooking and deciding did not significantly change after 5 years of dietary intervention at the family level; however, there was a trend towards increased participation by the men in these tasks. Men's participation in shopping, however, significantly increased. The couples were grouped according the husbands' reported increase or decrease in involvement in these tasks, and diet and lipid changes were evaluated. Increased involvement in household food preparation tasks did not lead to significantly greater dietary change except for consumption of polyunsaturated fat. The wives of men who increased their shopping reported an increase in total fat and saturated fat when compared to changes seen in the other wives. Taken as a group, both husbands and wives decreased their reported fat, cholesterol and saturated fat consumption and increased their reported carbohydrate intake in a manner similar to that suggested in Phase 1 of the Alternative diet. Plasma lipids remained stable in both men and women. Household food-related task performance does not profoundly change when couples participate in a family-based intervention project, and the small changes seen do not have an effect on the outcome variables. Title: Family food patterns and dietary change in an intervention study : the Family Heart Study Author: Becker, Nancy J. Division of labor in household food preparation tasks is of interest in dietary intervention projects. Randomly selected families were recruited to participate in a 5-year family-based study. A small group format that emphasized family involvement was used to promote change from the American diet (40% fat, 500 mg cholesterol P/S = .05) to the Alternative diet (20% fat, 100 mg cholesterol, P/S = 1.0). The change of division of labor in the households was evaluated from baseline to 60 months. A subsample of 109 male-female couples who were not divorced, pregnant or ill, responded to a questionnaire regarding who does the cooking, shopping and deciding what the family will eat. Plasma lipids and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and at 60 months. At baseline, the majority of men and women indicated that the wives did most of the cooking, deciding and shopping, although both women and men indicated that they did more of the task than their spouse said they did. The overall distribution of labor in cooking and deciding did not significantly change after 5 years of dietary intervention at the family level; however, there was a trend towards increased participation by the men in these tasks. Men's participation in shopping, however, significantly increased. The couples were grouped according the husbands' reported increase or decrease in involvement in these tasks, and diet and lipid changes were evaluated. Increased involvement in household food preparation tasks did not lead to significantly greater dietary change except for consumption of polyunsaturated fat. The wives of men who increased their shopping reported an increase in total fat and saturated fat when compared to changes seen in the other wives. Taken as a group, both husbands and wives decreased their reported fat, cholesterol and saturated fat consumption and increased their reported carbohydrate intake in a manner similar to that suggested in Phase 1 of the Alternative diet. Plasma lipids remained stable in both men and women. Household food-related task performance does not profoundly change when couples participate in a family-based intervention project, and the small changes seen do not have an effect on the outcome variables. Close

• 35. [Article] Budgeting Analysis of Catfish Marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria

  No poster available.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Budgeting Analysis of Catfish Marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Olumide, Oseni Joseph No poster available. Title: Budgeting Analysis of Catfish Marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Olumide, Oseni Joseph No poster available. Close

• 36. [Article] Technological progress, disacculturation, and our public schools

  The problems facing our nation's public schools today cannot be divorced from our enthusiasm for technology and the positive relationship we believe it shares with our perception of progress. Based on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technological progress, disacculturation, and our public schools Author: Morita, Sally J. The problems facing our nation's public schools today cannot be divorced from our enthusiasm for technology and the positive relationship we believe it shares with our perception of progress. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, the law of entropy, author Jeremy Rifkin argues that the development of increasingly "efficient" technologies is more cause for concern than congratulations - increasing the scale and pace of activity in our lives hastens the overall process of the dissipation of energy in our environment and increases the amount of disorder in the world. What's more, Rifkin believes we rationalize our actions on the basis of our views of the order found in nature when, in fact, our views about nature and progress reflect our own dominant modes of activity. From an anthropologist's perspective, schools can be numbered among the various exosomatic instruments that we humans use to capture, transform, and process sources of energy from our environment. Only when societies have reached a certain stage of technological sophistication and organizational complexity has the suggestion for the need for schools arisen. This paper examines the relationship between the rise of industry in America and the birth and expansion of our public schools. Americans place great faith in education and we have organized our schools on the basis of our ideas about progress. During the Enlightenment, men were equally enthralled by