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• 101. [Article] Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project

  An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project Author: House, Carol C., Williams, William, Geissler, Paul H., Goebel, J. Jeffery, Olsen, Anthony R., Schreuder, Hans T., National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.) An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory and analysis, National forest system Region 6, and national resources inventory surveys in a six-county area in Northern Oregon, experienced teams interpreted and made measurements on aerial photographs and measured on-site a range of soil, vegetation and animal attributes. The project demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a combined FIA/NFS/NRI survey at the substate level and suggests an approach that will preserve the utility of the critical historic information from these surveys. Title: Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project Author: House, Carol C., Williams, William, Geissler, Paul H., Goebel, J. Jeffery, Olsen, Anthony R., Schreuder, Hans T., National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.) An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory and analysis, National forest system Region 6, and national resources inventory surveys in a six-county area in Northern Oregon, experienced teams interpreted and made measurements on aerial photographs and measured on-site a range of soil, vegetation and animal attributes. The project demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a combined FIA/NFS/NRI survey at the substate level and suggests an approach that will preserve the utility of the critical historic information from these surveys. Close

• 102. [Article] An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon

  Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon Author: Haxton, Zane A. Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately connected with downstream reaches, serving as a source of sediment, woody debris, organic matter and nutrients. The surrounding forests can strongly influence the ecology of headwater streams by regulating microclimate, influencing nutrient and organic matter cycling process, and providing habitat for wildlife species. Central to the provision of ecosystem services by these headwater forests is their structure, the three-dimensional arrangement of trees, shrubs, snags and down wood in space. This thesis explored several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon. N-tree distance sampling, a sampling method where the nearest n trees to a sample point are measured, was compared with fixed plot and variable plot sampling for estimation of density and basal area in a simulation study using stem-mapped data taken from 8 headwater sites across western Oregon. In general, variable plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of basal area, while fixed plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of density. While n- tree distance sampling gave reasonable performance on some stem maps, the sampling method performed poorly for estimating density of populations with a clumped spatial pattern. Relative root mean square error of the best n-tree distance sampling estimator was up to 75% higher than for fixed plot sampling under these conditions. Neighborhood-based indices are a set of diversity measures that are based on the relationship between a reference tree and a certain number of nearest neighbors (i.e. trees to which it has the lowest horizontal distance). I compared the bias and relative root mean square error of several different methods of choosing reference trees for neighborhood-based index calculation, using stem-mapped data from the same 8 headwater sites. The selection of a random tree from a fixed plot gave the lowest absolute relative bias, but results with this method were quite variable, with relative root mean square error ranging from 33-67% for the species mingling index and 21-25% for the diameter differentiation index. The nearest-tree (selection of the nearest tree to the sample point) and azimuth (selection of the first tree from north in a fixed plot) methods were biased, but had lower variability, with relative root mean square error ranging from 31-64% for the species mingling index and 18-22% for the diameter differentiation index. The variable plot method gave highly variable results for all species combined, but performed well for some individual species. I close with an exploration of the use of measures of forest structure in characterizing the Trask Watershed, located in the headwaters of the northern Oregon Coast Range. The structure of the Trask Watershed is essentially even-aged, having regenerated in the aftermath of the Tillamook Burn. Douglas-fir and red alder are the most prevalent species, with western hemlock, western redcedar and noble fir locally abundant. While neighborhood-based indices were somewhat informative, they offered an impoverished picture of structural diversity in the Trask Watershed by ignoring the contribution made by tall shrubs such as vine maple and western hazelnut. Title: An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon Author: Haxton, Zane A. Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately connected with downstream reaches, serving as a source of sediment, woody debris, organic matter and nutrients. The surrounding forests can strongly influence the ecology of headwater streams by regulating microclimate, influencing nutrient and organic matter cycling process, and providing habitat for wildlife species. Central to the provision of ecosystem services by these headwater forests is their structure, the three-dimensional arrangement of trees, shrubs, snags and down wood in space. This thesis explored several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon. N-tree distance sampling, a sampling method where the nearest n trees to a sample point are measured, was compared with fixed plot and variable plot sampling for estimation of density and basal area in a simulation study using stem-mapped data taken from 8 headwater sites across western Oregon. In general, variable plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of basal area, while fixed plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of density. While n- tree distance sampling gave reasonable performance on some stem maps, the sampling method performed poorly for estimating density of populations with a clumped spatial pattern. Relative root mean square error of the best n-tree distance sampling estimator was up to 75% higher than for fixed plot sampling under these conditions. Neighborhood-based indices are a set of diversity measures that are based on the relationship between a reference tree and a certain number of nearest neighbors (i.e. trees to which it has the lowest horizontal distance). I compared the bias and relative root mean square error of several different methods of choosing reference trees for neighborhood-based index calculation, using stem-mapped data from the same 8 headwater sites. The selection of a random tree from a fixed plot gave the lowest absolute relative bias, but results with this method were quite variable, with relative root mean square error ranging from 33-67% for the species mingling index and 21-25% for the diameter differentiation index. The nearest-tree (selection of the nearest tree to the sample point) and azimuth (selection of the first tree from north in a fixed plot) methods were biased, but had lower variability, with relative root mean square error ranging from 31-64% for the species mingling index and 18-22% for the diameter differentiation index. The variable plot method gave highly variable results for all species combined, but performed well for some individual species. I close with an exploration of the use of measures of forest structure in characterizing the Trask Watershed, located in the headwaters of the northern Oregon Coast Range. The structure of the Trask Watershed is essentially even-aged, having regenerated in the aftermath of the Tillamook Burn. Douglas-fir and red alder are the most prevalent species, with western hemlock, western redcedar and noble fir locally abundant. While neighborhood-based indices were somewhat informative, they offered an impoverished picture of structural diversity in the Trask Watershed by ignoring the contribution made by tall shrubs such as vine maple and western hazelnut. Close

• 103. [Article] Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones

  Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones Author: Marquardt, Theresa Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to characterize and monitor changes in stand structure over time. This study examined sixteen alternatives for sampling live conifers and six alternatives for sampling hardwoods and snags. Each sampling alternative was replicated 500 times on a 72 meter square stem map at eight headwater stream locations in western Oregon. A variety of plot sizes and shapes were considered at two sampling intensities of 10 % and 20 % of the stand area. Applied to live conifers, the performance of the alternatives were assessed with respect to estimation of trees per hectare, basal area per hectare, and height to diameter ratio using root mean square error, average mean deviation and percent bias as criteria. Performance with respect to snags and hardwoods was similar. In general, rectangular strip designs oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed circular, radial plots, and variable plots. Title: Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones Author: Marquardt, Theresa Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to characterize and monitor changes in stand structure over time. This study examined sixteen alternatives for sampling live conifers and six alternatives for sampling hardwoods and snags. Each sampling alternative was replicated 500 times on a 72 meter square stem map at eight headwater stream locations in western Oregon. A variety of plot sizes and shapes were considered at two sampling intensities of 10 % and 20 % of the stand area. Applied to live conifers, the performance of the alternatives were assessed with respect to estimation of trees per hectare, basal area per hectare, and height to diameter ratio using root mean square error, average mean deviation and percent bias as criteria. Performance with respect to snags and hardwoods was similar. In general, rectangular strip designs oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed circular, radial plots, and variable plots. Close

• 104. [Article] The fish and wildlife resources of the Middle Willamette Basin, Oregon, and their water use requirements

  A field survey crew was assigned by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use requirements of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The fish and wildlife resources of the Middle Willamette Basin, Oregon, and their water use requirements Author: Basin Investigations Section, Oregon State Game Commission, A field survey crew was assigned by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use requirements of the fish and wildlife resources in several major drainage basins of Oregon. Principal goals of this study were to provide the State Water Resources Board with information concerning the status and importance of the resources to the state and to develop minimum stream flow requirements for maintenance and enhancement so that full consideration could be given these values in the beneficial water use programs formulated by the Board. This report is the second to be prepared based on these studies. A similar report concerning the South Coast Basin was completed in December 1962. Study was concurrent in both basins beginning in the fall of 1961 and extending for a full year. Information included in these investigations in the Middle Willamette Basin, existing records and other field personnel. Title: The fish and wildlife resources of the Middle Willamette Basin, Oregon, and their water use requirements Author: Basin Investigations Section, Oregon State Game Commission, A field survey crew was assigned by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use requirements of the fish and wildlife resources in several major drainage basins of Oregon. Principal goals of this study were to provide the State Water Resources Board with information concerning the status and importance of the resources to the state and to develop minimum stream flow requirements for maintenance and enhancement so that full consideration could be given these values in the beneficial water use programs formulated by the Board. This report is the second to be prepared based on these studies. A similar report concerning the South Coast Basin was completed in December 1962. Study was concurrent in both basins beginning in the fall of 1961 and extending for a full year. Information included in these investigations in the Middle Willamette Basin, existing records and other field personnel. Close

• 105. [Article] Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon

  This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bio-Surveys, LLC, Sialis Company This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary of Devil’s Lake, a lake of natural origin that opens into the Pacific Ocean at the northern edge of Lincoln City, OR. The goal of the restoration effort has been to identify the dominant processes and habitat characteristics that currently limit the production of Coho salmon smolts in the basin, and to develop a prioritized list of actions (“prescriptions”) for removing the limitations in ways that normalize landscape and stream channel function. Restoration and assessment protocols used in developing the plan are described in “Midcoast Limiting Factors Analysis, A Method for Assessing 6th field subbasins for Restoration”, available at www.midcoastwatershedcouncil.org/GIS or by contacting the Midcoast Watersheds Council. Please refer to this document for detailed information on assessment, nomenclature, prioritization rationale and methodology. Title: Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bio-Surveys, LLC, Sialis Company This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary of Devil’s Lake, a lake of natural origin that opens into the Pacific Ocean at the northern edge of Lincoln City, OR. The goal of the restoration effort has been to identify the dominant processes and habitat characteristics that currently limit the production of Coho salmon smolts in the basin, and to develop a prioritized list of actions (“prescriptions”) for removing the limitations in ways that normalize landscape and stream channel function. Restoration and assessment protocols used in developing the plan are described in “Midcoast Limiting Factors Analysis, A Method for Assessing 6th field subbasins for Restoration”, available at www.midcoastwatershedcouncil.org/GIS or by contacting the Midcoast Watersheds Council. Please refer to this document for detailed information on assessment, nomenclature, prioritization rationale and methodology. Close

