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• 61. [Article] Monitoring fitness of caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) to assess and prioritize streams for restoration

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/jou...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monitoring fitness of caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) to assess and prioritize streams for restoration Author: Kreeger, Danielle, Gray, Matthew W. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291099-0755. Title: Monitoring fitness of caged mussels (Elliptio complanata) to assess and prioritize streams for restoration Author: Kreeger, Danielle, Gray, Matthew W. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291099-0755. Close

• 62. [Article] Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon Author: Lite Jr., Kenneth E. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Surface Water Interaction with “Confined” Columbia River Basalt Aquifers – Impacts to Streams from Declining Groundwater Levels near Mosier, Oregon Author: Lite Jr., Kenneth E. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 63. [Article] Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon

  The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon Author: Ebersole, Joseph Lamar The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats as well as the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to re-express their capacities. Four steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; local application of specific knowledge about suppressive factors; classification of sensitive, critical or refugium habitats; release of anthropogenic suppression; and monitoring of biotic response to habitat change. Applying these concepts, I describe potential habitat refugia for aquatic organisms in the Joseph Creek basin in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Five valley segment classes, differing in valley corridor landforms, are described. Of these, low-gradient wide alluvial valleys have been most altered by human land use. Riparian vegetation has been extensively removed or altered in alluvial valleys. Currently, stream habitats are structurally depauperate, and warm to temperatures well above thermal tolerances of native salmonids. Potential refugia for native coldwater fishes in these valleys include patches of complex habitat within stream reaches. Reaches fenced to exclude domestic livestock exhibit narrower channels, more pools, and higher frequencies of stable vegetated banks than nearby unfenced reaches. During summer low flow periods, cold groundwater seeping into and accumulating in stream channels forms "cold pools". Cold pools provide potential seasonal refuge for coldwater fish at microhabitat scales. Cold pools are associated with channel complexity, and are more frequent in reaches with vigorous riparian vegetation. Seven classes of cold pools are described. Cold pool classes differ in minimum temperature, maximum depth and volume. Distributions of cold pool classes between valley segment classes suggest that valley geomorphology in addition to local channel form may influence development of certain cold pool types. Although refugia at the microhabitat to reach scales are important, the context within which remnant or refugium habitats and associated relict populations are maintained may ultimately determine the persistence of those species and habitats. In managed landscapes, protection and restoration of habitats at many scales may be necessary if we are to best insure the persistence of native species. Title: Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon Author: Ebersole, Joseph Lamar The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats as well as the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to re-express their capacities. Four steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; local application of specific knowledge about suppressive factors; classification of sensitive, critical or refugium habitats; release of anthropogenic suppression; and monitoring of biotic response to habitat change. Applying these concepts, I describe potential habitat refugia for aquatic organisms in the Joseph Creek basin in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Five valley segment classes, differing in valley corridor landforms, are described. Of these, low-gradient wide alluvial valleys have been most altered by human land use. Riparian vegetation has been extensively removed or altered in alluvial valleys. Currently, stream habitats are structurally depauperate, and warm to temperatures well above thermal tolerances of native salmonids. Potential refugia for native coldwater fishes in these valleys include patches of complex habitat within stream reaches. Reaches fenced to exclude domestic livestock exhibit narrower channels, more pools, and higher frequencies of stable vegetated banks than nearby unfenced reaches. During summer low flow periods, cold groundwater seeping into and accumulating in stream channels forms "cold pools". Cold pools provide potential seasonal refuge for coldwater fish at microhabitat scales. Cold pools are associated with channel complexity, and are more frequent in reaches with vigorous riparian vegetation. Seven classes of cold pools are described. Cold pool classes differ in minimum temperature, maximum depth and volume. Distributions of cold pool classes between valley segment classes suggest that valley geomorphology in addition to local channel form may influence development of certain cold pool types. Although refugia at the microhabitat to reach scales are important, the context within which remnant or refugium habitats and associated relict populations are maintained may ultimately determine the persistence of those species and habitats. In managed landscapes, protection and restoration of habitats at many scales may be necessary if we are to best insure the persistence of native species. Close

• 64. [Article] Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years

  Presentation entitled : Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years / by Schyler Reis, Lisa Ellsworth and J. Boone Kauffman

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years Author: Reis, Schyler Ainsworth Presentation entitled : Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years / by Schyler Reis, Lisa Ellsworth and J. Boone Kauffman Title: Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years Author: Reis, Schyler Ainsworth Presentation entitled : Ecosystem Analysis of Wetland and Riparian Zone restoration at the Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge over Twenty Years / by Schyler Reis, Lisa Ellsworth and J. Boone Kauffman Close

• 65. [Article] Empirical modeling of windthrow occurrence in streamside buffer strips

