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• 21. [Article] Vegetation response to prescribed fire in mountain big sagebrush ecosystems at Lava Beds National Monument, California

  Anthropogenic land use alterations such as livestock grazing and fire suppression have greatly altered sagebrush grasslands of the Great Basin, facilitating invasion of exotic annuals, increases in woody ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vegetation response to prescribed fire in mountain big sagebrush ecosystems at Lava Beds National Monument, California Author: Ellsworth, Lisa M. Anthropogenic land use alterations such as livestock grazing and fire suppression have greatly altered sagebrush grasslands of the Great Basin, facilitating invasion of exotic annuals, increases in woody species, and losses of native species. Much of the current research surrounding wildland and prescribed fire in sagebrush dominated ecosystems has focused on a persistent belief that fire in sagebrush systems results in a loss of native flora and a trend toward dominance by exotic annuals. Fire was historically the dominant disturbance throughout the sagebrush steppe and the plant species that comprised these communities possess a variety of adaptations facilitating survival to the fire regime. In order to restore ecosystems, land managers will need to reintroduce natural ecosystem processes, including natural disturbance processes. To describe the response of these plant communities to fire, I examined the plant community response, seedbank response, and reproductive and density responses of three native bunchgrasses (Pseudoroegneria spicata, Achnatherum therberianum, and Elymus elymoides) as well as one native forb (Calochortus macrocarpus) following spring and fall prescribed fires at Lava Beds National Monument. Fires were applied to three Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (Mountain Big Sagebrush) plant communities with different land use and fire histories. These communities were different in composition ranging from a dominance of exotic annuals to dominance by native grasses, shrubs, and trees. Little is known about how prescribed fire affects the soil seed bank in sagebrush-dominated ecosystems. To address this, we quantified the emergence of Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) seedlings as well as emergence of seedlings of functional groups (native forbs, bunchgrasses, and shrubs) in a seedbank germination study. At the invasive dominated site (Gillems Camp), we found 91% fewer B. tectorum seedlings germinated in spring burned sites than in controls immediately following spring prescribed burns. However, soils collected one-year following fire had 40% more B. tectorum germinants (8017 germinants/m [superscript 2]) than unburned controls (5132 germinants/m [superscript 2]). Following fall burns at this site there was a similar response, with a 56% immediate reduction in B. tectorum (as compared to unburned control) and a 59% increase in B. tectorum and 58% increase in exotic forb germinants one year following fires. There was an increase in native forb germination following spring burns (94%) and fall burns (45%) at a site dominated by native plants (Fleener Chimneys). Native bunchgrass seed germination declined following spring fire in sites dominated by sagebrush and native understory vegetation (79%), and in sites where Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) and other woody species dominated (Merrill Caves) (71%). In invasive-dominated sites (Gillems Camp), there was a decrease in B. tectorum cover following both spring (81% decrease) and fall fires (82% decrease), and little native vegetation composition change. Shrub cover, made up predominantly of Chrysothamnus nauseosus, decreased following spring (95% decrease) and fall (93% decrease) fires. At the sagebrush, native understory site (Fleener Chimneys), there was a reduction in native bunchgrass cover (64% decrease), and an increase in native forbs (168% increase) following spring burns, with no changes following fall fires. At the juniper- woody dominated site (Merrill Caves), fire treatments resulted in a decrease in woody plant cover, with no immediate postfire differences seen in the herbaceous plant community. Density of bunchgrass species (Pseudoroegneria spicata, Achnatherum therberianum, Elymus elymoides) did not change following either spring or fall prescribed fire treatments. Fire enhanced flowering was not seen in C. macrocarpus following spring or fall burns at the native or juniper dominated sites. There was increased reproductive effort in native bunchgrass species following fires in all communities studied. Following spring fires at invasive dominated sites, there was a 245% increase in reproductive culms of P. spicata. Following fall fires in native dominated sites, we saw a 974% increase in reproductive culms of P. spicata and a 184% increase in reproductive culms of A. therberianum. Following fall fires at juniper-dominated sites, we saw in an increase in reproductive culms of P. spicata (678% increase), A. thurberianum (356% increase), and Elymus elymoides (209% increase). These results suggest that implementing prescribed fire in order to restore the natural disturbance regime in these fire-adapted ecosystems is beneficial to restoration and preservation of the native biota. Title: Vegetation response to prescribed fire in mountain big sagebrush ecosystems at Lava Beds National Monument, California Author: Ellsworth, Lisa M. Anthropogenic land use alterations such as livestock grazing and fire suppression have greatly altered sagebrush grasslands of the Great Basin, facilitating invasion of exotic annuals, increases in woody species, and losses of native species. Much of the current research surrounding wildland and prescribed fire in sagebrush dominated ecosystems has focused on a persistent belief that fire in sagebrush systems results in a loss of native flora and a trend toward dominance by exotic annuals. Fire was historically the dominant disturbance throughout the sagebrush steppe and the plant species that comprised these communities possess a variety of adaptations facilitating survival to the fire regime. In order to restore ecosystems, land managers will need to reintroduce natural ecosystem processes, including natural disturbance processes. To describe the response of these plant communities to fire, I examined the plant community response, seedbank response, and reproductive and density responses of three native bunchgrasses (Pseudoroegneria spicata, Achnatherum therberianum, and Elymus elymoides) as well as one native forb (Calochortus macrocarpus) following spring and fall prescribed fires at Lava Beds National Monument. Fires were applied to three Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (Mountain Big Sagebrush) plant communities with different land use and fire histories. These communities were different in composition ranging from a dominance of exotic annuals to dominance by native grasses, shrubs, and trees. Little is known about how prescribed fire affects the soil seed bank in sagebrush-dominated ecosystems. To address this, we quantified the emergence of Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) seedlings as well as emergence of seedlings of functional groups (native forbs, bunchgrasses, and shrubs) in a seedbank germination study. At the invasive dominated site (Gillems Camp), we found 91% fewer B. tectorum seedlings germinated in spring burned sites than in controls immediately following spring prescribed burns. However, soils collected one-year following fire had 40% more B. tectorum germinants (8017 germinants/m [superscript 2]) than unburned controls (5132 germinants/m [superscript 2]). Following fall burns at this site there was a similar response, with a 56% immediate reduction in B. tectorum (as compared to unburned control) and a 59% increase in B. tectorum and 58% increase in exotic forb germinants one year following fires. There was an increase in native forb germination following spring burns (94%) and fall burns (45%) at a site dominated by native plants (Fleener Chimneys). Native bunchgrass seed germination declined following spring fire in sites dominated by sagebrush and native understory vegetation (79%), and in sites where Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) and other woody species dominated (Merrill Caves) (71%). In invasive-dominated sites (Gillems Camp), there was a decrease in B. tectorum cover following both spring (81% decrease) and fall fires (82% decrease), and little native vegetation composition change. Shrub cover, made up predominantly of Chrysothamnus nauseosus, decreased following spring (95% decrease) and fall (93% decrease) fires. At the sagebrush, native understory site (Fleener Chimneys), there was a reduction in native bunchgrass cover (64% decrease), and an increase in native forbs (168% increase) following spring burns, with no changes following fall fires. At the juniper- woody dominated site (Merrill Caves), fire treatments resulted in a decrease in woody plant cover, with no immediate postfire differences seen in the herbaceous plant community. Density of bunchgrass species (Pseudoroegneria spicata, Achnatherum therberianum, Elymus elymoides) did not change following either spring or fall prescribed fire treatments. Fire enhanced flowering was not seen in C. macrocarpus following spring or fall burns at the native or juniper dominated sites. There was increased reproductive effort in native bunchgrass species following fires in all communities studied. Following spring fires at invasive dominated sites, there was a 245% increase in reproductive culms of P. spicata. Following fall fires in native dominated sites, we saw a 974% increase in reproductive culms of P. spicata and a 184% increase in reproductive culms of A. therberianum. Following fall fires at juniper-dominated sites, we saw in an increase in reproductive culms of P. spicata (678% increase), A. thurberianum (356% increase), and Elymus elymoides (209% increase). These results suggest that implementing prescribed fire in order to restore the natural disturbance regime in these fire-adapted ecosystems is beneficial to restoration and preservation of the native biota. Close

