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• 21. [Article] Feasibility study for a Tillamook County dairy waste treatment and methane generation facility

  With the expansion of the Tillamook Creamery, in Tillamook Oregon, to double or more its cheese production, the demand for milk presents an economic opportunity for the member dairies of the Tillamook ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility study for a Tillamook County dairy waste treatment and methane generation facility Author: Edgar, Thom G. With the expansion of the Tillamook Creamery, in Tillamook Oregon, to double or more its cheese production, the demand for milk presents an economic opportunity for the member dairies of the Tillamook County Creamery Association. Before area dairies can expand their herd size to increase milk production for the creamery, the problem of manure waste management and pollution control must be solved. This study considers the technical and economic feasibility of developing a centralized waste treatment and methane generation facility to treat manure generated by Tillamook County dairies. A computer program modeling animal waste anaerobic digester design served as the basis for generating cost and production estimates for several hypothetical scenarios assuming input data specific to the Tillamook situation. A follow up study was also made to determine the variability of the potential ultimate methane yield of manures from Tillamook dairies. This study indicates that the proposed system is technically feasible. The study estimates that a comprehensive treatment system could cost dairymen from $70 to $100 per cow per year to start, but the economic feasibility improves as more manure is treated and more dairies participate. A full scale system has the potential to break even economically from the sale of electricity produced by a 5 megawatt methane powered generator. With the marketing of treated solids as a high grade fertilizer the system could gross a return of $1 to $75 per cow per year, depending on the scenario. Title: Feasibility study for a Tillamook County dairy waste treatment and methane generation facility Author: Edgar, Thom G. With the expansion of the Tillamook Creamery, in Tillamook Oregon, to double or more its cheese production, the demand for milk presents an economic opportunity for the member dairies of the Tillamook County Creamery Association. Before area dairies can expand their herd size to increase milk production for the creamery, the problem of manure waste management and pollution control must be solved. This study considers the technical and economic feasibility of developing a centralized waste treatment and methane generation facility to treat manure generated by Tillamook County dairies. A computer program modeling animal waste anaerobic digester design served as the basis for generating cost and production estimates for several hypothetical scenarios assuming input data specific to the Tillamook situation. A follow up study was also made to determine the variability of the potential ultimate methane yield of manures from Tillamook dairies. This study indicates that the proposed system is technically feasible. The study estimates that a comprehensive treatment system could cost dairymen from $70 to $100 per cow per year to start, but the economic feasibility improves as more manure is treated and more dairies participate. A full scale system has the potential to break even economically from the sale of electricity produced by a 5 megawatt methane powered generator. With the marketing of treated solids as a high grade fertilizer the system could gross a return of $1 to $75 per cow per year, depending on the scenario. Close

• 22. [Article] Cormorant harassment to protect juvenile salmonids in Tillamook County, Oregon

