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• 21. [Article] 4-H adventures familly fun and family connections newsletters

  Published May 2003. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 4-H adventures familly fun and family connections newsletters Author: McGraw, Lori A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Ozretich, Rachel Published May 2003. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: 4-H adventures familly fun and family connections newsletters Author: McGraw, Lori A., Oregon State University. Extension Service, Ozretich, Rachel Published May 2003. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 22. [Article] Families on the move : the Powledge family of Meriwether County, Georgia 1820-1900

  The migrations of four generations of the Powledge family centering around Meriwether County, Georgia were described within the context of social and economic forces in the United States in 1820 to 1900. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Families on the move : the Powledge family of Meriwether County, Georgia 1820-1900 Author: Roberts, Nancy A. The migrations of four generations of the Powledge family centering around Meriwether County, Georgia were described within the context of social and economic forces in the United States in 1820 to 1900. The family was representative of thousands of families that migrated westward. The migrations were found to correlate with much of the literature on migration and with the economic and social trends in the nineteenth century. Land acquisition as a means to economic improvement and, secondarily, information and support from kin and neighbors were found to be the most important factors in Powledge family movements. Title: Families on the move : the Powledge family of Meriwether County, Georgia 1820-1900 Author: Roberts, Nancy A. The migrations of four generations of the Powledge family centering around Meriwether County, Georgia were described within the context of social and economic forces in the United States in 1820 to 1900. The family was representative of thousands of families that migrated westward. The migrations were found to correlate with much of the literature on migration and with the economic and social trends in the nineteenth century. Land acquisition as a means to economic improvement and, secondarily, information and support from kin and neighbors were found to be the most important factors in Powledge family movements. Close

• 23. [Article] Expenditure differentials of selected urban families receiving AFDC assistance

  Expenditure data of 13 households receiving. Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) were collected through use of specially designed record booklets for one month and by a brief interview. Welfare ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Expenditure differentials of selected urban families receiving AFDC assistance Author: Lowry, Helen Joanne Speckhart Expenditure data of 13 households receiving. Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) were collected through use of specially designed record booklets for one month and by a brief interview. Welfare workers in southeast Portland discussed the study with families meeting the criteria of 1) a one-parent family with one or more children, 2) AFDC recipient, and 3) one-family household. Families who volunteered and completed the procedures included four families with one child, four families with two children, four families with three youngsters and one family with four children. All adults were female and had a mean age of 31. 5 years and had completed a mean of 11.9 years of school. The record booklets coded for each week of the month in eye-catching psychedelic colors were important in obtaining desired information. Included were specific directions for recording income and expenditures and unprofessionally drawn illustrations along with written listings of items to be reported on each page. All families received income from their AFDC grant and 12 families supplemented this income with food stamps. Six families had additional income from non-assistance sources and one family used free services of a child guidance clinic. The mean AFDC grant was $200, mean food stamp bonus was $54. 