• 106. [Article] Characterizing coal and mineral mines as a regional source of stress to stream fish assemblages

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterizing coal and mineral mines as a regional source of stress to stream fish assemblages Author: Daniel, Wesley M., Hughes, Robert M., et al., Infante, Dana M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/1470160X. Title: Characterizing coal and mineral mines as a regional source of stress to stream fish assemblages Author: Daniel, Wesley M., Hughes, Robert M., et al., Infante, Dana M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/1470160X. Close

• 107. [Article] Bedload sediment transport and channel morphology of a southeast Alaskan stream

  This study was conducted at portions of Trap Bay Creek, a medium-sized third-order stream on Chichagof Island, Southeast Alaska, to 1) quantify short-term sediment transport and channel morphology changes, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bedload sediment transport and channel morphology of a southeast Alaskan stream Author: Estep, Margaret A. This study was conducted at portions of Trap Bay Creek, a medium-sized third-order stream on Chichagof Island, Southeast Alaska, to 1) quantify short-term sediment transport and channel morphology changes, 2) relate measured sediment transport rates to the major hydrologic parameters that appeared to determine the mechanisms of sediment transport, and 3) evaluate how bedload transport can influence channel morphology. Morphologic characteristics were evaluated by means of plani-metric surveys and cross-sectional measurements made in July and August of 1980 and August of 1981. Bedload and suspended sediment data were collected during the Fall of 1980 along with data on streamflow and precipitation. Morphologic evaulations indicated that the stream is a dynamic system and that it appeared to be widening and aggrading during 1980-81. Large organic debris, especially fallen trees, are important in stream morphology, especially above the zone of tidal influence. The tides, as well as human activity, probably contributed to recent morphological changes in lower reaches of the channel. Problems involved in processing suspended sediment samples resulted in a limited amount of suspended sediment data. However, data that were collected from one point on the stream indicated that suspended sediment concentrations were low, usually less than 5 mg·1⁻¹, and did not exceed 90 mg·1⁻¹ during an approximate 2 to 5-year return interval storm event. Under average storm conditions, therefore, suspended sediment transport appears to be supply limited and constitutes a small portion of total sediment transport. Bedload sediment samples were collected from a short pool-riffle study reach during a total of ten storms with streaflow ranging from 0.01 to 1.26 m³·s⁻¹·km⁻². Bedload sediment transport ranged from 3.9 to 4400 kg·hr⁻¹, with peak transport rates occurring during peak streamflow. Regression relationships were developed between bedload transport, gravel-sized inorganic bedload transport, coarse particulate organic matter transport, two particle size diameter classes (D₅₀ and D₉₀), and stream discharge during the ten storms. This analysis revealed that total inorganic- bedload transport was more strongly related to discharge than was transport of the large size category, coarse particulate organic matter transport tended to be more strongly related to streamflow than bedload discharge, and that neither of the particle size diameters had any consistent relationship to streaflow. Bedload transport during the ten storms was further evaluated in terms of the sampling sites that were used, i.e. riffles above and below a depositional area approximately 20 m in length. Transport tended to be greater, in terms of amount transported, at the upper riffle for most of the storm events. The opposite was true during the largest storm of the season and a storm which occurred a week later. It may be that bedload sediment is transported past the upper riffle by lesser magnitude events and is temporarily stored in the pool. Transport out of the pool requires events of greater magnitude. Supply limitations also appear to determine bedload transport in Trap Bay Creek. Title: Bedload sediment transport and channel morphology of a southeast Alaskan stream Author: Estep, Margaret A. This study was conducted at portions of Trap Bay Creek, a medium-sized third-order stream on Chichagof Island, Southeast Alaska, to 1) quantify short-term sediment transport and channel morphology changes, 2) relate measured sediment transport rates to the major hydrologic parameters that appeared to determine the mechanisms of sediment transport, and 3) evaluate how bedload transport can influence channel morphology. Morphologic characteristics were evaluated by means of plani-metric surveys and cross-sectional measurements made in July and August of 1980 and August of 1981. Bedload and suspended sediment data were collected during the Fall of 1980 along with data on streamflow and precipitation. Morphologic evaulations indicated that the stream is a dynamic system and that it appeared to be widening and aggrading during 1980-81. Large organic debris, especially fallen trees, are important in stream morphology, especially above the zone of tidal influence. The tides, as well as human activity, probably contributed to recent morphological changes in lower reaches of the channel. Problems involved in processing suspended sediment samples resulted in a limited amount of suspended sediment data. However, data that were collected from one point on the stream indicated that suspended sediment concentrations were low, usually less than 5 mg·1⁻¹, and did not exceed 90 mg·1⁻¹ during an approximate 2 to 5-year return interval storm event. Under average storm conditions, therefore, suspended sediment transport appears to be supply limited and constitutes a small portion of total sediment transport. Bedload sediment samples were collected from a short pool-riffle study reach during a total of ten storms with streaflow ranging from 0.01 to 1.26 m³·s⁻¹·km⁻². Bedload sediment transport ranged from 3.9 to 4400 kg·hr⁻¹, with peak transport rates occurring during peak streamflow. Regression relationships were developed between bedload transport, gravel-sized inorganic bedload transport, coarse particulate organic matter transport, two particle size diameter classes (D₅₀ and D₉₀), and stream discharge during the ten storms. This analysis revealed that total inorganic- bedload transport was more strongly related to discharge than was transport of the large size category, coarse particulate organic matter transport tended to be more strongly related to streamflow than bedload discharge, and that neither of the particle size diameters had any consistent relationship to streaflow. Bedload transport during the ten storms was further evaluated in terms of the sampling sites that were used, i.e. riffles above and below a depositional area approximately 20 m in length. Transport tended to be greater, in terms of amount transported, at the upper riffle for most of the storm events. The opposite was true during the largest storm of the season and a storm which occurred a week later. It may be that bedload sediment is transported past the upper riffle by lesser magnitude events and is temporarily stored in the pool. Transport out of the pool requires events of greater magnitude. Supply limitations also appear to determine bedload transport in Trap Bay Creek. Close

• 108. [Article] Undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon coast range

  This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range. Undercut streambanks and associated reach characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon coast range Author: Salminen, Edward M. This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range. Undercut streambanks and associated reach characteristics were surveyed along 46 sample reaches (each 152 m in length) in 8 streams; all sample reaches occurred in unmanaged forested riparian areas. Drainage areas ranged from 0.3 to 16.6 km^2. At each undercut location length, surface area, volume, low-flow (summertime) volume, and maximum horizontal depth were measured. Individual undercuts had surface areas ranging from 0.3 to 27.7 m^2 with a mean value of 2.6 m^2, and lengths ranging from 1.2 to 15.2 m with a mean value of 5.0 m. The area undercut streambanks ranged from 0.0 to 27.4 m^2 / 100 m of stream, with an average value of 6.5 m^2 / 100 m. The proportion of bankfull channel area undercut ranged from 0.0 to 4.5%, with an average value of 1.1%. Reach length undercut ranged from 0.0 to 23.6%, with an average value of 6.2%. The values reported in this study are approximately mid-range in comparison to characteristics of undercut banks reported in studies from Alaska, Montana, and Wisconsin. The % of reach area covered by undercut streambanks in this study is approximately half of that provided by large woody debris. Outside channel bends had approximately 6 times more undercut streambanks than inside bends or straight sections. Streams having a sinuosity index greater than 1.15 averaged approximately twice as much % surface area undercut than streams having a sinuosity index less than 1.15. Number of undercuts and undercut characteristics were inversely correlated with channel gradient; significant differences occurring among 1%, 2-4%, and 5+% channel gradient classes. Streambanks ranging in height from 1-2 m had a higher occurrence of undercut streambanks than either lower or higher streambanks. Undercut streambanks were 4 times more common in "composite" than "non-composite" streambanks. Undercut characteristics appear to be correlated with valley segment type. Channel widths were, on average, significantly narrower at undercut sites when compared to reach average channel widths. However, it does not appear than width characteristics are a cause of undercutting. Based on field observations it appears that flow obstructions (gravel bars, boulders, large woody debris) have little impact on undercut characteristics. Both at-a-site and reach-level comparisons of undercut bank characteristics showed relatively strong correlations with streamside tree densities. Red alder (Alnus rubra) is the most prevalent species found in Coast Range riparian areas, and the most significant species in explaining reach-level differences in undercut characteristics. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is less common in riparian zones, but appears to be positively correlated with the proportion of reach area undercut. Title: Undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon coast range Author: Salminen, Edward M. This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range. Undercut streambanks and associated reach characteristics were surveyed along 46 sample reaches (each 152 m in length) in 8 streams; all sample reaches occurred in unmanaged forested riparian areas. Drainage areas ranged from 0.3 to 16.6 km^2. At each undercut location length, surface area, volume, low-flow (summertime) volume, and maximum horizontal depth were measured. Individual undercuts had surface areas ranging from 0.3 to 27.7 m^2 with a mean value of 2.6 m^2, and lengths ranging from 1.2 to 15.2 m with a mean value of 5.0 m. The area undercut streambanks ranged from 0.0 to 27.4 m^2 / 100 m of stream, with an average value of 6.5 m^2 / 100 m. The proportion of bankfull channel area undercut ranged from 0.0 to 4.5%, with an average value of 1.1%. Reach length undercut ranged from 0.0 to 23.6%, with an average value of 6.2%. The values reported in this study are approximately mid-range in comparison to characteristics of undercut banks reported in studies from Alaska, Montana, and Wisconsin. The % of reach area covered by undercut streambanks in this study is approximately half of that provided by large woody debris. Outside channel bends had approximately 6 times more undercut streambanks than inside bends or straight sections. Streams having a sinuosity index greater than 1.15 averaged approximately twice as much % surface area undercut than streams having a sinuosity index less than 1.15. Number of undercuts and undercut characteristics were inversely correlated with channel gradient; significant differences occurring among 1%, 2-4%, and 5+% channel gradient classes. Streambanks ranging in height from 1-2 m had a higher occurrence of undercut streambanks than either lower or higher streambanks. Undercut streambanks were 4 times more common in "composite" than "non-composite" streambanks. Undercut characteristics appear to be correlated with valley segment type. Channel widths were, on average, significantly narrower at undercut sites when compared to reach average channel widths. However, it does not appear than width characteristics are a cause of undercutting. Based on field observations it appears that flow obstructions (gravel bars, boulders, large woody debris) have little impact on undercut characteristics. Both at-a-site and reach-level comparisons of undercut bank characteristics showed relatively strong correlations with streamside tree densities. Red alder (Alnus rubra) is the most prevalent species found in Coast Range riparian areas, and the most significant species in explaining reach-level differences in undercut characteristics. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is less common in riparian zones, but appears to be positively correlated with the proportion of reach area undercut. Close