  The goal of the Oregon Plan is to restore wild coho and wild steelhead runs. Under the federal Endangered Species Act, wild coho salmon along the Oregon Coast are listed as Threatened and wild Oregon Coast ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cormorant harassment to protect juvenile salmonids in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- The goal of the Oregon Plan is to restore wild coho and wild steelhead runs. Under the federal Endangered Species Act, wild coho salmon along the Oregon Coast are listed as Threatened and wild Oregon Coast steelhead are a candidate for listing. Although cormorants have been hazed at the Nehalem Estuary for at least 10 years and at the Tillamook and Nestucca Estuaries for at least three years, spawning ground counts of wild coho salmon, winter steelhead, and fall chinook have averaged less since hazing began. Thus, hazing does not appear to be useful in recovering wild salmonids. Hazing is not correlated with consistently improved hatchery returns. The survival of Coded Wire Tag marked coho smolts at the Nehalem was about the same whether hazing occurred or not, the percent return for coho smolts was not significantly greater at the hazed Nehalem than at the nonhazed Salmon River, and the number of returning adult coho salmon was significantly greater with hazing at the Nehalem hatchery but not at the Trask hatchery in the Tillamook Basin. For winter steelhead, the number of returning adults to the Nehalem and jacks to the Cedar Creek hatchery in the Nestucca Basin did not increase significantly with hazing, but the number of jacks returning to the Nehalem did. Changes in fisheries subsequent to hazing are mixed. Coho catches increased with hazing at the Nehalem but not at the Tillamook Basin. Nehalem steelhead catches averaged less with hazing, but chinook fisheries have grown. However, the increase in chinook catches occurred as the number of wild chinook at spawning areas declined, so the larger catch may be a consequence of a greater harvest of wild chinook rather than hazing. Returns may not have increased with hazing because it was ineffective in substantially reducing predation, because smolts saved by hazing died anyway, or because other factors such as unfavorable ocean conditions may have been much more important in affecting smolt survival than hazing. In any case, hazing does not appear to be a panacea for salmonid recovery, and it has costs. During 1996-1999, the Oregon Legislature spent $100,000 for cormorant hazing, and a biological cost of hazing is the disturbance of wildlife other than cormorants. Title: Cormorant harassment to protect juvenile salmonids in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- The goal of the Oregon Plan is to restore wild coho and wild steelhead runs. Under the federal Endangered Species Act, wild coho salmon along the Oregon Coast are listed as Threatened and wild Oregon Coast steelhead are a candidate for listing. Although cormorants have been hazed at the Nehalem Estuary for at least 10 years and at the Tillamook and Nestucca Estuaries for at least three years, spawning ground counts of wild coho salmon, winter steelhead, and fall chinook have averaged less since hazing began. Thus, hazing does not appear to be useful in recovering wild salmonids. Hazing is not correlated with consistently improved hatchery returns. The survival of Coded Wire Tag marked coho smolts at the Nehalem was about the same whether hazing occurred or not, the percent return for coho smolts was not significantly greater at the hazed Nehalem than at the nonhazed Salmon River, and the number of returning adult coho salmon was significantly greater with hazing at the Nehalem hatchery but not at the Trask hatchery in the Tillamook Basin. For winter steelhead, the number of returning adults to the Nehalem and jacks to the Cedar Creek hatchery in the Nestucca Basin did not increase significantly with hazing, but the number of jacks returning to the Nehalem did. Changes in fisheries subsequent to hazing are mixed. Coho catches increased with hazing at the Nehalem but not at the Tillamook Basin. Nehalem steelhead catches averaged less with hazing, but chinook fisheries have grown. However, the increase in chinook catches occurred as the number of wild chinook at spawning areas declined, so the larger catch may be a consequence of a greater harvest of wild chinook rather than hazing. Returns may not have increased with hazing because it was ineffective in substantially reducing predation, because smolts saved by hazing died anyway, or because other factors such as unfavorable ocean conditions may have been much more important in affecting smolt survival than hazing. In any case, hazing does not appear to be a panacea for salmonid recovery, and it has costs. During 1996-1999, the Oregon Legislature spent $100,000 for cormorant hazing, and a biological cost of hazing is the disturbance of wildlife other than cormorants. Close

• 23. [Article] Economics of cheese manufacturing in Tillamook County, Oregon

  Published December 1952. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/cata...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economics of cheese manufacturing in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Rowe, Gordon Akin, 1920-, Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Published December 1952. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Economics of cheese manufacturing in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Rowe, Gordon Akin, 1920-, Oregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station Published December 1952. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 24. [Article] Reed Ferris' 1930-1943 bird banding records and bird observations for Tillamook County, Oregon

