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• 21. [Article] Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network

  We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network Author: Zimmerman, Christian E., Jordan, Chris E., McMillan, John R., Mills, Justin S., Dunham, Jason B., Reeves, Gordon H. We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. We used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy in relation to mean annual stream runoff using data from a subset of individuals. This model correctly predicted anadromy in a second sample of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g., 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, suggesting that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to mean annual stream runoff. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern juvenile steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout) in the field. Our results provide a broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and new insight for habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Title: Variability in expression of anadromy by female Oncorhynchus mykiss within a river network Author: Zimmerman, Christian E., Jordan, Chris E., McMillan, John R., Mills, Justin S., Dunham, Jason B., Reeves, Gordon H. We described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River watershed, Oregon. We collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. We used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy in relation to mean annual stream runoff using data from a subset of individuals. This model correctly predicted anadromy in a second sample of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g., 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, suggesting that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to mean annual stream runoff. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern juvenile steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout) in the field. Our results provide a broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and new insight for habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Close

• 22. [Article] The effects on salmon populations of the partial elimination of fixed fishing gear on the Columbia River in 1935

  1. Six major types of commercial gear have been used to take salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River; namely, gill nets, set nets, seines, traps, fish wheels and dip nets. 2. The five important commercial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effects on salmon populations of the partial elimination of fixed fishing gear on the Columbia River in 1935 Author: Johnson, Donald R., Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, Oregon. Fish Commission, Schoning, Robert W. 1. Six major types of commercial gear have been used to take salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River; namely, gill nets, set nets, seines, traps, fish wheels and dip nets. 2. The five important commercial species in the Columbia River are chinook, silver, blueback and chum salmon and steelhead trout. 3. In 1927 fish wheels were eliminated in Oregon. In 1935 fish wheels, traps, seines and set nets were eliminated in Washington. 4. The effect of the gear change in Washington in 1935 has been to increase the take in other gears, while the previous trend of total landings has not changed appreciably. 5. There is no conclusive evidence that the elimination of fixed gear in Washington increased the escapement of salmon and steelhead. 6. There is no conclusive evidence that any gear is injurious to the run except by subtracting fish from the run. 7. Measures designed to increase the escapement should apply to all gears and cover the entire life history of each species. Title: The effects on salmon populations of the partial elimination of fixed fishing gear on the Columbia River in 1935 Author: Johnson, Donald R., Chapman, Wilbert McLeod, 1910-1970, Oregon. Fish Commission, Schoning, Robert W. 1. Six major types of commercial gear have been used to take salmon and steelhead on the Columbia River; namely, gill nets, set nets, seines, traps, fish wheels and dip nets. 2. The five important commercial species in the Columbia River are chinook, silver, blueback and chum salmon and steelhead trout. 3. In 1927 fish wheels were eliminated in Oregon. In 1935 fish wheels, traps, seines and set nets were eliminated in Washington. 4. The effect of the gear change in Washington in 1935 has been to increase the take in other gears, while the previous trend of total landings has not changed appreciably. 5. There is no conclusive evidence that the elimination of fixed gear in Washington increased the escapement of salmon and steelhead. 6. There is no conclusive evidence that any gear is injurious to the run except by subtracting fish from the run. 7. Measures designed to increase the escapement should apply to all gears and cover the entire life history of each species. Close

• 23. [Article] A report of fisheries investigations in Oregon coastal streams south of the Columbia River and exclusive of the Umpqua River

  This report is a summarization of investigational work that has been completed since 1941 by the Oregon State Game Commission on the coast streams south of the Columbia River, exclusive of the Umqpua ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A report of fisheries investigations in Oregon coastal streams south of the Columbia River and exclusive of the Umpqua River Author: Oregon. State Game Commission This report is a summarization of investigational work that has been completed since 1941 by the Oregon State Game Commission on the coast streams south of the Columbia River, exclusive of the Umqpua and its tributaries. The Umpqua river system was covered in another report prepared jointly by biologists of the Fish Commission of Oregon and the Oregon State Game Commission. It is hoped that the facts presented here will help in an understanding of the problems involved and serve to make known the critically low levels of runs of anadromous fishes in the coastal streams. The report covers general observations, fish population studies, barriers and stream improvements, salvage problems, hatcheries and economic evaluations. Title: A report of fisheries investigations in Oregon coastal streams south of the Columbia River and exclusive of the Umpqua River Author: Oregon. State Game Commission This report is a summarization of investigational work that has been completed since 1941 by the Oregon State Game Commission on the coast streams south of the Columbia River, exclusive of the Umqpua and its tributaries. The Umpqua river system was covered in another report prepared jointly by biologists of the Fish Commission of Oregon and the Oregon State Game Commission. It is hoped that the facts presented here will help in an understanding of the problems involved and serve to make known the critically low levels of runs of anadromous fishes in the coastal streams. The report covers general observations, fish population studies, barriers and stream improvements, salvage problems, hatcheries and economic evaluations. Close