• 109. [Article] Short-term relationship of timber management and Pacific giant salamander populations, and the response of larval stream amphibian to predators under differing sediment levels

  In the Pacific Northwest, multiple studies have found negative effects of timber harvest on stream amphibians, but the results have been highly variable and region-specific. In this collection of studies, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Short-term relationship of timber management and Pacific giant salamander populations, and the response of larval stream amphibian to predators under differing sediment levels Author: Leuthold, Niels C. In the Pacific Northwest, multiple studies have found negative effects of timber harvest on stream amphibians, but the results have been highly variable and region-specific. In this collection of studies, I examined the short term effect of timber harvest using a field study, and used lab work to examine a potential mechanism for timber harvest effect. Over the last 30 years forest management practices have changed substantially, yet little work examines how modern forest management relates to the abundance or density of stream amphibians. I examined the influences of contemporary forest practices on Pacific giant salamanders as part of the Hinkle Creek paired watershed study. I used a mark-recapture analysis to estimate Pacific giant salamander density at 100 1-m segments spread throughout the basin and then used extended linear models that accounted for correlation resulting from the repeated surveys at sites across years. Density was positively associated with substrate, negatively associate with upstream area drained, and had a weak positive association with fish density, but I found no evidence of an effect of harvest. A Monte Carlo analysis suggested that our results were not sensitive to missing captures at sites with no captures. Pacific Northwest stream amphibians are often negatively associated with sedimentation, but the mechanism underlying this relationship is not clear. One hypothesized mechanism is that the reduced interstitial space that results from sedimentation increases susceptibility of amphibians to predation. I used laboratory mesocosms to test this hypothesis and examine the response of larval Pacific giant salamanders and tailed frogs to cutthroat trout and adult Pacific giant salamander presence under three different levels of sediment. I found amphibian larvae were more visible as sediment level increased and some evidence that larvae were less visible in the presence of fish. Movement decreased in the presence of cutthroat trout, though for tailed frog larvae this effect was marginally significant (p = 0.066). Larvae did not respond to presence of adult Pacific giant salamanders. These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that sediment affects larval stream amphibians by increasing vulnerability to predation. While both species of larvae actively sought cover in response to fish, I found little evidence that this behavior mitigates the effects of increasing sediment. Title: Short-term relationship of timber management and Pacific giant salamander populations, and the response of larval stream amphibian to predators under differing sediment levels Author: Leuthold, Niels C. In the Pacific Northwest, multiple studies have found negative effects of timber harvest on stream amphibians, but the results have been highly variable and region-specific. In this collection of studies, I examined the short term effect of timber harvest using a field study, and used lab work to examine a potential mechanism for timber harvest effect. Over the last 30 years forest management practices have changed substantially, yet little work examines how modern forest management relates to the abundance or density of stream amphibians. I examined the influences of contemporary forest practices on Pacific giant salamanders as part of the Hinkle Creek paired watershed study. I used a mark-recapture analysis to estimate Pacific giant salamander density at 100 1-m segments spread throughout the basin and then used extended linear models that accounted for correlation resulting from the repeated surveys at sites across years. Density was positively associated with substrate, negatively associate with upstream area drained, and had a weak positive association with fish density, but I found no evidence of an effect of harvest. A Monte Carlo analysis suggested that our results were not sensitive to missing captures at sites with no captures. Pacific Northwest stream amphibians are often negatively associated with sedimentation, but the mechanism underlying this relationship is not clear. One hypothesized mechanism is that the reduced interstitial space that results from sedimentation increases susceptibility of amphibians to predation. I used laboratory mesocosms to test this hypothesis and examine the response of larval Pacific giant salamanders and tailed frogs to cutthroat trout and adult Pacific giant salamander presence under three different levels of sediment. I found amphibian larvae were more visible as sediment level increased and some evidence that larvae were less visible in the presence of fish. Movement decreased in the presence of cutthroat trout, though for tailed frog larvae this effect was marginally significant (p = 0.066). Larvae did not respond to presence of adult Pacific giant salamanders. These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that sediment affects larval stream amphibians by increasing vulnerability to predation. While both species of larvae actively sought cover in response to fish, I found little evidence that this behavior mitigates the effects of increasing sediment. Close

• 110. [Article] Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia

  In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Close

• 111. [Article] Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Zongo River, Cordillera Real, Bolivia

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Zongo River, Cordillera Real, Bolivia Author: Clarke, Garry K. C., Naz, Bibi S., Condom, Thomas, Frans, Chris, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Burns, Pat, Nolin, Anne W., Istanbulluoglu, Erkan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Title: Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Zongo River, Cordillera Real, Bolivia Author: Clarke, Garry K. C., Naz, Bibi S., Condom, Thomas, Frans, Chris, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Burns, Pat, Nolin, Anne W., Istanbulluoglu, Erkan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Close

• 112. [Article] Historic monuments

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historic monuments Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Historic monuments Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 113. [Article] Fish and invertebrate distribution at multiple scales in Thomas Creek, Oregon : a transition from conifer uplands to agricultural lowlands

  Longitudinal patterns of fish and benthic invertebrate distribution and habitat use were similar in Thomas Creek, Oregon but clarity of these patterns differed. I studied fish and aquatic invertebrates ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish and invertebrate distribution at multiple scales in Thomas Creek, Oregon : a transition from conifer uplands to agricultural lowlands Author: Langshaw, Russell B. Longitudinal patterns of fish and benthic invertebrate distribution and habitat use were similar in Thomas Creek, Oregon but clarity of these patterns differed. I studied fish and aquatic invertebrates simultaneously, at multiple scales, and used multivariate statistical techniques to compare responses to the same environmental conditions. Both types of organisms exhibited distinct longitudinal patterns along a 51 river kilometer (R km) transition from mid-elevation (ca. 365 m elevation) conifer dominated reaches to Willamette Valley agriculture dominated reaches (Ca. 73 m elevation). In summer 2000, preliminary surveys of 30 R kms suggested that longitudinal changes in benthic invertebrate assemblage structure and rainbow trout diet (Oncorhyncous mykiss) (n=53), were minor and likely driven by three sites in the upper reaches. This led me to expand the survey length to 51 R kms and modify the survey design in 2001. During 2001, I performed repeated, intensive (4 sites) and extensive (218 survey units) snorkel surveys to examine fish distribution and habitat selectivity. The intensive snorkel surveys of the upstream reaches revealed similar habitat preferences for pools with riffles directly upstream by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhyncous tshawytscha) and ages of trout (from 0 to >3 years). The extensive survey identified two distinct fish assemblages: a salmonid-dominated one in the upper 12 R kms and a second dominated by non-game fish in the lower 20 R kms. The transition between these two zones (between 20 and 39 R kms) was populated sparsely by members of both assemblages. Fish assemblages were associated with broad-scale environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and elevation) and not with local conditions (e.g. water velocity, substrate size, depth). Differences between assemblages in riffles, glides, and pools, were only detected by blocking data according to location. Benthic aquatic invertebrates were collected from each habitat type at 27 sites, in nine reaches, during May 2001. Invertebrate assemblages demonstrated strong longitudinal (broad-scale) and habitat type patterns. Fish assemblages changed abruptly but invertebrate assemblages changed gradually along distinct topographic and vegetation zones. My results demonstrate the importance of extensive surveys with continuous stream data and numerous sampling sites. Fish and invertebrates appeared to respond to environmental conditions at different spatial scales detected only by comparing the two groups of organisms simultaneously along an extended longitudinal gradient. Title: Fish and invertebrate distribution at multiple scales in Thomas Creek, Oregon : a transition from conifer uplands to agricultural lowlands Author: Langshaw, Russell B. Longitudinal patterns of fish and benthic invertebrate distribution and habitat use were similar in Thomas Creek, Oregon but clarity of these patterns differed. I studied fish and aquatic invertebrates simultaneously, at multiple scales, and used multivariate statistical techniques to compare responses to the same environmental conditions. Both types of organisms exhibited distinct longitudinal patterns along a 51 river kilometer (R km) transition from mid-elevation (ca. 365 m elevation) conifer dominated reaches to Willamette Valley agriculture dominated reaches (Ca. 73 m elevation). In summer 2000, preliminary surveys of 30 R kms suggested that longitudinal changes in benthic invertebrate assemblage structure and rainbow trout diet (Oncorhyncous mykiss) (n=53), were minor and likely driven by three sites in the upper reaches. This led me to expand the survey length to 51 R kms and modify the survey design in 2001. During 2001, I performed repeated, intensive (4 sites) and extensive (218 survey units) snorkel surveys to examine fish distribution and habitat selectivity. The intensive snorkel surveys of the upstream reaches revealed similar habitat preferences for pools with riffles directly upstream by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhyncous tshawytscha) and ages of trout (from 0 to >3 years). The extensive survey identified two distinct fish assemblages: a salmonid-dominated one in the upper 12 R kms and a second dominated by non-game fish in the lower 20 R kms. The transition between these two zones (between 20 and 39 R kms) was populated sparsely by members of both assemblages. Fish assemblages were associated with broad-scale environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and elevation) and not with local conditions (e.g. water velocity, substrate size, depth). Differences between assemblages in riffles, glides, and pools, were only detected by blocking data according to location. Benthic aquatic invertebrates were collected from each habitat type at 27 sites, in nine reaches, during May 2001. Invertebrate assemblages demonstrated strong longitudinal (broad-scale) and habitat type patterns. Fish assemblages changed abruptly but invertebrate assemblages changed gradually along distinct topographic and vegetation zones. My results demonstrate the importance of extensive surveys with continuous stream data and numerous sampling sites. Fish and invertebrates appeared to respond to environmental conditions at different spatial scales detected only by comparing the two groups of organisms simultaneously along an extended longitudinal gradient. Close

• 114. [Article] A probabilistic model for anomaly detection in remote sensor streams