46 and mean nonassistance income was $16 for total mean financial resources of $270.77 per case. Resources from government programs, food stamps and AFDC, provided a mean of 94 percent of the families' income and non-assistance sources added six percent of the income. As family size increased, the percentage of total income allocated to food increased and the percentage of income used for housing decreased. Shelter and food demanded a mean of 82.6 percent of total income. Payments to AFDC recipients in Oregon are 80 percent of the financial needs for basic maintenance according to standards set by legislative action. Supplements to income provided by food stamps and the net from non-assistance sources increased the adequacy of the family's income in relation to the standards. The average income of families met a mean of 96.3 percent of need as defined by welfare standards. In comparing the actual expenditures in various consumption groups with the allowance figured by welfare, it was found that both housing and food expenditures were over 100 percent of the allowance while clothing, personal incidentals and household supply expenditures were far under the allowance. It was found that families were aware of the importance of planning the use of money as a means of meeting financial wants. However, the families were realistic with respect to what was possible in light of their limited resource situations. Families indicated a month by month coping when financial resources did not meet demands. The participants lacked an awareness of community resources that may be of assistance with financial problems and consumer buying decisions. Title: Expenditure differentials of selected urban families receiving AFDC assistance Author: Lowry, Helen Joanne Speckhart Expenditure data of 13 households receiving. Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) were collected through use of specially designed record booklets for one month and by a brief interview. Welfare workers in southeast Portland discussed the study with families meeting the criteria of 1) a one-parent family with one or more children, 2) AFDC recipient, and 3) one-family household. Families who volunteered and completed the procedures included four families with one child, four families with two children, four families with three youngsters and one family with four children. All adults were female and had a mean age of 31. 5 years and had completed a mean of 11.9 years of school. The record booklets coded for each week of the month in eye-catching psychedelic colors were important in obtaining desired information. Included were specific directions for recording income and expenditures and unprofessionally drawn illustrations along with written listings of items to be reported on each page. All families received income from their AFDC grant and 12 families supplemented this income with food stamps. Six families had additional income from non-assistance sources and one family used free services of a child guidance clinic. The mean AFDC grant was $200, mean food stamp bonus was $54. 46 and mean nonassistance income was $16 for total mean financial resources of $270.77 per case. Resources from government programs, food stamps and AFDC, provided a mean of 94 percent of the families' income and non-assistance sources added six percent of the income. As family size increased, the percentage of total income allocated to food increased and the percentage of income used for housing decreased. Shelter and food demanded a mean of 82.6 percent of total income. Payments to AFDC recipients in Oregon are 80 percent of the financial needs for basic maintenance according to standards set by legislative action. Supplements to income provided by food stamps and the net from non-assistance sources increased the adequacy of the family's income in relation to the standards. The average income of families met a mean of 96.3 percent of need as defined by welfare standards. In comparing the actual expenditures in various consumption groups with the allowance figured by welfare, it was found that both housing and food expenditures were over 100 percent of the allowance while clothing, personal incidentals and household supply expenditures were far under the allowance. It was found that families were aware of the importance of planning the use of money as a means of meeting financial wants. However, the families were realistic with respect to what was possible in light of their limited resource situations. Families indicated a month by month coping when financial resources did not meet demands. The participants lacked an awareness of community resources that may be of assistance with financial problems and consumer buying decisions. Close