• 24. [Article] Pool habitat characteristics and juvenile anadromous salmonids in two Oregon coastal streams

  Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pool habitat characteristics and juvenile anadromous salmonids in two Oregon coastal streams Author: Haapala, Deborah L. Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number of pools within similar lineal distances. Pools in the pristine system also had larger substrates (percent dominant within pools) and smaller pool area (p=0.01). Fish diversity was found to be greater in pools in the pristine system than in the managed system using the Simpson's Diversity and Shannon Evenness indicies (p=0.01). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index did not show any differences between streams. The difference in assemblage diversity was due to differences in relative abundance and not species richness. Relative abundance of juvenile steelhead and cutthroat trout and coho salmon was more even in Cummins Creek, the pristine system, than in Cape Creek, the managed system. Relative abundance of coho increased in the managed system possibly due to a change in pool habitat characteristics, whose conditions favored coho salmon, but this relationship was not clear. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing communities of juvenile anadromous salmonids as opposed to studies involving a single species. Past land management activities have focused upon single species' with regards to a particular habitat component, which has decreased biodiversity and changed stream habitat characteristics through cumulative effects. Resource managers should examine interactions between habitat characteristics and salmonid communities in order to maintain biological diversity or risk creating favored habitat for a single species within stream systems. Title: Pool habitat characteristics and juvenile anadromous salmonids in two Oregon coastal streams Author: Haapala, Deborah L. Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number of pools within similar lineal distances. Pools in the pristine system also had larger substrates (percent dominant within pools) and smaller pool area (p=0.01). Fish diversity was found to be greater in pools in the pristine system than in the managed system using the Simpson's Diversity and Shannon Evenness indicies (p=0.01). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index did not show any differences between streams. The difference in assemblage diversity was due to differences in relative abundance and not species richness. Relative abundance of juvenile steelhead and cutthroat trout and coho salmon was more even in Cummins Creek, the pristine system, than in Cape Creek, the managed system. Relative abundance of coho increased in the managed system possibly due to a change in pool habitat characteristics, whose conditions favored coho salmon, but this relationship was not clear. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing communities of juvenile anadromous salmonids as opposed to studies involving a single species. Past land management activities have focused upon single species' with regards to a particular habitat component, which has decreased biodiversity and changed stream habitat characteristics through cumulative effects. Resource managers should examine interactions between habitat characteristics and salmonid communities in order to maintain biological diversity or risk creating favored habitat for a single species within stream systems. Close

• 25. [Article] Description and prediction of broad-scale spatial variability in expression of anadromy in female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River, Oregon, USA

