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• 151. [Article] Transportation

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transportation Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Transportation Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 152. [Article] Stock brands

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stock brands Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Stock brands Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 153. [Article] Oregon oddities radio series

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon oddities radio series Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon oddities radio series Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 154. [Article] Pioneer days and ways

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pioneer days and ways Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Pioneer days and ways Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 155. [Article] Mining legends

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mining legends Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Mining legends Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 156. [Article] Cowboy talk

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cowboy talk Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Cowboy talk Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 157. [Article] Beaver state money : number 1

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver state money : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Beaver state money : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 158. [Article] Loggers' jargon

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Loggers' jargon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Loggers' jargon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 159. [Article] Old times with Lane county pioneers

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Old times with Lane county pioneers Author: Historical Records Survey (Or.) Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Old times with Lane county pioneers Author: Historical Records Survey (Or.) Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 160. [Article] Tsunami Digital Library Needs Assessment: Final Report to Oregon State University Libraries and the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering

  This report was part of Lehman's work towards a MLIS degree at the Information School, University of Washington.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tsunami Digital Library Needs Assessment: Final Report to Oregon State University Libraries and the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering Author: Webster, Janet G., Lehman, Heather This report was part of Lehman's work towards a MLIS degree at the Information School, University of Washington. Title: Tsunami Digital Library Needs Assessment: Final Report to Oregon State University Libraries and the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering Author: Webster, Janet G., Lehman, Heather This report was part of Lehman's work towards a MLIS degree at the Information School, University of Washington. Close

• 161. [Article] Detection of burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery, Oregon : a comparison of ground-based remote sensing methods

  This project hypothesizes that the use of multiple ground-based remote sensing methods can collectively characterize the geophysical signatures of four marked human burials at the Confederated Tribes of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Detection of burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery, Oregon : a comparison of ground-based remote sensing methods Author: Rogers, Michael This project hypothesizes that the use of multiple ground-based remote sensing methods can collectively characterize the geophysical signatures of four marked human burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery. If the geophysical signatures of the marked burials can be characterized, these signatures may be used to located unmarked burials within the Siletz cemetery. To investigate this hypothesis, several research questions focused on the results from topographic, cesium gradiometer, and ground-penetrating radar surveys. A 15m x 15m region of the cemetery containing four marked burials defines the survey region. The results of each survey were individually and collectively examined to identify the characteristic geophysical signatures of the four marked burials. The topographic and magnetic surveys identified geophysical anomalies spatially associated with the some of the marked burials. The ground-penetrating radar survey was the most productive by identifying geophysical anomalies spatially associated with all four marked burials. Even though signals from the burials appeared with mixed results, it proved difficult to characterize the geophysical signatures of the burials in the individual and collective geophysical data. Without a characterization of the geophysical signature of the marked burials, it is difficult to identify unmarked burials at the Siletz cemetery. Due to the success of the radar at "seeing" all four marked burials it may be possible to identify areas free of unmarked burials. Title: Detection of burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery, Oregon : a comparison of ground-based remote sensing methods Author: Rogers, Michael This project hypothesizes that the use of multiple ground-based remote sensing methods can collectively characterize the geophysical signatures of four marked human burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery. If the geophysical signatures of the marked burials can be characterized, these signatures may be used to located unmarked burials within the Siletz cemetery. To investigate this hypothesis, several research questions focused on the results from topographic, cesium gradiometer, and ground-penetrating radar surveys. A 15m x 15m region of the cemetery containing four marked burials defines the survey region. The results of each survey were individually and collectively examined to identify the characteristic geophysical signatures of the four marked burials. The topographic and magnetic surveys identified geophysical anomalies spatially associated with the some of the marked burials. The ground-penetrating radar survey was the most productive by identifying geophysical anomalies spatially associated with all four marked burials. Even though signals from the burials appeared with mixed results, it proved difficult to characterize the geophysical signatures of the burials in the individual and collective geophysical data. Without a characterization of the geophysical signature of the marked burials, it is difficult to identify unmarked burials at the Siletz cemetery. Due to the success of the radar at "seeing" all four marked burials it may be possible to identify areas free of unmarked burials. Close

• 162. [Article] Abundance, habitat association, and foraging ecology of American dippers and other riparian-associated wildlife in the Oregon Coast Range

  To quantify the distribution and abundance of the riparian-associated vertebrate community, I surveyed streams in four basins in the Oregon Coast Range, 1992-1994. I observed mostly birds with fewer observations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Abundance, habitat association, and foraging ecology of American dippers and other riparian-associated wildlife in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Loegering, John P., 1964- To quantify the distribution and abundance of the riparian-associated vertebrate community, I surveyed streams in four basins in the Oregon Coast Range, 1992-1994. I observed mostly birds with fewer observations of mammals. Belted Kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon), American Dippers (Cinclus mexicanus), Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias), and Mallards (Anus plalyrhynchos) comprised >85% of these observations, but no one species was abundant. Abundance of each species was affected by stream order, basin, and season, but to varying degrees. Dippers and kingfishers selected channel unit habitats disproportionately to their availability. Key habitat components that were predictive of use were species specific. Riparian forests and streamside trees were important predictors of use by the three most abundant species; dippers, kingfishers, and herons. Second, I studied nest-site selection of dippers. Dippers selected nest sites based primarily on micro-habitat characteristics. Reproductive success was high and not associated with any habitat or parental foraging behavior. Suitable nest sites provided a physical space to place the nest, were above the upper flood line and inaccessible to ground predators, and were very near or extended over the stream's edge. Within the context of mountain streams, dippers exhibited flexibility in their nest-site selection. Dippers used experimentally-created nest sites, doubling the population on a 10-km reach. Dipper populations appeared to be limited by the availability of suitable nest sites. Third, I studied foraging ecology of dippers by observing prey delivered to nestlings. Dippers fed nestlings a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate prey. Prey was mostly aquatic and composed primarily of mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, fish, and adult insects. Younger chicks were fed smaller prey and more mayflies than older chicks. Older chicks were fed larger prey and more caddisflies and fish than younger chicks. Mayflies, stoneflies, and fish were fed more often to nestlings during the first than the second brood-rearing seasons. The caloric content of prey delivered by males and females was similar. However, males delivered more, smaller prey items than females, and this was most pronounced when the females were brooding young chicks. Title: Abundance, habitat association, and foraging ecology of American dippers and other riparian-associated wildlife in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Loegering, John P., 1964- To quantify the distribution and abundance of the riparian-associated vertebrate community, I surveyed streams in four basins in the Oregon Coast Range, 1992-1994. I observed mostly birds with fewer observations of mammals. Belted Kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon), American Dippers (Cinclus mexicanus), Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias), and Mallards (Anus plalyrhynchos) comprised >85% of these observations, but no one species was abundant. Abundance of each species was affected by stream order, basin, and season, but to varying degrees. Dippers and kingfishers selected channel unit habitats disproportionately to their availability. Key habitat components that were predictive of use were species specific. Riparian forests and streamside trees were important predictors of use by the three most abundant species; dippers, kingfishers, and herons. Second, I studied nest-site selection of dippers. Dippers selected nest sites based primarily on micro-habitat characteristics. Reproductive success was high and not associated with any habitat or parental foraging behavior. Suitable nest sites provided a physical space to place the nest, were above the upper flood line and inaccessible to ground predators, and were very near or extended over the stream's edge. Within the context of mountain streams, dippers exhibited flexibility in their nest-site selection. Dippers used experimentally-created nest sites, doubling the population on a 10-km reach. Dipper populations appeared to be limited by the availability of suitable nest sites. Third, I studied foraging ecology of dippers by observing prey delivered to nestlings. Dippers fed nestlings a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate prey. Prey was mostly aquatic and composed primarily of mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, fish, and adult insects. Younger chicks were fed smaller prey and more mayflies than older chicks. Older chicks were fed larger prey and more caddisflies and fish than younger chicks. Mayflies, stoneflies, and fish were fed more often to nestlings during the first than the second brood-rearing seasons. The caloric content of prey delivered by males and females was similar. However, males delivered more, smaller prey items than females, and this was most pronounced when the females were brooding young chicks. Close

• 163. [Article] The association of epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes with riparian stand types along a valley continuum, Oregon Coast Range

  I surveyed epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes in six stands in each of seven riparian stand types in the Oregon Coast Range. This study (Chapter 2) describes the association of epiphytes with stand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The association of epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes with riparian stand types along a valley continuum, Oregon Coast Range Author: Ruchty, Andrea M. I surveyed epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes in six stands in each of seven riparian stand types in the Oregon Coast Range. This study (Chapter 2) describes the association of epiphytes with stand types and the corresponding potential of forest canopy conversions to affect epiphyte communities. Species composition, diversity, and representation of functional groups differed among stand types. Epiphyte communities changed along a valley continuum, from higher elevation, older, conifer-dominated stands along constrained stream reaches bounded closely by slopes, to lower elevation, hardwood-dominated stands on broad floodplains along unconstrained rivers or streams. Epiphyte communities also appear to be affected by bark pH. We conclude that riparian canopy conversions in the Oregon Coast Range have great potential to affect epiphyte communities. A transplant study (Chapter 3) examined whether canopy environment is important in determining associations between lichen species and canopy type in Oregon Coast Range riparian forests. The growth of four lichen species was compared beneath three canopy types. If canopy environment is important in determining the distribution of individual transplant species, then transplant species should show growth response patterns under the different canopy treatments that correspond to their known habitat preferences. We found that the survival, health and growth of individual transplant species did not differ by canopy type, though, as a group, lichen transplants were less healthy and did not survive as often under bigleaf maple canopies. Hypogymnia inactiva grew less well and was less healthy than the other three lichen species, though its survival rate was similar to that of the other transplant species. Chapter 4 supplements data presented in Chapter 2 by, (1) describing where and with what abundance ROD-listed epiphyte species were found, (2) reporting species found to be rare and, (3) reporting absent species that we had expected to find. Of the nine ROD-listed "riparian" lichens, five were encountered in our surveys. Sixteen additional ROD-listed lichen and 2 bryophyte species were encountered during surveys. Of all the ROD-listed riparian species that were encountered more than once, none were restricted to a specific stand type. Many rare species (present in less than 5% of sampled stands) are more common on other substrates or in nearby habitats. Though suitable habitat was available, we found some lichen and bryophyte species less often than expected; these species may be more rare than has been previously recognized. This information improves our understanding of the habitat requirements of riparian epiphyte species and allows us to assess their rarity within the Oregon Coast Range. Title: The association of epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes with riparian stand types along a valley continuum, Oregon Coast Range Author: Ruchty, Andrea M. I surveyed epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes in six stands in each of seven riparian stand types in the Oregon Coast Range. This study (Chapter 2) describes the association of epiphytes with stand types and the corresponding potential of forest canopy conversions to affect epiphyte communities. Species composition, diversity, and representation of functional groups differed among stand types. Epiphyte communities changed along a valley continuum, from higher elevation, older, conifer-dominated stands along constrained stream reaches bounded closely by slopes, to lower elevation, hardwood-dominated stands on broad floodplains along unconstrained rivers or streams. Epiphyte communities also appear to be affected by bark pH. We conclude that riparian canopy conversions in the Oregon Coast Range have great potential to affect epiphyte communities. A transplant study (Chapter 3) examined whether canopy environment is important in determining associations between lichen species and canopy type in Oregon Coast Range riparian forests. The growth of four lichen species was compared beneath three canopy types. If canopy environment is important in determining the distribution of individual transplant species, then transplant species should show growth response patterns under the different canopy treatments that correspond to their known habitat preferences. We found that the survival, health and growth of individual transplant species did not differ by canopy type, though, as a group, lichen transplants were less healthy and did not survive as often under bigleaf maple canopies. Hypogymnia inactiva grew less well and was less healthy than the other three lichen species, though its survival rate was similar to that of the other transplant species. Chapter 4 supplements data presented in Chapter 2 by, (1) describing where and with what abundance ROD-listed epiphyte species were found, (2) reporting species found to be rare and, (3) reporting absent species that we had expected to find. Of the nine ROD-listed "riparian" lichens, five were encountered in our surveys. Sixteen additional ROD-listed lichen and 2 bryophyte species were encountered during surveys. Of all the ROD-listed riparian species that were encountered more than once, none were restricted to a specific stand type. Many rare species (present in less than 5% of sampled stands) are more common on other substrates or in nearby habitats. Though suitable habitat was available, we found some lichen and bryophyte species less often than expected; these species may be more rare than has been previously recognized. This information improves our understanding of the habitat requirements of riparian epiphyte species and allows us to assess their rarity within the Oregon Coast Range. Close

• 164. [Article] Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Prescription Stimulant Misuse: A Test of the Theory of Triadic Influence

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Prescription Stimulant Misuse: A Test of the Theory of Triadic Influence Author: Flay, Brian R., Martin, Melissa, Kodama, Cathy, Ketcham, Patricia L., Smit, Ellen, Saltz, Robert F., Bavarian, Niloofar This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol-dependence/. Title: Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Prescription Stimulant Misuse: A Test of the Theory of Triadic Influence Author: Flay, Brian R., Martin, Melissa, Kodama, Cathy, Ketcham, Patricia L., Smit, Ellen, Saltz, Robert F., Bavarian, Niloofar This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol-dependence/. Close

• 165. [Article] Spatial Ecological Processes and Local Factors Predict the Distribution and Abundance of Spawning by Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a Complex Riverscape

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial Ecological Processes and Local Factors Predict the Distribution and Abundance of Spawning by Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a Complex Riverscape Author: Falke, Jeffrey A., Reeves, Gordon H., Jordan, Christopher E., McNyset, Kristina M., Dunham, Jason B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. Title: Spatial Ecological Processes and Local Factors Predict the Distribution and Abundance of Spawning by Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a Complex Riverscape Author: Falke, Jeffrey A., Reeves, Gordon H., Jordan, Christopher E., McNyset, Kristina M., Dunham, Jason B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. Close

• 166. [Article] Physical and chemical characteristics of riparian soils two third order streams in the western Cascades of Oregon