  Remote sensors are becoming the standard for observing and recording ecological data in the field. Such sensors can record data at fine temporal resolutions, and they can operate under extreme conditions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A probabilistic model for anomaly detection in remote sensor streams Author: Dereszynski, Ethan W. Remote sensors are becoming the standard for observing and recording ecological data in the field. Such sensors can record data at fine temporal resolutions, and they can operate under extreme conditions prohibitive to human access. Unfortunately, sensor data streams exhibit many kinds of errors ranging from corrupt communications to partial or total sensor failures. This means that the raw data stream must be cleaned before it can be used by domain scientists. In our application environment---the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest---this data cleaning is performed manually. This thesis introduces a Dynamic Bayesian Network model for analyzing sensor observations and distinguishing sensor failures from valid data for the case of air temperature measured at a 15-minute time resolution. The model combines an accurate distribution of seasonal, long-term trends and temporally localized, short-term temperature variations with a single generalized fault model. Experiments with historical data show that the precision and recall of the method is comparable to that of the domain expert. Title: A probabilistic model for anomaly detection in remote sensor streams Author: Dereszynski, Ethan W. Remote sensors are becoming the standard for observing and recording ecological data in the field. Such sensors can record data at fine temporal resolutions, and they can operate under extreme conditions prohibitive to human access. Unfortunately, sensor data streams exhibit many kinds of errors ranging from corrupt communications to partial or total sensor failures. This means that the raw data stream must be cleaned before it can be used by domain scientists. In our application environment---the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest---this data cleaning is performed manually. This thesis introduces a Dynamic Bayesian Network model for analyzing sensor observations and distinguishing sensor failures from valid data for the case of air temperature measured at a 15-minute time resolution. The model combines an accurate distribution of seasonal, long-term trends and temporally localized, short-term temperature variations with a single generalized fault model. Experiments with historical data show that the precision and recall of the method is comparable to that of the domain expert. Close

• 115. [Article] Use of a rainfall-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in the east fork Lobster Creek Basin, Oregon

  The report describes the results of model calibration and validation, and evaluates the extent to which runoff response to timber harvesting and increased road densities in East Fork Lobster Creek Basin ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of a rainfall-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in the east fork Lobster Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Risley, John C., United States.|bBureau of Land Management., Geological Survey (U.S.), Nakama, Lenore Y. The report describes the results of model calibration and validation, and evaluates the extent to which runoff response to timber harvesting and increased road densities in East Fork Lobster Creek Basin can be simulated, using Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a deterministic, destributed-parameter-modeling system. Title: Use of a rainfall-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in the east fork Lobster Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Risley, John C., United States.|bBureau of Land Management., Geological Survey (U.S.), Nakama, Lenore Y. The report describes the results of model calibration and validation, and evaluates the extent to which runoff response to timber harvesting and increased road densities in East Fork Lobster Creek Basin can be simulated, using Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a deterministic, destributed-parameter-modeling system. Close

• 116. [Article] Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon Author: Adams, Michael J., Hayes, John P., Leuthold, Niels This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon Author: Adams, Michael J., Hayes, John P., Leuthold, Niels This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 117. [Article] Social interaction between juvenile coho and fall chinook salmon in Sixes River, Oregon

  The nature of the interaction between juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and fall chinook salmon, 0. tshawytscha (Walbaum), was studied in Sixes River, Oregon. Seining, snorkeling, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Social interaction between juvenile coho and fall chinook salmon in Sixes River, Oregon Author: Stein, Roy A. The nature of the interaction between juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and fall chinook salmon, 0. tshawytscha (Walbaum), was studied in Sixes River, Oregon. Seining, snorkeling, and tagging were used to determine distribution and patterns of growth of these two species in the stream environment. Experiments conducted in flowing-water observation troughs that provided volitional residence were designed to examine the outcome of agonistic behavior between these two species. Both species were distributed throughout the entire river system in early spring. During this period, underwater surveys in the main river and selected tributaries indicated that both species preferred the same habitat. As temperatures increased during the late spring, coho disappeared from the main river, but continued to occupy cool tributaries. Fall chinook, on the other hand, were found primarily in the main river until early summer, when they moved to the estuary. Relatively few individuals remained in the tributaries. Experiments conducted in the troughs revealed that agonistic behavior, including nipping, chasing, lateral display, submission, and fleeing, occurred between juvenile coho and fall chinook. When the two species were together in the troughs and in cool tributary streams, coho grew faster than chinook. When isolated in troughs, both grew at similar rates. Coho tolerated fewer individuals per unit area than did chinook, and occupied positions of dominance near the source of incoming food at the upstream end of the troughs. Coho had brighter fin and body colors, greater fin development, deeper bodies, and were heavier than fall chinook of the same length. Coloration and morphology appeared to be important factors influencing the "apparent" size and presumably the social status of both species. Juvenile coho, with extensive development of fins and coloration and intense territorial behavior, are hypothesized to be adapted to small, cool tributary streams. Fall chinook, on the other hand, with conservative development of fins and coloration and related behavior patterns, appear to be adapted to conditions in the main river and estuary. Title: Social interaction between juvenile coho and fall chinook salmon in Sixes River, Oregon Author: Stein, Roy A. The nature of the interaction between juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and fall chinook salmon, 0. tshawytscha (Walbaum), was studied in Sixes River, Oregon. Seining, snorkeling, and tagging were used to determine distribution and patterns of growth of these two species in the stream environment. Experiments conducted in flowing-water observation troughs that provided volitional residence were designed to examine the outcome of agonistic behavior between these two species. Both species were distributed throughout the entire river system in early spring. During this period, underwater surveys in the main river and selected tributaries indicated that both species preferred the same habitat. As temperatures increased during the late spring, coho disappeared from the main river, but continued to occupy cool tributaries. Fall chinook, on the other hand, were found primarily in the main river until early summer, when they moved to the estuary. Relatively few individuals remained in the tributaries. Experiments conducted in the troughs revealed that agonistic behavior, including nipping, chasing, lateral display, submission, and fleeing, occurred between juvenile coho and fall chinook. When the two species were together in the troughs and in cool tributary streams, coho grew faster than chinook. When isolated in troughs, both grew at similar rates. Coho tolerated fewer individuals per unit area than did chinook, and occupied positions of dominance near the source of incoming food at the upstream end of the troughs. Coho had brighter fin and body colors, greater fin development, deeper bodies, and were heavier than fall chinook of the same length. Coloration and morphology appeared to be important factors influencing the "apparent" size and presumably the social status of both species. Juvenile coho, with extensive development of fins and coloration and intense territorial behavior, are hypothesized to be adapted to small, cool tributary streams. Fall chinook, on the other hand, with conservative development of fins and coloration and related behavior patterns, appear to be adapted to conditions in the main river and estuary. Close

• 118. [Article] The application of spatial data analysis and visualization in the development of landscape indicators to assess stream conditions

  The main theme of this research is the application of geographic techniques in a study involving environmental monitoring and analysis of the associations between landscape and in-stream characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The application of spatial data analysis and visualization in the development of landscape indicators to assess stream conditions Author: Buckley, Aileen R. The main theme of this research is the application of geographic techniques in a study involving environmental monitoring and analysis of the associations between landscape and in-stream characteristics in the Pacific Northwest. The geographic techniques used in this study include (1) geographic information systems (GIS) coupled with statistical analysis and (2) geographic visualization. The study area comprised 44 stream sampling sites and their respective watersheds in the Willamette River Basin of western Oregon. The first paper in this dissertation is a literature review of scientific visualization relative to the field of geography. Integrating more traditional techniques of cartographic lineage with new methods of geographic visualization, this chapter introduces terminology related to geographic visualization as well as a variety of methods for the visualization of multivariate spatial data. The second paper describes the use of scientific visualization to generate a composite indicator of landscape stress (i.e., a robust metric that represents multiple integrated characteristics of landscape disturbance). Through a unique approach, the power of the human visual system was used to synthesize multiple attributes of the landscape in mean ranks of watershed stress. Participants in this study were consistently able to distinguish between sites, and they were generally in agreement on how to rank sites. The final paper describes the more traditional "lumped landscape" approach to indicator development and examines inherent scale properties of spatial data that may affect the generation of landscape indicators as well as the outcomes of statistical and GIS analyses in which they are used. In this study, grain (the finest level of resolution), extent (the area under consideration), and level of generalization in classification were systematically manipulated to determine effects of varying spatial scale properties on the generation of landscape metrics. Resolution of the data sets and differences between sites accounted for most of the variation in the landscape indicators generated. Together these three papers describe and demonstrate the important role that geographic techniques, in particular GIS coupled with statistical analysis and visualization can play in better understanding our environment. Title: The application of spatial data analysis and visualization in the development of landscape indicators to assess stream conditions Author: Buckley, Aileen R. The main theme of this research is the application of geographic techniques in a study involving environmental monitoring and analysis of the associations between landscape and in-stream characteristics in the Pacific Northwest. The geographic techniques used in this study include (1) geographic information systems (GIS) coupled with statistical analysis and (2) geographic visualization. The study area comprised 44 stream sampling sites and their respective watersheds in the Willamette River Basin of western Oregon. The first paper in this dissertation is a literature review of scientific visualization relative to the field of geography. Integrating more traditional techniques of cartographic lineage with new methods of geographic visualization, this chapter introduces terminology related to geographic visualization as well as a variety of methods for the visualization of multivariate spatial data. The second paper describes the use of scientific visualization to generate a composite indicator of landscape stress (i.e., a robust metric that represents multiple integrated characteristics of landscape disturbance). Through a unique approach, the power of the human visual system was used to synthesize multiple attributes of the landscape in mean ranks of watershed stress. Participants in this study were consistently able to distinguish between sites, and they were generally in agreement on how to rank sites. The final paper describes the more traditional "lumped landscape" approach to indicator development and examines inherent scale properties of spatial data that may affect the generation of landscape indicators as well as the outcomes of statistical and GIS analyses in which they are used. In this study, grain (the finest level of resolution), extent (the area under consideration), and level of generalization in classification were systematically manipulated to determine effects of varying spatial scale properties on the generation of landscape metrics. Resolution of the data sets and differences between sites accounted for most of the variation in the landscape indicators generated. Together these three papers describe and demonstrate the important role that geographic techniques, in particular GIS coupled with statistical analysis and visualization can play in better understanding our environment. Close

• 119. [Article] A Hydroecology Investigation of Two Incised Riparian Wet Meadows Relating Change in Vegetation Communities with Headcut Incision and Soil Properties, Ochoco Mountains, OR

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Hydroecology Investigation of Two Incised Riparian Wet Meadows Relating Change in Vegetation Communities with Headcut Incision and Soil Properties, Ochoco Mountains, OR Author: Sheahan, Jamie Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: A Hydroecology Investigation of Two Incised Riparian Wet Meadows Relating Change in Vegetation Communities with Headcut Incision and Soil Properties, Ochoco Mountains, OR Author: Sheahan, Jamie Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 120. [Article] Oregon's Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program : likely participation and recommendations for implementation