  Partial migration is a common migratory behavior where some individuals in a population migrate and others do not. Patterns of partial migration can vary dramatically, especially for species that inhabit ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Description and prediction of broad-scale spatial variability in expression of anadromy in female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River, Oregon, USA Author: Mills, Justin S. Partial migration is a common migratory behavior where some individuals in a population migrate and others do not. Patterns of partial migration can vary dramatically, especially for species that inhabit a wide range of environments. I described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead and rainbow trout) in the John Day River catchment basin, Oregon. This large catchment (20,500 km2), where O. mykiss is known to exhibit partial migration, encompasses a broad range of environmental conditions. I collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. Individuals within sites were more likely to have the same maternal origin than expected at random (χ2 test, P < 0.001). I used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy among sites in relation to stream size (as indicated by mean annual runoff). Stream size and maternal origin for single fish collected from 69 sites were used to construct a predictive model. I examined the ability of this model to predict new individuals at 47 of these sites (where a second fish was collected) using a variety of diagnostics, including kappa statistics and receiver operating characteristic curves. The model predicted anadromy in this second set of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g. 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, as indicated by Mantel tests. This result also suggested that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to stream size. The importance of stream size implies that occurrence of migratory females was related to environmental variability, but stream size is an indicator of many potential processes, and I was unable to identify a specific likely mechanism. However, I was able to demonstrate 1) that it is possible to predict the probability of anadromy across broad environmental gradients, and 2) the validity of a sampling approach that minimizes the need for sacrificial sampling of individuals. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout). My results provide managers with the first broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and provide a broad template that can guide future habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Title: Description and prediction of broad-scale spatial variability in expression of anadromy in female Oncorhynchus mykiss in the John Day River, Oregon, USA Author: Mills, Justin S. Partial migration is a common migratory behavior where some individuals in a population migrate and others do not. Patterns of partial migration can vary dramatically, especially for species that inhabit a wide range of environments. I described and predicted spatial variation in marine migration (anadromy) of female Oncorhynchus mykiss (steelhead and rainbow trout) in the John Day River catchment basin, Oregon. This large catchment (20,500 km2), where O. mykiss is known to exhibit partial migration, encompasses a broad range of environmental conditions. I collected 149 juvenile O. mykiss across 72 sites and identified locations used by anadromous females by assigning maternal origin (anadromous versus non-anadromous) to each juvenile. These assignments used comparisons of strontium to calcium ratios in otolith primordia and freshwater growth regions to indicate maternal origin. Individuals within sites were more likely to have the same maternal origin than expected at random (χ2 test, P < 0.001). I used logistic regression to predict probability of anadromy among sites in relation to stream size (as indicated by mean annual runoff). Stream size and maternal origin for single fish collected from 69 sites were used to construct a predictive model. I examined the ability of this model to predict new individuals at 47 of these sites (where a second fish was collected) using a variety of diagnostics, including kappa statistics and receiver operating characteristic curves. The model predicted anadromy in this second set of individuals with a moderate level of accuracy (e.g. 68% correctly predicted with a 0.5 classification threshold). Residuals from the models were not spatially autocorrelated, as indicated by Mantel tests. This result also suggested that remaining variability in the expression of anadromy was due to localized influences, as opposed to broad-scale gradients unrelated to stream size. The importance of stream size implies that occurrence of migratory females was related to environmental variability, but stream size is an indicator of many potential processes, and I was unable to identify a specific likely mechanism. However, I was able to demonstrate 1) that it is possible to predict the probability of anadromy across broad environmental gradients, and 2) the validity of a sampling approach that minimizes the need for sacrificial sampling of individuals. These results are important for the management of O. mykiss because anadromous individuals (steelhead) within the John Day River watershed are listed as a threatened species, and it is difficult to discern steelhead from non-anadromous individuals (rainbow trout). My results provide managers with the first broad-scale description and prediction of locations supporting anadromy, and provide a broad template that can guide future habitat restoration, monitoring, and research to better manage and understand the expression of anadromy in O. mykiss. Close

• 26. [Article] Predicted Redistribution of Ceratomyxa shasta Genotypes with Salmonid Passage in the Deschutes River, Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicted Redistribution of Ceratomyxa shasta Genotypes with Salmonid Passage in the Deschutes River, Oregon Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Stinson, Matthew E. T. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/. Title: Predicted Redistribution of Ceratomyxa shasta Genotypes with Salmonid Passage in the Deschutes River, Oregon Author: Bartholomew, Jerri L., Stinson, Matthew E. T. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Taylor & Francis and can be found at: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/. Close

• 27. [Article] A study of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Lostine River, Oregon : epizootiology, distribution and implications for resident and anadromous salmonids