the discovery of order in nature and the human capacity to appreciate and manipulate this order. As the nineteenth century progressed, Americans became greatly attracted to Herbert Spencer's ideas about evolution and progress, ideas which reflected the more impersonal nature and increased organizational complexity of American society after the Civil War. In our nation's public schools, these ideas were reflected in the express transformation of public schools into comprehensive socializing institutions during the Progressive era. With continued technological progress, the expanding number of socializing and vocational responsibilities assumed by schools has led to their overshadowing the teaching of basic skills and academic subjects. Two recent movements in education - the Back to the Basics movement and the Home Schooling movement - are also discussed as re- evaluations -of the relationship between public schools and changes in American society. Title: Technological progress, disacculturation, and our public schools Author: Morita, Sally J. The problems facing our nation's public schools today cannot be divorced from our enthusiasm for technology and the positive relationship we believe it shares with our perception of progress. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, the law of entropy, author Jeremy Rifkin argues that the development of increasingly "efficient" technologies is more cause for concern than congratulations - increasing the scale and pace of activity in our lives hastens the overall process of the dissipation of energy in our environment and increases the amount of disorder in the world. What's more, Rifkin believes we rationalize our actions on the basis of our views of the order found in nature when, in fact, our views about nature and progress reflect our own dominant modes of activity. From an anthropologist's perspective, schools can be numbered among the various exosomatic instruments that we humans use to capture, transform, and process sources of energy from our environment. Only when societies have reached a certain stage of technological sophistication and organizational complexity has the suggestion for the need for schools arisen. This paper examines the relationship between the rise of industry in America and the birth and expansion of our public schools. Americans place great faith in education and we have organized our schools on the basis of our ideas about progress. During the Enlightenment, men were equally enthralled by the discovery of order in nature and the human capacity to appreciate and manipulate this order. As the nineteenth century progressed, Americans became greatly attracted to Herbert Spencer's ideas about evolution and progress, ideas which reflected the more impersonal nature and increased organizational complexity of American society after the Civil War. In our nation's public schools, these ideas were reflected in the express transformation of public schools into comprehensive socializing institutions during the Progressive era. With continued technological progress, the expanding number of socializing and vocational responsibilities assumed by schools has led to their overshadowing the teaching of basic skills and academic subjects. Two recent movements in education - the Back to the Basics movement and the Home Schooling movement - are also discussed as re- evaluations -of the relationship between public schools and changes in American society. Close

• 37. [Article] Educational and occupational aspirations of Oregon tenth grade girls

  Purposes and Method of Study The purpose of this study was to find out if tenth grade girls were aware of the probability that a majority of them would work at some time during their lives, and if they ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Educational and occupational aspirations of Oregon tenth grade girls Author: Haller, Michele Suzanne Purposes and Method of Study The purpose of this study was to find out if tenth grade girls were aware of the probability that a majority of them would work at some time during their lives, and if they planned to prepare for this possibility. A questionnaire was designed and validated to attempt to determine these aspirations and expectations. Six hundred questionnaires were then sent to 24 Oregon high schools where the home economics teachers administered them to the sophomore girls in their classes, A total of 508 usable questionnaires were returned. The questions proposed for study were: 1. What do tenth grade girls aspire to educationally? 2. Are their educational goals related to the choices their mothers have made? 3. What are the future plans of the tenth grade girls ? a. Do sophomore girls see themselves in the future as mainly wives and mothers? b. If they plan to marry, do they reject working as a part of their life pattern? 4. For what reasons will they work? 5. What are tenth grade girls' views of what they will be doing at age 30 and after their children are grown? What are tenth, grade girls' preferences for their mothers' working or not working? How does this influence their choice for themselves? 7. What influences the opinions of sophomore girls about women working? 8. Are sophomore girls aware of the facts about women working today? 