  Study objectives were to survey and compare physical and chemical characteristics of soils within two thirdorder montane riparian ecosystems: a 500-year old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menzlesii) forest at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physical and chemical characteristics of riparian soils two third order streams in the western Cascades of Oregon Author: Gillham, Marla L. Study objectives were to survey and compare physical and chemical characteristics of soils within two thirdorder montane riparian ecosystems: a 500-year old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menzlesii) forest at Mack Creek, and a mature red alder (Alnus rubra) forest occupying a 35-year old clearcut at Quartz Creek, both near Blue River, Oregon, USA. Geomorphic surfaces and plant communities were mapped within each area. Principal components analysis and discriminant analysis served to group observations and reveal structure within the data. The first two principal components represented organic content and particle size characteristics at both sites. Discriminant analysis verified that virtually all sampling points were correctly classified. Dominant variables accounting for separation among sampling points were sodium fluoride pH and mineralizable anunonium at 15-30 cm depth at Mack Creek, and geomorphic surface at Quartz Creek. The vigor of the multivariate statistics indicated that plausible soil types were identified in a highly heterogeneous riparian area despite a small sample size. Sampling points plotted on the first two principal components and labeled by geoluorphic surface or plant community were clearly clustered. Higher values of mean total carbon, nitrogen, CEC, and fine-earth content (Mack Creek only) were associated generally with soil types derived from older and/or aggrading geomorphic surfaces. Nitrate levels were higher in the alluvial samples at Quartz Creek than at Mack Creek, as indicated by both KC1-extraction and ion-exchange resin. Stream water nitrate concentrations, however, were 5.7 times greater in Mack Creek than in Quartz Creek. The Quartz Creek alluvial soils may have been influenced strongly by alder-associated nitrogen fixation. The Mack Creek alluvial soils contained more organic matter, perhaps reflecting more time for soil development since disturbance. Site differences may reflect differences in soil development associated with geomorphic surface (and variation in parent material as determined by geomorphic processes), with plant community, and with time since disturbance. Title: Physical and chemical characteristics of riparian soils two third order streams in the western Cascades of Oregon Author: Gillham, Marla L. Study objectives were to survey and compare physical and chemical characteristics of soils within two thirdorder montane riparian ecosystems: a 500-year old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menzlesii) forest at Mack Creek, and a mature red alder (Alnus rubra) forest occupying a 35-year old clearcut at Quartz Creek, both near Blue River, Oregon, USA. Geomorphic surfaces and plant communities were mapped within each area. Principal components analysis and discriminant analysis served to group observations and reveal structure within the data. The first two principal components represented organic content and particle size characteristics at both sites. Discriminant analysis verified that virtually all sampling points were correctly classified. Dominant variables accounting for separation among sampling points were sodium fluoride pH and mineralizable anunonium at 15-30 cm depth at Mack Creek, and geomorphic surface at Quartz Creek. The vigor of the multivariate statistics indicated that plausible soil types were identified in a highly heterogeneous riparian area despite a small sample size. Sampling points plotted on the first two principal components and labeled by geoluorphic surface or plant community were clearly clustered. Higher values of mean total carbon, nitrogen, CEC, and fine-earth content (Mack Creek only) were associated generally with soil types derived from older and/or aggrading geomorphic surfaces. Nitrate levels were higher in the alluvial samples at Quartz Creek than at Mack Creek, as indicated by both KC1-extraction and ion-exchange resin. Stream water nitrate concentrations, however, were 5.7 times greater in Mack Creek than in Quartz Creek. The Quartz Creek alluvial soils may have been influenced strongly by alder-associated nitrogen fixation. The Mack Creek alluvial soils contained more organic matter, perhaps reflecting more time for soil development since disturbance. Site differences may reflect differences in soil development associated with geomorphic surface (and variation in parent material as determined by geomorphic processes), with plant community, and with time since disturbance. Close

• 167. [Article] Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS)

  Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) Author: Chen, Huaisheng Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., area, slope, soil type, etc.). A cell is defined as the linkages of edges and their attributes (e.g., length, slope, etc.) and an edge is defined as the linkage of nodes and their attributes (e.g., depth of soil, elevation). The watershed hydrologic components such as water depth, surface flow, etc., are features associated with the cells, edges and nodes of a watershed. Simulation of hydrologic processes across a watershed involves the calculation of flows and water balances for these cells, edges, and nodes and their linkages. Therefore, the OWLS model is a three-dimensional, object-linked, vector-based model. OWLS includes four sub-models that focus on (1) Data Processing, (2) Geomorphology, (3) Hydrology and (4) Visualization. The Data Processing Model handles conversions of raw data from watershed surveys into OWLS format. It also handles missing data interpolation and extrapolation for air temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. The Geomorphologic Model handles the automatic watershed delineation for flowpaths, streams, and boundaries, as well as stream geometry and macropore geometry. The Hydrologic Model handles water balance, flow calculation and flow routing for the canopy, surface, subsurface and macropore system associated with each cell. The Visualization Model handles 3-D watershed projection, 2-D watershed projection, hydrograph presentation, and 3-D dynamic watershed animation for simulated flows and other hydrologic components of the Hydrologic Model. The OWLS model was tested with data from the Bear Brook Watershed of Maine (BBWM). Results from parameter calibration and validation indicate that the model generally provided good estimation of streamflows for rain-based flood events and unstable estimations for rain-on-snow events or snowmelt-based events when air temperature was high. Title: Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) Author: Chen, Huaisheng Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., area, slope, soil type, etc.). A cell is defined as the linkages of edges and their attributes (e.g., length, slope, etc.) and an edge is defined as the linkage of nodes and their attributes (e.g., depth of soil, elevation). The watershed hydrologic components such as water depth, surface flow, etc., are features associated with the cells, edges and nodes of a watershed. Simulation of hydrologic processes across a watershed involves the calculation of flows and water balances for these cells, edges, and nodes and their linkages. Therefore, the OWLS model is a three-dimensional, object-linked, vector-based model. OWLS includes four sub-models that focus on (1) Data Processing, (2) Geomorphology, (3) Hydrology and (4) Visualization. The Data Processing Model handles conversions of raw data from watershed surveys into OWLS format. It also handles missing data interpolation and extrapolation for air temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. The Geomorphologic Model handles the automatic watershed delineation for flowpaths, streams, and boundaries, as well as stream geometry and macropore geometry. The Hydrologic Model handles water balance, flow calculation and flow routing for the canopy, surface, subsurface and macropore system associated with each cell. The Visualization Model handles 3-D watershed projection, 2-D watershed projection, hydrograph presentation, and 3-D dynamic watershed animation for simulated flows and other hydrologic components of the Hydrologic Model. The OWLS model was tested with data from the Bear Brook Watershed of Maine (BBWM). Results from parameter calibration and validation indicate that the model generally provided good estimation of streamflows for rain-based flood events and unstable estimations for rain-on-snow events or snowmelt-based events when air temperature was high. Close

• 168. [Article] The historical Tualatin River Basin

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The historical Tualatin River Basin Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Cass, Penny L., Miner, J. Ronald Title: The historical Tualatin River Basin Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Cass, Penny L., Miner, J. Ronald Close

• 169. [Article] The Michigan Recreational Angling Demand Model

  The paper reports on a large-scale demand model for recreational fishing in Michigan. The model is based on the travel cost method and is specified as a four-level nested-logit. Seasonal participation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Michigan Recreational Angling Demand Model Author: Chen, Heng Zhang, Tomasi, Theodore D., Hoehn, John P., Lupi, Frank Year: 2001 The paper reports on a large-scale demand model for recreational fishing in Michigan. The model is based on the travel cost method and is specified as a four-level nested-logit. Seasonal participation is modeled by repeating the site choice logit over the course of a season. Data on anglers’ trips and site choices were collected using a year-long telephone panel survey of over 1,900 Michigan residents. The model distinguishes among a broad range of fishing trip types including trips of different lengths; trips for different species; and trips to Great Lake, inland lake, and inland stream sites. For Great Lakes fishing, anglers’ site choices are related to catch rates which vary spatially and temporally (i.e., time-varying site quality characteristics). Title: The Michigan Recreational Angling Demand Model Author: Chen, Heng Zhang, Tomasi, Theodore D., Hoehn, John P., Lupi, Frank Year: 2001 The paper reports on a large-scale demand model for recreational fishing in Michigan. The model is based on the travel cost method and is specified as a four-level nested-logit. Seasonal participation is modeled by repeating the site choice logit over the course of a season. Data on anglers’ trips and site choices were collected using a year-long telephone panel survey of over 1,900 Michigan residents. The model distinguishes among a broad range of fishing trip types including trips of different lengths; trips for different species; and trips to Great Lake, inland lake, and inland stream sites. For Great Lakes fishing, anglers’ site choices are related to catch rates which vary spatially and temporally (i.e., time-varying site quality characteristics). Close

• 170. [Article] Habitat Improvement Project, No. 25

  In earlier years, the lower Owyhee River provided excellent trout angling. In recent years, the fishery had declined to one maintained with the annual stocking of legal size hatchery trout on a put and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat Improvement Project, No. 25 Author: Oregon. State Game Commission. Fishery Division, Bisbee, Lawrence E. In earlier years, the lower Owyhee River provided excellent trout angling. In recent years, the fishery had declined to one maintained with the annual stocking of legal size hatchery trout on a put and take basis. Stream surveys completed in 1966 indicated the 16 1/2-mile section of the lower river lying between the Owyhee Reservoir dam and the old Owyhee diversion dam in Malheur County, Oregon, would lend itself to periodic rehabilitation and restocking annually with rainbow fingerling. Chemical treatment of this section of river was completed on March 18, 1967. A large population of bridgelip and coarsescale suckers, squawfish, chiselmouth, redside shiner, and carp were reduced. A kill estimated to be in excess of 63,000 fish resulted from the aerial application of 225 gallons of liquid pronox-fish by helicopter. Test fish confined in live boxes along with net sampling indicated an incomplete kill. Failure of the chemical to penetrate the deeper water and rapid detoxification were the primary causes for the incomplete kill. Detoxification at the old diversion dam was necessary to prevent destruction of warm-water game fish below. Rainbow fingerling totaling 97,642 were restocked in mid-April and 5,072 legal size rainbow were planted in late May 1967. Fingerling began entering the catch in August. Angler success was excellent. Title: Habitat Improvement Project, No. 25 Author: Oregon. State Game Commission. Fishery Division, Bisbee, Lawrence E. In earlier years, the lower Owyhee River provided excellent trout angling. In recent years, the fishery had declined to one maintained with the annual stocking of legal size hatchery trout on a put and take basis. Stream surveys completed in 1966 indicated the 16 1/2-mile section of the lower river lying between the Owyhee Reservoir dam and the old Owyhee diversion dam in Malheur County, Oregon, would lend itself to periodic rehabilitation and restocking annually with rainbow fingerling. Chemical treatment of this section of river was completed on March 18, 1967. A large population of bridgelip and coarsescale suckers, squawfish, chiselmouth, redside shiner, and carp were reduced. A kill estimated to be in excess of 63,000 fish resulted from the aerial application of 225 gallons of liquid pronox-fish by helicopter. Test fish confined in live boxes along with net sampling indicated an incomplete kill. Failure of the chemical to penetrate the deeper water and rapid detoxification were the primary causes for the incomplete kill. Detoxification at the old diversion dam was necessary to prevent destruction of warm-water game fish below. Rainbow fingerling totaling 97,642 were restocked in mid-April and 5,072 legal size rainbow were planted in late May 1967. Fingerling began entering the catch in August. Angler success was excellent. Close

• 171. [Article] An Exploratory Multilevel Analysis of Non-Prescription Stimulant Use in a Sample of College Students

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the authors and published by Sage Publications in association with Florida State ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Exploratory Multilevel Analysis of Non-Prescription Stimulant Use in a Sample of College Students Author: Flay, Brian R., Bavarian, Niloofar, Smit, Ellen This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the authors and published by Sage Publications in association with Florida State University, The College of Criminology & Criminal Justice. It can be found at: http://jod.sagepub.com/. Title: An Exploratory Multilevel Analysis of Non-Prescription Stimulant Use in a Sample of College Students Author: Flay, Brian R., Bavarian, Niloofar, Smit, Ellen This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the authors and published by Sage Publications in association with Florida State University, The College of Criminology & Criminal Justice. It can be found at: http://jod.sagepub.com/. Close

• 172. [Article] Municipal Water Impacts on Steelhead Trout in the Gales Creek Watershed

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Municipal Water Impacts on Steelhead Trout in the Gales Creek Watershed Author: Smith, Haley B. Graduation date: 2016 Title: Municipal Water Impacts on Steelhead Trout in the Gales Creek Watershed Author: Smith, Haley B. Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 173. [Article] Road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot infestations of Port-Orford-­cedar in southwest Oregon

  Phytophthora lateralis is the causal agent of cedar root rot, a fatal forest pathogen whose principal host is Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar), a predominantly riparian-restricted endemic tree ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot infestations of Port-Orford-­cedar in southwest Oregon Author: Clark, William C. Phytophthora lateralis is the causal agent of cedar root rot, a fatal forest pathogen whose principal host is Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar), a predominantly riparian-restricted endemic tree species of ecological, economical, and cultural importance to coastal Oregon and California. Local scale distribution of P. lateralis is thought to be associated with timber harvest and road-building disturbances. However, knowledge of the landscape-scale factors that contribute to successful invasions of P. lateralis is also important for effective land management of Port-Orford-cedar. P. lateralis is able to infest in wet conditions via stream networks (zoospore) and dry conditions via road networks (resting spore). This study tested the hypothesis that vehicles spread P. lateralis by relating its distribution to traffic intensive, anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. a road network, timber harvest) over a 31-yr period in a 3,910-km² portion of the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. Indices of road disturbance (presence/absence, configuration, length, density, road-stream network connectivity) and timber harvest (presence/absence, area, density, frequency) were related to locations of infested cedar populations from a USFS survey dataset using a geographic information system (GIS). About 40% of 934 7th-field catchments were infested with the pathogen. Total road length of the study site was 5,070 km; maximum road density was 8.2 km/km2 and averaged 1.6 km/km² in roaded catchments (n = 766). Timber activities extracted 17,370 ha (2,338 cutting units) of forest across 509 catchments; 345 catchments were cut ≥ twice. Maximum harvest density was 0.92 km²/km² ([mean] = 0.04). Both road networks and timber harvest patchworks were significantly related to cedar root rot heterogeneity. Chi-squared contingency tables showed that infestation rates were 2.2 times higher in catchments with roads compared to roadless catchments and 1.4 times higher in catchments with road-stream intersections compared to those that were unconnected. Infestation was twice as likely in catchments with both harvest and road presence than road presence alone. Single-variable logistic regression showed that a one percent increase in harvest density increased infestation odds 25% and a one-unit (km/km²) increase in road density increased infestation odds 80%. Road and stream network configuration was also important to pathogen distribution: 1) uninfested catchments are most likely to be spatially removed from infested, roaded catchments, 2) only 11% of 287 roaded catchments downstream of infested, roaded catchments were uninfested, and 3) only 12% of 319 catchments downstream of infested catchments were uninfested. Road networks and timber harvest patchworks appear to reduce landscape heterogeneity by providing up-catchment and down-catchment access to host populations by linking pathogenic materials to the stream network. Timber harvest data suggest that while infestation risk to Port-Orford-cedar populations remains high, management policies may have curbed infestation risk in timber-harvested catchments; if this is a result of specific P. lateralis mitigation policies adopted in the late 1980's or broader, region-wide conservation policies (i.e. the Northwest Forest Plan) is yet unclear. Title: Road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot infestations of Port-Orford-­cedar in southwest Oregon Author: Clark, William C. Phytophthora lateralis is the causal agent of cedar root rot, a fatal forest pathogen whose principal host is Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar), a predominantly riparian-restricted endemic tree species of ecological, economical, and cultural importance to coastal Oregon and California. Local scale distribution of P. lateralis is thought to be associated with timber harvest and road-building disturbances. However, knowledge of the landscape-scale factors that contribute to successful invasions of P. lateralis is also important for effective land management of Port-Orford-cedar. P. lateralis is able to infest in wet conditions via stream networks (zoospore) and dry conditions via road networks (resting spore). This study tested the hypothesis that vehicles spread P. lateralis by relating its distribution to traffic intensive, anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. a road network, timber harvest) over a 31-yr period in a 3,910-km² portion of the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. Indices of road disturbance (presence/absence, configuration, length, density, road-stream network connectivity) and timber harvest (presence/absence, area, density, frequency) were related to locations of infested cedar populations from a USFS survey dataset using a geographic information system (GIS). About 40% of 934 7th-field catchments were infested with the pathogen. Total road length of the study site was 5,070 km; maximum road density was 8.2 km/km2 and averaged 1.6 km/km² in roaded catchments (n = 766). Timber activities extracted 17,370 ha (2,338 cutting units) of forest across 509 catchments; 345 catchments were cut ≥ twice. Maximum harvest density was 0.92 km²/km² ([mean] = 0.04). Both road networks and timber harvest patchworks were significantly related to cedar root rot heterogeneity. Chi-squared contingency tables showed that infestation rates were 2.2 times higher in catchments with roads compared to roadless catchments and 1.4 times higher in catchments with road-stream intersections compared to those that were unconnected. Infestation was twice as likely in catchments with both harvest and road presence than road presence alone. Single-variable logistic regression showed that a one percent increase in harvest density increased infestation odds 25% and a one-unit (km/km²) increase in road density increased infestation odds 80%. Road and stream network configuration was also important to pathogen distribution: 1) uninfested catchments are most likely to be spatially removed from infested, roaded catchments, 2) only 11% of 287 roaded catchments downstream of infested, roaded catchments were uninfested, and 3) only 12% of 319 catchments downstream of infested catchments were uninfested. Road networks and timber harvest patchworks appear to reduce landscape heterogeneity by providing up-catchment and down-catchment access to host populations by linking pathogenic materials to the stream network. Timber harvest data suggest that while infestation risk to Port-Orford-cedar populations remains high, management policies may have curbed infestation risk in timber-harvested catchments; if this is a result of specific P. lateralis mitigation policies adopted in the late 1980's or broader, region-wide conservation policies (i.e. the Northwest Forest Plan) is yet unclear. Close