• 24. [Article] Shared family time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households

  In this study patterns of shared family time in 210 two-parent, two-child Oregon households were described. The relationship between amounts of shared time and a number of family and environmental characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shared family time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households Author: Parker, Louise Anne In this study patterns of shared family time in 210 two-parent, two-child Oregon households were described. The relationship between amounts of shared time and a number of family and environmental characteristics was also researched. The study used the Oregon data from a contributing project of the Northeast Regional Research Project NE 113, an Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use. A sample of 210 families divided into five groups by age of the youngest child was drawn. Half the families were classified as urban and half as rural. The mean age of the homemakers and their spouses was approximately 32 years. About 72 percent of the homemakers were not employed outside the home. However, about 80 percent of the spouses reported working 40 or more weekly hours. Families recorded the time use of members over the age of six for two charted 24-hour periods. The second recording day was used to analyze the incidence of shared time. The number of shared time episodes recorded by the families for one day ranged from zero to 15, with a mean of 3.5 daily episodes. The amounts of daily shared time ranged from zero to 1,140 minutes (19 hours). About 19 percent of the families reported no shared time. The most common group of family members participating in shared activity was both parents. The whole family was reported as participants in 13 percent of the shared episodes. For shared time episodes not involving both parents, participation between the homemaker and children was more evident than that between the spouse and children. Nonwork activities accounted for the greater proportion of shared family time episodes. One-third of the episodes were spent in eating together and over one-fourth in social and recreational pursuits. About 18 percent of shared episodes were reported as household work activities, with shopping the task area most commonly shared. Care of family members accounted for 15 percent of the shared episodes reported. The home was the common site for shared activity with threefourths of the shared time episodes occurring in that setting. About 22 percent of the episodes were shared away from the home, work or school environments. More time was shared by family members on weekend days than on weekdays. While the mean amount of shared time for weekend days rose nearly 80 minutes above a daily average of 180 minutes, the mean time shared on weekdays fell 25 minutes below the average. In a regression model with twelve variables, day of the week and age of the homemaker showed significant positive relationships to amounts of shared time at the .05 level. Amounts of shared time tended to increase with the occurrence of weekend days. Shared time also tended to increase in this model as homemakers became older. In a model specifying the .05 significance level for the inclusion of variables, day of the week had a positive effect on amounts of shared time. It appeared that the larger blocks of weekend time facilitated the scheduling of shared activities. In consideration of this finding, the scheduling of hours at work may have been one factor in the degree to which employment acted as a constraint to shared family time. When using the significance level of .10, residence had a significant negative effect on shared time. Families living in rural environments tended to have reduced amounts of shared time compared to urban families. Given the findings regarding the day of week, it was suggested that demands on weekend time use which were absent in an urban setting could be operating in rural families. The independent variables in the regression models accounted for between five and 13 percent of the variation in amounts of shared family time. Title: Shared family time : an analysis in two-parent, two-child Oregon households Author: Parker, Louise Anne In this study patterns of shared family time in 210 two-parent, two-child Oregon households were described. The relationship between amounts of shared time and a number of family and environmental characteristics was also researched. The study used the Oregon data from a contributing project of the Northeast Regional Research Project NE 113, an Interstate Urban/Rural Comparison of Families' Time Use. A sample of 210 families divided into five groups by age of the youngest child was drawn. Half the families were classified as urban and half as rural. The mean age of the homemakers and their spouses was approximately 32 years. About 72 percent of the homemakers were not employed outside the home. However, about 80 percent of the spouses reported working 40 or more weekly hours. Families recorded the time use of members over the age of six for two charted 24-hour periods. The second recording day was used to analyze the incidence of shared time. The number of shared time episodes recorded by the families for one day ranged from zero to 15, with a mean of 3.5 daily episodes. The amounts of daily shared time ranged from zero to 1,140 minutes (19 hours). About 19 percent of the families reported no shared time. The most common group of family members participating in shared activity was both parents. The whole family was reported as participants in 13 percent of the shared episodes. For shared time episodes not involving both parents, participation between the homemaker and children was more evident than that between the spouse and children. Nonwork activities accounted for the greater proportion of shared family time episodes. One-third of the episodes were spent in eating together and over one-fourth in social and recreational pursuits. About 18 percent of shared episodes were reported as household work activities, with shopping the task area most commonly shared. Care of family members accounted for 15 percent of the shared episodes reported. The home was the common site for shared activity with threefourths of the shared time episodes occurring in that setting. About 22 percent of the episodes were shared away from the home, work or school environments. More time was shared by family members on weekend days than on weekdays. While the mean amount of shared time for weekend days rose nearly 80 minutes above a daily average of 180 minutes, the mean time shared on weekdays fell 25 minutes below the average. In a regression model with twelve variables, day of the week and age of the homemaker showed significant positive relationships to amounts of shared time at the .05 level. Amounts of shared time tended to increase with the occurrence of weekend days. Shared time also tended to increase in this model as homemakers became older. In a model specifying the .05 significance level for the inclusion of variables, day of the week had a positive effect on amounts of shared time. It appeared that the larger blocks of weekend time facilitated the scheduling of shared activities. In consideration of this finding, the scheduling of hours at work may have been one factor in the degree to which employment acted as a constraint to shared family time. When using the significance level of .10, residence had a significant negative effect on shared time. Families living in rural environments tended to have reduced amounts of shared time compared to urban families. Given the findings regarding the day of week, it was suggested that demands on weekend time use which were absent in an urban setting could be operating in rural families. The independent variables in the regression models accounted for between five and 13 percent of the variation in amounts of shared family time. Close