  Streamside buffer strips provide numerous benefits to stream ecosystems. The buffer strips create shade, provide shelter for wildlife, act as barriers to logging debris during and after timber harvest, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Empirical modeling of windthrow occurrence in streamside buffer strips Author: Drake, Timothy P. Streamside buffer strips provide numerous benefits to stream ecosystems. The buffer strips create shade, provide shelter for wildlife, act as barriers to logging debris during and after timber harvest, and serve as a continued source of large woody debris. Quantifying woody inputs resulting from windthrow provides managers with estimates for long-term planning and habitat development strategies. A two step modeling process was used to model stand and landscape level attributes to predict the presence or absence of windthrow and quantify its occurrence. A survey of windthrow was conducted on 22 stream reaches in the Coast Range and western foothills of the Cascade Range of Oregon. Stream reaches were located on Bureau of Land Management lands in Density Management Study sites. Using logistic regression, elevation was found to be the most significant predictor of the presence or absence of windthrow. Linear regression revealed that the mean of ratios of height to diameter of trees in a stream reach was the most significant predictor of the number of stems affected by windthrow. Across all stream reaches windthrow was found to be inversely related to the distance from the stream channel. Approximately 79% of recorded windthrow events occurred within the first 20 meters upslope from the stream, while 21% occurred between 21 and 40 meters upslope distance from the stream. Nearly 40% of the windthrow events fell in a north to northeast direction indicating that the prevailing winds played a large role in dictating the direction of fall. Local topography was also observed to have an impact on the direction of fall. Trees fell toward the stream channel approximately 25% of the time. Windthrow did not appear to be a significant source of mortality. In the majority of stream reaches, windthrow amounted to 1% or less of standing live basal area over the 4 yr. period. The greatest observed loss was 5.2%. In terms of the number of stems available to blow down, the greatest observed loss was 4%. Title: Empirical modeling of windthrow occurrence in streamside buffer strips Author: Drake, Timothy P. Streamside buffer strips provide numerous benefits to stream ecosystems. The buffer strips create shade, provide shelter for wildlife, act as barriers to logging debris during and after timber harvest, and serve as a continued source of large woody debris. Quantifying woody inputs resulting from windthrow provides managers with estimates for long-term planning and habitat development strategies. A two step modeling process was used to model stand and landscape level attributes to predict the presence or absence of windthrow and quantify its occurrence. A survey of windthrow was conducted on 22 stream reaches in the Coast Range and western foothills of the Cascade Range of Oregon. Stream reaches were located on Bureau of Land Management lands in Density Management Study sites. Using logistic regression, elevation was found to be the most significant predictor of the presence or absence of windthrow. Linear regression revealed that the mean of ratios of height to diameter of trees in a stream reach was the most significant predictor of the number of stems affected by windthrow. Across all stream reaches windthrow was found to be inversely related to the distance from the stream channel. Approximately 79% of recorded windthrow events occurred within the first 20 meters upslope from the stream, while 21% occurred between 21 and 40 meters upslope distance from the stream. Nearly 40% of the windthrow events fell in a north to northeast direction indicating that the prevailing winds played a large role in dictating the direction of fall. Local topography was also observed to have an impact on the direction of fall. Trees fell toward the stream channel approximately 25% of the time. Windthrow did not appear to be a significant source of mortality. In the majority of stream reaches, windthrow amounted to 1% or less of standing live basal area over the 4 yr. period. The greatest observed loss was 5.2%. In terms of the number of stems available to blow down, the greatest observed loss was 4%. Close

• 66. [Article] Environmental variables as predictors of fish assemblages in the Tillamook Basin, Oregon

  The Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins of the Tillamook Bay watershed (Oregon Coast Range) have differences in geology and land use history and, therefore, varied environmental conditions that could affect ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental variables as predictors of fish assemblages in the Tillamook Basin, Oregon Author: Rose, Cathleen E. The Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins of the Tillamook Bay watershed (Oregon Coast Range) have differences in geology and land use history and, therefore, varied environmental conditions that could affect fish assemblages. Fifty-two randomly selected wadeable stream reaches in these two subbasins were surveyed for stream habitat and fish assemblage composition during two summer field seasons. Data collected were used to identify environmental variables most associated with fish assemblages, determine major predictors of fish species relative abundance, and test for any differences in fish assemblages between the Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins and among three stream orders. Eleven fish species were encountered, including four salmonid species (Oncorhynchus spp.) and five species of sculpin (Cottus spp.). For three sites visited twice in both field seasons, variability in fish assemblages and environmental measurements between sample years and between early and late-summer visits to sites was low. Fish assemblages differed between the two subbasins. The assemblages in the Kilchis subbasin contained higher proportions of trout species, while the Tillamook subbasin assemblages contained higher proportions of sculpin species. A breakdown of fish assemblages by stream order showed that different fish species dominated the assemblages in different sized streams. With data from both subbasins combined, trout species composed a smaller proportion of the fish assemblages in larger streams, and sculpin species composition also varied with stream order. Results from non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations indicated that substrate type, stream gradient, and variables related to stream size were the most highly correlated to fish species relative abundances. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the usefulness of an uncorrelated subset of the environmental variables as predictors of relative abundance of the six most common fish species. The environmental variables were good predictors of relative abundance for some species, but were less successful in predicting abundances of entirely anadromous species. These results provide valuable insight into fish-habitat relationships using a fish assemblage perspective and incorporating species, such as sculpins, for which there is little existing information. There has been recent interest in quantifying the effects of human land use on stream fish, and these data can be used in future studies to explore potential links between important environmental variables and land use practices. Title: Environmental variables as predictors of fish assemblages in the Tillamook Basin, Oregon Author: Rose, Cathleen E. The Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins of the Tillamook Bay watershed (Oregon Coast Range) have differences in geology and land use history and, therefore, varied environmental conditions that could affect fish assemblages. Fifty-two randomly selected wadeable stream reaches in these two subbasins were surveyed for stream habitat and fish assemblage composition during two summer field seasons. Data collected were used to identify environmental variables most associated with fish assemblages, determine major predictors of fish species relative abundance, and test for any differences in fish assemblages between the Tillamook and Kilchis subbasins and among three stream orders. Eleven fish species were encountered, including four salmonid species (Oncorhynchus spp.) and five species of sculpin (Cottus spp.). For three sites visited twice in both field seasons, variability in fish assemblages and environmental measurements between sample years and between early and late-summer visits to sites was low. Fish assemblages differed between the two subbasins. The assemblages in the Kilchis subbasin contained higher proportions of trout species, while the Tillamook subbasin assemblages contained higher proportions of sculpin species. A breakdown of fish assemblages by stream order showed that different fish species dominated the assemblages in different sized streams. With data from both subbasins combined, trout species composed a smaller proportion of the fish assemblages in larger streams, and sculpin species composition also varied with stream order. Results from non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations indicated that substrate type, stream gradient, and variables related to stream size were the most highly correlated to fish species relative abundances. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the usefulness of an uncorrelated subset of the environmental variables as predictors of relative abundance of the six most common fish species. The environmental variables were good predictors of relative abundance for some species, but were less successful in predicting abundances of entirely anadromous species. These results provide valuable insight into fish-habitat relationships using a fish assemblage perspective and incorporating species, such as sculpins, for which there is little existing information. There has been recent interest in quantifying the effects of human land use on stream fish, and these data can be used in future studies to explore potential links between important environmental variables and land use practices. Close