  This monograph gives a brief biography of Reed W. Ferris and discusses his vocational and avocational work at the Beaver cheese factory in Tillamook County, Oregon. From 1930 to 1943, Ferris banded nearly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reed Ferris' 1930-1943 bird banding records and bird observations for Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Ferris, Reed William, 1901- This monograph gives a brief biography of Reed W. Ferris and discusses his vocational and avocational work at the Beaver cheese factory in Tillamook County, Oregon. From 1930 to 1943, Ferris banded nearly 33% of the birds banded along the Oregon coast that were later recovered. Ferris banded 8,000 seabirds (including 4,996 gulls and 2,820 Common Murres), 3,042 terrestrial birds (including 1,089 Dark-eyed Juncos) at Beaver, and 61 Song Sparrows and Red-winged Blackbirds at Daley Lake. Ferris also colorbanded many terrestrial birds at Beaver. Except for the gulls, details about the recoveries of all birds banded by Ferris are given. Highlights of Ferris' bird work include: Lewis' Woodpeckers were abundant at Beaver, Bank Swallows nested near Beaver, Western Bluebirds were being driven out of nest boxes at Beaver by House Sparrows long before Eurasian Starlings arrived, Song Sparrows banded at Beaver included one population of permanent residents and another population of winter residents, White-crowned Sparrows (mostly immatures) were uncommon in winter at Beaver, Peregrine Falcons were probably nesting at Haystack Rock, 27% of the banded Common Murre chicks were found south of the colony where they were banded, murre chicks began appearing off the outer coast of Washington in August and in British Columbian waters in September, American Coots nested at Daley Lake, and Red-winged Blackbirds banded at Daley Lake were later found elsewhere in western Oregon. Ferris' very limited incidental bird observations in Clatsop, Yamhill, and Lincoln counties are also incorporated. Title: Reed Ferris' 1930-1943 bird banding records and bird observations for Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947-, Ferris, Reed William, 1901- This monograph gives a brief biography of Reed W. Ferris and discusses his vocational and avocational work at the Beaver cheese factory in Tillamook County, Oregon. From 1930 to 1943, Ferris banded nearly 33% of the birds banded along the Oregon coast that were later recovered. Ferris banded 8,000 seabirds (including 4,996 gulls and 2,820 Common Murres), 3,042 terrestrial birds (including 1,089 Dark-eyed Juncos) at Beaver, and 61 Song Sparrows and Red-winged Blackbirds at Daley Lake. Ferris also colorbanded many terrestrial birds at Beaver. Except for the gulls, details about the recoveries of all birds banded by Ferris are given. Highlights of Ferris' bird work include: Lewis' Woodpeckers were abundant at Beaver, Bank Swallows nested near Beaver, Western Bluebirds were being driven out of nest boxes at Beaver by House Sparrows long before Eurasian Starlings arrived, Song Sparrows banded at Beaver included one population of permanent residents and another population of winter residents, White-crowned Sparrows (mostly immatures) were uncommon in winter at Beaver, Peregrine Falcons were probably nesting at Haystack Rock, 27% of the banded Common Murre chicks were found south of the colony where they were banded, murre chicks began appearing off the outer coast of Washington in August and in British Columbian waters in September, American Coots nested at Daley Lake, and Red-winged Blackbirds banded at Daley Lake were later found elsewhere in western Oregon. Ferris' very limited incidental bird observations in Clatsop, Yamhill, and Lincoln counties are also incorporated. Close