• 174. [Article] The economic feasibility of off-stream water and salt to reduce grazing pressure in riparian areas

  Properly functioning riparian systems are vital to the health of watersheds and provide an important forage and habitat resource for livestock and wildlife. Riparian grazing management strategies that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economic feasibility of off-stream water and salt to reduce grazing pressure in riparian areas Author: Stillings, Amy M. Properly functioning riparian systems are vital to the health of watersheds and provide an important forage and habitat resource for livestock and wildlife. Riparian grazing management strategies that are economically feasible and achieve environmental goals are needed by resource managers and livestock producers. The objective of this thesis was to examine the economic impacts of providing off-stream water and salt in pastures to influence cattle distribution between riparian and upland areas. A field test of the project was conducted at Oregon State University's Hall Ranch in Union, Oregon during mid July through August of 1996 and 1997. A bioeconomic nonlinear programming model using collected data was constructed to test the economic feasibility of the project for a 300 cow-calf operation in northeastern Oregon over sixty years. Nine states of nature were created from historical data to account for the uncertainty of precipitation and cattle market prices. When an environmental management objective of restricting riparian vegetation utilization to thirty-five percent was strictly enforced, permitted animal unit months from summer pastures on public lands were reduced from traditional levels. This reduction resulted in a long run equilibrium herd size that was ten percent lower than current levels. However, when the dispersion project was employed, cattle were distributed more evenly across pastures and consumed more upland forage before desired ripanan levels were reached. Consumption of more upland forage allowed the long run equilibrium herd size to remain at traditional numbers. This result combined with improved animal performance yielded positive net returns for the project. The off-stream water and salt dispersion project has an annual expected net return of $4,517, $7,358 and $11,054 at low, median and high cattle prices, respectively, for a 300 cow operation in northeast Oregon. Title: The economic feasibility of off-stream water and salt to reduce grazing pressure in riparian areas Author: Stillings, Amy M. Properly functioning riparian systems are vital to the health of watersheds and provide an important forage and habitat resource for livestock and wildlife. Riparian grazing management strategies that are economically feasible and achieve environmental goals are needed by resource managers and livestock producers. The objective of this thesis was to examine the economic impacts of providing off-stream water and salt in pastures to influence cattle distribution between riparian and upland areas. A field test of the project was conducted at Oregon State University's Hall Ranch in Union, Oregon during mid July through August of 1996 and 1997. A bioeconomic nonlinear programming model using collected data was constructed to test the economic feasibility of the project for a 300 cow-calf operation in northeastern Oregon over sixty years. Nine states of nature were created from historical data to account for the uncertainty of precipitation and cattle market prices. When an environmental management objective of restricting riparian vegetation utilization to thirty-five percent was strictly enforced, permitted animal unit months from summer pastures on public lands were reduced from traditional levels. This reduction resulted in a long run equilibrium herd size that was ten percent lower than current levels. However, when the dispersion project was employed, cattle were distributed more evenly across pastures and consumed more upland forage before desired ripanan levels were reached. Consumption of more upland forage allowed the long run equilibrium herd size to remain at traditional numbers. This result combined with improved animal performance yielded positive net returns for the project. The off-stream water and salt dispersion project has an annual expected net return of $4,517, $7,358 and $11,054 at low, median and high cattle prices, respectively, for a 300 cow operation in northeast Oregon. Close

• 175. [Article] Prediction of monthly streamflows for Oregon coastal basins using physiographic and meteorological parameters

  Prediction equations were developed for estimating the flow regime at ungaged stream locations in the Oregon coastal range. Principal components analysis was used to screen the initial data set of physiographic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prediction of monthly streamflows for Oregon coastal basins using physiographic and meteorological parameters Author: Orwig, Charles Edwin Prediction equations were developed for estimating the flow regime at ungaged stream locations in the Oregon coastal range. Principal components analysis was used to screen the initial data set of physiographic and meteorological parameters. The final regression equations for predicting mean monthly flow had standard errors of estimate ranging from 3 to 42 percent, with an average standard error of 13.5 percent. A linear prediction equation was found to give the best results for drainage basins larger than 150 square miles, while a logarithmic equation gave best results for basins of less than 150 square miles in area. A simple linear relationship was also established between mean monthly flow and the standard deviation of monthly flow. A test on an independent sample indicated that the monthly estimates of standard deviation made using the simple linear relations were comparable to those reported by others using equations containing physiographic and meteorological parameters. Equations were also developed to forecast monthly streamflow for Oregon coastal streams. When observed rainfall for the current month was used, the average standard error of the forecast equations was 18 percent. The use of the National Weather Service's 30-day precipitation outlooks in forecasting monthly streamflow was also investigated. The results showed that the forecasts based upon the 30-day outlook precipitation were worse than those based upon median historical precipitation. It was suggested that the monthly streamflow forecast equations could best be applied on a probability basis. Title: Prediction of monthly streamflows for Oregon coastal basins using physiographic and meteorological parameters Author: Orwig, Charles Edwin Prediction equations were developed for estimating the flow regime at ungaged stream locations in the Oregon coastal range. Principal components analysis was used to screen the initial data set of physiographic and meteorological parameters. The final regression equations for predicting mean monthly flow had standard errors of estimate ranging from 3 to 42 percent, with an average standard error of 13.5 percent. A linear prediction equation was found to give the best results for drainage basins larger than 150 square miles, while a logarithmic equation gave best results for basins of less than 150 square miles in area. A simple linear relationship was also established between mean monthly flow and the standard deviation of monthly flow. A test on an independent sample indicated that the monthly estimates of standard deviation made using the simple linear relations were comparable to those reported by others using equations containing physiographic and meteorological parameters. Equations were also developed to forecast monthly streamflow for Oregon coastal streams. When observed rainfall for the current month was used, the average standard error of the forecast equations was 18 percent. The use of the National Weather Service's 30-day precipitation outlooks in forecasting monthly streamflow was also investigated. The results showed that the forecasts based upon the 30-day outlook precipitation were worse than those based upon median historical precipitation. It was suggested that the monthly streamflow forecast equations could best be applied on a probability basis. Close

• 176. [Article] Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange

  Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange Author: Collier, Michael W. Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water inflows to be located during warm summer months. These cool water inflows can then be differentiated between ground water and hyporheic exchange. The cool water inflows are important to many species that inhabit the rivers of the Western United States. As temperatures increase due to climate change the importance of cool water inflows will grow. This study used fiber optic cable and the DTS system to measure the temperature in 2km of the Walla Walla River, near Milton-Freewater, Oregon. The temperature data was split into nighttime and daytime averages. The correlation between these two data sets was calculated to reveal when the daytime and nighttime data followed the same cooling pattern (evidence of ground water inflow) or when the nighttime temperature increased, but the daytime temperature decreased (evidence of hyporheic exchange). Nine areas of apparent ground water inflow and nine areas of expected hyporheic exchange were identified. The average quantity of inflow at each ground water site was calculated as 0.04 m3/s. The computed average hyporheic exchange depth along the 2000 m channel was 0.32 m. The located cold water inflows were compared to salmon and trout location from a US Fish and Wildlife Survey. This comparison showed that the cool mid-day inflows (either ground water or hyporheic exchange locations) made up 1/3 of the study reach length and had approximately 60% of the cold water fish. Half of the cool water inflow sites did not have fish present during the survey which suggests that while influent cool water is a major factor for fish congregation, it is not the sole factor. Title: Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange Author: Collier, Michael W. Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water inflows to be located during warm summer months. These cool water inflows can then be differentiated between ground water and hyporheic exchange. The cool water inflows are important to many species that inhabit the rivers of the Western United States. As temperatures increase due to climate change the importance of cool water inflows will grow. This study used fiber optic cable and the DTS system to measure the temperature in 2km of the Walla Walla River, near Milton-Freewater, Oregon. The temperature data was split into nighttime and daytime averages. The correlation between these two data sets was calculated to reveal when the daytime and nighttime data followed the same cooling pattern (evidence of ground water inflow) or when the nighttime temperature increased, but the daytime temperature decreased (evidence of hyporheic exchange). Nine areas of apparent ground water inflow and nine areas of expected hyporheic exchange were identified. The average quantity of inflow at each ground water site was calculated as 0.04 m3/s. The computed average hyporheic exchange depth along the 2000 m channel was 0.32 m. The located cold water inflows were compared to salmon and trout location from a US Fish and Wildlife Survey. This comparison showed that the cool mid-day inflows (either ground water or hyporheic exchange locations) made up 1/3 of the study reach length and had approximately 60% of the cold water fish. Half of the cool water inflow sites did not have fish present during the survey which suggests that while influent cool water is a major factor for fish congregation, it is not the sole factor. Close

• 177. [Article] Riparian lichens of northern Idaho

  Riparian forests in the Idaho Panhandle, north of Whitebird, were surveyed for rare riparian lichen species. The region was stratified into nine geographic units and by stream size. Eighty-one plots were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian lichens of northern Idaho Author: Hutchinson, Jenifer L. Riparian forests in the Idaho Panhandle, north of Whitebird, were surveyed for rare riparian lichen species. The region was stratified into nine geographic units and by stream size. Eighty-one plots were surveyed for lichen community, stand and river characteristics. Variables important to lichen community composition included regional differences, elevation, climatic affinity, floodplain cross-section type, and the amount of basal area in hardwoods. Seventeen species were reported to be rare or uncommon in northern Idaho by lichenologists familiar with eastern Washington, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana. Of the seventeen target species, Cetraria sepincola, Pseudocyphellaria anomala, Ramalina pollinaria and Ramalina subleptocarpha were determined to be rare, with less than 25 occurrences each in northern Idaho. Lobaria hallii, Physconia americana, and Ramalina thrausta were determined to be locally abundant when found, but should continue to be species of concern in northern Idaho because of their limited distribution and narrow habitat requirements. Collema curtisporum is more common in the riparian forests of northern Idaho than previously thought, but appears to be restricted to old Populus balsamfera ssp. trichocarpa (black cottonwood) stands that receive seasonal inundation. Collema occultatum, Nephroma laevigatum, Leptogium cellulosum, Phaeophyscia hirtella, and P. ciliata are all new records for northern Idaho. Management recommendations include maintaining or restoring natural flood cycles in riparian forests and protecting mature black cottonwood stands on floodplains. Title: Riparian lichens of northern Idaho Author: Hutchinson, Jenifer L. Riparian forests in the Idaho Panhandle, north of Whitebird, were surveyed for rare riparian lichen species. The region was stratified into nine geographic units and by stream size. Eighty-one plots were surveyed for lichen community, stand and river characteristics. Variables important to lichen community composition included regional differences, elevation, climatic affinity, floodplain cross-section type, and the amount of basal area in hardwoods. Seventeen species were reported to be rare or uncommon in northern Idaho by lichenologists familiar with eastern Washington, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana. Of the seventeen target species, Cetraria sepincola, Pseudocyphellaria anomala, Ramalina pollinaria and Ramalina subleptocarpha were determined to be rare, with less than 25 occurrences each in northern Idaho. Lobaria hallii, Physconia americana, and Ramalina thrausta were determined to be locally abundant when found, but should continue to be species of concern in northern Idaho because of their limited distribution and narrow habitat requirements. Collema curtisporum is more common in the riparian forests of northern Idaho than previously thought, but appears to be restricted to old Populus balsamfera ssp. trichocarpa (black cottonwood) stands that receive seasonal inundation. Collema occultatum, Nephroma laevigatum, Leptogium cellulosum, Phaeophyscia hirtella, and P. ciliata are all new records for northern Idaho. Management recommendations include maintaining or restoring natural flood cycles in riparian forests and protecting mature black cottonwood stands on floodplains. Close

• 178. [Article] Preliminary survey of the history and physical structure of Fort Vancouver

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary survey of the history and physical structure of Fort Vancouver Author: United States. National Park Service. Region Four Office, Hussey, John A. Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Preliminary survey of the history and physical structure of Fort Vancouver Author: United States. National Park Service. Region Four Office, Hussey, John A. Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 179. [Article] The status and life history traits of endemic, native and introduced species in Lake Lanao, Philippines