• 67. [Article] Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams

  Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams Author: Heck, Michael P. Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems have been less well-documented, although hypothetically, the two are strongly connected. In fact, the influence of wildfire may be most profound in headwater streams because of the tight linkage between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We sought to understand the influence of post-fire conditions on fish in headwater streams by observing growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) following wildfire. During the summer of 2002, wildfire burned portions of three headwater watersheds in the North Umpqua basin of western Oregon. Burn severities ranged from moderate to severe. A reference stream was selected from a nearby fourth watershed. All fish-bearing portions of the stream network in the four watersheds were surveyed for 3 years following the wildfire, and 1,295 scale samples were collected from coastal cutthroat trout for age and growth analysis. Stream temperatures in the burned watersheds changed significantly following the wildfire (p < 0.016), with increases of up to 23% in the most severely burned watershed. During summer electrofishing surveys in the burned watersheds, both young-of-the-year and fish ≥ age 1 were captured; in the unburned watershed, the vast majority of fish captured were ≥ age 1. Age-frequency analyses revealed that fish in older age classes (age ≥ 3) were more prevalent in the unburned watershed than in the burned watersheds. Relative growth rates and length at last annulus formation of coastal cutthroat trout were positively related to the number of degree days during the growing season, and Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.60 (p < 0.07) to 0.90 (p < 0.01). Growth rates and size of fish were not significantly correlated with relative density of fish (p ≥ 0.14). Contrary to the commonly held assumption that wildfire is detrimental to biota in aquatic systems, these results suggest that in the short term (≤ 3 years), fish in the study streams adjusted to environmental change caused by wildfire. Title: Effects of wildfire on growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout in headwater streams Author: Heck, Michael P. Wildfire is a largely terrestrial perturbation broadly recognized as an agent of disturbance and ecological change in forested biomes. Effects of post-fire conditions on biotic components of aquatic systems have been less well-documented, although hypothetically, the two are strongly connected. In fact, the influence of wildfire may be most profound in headwater streams because of the tight linkage between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We sought to understand the influence of post-fire conditions on fish in headwater streams by observing growth and demographics of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) following wildfire. During the summer of 2002, wildfire burned portions of three headwater watersheds in the North Umpqua basin of western Oregon. Burn severities ranged from moderate to severe. A reference stream was selected from a nearby fourth watershed. All fish-bearing portions of the stream network in the four watersheds were surveyed for 3 years following the wildfire, and 1,295 scale samples were collected from coastal cutthroat trout for age and growth analysis. Stream temperatures in the burned watersheds changed significantly following the wildfire (p < 0.016), with increases of up to 23% in the most severely burned watershed. During summer electrofishing surveys in the burned watersheds, both young-of-the-year and fish ≥ age 1 were captured; in the unburned watershed, the vast majority of fish captured were ≥ age 1. Age-frequency analyses revealed that fish in older age classes (age ≥ 3) were more prevalent in the unburned watershed than in the burned watersheds. Relative growth rates and length at last annulus formation of coastal cutthroat trout were positively related to the number of degree days during the growing season, and Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.60 (p < 0.07) to 0.90 (p < 0.01). Growth rates and size of fish were not significantly correlated with relative density of fish (p ≥ 0.14). Contrary to the commonly held assumption that wildfire is detrimental to biota in aquatic systems, these results suggest that in the short term (≤ 3 years), fish in the study streams adjusted to environmental change caused by wildfire. Close

• 68. [Article] Guide to depositories of manuscript collections in the United States. Oregon-Washington

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guide to depositories of manuscript collections in the United States. Oregon-Washington Author: Washington Historical Records Survey, Oregon Historical Records Survey Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Guide to depositories of manuscript collections in the United States. Oregon-Washington Author: Washington Historical Records Survey, Oregon Historical Records Survey Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 69. [Article] Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96

  The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96 Author: Bonn, Bernadine A., Washington County (Or.). Unified Sewerage Agency., Geological Survey (U.S.) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this study were to: assess the occurrence and magnitude of trace element and selected organic contaminants in streams of the Tualatin River Basin; compare contaminant levels found in Tualatin River Basin streams with published guidelines for the protection of aquatic life; place the contaminant levels found in the Tualatin River Basin streams in context, regionally and nationally, by comparing them with those found in the Willamette Basin and by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program; compare contaminant concentrations in bed sediment with those in fish tissue; and identify contaminant patterns that would help managers make decisions regarding future monitoring and the implementation of pollution prevention and abatement programs. Title: Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1992-96 Author: Bonn, Bernadine A., Washington County (Or.). Unified Sewerage Agency., Geological Survey (U.S.) The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has worked cooperative with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County (USA) since 1990 to assess water quality in the Tualatin River Basin. The objectives of this study were to: assess the occurrence and magnitude of trace element and selected organic contaminants in streams of the Tualatin River Basin; compare contaminant levels found in Tualatin River Basin streams with published guidelines for the protection of aquatic life; place the contaminant levels found in the Tualatin River Basin streams in context, regionally and nationally, by comparing them with those found in the Willamette Basin and by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program; compare contaminant concentrations in bed sediment with those in fish tissue; and identify contaminant patterns that would help managers make decisions regarding future monitoring and the implementation of pollution prevention and abatement programs. Close

• 70. [Article] A characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range