  This study used contingent valuation techniques to model the probability of participation in Oregon's CREP as a function of the incentive payment and a vector of socio-economic variables. Possible reasons ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program : likely participation and recommendations for implementation Author: Kingsbury, Leigh This study used contingent valuation techniques to model the probability of participation in Oregon's CREP as a function of the incentive payment and a vector of socio-economic variables. Possible reasons for non-participation were evaluated and landowner preferences for various program components were assessed. Recommendations for program improvement and implementation were made. A population of riparian landowners along 5 streams in Union County and 6 streams in Washington County was surveyed with a mail questionnaire. The overall response rate was 63.7% and data was analyzed from a total of 290 respondents who identified eligible land for Oregon's CREP. Separate willingness to participate models were estimated for irrigators and dry land operators. Statistical results indicate that although annual payment positively influences the participation decision in most instances, it is not a driving factor. Perception of an environmental issue appears to be the most significant factor contributing to participation for irrigators; the relationship is the same for non-irrigators but not significant. The cost-share available and concerns regarding neighboring landowner acceptance are factors contributing to participation decision of non-irrigators. Estimated mean willingness to accept for both of the counties appears to be at the high end of (or exceeds) the values currently being offered by the Farm Service Agency for dry land participants in Oregon's CREP. Estimates from an alternative model excluding "protest no's" appear to more closely reflect the annual payments currently being offered to the dry land riparian landowners. The non-participation decision is largely a matter of concern over restrictions at the end of the contract, flexibility to change land use as economic conditions warrant and a belief that riparian ecosystems can be restored with proper management. Results indicate that landowners are interested in special signing bonuses and moderately interested in leasing irrigation water to the State to increase in-stream flow. Recommendations for improving the program include increasing the flexibility, expanding the program to other land uses, clarifying the "end of contract" obligations, and changing the way the program is "sold" to potential landowners. Title: Oregon's Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program : likely participation and recommendations for implementation Author: Kingsbury, Leigh This study used contingent valuation techniques to model the probability of participation in Oregon's CREP as a function of the incentive payment and a vector of socio-economic variables. Possible reasons for non-participation were evaluated and landowner preferences for various program components were assessed. Recommendations for program improvement and implementation were made. A population of riparian landowners along 5 streams in Union County and 6 streams in Washington County was surveyed with a mail questionnaire. The overall response rate was 63.7% and data was analyzed from a total of 290 respondents who identified eligible land for Oregon's CREP. Separate willingness to participate models were estimated for irrigators and dry land operators. Statistical results indicate that although annual payment positively influences the participation decision in most instances, it is not a driving factor. Perception of an environmental issue appears to be the most significant factor contributing to participation for irrigators; the relationship is the same for non-irrigators but not significant. The cost-share available and concerns regarding neighboring landowner acceptance are factors contributing to participation decision of non-irrigators. Estimated mean willingness to accept for both of the counties appears to be at the high end of (or exceeds) the values currently being offered by the Farm Service Agency for dry land participants in Oregon's CREP. Estimates from an alternative model excluding "protest no's" appear to more closely reflect the annual payments currently being offered to the dry land riparian landowners. The non-participation decision is largely a matter of concern over restrictions at the end of the contract, flexibility to change land use as economic conditions warrant and a belief that riparian ecosystems can be restored with proper management. Results indicate that landowners are interested in special signing bonuses and moderately interested in leasing irrigation water to the State to increase in-stream flow. Recommendations for improving the program include increasing the flexibility, expanding the program to other land uses, clarifying the "end of contract" obligations, and changing the way the program is "sold" to potential landowners. Close

• 121. [Article] Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, report on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina, with report upon any proposition for cooperation by local interests

  An earlier request for dredging a channel in the Yaquina River from Yaquina to Toledo having been rejected by Congress, the citizens of the area formed a port district and raised funds to support dredging. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, report on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina, with report upon any proposition for cooperation by local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors An earlier request for dredging a channel in the Yaquina River from Yaquina to Toledo having been rejected by Congress, the citizens of the area formed a port district and raised funds to support dredging. In response to this effort, the Army Corps of Engineers recommended the project be undertaken, with most funding coming from the local community. Includes descriptions of the river, the communities and industries on its banks, an estimate of expenses, and outlines a proposed method for the dredging. Title: Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, report on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina, with report upon any proposition for cooperation by local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors An earlier request for dredging a channel in the Yaquina River from Yaquina to Toledo having been rejected by Congress, the citizens of the area formed a port district and raised funds to support dredging. In response to this effort, the Army Corps of Engineers recommended the project be undertaken, with most funding coming from the local community. Includes descriptions of the river, the communities and industries on its banks, an estimate of expenses, and outlines a proposed method for the dredging. Close

• 122. [Article] Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, reports on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation of local interests

  The United States' declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917 imparted some urgency to harbor improvements. This document describes proposed projects at Yaquina Bay: to extend the south jetty, repair ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, reports on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation of local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors The United States' declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917 imparted some urgency to harbor improvements. This document describes proposed projects at Yaquina Bay: to extend the south jetty, repair and extend the north jetty, construct a spur jetty and dredge the channel. The justification for these improvements is to provide access to area timber. Title: Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, reports on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation of local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors The United States' declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917 imparted some urgency to harbor improvements. This document describes proposed projects at Yaquina Bay: to extend the south jetty, repair and extend the north jetty, construct a spur jetty and dredge the channel. The justification for these improvements is to provide access to area timber. Close

• 123. [Article] Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982

  Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division, McGie, Alan M. Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted in response to concerns by fisheries managers and the public on the possible long-term effects of interbreeding wild and stray hatchery stocks in district streams." (p.2) Title: Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division, McGie, Alan M. Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted in response to concerns by fisheries managers and the public on the possible long-term effects of interbreeding wild and stray hatchery stocks in district streams." (p.2) Close

• 124. [Article] A Review of Fishery Management at Siltcoos Lake

  F-29-R-3 The intent of this report was to assemble widely scattered information relevant to the effective management of Siltcoos Lake fisheries. 2nd half of document consists of Physical/Biological stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Review of Fishery Management at Siltcoos Lake Author: Oregon State Game Commission, Saltzman, William O. F-29-R-3 The intent of this report was to assemble widely scattered information relevant to the effective management of Siltcoos Lake fisheries. 2nd half of document consists of Physical/Biological stream surveys conducted by the Oregon State Game Commission. Physical data consists of descriptions of the drainage basin, land use, climate, and limnology as well as other physical characteristics relevant to the lake. Biological data consists of fish collection records and growth studies, including numerous tables. Title: A Review of Fishery Management at Siltcoos Lake Author: Oregon State Game Commission, Saltzman, William O. F-29-R-3 The intent of this report was to assemble widely scattered information relevant to the effective management of Siltcoos Lake fisheries. 2nd half of document consists of Physical/Biological stream surveys conducted by the Oregon State Game Commission. Physical data consists of descriptions of the drainage basin, land use, climate, and limnology as well as other physical characteristics relevant to the lake. Biological data consists of fish collection records and growth studies, including numerous tables. Close

• 125. [Article] Sediment transport in streams in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon

  Prepared in cooperation with Douglas County

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment transport in streams in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon Author: Onions, C. A., Douglas County (Or.) Prepared in cooperation with Douglas County Title: Sediment transport in streams in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon Author: Onions, C. A., Douglas County (Or.) Prepared in cooperation with Douglas County Close

• 126. [Article] Response to Water Protection Rule changes in the Oregon Forest Practices Act : landowner/operator opinions and streamside conditions

  This study assessed implementation of the 1994 Water Protection Rules in the Oregon Forest Practices Act from the perspective of Rule users and post-harvest riparian conditions. A 1993 evaluation found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response to Water Protection Rule changes in the Oregon Forest Practices Act : landowner/operator opinions and streamside conditions Author: Hairston, Anne B. This study assessed implementation of the 1994 Water Protection Rules in the Oregon Forest Practices Act from the perspective of Rule users and post-harvest riparian conditions. A 1993 evaluation found that under the previous rules over half of riparian conifers were removed during harvest, prompting concerns about future sources of desirable instream woody debris. Twenty-four harvest sites throughout Oregon were assessed for riparian conditions after harvest, focusing on potential contribution of future large woody debris to streams relative to conditions at similar sites under prior rules. Industry foresters, logging operators, and nonindustrial private forest owners who had filed harvest notifications in Fall 1994 were sent questionnaires to determine the level of support for the Rules and related concerns. Return rate was 67 percent of 848 sent, yielding 403 usable surveys from people who had harvested. Personal interviews during visits to harvested sites supplemented the survey results. Most (61%) generally or strongly supported the Water Protection Rules, while 26 percent generally or strongly opposed the Rules. Of choices listed in the survey, those factors that most affected support, or lack of it, were: 1) flexibility of rules, 2) whether rules were backed by good science, and 3) lack of compensation or incentives. For nonindustrial owners, whether the rules take better care of the land (stewardship) was also an important factor. The policy options considered most effective for influencing private forest management were more favorable tax policies and compensation. Riparian condition measurements were compared to results from the 1993 Oregon Department of Forestry Riparian Rule Effectiveness Study. Significantly more conifers were left under the 1994 Rules than previously: 75% of preharvest conifers/l000 feet of stream was left in 1995 versus 35% in 1993 (p<0.01), and 68% of initial conifer basal acre (ft²/acre) was left in 1995 versus 27% in 1993 (p<0.01). For the 1995 data, an average of 50 percent of trees could fall directly into the stream, contributing debris over 8 inches diameter and 5 feet long. The number of snags left in the riparian areas in Western Oregon was higher in 1995 (p<0.01), but not east of the Cascade Mountains. Title: Response to Water Protection Rule changes in the Oregon Forest Practices Act : landowner/operator opinions and streamside conditions Author: Hairston, Anne B. This study assessed implementation of the 1994 Water Protection Rules in the Oregon Forest Practices Act from the perspective of Rule users and post-harvest riparian conditions. A 1993 evaluation found that under the previous rules over half of riparian conifers were removed during harvest, prompting concerns about future sources of desirable instream woody debris. Twenty-four harvest sites throughout Oregon were assessed for riparian conditions after harvest, focusing on potential contribution of future large woody debris to streams relative to conditions at similar sites under prior rules. Industry foresters, logging operators, and nonindustrial private forest owners who had filed harvest notifications in Fall 1994 were sent questionnaires to determine the level of support for the Rules and related concerns. Return rate was 67 percent of 848 sent, yielding 403 usable surveys from people who had harvested. Personal interviews during visits to harvested sites supplemented the survey results. Most (61%) generally or strongly supported the Water Protection Rules, while 26 percent generally or strongly opposed the Rules. Of choices listed in the survey, those factors that most affected support, or lack of it, were: 1) flexibility of rules, 2) whether rules were backed by good science, and 3) lack of compensation or incentives. For nonindustrial owners, whether the rules take better care of the land (stewardship) was also an important factor. The policy options considered most effective for influencing private forest management were more favorable tax policies and compensation. Riparian condition measurements were compared to results from the 1993 Oregon Department of Forestry Riparian Rule Effectiveness Study. Significantly more conifers were left under the 1994 Rules than previously: 75% of preharvest conifers/l000 feet of stream was left in 1995 versus 35% in 1993 (p<0.01), and 68% of initial conifer basal acre (ft²/acre) was left in 1995 versus 27% in 1993 (p<0.01). For the 1995 data, an average of 50 percent of trees could fall directly into the stream, contributing debris over 8 inches diameter and 5 feet long. The number of snags left in the riparian areas in Western Oregon was higher in 1995 (p<0.01), but not east of the Cascade Mountains. Close