• 25. [Article] How women negotiate family responsibilities and personal health

  Women’s health affects women and society as a whole. In addition to paid employment, women provide unpaid labor as they care for their families, their homes, and ailing relatives. Only by staying healthy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How women negotiate family responsibilities and personal health Author: Ourada, Verna E. Zehner Women’s health affects women and society as a whole. In addition to paid employment, women provide unpaid labor as they care for their families, their homes, and ailing relatives. Only by staying healthy can women provide care to their families. Using a feminist perspective, this study examined how women manage both their family responsibilities and their personal health. A sample of 13 women participated in this study. These women ranged in age from 35 – 55 years of age and in educational levels from 12 – 18 years. All but one of the participants were employed outside the home, and all were Caucasian. All 13 women who participated in this study were at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, which is a combination of health problems including diabetes. The participants attended a 12-week intervention that consisted of weekly classes on nutrition and the benefits of exercise. Qualitative interviews with the participants occurred 2 to 5 weeks after the intervention was completed. The interview questions were focused on the experiences the women had while trying to make diet and exercise changes and how their families responded to those attempts at change. This study used qualitative analysis to look for themes and patterns regarding women’s attempts to make diet and exercise changes to decrease their risk of diabetes. Three factors were found to influence changes in diet and exercise. First, family support influenced the participant’s ability to make positive changes. Family support for this study included support from any family member, including extended family members, and was in the form of encouragement, interest in what the participant was learning, and exercising with the participant. Second, women from families in which exercise was part of other family members’ routines demonstrated more change in exercise than those from families where exercise was not a routine part of family life. Finally, family demands negatively influenced some women’s ability to make diet and exercise changes as shown by three women who had disabled family members living in their homes. The women in this study experienced both structural and psychological ambivalence when trying to fulfill multiple roles of wife, mother, employee, and so forth. In terms of structural ambivalence, women from complicated families seemed unable to meet both the needs of their family members and their own health needs. Such women are vulnerable to failing when attempting to make health behavior changes. The women also experienced psychological ambivalence within their relationships with family members when trying to prioritize their own needs above those of others. The results of this study should help in designing interventions that increase the likelihood of women’s success in balancing family needs with needs regarding their own health. Title: How women negotiate family responsibilities and personal health Author: Ourada, Verna E. Zehner Women’s health affects women and society as a whole. In addition to paid employment, women provide unpaid labor as they care for their families, their homes, and ailing relatives. Only by staying healthy can women provide care to their families. Using a feminist perspective, this study examined how women manage both their family responsibilities and their personal health. A sample of 13 women participated in this study. These women ranged in age from 35 – 55 years of age and in educational levels from 12 – 18 years. All but one of the participants were employed outside the home, and all were Caucasian. All 13 women who participated in this study were at risk for developing metabolic syndrome, which is a combination of health problems including diabetes. The participants attended a 12-week intervention that consisted of weekly classes on nutrition and the benefits of exercise. Qualitative interviews with the participants occurred 2 to 5 weeks after the intervention was completed. The interview questions were focused on the experiences the women had while trying to make diet and exercise changes and how their families responded to those attempts at change. This study used qualitative analysis to look for themes and patterns regarding women’s attempts to make diet and exercise changes to decrease their risk of diabetes. Three factors were found to influence changes in diet and exercise. First, family support influenced the participant’s ability to make positive changes. Family support for this study included support from any family member, including extended family members, and was in the form of encouragement, interest in what the participant was learning, and exercising with the participant. Second, women from families in which exercise was part of other family members’ routines demonstrated more change in exercise than those from families where exercise was not a routine part of family life. Finally, family demands negatively influenced some women’s ability to make diet and exercise changes as shown by three women who had disabled family members living in their homes. The women in this study experienced both structural and psychological ambivalence when trying to fulfill multiple roles of wife, mother, employee, and so forth. In terms of structural ambivalence, women from complicated families seemed unable to meet both the needs of their family members and their own health needs. Such women are vulnerable to failing when attempting to make health behavior changes. The women also experienced psychological ambivalence within their relationships with family members when trying to prioritize their own needs above those of others. The results of this study should help in designing interventions that increase the likelihood of women’s success in balancing family needs with needs regarding their own health. Close