  Riparian areas that can be used as reference sites on which to base goals of vegetation restoration have not been documented in the Oregon Coast Range. I examined the composition and distribution of unmanaged ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Nierenberg, Tara R. Riparian areas that can be used as reference sites on which to base goals of vegetation restoration have not been documented in the Oregon Coast Range. I examined the composition and distribution of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range along nine streams which have experienced minimal disturbance from Native Americans and no detectable disturbance since Euro- American settlement. I systematically located transects along nine streams, alternating sides of the streams. Each transect ran perpendicular to the stream and was subjectively divided into different vegetative and/or topographic units called landscape units (LU's). Rectangular plots were placed in each LU for characterization. LU l's were units that were closest to the stream, and LU2's were farther from the stream. Red alder was the most frequently found tree species on both terraces and slopes, and on all LU1 's. On LU2 terraces, alder was also the most frequently found species, but on LU2 slopes, Douglas-fir had the highest frequency. Red alder, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple were most commonly found occupying terrace sites, although bigleaf maple might be best adapted to conditions on terraces towards the base of slopes. Conversely, western hemlock and Douglas-fir were most commonly found occupying slope sites. Western redcedar was infrequently found, likely due to seed source limitations. Age distributions and tree frequencies indicate that near-stream communities (LUI 's) and terraces experience both intense and minor disturbances, and they experience both types of disturbances more frequently than communities farther from the stream (LU2's) or on slopes. According to fire records and reconnaissance, all streams appear to have been burned about 145 years ago. When equating a shade-intolerant tree age that was younger than this last catastrophic fire date with a disturbance, calculations of disturbance frequency using four different approaches indicate that between 2.6 and 4.5 disturbances per km per century large enough to regenerate trees occurred since the last stand-resetting fire along the nine creeks sampled. Fifty-two percent of near-stream communities (LU1's) and 23% of communities farther from the stream (LU2's) contained no trees. This could be due to small plot size and/or high shrub competition. The No Tree overstory type was most similar in topographic conditions to the Pure Hardwood overstory type, suggesting that red alder and/or bigleaf maple might have previously occupied the No Tree sites and have since died leaving no or little evidence. It appears that a large-scale, intense disturbance such as fire is needed to allow the recruitment of trees into the shrub-dominated, No Tree areas, especially shade-intolerant trees such as Douglas-fir. Any single definition of natural riparian vegetation is nearly impossible to construct, mainly because most ecosystems are composed of vegetation mosaics that are always changing in time and space. This change is associated with environmental variability, disturbance, and inter- and intra-specific competition. Also, differences in exogenous environmental conditions between pre-settlement times (circa 1850) and today, suggest that historic vegetation, ecological conditions, and resulting successional pathways might not mirror the vegetation, ecological conditions, and successional pathways of currently unmanaged riparian areas. Instead, results from this study, revealing the existence of mixtures of hardwoods, conifers, and no-tree areas over lengths of a stream, should be perceived as just one of many possibilities for a riparian overstory reference model. Title: A characterization of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: Nierenberg, Tara R. Riparian areas that can be used as reference sites on which to base goals of vegetation restoration have not been documented in the Oregon Coast Range. I examined the composition and distribution of unmanaged riparian overstories in the central Oregon Coast Range along nine streams which have experienced minimal disturbance from Native Americans and no detectable disturbance since Euro- American settlement. I systematically located transects along nine streams, alternating sides of the streams. Each transect ran perpendicular to the stream and was subjectively divided into different vegetative and/or topographic units called landscape units (LU's). Rectangular plots were placed in each LU for characterization. LU l's were units that were closest to the stream, and LU2's were farther from the stream. Red alder was the most frequently found tree species on both terraces and slopes, and on all LU1 's. On LU2 terraces, alder was also the most frequently found species, but on LU2 slopes, Douglas-fir had the highest frequency. Red alder, Sitka spruce, and bigleaf maple were most commonly found occupying terrace sites, although bigleaf maple might be best adapted to conditions on terraces towards the base of slopes. Conversely, western hemlock and Douglas-fir were most commonly found occupying slope sites. Western redcedar was infrequently found, likely due to seed source limitations. Age distributions and tree frequencies indicate that near-stream communities (LUI 's) and terraces experience both intense and minor disturbances, and they experience both types of disturbances more frequently than communities farther from the stream (LU2's) or on slopes. According to fire records and reconnaissance, all streams appear to have been burned about 145 years ago. When equating a shade-intolerant tree age that was younger than this last catastrophic fire date with a disturbance, calculations of disturbance frequency using four different approaches indicate that between 2.6 and 4.5 disturbances per km per century large enough to regenerate trees occurred since the last stand-resetting fire along the nine creeks sampled. Fifty-two percent of near-stream communities (LU1's) and 23% of communities farther from the stream (LU2's) contained no trees. This could be due to small plot size and/or high shrub competition. The No Tree overstory type was most similar in topographic conditions to the Pure Hardwood overstory type, suggesting that red alder and/or bigleaf maple might have previously occupied the No Tree sites and have since died leaving no or little evidence. It appears that a large-scale, intense disturbance such as fire is needed to allow the recruitment of trees into the shrub-dominated, No Tree areas, especially shade-intolerant trees such as Douglas-fir. Any single definition of natural riparian vegetation is nearly impossible to construct, mainly because most ecosystems are composed of vegetation mosaics that are always changing in time and space. This change is associated with environmental variability, disturbance, and inter- and intra-specific competition. Also, differences in exogenous environmental conditions between pre-settlement times (circa 1850) and today, suggest that historic vegetation, ecological conditions, and resulting successional pathways might not mirror the vegetation, ecological conditions, and successional pathways of currently unmanaged riparian areas. Instead, results from this study, revealing the existence of mixtures of hardwoods, conifers, and no-tree areas over lengths of a stream, should be perceived as just one of many possibilities for a riparian overstory reference model. Close

• 71. [Article] Drop it like it’s Hot : Combining DTS and Temperature Modeling to Evaluate Stream Restoration on the Middle Fork of the John Day River