• 22. [Article] Comparison of Vermont and Oregon statutory land surveyor laws

  Land use planning, zoning, and subdivisions are integrally tied to the land resource. The need for a land surveyor and for statutes which govern his operation when working in these areas is stressed. A ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison of Vermont and Oregon statutory land surveyor laws Author: Norton, Robert Leon Land use planning, zoning, and subdivisions are integrally tied to the land resource. The need for a land surveyor and for statutes which govern his operation when working in these areas is stressed. A brief history of Vermont and Oregon, illustrating the role of land surveys on settlement, is given. Statutes relative to: the registration of land surveyors, Vermont town lines, the Oregon county surveyor, Oregon subdivisions, Vermont land use, and state plane coordinate systems are discussed. Nine recommendations in these areas are made. Title: Comparison of Vermont and Oregon statutory land surveyor laws Author: Norton, Robert Leon Land use planning, zoning, and subdivisions are integrally tied to the land resource. The need for a land surveyor and for statutes which govern his operation when working in these areas is stressed. A brief history of Vermont and Oregon, illustrating the role of land surveys on settlement, is given. Statutes relative to: the registration of land surveyors, Vermont town lines, the Oregon county surveyor, Oregon subdivisions, Vermont land use, and state plane coordinate systems are discussed. Nine recommendations in these areas are made. Close

• 23. [Article] Land Use Planning Information for the Citizens of Oregon

  This white paper seeks to provide facts about the history of land use planning in Oregon while also identifying some of the key challenges facing planning in the future. It also includes useful information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land Use Planning Information for the Citizens of Oregon Author: Gray, John D. (John Delton), 1919-, Shriver, Katie This white paper seeks to provide facts about the history of land use planning in Oregon while also identifying some of the key challenges facing planning in the future. It also includes useful information about the work of the Oregon Task Force on Land Use Planning (the “Big Look” task force) and about some of the key research projects that should help provide some answers to current problems. Title: Land Use Planning Information for the Citizens of Oregon Author: Gray, John D. (John Delton), 1919-, Shriver, Katie This white paper seeks to provide facts about the history of land use planning in Oregon while also identifying some of the key challenges facing planning in the future. It also includes useful information about the work of the Oregon Task Force on Land Use Planning (the “Big Look” task force) and about some of the key research projects that should help provide some answers to current problems. Close

• 24. [Article] Surveys and surveyors of the public domain, 1785-1975

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surveys and surveyors of the public domain, 1785-1975 Author: Cazier, Lola, United States. Bureau of Land Management Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Surveys and surveyors of the public domain, 1785-1975 Author: Cazier, Lola, United States. Bureau of Land Management Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 25. [Article] The economics of land gains taxation : the Vermont case