• 25. [Article] The cormorant/fisherman conflict in Tillamook County, Oregon

  The cormorant/fisherman issue is not limited to Tillamook County in 1988-1989 but is symptomatic of a widespread conflict of some fishermen with fish-eating animals. Predators, specifically cormorants, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The cormorant/fisherman conflict in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- The cormorant/fisherman issue is not limited to Tillamook County in 1988-1989 but is symptomatic of a widespread conflict of some fishermen with fish-eating animals. Predators, specifically cormorants, have been blamed for the "ruin" of the Tillamook fisheries, but the effects of cormorant predation have been exaggerated. Actually, current salmon and steelhead catches are similar to or greater than many catches prior to 1972, when several "predators" (including Double-crested Cormorants) were not protected by law. Although it is clear that cormorants can eat some smolts in Tillamook Bay, it is unreasonable to assume that they eat as many as has been suggested. For example, when figures that appeared in a Tillamook newspaper are added up, cormorants in Tillamook Bay in 1988 were suggested to eat nearly three times as many smolts as were released there! Because a few Tillamook County fishing guides and fishermen felt that cormorants were destroying their salmon and steelhead fisheries, they pressured the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) into giving them permits to harass (but not kill) cormorants in the spring of 1988 on public waters of Nehalem and Tillamook Bays. The permittees were not supervised to be sure that they did not disturb or harm nontarget wildlife (i.e., wildlife other than the targeted cormorants) or did not kill cormorants. After the ODFW announced in late November 1988 that they would not be issuing cormorant harassment permits in 1989, a few Tillamook fishing guides and fishermen worked to pass House Bill 3185 during the 1989 Oregon Legislative session. House Bill 3185 would have allowed cormorant harassment along the entire Oregon Coast any time during the year, but the Bill failed. Then, in July 1989, the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission refused to consider granting harassment permits to fishing guides and fishermen. Thus, cormorant harassment in 1989 was not legalized, although some harassment apparently occurred illegally. Cormorant harassment in Tillamook County does not currently meet the requirements to justify an animal damage control program. For example, one criterion of such a program is that there be minimal compensatory predation (i.e., prey saved from the controlled predator is taken by noncontrolled predators). But if cormorants are harassed, there are many other predators that could eat the "saved" smolts, including adult coho and chinook salmon, steelhead, cutthroat trout, and striped bass that may eat millions of salmon and steelhead smolts along the Oregon Coast each year. Current information indicates that documented smolt losses from cormorant predation may not compensate the economic, biological, aesthetic, and social costs of harassment. Biological costs include disturbance to nontarget wildlife such as waterfowl or threatened and endangered birds like the Bald Eagle and Brown Pelican; disturbance would unavoidably accompany cormorant harassment. One social cost of interest is that predator control of cormorants to "save" salmon is arbitrary and capricious, since salmon are themselves a significant predator of young Dungeness crabs and fish important to other Oregon commercial and sports fishermen. Alternatives to cormorant harassment exist and would address all smolt predation, not just that by cormorants. These alternatives include changing hatchery practices, so that smolts survive better after release. These alternatives should be at least considered. Biologists may have somewhat defused the cormorant harassment issue if they were more able to communicate with nonbiologically-trained fishermen, but even so, there are a few fishing guides and fishermen who refuse to believe any information that does not agree with their own opinions. Title: The cormorant/fisherman conflict in Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Bayer, Range D., 1947- The cormorant/fisherman issue is not limited to Tillamook County in 1988-1989 but is symptomatic of a widespread conflict of some fishermen with fish-eating animals. Predators, specifically cormorants, have been blamed for the "ruin" of the Tillamook fisheries, but the effects of cormorant predation have been exaggerated. Actually, current salmon and steelhead catches are similar to or greater than many catches prior to 1972, when several "predators" (including Double-crested Cormorants) were not protected by law. Although it is clear that cormorants can eat some smolts in Tillamook Bay, it is unreasonable to assume that they eat as many as has been suggested. For example, when figures that appeared in a Tillamook newspaper are added up, cormorants in Tillamook Bay in 1988 were suggested to eat nearly three times as many smolts as were released there! Because a few Tillamook County fishing guides and fishermen felt that cormorants were destroying their salmon and steelhead fisheries, they pressured the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) into giving them permits to harass (but not kill) cormorants in the spring of 1988 on public waters of Nehalem and Tillamook Bays. The permittees were not supervised to be sure that they did not disturb or harm nontarget wildlife (i.e., wildlife other than the targeted cormorants) or did not kill cormorants. After the ODFW announced in late November 1988 that they would not be issuing cormorant harassment permits in 1989, a few Tillamook fishing guides and fishermen worked to pass House Bill 3185 during the 1989 Oregon Legislative session. House Bill 3185 would have allowed cormorant harassment along the entire Oregon Coast any time during the year, but the Bill failed. Then, in July 1989, the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission refused to consider granting harassment permits to fishing guides and fishermen. Thus, cormorant harassment in 1989 was not legalized, although some harassment apparently occurred illegally. Cormorant harassment in Tillamook County does not currently meet the requirements to justify an animal damage control program. For example, one criterion of such a program is that there be minimal compensatory predation (i.e., prey saved from the controlled predator is taken by noncontrolled predators). But if cormorants are harassed, there are many other predators that could eat the "saved" smolts, including adult coho and chinook salmon, steelhead, cutthroat trout, and striped bass that may eat millions of salmon and steelhead smolts along the Oregon Coast each year. Current information indicates that documented smolt losses from cormorant predation may not compensate the economic, biological, aesthetic, and social costs of harassment. Biological costs include disturbance to nontarget wildlife such as waterfowl or threatened and endangered birds like the Bald Eagle and Brown Pelican; disturbance would unavoidably accompany cormorant harassment. One social cost of interest is that predator control of cormorants to "save" salmon is arbitrary and capricious, since salmon are themselves a significant predator of young Dungeness crabs and fish important to other Oregon commercial and sports fishermen. Alternatives to cormorant harassment exist and would address all smolt predation, not just that by cormorants. These alternatives include changing hatchery practices, so that smolts survive better after release. These alternatives should be at least considered. Biologists may have somewhat defused the cormorant harassment issue if they were more able to communicate with nonbiologically-trained fishermen, but even so, there are a few fishing guides and fishermen who refuse to believe any information that does not agree with their own opinions. Close

• 26. [Article] A geographic information system and remote sensing to support community-based coastal hazards planning in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Oregon