  Temperature is a key factor for salmonid health and is an important restoration metric on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in northeast Oregon. In the past century, dredge mining, deforestation, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drop it like it’s Hot : Combining DTS and Temperature Modeling to Evaluate Stream Restoration on the Middle Fork of the John Day River Author: Hall, Austin (Austin Garrett) Temperature is a key factor for salmonid health and is an important restoration metric on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in northeast Oregon. In the past century, dredge mining, deforestation, and overgrazing have degraded stream habitat and resulted in greater daytime stream temperatures in the region. Recent restoration efforts have focused on mitigating these anthropogenic disturbances by reestablishing floodplain connections, replanting riparian vegetation, and improving instream habitat features and sediment. To evaluate these restoration projects, the Middle Fork of the John Day River was designated as an intensively monitored watershed in 2008, setting the stage for a 10-year temperature monitoring study. Temperatures measured during the summers of 2013 and 2014 add to the wealth of high resolution distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data collected by Oregon State University and serve as the first post-restoration data for a 2012 restoration project. Utilizing these data in coordination with the model, Heat Source, temperature change from two large restoration projects was quantified. Results from the study emphasize the significance of stream area and riparian vegetation on stream temperatures on the Middle Fork. Phase 2 of the Oxbow Tailings Restoration, completed in 2012, filled over a channel used for past dredge mining activities, reducing stream surface area and restoring the bifurcated channel to its historic south path. Findings show that this project has buffered daily stream temperatures, leading to decreases in maximum and daytime temperatures and increases in nightly temperatures for early August. Maximum and afternoon temperatures were shown to decrease by 0.65 °C and 0.91 °C, respectively, while nightly temperatures increased 0.85 °C. Continuing immediately downstream of the Phase 2 project, Phase 3 is currently in its final stages of construction. Objectives of Phase 3 seek to increase stream meanders, restore vegetation, and reconnect the stream to the adjacent valley and Ruby Creek tributary. Projecting future temperatures shows that the longer, wider restored channel increases afternoon temperature by 0.53 °C. Unlike Phase 2, changes to maximum and nightly temperatures were negligable. Altering the design width and vegetation for the restored channel revealed strong linear correlations to stream temperature, providing a simple tool that can be used to estimate temperature difference for future areal and shading scenarios. Title: Drop it like it’s Hot : Combining DTS and Temperature Modeling to Evaluate Stream Restoration on the Middle Fork of the John Day River Author: Hall, Austin (Austin Garrett) Temperature is a key factor for salmonid health and is an important restoration metric on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in northeast Oregon. In the past century, dredge mining, deforestation, and overgrazing have degraded stream habitat and resulted in greater daytime stream temperatures in the region. Recent restoration efforts have focused on mitigating these anthropogenic disturbances by reestablishing floodplain connections, replanting riparian vegetation, and improving instream habitat features and sediment. To evaluate these restoration projects, the Middle Fork of the John Day River was designated as an intensively monitored watershed in 2008, setting the stage for a 10-year temperature monitoring study. Temperatures measured during the summers of 2013 and 2014 add to the wealth of high resolution distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data collected by Oregon State University and serve as the first post-restoration data for a 2012 restoration project. Utilizing these data in coordination with the model, Heat Source, temperature change from two large restoration projects was quantified. Results from the study emphasize the significance of stream area and riparian vegetation on stream temperatures on the Middle Fork. Phase 2 of the Oxbow Tailings Restoration, completed in 2012, filled over a channel used for past dredge mining activities, reducing stream surface area and restoring the bifurcated channel to its historic south path. Findings show that this project has buffered daily stream temperatures, leading to decreases in maximum and daytime temperatures and increases in nightly temperatures for early August. Maximum and afternoon temperatures were shown to decrease by 0.65 °C and 0.91 °C, respectively, while nightly temperatures increased 0.85 °C. Continuing immediately downstream of the Phase 2 project, Phase 3 is currently in its final stages of construction. Objectives of Phase 3 seek to increase stream meanders, restore vegetation, and reconnect the stream to the adjacent valley and Ruby Creek tributary. Projecting future temperatures shows that the longer, wider restored channel increases afternoon temperature by 0.53 °C. Unlike Phase 2, changes to maximum and nightly temperatures were negligable. Altering the design width and vegetation for the restored channel revealed strong linear correlations to stream temperature, providing a simple tool that can be used to estimate temperature difference for future areal and shading scenarios. Close

• 72. [Article] Nehalem River winter steelhead study

  "The Nehalem and North Fork Nehalem rivers are the major tributaries of Nehalem Bay, an estuary on Oregon's north coast ... The winter steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) and related fisheries of both streams ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nehalem River winter steelhead study Author: Knispel, Warren, Weber, Walter, Oregon. Fish Division "The Nehalem and North Fork Nehalem rivers are the major tributaries of Nehalem Bay, an estuary on Oregon's north coast ... The winter steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) and related fisheries of both streams have been the object of a study which began in 1972. Some data from creel surveys were available for the 1970-71 and 1971-72 steelhead seasons and have been used where appropriate. The study was prompted by the apparent failure of hatchery-reared steelhead smolts to contribute in the Nehalem River sport catch at the rate similar to that observed on other coastal streams. There was also concern regarding the status of wild winter steelhead in the Nehalem River." (From Introduction) Title: Nehalem River winter steelhead study Author: Knispel, Warren, Weber, Walter, Oregon. Fish Division "The Nehalem and North Fork Nehalem rivers are the major tributaries of Nehalem Bay, an estuary on Oregon's north coast ... The winter steelhead (Salmo gairdneri) and related fisheries of both streams have been the object of a study which began in 1972. Some data from creel surveys were available for the 1970-71 and 1971-72 steelhead seasons and have been used where appropriate. The study was prompted by the apparent failure of hatchery-reared steelhead smolts to contribute in the Nehalem River sport catch at the rate similar to that observed on other coastal streams. There was also concern regarding the status of wild winter steelhead in the Nehalem River." (From Introduction) Close

• 73. [Article] Phytophthora borealis and Phytophthora riparia, new species in Phytophthora ITS Clade 6

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.msafungi.org/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phytophthora borealis and Phytophthora riparia, new species in Phytophthora ITS Clade 6 Author: Hansen, Everett M., Sutton, Wendy, Reeser, Paul W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.msafungi.org/. Title: Phytophthora borealis and Phytophthora riparia, new species in Phytophthora ITS Clade 6 Author: Hansen, Everett M., Sutton, Wendy, Reeser, Paul W. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by The Mycological Society of America and can be found at: http://www.msafungi.org/. Close