  Governments have employed special capital gains taxes to curb speculation in real estate and raise public revenue. Economic theory suggests that the introduction of a gains tax with a declining rate structure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economics of land gains taxation : the Vermont case Author: Daniels, Thomas L. Governments have employed special capital gains taxes to curb speculation in real estate and raise public revenue. Economic theory suggests that the introduction of a gains tax with a declining rate structure over time will induce prospective buyers to reduce their demand for land and will induce sellers to offer less land for sale at any one point in time. In this way, land price increases and subdivision activity are expected to be slowed. The implications of a gains tax as a rural land use control motivated the present study. First, the specific case of the Vermont gains tax is introduced along with a brief history of the Vermont land market and a critique of prior research on the Vermont tax. Then, the costs and benefits of land speculation are examined as a justification for government intervention in land markets. Next, the impact of the Vermont gains tax on individual buyer and seller decisions is explored and the impact of the Vermont tax on the entire land market is discussed. A hedonic land price determination model is developed and used to test hypotheses about the impact of the Vermont tax in different land markets. Pooled cross-section time series data from Vermont sample towns are applied to the model; and ordinary least squares is used to estimate land price equations. Chow tests indicate that structural changes in price determination occurred between the pre- and post-tax eras. Differences between taxable and nontaxable prices in the post-tax era are largely attributed to land quality differences - taxable land tended to sell for a higher price per acre. A statistical analysis of the impact of the Vermont gains tax on Vermont land market activity is also presented. The tax apparently has not reduced land prices or absentee ownership trends, but the percentage of speculative sales to total land sales has fallen over time. In conclusion, future directions for rural land market research are discussed along with policy recommendations for changes in the Vermont tax. Title: The economics of land gains taxation : the Vermont case Author: Daniels, Thomas L. Governments have employed special capital gains taxes to curb speculation in real estate and raise public revenue. Economic theory suggests that the introduction of a gains tax with a declining rate structure over time will induce prospective buyers to reduce their demand for land and will induce sellers to offer less land for sale at any one point in time. In this way, land price increases and subdivision activity are expected to be slowed. The implications of a gains tax as a rural land use control motivated the present study. First, the specific case of the Vermont gains tax is introduced along with a brief history of the Vermont land market and a critique of prior research on the Vermont tax. Then, the costs and benefits of land speculation are examined as a justification for government intervention in land markets. Next, the impact of the Vermont gains tax on individual buyer and seller decisions is explored and the impact of the Vermont tax on the entire land market is discussed. A hedonic land price determination model is developed and used to test hypotheses about the impact of the Vermont tax in different land markets. Pooled cross-section time series data from Vermont sample towns are applied to the model; and ordinary least squares is used to estimate land price equations. Chow tests indicate that structural changes in price determination occurred between the pre- and post-tax eras. Differences between taxable and nontaxable prices in the post-tax era are largely attributed to land quality differences - taxable land tended to sell for a higher price per acre. A statistical analysis of the impact of the Vermont gains tax on Vermont land market activity is also presented. The tax apparently has not reduced land prices or absentee ownership trends, but the percentage of speculative sales to total land sales has fallen over time. In conclusion, future directions for rural land market research are discussed along with policy recommendations for changes in the Vermont tax. Close

• 26. [Article] Land trusts in the New West : conserving and responding to local geographies?

  This research focuses on the relationship between the emerging role of land trusts and rapid growth and change in the West. Teton County, Idaho, Teton County, Wyoming, and Sublette County, Wyoming, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land trusts in the New West : conserving and responding to local geographies? Author: Loynes, Kathryn This research focuses on the relationship between the emerging role of land trusts and rapid growth and change in the West. Teton County, Idaho, Teton County, Wyoming, and Sublette County, Wyoming, and each of their associated land trusts, are used as case studies. Each county has experienced varying levels of agricultural activity throughout their respective histories, with transformations over time bringing about the current local economies and land use patterns that exist today. Interviews were conducted with land trust staff members and city and county planning officials and integrated with an evaluation of the local geographies of each county (biophysical attributes, population dynamics, industry, policies, and residents' land management preferences) as well as broader scale regulations and economies. The end result of this project demonstrates at local and regional scales how land trusts have become major players in the land use-land tenure equation of Western communities and how their operations are unique to the cultural, physical, and economic-political geographies of their service areas. While the West tends to be lumped together as one large entity with regard to policy decisions and ideas about private property rights, this research reveals a high amount of variation in the processes occurring in and shaping relatively small areas of the Western states -- lending itself to further studies on the interaction between different scales of land patterns in the region as well as how communities are approaching the challenges of New West landscapes. Title: Land trusts in the New West : conserving and responding to local geographies? Author: Loynes, Kathryn This research focuses on the relationship between the emerging role of land trusts and rapid growth and change in the West. Teton County, Idaho, Teton County, Wyoming, and Sublette County, Wyoming, and each of their associated land trusts, are used as case studies. Each county has experienced varying levels of agricultural activity throughout their respective histories, with transformations over time bringing about the current local economies and land use patterns that exist today. Interviews were conducted with land trust staff members and city and county planning officials and integrated with an evaluation of the local geographies of each county (biophysical attributes, population dynamics, industry, policies, and residents' land management preferences) as well as broader scale regulations and economies. The end result of this project demonstrates at local and regional scales how land trusts have become major players in the land use-land tenure equation of Western communities and how their operations are unique to the cultural, physical, and economic-political geographies of their service areas. While the West tends to be lumped together as one large entity with regard to policy decisions and ideas about private property rights, this research reveals a high amount of variation in the processes occurring in and shaping relatively small areas of the Western states -- lending itself to further studies on the interaction between different scales of land patterns in the region as well as how communities are approaching the challenges of New West landscapes. Close