  The endemic cyprinids of Lake Lanao, Philippines have been described as a species flock and are thought to be an example of explosive evolution. However, based on historical surveys, 16 of the 18 cyprinid ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The status and life history traits of endemic, native and introduced species in Lake Lanao, Philippines Author: Ismail, Gladys B. The endemic cyprinids of Lake Lanao, Philippines have been described as a species flock and are thought to be an example of explosive evolution. However, based on historical surveys, 16 of the 18 cyprinid species endemic to Lake Lanao are now believed to be extinct. Furthermore, non-native species have been introduced in Lake Lanao and some have proliferated. Three of the world‟s one hundred worst invasive species are currently found in the Lake. This study focused on the status of the fish species in Lake Lanao and examined six life history traits thought to be associated with invasiveness. In Chapter 2, results of landing and market surveys conducted from July to October 2008 were compared with similar information from historical surveys. Field sampling and fishermen interview were also conducted to collect additional information on the status of fish species in Lake Lanao. The survey recorded a total of two endemic, one native and ten introduced species. Although the endemic Puntius lindog used to be the most important fish in the lake in terms of fishery landings, it only comprised 0.01% of the total weight of the fish species surveyed during 2008. The introduced Hypseleotris agilis have proliferated in the lake, comprising 66.6% of the total weight of fish caught. Chapter 3 examines six life history traits of the endemic, native and introduced species found in the 2008 survey and of three other species reported in previous surveys. A comparative analysis showed that most of the introduced species in Lake Lanao have the characteristics generally related to invasion success. However, not all of the introduced species were successful. The analysis showed that the six life history traits are not entirely successful at predicting invasiveness in Lake Lanao. The discovery by the field study that two endemic cyprinids remain in Lake Lanao was surprising and significant as the Lake during the past few decades has been imperiled by human disturbances, exploitation and introduced species. The thesis focused on the role of introduced species on the demise of the endemic species. Other factors also need to be investigated. Protecting and conserving the endemic species are highly recommended. Title: The status and life history traits of endemic, native and introduced species in Lake Lanao, Philippines Author: Ismail, Gladys B. The endemic cyprinids of Lake Lanao, Philippines have been described as a species flock and are thought to be an example of explosive evolution. However, based on historical surveys, 16 of the 18 cyprinid species endemic to Lake Lanao are now believed to be extinct. Furthermore, non-native species have been introduced in Lake Lanao and some have proliferated. Three of the world‟s one hundred worst invasive species are currently found in the Lake. This study focused on the status of the fish species in Lake Lanao and examined six life history traits thought to be associated with invasiveness. In Chapter 2, results of landing and market surveys conducted from July to October 2008 were compared with similar information from historical surveys. Field sampling and fishermen interview were also conducted to collect additional information on the status of fish species in Lake Lanao. The survey recorded a total of two endemic, one native and ten introduced species. Although the endemic Puntius lindog used to be the most important fish in the lake in terms of fishery landings, it only comprised 0.01% of the total weight of the fish species surveyed during 2008. The introduced Hypseleotris agilis have proliferated in the lake, comprising 66.6% of the total weight of fish caught. Chapter 3 examines six life history traits of the endemic, native and introduced species found in the 2008 survey and of three other species reported in previous surveys. A comparative analysis showed that most of the introduced species in Lake Lanao have the characteristics generally related to invasion success. However, not all of the introduced species were successful. The analysis showed that the six life history traits are not entirely successful at predicting invasiveness in Lake Lanao. The discovery by the field study that two endemic cyprinids remain in Lake Lanao was surprising and significant as the Lake during the past few decades has been imperiled by human disturbances, exploitation and introduced species. The thesis focused on the role of introduced species on the demise of the endemic species. Other factors also need to be investigated. Protecting and conserving the endemic species are highly recommended. Close

• 180. [Article] Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf Author: Austin, Jay A., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf Author: Austin, Jay A., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 181. [Article] The Economic Value of New Zealand Marine Recreational Fishing and its Use as a Policy Tool

  This paper presents the results of a 1999 survey to determine the economic value of the recreational fishery in New Zealand for five species, snapper (Chrysphrys autratus), kingfish (Seriola lalandi lalandi), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economic Value of New Zealand Marine Recreational Fishing and its Use as a Policy Tool Author: Williamson, Scott Year: 2001 This paper presents the results of a 1999 survey to determine the economic value of the recreational fishery in New Zealand for five species, snapper (Chrysphrys autratus), kingfish (Seriola lalandi lalandi), kahawai (Arripis trutta), blue cod (Parapercis colias) and rock lobster (Jasus edwadsii and Jasus verreauxi). Contingent valuation methods were used to establish estimates of the marginal willingness to pay and average willingness to pay per fish and per kilogram as well as the value of recurrent expenditure by recreational fishers. In addition, the legislative and historical context of this survey are discussed and initial views are presented on of the use of this type of survey in four areas of policy development where this type of information may be used. 1) The use economic value in the process of defining recreational fishing and management rights. 2) The characterisation of the recreational fishing sector. 3) Establishing costs and benefits when allocating commercial property rights for new species. 4) Allocations between stakeholders when setting a total allowable commercial catch. 5) Interpreting the legislative definition of utilisation in allowing for people to provide for their “social, economic and cultural well being”. Title: The Economic Value of New Zealand Marine Recreational Fishing and its Use as a Policy Tool Author: Williamson, Scott Year: 2001 This paper presents the results of a 1999 survey to determine the economic value of the recreational fishery in New Zealand for five species, snapper (Chrysphrys autratus), kingfish (Seriola lalandi lalandi), kahawai (Arripis trutta), blue cod (Parapercis colias) and rock lobster (Jasus edwadsii and Jasus verreauxi). Contingent valuation methods were used to establish estimates of the marginal willingness to pay and average willingness to pay per fish and per kilogram as well as the value of recurrent expenditure by recreational fishers. In addition, the legislative and historical context of this survey are discussed and initial views are presented on of the use of this type of survey in four areas of policy development where this type of information may be used. 1) The use economic value in the process of defining recreational fishing and management rights. 2) The characterisation of the recreational fishing sector. 3) Establishing costs and benefits when allocating commercial property rights for new species. 4) Allocations between stakeholders when setting a total allowable commercial catch. 5) Interpreting the legislative definition of utilisation in allowing for people to provide for their “social, economic and cultural well being”. Close

• 182. [Article] Distribution, habitat use, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon

  Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution, habitat use, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon Author: Lovtang, Jens C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project on the Deschutes River. Plans have been developed to reestablish passage of anadromous fish through the Project. However, only anecdotal evidence exists on the historic distribution of spring Chinook juveniles in the Basin. A recent approach to characterizing habitat quality for anadromous fishes in the Basin was the development of HabRate (Burke et al. In Press), which presented a relative quality rating of habitat based upon published fish-habitat relationships at the stream reach spatial scale. The present study was initiated to test the predictions of HabRate for summer rearing juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius Basin. Chinook salmon fry were released in the winters of 2002 and 2003, and their densities and sizes were quantified via snorkeling and fish collection in six unique study reaches in the upper Metolius River Basin. Each of these stream reaches varied in terms of temperature, habitat availability, invertebrate drift availability, and fish community composition. My observations were not consistent with the qualitative predictions of HabRate. Moreover, habitat utilization was not consistent among study reaches. Similar to other qualitative habitat rating models (e.g. Habitat Suitability Indices (Raleigh et al. 1986) and Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (Bovee 1982)), HabRate's predictions rely solely on physical habitat characteristics, with the assumption that habitat will be used consistently among stream reaches (i.e. a pool in one reach is of equal importance as a pool in another reach). My results suggest that the unique ecological setting of each study reach provides the context for understanding the patterns of growth, habitat use, and diurnal activity of juvenile Chinook salmon. The inclusion of ecological components, such as food availability, the bioenergetic constraints of temperature, and the risk of predation can make these models more biologically realistic. Growth of juvenile Chinook salmon among study reaches had a curvilinear relationship to water temperature, and was also positively related to the drift density of invertebrate biomass. In three collection seasons (fall 2002, spring 2003 and fall 2003) 41 to 69% of the variations in fork lengths were explained by a multiple regression model including temperature and invertebrate drift. Based on these findings, I present a conceptual growth capacity model based on the tenets of bioenergetics as a basis for understanding the relative quality of the habitat among stream reaches for juvenile Chinook salmon. Fish community composition can help to explain observed patterns in habitat utilization and diel activity patterns. In the study reaches that had a greater presence of adult trout (potential predators), observations of juvenile Chinook salmon in mid-channel habitat were infrequent to non-existent during the day and abundances were higher in all habitat types at night. In the study reaches with colder water temperatures, observed juvenile Chinook salmon densities were higher at night. I suggest that habitat selection and diurnal activity patterns in some study reaches are reflective of strategies taken by the fish to minimize risks of predation. Title: Distribution, habitat use, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon Author: Lovtang, Jens C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project on the Deschutes River. Plans have been developed to reestablish passage of anadromous fish through the Project. However, only anecdotal evidence exists on the historic distribution of spring Chinook juveniles in the Basin. A recent approach to characterizing habitat quality for anadromous fishes in the Basin was the development of HabRate (Burke et al. In Press), which presented a relative quality rating of habitat based upon published fish-habitat relationships at the stream reach spatial scale. The present study was initiated to test the predictions of HabRate for summer rearing juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius Basin. Chinook salmon fry were released in the winters of 2002 and 2003, and their densities and sizes were quantified via snorkeling and fish collection in six unique study reaches in the upper Metolius River Basin. Each of these stream reaches varied in terms of temperature, habitat availability, invertebrate drift availability, and fish community composition. My observations were not consistent with the qualitative predictions of HabRate. Moreover, habitat utilization was not consistent among study reaches. Similar to other qualitative habitat rating models (e.g. Habitat Suitability Indices (Raleigh et al. 1986) and Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (Bovee 1982)), HabRate's predictions rely solely on physical habitat characteristics, with the assumption that habitat will be used consistently among stream reaches (i.e. a pool in one reach is of equal importance as a pool in another reach). My results suggest that the unique ecological setting of each study reach provides the context for understanding the patterns of growth, habitat use, and diurnal activity of juvenile Chinook salmon. The inclusion of ecological components, such as food availability, the bioenergetic constraints of temperature, and the risk of predation can make these models more biologically realistic. Growth of juvenile Chinook salmon among study reaches had a curvilinear relationship to water temperature, and was also positively related to the drift density of invertebrate biomass. In three collection seasons (fall 2002, spring 2003 and fall 2003) 41 to 69% of the variations in fork lengths were explained by a multiple regression model including temperature and invertebrate drift. Based on these findings, I present a conceptual growth capacity model based on the tenets of bioenergetics as a basis for understanding the relative quality of the habitat among stream reaches for juvenile Chinook salmon. Fish community composition can help to explain observed patterns in habitat utilization and diel activity patterns. In the study reaches that had a greater presence of adult trout (potential predators), observations of juvenile Chinook salmon in mid-channel habitat were infrequent to non-existent during the day and abundances were higher in all habitat types at night. In the study reaches with colder water temperatures, observed juvenile Chinook salmon densities were higher at night. I suggest that habitat selection and diurnal activity patterns in some study reaches are reflective of strategies taken by the fish to minimize risks of predation. Close

• 183. [Article] Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead Author: Schreck, Carl B., Olson, Douglas E., Schaller, Howard A., Brignon, William R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead Author: Schreck, Carl B., Olson, Douglas E., Schaller, Howard A., Brignon, William R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 184. [Article] The epidemiology of sudden oak death in Oregon forests

  The phytopathogen Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, DeCock & Man in't Veld), causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) of oaks (Quercus spp.) and tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The epidemiology of sudden oak death in Oregon forests Author: Peterson, Ebba K. The phytopathogen Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, DeCock & Man in't Veld), causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) of oaks (Quercus spp.) and tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus), is established in coastal forests of the western United States. Since the discovery of SOD in the Douglas-fir / tanoak forests of southwest Oregon in 2001, a multiagency effort has ensued with the goal of fully eliminating P. ramorum from this originally small and isolated area. In this study we investigated the epidemiology of SOD in Oregon, particularly as it affects the success of the eradication program. Two approaches were taken to discern the mechanism of long distance dispersal: first, a landscape analysis of the spatial relationship between SOD sites and roads or streams, features associated with movement of infested soils, and, second, a local analysis to discern if understory infection is originating from soil or stream-borne inoculum. Using a restricted randomization test we concluded that SOD sites were no closer to roads than expected by chance, which is inconsistent with soil dispersal by people. While we found evidence that SOD sites were preferentially closer to waterways, inoculum had not moved away from streams into adjacent understory foliage. The local distribution of understory infection around SOD positive trees indicated that primary inoculum is infecting overstory canopies first, suggesting that P. ramorum is dispersing in air currents. Regression modeling indicated that weather conditions two years before detection could explain variation in the maximum distance inoculum moved each year of the epidemic between 2001 and 2010. This two year delay between infection and detection has allowed ample time for infested sites to contribute to further spread. Model results were consistent with observations made the summer of 2011, when trees likely infected by secondary inoculum at non-eradicated sites developed symptoms but were still undetectable by aerial surveys. Due to the prevalence of infection on tanoak, opportunities for sporulation and infection occur more often in Oregon than in California. These data can explain the failure to eliminate P. ramorum. Nevertheless, we did find evidence that the eradication program has significantly reduced the potential size of the SOD epidemic in Oregon. Title: The epidemiology of sudden oak death in Oregon forests Author: Peterson, Ebba K. The phytopathogen Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, DeCock & Man in't Veld), causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) of oaks (Quercus spp.) and tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus), is established in coastal forests of the western United States. Since the discovery of SOD in the Douglas-fir / tanoak forests of southwest Oregon in 2001, a multiagency effort has ensued with the goal of fully eliminating P. ramorum from this originally small and isolated area. In this study we investigated the epidemiology of SOD in Oregon, particularly as it affects the success of the eradication program. Two approaches were taken to discern the mechanism of long distance dispersal: first, a landscape analysis of the spatial relationship between SOD sites and roads or streams, features associated with movement of infested soils, and, second, a local analysis to discern if understory infection is originating from soil or stream-borne inoculum. Using a restricted randomization test we concluded that SOD sites were no closer to roads than expected by chance, which is inconsistent with soil dispersal by people. While we found evidence that SOD sites were preferentially closer to waterways, inoculum had not moved away from streams into adjacent understory foliage. The local distribution of understory infection around SOD positive trees indicated that primary inoculum is infecting overstory canopies first, suggesting that P. ramorum is dispersing in air currents. Regression modeling indicated that weather conditions two years before detection could explain variation in the maximum distance inoculum moved each year of the epidemic between 2001 and 2010. This two year delay between infection and detection has allowed ample time for infested sites to contribute to further spread. Model results were consistent with observations made the summer of 2011, when trees likely infected by secondary inoculum at non-eradicated sites developed symptoms but were still undetectable by aerial surveys. Due to the prevalence of infection on tanoak, opportunities for sporulation and infection occur more often in Oregon than in California. These data can explain the failure to eliminate P. ramorum. Nevertheless, we did find evidence that the eradication program has significantly reduced the potential size of the SOD epidemic in Oregon. Close

• 185. [Article] Spatial patterns of invasion by exotic plants in a forested landscape