9. Is there a need to place more emphasis on wage-earning skills in the home economics curriculum or is there a need to continue to emphasize home and family living? Findings In general, the respondents aspired to graduate from high school. This choice was the same as the education the respondents° mothers received. The girls tended to see themselves mainly as wives and mothers, but a large majority included some work plans in the expectations for their lives. The respondents tended to be unrealistic about the reasons they might take jobs. Though most said that the need for money would be the main reason for working, the next two largest groups said that they would take a job because they erjoyed working arc in order to have something to do. They did not consider a husband's injury or death, divorce, or never marrying as good reasons for working. A majority of the respondents expected to be home taking care of their children at age 30. Forty-two percent expected to be working part time after their children are grown, but just a few less (38 percent) expected to be keeping a home during these years. The largest number of respondents preferred their mothers to keep a home full time, but in many cases made different choices for themselves than they made for their mothers. Most of the respondents felt that no one had influenced their opinions about women working. Many others felt they were mostly influenced by their mother's opinions, The respondents were quite accurate in estimating the average life-expectancy of teen-aged girls and the number of years they could expect to live after their children are grown. The respondents' estimates were not very accurate when they were asked to guess the average number of women working today (they estimated very high), and the average number of years a woman will probably work (they estimated very low). Implications The main implication of this study is that students do not seem to be realistic about planning their lives. They appear to be aware of the facts about how many women are working today, how long they will probably live, and how many years of life they will have after their children are grown. Of the 508 respondents, 80.3 percent planned to work, 56 percent after they married. Nevertheless, the respondents quite unrealistically did not plan to get very much training or education to prepare themselves for any type of job. Nearly one third of the respondents planned to go no further with their education than high school. Because of the unrealistic attitude of the girls toward preparation for their future employment, it seems that homemaking teachers need to find ways to help these girls to become more aware of the problems in the world of work, and to help them to learn skills that will make them more employable when they need or want to work. More than one fourth of the respondents expected to be working at age 30, and over half planned to be working after their children are grown. However, family life instruction is still a definite need. So few of the respondents answered that they would take a job if their husband died or was injured, or if there was a divorce, that it points to a need for more emphasis on family interaction and even realistic family finance. To leave out these teachings in favor of job training would be a mistake in light of these findings; but a combination of the two needs to be taught in the home economics curriculum. Title: Educational and occupational aspirations of Oregon tenth grade girls Author: Haller, Michele Suzanne Purposes and Method of Study The purpose of this study was to find out if tenth grade girls were aware of the probability that a majority of them would work at some time during their lives, and if they planned to prepare for this possibility. A questionnaire was designed and validated to attempt to determine these aspirations and expectations. Six hundred questionnaires were then sent to 24 Oregon high schools where the home economics teachers administered them to the sophomore girls in their classes, A total of 508 usable questionnaires were returned. The questions proposed for study were: 1. What do tenth grade girls aspire to educationally? 2. Are their educational goals related to the choices their mothers have made? 3. What are the future plans of the tenth grade girls ? a. Do sophomore girls see themselves in the future as mainly wives and mothers? b. If they plan to marry, do they reject working as a part of their life pattern? 4. For what reasons will they work? 5. What are tenth grade girls' views of what they will be doing at age 30 and after their children are grown? What are tenth, grade girls' preferences for their mothers' working or not working? How does this influence their choice for themselves? 7. What influences the opinions of sophomore girls about women working? 8. Are sophomore girls aware of the facts about women working today? 9. Is there a need to place more emphasis on wage-earning skills in the home economics curriculum or is there a need to continue to emphasize home and family living? Findings In general, the respondents aspired to graduate from high school. This choice was the same as the education the respondents° mothers received. The girls tended to see themselves mainly as wives and mothers, but a large majority included some work plans in the expectations for their lives. The respondents tended to be unrealistic about the reasons they might take jobs. Though most said that the need for money would be the main reason for working, the next two largest groups said that they would take a job because they erjoyed working arc in order to have something to do. They did not consider a husband's injury or death, divorce, or never marrying as good reasons for working. A majority of the respondents expected to be home taking care of their children at age 30. Forty-two percent expected to be working part time after their children are grown, but just a few less (38 percent) expected to be keeping a home during these years. The largest number of respondents preferred their mothers to keep a home full time, but in many cases made different choices for themselves than they made for their mothers. Most of the respondents felt that no one had influenced their opinions about women working. Many others felt they were mostly influenced by their mother's opinions, The respondents were quite accurate in estimating the average life-expectancy of teen-aged girls and the number of years they could expect to live after their children are