• 27. [Article] Federal land management and county government: 1908-2008 - A report of the “changing federal county payments policy and rural Oregon counties: impacts and options” project

  This report represents part of a study being conducted by the Rural Studies Program at Oregon State University that will analyze the impacts of reduced Federal land payments to counties on the services ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal land management and county government: 1908-2008 - A report of the “changing federal county payments policy and rural Oregon counties: impacts and options” project Author: Gaid, Dawn Marie, Adams, Vincent T. This report represents part of a study being conducted by the Rural Studies Program at Oregon State University that will analyze the impacts of reduced Federal land payments to counties on the services provided by county government in Oregon, and on citizens, businesses and institutions such as schools. The study also examines several county government options for managing these impacts, and state and federal government options for reducing the negative impacts. This report begins with a baseline description of the historical relationships between the Federal Government and local governments in Oregon – ownership and use of land and local revenues generated from public lands, including a review of the history of harvest revenue, federal payments to counties and local property tax burdens for the 36 Oregon counties. This is followed by a description of the “sea change” in the relationship associated with the restrictions on land use initiated in the 1980s on forest and rangeland leading to PL 106-393, and finishes with a summary of the current status of the reauthorization of federal payments. Title: Federal land management and county government: 1908-2008 - A report of the “changing federal county payments policy and rural Oregon counties: impacts and options” project Author: Gaid, Dawn Marie, Adams, Vincent T. This report represents part of a study being conducted by the Rural Studies Program at Oregon State University that will analyze the impacts of reduced Federal land payments to counties on the services provided by county government in Oregon, and on citizens, businesses and institutions such as schools. The study also examines several county government options for managing these impacts, and state and federal government options for reducing the negative impacts. This report begins with a baseline description of the historical relationships between the Federal Government and local governments in Oregon – ownership and use of land and local revenues generated from public lands, including a review of the history of harvest revenue, federal payments to counties and local property tax burdens for the 36 Oregon counties. This is followed by a description of the “sea change” in the relationship associated with the restrictions on land use initiated in the 1980s on forest and rangeland leading to PL 106-393, and finishes with a summary of the current status of the reauthorization of federal payments. Close

• 28. [Article] 'Hysterical preservationists' and 'gouge-and-run bulldozer boys' : the land-use controversy in Idaho’s White Cloud Mountains, 1968-1972