• 74. [Article] Siletz River summer steelhead study

  "The Siletz River ... is the only short coastal stream in Oregon inhabited by a run of what are generally thought to be native summer steelhead. Hatchery-reared progeny from Siletz River stock have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Siletz River summer steelhead study Author: Fortune, John D., Jr, Weber, Walter G., Oregon. Wildlife Commission "The Siletz River ... is the only short coastal stream in Oregon inhabited by a run of what are generally thought to be native summer steelhead. Hatchery-reared progeny from Siletz River stock have been released into and have become established in two other Oregon coastal streams, the Nestucca and Wilson rivers. In 1968 a study on the Siletz River summer steelhead was undertaken. The study continued for five years and terminated June 30, 1973." (From Introduction) Title: Siletz River summer steelhead study Author: Fortune, John D., Jr, Weber, Walter G., Oregon. Wildlife Commission "The Siletz River ... is the only short coastal stream in Oregon inhabited by a run of what are generally thought to be native summer steelhead. Hatchery-reared progeny from Siletz River stock have been released into and have become established in two other Oregon coastal streams, the Nestucca and Wilson rivers. In 1968 a study on the Siletz River summer steelhead was undertaken. The study continued for five years and terminated June 30, 1973." (From Introduction) Close

• 75. [Article] Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey Author: Schultz, L. D., Colvin, M. E., Mayfield, M. P., Wyss, L. A., Schreck, C. B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujfm20#.VJnE_s_AAA. Title: Using Spatial Resampling to Assess Redd Count Survey Length Requirements for Pacific Lamprey Author: Schultz, L. D., Colvin, M. E., Mayfield, M. P., Wyss, L. A., Schreck, C. B. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujfm20#.VJnE_s_AAA. Close

• 76. [Article] A geographical framework for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution

  New approaches are needed to quantify and understand spatial patterns of stream fishes and their environment. Concepts in riverine ecology emphasize the importance of thermal zones and gradual longitudinal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A geographical framework for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution Author: Torgersen, Christian E. New approaches are needed to quantify and understand spatial patterns of stream fishes and their environment. Concepts in riverine ecology emphasize the importance of thermal zones and gradual longitudinal changes in physical habitat and biota, but little is known about spatial variability within the river continuum. I present a conceptual framework for assessing patterns in streams that are difficult to detect using standard site-based approaches to sampling. The ability to detect pattern is defined as the scope, or the ratio of extent (the distance, area, or volume encompassing all sample points) to grain size (the size of an individual sample unit). By increasing the scope and continuity of sampling, I illustrate how greater sampling effort can reveal new patterns and unexpected relationships between stream fishes and their environment. Merging geography and stream ecology, I describe new approaches including remote sensing, multiscale sampling, and extensive surveys for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution. Airborne thermal infrared remote sensing was effective for quantifying spatially continuous patterns of water temperature over a range of scales from channel units (10–50 m) to entire river sections (30–70 km). To examine factors influencing the spatial distribution of larval Pacific lamprey, a benthic fish species, I applied a nested sampling design and determined that stream habitat variables predicted patterns in larval abundance but played different roles at different spatial scales. Increases in the scope of data collection required adaptations in statistical analysis in order to accommodate larger and more complex ecological datasets. I evaluated multivariate ordination techniques with respect to their ability to describe fish community structure and found that nonparametric multivariate smoothing of presence–absence data was highly effective for detecting patterns in heterogeneous fish assemblage data. Spatially continuous analysis presented challenges in extracting patterns from noisy ecological data but provided the opportunity to evaluate distributional patterns over a range of spatial scales. I examined spatial variability of stream fish assemblages and observed that the relative influences of temperature and channel morphology on fish assemblage structure were dependent on the thermal context and the spatial scale of analysis. Title: A geographical framework for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution Author: Torgersen, Christian E. New approaches are needed to quantify and understand spatial patterns of stream fishes and their environment. Concepts in riverine ecology emphasize the importance of thermal zones and gradual longitudinal changes in physical habitat and biota, but little is known about spatial variability within the river continuum. I present a conceptual framework for assessing patterns in streams that are difficult to detect using standard site-based approaches to sampling. The ability to detect pattern is defined as the scope, or the ratio of extent (the distance, area, or volume encompassing all sample points) to grain size (the size of an individual sample unit). By increasing the scope and continuity of sampling, I illustrate how greater sampling effort can reveal new patterns and unexpected relationships between stream fishes and their environment. Merging geography and stream ecology, I describe new approaches including remote sensing, multiscale sampling, and extensive surveys for assessing longitudinal patterns in stream habitat and fish distribution. Airborne thermal infrared remote sensing was effective for quantifying spatially continuous patterns of water temperature over a range of scales from channel units (10–50 m) to entire river sections (30–70 km). To examine factors influencing the spatial distribution of larval Pacific lamprey, a benthic fish species, I applied a nested sampling design and determined that stream habitat variables predicted patterns in larval abundance but played different roles at different spatial scales. Increases in the scope of data collection required adaptations in statistical analysis in order to accommodate larger and more complex ecological datasets. I evaluated multivariate ordination techniques with respect to their ability to describe fish community structure and found that nonparametric multivariate smoothing of presence–absence data was highly effective for detecting patterns in heterogeneous fish assemblage data. Spatially continuous analysis presented challenges in extracting patterns from noisy ecological data but provided the opportunity to evaluate distributional patterns over a range of spatial scales. I examined spatial variability of stream fish assemblages and observed that the relative influences of temperature and channel morphology on fish assemblage structure were dependent on the thermal context and the spatial scale of analysis. Close

• 77. [Article] Multiscale assessment of thermal patterns and the distribution of chinook salmon in the John Day River Basin, Oregon