  The 14-km long Netarts Littoral Cell, located on the northern Oregon coast, experienced episodic erosion as a result of the severe 1997-98 El Nino and 1998-99 La Nina. The erosion events led to the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A geographic information system and remote sensing to support community-based coastal hazards planning in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Oregon Author: Revell, David The 14-km long Netarts Littoral Cell, located on the northern Oregon coast, experienced episodic erosion as a result of the severe 1997-98 El Nino and 1998-99 La Nina. The erosion events led to the development of a unique partnership bridging scientists, stakeholders, and various planning agencies. To address these erosion issues, a regional demonstration project for littoral cell hazard planning was undertaken. To support the planning efforts a GIS inventory was created to spatially examine erosion hotspots and aid stakeholders in planning for future chronic and catastrophic erosion events. The GIS combines a physical, cultural, and hazards inventory, a shoreline change analysis, and coastal hazard risk assessment into a decision support tool to facilitate coastal hazards management. Shoreline change analysis examined historical aerial photos and new LIDAR remote sensing technologies, with results showing multiple scale patterns of erosion and accretion that have significant implications to both science and management. Hazard risk zones were generated using predictive erosion models and geological observations. The GIS and decision support system facilitates the examination of hazards to develop avoidance strategies. Through spatial queries, decision-makers can examine various data layers to guide future oceanfront development and redevelopment. The development of this GIS in conjunction with a stakeholder process facilitates community involvement from GIS design through implementation of identified hazard management recommendations. Implementing mechanisms will occur through adoption of local land use policies and changes to park master plans. The interdisciplinary nature of this project allows for the range of stakeholder opinions, thus creating a unique opportunity to address coastal hazards at a regional scale, the same scale at which coastal erosion processes operate. Title: A geographic information system and remote sensing to support community-based coastal hazards planning in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Oregon Author: Revell, David The 14-km long Netarts Littoral Cell, located on the northern Oregon coast, experienced episodic erosion as a result of the severe 1997-98 El Nino and 1998-99 La Nina. The erosion events led to the development of a unique partnership bridging scientists, stakeholders, and various planning agencies. To address these erosion issues, a regional demonstration project for littoral cell hazard planning was undertaken. To support the planning efforts a GIS inventory was created to spatially examine erosion hotspots and aid stakeholders in planning for future chronic and catastrophic erosion events. The GIS combines a physical, cultural, and hazards inventory, a shoreline change analysis, and coastal hazard risk assessment into a decision support tool to facilitate coastal hazards management. Shoreline change analysis examined historical aerial photos and new LIDAR remote sensing technologies, with results showing multiple scale patterns of erosion and accretion that have significant implications to both science and management. Hazard risk zones were generated using predictive erosion models and geological observations. The GIS and decision support system facilitates the examination of hazards to develop avoidance strategies. Through spatial queries, decision-makers can examine various data layers to guide future oceanfront development and redevelopment. The development of this GIS in conjunction with a stakeholder process facilitates community involvement from GIS design through implementation of identified hazard management recommendations. Implementing mechanisms will occur through adoption of local land use policies and changes to park master plans. The interdisciplinary nature of this project allows for the range of stakeholder opinions, thus creating a unique opportunity to address coastal hazards at a regional scale, the same scale at which coastal erosion processes operate. Close

• 27. [Article] Tillamook Burn to Tillamook State Forest

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook Burn to Tillamook State Forest Title: Tillamook Burn to Tillamook State Forest Close

• 28. [Article] The Cochran airplane seeding experiment : preliminary report

  "One of the basic problems of forest management is that of restoring to productivity denuded areas which cannot be expected to restock through natural means. The most efficient method of regenerating such ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cochran airplane seeding experiment : preliminary report Author: Woods, John B. (John Burton), 1890-, Oregon State Board of Forestry, Hann, John H. "One of the basic problems of forest management is that of restoring to productivity denuded areas which cannot be expected to restock through natural means. The most efficient method of regenerating such lands is that method which provides adequate restocking in the shortest time with the least expense. Successful direct seeding would appear to answer these requirements, and for the past several years the State Board of Forestry has been conducting an extensive direct seeding research program. The report which follows is a preliminary report on one of the earlier experiments in this program. It should be borne in mind that the results and conclusions embodied in this report will be subject to revision as the results of subsequent experiments become available."--Foreword. Title: The Cochran airplane seeding experiment : preliminary report Author: Woods, John B. (John Burton), 1890-, Oregon State Board of Forestry, Hann, John H. "One of the basic problems of forest management is that of restoring to productivity denuded areas which cannot be expected to restock through natural means. The most efficient method of regenerating such lands is that method which provides adequate restocking in the shortest time with the least expense. Successful direct seeding would appear to answer these requirements, and for the past several years the State Board of Forestry has been conducting an extensive direct seeding research program. The report which follows is a preliminary report on one of the earlier experiments in this program. It should be borne in mind that the results and conclusions embodied in this report will be subject to revision as the results of subsequent experiments become available."--Foreword. Close