• 127. [Article] Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District

  Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Author: Hickman, O. Eugene, Christy, John A., The Institute for Natural Resources Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon Title: Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Author: Hickman, O. Eugene, Christy, John A., The Institute for Natural Resources Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon Close

• 128. [Article] 60 years of avian community change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Birds perform valuable ecological functions and are useful environmental indicators. Avian distributions and diversity are predicted to change over the next 50 years. Little information exists on the role ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 60 years of avian community change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Curtis, Jenna Birds perform valuable ecological functions and are useful environmental indicators. Avian distributions and diversity are predicted to change over the next 50 years. Little information exists on the role of local and regional conditions in fluctuations of avian communities over time. Historic datasets present a legacy of information that helps to understand changes in avian community composition. This study utilizes a rare, highly detailed avian survey of sites in the Willamette Valley, Oregon from 1952 (Eddy 1953). Because they include counts for all species detected on each survey, these data are uniquely valuable to understanding how avian species assemblages in the Willamette Valley changed. I resurveyed sites in 2013 to quantify the nature and extent of avian community compositional change. I used aerial photographs and satellite imagery to quantify changes in land use and habitat cover between periods. I compared metrics of avian alpha, beta, and gamma diversity between survey periods on multiple spatial extents. I also tested for shifts in categorical species abundances. Data was ordinated along environmental gradients to determine important axes of change between historic and modern species assemblages. Nonparametric procedures identified indicator species for each survey era. Observed differences between historic and modern communities suggested substantial turnover; nearly 50% of species were replaced over 60 years. Species richness increased on both local and regional spatial extents. Modern avian communities tended towards bimodal, less even distributions of abundances. Ordination of survey sites in species space confirmed modern avian communities were different from their historic counterparts. However, sites underwent relatively little change in vegetation and land use cover between survey eras. Indicator species characterized changes in regional abundances as well as differences in survey methodologies between eras. I took additional steps to confirm discrepancies in site location, survey effort, and detection probabilities did not influence analyses. These results suggest avian species assemblages are naturally dynamic. Complex processes outside of local habitat characteristics may influence community composition. Additional factors, such as vegetation structure and composition should be considered when modeling future shifts in species assemblage. Despite uncertainties in methodology, the historic data in this research provided unique, valuable insight into long-term changes in avian communities. Title: 60 years of avian community change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Curtis, Jenna Birds perform valuable ecological functions and are useful environmental indicators. Avian distributions and diversity are predicted to change over the next 50 years. Little information exists on the role of local and regional conditions in fluctuations of avian communities over time. Historic datasets present a legacy of information that helps to understand changes in avian community composition. This study utilizes a rare, highly detailed avian survey of sites in the Willamette Valley, Oregon from 1952 (Eddy 1953). Because they include counts for all species detected on each survey, these data are uniquely valuable to understanding how avian species assemblages in the Willamette Valley changed. I resurveyed sites in 2013 to quantify the nature and extent of avian community compositional change. I used aerial photographs and satellite imagery to quantify changes in land use and habitat cover between periods. I compared metrics of avian alpha, beta, and gamma diversity between survey periods on multiple spatial extents. I also tested for shifts in categorical species abundances. Data was ordinated along environmental gradients to determine important axes of change between historic and modern species assemblages. Nonparametric procedures identified indicator species for each survey era. Observed differences between historic and modern communities suggested substantial turnover; nearly 50% of species were replaced over 60 years. Species richness increased on both local and regional spatial extents. Modern avian communities tended towards bimodal, less even distributions of abundances. Ordination of survey sites in species space confirmed modern avian communities were different from their historic counterparts. However, sites underwent relatively little change in vegetation and land use cover between survey eras. Indicator species characterized changes in regional abundances as well as differences in survey methodologies between eras. I took additional steps to confirm discrepancies in site location, survey effort, and detection probabilities did not influence analyses. These results suggest avian species assemblages are naturally dynamic. Complex processes outside of local habitat characteristics may influence community composition. Additional factors, such as vegetation structure and composition should be considered when modeling future shifts in species assemblage. Despite uncertainties in methodology, the historic data in this research provided unique, valuable insight into long-term changes in avian communities. Close

• 129. [Article] Comparison of methods to estimate population density of Pacific giant salamanders in small streams of the southern Oregon Cascades

  I compared hand sampling, two-pass multiple removal sampling, mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at 22 sites in 11 streams ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison of methods to estimate population density of Pacific giant salamanders in small streams of the southern Oregon Cascades Author: Leuthold, Niels C. I compared hand sampling, two-pass multiple removal sampling, mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at 22 sites in 11 streams of Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates were not significantly different (p 0.86). Hand sampling and two-pass multiple removal population estimates were not significantly different (p = 0.57). However, mark-recapture and catchability-based estimates were significantly greater than two-pass multiple removal and hand sampling estimates. Hand sampling and multiple removal population estimates were frequently lower than the number of individual Pacific giant salamanders captured by all methods at a site. The catchability of each method differed between streams and within consecutive sites on the same stream. Unacknowledged differences in catchabilities among sites are a potential source of error when using hand-sampling index counts to estimate and compare populations without correcting the estimates for the differences in Pacific giant salamander catchability. Catchability decreased significantly between the first pass of electroshocking and the subsequent recapture pass of electroshocking. This decrease was observed even though the recapture passes were performed the day after the multiple removal electroshocking. A decrease in catchability violates the assumptions of constant catchability for multiple removal population estimates and potentially explains the weaker performance of removal estimates. Hand sampling estimates did not adjust for the proportion of the population captured at each site, and this is probably the cause of their poor performance. The presumption of constant catchability in hand sampling produced biases in the population estimates, because the catchabilities were not constant. In future studies of stream amphibian abundance, catchability needs to be included in population estimation procedures to produce accurate estimates and to allow valid comparisons of population sizes between sites. Catchability models can be used to calibrate less intensive survey methods, such as hand sampling or a single pass of electroshocking, with the results from more intensive mark-recapture methods. Intensive work would be needed to do the calibrations, but afterwards a standard, more convenient method, such as electroshocking or hand sampling, can be used within the ranges of habitat values for which the calibration model is valid. Title: Comparison of methods to estimate population density of Pacific giant salamanders in small streams of the southern Oregon Cascades Author: Leuthold, Niels C. I compared hand sampling, two-pass multiple removal sampling, mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at 22 sites in 11 streams of Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates were not significantly different (p 0.86). Hand sampling and two-pass multiple removal population estimates were not significantly different (p = 0.57). However, mark-recapture and catchability-based estimates were significantly greater than two-pass multiple removal and hand sampling estimates. Hand sampling and multiple removal population estimates were frequently lower than the number of individual Pacific giant salamanders captured by all methods at a site. The catchability of each method differed between streams and within consecutive sites on the same stream. Unacknowledged differences in catchabilities among sites are a potential source of error when using hand-sampling index counts to estimate and compare populations without correcting the estimates for the differences in Pacific giant salamander catchability. Catchability decreased significantly between the first pass of electroshocking and the subsequent recapture pass of electroshocking. This decrease was observed even though the recapture passes were performed the day after the multiple removal electroshocking. A decrease in catchability violates the assumptions of constant catchability for multiple removal population estimates and potentially explains the weaker performance of removal estimates. Hand sampling estimates did not adjust for the proportion of the population captured at each site, and this is probably the cause of their poor performance. The presumption of constant catchability in hand sampling produced biases in the population estimates, because the catchabilities were not constant. In future studies of stream amphibian abundance, catchability needs to be included in population estimation procedures to produce accurate estimates and to allow valid comparisons of population sizes between sites. Catchability models can be used to calibrate less intensive survey methods, such as hand sampling or a single pass of electroshocking, with the results from more intensive mark-recapture methods. Intensive work would be needed to do the calibrations, but afterwards a standard, more convenient method, such as electroshocking or hand sampling, can be used within the ranges of habitat values for which the calibration model is valid. Close