  This study examined the distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel unit, reach, and basin-wide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiscale assessment of thermal patterns and the distribution of chinook salmon in the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Torgersen, Christian E. This study examined the distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel unit, reach, and basin-wide spatial scales in both a wilderness stream and a disturbed stream in the John Day River basin in northeastern Oregon. Thermal remote sensing of holding and spawning reaches in the upper subbasins of the North Fork and Middle Fork John Day River provided spatially continuous maps of stream temperature. Multiscale associations between salmon and cool-water areas were assessed by overlaying thermal imagery with fish locations mapped during distributional surveys. Chinook salmon were distributed non-uniformly throughout each study area, indicating that salmon selected certain reaches within each subbasin. The coldest reaches available to salmon within the Middle Fork study areas were low gradient, unconstrained reaches where the cooling influence of groundwater flow was the most apparent. In the Middle Fork, the stream currently managed for grazing and timber harvest, water temperature differences were typically 1-2°C within riffle-pool sequences and 3-4°C among reaches. The reach level association between salmon distribution and stream temperature patterns at channel unit and reach level spatial scales was strongest in the warmest study reach, the Middle Fork, and weakest in the coldest study reach, the North Fork. Pools were the preferred habitat for adult spring chinook in both subbasins; however, riffles were used more in the North Fork, the coldest subbasin. This study identified the problems and also the benefits associated with stream temperature patchiness, or discontinuity, both in currently disturbed and in recovering riverine ecosystems. Connectivity among system components in aquatic ecosystems is generally considered necessary for maintaining long-term ecological health. However, it is heterogeneity in the landscape/hydrogeologic template that creates refuge patches in disturbed stream ecosystems, such as those in the John Day River basin. Our observations of thermal refugia occurring at multiple spatial scales, particularly in the Middle Fork John Day River, indicate that, although discontinuity may be an ecological warning sign, refuge patches in streams should also be viewed as expressions of restoration potential because they are functioning remnants of a once continuous, intact hydrologic system. Title: Multiscale assessment of thermal patterns and the distribution of chinook salmon in the John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Torgersen, Christian E. This study examined the distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel unit, reach, and basin-wide spatial scales in both a wilderness stream and a disturbed stream in the John Day River basin in northeastern Oregon. Thermal remote sensing of holding and spawning reaches in the upper subbasins of the North Fork and Middle Fork John Day River provided spatially continuous maps of stream temperature. Multiscale associations between salmon and cool-water areas were assessed by overlaying thermal imagery with fish locations mapped during distributional surveys. Chinook salmon were distributed non-uniformly throughout each study area, indicating that salmon selected certain reaches within each subbasin. The coldest reaches available to salmon within the Middle Fork study areas were low gradient, unconstrained reaches where the cooling influence of groundwater flow was the most apparent. In the Middle Fork, the stream currently managed for grazing and timber harvest, water temperature differences were typically 1-2°C within riffle-pool sequences and 3-4°C among reaches. The reach level association between salmon distribution and stream temperature patterns at channel unit and reach level spatial scales was strongest in the warmest study reach, the Middle Fork, and weakest in the coldest study reach, the North Fork. Pools were the preferred habitat for adult spring chinook in both subbasins; however, riffles were used more in the North Fork, the coldest subbasin. This study identified the problems and also the benefits associated with stream temperature patchiness, or discontinuity, both in currently disturbed and in recovering riverine ecosystems. Connectivity among system components in aquatic ecosystems is generally considered necessary for maintaining long-term ecological health. However, it is heterogeneity in the landscape/hydrogeologic template that creates refuge patches in disturbed stream ecosystems, such as those in the John Day River basin. Our observations of thermal refugia occurring at multiple spatial scales, particularly in the Middle Fork John Day River, indicate that, although discontinuity may be an ecological warning sign, refuge patches in streams should also be viewed as expressions of restoration potential because they are functioning remnants of a once continuous, intact hydrologic system. Close

• 78. [Article] Fish movement and assemblage dynamics in a Pacific Northwest riverscape

  This study examined fish movements and assemblage dynamics in the Wenaha, Grande Ronde, Snake river system of northeast Oregon and southeast Washington. I investigated the role of fish movement in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish movement and assemblage dynamics in a Pacific Northwest riverscape Author: Baxter, Colden V. This study examined fish movements and assemblage dynamics in the Wenaha, Grande Ronde, Snake river system of northeast Oregon and southeast Washington. I investigated the role of fish movement in the dynamics of stream fish assemblages and evaluated relationships between species movement, assemblage structure, and the heterogeneity of habitat at multiple scales within the river network. In doing so, I employed a landscape approach, visualizing the heterogeneity and dynamics of the system as a "riverscape" that sets the stage for the ecology of stream fishes. I quantified fish assemblage dynamics, characterized the nature and extent of movement by representative fish species, and assessed spatial and temporal heterogeneity of stream habitat within the river network. I applied multiple methods, including underwater fish surveys and radio telemetry, and used multiple sampling approaches that allowed me to detect patterns at nested spatial and temporal scales. I found that spatial patterns in fish assemblage structure were highly dynamic over seasonal to diel temporal scales. Seasonal changes in fish assemblage patterns along the length of the river system were primarily driven by the migration of native fishes such as mountain whitefish, bull trout, and largescale suckers. These highly migratory species exhibited a diverse array of movement strategies and often had annual ranges of hundreds of kilometers. The movement of fishes at smaller spatial scales influenced diel dynamics of fish assemblage patterns. Important habitat features at stream, valley segment and channel unit scales were separated spatially, and fish species exhibited a variety of migratory strategies that reflected the complementary use of habitats distributed throughout the riverscape. The importance of fish migration and the dynamic nature of stream fish assemblages and fish habitat relationships should be taken into account in research and conservation of stream fishes. Current conceptual frameworks for stream fish assemblages do not fully reflect the temporal complexity of stream fish life histories or the spatial heterogeneity of stream habitat. I introduce an alternative framework by integrating fish movement into a dynamic perspective of assemblages set within the context of the riverscape, and raise questions regarding the nature of ecological communities. Title: Fish movement and assemblage dynamics in a Pacific Northwest riverscape Author: Baxter, Colden V. This study examined fish movements and assemblage dynamics in the Wenaha, Grande Ronde, Snake river system of northeast Oregon and southeast Washington. I investigated the role of fish movement in the dynamics of stream fish assemblages and evaluated relationships between species movement, assemblage structure, and the heterogeneity of habitat at multiple scales within the river network. In doing so, I employed a landscape approach, visualizing the heterogeneity and dynamics of the system as a "riverscape" that sets the stage for the ecology of stream fishes. I quantified fish assemblage dynamics, characterized the nature and extent of movement by representative fish species, and assessed spatial and temporal heterogeneity of stream habitat within the river network. I applied multiple methods, including underwater fish surveys and radio telemetry, and used multiple sampling approaches that allowed me to detect patterns at nested spatial and temporal scales. I found that spatial patterns in fish assemblage structure were highly dynamic over seasonal to diel temporal scales. Seasonal changes in fish assemblage patterns along the length of the river system were primarily driven by the migration of native fishes such as mountain whitefish, bull trout, and largescale suckers. These highly migratory species exhibited a diverse array of movement strategies and often had annual ranges of hundreds of kilometers. The movement of fishes at smaller spatial scales influenced diel dynamics of fish assemblage patterns. Important habitat features at stream, valley segment and channel unit scales were separated spatially, and fish species exhibited a variety of migratory strategies that reflected the complementary use of habitats distributed throughout the riverscape. The importance of fish migration and the dynamic nature of stream fish assemblages and fish habitat relationships should be taken into account in research and conservation of stream fishes. Current conceptual frameworks for stream fish assemblages do not fully reflect the temporal complexity of stream fish life histories or the spatial heterogeneity of stream habitat. I introduce an alternative framework by integrating fish movement into a dynamic perspective of assemblages set within the context of the riverscape, and raise questions regarding the nature of ecological communities. Close