grown. The respondents' estimates were not very accurate when they were asked to guess the average number of women working today (they estimated very high), and the average number of years a woman will probably work (they estimated very low). Implications The main implication of this study is that students do not seem to be realistic about planning their lives. They appear to be aware of the facts about how many women are working today, how long they will probably live, and how many years of life they will have after their children are grown. Of the 508 respondents, 80.3 percent planned to work, 56 percent after they married. Nevertheless, the respondents quite unrealistically did not plan to get very much training or education to prepare themselves for any type of job. Nearly one third of the respondents planned to go no further with their education than high school. Because of the unrealistic attitude of the girls toward preparation for their future employment, it seems that homemaking teachers need to find ways to help these girls to become more aware of the problems in the world of work, and to help them to learn skills that will make them more employable when they need or want to work. More than one fourth of the respondents expected to be working at age 30, and over half planned to be working after their children are grown. However, family life instruction is still a definite need. So few of the respondents answered that they would take a job if their husband died or was injured, or if there was a divorce, that it points to a need for more emphasis on family interaction and even realistic family finance. To leave out these teachings in favor of job training would be a mistake in light of these findings; but a combination of the two needs to be taught in the home economics curriculum. Close

• 38. [Article] A Bioecological Model of Grief Recovery : Theory and Test of the Model

  A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Bioecological Model of Grief Recovery : Theory and Test of the Model Author: Romo, Daniel L. A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last decade has focused primarily on examining grief recovery within the context of intrapersonal processes. This emphasis has often ignored peer, family, and cultural influences on adjustment to loss. As a result, targeted grief interventions have largely been limited to adaptive and maladaptive factors within the individual. Evidence from recent research suggests the importance of taking into account contextual factors within the social environment that have bidirectional influences on the individual, and function as potential deficits or resources for grief recovery over time. Thus, a comprehensive framework for the simultaneous consideration of person-environment transactions, rather than just a strict emphasis on intrapersonal processes, is essential to advancing the current understanding of grief recovery. To address this gap, this study presents a bioecological model of grief recovery with the addition of a 'loss system' level of influence--capturing characteristics of the deceased, circumstances of the death, and the relationship between the bereaved and the deceased prior to the death--to simultaneously account for the person- and environment-level systems of influence. The implications of this theoretical model are described for two different types of loss: death of spouse in older adults and death of a child. To move this model from theory to real-world application, the viability of the model was tested by empirically contrasting it with an individual-level (intrapersonal) model of grief recovery as applied to spousal bereavement in later life. An archived longitudinal data set (the Changing Lives of Older Couples data) was the basis for growth curve models examining the trajectory of grief several years after death of spouse. The individual-level model focused on the intrapersonal predictors known to influence grief recovery, while the bioecological model included the same intrapersonal predictors as well as loss system predictors. In sum, the analyses provided evidence that having relatively high levels of death acceptance and religiosity prior to the death of a spouse is associated with improved psychological health in the early stages of widowhood. Although the bioecological growth curve model did not evidence a better fit than the individual model in this study, it remains a useful framework accounting for a broader range of influences, with the loss system as a key to advancing bereavement research. Moreover, psychological adjustment to the death of a loved one is merely one type of life event that can be understood using this model of grief recovery. Although the theoretical and empirical models presented here represent only a limited approximation of the more complex phenomena of a human reaction when a spouse dies, it provides a new, more comprehensive framework for understanding grief and how it changes over time. Perhaps its greatest utility lies in its theoretical conceptualization of a loss system, and how that loss system can be tested using growth curve statistical models as described in Manuscript 2. This novel approach holds great promise for bereavement researchers. In addition, Manuscript 1 showed how researchers can adapt this framework to model different types of loss experiences, particularly those with strong parallels to the death of a loved one, such as relationship dissolution and divorce. Similarly, this model could be applied empirically to loss experiences such as progressive illness, disability, infertility, and disaster. Variables included in the bioecological systems should be modified accordingly to reflect and allow measurement of the type of loss, life circumstances, culture, and context of the population under study. Title: A Bioecological Model of Grief Recovery : Theory and Test of the Model