• 26. [Article] The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms

  AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Alexandra Martino for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Management and Psychology presented on April 21, 2017. Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms Author: Martino, Alexandra AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Alexandra Martino for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Management and Psychology presented on April 21, 2017. Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms. Abstract approved: Donald Neubaum Although the prevalence of family businesses in our current economy is rapidly increasing, there is very little research involving consumer perceptions of these firms. This study aims to study these consumer attitudes (i.e., trust, attitudes, and purchase intentions) towards family and non-family firms. This thesis also discusses how those wrongdoings affect the consumers’ levels of trust. Previous literature reported that consumers view brands as being capable of possessing emotions and morals (e.g., spokescharacters used in firm branding, anthropomorphized brands). This study builds on those findings to discuss how consumers’ attitudes towards these brands changed following an incidence of product wrongdoing. It presents a series of hypotheses, followed by the results from an online experimental survey used to explore these relationships. Key Words: Marketing, family business, brand attitudes Corresponding e-mail address: martinoa@oregonstate.edu Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms Author: Martino, Alexandra AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Alexandra Martino for the degree of Honors Baccalaureate of Science in Management and Psychology presented on April 21, 2017. Title: The Role of Product Wrongdoings on Brand Attitudes: A Comparison of Family and Non-Family Firms. Abstract approved: Donald Neubaum Although the prevalence of family businesses in our current economy is rapidly increasing, there is very little research involving consumer perceptions of these firms. This study aims to study these consumer attitudes (i.e., trust, attitudes, and purchase intentions) towards family and non-family firms. This thesis also discusses how those wrongdoings affect the consumers’ levels of trust. Previous literature reported that consumers view brands as being capable of possessing emotions and morals (e.g., spokescharacters used in firm branding, anthropomorphized brands). This study builds on those findings to discuss how consumers’ attitudes towards these brands changed following an incidence of product wrongdoing. It presents a series of hypotheses, followed by the results from an online experimental survey used to explore these relationships. Key Words: Marketing, family business, brand attitudes Corresponding e-mail address: martinoa@oregonstate.edu Close

• 27. [Article] Family & work, a delicate balance

  Published March 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family & work, a delicate balance Author: Hall, Leslie D., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Family & work, a delicate balance Author: Hall, Leslie D., Oregon State University. Extension Service Published March 1995. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 28. [Article] Processes of orientation to the informal caregiving role among Mexican-origin women : a qualitative analysis