  Few landscapes are immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The forested landscape in the western Cascade Range of Oregon appears to have some barriers to invasion, but the extensive road network provides ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial patterns of invasion by exotic plants in a forested landscape Author: Parendes, Laurie Anne, 1958- Few landscapes are immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The forested landscape in the western Cascade Range of Oregon appears to have some barriers to invasion, but the extensive road network provides a corridor and habitat for a suite of exotic species to enter and become established. This study examined how biological factors and physical factors interact to produce the observed spatial pattern of invasion in the forested landscape, particularly along roads and streams. Results from a seed bank study indicated that dispersal barriers may be preventing movement of some exotics from the road into mature forest. Exotics that were found in the seed bank within mature forest have a high potential for dispersal, especially by wind. However, no exotic plants were found in the existing vegetation within the mature stands, suggesting that environmental barriers were preventing their establishment. Surveys at 1-km and 100-km scales showed that the most frequent species also had a high potential for dispersal. However, dispersal potential did not explain all of the observed spatial patterns. Confounding factors such as time since introduction, length of the "lag phase" after introduction, and various biological factors may have a strong influence on the spatial patterns of invasion. Exotic plant distribution at the 1-km scale varied among four habitat types that represent different levels of disturbance. The number and frequency of exotic species were much higher along high-use and low-use roads than along abandoned roads or streams. This pattern may reflect the more favorable light conditions along currently used roads, and the lower light levels along abandoned roads and streams may be barriers to invasion for many exotics. However, confounding factors such as competitive exclusion by natives and opportunities for dispersal may also be operating. Spatial patterns of exotics along the 100-km road network provide additional evidence that environmental barriers influence the pattern of invasion. Spatial analysis results provided evidence of patchiness and spatial gradients for some target species along some roads. The heterogeneous arrangement of patches on the landscape suggests that the process of invasion is generating multiple, discrete "foci" from which further invasion can occur. Title: Spatial patterns of invasion by exotic plants in a forested landscape Author: Parendes, Laurie Anne, 1958- Few landscapes are immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The forested landscape in the western Cascade Range of Oregon appears to have some barriers to invasion, but the extensive road network provides a corridor and habitat for a suite of exotic species to enter and become established. This study examined how biological factors and physical factors interact to produce the observed spatial pattern of invasion in the forested landscape, particularly along roads and streams. Results from a seed bank study indicated that dispersal barriers may be preventing movement of some exotics from the road into mature forest. Exotics that were found in the seed bank within mature forest have a high potential for dispersal, especially by wind. However, no exotic plants were found in the existing vegetation within the mature stands, suggesting that environmental barriers were preventing their establishment. Surveys at 1-km and 100-km scales showed that the most frequent species also had a high potential for dispersal. However, dispersal potential did not explain all of the observed spatial patterns. Confounding factors such as time since introduction, length of the "lag phase" after introduction, and various biological factors may have a strong influence on the spatial patterns of invasion. Exotic plant distribution at the 1-km scale varied among four habitat types that represent different levels of disturbance. The number and frequency of exotic species were much higher along high-use and low-use roads than along abandoned roads or streams. This pattern may reflect the more favorable light conditions along currently used roads, and the lower light levels along abandoned roads and streams may be barriers to invasion for many exotics. However, confounding factors such as competitive exclusion by natives and opportunities for dispersal may also be operating. Spatial patterns of exotics along the 100-km road network provide additional evidence that environmental barriers influence the pattern of invasion. Spatial analysis results provided evidence of patchiness and spatial gradients for some target species along some roads. The heterogeneous arrangement of patches on the landscape suggests that the process of invasion is generating multiple, discrete "foci" from which further invasion can occur. Close

• 186. [Article] Hydrologic Monitoring and Trends in the Upper Klamath Basin over the Last Decade

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrologic Monitoring and Trends in the Upper Klamath Basin over the Last Decade Author: Gates, Edward B., Lite Jr., Kenneth E., La Marche, Jonathan L. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Hydrologic Monitoring and Trends in the Upper Klamath Basin over the Last Decade Author: Gates, Edward B., Lite Jr., Kenneth E., La Marche, Jonathan L. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 187. [Article] Storage dynamics of fine woody debris for two low-order streams in southeast Alaska

  The characteristics and associated storage dynamics of approximately 2000 pieces of fine woody debris (FWD; 2.5 cm <diameter<10 cm and 0.3 m<length<10 m) was evaluated over a three-year period in two undisturbed salmonid ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Storage dynamics of fine woody debris for two low-order streams in southeast Alaska Author: Gillilan, Scott E. The characteristics and associated storage dynamics of approximately 2000 pieces of fine woody debris (FWD; 2.5 cm <diameter<10 cm and 0.3 m<length<10 m) was evaluated over a three-year period in two undisturbed salmonid nursery streams in Southeast Alaska. To index a given reaches propensity to capture and store FWD over time, 100 survey stakes (diameter=2.9 cm, length=44 cm) were introduced at one-year intervals to the head of four reaches with distinct coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter>10 cm, length>1 m) loadings, and their downstream dispersal monitored. Between 1987 and 1989, storage of FWD was temporally and spatially variable and not suggestive of steady-state conditions. In the 1987-1988 stormflow period, the total resident FWD volume (cm³ per meter of reach) declined 43%. This was followed by a resident volume increase of 9% in the 1988-1989 period. These changes in FWD storage occurred despite maximum peak flows which differed between periods by only 10%. These annual changes in FWD storage indicate that factors and processes in addition to magnitude of peak flow were important in FWD storage dynamics. Factors important in describing the observed storage fluctuations might include the effects of an unusually low peak flow regime (20% of nine-year average) in the year prior to the study's commencement, as well as variable rates of FWD recruitment from the riparian environment. The majority of FWD was shorter (66-102 cm) than bankfull width (3.8-5.6 in), approximately 4.7 cm in diameter, geometrically simple in form, and in moderate to advanced states of decay. Shorter pieces were generally entrained more frequently than longer pieces, resulting in selective retention of longer pieces through time. The data strongly suggest FWD loadings are positively correlated with the amount of CWD in the reach. Retention of stakes was generally highest in a reach with high CWD loading (0.47 m³/m), intermediate in two reaches with moderate CWD loading (0.13 m³/m and 0.11 m³/m), and lowest in a reach with low CWD loading (0. 0082 m³/m). Distinct spatial and temporal stake dispersal patterns were noted between reaches. The retention of stakes declined most dramatically during the first stormflow (1.31 m³/s) following their introduction, while succeeding storms of equal or greater magnitude had less of an effect. Title: Storage dynamics of fine woody debris for two low-order streams in southeast Alaska Author: Gillilan, Scott E. The characteristics and associated storage dynamics of approximately 2000 pieces of fine woody debris (FWD; 2.5 cm <diameter<10 cm and 0.3 m<length<10 m) was evaluated over a three-year period in two undisturbed salmonid nursery streams in Southeast Alaska. To index a given reaches propensity to capture and store FWD over time, 100 survey stakes (diameter=2.9 cm, length=44 cm) were introduced at one-year intervals to the head of four reaches with distinct coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter>10 cm, length>1 m) loadings, and their downstream dispersal monitored. Between 1987 and 1989, storage of FWD was temporally and spatially variable and not suggestive of steady-state conditions. In the 1987-1988 stormflow period, the total resident FWD volume (cm³ per meter of reach) declined 43%. This was followed by a resident volume increase of 9% in the 1988-1989 period. These changes in FWD storage occurred despite maximum peak flows which differed between periods by only 10%. These annual changes in FWD storage indicate that factors and processes in addition to magnitude of peak flow were important in FWD storage dynamics. Factors important in describing the observed storage fluctuations might include the effects of an unusually low peak flow regime (20% of nine-year average) in the year prior to the study's commencement, as well as variable rates of FWD recruitment from the riparian environment. The majority of FWD was shorter (66-102 cm) than bankfull width (3.8-5.6 in), approximately 4.7 cm in diameter, geometrically simple in form, and in moderate to advanced states of decay. Shorter pieces were generally entrained more frequently than longer pieces, resulting in selective retention of longer pieces through time. The data strongly suggest FWD loadings are positively correlated with the amount of CWD in the reach. Retention of stakes was generally highest in a reach with high CWD loading (0.47 m³/m), intermediate in two reaches with moderate CWD loading (0.13 m³/m and 0.11 m³/m), and lowest in a reach with low CWD loading (0. 0082 m³/m). Distinct spatial and temporal stake dispersal patterns were noted between reaches. The retention of stakes declined most dramatically during the first stormflow (1.31 m³/s) following their introduction, while succeeding storms of equal or greater magnitude had less of an effect. Close

• 188. [Article] Susceptibility of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) to Phytophthora lateralis

  In 1991 Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) was reported as a new host for Phytophthora lateralis Tucker and Milbrath which is an aggressive root rot pathogen thought previously to be specific to Port-Orford-cedar. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Susceptibility of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) to Phytophthora lateralis Author: Murray, Marion S. In 1991 Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) was reported as a new host for Phytophthora lateralis Tucker and Milbrath which is an aggressive root rot pathogen thought previously to be specific to Port-Orford-cedar. This study was designed to compare the pathogenicity of P. lateralis on the two hosts, and to characterize sites where Pacific yew mortality occurs. The specific objectives were: 1) compare root colonization and mortality of Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar seedlings and rooted cuttings; 2) compare lesion length on inoculated Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar branches and stems; 3) compare zoospore attraction to freshly cut Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar rootlets; 4) compare amount of mortality of Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar in infested drainages and determine extent of yew mortality; and 5) characterize sites where P. lateralis causes Pacific yew mortality. Root colonization of P. lateralis was significantly greater in cedar than in yew. Seedling mortality averaged 58% for cedar and 4% for yew. Lesion length on the cedar seedling stems was twice the lesion length on yew stems, and cedar branches had lesions four times longer than yew branches. Abundant zoospore aggregation occurred on cedar rootlets along the zone of elongation and the region of maturation. In comparison, far fewer zoospores encysted along the yew rootlets, and were concentrated on the root hairs. The stream survey of three infested drainages in southwest Oregon and northwest California revealed a total of 1199 dead Port-Orford-cedar (46% mortality), and 86 dead Pacific yew (10% mortality). At sites where P. lateralis-induced mortality occurred, the interaction of slope and distance from the stream was negatively correlated with tree death. Based on results of this study, we conclude that Pacific yew is less susceptible to P. lateralis than Port-Orford-cedar, but that mortality of Pacific yew in the field is greater than previously reported. In addition, Pacific yew mortality was observed most often on level to nearly-level sites close to the stream's edge where root exposure to P. lateralis-infested water was frequent in scope and duration. Title: Susceptibility of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) to Phytophthora lateralis Author: Murray, Marion S. In 1991 Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) was reported as a new host for Phytophthora lateralis Tucker and Milbrath which is an aggressive root rot pathogen thought previously to be specific to Port-Orford-cedar. This study was designed to compare the pathogenicity of P. lateralis on the two hosts, and to characterize sites where Pacific yew mortality occurs. The specific objectives were: 1) compare root colonization and mortality of Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar seedlings and rooted cuttings; 2) compare lesion length on inoculated Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar branches and stems; 3) compare zoospore attraction to freshly cut Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar rootlets; 4) compare amount of mortality of Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar in infested drainages and determine extent of yew mortality; and 5) characterize sites where P. lateralis causes Pacific yew mortality. Root colonization of P. lateralis was significantly greater in cedar than in yew. Seedling mortality averaged 58% for cedar and 4% for yew. Lesion length on the cedar seedling stems was twice the lesion length on yew stems, and cedar branches had lesions four times longer than yew branches. Abundant zoospore aggregation occurred on cedar rootlets along the zone of elongation and the region of maturation. In comparison, far fewer zoospores encysted along the yew rootlets, and were concentrated on the root hairs. The stream survey of three infested drainages in southwest Oregon and northwest California revealed a total of 1199 dead Port-Orford-cedar (46% mortality), and 86 dead Pacific yew (10% mortality). At sites where P. lateralis-induced mortality occurred, the interaction of slope and distance from the stream was negatively correlated with tree death. Based on results of this study, we conclude that Pacific yew is less susceptible to P. lateralis than Port-Orford-cedar, but that mortality of Pacific yew in the field is greater than previously reported. In addition, Pacific yew mortality was observed most often on level to nearly-level sites close to the stream's edge where root exposure to P. lateralis-infested water was frequent in scope and duration. Close

• 189. [Article] Riparian bird communities in Portland, Oregon : habitat, urbanization, and spatial scale patterns

  Urban ecosystems are characterized by human disturbance and changes in the amount, types, and spatial arrangement of wildlife habitat. The relative importance of habitat and human associated variables ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian bird communities in Portland, Oregon : habitat, urbanization, and spatial scale patterns Author: Hennings, Lori A. Urban ecosystems are characterized by human disturbance and changes in the amount, types, and spatial arrangement of wildlife habitat. The relative importance of habitat and human associated variables to urban birds is unknown. In 1999, I surveyed spring bird and plant communities along 54 perennial streams in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region. My objectives were to determine (1) what habitat and human-associated variables were related to avian community measures, (2) how far from riparian areas did relationships between avifauna and canopy cover and development extend, and (3) habitat characteristics associated with individual bird species. I used Principal Components Analysis to cluster and reduce the number of explanatory variables, and regressed bird community variables against the resulting principal components. Total and nonnative bird abundance were negatively related to the first principal component, PC 1 (high-scoring PC 1 sites had wide, structurally complex native forests) (r2 = 0.38, P < 0.0001 and r2 = 0.63, P < 0.0001, respectively). Several weak (r2 = 0.17-0.31, P < 0.003) curvilinear relationships emerged between overall and native species richness and diversity versus PC 1. Neotropical migratory bird (NMB) species richness and diversity were negatively related to human development variables, and positively related to native shrubs (adjusted r2 = 0.21 and 0.18, respectively; P < 0.003). I regressed bird community variables against canopy cover and street density for each of ten 50-m buffers around sites, then plotted the model fit (r) against buffer width. Native and nonnative abundance measures were negatively related to canopy cover. Total abundance was best predicted by canopy cover 300-350 m from the stream whereas normative abundance was predicted nearly equally by canopy cover in each buffer. The relationships between total species richness, native species richness, total diversity and native diversity were curvilinearly related to canopy cover, with canopy in the first 50 m appearing most important. Neotropical migratory bird species richness, diversity and abundance were negatively related to street density within 150 m of the stream. Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) abundance was increasingly, negatively related to canopy cover as spatial scale increased. I used logistic regression to identify habitat and/or human-associated variables that predicted the occurrence of 32 species. The occurrence of four species (American Crow [Corvus brachyrhynchos], House Finch [Carpodacus mexicanus], Red-breasted Nuthatch [Sitta canadensis], and Vaux's Swift [Chaetura vauxi]) was positively, and five species (Black-headed Grosbeak [Pheucticus melanocephalus], Common Yellowthroat [Geothlypis trichas], Rufous Hummingbird [Selasphorus rufus], Steller's Jay [Cyanocitta setlleri], and Swainson's Thrush [Catharus ustulatus]) negatively related to human-associated variables. My results suggest that increasing urban canopy cover is the most valuable land management action for many breeding bird species. Preserving large undeveloped habitats and controlling urban sprawl may help prevent regional declines of NMB species. Title: Riparian bird communities in Portland, Oregon : habitat, urbanization, and spatial scale patterns Author: Hennings, Lori A. Urban ecosystems are characterized by human disturbance and changes in the amount, types, and spatial arrangement of wildlife habitat. The relative importance of habitat and human associated variables to urban birds is unknown. In 1999, I surveyed spring bird and plant communities along 54 perennial streams in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region. My objectives were to determine (1) what habitat and human-associated variables were related to avian community measures, (2) how far from riparian areas did relationships between avifauna and canopy cover and development extend, and (3) habitat characteristics associated with individual bird species. I used Principal Components Analysis to cluster and reduce the number of explanatory variables, and regressed bird community variables against the resulting principal components. Total and nonnative bird abundance were negatively related to the first principal component, PC 1 (high-scoring PC 1 sites had wide, structurally complex native forests) (r2 = 0.38, P < 0.0001 and r2 = 0.63, P < 0.0001, respectively). Several weak (r2 = 0.17-0.31, P < 0.003) curvilinear relationships emerged between overall and native species richness and diversity versus PC 1. Neotropical migratory bird (NMB) species richness and diversity were negatively related to human development variables, and positively related to native shrubs (adjusted r2 = 0.21 and 0.18, respectively; P < 0.003). I regressed bird community variables against canopy cover and street density for each of ten 50-m buffers around sites, then plotted the model fit (r) against buffer width. Native and nonnative abundance measures were negatively related to canopy cover. Total abundance was best predicted by canopy cover 300-350 m from the stream whereas normative abundance was predicted nearly equally by canopy cover in each buffer. The relationships between total species richness, native species richness, total diversity and native diversity were curvilinearly related to canopy cover, with canopy in the first 50 m appearing most important. Neotropical migratory bird species richness, diversity and abundance were negatively related to street density within 150 m of the stream. Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) abundance was increasingly, negatively related to canopy cover as spatial scale increased. I used logistic regression to identify habitat and/or human-associated variables that predicted the occurrence of 32 species. The occurrence of four species (American Crow [Corvus brachyrhynchos], House Finch [Carpodacus mexicanus], Red-breasted Nuthatch [Sitta canadensis], and Vaux's Swift [Chaetura vauxi]) was positively, and five species (Black-headed Grosbeak [Pheucticus melanocephalus], Common Yellowthroat [Geothlypis trichas], Rufous Hummingbird [Selasphorus rufus], Steller's Jay [Cyanocitta setlleri], and Swainson's Thrush [Catharus ustulatus]) negatively related to human-associated variables. My results suggest that increasing urban canopy cover is the most valuable land management action for many breeding bird species. Preserving large undeveloped habitats and controlling urban sprawl may help prevent regional declines of NMB species. Close