• 79. [Article] The use of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in assessing changes in stream morphology and vegetation

  Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are well known tools for the study of time change analysis in natural systems. However, long-term studies of riparian systems using large-scale aerial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The use of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in assessing changes in stream morphology and vegetation Author: Laliberte, Andrea S. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are well known tools for the study of time change analysis in natural systems. However, long-term studies of riparian systems using large-scale aerial photography are less common. The purpose of this project was to combine large scale aerial photography, GIS, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and ground truthing for conducting a time change analysis study of an eastern Oregon riparian area over a 20 year time period. The objectives were to assess changes in stream morphology and vegetation that occurred in grazed and exclosed areas from 1979 to 1998. In addition, the viability of using large-scale (1:4000) aerial photography combined with GIS/GPS and ground truthing in this study was evaluated. GIS layers of vegetation and stream morphology parameters were developed from geocorrected images. Ground truthing included the collection of vegetation and stream channel measurements. In addition, older aerial photography and previously collected survey data were available for this study. The area of land changing to water and vice versa was calculated over the 41 ha large study area. This area of change (3.65 ha) was slightly larger than the area of no change (3.2 ha). The length of the thalweg and streambank, sinuosity and stream area remained relatively the same. Most of the changes were associated with the islands. Their number decreased, but their area increased, suggesting an increase in stability. Stream width decreased in both grazed and exclosed sites. Shrub and tree cover increased from 1979 to 1998 over the whole study area from 23% to 34%, and this increase was similar in grazed and exclosed sites. The variability of shrub/tree cover within and between the grazed and exclosed sites was high. Topography and stream dynamics appeared to control changes in stream morphology, including erosion, deposition and island formation. We could find no association between the observed changes and the grazing treatment. The use of large-scale aerial photography, GIS and GPS proved to be a powerful tool for detecting change over time and it is expected that these techniques will become more common in rangeland analysis. It is anticipated that the methods used in this study can be applied to and will help in monitoring of other rangeland streams. Title: The use of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in assessing changes in stream morphology and vegetation Author: Laliberte, Andrea S. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are well known tools for the study of time change analysis in natural systems. However, long-term studies of riparian systems using large-scale aerial photography are less common. The purpose of this project was to combine large scale aerial photography, GIS, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and ground truthing for conducting a time change analysis study of an eastern Oregon riparian area over a 20 year time period. The objectives were to assess changes in stream morphology and vegetation that occurred in grazed and exclosed areas from 1979 to 1998. In addition, the viability of using large-scale (1:4000) aerial photography combined with GIS/GPS and ground truthing in this study was evaluated. GIS layers of vegetation and stream morphology parameters were developed from geocorrected images. Ground truthing included the collection of vegetation and stream channel measurements. In addition, older aerial photography and previously collected survey data were available for this study. The area of land changing to water and vice versa was calculated over the 41 ha large study area. This area of change (3.65 ha) was slightly larger than the area of no change (3.2 ha). The length of the thalweg and streambank, sinuosity and stream area remained relatively the same. Most of the changes were associated with the islands. Their number decreased, but their area increased, suggesting an increase in stability. Stream width decreased in both grazed and exclosed sites. Shrub and tree cover increased from 1979 to 1998 over the whole study area from 23% to 34%, and this increase was similar in grazed and exclosed sites. The variability of shrub/tree cover within and between the grazed and exclosed sites was high. Topography and stream dynamics appeared to control changes in stream morphology, including erosion, deposition and island formation. We could find no association between the observed changes and the grazing treatment. The use of large-scale aerial photography, GIS and GPS proved to be a powerful tool for detecting change over time and it is expected that these techniques will become more common in rangeland analysis. It is anticipated that the methods used in this study can be applied to and will help in monitoring of other rangeland streams. Close

• 80. [Article] Continuous Hydrologic Simulation of Johnson Creek Basin

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous Hydrologic Simulation of Johnson Creek Basin Author: Shimota, Richard J., Hadley, Hans R. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Continuous Hydrologic Simulation of Johnson Creek Basin Author: Shimota, Richard J., Hadley, Hans R. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close