Author: Romo, Daniel L. A primary aim of bereavement research is to alleviate suffering and promote well-being at the junction of life and death for the survivor in an attachment relationship. Bereavement research in the last decade has focused primarily on examining grief recovery within the context of intrapersonal processes. This emphasis has often ignored peer, family, and cultural influences on adjustment to loss. As a result, targeted grief interventions have largely been limited to adaptive and maladaptive factors within the individual. Evidence from recent research suggests the importance of taking into account contextual factors within the social environment that have bidirectional influences on the individual, and function as potential deficits or resources for grief recovery over time. Thus, a comprehensive framework for the simultaneous consideration of person-environment transactions, rather than just a strict emphasis on intrapersonal processes, is essential to advancing the current understanding of grief recovery. To address this gap, this study presents a bioecological model of grief recovery with the addition of a 'loss system' level of influence--capturing characteristics of the deceased, circumstances of the death, and the relationship between the bereaved and the deceased prior to the death--to simultaneously account for the person- and environment-level systems of influence. The implications of this theoretical model are described for two different types of loss: death of spouse in older adults and death of a child. To move this model from theory to real-world application, the viability of the model was tested by empirically contrasting it with an individual-level (intrapersonal) model of grief recovery as applied to spousal bereavement in later life. An archived longitudinal data set (the Changing Lives of Older Couples data) was the basis for growth curve models examining the trajectory of grief several years after death of spouse. The individual-level model focused on the intrapersonal predictors known to influence grief recovery, while the bioecological model included the same intrapersonal predictors as well as loss system predictors. In sum, the analyses provided evidence that having relatively high levels of death acceptance and religiosity prior to the death of a spouse is associated with improved psychological health in the early stages of widowhood. Although the bioecological growth curve model did not evidence a better fit than the individual model in this study, it remains a useful framework accounting for a broader range of influences, with the loss system as a key to advancing bereavement research. Moreover, psychological adjustment to the death of a loved one is merely one type of life event that can be understood using this model of grief recovery. Although the theoretical and empirical models presented here represent only a limited approximation of the more complex phenomena of a human reaction when a spouse dies, it provides a new, more comprehensive framework for understanding grief and how it changes over time. Perhaps its greatest utility lies in its theoretical conceptualization of a loss system, and how that loss system can be tested using growth curve statistical models as described in Manuscript 2. This novel approach holds great promise for bereavement researchers. In addition, Manuscript 1 showed how researchers can adapt this framework to model different types of loss experiences, particularly those with strong parallels to the death of a loved one, such as relationship dissolution and divorce. Similarly, this model could be applied empirically to loss experiences such as progressive illness, disability, infertility, and disaster. Variables included in the bioecological systems should be modified accordingly to reflect and allow measurement of the type of loss, life circumstances, culture, and context of the population under study. Close

• 39. [Article] The transition of single mothers on public assistance to economic self-sufficiency : an analysis of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors

  The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The transition of single mothers on public assistance to economic self-sufficiency : an analysis of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors Author: Parker, Louise Anne The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of 851 single mothers on Aid to Families with Dependent Children was selected from the Washington State Family Income Study data base. Data from a three-year period (6/88-5/91) were utilized to describe and analyze single mothers in transition from welfare. When compared to a sample of non-poor single mothers, mothers on public assistance differed significantly in several ways: They were younger, had more children and were more likely to have parents who received public assistance. Educational levels were significantly lower, as was employment activity. Economic self-sufficiency was measured as the ratio of welfare benefits to household income. Degree of ESS improved over the three-year period: While 60 percent of single mothers relied on welfare for more than half their income in the first year, only 45 percent did by the third year. In analyzing differences in degrees of economic self-sufficiency among single mothers, the following groups of mothers had significantly higher degrees of welfare reliance: never-married and divorced mothers; mothers with a child under age two; mothers with three or more children; non-white mothers; and mothers living in public housing. A path analysis was conducted to determine the relative influence of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors on later economic self-sufficiency. Number of children and receipt of subsidies positively affected welfare reliance. Education, number of adults in the household and number of months employed