• 190. [Article] Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae)

  Craneflies of the genus Lipsothrix inhabit decomposing wood in streams. The life cycles and ecological relationships of L. nigrilinea (Doane) and L. fenderi Alexander were investigated to determine how ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae) Author: Dudley, Thomas L. Craneflies of the genus Lipsothrix inhabit decomposing wood in streams. The life cycles and ecological relationships of L. nigrilinea (Doane) and L. fenderi Alexander were investigated to determine how they exploit and respond to the wood habitat and their role in degradation of woody debris in western Oregon. Surveys of the western states and provinces provided data on geographical distribution of the four western species, and a key is given to the five species known from America north of Mexico. The non-adult stages are spent within single logs, primarily red alder (Alnus rubra), in headwater streams where disturbance by abrasion is minimized. The two species are sympatric in soft logs in constant contact with water. L. fenderi larvae are found in a wider variety of wood types, including harder wood, other species of wood, and in marginal habitats in which they are more susceptible to desiccation and interactions with the semi-terrestrial community. Habitat selection may relate to the specificity of ovipositing females. Biological and behavioral characteristics of the life stages are described. Both species have a basic biennial life cycle with an ephemeral (1-8 days) adult stage. This long cycle may be possible because because the habitat is relatively predictable and constant. L. fenderi is smaller than L. nigrilinea, and some individuals emerge as annuals, probably in response to an indirect thermal cue in the fall. L. nigrilinea uses combined cues of temperature and descending water level, which more directly preclict suitable conditions for emergence in spring and summer. Some L. nigrilinea take three years or longer if they do not receive the water level cue in a portion of the log. A large degree of variability exists in size of both species, and especially L. nigrilinea, within a single log. Though growth rate differences are correlated with temperature and food quality, variability in timing of oviposition probably accounts for the majority of the difference. The life history traits of L. fenderi are more conducive to increasing reproductive quantity when compared to L. nigrilinea, which may be related to the association of L. fenderi with relatively less predictable habitats. The mean biomass of L. nigrilinea was near 12.0 mg/100 cm², with low variation, while L. fenderi had low biomass in the fall (1.40 mg/100 cm²) and peaked prior to emergence (12.65 mg/100 cm²). Wood hardness was the major determinant of larval densities and feeding rates of both species. Egestion rates were estimated at 88% of dry weight per day in firm wood and 223% per day in highly decayed material. Egestion is increased by a factor of two between low (3°C) and high (15°C) temperatures encountered in the field. The total ecological impact will be the greatest where the highest abundance of the most suitable habitat is found, as in small streams during the middle stages of forest succession. Title: Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae) Author: Dudley, Thomas L. Craneflies of the genus Lipsothrix inhabit decomposing wood in streams. The life cycles and ecological relationships of L. nigrilinea (Doane) and L. fenderi Alexander were investigated to determine how they exploit and respond to the wood habitat and their role in degradation of woody debris in western Oregon. Surveys of the western states and provinces provided data on geographical distribution of the four western species, and a key is given to the five species known from America north of Mexico. The non-adult stages are spent within single logs, primarily red alder (Alnus rubra), in headwater streams where disturbance by abrasion is minimized. The two species are sympatric in soft logs in constant contact with water. L. fenderi larvae are found in a wider variety of wood types, including harder wood, other species of wood, and in marginal habitats in which they are more susceptible to desiccation and interactions with the semi-terrestrial community. Habitat selection may relate to the specificity of ovipositing females. Biological and behavioral characteristics of the life stages are described. Both species have a basic biennial life cycle with an ephemeral (1-8 days) adult stage. This long cycle may be possible because because the habitat is relatively predictable and constant. L. fenderi is smaller than L. nigrilinea, and some individuals emerge as annuals, probably in response to an indirect thermal cue in the fall. L. nigrilinea uses combined cues of temperature and descending water level, which more directly preclict suitable conditions for emergence in spring and summer. Some L. nigrilinea take three years or longer if they do not receive the water level cue in a portion of the log. A large degree of variability exists in size of both species, and especially L. nigrilinea, within a single log. Though growth rate differences are correlated with temperature and food quality, variability in timing of oviposition probably accounts for the majority of the difference. The life history traits of L. fenderi are more conducive to increasing reproductive quantity when compared to L. nigrilinea, which may be related to the association of L. fenderi with relatively less predictable habitats. The mean biomass of L. nigrilinea was near 12.0 mg/100 cm², with low variation, while L. fenderi had low biomass in the fall (1.40 mg/100 cm²) and peaked prior to emergence (12.65 mg/100 cm²). Wood hardness was the major determinant of larval densities and feeding rates of both species. Egestion rates were estimated at 88% of dry weight per day in firm wood and 223% per day in highly decayed material. Egestion is increased by a factor of two between low (3°C) and high (15°C) temperatures encountered in the field. The total ecological impact will be the greatest where the highest abundance of the most suitable habitat is found, as in small streams during the middle stages of forest succession. Close

• 191. [Article] Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA : A Multi-Method Field-Based Approach

  Surface water and groundwater interactions are a key component in the functioning of stream ecosystems. Exchange of water between the stream and the hyporheic zone creates habitat for aquatic organisms ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA : A Multi-Method Field-Based Approach Author: Gryczkowski, Landon Surface water and groundwater interactions are a key component in the functioning of stream ecosystems. Exchange of water between the stream and the hyporheic zone creates habitat for aquatic organisms and serves as a control for stream biogeochemical, thermal, and flow processes. This study takes a multi-method field-based approach to gain a better understanding of exchange processes in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA, with focus on advancing methodologies, spatial and temporal exchange dynamics, fish ecology and habitat, and geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange. Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) was used to identify, quantify, and map cold-water inflows at the meter scale. Analysis of the maximum and minimum daily temperature traces separated each cold-water inflow into either hyporheic or groundwater-derived. DTS identified a very active hyporheic zone in this system, with a near-equal importance of hyporheic and groundwater inflows. Approximately one-third of the 2-km study reach was influence by cold-water inflows, providing significant cooling in certain areas. Using piezometers in conjunction with DTS provided validation and supplementation of DTS results, increased the reliability of conclusions, and helped to identify and understand specific exchange processes. Piezometer data showed downwelling conditions (negative head differential) except immediately downstream of riffles, with head differentials becoming increasingly negative farther downstream from a riffle. Furthermore, head differentials increased in the negative direction from left bank to right bank, indicating lateral movement of groundwater and more loss of river water from the right bank. Nearest to riffles and river bends, head differentials remained more stable over time, which may indicate that geomorphic structures influence head variations locally, while aquifer levels and dynamics have an increasing influence farther from these structures. Seasonally, head differentials became increasingly negative through the summer into fall as aquifer levels decreased, and areas of the river that lost the most water to the subsurface tended to lose more water at a faster rate as the summer progressed. However, the seasonal trend of head differentials may be counteracted by decreasing bed permeability, yielding little or no temporal change in vertical flux of water through the streambed. During high-flow events, river losses to the subsurface decreased overall; in particular, areas with the greatest water loss at low flows showed reduced losses during high flows. High variability and lack of patterns in the response to high flow events suggests complexity in this process. Temperature-related variables from DTS data were combined with habitat-related variables to determine which variables best explain pool-scale salmonid abundance. Two snorkel surveys of 23 pools within the study reach were performed. The change in temperature across the pool showed the strongest overall relationship to salmonid abundance, particularly Chinook salmon. Chinook salmon showed a stronger preference for specific pools compared to steelhead/rainbow trout. The magnitude of cold-water inflows appears more important than the presence or proportion of the pool receiving cold-water inflows, and salmonid abundance was more strongly explained by hyporheic inflows compared to groundwater. Temperature variables increased in importance relative to habitat variables in the second snorkel sample compared to sample one. The highest river temperatures of the summer occurred between the two sample dates, and this may suggest that salmonids’ affinity for cold-water refuge was enhanced through behavioral adaptation following periods of high temperature approaching the lethal threshold. The combined use of DTS, continuous electrical resistivity/induced polarization profiling, LiDAR, aerial imagery analysis, and field surveys allowed for the quantification of many geomorphic and hydraulic variables known or hypothesized to contribute to surface water and groundwater exchange processes. Regression analysis was used to determine which of these variables best explain the presence and magnitude of both groundwater and hyporheic inflows. For the first time, the cross-sectional area of the hyporheic zone was estimated at high resolution at the reach scale, and decreasing hyporheic cross-sectional area best explained both the presence and magnitude of cold-water inflows of either type. Higher water surface slope and sinuosity/curvature were next in order of importance. The presence of hyporheic inflows was also explained by higher water surface slope, sinuosity, and Reynolds number, while the magnitude of hyporheic inflows was best explained by higher sinuosity. Groundwater inflows were also explained by higher width-to-depth ratio, higher water surface slope, decreasing distance from a stream bank to the bankfull or floodplain extent, and decreasing flow velocity. Lateral processes (e.g. sinuosity) and vertical processes (e.g. water surface slope) were found to be of comparable importance, but lateral processes better explained larger decreases in stream temperature, possibly because lateral subsurface flow paths are longer in distance and duration. Hydraulic conductivity variables did not show up among the most important variables likely because of the difficulty in estimating hydraulic conductivity at the meter scale using electrical geophysical tools. Title: Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA : A Multi-Method Field-Based Approach Author: Gryczkowski, Landon Surface water and groundwater interactions are a key component in the functioning of stream ecosystems. Exchange of water between the stream and the hyporheic zone creates habitat for aquatic organisms and serves as a control for stream biogeochemical, thermal, and flow processes. This study takes a multi-method field-based approach to gain a better understanding of exchange processes in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA, with focus on advancing methodologies, spatial and temporal exchange dynamics, fish ecology and habitat, and geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange. Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) was used to identify, quantify, and map cold-water inflows at the meter scale. Analysis of the maximum and minimum daily temperature traces separated each cold-water inflow into either hyporheic or groundwater-derived. DTS identified a very active hyporheic zone in this system, with a near-equal importance of hyporheic and groundwater inflows. Approximately one-third of the 2-km study reach was influence by cold-water inflows, providing significant cooling in certain areas. Using piezometers in conjunction with DTS provided validation and supplementation of DTS results, increased the reliability of conclusions, and helped to identify and understand specific exchange processes. Piezometer data showed downwelling conditions (negative head differential) except immediately downstream of riffles, with head differentials becoming increasingly negative farther downstream from a riffle. Furthermore, head differentials increased in the negative direction from left bank to right bank, indicating lateral movement of groundwater and more loss of river water from the right bank. Nearest to riffles and river bends, head differentials remained more stable over time, which may indicate that geomorphic structures influence head variations locally, while aquifer levels and dynamics have an increasing influence farther from these structures. Seasonally, head differentials became increasingly negative through the summer into fall as aquifer levels decreased, and areas of the river that lost the most water to the subsurface tended to lose more water at a faster rate as the summer progressed. However, the seasonal trend of head differentials may be counteracted by decreasing bed permeability, yielding little or no temporal change in vertical flux of water through the streambed. During high-flow events, river losses to the subsurface decreased overall; in particular, areas with the greatest water loss at low flows showed reduced losses during high flows. High variability and lack of patterns in the response to high flow events suggests complexity in this process. Temperature-related variables from DTS data were combined with habitat-related variables to determine which variables best explain pool-scale salmonid abundance. Two snorkel surveys of 23 pools within the study reach were performed. The change in temperature across the pool showed the strongest overall relationship to salmonid abundance, particularly Chinook salmon. Chinook salmon showed a stronger preference for specific pools compared to steelhead/rainbow trout. The magnitude of cold-water inflows appears more important than the presence or proportion of the pool receiving cold-water inflows, and salmonid abundance was more strongly explained by hyporheic inflows compared to groundwater. Temperature variables increased in importance relative to habitat variables in the second snorkel sample compared to sample one. The highest river temperatures of the summer occurred between the two sample dates, and this may suggest that salmonids’ affinity for cold-water refuge was enhanced through behavioral adaptation following periods of high temperature approaching the lethal threshold. The combined use of DTS, continuous electrical resistivity/induced polarization profiling, LiDAR, aerial imagery analysis, and field surveys allowed for the quantification of many geomorphic and hydraulic variables known or hypothesized to contribute to surface water and groundwater exchange processes. Regression analysis was used to determine which of these variables best explain the presence and magnitude of both groundwater and hyporheic inflows. For the first time, the cross-sectional area of the hyporheic zone was estimated at high resolution at the reach scale, and decreasing hyporheic cross-sectional area best explained both the presence and magnitude of cold-water inflows of either type. Higher water surface slope and sinuosity/curvature were next in order of importance. The presence of hyporheic inflows was also explained by higher water surface slope, sinuosity, and Reynolds number, while the magnitude of hyporheic inflows was best explained by higher sinuosity. Groundwater inflows were also explained by higher width-to-depth ratio, higher water surface slope, decreasing distance from a stream bank to the bankfull or floodplain extent, and decreasing flow velocity. Lateral processes (e.g. sinuosity) and vertical processes (e.g. water surface slope) were found to be of comparable importance, but lateral processes better explained larger decreases in stream temperature, possibly because lateral subsurface flow paths are longer in distance and duration. Hydraulic conductivity variables did not show up among the most important variables likely because of the difficulty in estimating hydraulic conductivity at the meter scale using electrical geophysical tools. Close

• 192. [Article] Beaver ecology in Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River