• 130. [Article] Interactions of cattle and chinook salmon

  Spring chinook salmon spawning occurs in late summer when it is common for cattle to be present in pastures that have streams where fish spawning occurs. This two-year study addressed three main objectives ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactions of cattle and chinook salmon Author: Ballard, Teena M. Spring chinook salmon spawning occurs in late summer when it is common for cattle to be present in pastures that have streams where fish spawning occurs. This two-year study addressed three main objectives relative to behavioral interactions between cattle and spring chinook salmon during the spawning life history stage. These objectives were 1) to determine cattle distribution and behavior within the riparian pasture, 2) to determine if cattle disrupt the spawning behavior of salmon by their presence near the redd and 3) to determine the likelihood of a cow coming into direct contact with a redd. This study did not measure the changes in redd structure or egg survival if contacted by the cattle. The study area was a 41 hectare riparian pasture along an Eastern Oregon stream with cattle stocked at a rate of 0.82 ha/aum and spring chinook salmon spawning at densities of 4.6 redds per kilometer in 1996 and 6.1 redds per kilometer in 1997 in areas accessible to cattle. The pasture contained 2.6 kilometers of stream with approximately 50% of the 2.6 kilometers of stream excluded from cattle since 1978. From mid-August through early-September in each of the two years, cattle and salmon distribution and behavior were recorded every minute for two out of three four-hour periods per day. Cattle preferred the terrestrial habitats by spending 94% of their time in those habitats, approximately 5% in the gravel bar habitats, and <1.0% of their time in direct contact with the aquatic habitat. During the observations of active salmon redds, cattle were visible from the redd location an average of 12% of the time. While visible, cattle spent 96% of the time out of the stream and 84% of the time greater than 3 meters from the redds. There were no encounters of cattle contacting redds during the cattle distribution and behavior observations. However, during the 2 years of observations of the redds, out of 50 cows over the 56 days in the pasture a redd was contacted two different times. This calculates into <0.01% of the time that cattle contacted redds. Spawning activities were not equally distributed, resting in the redd was the dominant activity and spawning was one of the least frequent activities. The majority (83%) of the time spent by salmon spawning, constructing the redd and burying the eggs laid in the redd occurred within the first 2 days of occupying each redd. Salmon continued preexisting patterns of behavior while cattle were within visible range of a redd. When cattle were present, salmon spent 64% of their time resting in the redd and 26% of their time under cover. This pattern of salmon behavior was consistent with spawning season averages where 45% of the time was spent resting in the redd and 30% of the time was spent under cover. The salmon carcasses surveyed in the study area were 100% spawned in both 1996 and 1997 indicating egg loss from retention due to harassment by cattle was not a problem. Cattle were rarely close to a redd so consequently, there was very little opportunity for cattle to interact with salmon or step on redds. Likewise, there was little chance for salmon to change their behavior in response to the presence of cattle. Title: Interactions of cattle and chinook salmon Author: Ballard, Teena M. Spring chinook salmon spawning occurs in late summer when it is common for cattle to be present in pastures that have streams where fish spawning occurs. This two-year study addressed three main objectives relative to behavioral interactions between cattle and spring chinook salmon during the spawning life history stage. These objectives were 1) to determine cattle distribution and behavior within the riparian pasture, 2) to determine if cattle disrupt the spawning behavior of salmon by their presence near the redd and 3) to determine the likelihood of a cow coming into direct contact with a redd. This study did not measure the changes in redd structure or egg survival if contacted by the cattle. The study area was a 41 hectare riparian pasture along an Eastern Oregon stream with cattle stocked at a rate of 0.82 ha/aum and spring chinook salmon spawning at densities of 4.6 redds per kilometer in 1996 and 6.1 redds per kilometer in 1997 in areas accessible to cattle. The pasture contained 2.6 kilometers of stream with approximately 50% of the 2.6 kilometers of stream excluded from cattle since 1978. From mid-August through early-September in each of the two years, cattle and salmon distribution and behavior were recorded every minute for two out of three four-hour periods per day. Cattle preferred the terrestrial habitats by spending 94% of their time in those habitats, approximately 5% in the gravel bar habitats, and <1.0% of their time in direct contact with the aquatic habitat. During the observations of active salmon redds, cattle were visible from the redd location an average of 12% of the time. While visible, cattle spent 96% of the time out of the stream and 84% of the time greater than 3 meters from the redds. There were no encounters of cattle contacting redds during the cattle distribution and behavior observations. However, during the 2 years of observations of the redds, out of 50 cows over the 56 days in the pasture a redd was contacted two different times. This calculates into <0.01% of the time that cattle contacted redds. Spawning activities were not equally distributed, resting in the redd was the dominant activity and spawning was one of the least frequent activities. The majority (83%) of the time spent by salmon spawning, constructing the redd and burying the eggs laid in the redd occurred within the first 2 days of occupying each redd. Salmon continued preexisting patterns of behavior while cattle were within visible range of a redd. When cattle were present, salmon spent 64% of their time resting in the redd and 26% of their time under cover. This pattern of salmon behavior was consistent with spawning season averages where 45% of the time was spent resting in the redd and 30% of the time was spent under cover. The salmon carcasses surveyed in the study area were 100% spawned in both 1996 and 1997 indicating egg loss from retention due to harassment by cattle was not a problem. Cattle were rarely close to a redd so consequently, there was very little opportunity for cattle to interact with salmon or step on redds. Likewise, there was little chance for salmon to change their behavior in response to the presence of cattle. Close

• 131. [Article] Ecological study of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream

  Most studies of bacteria in water have concerned public health; little attention has been given to organisms which are indigenous to the aquatic environment. Myxobacteria are known to occur in soil, in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological study of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream Author: Carlson, René Virginia Most studies of bacteria in water have concerned public health; little attention has been given to organisms which are indigenous to the aquatic environment. Myxobacteria are known to occur in soil, in the marine environment, and several have been studied in relation to diseases of salmonid fishes. However, little information is available regarding the role of myxobacteria in the freshwater environment. The major purpose of this research was to obtain data on the occurrence, distribution, and activities of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream. As a preliminary step for studying the ecology of myxobacteria in the freshwater stream, a culture medium and procedure were developed to provide a means for isolation and enumeration of these organisms. Enumeration of myxobacteria was based on the morphology of the colonies growing on the dilute nutrient medium, cytophaga peptonized milk agar (CPM). The low nutrient concentration of this medium favored spreading of the myxobacterial colony and the production of rhizoid edge patterns which are typical of myxobacteria and distinguishable from eubacterial colonies. The enumeration method was used to obtain data on the occurrence and distribution of myxobacteria as compared to the total bacteria population in Berry Creek. Results of the ecological study conducted over a two and a half year period indicate that myxobacteria are present in this aquatic environment all during the year with highest levels obtained in the fall (October and November) and lowest levels during the summer (July and August). Seasonal variations also occurred in the types of myxobacteria comprising the population of the stream. It is interesting to note that peaks in the myxobacterial and the total bacterial populations occurred in advance of the peak in flow rate. Water temperature and flow rate did not seem to influence the population levels as might be expected if the myxobacteria were transient members of the microbial flora. Additional surveys have shown that the myxobacteria are widespread in fresh water; they have been found in abundance in bottom sediments and surface films as well as in the flowing waters. Myxobacteria also appear to be well adapted to the aquatic environment. It was shown that they are able to utilize the dilute nutrients present in water for their growth. In an attempt to determine the possible role myxobacteria play in the aquatic environment, the predominant myxobacterial types were isolated and studied morphologically and biochemically. All the organisms studied corresponded to the classical definition of myxobacterial cells: gram negative, slender, weakly refractile rodshaped bacteria which exhibit gliding motility. Colony morphology of these myxobacteria plated on CPM has been studied in detail and found to be a constant characteristic of the particular type of myxobacteria isolate. Photographs of several of the predominant forms present in the stream samples illustrate the distinguishable morphology of the myxobacterial colonies. Six morphological groups have been arbitrarily designated on the basis of colony morphology; these morphological groups also show similarities in their biochemical capabilities. Biochemical studies on the myxobacterial isolates indicated that most of the strains were able to utilize simple carbohydrates. All of the isolates were capable of degrading various macromolecules, such as chitin, starch, aesculin, caesin, gelatin, and carboxy methyl cellulose. One of the isolates obtained was strictly proteolytic. The ability to hydrolyze macromolecules appears to be characteristic of aquatic isolates as well as of other myxobacteria. One myxobacterium isolated was believed to be intimately associated with the sheathed bacterium, Sphaerotilus natans. The latter organism was abundant in the sucrose and urea enriched section of Berry Creek. This myxobacterium could not utilize sucrose or urea and occurred only in the enriched section of the stream when Sphaerotilus was present. The fish pathogen, Chondrococcus columnaris was also isolated from Berry Creek water. This myxobacterium can be distinguished from the other aquatic myxobacteria on the basis of its unique colony morphology. This strain of C. columnaris proved to be one of the common serological types found in the Pacific Northwest. Based on the results obtained thus far, it is possible to speculate on the role of myxobacteria in the freshwater environment. All of the myxobacteria isolated in this study are capable of decomposing complex materials, it seems likely therefore, that these organisms may be active in the decomposition of such complex organic compounds, including the remains of other bacterial cells, which are present in the aquatic habitat. Since the isolates studied are also able to utilize the nutrients present at low levels in the stream water, these myxobacteria are not dependent on macromolecular substrates. Myxobacteria with these abilities are apparently well adapted to the aquatic environment. Title: Ecological study of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream Author: Carlson, René Virginia Most studies of bacteria in water have concerned public health; little attention has been given to organisms which are indigenous to the aquatic environment. Myxobacteria are known to occur in soil, in the marine environment, and several have been studied in relation to diseases of salmonid fishes. However, little information is available regarding the role of myxobacteria in the freshwater environment. The major purpose of this research was to obtain data on the occurrence, distribution, and activities of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream. As a preliminary step for studying the ecology of myxobacteria in the freshwater stream, a culture medium and procedure were developed to provide a means for isolation and enumeration of these organisms. Enumeration of myxobacteria was based on the morphology of the colonies growing on the dilute nutrient medium, cytophaga peptonized milk agar (CPM). The low nutrient concentration of this medium favored spreading of the myxobacterial colony and the production of rhizoid edge patterns which are typical of myxobacteria and distinguishable from eubacterial colonies. The enumeration method was used to obtain data on the occurrence and distribution of myxobacteria as compared to the total bacteria population in Berry Creek. Results of the ecological study conducted over a two and a half year period indicate that myxobacteria are present in this aquatic environment all during the year with highest levels obtained in the fall (October and November) and lowest levels during the summer (July and August). Seasonal variations also occurred in the types of myxobacteria comprising the population of the stream. It is interesting to note that peaks in the myxobacterial and the total bacterial populations occurred in advance of the peak in flow rate. Water temperature and flow rate did not seem to influence the population levels as might be expected if the myxobacteria were transient members of the microbial flora. Additional surveys have shown that the myxobacteria are widespread in fresh water; they have been found in abundance in bottom sediments and surface films as well as in the flowing waters. Myxobacteria also appear to be well adapted to the aquatic environment. It was shown that they are able to utilize the dilute nutrients present in water for their growth. In an attempt to determine the possible role myxobacteria play in the aquatic environment, the predominant myxobacterial types were isolated and studied morphologically and biochemically. All the organisms studied corresponded to the classical definition of myxobacterial cells: gram negative, slender, weakly refractile rodshaped bacteria which exhibit gliding motility. Colony morphology of these myxobacteria plated on CPM has been studied in detail and found to be a constant characteristic of the particular type of myxobacteria isolate. Photographs of several of the predominant forms present in the stream samples illustrate the distinguishable morphology of the myxobacterial colonies. Six morphological groups have been arbitrarily designated on the basis of colony morphology; these morphological groups also show similarities in their biochemical capabilities. Biochemical studies on the myxobacterial isolates indicated that most of the strains were able to utilize simple carbohydrates. All of the isolates were capable of degrading various macromolecules, such as chitin, starch, aesculin, caesin, gelatin, and carboxy methyl cellulose. One of the isolates obtained was strictly proteolytic. The ability to hydrolyze macromolecules appears to be characteristic of aquatic isolates as well as of other myxobacteria. One myxobacterium isolated was believed to be intimately associated with the sheathed bacterium, Sphaerotilus natans. The latter organism was abundant in the sucrose and urea enriched section of Berry Creek. This myxobacterium could not utilize sucrose or urea and occurred only in the enriched section of the stream when Sphaerotilus was present. The fish pathogen, Chondrococcus columnaris was also isolated from Berry Creek water. This myxobacterium can be distinguished from the other aquatic myxobacteria on the basis of its unique colony morphology. This strain of C. columnaris proved to be one of the common serological types found in the Pacific Northwest. Based on the results obtained thus far, it is possible to speculate on the role of myxobacteria in the freshwater environment. All of the myxobacteria isolated in this study are capable of decomposing complex materials, it seems likely therefore, that these organisms may be active in the decomposition of such complex organic compounds, including the remains of other bacterial cells, which are present in the aquatic habitat. Since the isolates studied are also able to utilize the nutrients present at low levels in the stream water, these myxobacteria are not dependent on macromolecular substrates. Myxobacteria with these abilities are apparently well adapted to the aquatic environment. Close