negatively affected degree of welfare reliance. A key finding was that, after controlling for differences in human capital, family resources and employment activity, workplace support retained a highly significant, inverse relationship with degree of welfare reliance. Sense of personal control and social support had both direct and indirect effects on degree of welfare reliance, establishing that psychosocial factors mediate impacts of human capital, family and employment factors on economic self-sufficiency. The results support the viability of utilizing stress models to examine objective economic outcomes in future research. Title: The transition of single mothers on public assistance to economic self-sufficiency : an analysis of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors Author: Parker, Louise Anne The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of 851 single mothers on Aid to Families with Dependent Children was selected from the Washington State Family Income Study data base. Data from a three-year period (6/88-5/91) were utilized to describe and analyze single mothers in transition from welfare. When compared to a sample of non-poor single mothers, mothers on public assistance differed significantly in several ways: They were younger, had more children and were more likely to have parents who received public assistance. Educational levels were significantly lower, as was employment activity. Economic self-sufficiency was measured as the ratio of welfare benefits to household income. Degree of ESS improved over the three-year period: While 60 percent of single mothers relied on welfare for more than half their income in the first year, only 45 percent did by the third year. In analyzing differences in degrees of economic self-sufficiency among single mothers, the following groups of mothers had significantly higher degrees of welfare reliance: never-married and divorced mothers; mothers with a child under age two; mothers with three or more children; non-white mothers; and mothers living in public housing. A path analysis was conducted to determine the relative influence of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors on later economic self-sufficiency. Number of children and receipt of subsidies positively affected welfare reliance. Education, number of adults in the household and number of months employed negatively affected degree of welfare reliance. A key finding was that, after controlling for differences in human capital, family resources and employment activity, workplace support retained a highly significant, inverse relationship with degree of welfare reliance. Sense of personal control and social support had both direct and indirect effects on degree of welfare reliance, establishing that psychosocial factors mediate impacts of human capital, family and employment factors on economic self-sufficiency. The results support the viability of utilizing stress models to examine objective economic outcomes in future research. Close

• 40. [Article] Some factors associated with reconciliation decisions among couples with marital problems

  The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of marital interaction that occurs at the point at which couples with problems seek assistance from an agency specifically designed to deal with marital ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Some factors associated with reconciliation decisions among couples with marital problems Author: Kelley, Roselene Jensen The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of marital interaction that occurs at the point at which couples with problems seek assistance from an agency specifically designed to deal with marital problems. Efforts were made to learn more about the nature of the marital relationship in general, and conditions under which individuals who seek counseling arrive at a decision to reconcile or not to reconcile. Specifically, the marital interaction, as measured by an affection-companionship index (ACI), and a hostility index (HOS), of couples who were referred for, or who voluntarily requested the services of the Marriage Counselor's Office of the Domestic Relations Division of The Superior Court, County of Sacramento, was investigated. The sample consisted of 83 couples, drawn on the basis of their willingness to cooperate. The Marriage Questionnaire, developed by James L. Hawkins, PhD was used to assess marital interaction, and yielded a single score for a married couple on both affection-companionship and hostility, as reflected in the reported overt behaviors of the couple. The study focused on the ACI and HOS variables in relationship to the decision of the couple concerning their immediate future marital relationship, or their reconciliation decision. Couples were classified on the basis of these decisions and were categorized as follows: 1) decision to reconcile (R), 2) decision to refuse reconciliation (RR), and 3) reconciliation decision unknown to the Marriage Counselor's Office, which consisted of the subgroups off-calendar (OC) and petition-dismissed (PD). The possibility that other factors relating to marital status might be associated with reconciliation decisions of these couples was also investigated. The specific hypotheses tested were: 1. There is no difference among the three reconciliation decision groups, R, RR, and RU, with regard to ACI scores or to HOS scores. 2. There is a significant negative correlation between HOS and ACI within the entire sample and within each of the reconciliation decision groups. 3. There is no difference in HOS scores of court-referred couples and non-court-referred couples regardless of reconciliation decision. 4. Among couples receiving counseling there is no difference in the number who do reconcile and the number who do not reconcile within this particular sample. 