  This thesis presents the steps that were taken to develop thematic findings using data from a qualitative study. Using a grounded approach, the study focused on qualitatively exploring Mexican origin caregivers' ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Processes of orientation to the informal caregiving role among Mexican-origin women : a qualitative analysis Author: McDermott, Elizabeth A. This thesis presents the steps that were taken to develop thematic findings using data from a qualitative study. Using a grounded approach, the study focused on qualitatively exploring Mexican origin caregivers' conceptualizations of elder caregiving in terms of role functioning, social norms, cultural beliefs, and familial obligations. Data collected from one-time, semi-structured interviews with 44 caregivers living in East Los Angeles, California were analyzed to develop thematic content. Before the onset of data analysis, all materials related to the study were reviewed to familiarize the researcher with the data. Following the review of the study materials, each transcript was systematically sorted and analyzed in the language of the interview (i.e., Spanish or English), using Atlas.ti, qualitative data management software. The cultural psychological perspective and the research question, "How do Mexican-origin women describe becoming oriented to or familiarized with the caregiving role and its associated responsibilities?" guided the analysis. Four themes related to women’s conceptualization of caregiving and women's personal sense of responsibility for taking care of familial elders emerged from the analysis. These themes include: 1) early and continued caregiving socialization; 2) psyche and personal identification; 3) familial expectations of giving care; and 4) cultural expectations of the family and the responsibility to give care. The first theme, early and continued caregiving socialization, reflects women's reports of becoming familiarized with the practice of giving care early on in their lives, often years before the actual adoption of the familial caregiving role. Women shared that the process of learning to give care involved continued observation of close relatives' caregiving behaviors and skills. Of those who reported learning how to give care through the observation of relatives, most reported having observed mothers modeling caregiving behaviors in support of elderly relatives and some reported having observed the caregiving activities of aunts and grandmothers. Women also became oriented to the caregiving role by actively participating in their families' caregiving responsibilities and activities early on in their lives (e.g., taking care of siblings, preparing family meals). The second theme to emerge from the analysis reflects the personal identification, held by some women in the sample, as primary caregiver within the family. Caregiving was described by these women as an inherent capacity or ability, not merely a set of skills or functions one becomes familiarized with or trained to do. For that reason, many were reluctant to adopt the term caregiver, instead reporting that they were performing familial duties consistent with their conceptualization of what it meant to be in a family, to be a daughter, or to be a granddaughter. The third theme, familial expectations of giving care, reflects the profound influence of familial expectations on women's behaviors and attitudes concerning the care of dependent familial elders. Families varied with respect to the degree to which familial expectations regarding the care of dependent family members were expressed. In some families, familial expectations regarding the care of dependent relatives were expressed clearly and explicitly while, in others, familial caregiving expectations were merely implied. For those belonging to families where caregiving expectations were implied, expectations within the family regarding the care of dependent relatives were generally conveyed through the allocation of caregiving tasks within the family, such as watching over younger siblings and preparing meals for the family. This implicit expression of caregiving expectations within the family made the process of becoming a caregiver a relatively passive process, involving the gradual increase in responsibilities over dependent family members. The fourth theme, cultural expectations of the family and the responsibility to give care, reflects the cultural forces influencing women's conceptualization of caregiving and women’s personal sense of responsibility for taking care of familial elders. Marianisma, the expectation within Latino culture that female members of a family should consider their own wants, desires, and needs as secondary to the needs of the family, particularly male members of the family (Hubbell, 1993; García & de Oliveira, 1997) was alluded to by many of the women in the sample. Similarly, familism, or the Latino cultural value of allegiance, attachment, dedication, reciprocity, and solidarity within the family (Ruiz & Ransford, 2012) was also reflected in women’s reports, with the majority of women in the sample sharing the view that, in times of need, family members should express loyalty to and responsibility for other dependent members of the family, by being available to give care and support. Though the goal of qualitative research is not necessarily to produce generalizable results but to instead describe as many aspects of a topic in detail, as is possible; it should be noted that, because non-random sampling techniques were utilized to recruit the study participants, the generalizability of this analysis' findings is limited. For that reason, while the discovery of common elements, across interviews, related to the processes of becoming oriented to the caregiver role lends some credibility to the findings of this analysis, caution should be taken when interpreting the results of this analysis. Additional research, involving alternative