  The American beaver (Castor canadensis) was nearly extirpated by the late 1800's due to the fur trade. Due to reintroduction efforts, it now occupies much of its former range. Beavers are a keystone species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver ecology in Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River Author: Maenhout, Julie L. The American beaver (Castor canadensis) was nearly extirpated by the late 1800's due to the fur trade. Due to reintroduction efforts, it now occupies much of its former range. Beavers are a keystone species and ecosystem engineers, greatly influencing riparian and instream habitats through selective harvesting of plant materials and dam building. Beaver dams can accelerate the recovery of stream and riparian habitats. These habitats are beneficial to a variety of wildlife, including some fish species. Relocating nuisance beavers to areas where their damming activity will benefit fish habitat by helping restore degraded streams is gaining interest as a restoration and management tool in Oregon. However, little is known about the extant beaver populations in Oregon, including in the areas of restoration interest. We used genetic and radio telemetry approaches together to investigate the ecology of beavers in Bridge Creek; the site of a project partnering with beaver to aid in restoration efforts. Radio telemetry was used to estimate the home range size, habitat use, and survival rates for beavers in Bridge Creek and mitochondrial DNA was used to investigate the genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek. In order to put the genetic diversity of this watershed in the historical context of beaver management in Oregon, we used samples from the John Day River upstream of the Bridge Creek confluence and samples from another study being conducted in western Oregon. These samples together would represent a broader context of the western and eastern parts of Oregon, on both sides of the Cascade Range. We tracked 24 radio tagged beavers in the summer of 2011 and 22 beavers in the spring of 2012 to estimate home ranges. The mean linear home range length was 1.56 ± 0.71 km. Home ranges did not differ by sex or age except for spring 2012; female home ranges were longer than males. Home ranges encompassed nearly the entire study area of Bridge Creek and in some cases overlapped. Habitat use showed that beavers used areas of grasses and herbaceous vegetation in greater proportion to its availability for spring 2012 but did not deviate from random in summer 2011. The survival rate was estimated to be 0.92 ± 0.05 for the entire 18 month study period. While radio tagging captured beavers, a tissue sample was taken for mitochondrial DNA genetic analysis. Genetic diversity was very low for the samples from Bridge Creek beavers, and therefore we were unable to discern any genetic structuring. Eastern Oregon samples overall (Bridge Creek and John Day samples) had a low nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.001 ± 0.001, 0.441 ± 0.056 respectively) while western Oregon samples had a higher nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.003 ± 0.002, 0.546 ± 0.098 respectively). The two subpopulations were significantly differentiated from each other (P < 0.001, pairwise F[subscript ST] = 0.499). The information gained on the survival, home range, habitat use, and genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek is important in assisting managers; partnering with beaver to meet their stream restoration goals. Although beaver relocation is an attractive tool for alleviating nuisance beaver issues while potentially restoring fish habitat, our results indicate that Bridge Creek may not be able to support more beavers in its current condition. Additional research on the social structure, through the use of microsatellites, and continued year-round monitoring of beavers within Bridge Creek and the greater John Day basin will further inform managers on the feasibility of the use of beavers as a stream restoration tool. Title: Beaver ecology in Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River Author: Maenhout, Julie L. The American beaver (Castor canadensis) was nearly extirpated by the late 1800's due to the fur trade. Due to reintroduction efforts, it now occupies much of its former range. Beavers are a keystone species and ecosystem engineers, greatly influencing riparian and instream habitats through selective harvesting of plant materials and dam building. Beaver dams can accelerate the recovery of stream and riparian habitats. These habitats are beneficial to a variety of wildlife, including some fish species. Relocating nuisance beavers to areas where their damming activity will benefit fish habitat by helping restore degraded streams is gaining interest as a restoration and management tool in Oregon. However, little is known about the extant beaver populations in Oregon, including in the areas of restoration interest. We used genetic and radio telemetry approaches together to investigate the ecology of beavers in Bridge Creek; the site of a project partnering with beaver to aid in restoration efforts. Radio telemetry was used to estimate the home range size, habitat use, and survival rates for beavers in Bridge Creek and mitochondrial DNA was used to investigate the genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek. In order to put the genetic diversity of this watershed in the historical context of beaver management in Oregon, we used samples from the John Day River upstream of the Bridge Creek confluence and samples from another study being conducted in western Oregon. These samples together would represent a broader context of the western and eastern parts of Oregon, on both sides of the Cascade Range. We tracked 24 radio tagged beavers in the summer of 2011 and 22 beavers in the spring of 2012 to estimate home ranges. The mean linear home range length was 1.56 ± 0.71 km. Home ranges did not differ by sex or age except for spring 2012; female home ranges were longer than males. Home ranges encompassed nearly the entire study area of Bridge Creek and in some cases overlapped. Habitat use showed that beavers used areas of grasses and herbaceous vegetation in greater proportion to its availability for spring 2012 but did not deviate from random in summer 2011. The survival rate was estimated to be 0.92 ± 0.05 for the entire 18 month study period. While radio tagging captured beavers, a tissue sample was taken for mitochondrial DNA genetic analysis. Genetic diversity was very low for the samples from Bridge Creek beavers, and therefore we were unable to discern any genetic structuring. Eastern Oregon samples overall (Bridge Creek and John Day samples) had a low nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.001 ± 0.001, 0.441 ± 0.056 respectively) while western Oregon samples had a higher nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.003 ± 0.002, 0.546 ± 0.098 respectively). The two subpopulations were significantly differentiated from each other (P < 0.001, pairwise F[subscript ST] = 0.499). The information gained on the survival, home range, habitat use, and genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek is important in assisting managers; partnering with beaver to meet their stream restoration goals. Although beaver relocation is an attractive tool for alleviating nuisance beaver issues while potentially restoring fish habitat, our results indicate that Bridge Creek may not be able to support more beavers in its current condition. Additional research on the social structure, through the use of microsatellites, and continued year-round monitoring of beavers within Bridge Creek and the greater John Day basin will further inform managers on the feasibility of the use of beavers as a stream restoration tool. Close

• 193. [Article] John Wesley Powell : science and reform in a positive context

  John Wesley Powell worked actively for public land system reform while a director of geographical and geological surveys in the West from 1869 to 1894. Although this has won him acclaim as a conservationist, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: John Wesley Powell : science and reform in a positive context Author: Zernel, John Joseph, 1945- John Wesley Powell worked actively for public land system reform while a director of geographical and geological surveys in the West from 1869 to 1894. Although this has won him acclaim as a conservationist, the basis of Powell's linkage of reform with scientific work is poorly understood. A study of the intellectual aspects of Powell's survey work to about 1884 shows his linkage of science and reform had both practical and philosophical foundations. While working in the West Powell found applications of his geological and ethnological studies useful in treating problems that had arisen for settlement in the region. Powell's study of Indian culture reflected ethnologist Lewis Henry Morgan's emphasis on social organization. It taught Powell that the government's approach to Indian problems was ineffective because it misunderstood their social organization and their institutions. Powell emphasized physical aspects of the geological problems he studied. He focused on structure, on processes of upheaval and erosion, and on the historical record those agencies left in topography. Powell found this work provided geographical and other physical information useful in planning the large-scale irrigation systems that he believed were necessary for continued growth in the West. He also found his survey's work valuable for administrative and policy-making needs in the General Land Office. Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region in 1878 reflected his advocacy of better and more systematic methods in classifying and surveying the public lands. It also keynoted his involvement in efforts to abolish the government's contract land survey system and replace it with a permanent system of geographical and geological surveys. Philosophical foundations for Powell's involvement in reform are revealed in his ideas on evolution. These combined L. H. Morgan's appreciation of cooperative social institutions with Herbert Spencer's view of evolution as an increasing differentiation and integration of matter. Human evolution for Powell was multidimensional and included intellectual, industrial, and institutional elements. Powell believed his survey's work for science and for land system reform was consistent with his evolutionary scheme. His intellectual heritage shows that he was acting out the commitment of nineteenth-century positivism to the empirical methods of science and to their use in achieving social progress. Title: John Wesley Powell : science and reform in a positive context Author: Zernel, John Joseph, 1945- John Wesley Powell worked actively for public land system reform while a director of geographical and geological surveys in the West from 1869 to 1894. Although this has won him acclaim as a conservationist, the basis of Powell's linkage of reform with scientific work is poorly understood. A study of the intellectual aspects of Powell's survey work to about 1884 shows his linkage of science and reform had both practical and philosophical foundations. While working in the West Powell found applications of his geological and ethnological studies useful in treating problems that had arisen for settlement in the region. Powell's study of Indian culture reflected ethnologist Lewis Henry Morgan's emphasis on social organization. It taught Powell that the government's approach to Indian problems was ineffective because it misunderstood their social organization and their institutions. Powell emphasized physical aspects of the geological problems he studied. He focused on structure, on processes of upheaval and erosion, and on the historical record those agencies left in topography. Powell found this work provided geographical and other physical information useful in planning the large-scale irrigation systems that he believed were necessary for continued growth in the West. He also found his survey's work valuable for administrative and policy-making needs in the General Land Office. Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region in 1878 reflected his advocacy of better and more systematic methods in classifying and surveying the public lands. It also keynoted his involvement in efforts to abolish the government's contract land survey system and replace it with a permanent system of geographical and geological surveys. Philosophical foundations for Powell's involvement in reform are revealed in his ideas on evolution. These combined L. H. Morgan's appreciation of cooperative social institutions with Herbert Spencer's view of evolution as an increasing differentiation and integration of matter. Human evolution for Powell was multidimensional and included intellectual, industrial, and institutional elements. Powell believed his survey's work for science and for land system reform was consistent with his evolutionary scheme. His intellectual heritage shows that he was acting out the commitment of nineteenth-century positivism to the empirical methods of science and to their use in achieving social progress. Close

• 194. [Article] Cultural resource protectors : a survey of federal archaeologists and cultural resource specialists in the Pacific Northwest

  There is a widespread problem with looting and vandalism of cultural resources in the Pacific Northwest. To combat this problem law enforcement must have the assistance of the archaeological community. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural resource protectors : a survey of federal archaeologists and cultural resource specialists in the Pacific Northwest Author: Schmidt, Chester Allan There is a widespread problem with looting and vandalism of cultural resources in the Pacific Northwest. To combat this problem law enforcement must have the assistance of the archaeological community. To be able to assist law enforcement, archaeologists and cultural resource specialists must have the proper training in cultural resource law and crime prevention. The focus of this study is to investigate the preparedness of archaeologists and cultural resource specialists within the federal government, specifically the United State Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, to assist in the investigation and prevention of cultural resource crime. To answer this question a survey was sent out to all of the aforementioned subjects within the Pacific Northwest. This survey asked for data concerning types of cultural resources affected by crime, prevention methods, training, opinions on quality of training, and demographic information. The respondent was also asked to reply to various fictitious scenarios concerning cultural resource crime, and the answers compared to a control group made up of law enforcement personnel. Information obtained from this survey showed that there is a lack of training among both of these agencies. A large percentage of the respondents feel that their training was either nonexistent or was lacking in depth and quality. The ability of the subject group to make decisions concerning the fictitious scenarios was closely analogous to those made by the law enforcement group. However, from information obtained from the respondents and from analysis of other data these scenarios may not have been a good indicator of the preparedness of the subject group. To improve their abilities at preventing and assisting in the investigation of cultural resource crimes, all archaeologists and cultural resource specialists need to have the opportunity to have access to quality training. These persons must also take it upon themselves to protect the resource using methods that are allowed by their respective agencies. Title: Cultural resource protectors : a survey of federal archaeologists and cultural resource specialists in the Pacific Northwest Author: Schmidt, Chester Allan There is a widespread problem with looting and vandalism of cultural resources in the Pacific Northwest. To combat this problem law enforcement must have the assistance of the archaeological community. To be able to assist law enforcement, archaeologists and cultural resource specialists must have the proper training in cultural resource law and crime prevention. The focus of this study is to investigate the preparedness of archaeologists and cultural resource specialists within the federal government, specifically the United State Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, to assist in the investigation and prevention of cultural resource crime. To answer this question a survey was sent out to all of the aforementioned subjects within the Pacific Northwest. This survey asked for data concerning types of cultural resources affected by crime, prevention methods, training, opinions on quality of training, and demographic information. The respondent was also asked to reply to various fictitious scenarios concerning cultural resource crime, and the answers compared to a control group made up of law enforcement personnel. Information obtained from this survey showed that there is a lack of training among both of these agencies. A large percentage of the respondents feel that their training was either nonexistent or was lacking in depth and quality. The ability of the subject group to make decisions concerning the fictitious scenarios was closely analogous to those made by the law enforcement group. However, from information obtained from the respondents and from analysis of other data these scenarios may not have been a good indicator of the preparedness of the subject group. To improve their abilities at preventing and assisting in the investigation of cultural resource crimes, all archaeologists and cultural resource specialists need to have the opportunity to have access to quality training. These persons must also take it upon themselves to protect the resource using methods that are allowed by their respective agencies. Close

• 195. [Article] The isolation, comparison, and attenuation of several viruses infecting Oregon salmonids