5. Reconciliation decision is independent of: present ages of marriage partners, duration of marriage, incidence of children younger than ten years, incidence of separation, and duration of separation. Results indicated differences, significant at the five per cent level, in both HOS and ACI between the R group and PD group, in HOS only between the RR and PD group, and in ACI only between the R and RR groups. No differences resulted in either ACI or HOS between OC and PD, R and OC, and RR and OC. No significant relationship was found between the number of couples who reconcile and the number of couples who refuse reconciliation following counseling. A significant negative correlation (-.575) between ACI and HOS was found within the R group, and no relationship was found within any one of the RR, OC, or PD groups. The reconciliation decision of couples was found to be independent of age of the marriage partners, the duration of marriage, the incidence of children younger than ten years of age, or the duration of separation. However, reconciliation decision was found to be significantly related to incidence of separation at the .001 level of confidence. It was concluded from the results of the study that differences do exist in affection-companionship and hostility between certain reconciliation decision groups, and that for reconciled couples, at least, a significant negative relationship exists between ACI and HOS. The affection-companionship index, as measured by the Marriage Questionnaire, discriminates between reconciled couples and couples who refuse to reconcile. Marital separation is associated with the reconciliation decision of these couples. The study points up the need for further research. Title: Some factors associated with reconciliation decisions among couples with marital problems Author: Kelley, Roselene Jensen The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature of marital interaction that occurs at the point at which couples with problems seek assistance from an agency specifically designed to deal with marital problems. Efforts were made to learn more about the nature of the marital relationship in general, and conditions under which individuals who seek counseling arrive at a decision to reconcile or not to reconcile. Specifically, the marital interaction, as measured by an affection-companionship index (ACI), and a hostility index (HOS), of couples who were referred for, or who voluntarily requested the services of the Marriage Counselor's Office of the Domestic Relations Division of The Superior Court, County of Sacramento, was investigated. The sample consisted of 83 couples, drawn on the basis of their willingness to cooperate. The Marriage Questionnaire, developed by James L. Hawkins, PhD was used to assess marital interaction, and yielded a single score for a married couple on both affection-companionship and hostility, as reflected in the reported overt behaviors of the couple. The study focused on the ACI and HOS variables in relationship to the decision of the couple concerning their immediate future marital relationship, or their reconciliation decision. Couples were classified on the basis of these decisions and were categorized as follows: 1) decision to reconcile (R), 2) decision to refuse reconciliation (RR), and 3) reconciliation decision unknown to the Marriage Counselor's Office, which consisted of the subgroups off-calendar (OC) and petition-dismissed (PD). The possibility that other factors relating to marital status might be associated with reconciliation decisions of these couples was also investigated. The specific hypotheses tested were: 1. There is no difference among the three reconciliation decision groups, R, RR, and RU, with regard to ACI scores or to HOS scores. 2. There is a significant negative correlation between HOS and ACI within the entire sample and within each of the reconciliation decision groups. 3. There is no difference in HOS scores of court-referred couples and non-court-referred couples regardless of reconciliation decision. 4. Among couples receiving counseling there is no difference in the number who do reconcile and the number who do not reconcile within this particular sample. 5. Reconciliation decision is independent of: present ages of marriage partners, duration of marriage, incidence of children younger than ten years, incidence of separation, and duration of separation. Results indicated differences, significant at the five per cent level, in both HOS and ACI between the R group and PD group, in HOS only between the RR and PD group, and in ACI only between the R and RR groups. No differences resulted in either ACI or HOS between OC and PD, R and OC, and RR and OC. No significant relationship was found between the number of couples who reconcile and the number of couples who refuse reconciliation following counseling. A significant negative correlation (-.575) between ACI and HOS was found within the R group, and no relationship was found within any one of the RR, OC, or PD groups. The reconciliation decision of couples was found to be independent of age of the marriage partners, the duration of marriage, the incidence of children younger than ten years of age, or the duration of separation. However, reconciliation decision was found to be significantly related to incidence of separation at the .001 level of confidence. It was concluded from the results of the study that differences do exist in affection-companionship and hostility between certain reconciliation decision groups, and that for reconciled couples, at least, a significant negative relationship exists between ACI and HOS. The affection-companionship index, as measured by the Marriage Questionnaire, discriminates between reconciled couples and couples who refuse to reconcile. Marital separation is associated with the reconciliation decision of these couples. The study points up the need for further research. Close