study designs, larger samples, and more diverse samples in terms of socioeconomic status and geographic location, is warranted. Title: Processes of orientation to the informal caregiving role among Mexican-origin women : a qualitative analysis Author: McDermott, Elizabeth A. This thesis presents the steps that were taken to develop thematic findings using data from a qualitative study. Using a grounded approach, the study focused on qualitatively exploring Mexican origin caregivers' conceptualizations of elder caregiving in terms of role functioning, social norms, cultural beliefs, and familial obligations. Data collected from one-time, semi-structured interviews with 44 caregivers living in East Los Angeles, California were analyzed to develop thematic content. Before the onset of data analysis, all materials related to the study were reviewed to familiarize the researcher with the data. Following the review of the study materials, each transcript was systematically sorted and analyzed in the language of the interview (i.e., Spanish or English), using Atlas.ti, qualitative data management software. The cultural psychological perspective and the research question, "How do Mexican-origin women describe becoming oriented to or familiarized with the caregiving role and its associated responsibilities?" guided the analysis. Four themes related to women’s conceptualization of caregiving and women's personal sense of responsibility for taking care of familial elders emerged from the analysis. These themes include: 1) early and continued caregiving socialization; 2) psyche and personal identification; 3) familial expectations of giving care; and 4) cultural expectations of the family and the responsibility to give care. The first theme, early and continued caregiving socialization, reflects women's reports of becoming familiarized with the practice of giving care early on in their lives, often years before the actual adoption of the familial caregiving role. Women shared that the process of learning to give care involved continued observation of close relatives' caregiving behaviors and skills. Of those who reported learning how to give care through the observation of relatives, most reported having observed mothers modeling caregiving behaviors in support of elderly relatives and some reported having observed the caregiving activities of aunts and grandmothers. Women also became oriented to the caregiving role by actively participating in their families' caregiving responsibilities and activities early on in their lives (e.g., taking care of siblings, preparing family meals). The second theme to emerge from the analysis reflects the personal identification, held by some women in the sample, as primary caregiver within the family. Caregiving was described by these women as an inherent capacity or ability, not merely a set of skills or functions one becomes familiarized with or trained to do. For that reason, many were reluctant to adopt the term caregiver, instead reporting that they were performing familial duties consistent with their conceptualization of what it meant to be in a family, to be a daughter, or to be a granddaughter. The third theme, familial expectations of giving care, reflects the profound influence of familial expectations on women's behaviors and attitudes concerning the care of dependent familial elders. Families varied with respect to the degree to which familial expectations regarding the care of dependent family members were expressed. In some families, familial expectations regarding the care of dependent relatives were expressed clearly and explicitly while, in others, familial caregiving expectations were merely implied. For those belonging to families where caregiving expectations were implied, expectations within the family regarding the care of dependent relatives were generally conveyed through the allocation of caregiving tasks within the family, such as watching over younger siblings and preparing meals for the family. This implicit expression of caregiving expectations within the family made the process of becoming a caregiver a relatively passive process, involving the gradual increase in responsibilities over dependent family members. The fourth theme, cultural expectations of the family and the responsibility to give care, reflects the cultural forces influencing women's conceptualization of caregiving and women’s personal sense of responsibility for taking care of familial elders. Marianisma, the expectation within Latino culture that female members of a family should consider their own wants, desires, and needs as secondary to the needs of the family, particularly male members of the family (Hubbell, 1993; García & de Oliveira, 1997) was alluded to by many of the women in the sample. Similarly, familism, or the Latino cultural value of allegiance, attachment, dedication, reciprocity, and solidarity within the family (Ruiz & Ransford, 2012) was also reflected in women’s reports, with the majority of women in the sample sharing the view that, in times of need, family members should express loyalty to and responsibility for other dependent members of the family, by being available to give care and support. Though the goal of qualitative research is not necessarily to produce generalizable results but to instead describe as many aspects of a topic in detail, as is possible; it should be noted that, because non-random sampling techniques were utilized to recruit the study participants, the generalizability of this analysis' findings is limited. For that reason, while the discovery of common elements, across interviews, related to the processes of becoming oriented to the caregiver role lends some credibility to the findings of this analysis, caution should be taken when interpreting the results of this analysis. Additional research, involving alternative study designs, larger samples, and more diverse samples in terms of socioeconomic status and geographic location, is warranted. Close