• 132. [Article] Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http:...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change Author: Hostetler, Steven, Gresswell, Robert, Alder, Jay R., Shepard, Bradley, Al-Chokhachy, Robert To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Title: Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change Author: Hostetler, Steven, Gresswell, Robert, Alder, Jay R., Shepard, Bradley, Al-Chokhachy, Robert To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Close

• 133. [Article] Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon

  The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon Author: Sims, Laura L. The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis. Title: Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon Author: Sims, Laura L. The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis. Close

• 134. [Article] Jake Place Spring Symposium Presentation - Danielle Reynolds

  Many western river systems have become degraded or incised over time due to grazing, agriculture, impoundments, and extermination of beaver. Restoration efforts are looking to more natural solutions aimed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jake Place Spring Symposium Presentation - Danielle Reynolds Author: Reynolds, Danielle Many western river systems have become degraded or incised over time due to grazing, agriculture, impoundments, and extermination of beaver. Restoration efforts are looking to more natural solutions aimed at reconnecting streams to their original floodplain. Beavers were the original ecosystem engineers in Northwest America. They built dams, which held back water and sediment forcing stream channels in various directions, thus providing a mechanism for heterogeneity of fluvial processes and fish habitat. Restoration ecologists are looking to the beaver dam as a multifunctional tool aimed at reversing the anthropogenic effects of stream degradation. Baseline research was conducted at the Jake Place to provide important data and determine locations for beaver dam analogues. Important fluvial parameters such as pool to riffle ratios, historic floodplain areas and stream gradients were gathered for comparison after beaver dams were constructed. Five artificially installed beaver dam analogues were constructed in 2016 on the South Fork of the Crooked River. Dam porosity diminished in the weeks following installation, likely due to holes filling with aquatic vegetation, meaning fish passage may have to occur over or around the structures or during high flows. Following the 2017 spring flood event, two of the five beaver dam analogues had withstood the high flows and are functioning well, the other three dams did not withstand the event. Future work will include measuring sediment aggradation, success of riparian plantings, beaver activity, geomorphology, and fish passage. Title: Jake Place Spring Symposium Presentation - Danielle Reynolds Author: Reynolds, Danielle Many western river systems have become degraded or incised over time due to grazing, agriculture, impoundments, and extermination of beaver. Restoration efforts are looking to more natural solutions aimed at reconnecting streams to their original floodplain. Beavers were the original ecosystem engineers in Northwest America. They built dams, which held back water and sediment forcing stream channels in various directions, thus providing a mechanism for heterogeneity of fluvial processes and fish habitat. Restoration ecologists are looking to the beaver dam as a multifunctional tool aimed at reversing the anthropogenic effects of stream degradation. Baseline research was conducted at the Jake Place to provide important data and determine locations for beaver dam analogues. Important fluvial parameters such as pool to riffle ratios, historic floodplain areas and stream gradients were gathered for comparison after beaver dams were constructed. Five artificially installed beaver dam analogues were constructed in 2016 on the South Fork of the Crooked River. Dam porosity diminished in the weeks following installation, likely due to holes filling with aquatic vegetation, meaning fish passage may have to occur over or around the structures or during high flows. Following the 2017 spring flood event, two of the five beaver dam analogues had withstood the high flows and are functioning well, the other three dams did not withstand the event. Future work will include measuring sediment aggradation, success of riparian plantings, beaver activity, geomorphology, and fish passage. Close

• 135. [Article] Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data Author: Dunham, J. B., Arismendi, I., Johnson, S. L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/index.html. Title: Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data Author: Dunham, J. B., Arismendi, I., Johnson, S. L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/index.html. Close

• 136. [Article] Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1974

  Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1974 Author: Berry, Richard L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Title: Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1974 Author: Berry, Richard L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Close

• 137. [Article] Homeowner Association Resident’s Perceptions on Stormwater Retention Ponds and Clean Drinking Water: (Montgomery West Homeowners Association (MWHOA) Gaithersburg, Maryland).

  Graduation date: 2015

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Homeowner Association Resident’s Perceptions on Stormwater Retention Ponds and Clean Drinking Water: (Montgomery West Homeowners Association (MWHOA) Gaithersburg, Maryland). Author: Roberts, William Hadyn Jr Graduation date: 2015 Title: Homeowner Association Resident’s Perceptions on Stormwater Retention Ponds and Clean Drinking Water: (Montgomery West Homeowners Association (MWHOA) Gaithersburg, Maryland). Author: Roberts, William Hadyn Jr Graduation date: 2015 Close

• 138. [Article] Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon

  Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon Author: Burnett, Kelly M. Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population persistence is likely to derive from longer-term, multi-scale studies. Relationships were examined among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics throughout the Elk River, Oregon over 7 years at multiple spatial scales. Ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), coastal cutthroat trout (0. clarki) and winter-run steelhead (0. mykiss) comprised the salmonid assemblage. Habitat selection was quantified at stream system, valley segment, and channel unit scales by selection ratios estimated with bootstrapping methods. Unconstrained valleys in tributaries and pools in the mainstem were typically selected by each species except steelhead, which often avoided these. Valley segment types generally did not differ for characteristics routinely assessed in stream surveys. Thus, fish probably perceived other biotic or abiotic differences among valley segment types. Evidence suggested competition may have influenced selection by coho and chinook salmon. Discriminant analysis indicated that level of use by juvenile chinook salmon appeared related to valley segment type and spatial position. Unconstrained valleys, nearby valley segments, and valley segments with larger, deeper pools, containing more wood were most highly used by chinook salmon. Mean volume and maximum depth of pools were each directly related to catchment area, which explained more variation than landscape characteristics summarized at any of five spatial scales. At each scale except the most spatially extensive, wood density in valley segments was negatively related to the percent area in resistant rock types and positively related to the percent area in mature to old forests. The most variation was explained with these landscape variables summarized at an intermediate spatial scale (i.e., sub-catchment). Although spatial scales appeared similar in processes affecting wood density, finer scales omitted key source areas for wood delivery, and coarser scales included source areas less tightly coupled to wood dynamics in surveyed channels. If only 1 or 2 years of data or one spatial scale had been examined, as commonly occurs, conclusions may have differed substantially from those in this study. Title: Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon Author: Burnett, Kelly M. Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population persistence is likely to derive from longer-term, multi-scale studies. Relationships were examined among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics throughout the Elk River, Oregon over 7 years at multiple spatial scales. Ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), coastal cutthroat trout (0. clarki) and winter-run steelhead (0. mykiss) comprised the salmonid assemblage. Habitat selection was quantified at stream system, valley segment, and channel unit scales by selection ratios estimated with bootstrapping methods. Unconstrained valleys in tributaries and pools in the mainstem were typically selected by each species except steelhead, which often avoided these. Valley segment types generally did not differ for characteristics routinely assessed in stream surveys. Thus, fish probably perceived other biotic or abiotic differences among valley segment types. Evidence suggested competition may have influenced selection by coho and chinook salmon. Discriminant analysis indicated that level of use by juvenile chinook salmon appeared related to valley segment type and spatial position. Unconstrained valleys, nearby valley segments, and valley segments with larger, deeper pools, containing more wood were most highly used by chinook salmon. Mean volume and maximum depth of pools were each directly related to catchment area, which explained more variation than landscape characteristics summarized at any of five spatial scales. At each scale except the most spatially extensive, wood density in valley segments was negatively related to the percent area in resistant rock types and positively related to the percent area in mature to old forests. The most variation was explained with these landscape variables summarized at an intermediate spatial scale (i.e., sub-catchment). Although spatial scales appeared similar in processes affecting wood density, finer scales omitted key source areas for wood delivery, and coarser scales included source areas less tightly coupled to wood dynamics in surveyed channels. If only 1 or 2 years of data or one spatial scale had been examined, as commonly occurs, conclusions may have differed substantially from those in this study. Close

• 139. [Article] Native Oregon plants

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native Oregon plants Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Native Oregon plants Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 140. [Article] Farm life

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm life Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Farm life Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 141. [Article] Miscellaneous

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Miscellaneous Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Miscellaneous Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 142. [Article] Oregon firsts

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon firsts Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon firsts Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 143. [Article] Oregon marine history : number 1

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon marine history : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon marine history : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 144. [Article] Oregon marine history : number two

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon marine history : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon marine history : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 145. [Article] Beaver state money : number two

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver state money : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Beaver state money : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 146. [Article] Questions and answers

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Questions and answers Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Questions and answers Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 147. [Article] Trees -- Oregana

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trees -- Oregana Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Trees -- Oregana Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 148. [Article] Freak Laws

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Freak Laws Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Freak Laws Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 149. [Article] About prehistoric Oregon

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: About prehistoric Oregon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: About prehistoric Oregon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 150. [Article] Odd place names & their origin

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Odd place names & their origin Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Odd place names & their origin Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close