  Similar to other spectacular scenic areas in the American West, Idaho’s White Cloud Mountains have been a contested landscape since the beginning of the 20th century. Although, legislation was introduced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 'Hysterical preservationists' and 'gouge-and-run bulldozer boys' : the land-use controversy in Idaho’s White Cloud Mountains, 1968-1972 Author: Jensen, Erica (Erica Lyn) Similar to other spectacular scenic areas in the American West, Idaho’s White Cloud Mountains have been a contested landscape since the beginning of the 20th century. Although, legislation was introduced in Congress as early as 1913 to protect the towering mountains of south-central Idaho as a national park, the issue did not generate significant interest until the 1960s. When American Smelting and Refining Company began exploring molybdenum deposits at the base of Castle Peak in the White Clouds in 1968, conservationists rallied around the call to ‘Save the White Clouds.’ Idaho Senator Frank Church proposed legislation to protect the mountains with either a Forest Service administered national recreation area or a national park. The issue found the national spotlight in January 1970 as Life magazine published an article on the land-use controversy. In November of the same year Cecil Andrus took over the governor’s office from incumbent Don Samuelson largely because Andrus opposed mining in the White Clouds. Despite all of Idaho’s congressional delegation supporting a national park and recreation complex, the legislation was modified in 1971 to create only a national recreation area under Forest Service management. Congress passed the bill and President Nixon signed the measure in 1972. The years between 1968 and 1972 offer an interesting glimpse into the conservation struggle in Idaho and how the emerging environmental movement reached even the highest peaks of central Idaho. The controversy highlights public concern over federal land use, reveals tensions between the Forest Service and National Park Service, and explores the dynamic relationship between politics and land management decisions. Title: 'Hysterical preservationists' and 'gouge-and-run bulldozer boys' : the land-use controversy in Idaho’s White Cloud Mountains, 1968-1972 Author: Jensen, Erica (Erica Lyn) Similar to other spectacular scenic areas in the American West, Idaho’s White Cloud Mountains have been a contested landscape since the beginning of the 20th century. Although, legislation was introduced in Congress as early as 1913 to protect the towering mountains of south-central Idaho as a national park, the issue did not generate significant interest until the 1960s. When American Smelting and Refining Company began exploring molybdenum deposits at the base of Castle Peak in the White Clouds in 1968, conservationists rallied around the call to ‘Save the White Clouds.’ Idaho Senator Frank Church proposed legislation to protect the mountains with either a Forest Service administered national recreation area or a national park. The issue found the national spotlight in January 1970 as Life magazine published an article on the land-use controversy. In November of the same year Cecil Andrus took over the governor’s office from incumbent Don Samuelson largely because Andrus opposed mining in the White Clouds. Despite all of Idaho’s congressional delegation supporting a national park and recreation complex, the legislation was modified in 1971 to create only a national recreation area under Forest Service management. Congress passed the bill and President Nixon signed the measure in 1972. The years between 1968 and 1972 offer an interesting glimpse into the conservation struggle in Idaho and how the emerging environmental movement reached even the highest peaks of central Idaho. The controversy highlights public concern over federal land use, reveals tensions between the Forest Service and National Park Service, and explores the dynamic relationship between politics and land management decisions. Close

• 29. [Article] Historical landscape reconstruction and perceptual geography of Mount Hood, Oregon