• 29. [Article] The relationship of some family background variables to college graduation

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships that were hypothesized to exist between the variables birth order, family size, and parents college attendance and the dependent variable, college ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of some family background variables to college graduation Author: Ghaffari, Rose Marie Hughes The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships that were hypothesized to exist between the variables birth order, family size, and parents college attendance and the dependent variable, college graduation. The three general hypotheses tested were: 1. A positive relationship exists between a given position in birth order and college graduation. 2. An inverse relationship exists between a given family size and college graduation. 3. A positive relationship exists between a given status of parents' college attendance and college graduation. The 828 subjects were female freshmen who entered Oregon State University, fall term, 1963. Excluded from the study were all subjects who came from families of more than four siblings. Data for each subject were recorded from the official student personnel data cards. A series of chi-square tests of independence were performed in order to analyze the relationship between the family background variables and college graduation. Analysis of variance was also used in order to find out the main and interaction effects of the family background variables on college graduation. The following conclusions were made: 1. No relationship exists between birth order and college graduation. 2. An inverse relationship exists between family size and college graduation. 3. A positive relationship exists between a mother's college attendance and a child's graduation from college. 4. The possible relationship which may exist between a father's college attendance and a child's graduation from college is inconclusive. 5. Individually, there is no significant difference between the effects of a mother's and father's college attendance on a child's graduation from college. 6. A positive relationship exists between both parents' college attendance and a child's graduation from college. 7. Individually, a mother's college attendance has as much influence on a child's graduation from college as when college attendance by both parents is considered jointly. 8. When parents' education differs, each has equal influence on their child's propensity to graduate from college. 9. If one parent has attended college, there is a higher probability of a child graduating than if neither parent attended college. 10. Among students who came from families in which both parents attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's graduation from college. 11. Among students who came from families in which neither parent attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's college graduation. 12. Among students who came from families in which only the mother attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's college graduation. 13. Among students who came from families in which only the father attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's graduation from college. 14. Among students who came from families in which both parents attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's college graduation. 15. Among students who came from families in which neither parent attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's graduation from college. 16. Among students who came from families in which only the mother attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's college graduation. 17. Among students who came from families in which only the father attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's graduation from college. Title: The relationship of some family background variables to college graduation Author: Ghaffari, Rose Marie Hughes The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships that were hypothesized to exist between the variables birth order, family size, and parents college attendance and the dependent variable, college graduation. The three general hypotheses tested were: 1. A positive relationship exists between a given position in birth order and college graduation. 2. An inverse relationship exists between a given family size and college graduation. 3. A positive relationship exists between a given status of parents' college attendance and college graduation. The 828 subjects were female freshmen who entered Oregon State University, fall term, 1963. Excluded from the study were all subjects who came from families of more than four siblings. Data for each subject were recorded from the official student personnel data cards. A series of chi-square tests of independence were performed in order to analyze the relationship between the family background variables and college graduation. Analysis of variance was also used in order to find out the main and interaction effects of the family background variables on college graduation. The following conclusions were made: 1. No relationship exists between birth order and college graduation. 2. An inverse relationship exists between family size and college graduation. 3. A positive relationship exists between a mother's college attendance and a child's graduation from college. 4. The possible relationship which may exist between a father's college attendance and a child's graduation from college is inconclusive. 5. Individually, there is no significant difference between the effects of a mother's and father's college attendance on a child's graduation from college. 6. A positive relationship exists between both parents' college attendance and a child's graduation from college. 7. Individually, a mother's college attendance has as much influence on a child's graduation from college as when college attendance by both parents is considered jointly. 8. When parents' education differs, each has equal influence on their child's propensity to graduate from college. 9. If one parent has attended college, there is a higher probability of a child graduating than if neither parent attended college. 10. Among students who came from families in which both parents attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's graduation from college. 11. Among students who came from families in which neither parent attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's college graduation. 12. Among students who came from families in which only the mother attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's college graduation. 13. Among students who came from families in which only the father attended college, no relationship exists between birth order and the student's graduation from college. 14. Among students who came from families in which both parents attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's college graduation. 15. Among students who came from families in which neither parent attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's graduation from college. 16. Among students who came from families in which only the mother attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's college graduation. 17. Among students who came from families in which only the father attended college, no relationship exists between family size and the student's graduation from college. Close

• 30. [Article] Intervention Effects on Safety Compliance and Citizenship Behaviors: Evidence From the Work, Family, and Health Study

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intervention Effects on Safety Compliance and Citizenship Behaviors: Evidence From the Work, Family, and Health Study Author: Hammer, Leslie B., Karuntzos, Georgia, Crain, Tori L., Chosewood, L., Bodner, Todd, Johnson, Ryan C., Buxton, Orfeu M., Davis, Kelly D., Kossek, Ellen Ernst, Berkman, Lisa, Kelly, Erin L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association and can be found at: http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/apl/index.aspx Title: Intervention Effects on Safety Compliance and Citizenship Behaviors: Evidence From the Work, Family, and Health Study Author: Hammer, Leslie B., Karuntzos, Georgia, Crain, Tori L., Chosewood, L., Bodner, Todd, Johnson, Ryan C., Buxton, Orfeu M., Davis, Kelly D., Kossek, Ellen Ernst, Berkman, Lisa, Kelly, Erin L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association and can be found at: http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/apl/index.aspx Close