  Myxobolus cerebralis, a myxozoan parasite that infects almost all species of wild and cultured salmonids, was first identified in northeastern Oregon in the Lostine River in 1986. Fish that are heavily ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Lostine River, Oregon : epizootiology, distribution and implications for resident and anadromous salmonids Author: Sandell, Todd A. Myxobolus cerebralis, a myxozoan parasite that infects almost all species of wild and cultured salmonids, was first identified in northeastern Oregon in the Lostine River in 1986. Fish that are heavily infected with M. cerebralis develop whirling disease, which was determined to be the cause of catastrophic declines in rainbow trout populations in Montana and Colorado in 1996. There have been no reports of severe salmonid population declines attributed to whirling disease in Oregon, although many populations are at levels that warrant protective listing under the Endangered Species Act. This study was undertaken to I) establish the distribution and seasonal prevalence of M. cerebralis infection in the Lostine River, 2) investigate the epizootiological factors influencing the occurrence of whirling disease in this river, 3) determine the potential impact of the parasite on chinook salmon, and 4) evaluate the suitability of a non-lethal tissue sampling protocol for the detection of M. cerebralis in juvenile and adult salmonids for use in monitoring the effects and distribution of the parasite in protected salmonid populations. Results of this study indicate that the parasite is present throughout the main stem of the Lostine River during all seasons, and that rainbow and anadromous steelhead trout fry emerging in the lower river are most likely to become infected and develop whirling disease. Chinook salmon were shown to be relatively resistant to M. cerebralis at low levels of exposure, but this effect was less evident when the parasite exposure increased. The non-lethal sampling protocol was successful in detecting M. cerebralis in juvenile salmonids but not in adults, where it is most needed. The information gathered during these studies was then correlated with the life histories of resident and anadromous salmonids in the Lostine River to determine the potential impact of M. cerebralis On salmonid populations in this region. Title: A study of Myxobolus cerebralis in the Lostine River, Oregon : epizootiology, distribution and implications for resident and anadromous salmonids Author: Sandell, Todd A. Myxobolus cerebralis, a myxozoan parasite that infects almost all species of wild and cultured salmonids, was first identified in northeastern Oregon in the Lostine River in 1986. Fish that are heavily infected with M. cerebralis develop whirling disease, which was determined to be the cause of catastrophic declines in rainbow trout populations in Montana and Colorado in 1996. There have been no reports of severe salmonid population declines attributed to whirling disease in Oregon, although many populations are at levels that warrant protective listing under the Endangered Species Act. This study was undertaken to I) establish the distribution and seasonal prevalence of M. cerebralis infection in the Lostine River, 2) investigate the epizootiological factors influencing the occurrence of whirling disease in this river, 3) determine the potential impact of the parasite on chinook salmon, and 4) evaluate the suitability of a non-lethal tissue sampling protocol for the detection of M. cerebralis in juvenile and adult salmonids for use in monitoring the effects and distribution of the parasite in protected salmonid populations. Results of this study indicate that the parasite is present throughout the main stem of the Lostine River during all seasons, and that rainbow and anadromous steelhead trout fry emerging in the lower river are most likely to become infected and develop whirling disease. Chinook salmon were shown to be relatively resistant to M. cerebralis at low levels of exposure, but this effect was less evident when the parasite exposure increased. The non-lethal sampling protocol was successful in detecting M. cerebralis in juvenile salmonids but not in adults, where it is most needed. The information gathered during these studies was then correlated with the life histories of resident and anadromous salmonids in the Lostine River to determine the potential impact of M. cerebralis On salmonid populations in this region. Close

• 28. [Article] The present state of the Columbia River salmon resources

  Reprinted from Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1941.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The present state of the Columbia River salmon resources Author: Oregon. Fish Commission. Research Dept., Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Reprinted from Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1941. Title: The present state of the Columbia River salmon resources Author: Oregon. Fish Commission. Research Dept., Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Reprinted from Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1941. Close

• 29. [Article] The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938

  Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Close

• 30. [Article] Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge : environmental assessment

  "The Service is proposing to establish the Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge by initially accepting a donation of 46 acres of salt marsh, acquiring up to 793 acres of land, and cooperatively ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge : environmental assessment Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Region 1, Harrison, Ben "The Service is proposing to establish the Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge by initially accepting a donation of 46 acres of salt marsh, acquiring up to 793 acres of land, and cooperatively managing 1,060 acres of tidelands with the State of Oregon... The primary need for the Service acquisition is to preserve diverse coastal wetland habitats and upland buffers for a variety of waterfowl, shorebirds, marine mammals, endangered species, raptors, songbirds, anadromous and resident fish, and other wildlife." (p.2) The report describes the area and discusses potential issues. It includes maps, an aerial photograph, and a species list. Title: Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge : environmental assessment Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Region 1, Harrison, Ben "The Service is proposing to establish the Siletz Bay National Fish and Wildlife Refuge by initially accepting a donation of 46 acres of salt marsh, acquiring up to 793 acres of land, and cooperatively managing 1,060 acres of tidelands with the State of Oregon... The primary need for the Service acquisition is to preserve diverse coastal wetland habitats and upland buffers for a variety of waterfowl, shorebirds, marine mammals, endangered species, raptors, songbirds, anadromous and resident fish, and other wildlife." (p.2) The report describes the area and discusses potential issues. It includes maps, an aerial photograph, and a species list. Close