  The Oregon strain of the agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) was isolated from fingerling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by J. L. Fryer in 1958. Before the study reported herein no other ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The isolation, comparison, and attenuation of several viruses infecting Oregon salmonids Author: McMichael, John Seiple The Oregon strain of the agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) was isolated from fingerling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by J. L. Fryer in 1958. Before the study reported herein no other virus had been recovered from any fish population in Oregon. Therefore, in July, 1971 a survey was initiated to determine the status of viral infections in various populations of Oregon salmonids. Stocks tested represented several of the state's major watersheds, coastal streams, brood fish from selected hatcheries, and private lakes and ponds. Three viruses were isolated during the survey. IHN virus was recovered from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) displaying typical symptoms of that disease and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus was isolated from asymptomatic cutthroat trout (S. clarki) and coho salmon (O. kisutch). Serum neutralization tests indicated that fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) had been exposed to IPN virus although they were not infected at the time of examination. Host range studies were performed with the three agents by adding them to aquaria water containing fry of several species. IHN virus caused fatal infection in both kokanee salmon (landlocked 0. nerka) and rainbow trout at 49 and 54°F although kokanee appeared more susceptible than rainbow trout. The coho IPN isolate (Coho- IPN) was lethal only for coho fry and only at 59°F while the cutthroat trout isolate (CTT-IPN) was not virulent for any of the species tested including cutthroat trout. None of the three viruses were capable of infecting any of several species of non-salmonids under prevailing test conditions. Coho-IPN and CTT-IPN were compared to each other and to VR-299, a reference strain of IPN virus, with respect to their antigenic compositions. No antigens unique to only one of the three strains were detected by immunodiffusion or immunoelectrophoretic methods although three separate viral antigens were identified for each agent. Cross-plaque neutralization and comparisons of susceptibility to freezing and thawing showed that the two western isolates were much more closely related to one another than to VR-299. Attempts were made to attenuate the IHN and both IPN strains recovered during the survey as an initial step towards developing live virus vaccines against those agents. Those viruses were serially passaged on turtle heart, human epidermoid larynx carcinoma, and steelhead trout embryo cell lines at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C. Comparisons of virulence for susceptible fry were made between passaged and wild type viruses. IHN virus passed 41 times on a steelhead trout cell line (STE-137) at 18°C showed a reduction in virulence for kokanee salmon of at least 4 x 107-fold when added to aquaria water. That attenuated strain protected 15 of 18 vaccinated fry against an intraperitoneally injected challenge equivalent to 42 x LD₅₀ for the wild type agent. A 38-fold reduction in virulence of CTT-IPN for coho salmon fry was achieved by passing that virus 93 times at 18°C on STE-137 cells. Eleven of 13 of those fish vaccinated with an ip injection of 13 plaque forming units of the attenuated strain survived a challenge dose of the wild type virus equivalent to 860 x LD₅₀. The results obtained by propagating the three isolated agents on other cell lines, at other temperatures, and subjecting them to varying numbers of passages are reported. Title: The isolation, comparison, and attenuation of several viruses infecting Oregon salmonids Author: McMichael, John Seiple The Oregon strain of the agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) was isolated from fingerling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by J. L. Fryer in 1958. Before the study reported herein no other virus had been recovered from any fish population in Oregon. Therefore, in July, 1971 a survey was initiated to determine the status of viral infections in various populations of Oregon salmonids. Stocks tested represented several of the state's major watersheds, coastal streams, brood fish from selected hatcheries, and private lakes and ponds. Three viruses were isolated during the survey. IHN virus was recovered from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) displaying typical symptoms of that disease and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus was isolated from asymptomatic cutthroat trout (S. clarki) and coho salmon (O. kisutch). Serum neutralization tests indicated that fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) had been exposed to IPN virus although they were not infected at the time of examination. Host range studies were performed with the three agents by adding them to aquaria water containing fry of several species. IHN virus caused fatal infection in both kokanee salmon (landlocked 0. nerka) and rainbow trout at 49 and 54°F although kokanee appeared more susceptible than rainbow trout. The coho IPN isolate (Coho- IPN) was lethal only for coho fry and only at 59°F while the cutthroat trout isolate (CTT-IPN) was not virulent for any of the species tested including cutthroat trout. None of the three viruses were capable of infecting any of several species of non-salmonids under prevailing test conditions. Coho-IPN and CTT-IPN were compared to each other and to VR-299, a reference strain of IPN virus, with respect to their antigenic compositions. No antigens unique to only one of the three strains were detected by immunodiffusion or immunoelectrophoretic methods although three separate viral antigens were identified for each agent. Cross-plaque neutralization and comparisons of susceptibility to freezing and thawing showed that the two western isolates were much more closely related to one another than to VR-299. Attempts were made to attenuate the IHN and both IPN strains recovered during the survey as an initial step towards developing live virus vaccines against those agents. Those viruses were serially passaged on turtle heart, human epidermoid larynx carcinoma, and steelhead trout embryo cell lines at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C. Comparisons of virulence for susceptible fry were made between passaged and wild type viruses. IHN virus passed 41 times on a steelhead trout cell line (STE-137) at 18°C showed a reduction in virulence for kokanee salmon of at least 4 x 107-fold when added to aquaria water. That attenuated strain protected 15 of 18 vaccinated fry against an intraperitoneally injected challenge equivalent to 42 x LD₅₀ for the wild type agent. A 38-fold reduction in virulence of CTT-IPN for coho salmon fry was achieved by passing that virus 93 times at 18°C on STE-137 cells. Eleven of 13 of those fish vaccinated with an ip injection of 13 plaque forming units of the attenuated strain survived a challenge dose of the wild type virus equivalent to 860 x LD₅₀. The results obtained by propagating the three isolated agents on other cell lines, at other temperatures, and subjecting them to varying numbers of passages are reported. Close

• 196. [Article] Central Desert Studies : Archaeological Survey and Excavation in Baja California, Mexico

  This dissertation serves as a contribution to the study of the prehistory of the Central Desert region of Baja California, Mexico. Between 2007 and 2011, a trans-peninsular archaeological survey and excavation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Central Desert Studies : Archaeological Survey and Excavation in Baja California, Mexico Author: Willis, Samuel C. This dissertation serves as a contribution to the study of the prehistory of the Central Desert region of Baja California, Mexico. Between 2007 and 2011, a trans-peninsular archaeological survey and excavation program--the Central Desert Early Prehistory Project (CDEPP)--was completed for a portion of the Baja California peninsula extending from the Gulf of California to the Pacific Coast. The goal of the CDEPP was designed to construct a reliable cultural-historical model for the Central Desert. Methods used to build the model included a trans-peninsular pedestrian survey, sub-surface excavation at select locations, locating and documenting the distribution of surficial cultural deposits, and where possible, associating these findings to absolute or relative age estimates. Soil geomorphology methods were applied to the archaeological data to further clarify the depositional context of cultural deposits. Findings from the CDEPP suggest past foragers, through much of prehistory, consistently followed a pattern defined by a high residential mobility consisting of one to two nuclear families. Periodically, these small foraging groups would aggregate in centralized locations and shift to a more logistical or semi-sedentary residential pattern--a mobile ranchería residential strategy. Artifact analysis of the CDEPP dataset supports this interpretation. Forager technological organization throughout the Central Desert was dominated by patterns of a generalized toolkit design supplemented with specialized, less portable traits. That early foragers, notably late Holocene populations, used both technological strategies is revealing of a land use pattern conditioned to fluctuating resources due to regional environmental and climatic shifts. Varying use of highly mobile and logistical residential patterns is evident in the distribution and types of archaeological materials, diversity of artifact assemblages, and the technological organization used at specific locations. The cultural-historical model established for the Central Desert reveals past forager land use and technological organization were diachronically and synchronically consistent, and likely established during the late Pleistocene-early Holocene transition. Title: Central Desert Studies : Archaeological Survey and Excavation in Baja California, Mexico Author: Willis, Samuel C. This dissertation serves as a contribution to the study of the prehistory of the Central Desert region of Baja California, Mexico. Between 2007 and 2011, a trans-peninsular archaeological survey and excavation program--the Central Desert Early Prehistory Project (CDEPP)--was completed for a portion of the Baja California peninsula extending from the Gulf of California to the Pacific Coast. The goal of the CDEPP was designed to construct a reliable cultural-historical model for the Central Desert. Methods used to build the model included a trans-peninsular pedestrian survey, sub-surface excavation at select locations, locating and documenting the distribution of surficial cultural deposits, and where possible, associating these findings to absolute or relative age estimates. Soil geomorphology methods were applied to the archaeological data to further clarify the depositional context of cultural deposits. Findings from the CDEPP suggest past foragers, through much of prehistory, consistently followed a pattern defined by a high residential mobility consisting of one to two nuclear families. Periodically, these small foraging groups would aggregate in centralized locations and shift to a more logistical or semi-sedentary residential pattern--a mobile ranchería residential strategy. Artifact analysis of the CDEPP dataset supports this interpretation. Forager technological organization throughout the Central Desert was dominated by patterns of a generalized toolkit design supplemented with specialized, less portable traits. That early foragers, notably late Holocene populations, used both technological strategies is revealing of a land use pattern conditioned to fluctuating resources due to regional environmental and climatic shifts. Varying use of highly mobile and logistical residential patterns is evident in the distribution and types of archaeological materials, diversity of artifact assemblages, and the technological organization used at specific locations. The cultural-historical model established for the Central Desert reveals past forager land use and technological organization were diachronically and synchronically consistent, and likely established during the late Pleistocene-early Holocene transition. Close

• 197. [Article] Mason’s Run brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): history, management challenges, and recommendations

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mason’s Run brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): history, management challenges, and recommendations Author: Russell, Joseph D. III Graduation date: 2016 Title: Mason’s Run brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): history, management challenges, and recommendations Author: Russell, Joseph D. III Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 198. [Article] Teacher argumentation in the secondary science classroom : images of two modes of scientific inquiry

  The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine scientific arguments constructed by secondary science teachers during instruction. The analysis focused on how arguments constructed by teachers differed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Teacher argumentation in the secondary science classroom : images of two modes of scientific inquiry Author: Gray, Ron E. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine scientific arguments constructed by secondary science teachers during instruction. The analysis focused on how arguments constructed by teachers differed based on the mode of inquiry underlying the topic. Specifically, how did the structure and content of arguments differ between experimentally and historically based topics? In addition, what factors mediate these differences? Four highly experienced high school science teachers were observed daily during instructional units for both experimental and historical science topics. Data sources include classroom observations, field notes, reflective memos, classroom artifacts, a nature of science survey, and teacher interviews. The arguments were analyzed for structure and content using Toulmin’s argumentation pattern and Walton’s schemes for presumptive reasoning revealing specific patterns of use between the two modes of inquiry. Interview data was analyzed to determine possible factors mediating these patterns. The results of this study reveal that highly experienced teachers present arguments to their students that, while simple in structure, reveal authentic images of science based on experimental and historical modes of inquiry. Structural analysis of the data revealed a common trend toward a greater amount of scientific data used to evidence knowledge claims in the historical science units. The presumptive reasoning analysis revealed that, while some presumptive reasoning schemes remained stable across the two units (e.g. ‘causal inferences’ and ‘sign’ schemes), others revealed different patterns of use including the ‘analogy’, ‘evidence to hypothesis’, ‘example’, and ‘expert opinion’ schemes. Finally, examination of the interview and survey data revealed five specific factors mediating the arguments constructed by the teachers: view of the nature of science, nature of the topic, teacher personal factors, view of students, and pedagogical decisions. These factors influenced both the structure and use of presumptive reasoning in the arguments. The results have implications for classroom practice, teacher education, and further research. Title: Teacher argumentation in the secondary science classroom : images of two modes of scientific inquiry Author: Gray, Ron E. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine scientific arguments constructed by secondary science teachers during instruction. The analysis focused on how arguments constructed by teachers differed based on the mode of inquiry underlying the topic. Specifically, how did the structure and content of arguments differ between experimentally and historically based topics? In addition, what factors mediate these differences? Four highly experienced high school science teachers were observed daily during instructional units for both experimental and historical science topics. Data sources include classroom observations, field notes, reflective memos, classroom artifacts, a nature of science survey, and teacher interviews. The arguments were analyzed for structure and content using Toulmin’s argumentation pattern and Walton’s schemes for presumptive reasoning revealing specific patterns of use between the two modes of inquiry. Interview data was analyzed to determine possible factors mediating these patterns. The results of this study reveal that highly experienced teachers present arguments to their students that, while simple in structure, reveal authentic images of science based on experimental and historical modes of inquiry. Structural analysis of the data revealed a common trend toward a greater amount of scientific data used to evidence knowledge claims in the historical science units. The presumptive reasoning analysis revealed that, while some presumptive reasoning schemes remained stable across the two units (e.g. ‘causal inferences’ and ‘sign’ schemes), others revealed different patterns of use including the ‘analogy’, ‘evidence to hypothesis’, ‘example’, and ‘expert opinion’ schemes. Finally, examination of the interview and survey data revealed five specific factors mediating the arguments constructed by the teachers: view of the nature of science, nature of the topic, teacher personal factors, view of students, and pedagogical decisions. These factors influenced both the structure and use of presumptive reasoning in the arguments. The results have implications for classroom practice, teacher education, and further research. Close

• 199. [Article] An evaluation of the archaeological potential of Riverfront Park in Corvallis, Oregon

  The archaeological resources contained in Corvallis Riverfront Commemorative Park (RCP) have a great potential to add to the historical record of the warehouse district of the original town of Marysville ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the archaeological potential of Riverfront Park in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Littlefield, Steven W. The archaeological resources contained in Corvallis Riverfront Commemorative Park (RCP) have a great potential to add to the historical record of the warehouse district of the original town of Marysville (Corvallis). The City of Corvallis' proposed Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) project and proposed changes to Riverfront Commemorative Park threaten to destroy archaeological resources within the research area. The purpose of this research was to assess the archaeological potential of the research area between VanBuren and Jefferson Avenues along the Willamette River. The assessment was based on an archaeological survey and historical documents. Historical records and maps were used to create a chronology of the developments which occurred within the research area. By knowing who occupied the riverfront and when, archaeologists can design a plan for the excavation of these resources. The archaeological survey was conducted to locate remains that may be related to structures that once occupied the riverfront. Maps of the City's proposed construction were used to determine the potential resources that will be impacted. The historical record indicated that there is a great potential for the research area to yield archaeological remains which can add to our knowledge about the formation of Marysville (Corvallis). These archaeological remains if properly excavated could be used for public interpretation and as a common theme within Riverfront Commemorative Park. An assessment of construction project maps for the CSO project and proposed changes to Riverfront Commemorative Park indicate that a majority of the archaeological resources contained within the research area will be destroyed. Based on these assessments it is recommended that the City of Corvallis conduct subsurface archaeological testing to recover as much information related to the settlement of the research area as possible. Title: An evaluation of the archaeological potential of Riverfront Park in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Littlefield, Steven W. The archaeological resources contained in Corvallis Riverfront Commemorative Park (RCP) have a great potential to add to the historical record of the warehouse district of the original town of Marysville (Corvallis). The City of Corvallis' proposed Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) project and proposed changes to Riverfront Commemorative Park threaten to destroy archaeological resources within the research area. The purpose of this research was to assess the archaeological potential of the research area between VanBuren and Jefferson Avenues along the Willamette River. The assessment was based on an archaeological survey and historical documents. Historical records and maps were used to create a chronology of the developments which occurred within the research area. By knowing who occupied the riverfront and when, archaeologists can design a plan for the excavation of these resources. The archaeological survey was conducted to locate remains that may be related to structures that once occupied the riverfront. Maps of the City's proposed construction were used to determine the potential resources that will be impacted. The historical record indicated that there is a great potential for the research area to yield archaeological remains which can add to our knowledge about the formation of Marysville (Corvallis). These archaeological remains if properly excavated could be used for public interpretation and as a common theme within Riverfront Commemorative Park. An assessment of construction project maps for the CSO project and proposed changes to Riverfront Commemorative Park indicate that a majority of the archaeological resources contained within the research area will be destroyed. Based on these assessments it is recommended that the City of Corvallis conduct subsurface archaeological testing to recover as much information related to the settlement of the research area as possible. Close

• 200. [Article] Five Stages in the Evolution of the Market-Oriented Fishery

  This historical survey sweeps across a thousand years, divided into five very unequal stages. Over most of the stages property in tide-water fisheries was lost. Fishers lost control of the fishstock and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Five Stages in the Evolution of the Market-Oriented Fishery Author: Scott, Anthony Year: 2001 This historical survey sweeps across a thousand years, divided into five very unequal stages. Over most of the stages property in tide-water fisheries was lost. Fishers lost control of the fishstock and of the markets they served. Governments responded with fishing regulations, which have served as a basis for regaining property rights. These reforms have been allowing fishermen once again to take control of their own fishstocks and to tailor management to the demands of the market. Title: Five Stages in the Evolution of the Market-Oriented Fishery Author: Scott, Anthony Year: 2001 This historical survey sweeps across a thousand years, divided into five very unequal stages. Over most of the stages property in tide-water fisheries was lost. Fishers lost control of the fishstock and of the markets they served. Governments responded with fishing regulations, which have served as a basis for regaining property rights. These reforms have been allowing fishermen once again to take control of their own fishstocks and to tailor management to the demands of the market. Close