  This research seeks to understand the influences of perception on land use around the Mount Hood area of Oregon and evaluate how it has evolved over the past 4,000 years. The study addresses three specific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical landscape reconstruction and perceptual geography of Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Belgam, Daniel R. This research seeks to understand the influences of perception on land use around the Mount Hood area of Oregon and evaluate how it has evolved over the past 4,000 years. The study addresses three specific questions: 1) How has the study area evolved over time into the modern landscape? 2) What land use practices have developed in response to various public perceptions of Mount Hood? 3) How have the land uses impacted the landscape and physical environment? This in-depth analysis of the historic landscape describes the effect of external environmental stimuli and local culture on land use in this region of Oregon. This study develops a classification system to describe how perceptions of Mount Hood have changed over time, and also investigates associated land use within each of these categories. Eight perception categories are employed: Reverence, Respect, Obstacle, Exploration, Livelihood, Economic Development, Conservation and Preservation, and Research. This historic landscape reconstruction employs comprehensive acceptance, integration, and comparison of various source materials to minimize bias. First, primary sources and commentary on these sources allow for an understanding of the local population’s general attitude toward the landscape. Second, perceptions of the local landscape were inferred through an analysis of land use activities. The various perceptions of the local population towards Mount Hood and the landscape within the Mount Hood Land Use Planning Unit Boundary have guided land use choices through time. These uses have resulted in significant changes to the landscape over the period of recorded history. Title: Historical landscape reconstruction and perceptual geography of Mount Hood, Oregon Author: Belgam, Daniel R. This research seeks to understand the influences of perception on land use around the Mount Hood area of Oregon and evaluate how it has evolved over the past 4,000 years. The study addresses three specific questions: 1) How has the study area evolved over time into the modern landscape? 2) What land use practices have developed in response to various public perceptions of Mount Hood? 3) How have the land uses impacted the landscape and physical environment? This in-depth analysis of the historic landscape describes the effect of external environmental stimuli and local culture on land use in this region of Oregon. This study develops a classification system to describe how perceptions of Mount Hood have changed over time, and also investigates associated land use within each of these categories. Eight perception categories are employed: Reverence, Respect, Obstacle, Exploration, Livelihood, Economic Development, Conservation and Preservation, and Research. This historic landscape reconstruction employs comprehensive acceptance, integration, and comparison of various source materials to minimize bias. First, primary sources and commentary on these sources allow for an understanding of the local population’s general attitude toward the landscape. Second, perceptions of the local landscape were inferred through an analysis of land use activities. The various perceptions of the local population towards Mount Hood and the landscape within the Mount Hood Land Use Planning Unit Boundary have guided land use choices through time. These uses have resulted in significant changes to the landscape over the period of recorded history. Close

• 30. [Article] Oregon's submerged and submersible lands ; a study of ownership history, conflicting claims of title [and] legislative recommendations

  While the public trust doctrine at common law placed effective limitations on the Crown, these limitations have been somewhat obscured by state court decisions in the United States. Though some courts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's submerged and submersible lands ; a study of ownership history, conflicting claims of title [and] legislative recommendations Author: Oregon. Advisory Committee to the State Land Board. While the public trust doctrine at common law placed effective limitations on the Crown, these limitations have been somewhat obscured by state court decisions in the United States. Though some courts have suggested that the public trust places limitations or the power of the legislature to convey lands beneath navigable waters, this view conflicts with the basic theory of state government that recognizes plenary power in the state legislature to the extent that it is not constitutionally limited. The trust theory does, however, place definite restrictions on the state agency authorized to sell and maintain submerged and submersible lands. These restrictions arise from the basic presumption that the legislature will not intend a conveyance of lands in derogation of traditional public rights in the use and enjoyment of the waters, a presumption which stems from the inherent importance of the free navigability of the waters. Any land conveyed by the state, therefore, is and has been subject to the public right of navigation. However, though the grantee of the state takes subject to the public right of navigation, not every interference with that right will be enjoinable, since the test is one of public nuisance that involves a balancing of the conflicting interests. In conclusion, it would seem that the public trust doctrine still retains, vitality and continues to protect traditional rights in navigable waters. Title: Oregon's submerged and submersible lands ; a study of ownership history, conflicting claims of title [and] legislative recommendations Author: Oregon. Advisory Committee to the State Land Board. While the public trust doctrine at common law placed effective limitations on the Crown, these limitations have been somewhat obscured by state court decisions in the United States. Though some courts have suggested that the public trust places limitations or the power of the legislature to convey lands beneath navigable waters, this view conflicts with the basic theory of state government that recognizes plenary power in the state legislature to the extent that it is not constitutionally limited. The trust theory does, however, place definite restrictions on the state agency authorized to sell and maintain submerged and submersible lands. These restrictions arise from the basic presumption that the legislature will not intend a conveyance of lands in derogation of traditional public rights in the use and enjoyment of the waters, a presumption which stems from the inherent importance of the free navigability of the waters. Any land conveyed by the state, therefore, is and has been subject to the public right of navigation. However, though the grantee of the state takes subject to the public right of navigation, not every interference with that right will be enjoinable, since the test is one of public nuisance that involves a balancing of the conflicting interests. In conclusion, it would seem that the public trust doctrine still retains, vitality and continues to protect traditional rights in navigable waters. Close