• 29. [Article] A shoreline survey of on-site systems in the Tillamook Bay Watershed, Tillamook County, Oregon

  Tillamook Bay is used for recreational activities such as swimming and diving, as well as recreational clam harvesting. The bay is also used for one of Tillamook's most prominent industries, oyster harvesting. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A shoreline survey of on-site systems in the Tillamook Bay Watershed, Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Gaines, Cynthia K. Tillamook Bay is used for recreational activities such as swimming and diving, as well as recreational clam harvesting. The bay is also used for one of Tillamook's most prominent industries, oyster harvesting. Bacterial contamination of Tillamook Bay has been a recognized problem since 1962. There are a number of known sources of bacterial contamination in Tillamook Bay including municipal wastewater treatment facilities, cattle and other livestock, and on-site systems. In order to comply with federal regulations and because of the serious consequences that contamination poses to the Tillamook economy, the Tillamook County Environmental Health Department conducted a shoreline survey of on-site systems in the Tillamook Bay Watershed. The purpose of this study was to determine the failure rate of on-site systems in a selected area of Tillamook County, Oregon. This shoreline survey was conducted in accordance with the minimum requirements for performing shoreline surveys in shellfish growing areas, as set forth in Appendix B of the National Shellfish Sanitation Program Manual of Operations, 1995 edition. A total of 385 on-site systems were surveyed. This study used three sets of data to develop the on-site system profile of the area: (1) information gathered from the Tillamook County Community Development department files; (2) date acquired during a survey with on-site system homeowners; and (3) on-site inspection of the system. None of the on-site systems appeared to be failing, but the rates of marginal systems ranged from 1.7/100 to 6.4/100. The failure rate was lower than the expected rate of 6% to 7%; this is most likely due to the fact that the survey was conducted during the dry season when indicators of failing on-site systems are not apparent. Another possible explanation for the lack of failing on-site systems is that forty-nine systems were not surveyed because the owners chose to not participate in the survey. Recommendations for future surveys include using dye tracing to identify failing systems, surveying during the winter when failing systems are evident, knowing soil types before surveying, using questionnaires to elicit information from homeowners, and public education about on-site systems and their maintenance requirements. Title: A shoreline survey of on-site systems in the Tillamook Bay Watershed, Tillamook County, Oregon Author: Gaines, Cynthia K. Tillamook Bay is used for recreational activities such as swimming and diving, as well as recreational clam harvesting. The bay is also used for one of Tillamook's most prominent industries, oyster harvesting. Bacterial contamination of Tillamook Bay has been a recognized problem since 1962. There are a number of known sources of bacterial contamination in Tillamook Bay including municipal wastewater treatment facilities, cattle and other livestock, and on-site systems. In order to comply with federal regulations and because of the serious consequences that contamination poses to the Tillamook economy, the Tillamook County Environmental Health Department conducted a shoreline survey of on-site systems in the Tillamook Bay Watershed. The purpose of this study was to determine the failure rate of on-site systems in a selected area of Tillamook County, Oregon. This shoreline survey was conducted in accordance with the minimum requirements for performing shoreline surveys in shellfish growing areas, as set forth in Appendix B of the National Shellfish Sanitation Program Manual of Operations, 1995 edition. A total of 385 on-site systems were surveyed. This study used three sets of data to develop the on-site system profile of the area: (1) information gathered from the Tillamook County Community Development department files; (2) date acquired during a survey with on-site system homeowners; and (3) on-site inspection of the system. None of the on-site systems appeared to be failing, but the rates of marginal systems ranged from 1.7/100 to 6.4/100. The failure rate was lower than the expected rate of 6% to 7%; this is most likely due to the fact that the survey was conducted during the dry season when indicators of failing on-site systems are not apparent. Another possible explanation for the lack of failing on-site systems is that forty-nine systems were not surveyed because the owners chose to not participate in the survey. Recommendations for future surveys include using dye tracing to identify failing systems, surveying during the winter when failing systems are evident, knowing soil types before surveying, using questionnaires to elicit information from homeowners, and public education about on-site systems and their maintenance requirements. Close

• 30. [Article] Tillamook prehistory and its relation to the Northwest coast culture area

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tillamook prehistory and its relation to the Northwest coast culture area Author: Newman, Thomas M. Title: Tillamook prehistory and its relation to the Northwest coast culture area Author: Newman, Thomas M. Close